[{"id":"oa:W4413917376","type":"article-journal","title":"Stonefish: Supporting Machine Learning Research in Marine Robotics","abstract":"Simulations are highly valuable in marine robotics, offering a cost-effective and controlled environment for testing in the challenging conditions of underwater and surface operations. Given the high costs and logistical difficulties of real-world trials, simulators capable of capturing the operational conditions of subsea environments have become key in developing and refining algorithms for remotely-operated and autonomous underwater vehicles. This paper highlights recent enhancements to the Stonefish simulator, an advanced open-source platform supporting development and testing of marine robotics solutions. Key updates include a suite of additional sensors, such as an event-based camera, a thermal camera, and an optical flow camera, as well as, visual light communication, support for tethered operations, improved thruster modelling, more flexible hydrodynamics, and enhanced sonar accuracy. These developments and an automated annotation tool significantly bolster Stonefish's role in marine robotics research, especially in the field of machine learning, where training data with a known ground truth is hard or impossible to collect. https://github.com/patrykcieslak/stonefish","author":[{"family":"Grimaldi","given":"Michele"},{"family":"Cieśląk","given":"Patryk"},{"family":"Ochoa","given":"Eduardo"},{"family":"Bharti","given":"Vibhav"},{"family":"Rajani","given":"Hayat"},{"family":"Carlucho","given":"Ignacio"},{"family":"Koskinopoulou","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Pétillot","given":"Yvan"},{"family":"Gracias","given":"Nuno"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109/icra55743.2025.11127421","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra55743.2025.11127421","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61985-7","type":"article-journal","title":"A collective intelligence model for swarm robotics applications.","abstract":"Swarm intelligence models represent a powerful tool to address complex tasks by multi-agent systems, although they are rarely used in practical applications as decentralized cooperation logic. Modern challenges include the improvement of model reliability with small swarm sizes and enhancing performance with minimal number of free parameters. Available techniques are generally tuned for computational optimization, at the expense of the applicability to real-world scenarios. Merging concepts from meta-heuristic methods and consensus theory we propose a swarm cooperation model which can act both as virtual optimizer and vehicle controller. The model shows a higher or equal success rate with respect to benchmark methods on 22 out of 33 landscapes when dealing with less equal 16 agents and low dimensional problems. Beyond multimodal optimization, a computational proof of concept shows that the method can successfully drive the contaminant localization in a complex marine environment by controlling a group of autonomous underwater vehicles. The Swarm Cooperation Model (SCM), governing the balance between social interactions, cognitive stimuli and stochastic fluctuations leads an agent swarm to accomplish complex tasks, such as the optimization of multimodal functions or the localization of a contaminant source.","author":[{"family":"Nitti","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Tullio","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Federico","given":"Iván"},{"family":"Carbone","given":"Giuseppe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-61985-7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61985-7","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/mi17020258","type":"article-journal","title":"Soft Biomimetic Underwater Vehicles: A Review of Actuation Mechanisms, Structure Designs and Underwater Applications.","abstract":"The growing demand for marine resource development and in-depth exploration of the marine environment has positioned soft biomimetic underwater vehicles (SBUVs) as a research hotspot in the fields of underwater equipment and soft robotics. SBUVs are characterized by bodies made of flexible and extensible materials, integrating the dual advantages of softness and biomimetics. They can achieve muscle-like continuous deformation to efficiently absorb collision energy, while mimicking the propulsion mechanisms of marine organisms-such as fish and jellyfish-through undulating body movements or cavity contraction and relaxation. Such biomimetic propulsion is highly compatible with the flexible actuation of soft materials, enabling excellent environmental adaptability while maintaining favorable propulsion efficiency. Compared with traditional rigid underwater vehicles, SBUVs offer higher degrees of freedom, superior environmental adaptability, enhanced impact resistance and greater motion flexibility. This review systematically summarizes typical actuation methods for SBUVs-including fluid-powered actuation, shape memory alloy actuation, and electroactive polymer actuation-elaborating on their working principles, key technological advances, and representative application cases on SBUVs. These actuation mechanisms each offer distinct advantages. Fluid-powered systems are valued for high power density and precise motion control through direct fluidic force transmission. Shape memory alloys provide high force output and accurate positional recovery via controlled thermal phase changes. Meanwhile, electroactive polymers stand out for their rapid (often millisecond-scale) dynamic response, low hysteresis, and fine, muscle-like deformation under electrical stimuli. Current challenges are also analyzed, such as limited actuation efficiency, material durability issues, and system integration difficulties. Despite these constraints, SBUVs show broad application prospects in marine resource exploration, ecological monitoring, and underwater engineering operations. Future research should prioritize the development of novel materials, coordinated optimization of actuation and control systems, and breakthroughs in core technologies to accelerate the practical implementation and industrialization of SBUVs.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Xuejing"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Xing","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhouqiang"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Yong"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Yonghui"},{"family":"Li","given":"Bo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/mi17020258","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17020258","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.1088/1748-3190/ade215","type":"article-journal","title":"Bio-inspired swarm of underwater robots: a review.","abstract":"With the in-depth integration of research across multiple disciplines, such as biomimetics, robotics, and sensing technology, significant advancements have been made in swarm robotics technology, which has been applied in areas including drone swarms, mobile robot swarms, and underwater robot swarms. However, due to the limitations of underwater communication technologies, underwater robot swarms have lagged behind aerial and ground swarms in their development. This paper primarily explores the applications and advancements of swarm intelligence (SI) in multiple underwater robot swarms. Inspired by the behavior of animal swarms, researchers have translated this concept into the design and control strategies of underwater robot swarms. This approach draws on the self-organization, robustness, and adaptability inherent in collective behaviors, significantly enhancing the performance of underwater robot swarms. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current research status of bio-inspired swarming of multiple underwater robots, including the design and classification of swarm underwater robots, SI algorithms and their applications in multiple underwater robots, and communication mechanisms for underwater robots. Furthermore, this paper highlights critical technical challenges that need to be addressed in research, along with proposed solutions, and discusses the vast application prospects of bio-inspired underwater swarming in military and civilian fields, providing clear directions for future research.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Qiang"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Tengfei"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Guoqiang"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Fangyang"},{"family":"Xi","given":"Ziyue"},{"family":"Zou","given":"Yongjiu"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Minyi"},{"family":"Li","given":"Shuai"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Chen"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Guangming"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1748-3190/ade215","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ade215","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"oa:W4408460092","type":"article-journal","title":"Global Carbon Budget 2024","abstract":"Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodologies to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC) are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The global net uptake of CO2 by the ocean (SOCEAN, called the ocean sink) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based fCO2 products (fCO2 is the fugacity of CO2). The global net uptake of CO2 by the land (SLAND, called the land sink) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. Additional lines of evidence on land and ocean sinks are provided by atmospheric inversions, atmospheric oxygen measurements, and Earth system models. The sum of all sources and sinks results in the carbon budget imbalance (BIM), a measure of imperfect data and incomplete understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the year 2023, EFOS increased by 1.3 % relative to 2022, with fossil emissions at 10.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (10.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is not included), and ELUC was 1.0 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 11.1 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1 (40.6 ± 3.2 GtCO2 yr−1). Also, for 2023, GATM was 5.9 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.79 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1; ppm denotes parts per million), SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 2.3 ± 1.0 GtC yr−1, with a near-zero BIM (−0.02 GtC yr−1). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2023 reached 419.31 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2024 suggest an increase in EFOS relative to 2023 of +0.8 % (−0.2 % to 1.7 %) globally and an atmospheric CO2 concentration increase by 2.87 ppm, reaching 422.45 ppm, 52 % above the pre-industrial level (around 278 ppm in 1750). Overall, the mean of and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2023, with a near-zero overall budget imbalance, although discrepancies of up to around 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows the following: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use change emissions, (2) low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the mean ocean sink. This living-data update documents changes in methods and datasets applied to this most recent global carbon budget as well as evolving community understanding of the global carbon cycle. The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2024 (Friedlingstein et al., 2024).","author":[{"family":"Friedlingstein","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Osullivan","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Jones","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Andrew","given":"Robbie"},{"family":"Hauck","given":"Judith"},{"family":"Landschützer","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Quéré","given":"Corinne"},{"family":"Li","given":"Hongmei"},{"family":"Luijkx","given":"Ingrid"},{"family":"Olsen","given":"Are"},{"family":"Peters","given":"Glen"},{"family":"Peters","given":"Wouter"},{"family":"Pongratz","given":"Julia"},{"family":"Schwingshackl","given":"Clemens"},{"family":"Sitch","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Canadell","given":"Josep"},{"family":"Ciais","given":"Philippe"},{"family":"Jackson","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Alin","given":"Simone"},{"family":"Arneth","given":"Almut"},{"family":"Arora","given":"Vivek"},{"family":"Bates","given":"Nicholas"},{"family":"Becker","given":"Meike"},{"family":"Bellouin","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Berghoff","given":"Carla"},{"family":"Bittig","given":"Henry"},{"family":"Bopp","given":"Laurent"},{"family":"Cadule","given":"Patricia"},{"family":"Campbell","given":"Katie"},{"family":"Chamberlain","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Chandra","given":"Naveen"},{"family":"Chevallier","given":"Frédéric"},{"family":"Chini","given":"Louise"},{"family":"Colligan","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Decayeux","given":"Jeanne"},{"family":"Djeutchouang","given":"Laique"},{"family":"Dou","given":"Xinyu"},{"family":"Rojas","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Enyo","given":"Kazutaka"},{"family":"Evans","given":"Wiley"},{"family":"Fay","given":"Amanda"},{"family":"Feely","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Ford","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Foster","given":"Adrianna"},{"family":"Gasser","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Gehlen","given":"Marion"},{"family":"Gkritzalis","given":"Thanos"},{"family":"Grassi","given":"Giacomo"},{"family":"Gregor","given":"Luke"},{"family":"Gruber","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Gürses","given":"Özgür"},{"family":"Harris","given":"Ian"},{"family":"Hefner","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Heinke","given":"Jens"},{"family":"Hurtt","given":"GC"},{"family":"Iida","given":"Yosuke"},{"family":"Ilyina","given":"Tatiana"},{"family":"Jacobson","given":"AR"},{"family":"Jain","given":"Atul"},{"family":"Jarníková","given":"Tereza"},{"family":"Jersild","given":"Annika"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Fei"},{"family":"Jin","given":"Zhe"},{"family":"Kato","given":"Etsushi"},{"family":"Keeling","given":"Ralph"},{"family":"Goldewijk","given":"Kees"},{"family":"Knauer","given":"Jürgen"},{"family":"Korsbakken","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Lan","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Lauvset","given":"Siv"},{"family":"Lefèvre","given":"Nathalie"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zhu"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Junjie"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Lei"},{"family":"Maksyutov","given":"Shamil"},{"family":"Marland","given":"Gregg"},{"family":"Mayot","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Mcguire","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Metzl","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Monacci","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Morgan","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Nakaoka","given":"Shin‐ichiro"},{"family":"Neill","given":"Craig"},{"family":"Niwa","given":"Yosuke"},{"family":"Nützel","given":"Tobias"},{"family":"Olivier","given":"Léa"},{"family":"Ono","given":"Tsuneo"},{"family":"Palmer","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Pierrot","given":"Denis"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Zhangcai"},{"family":"Resplandy","given":"Laure"},{"family":"Roobaert","given":"Alizée"},{"family":"Rosan","given":"Thais"},{"family":"Rödenbeck","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Schwinger","given":"Jörg"},{"family":"Smallman","given":"TL"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Sospedraalfonso","given":"Reinel"},{"family":"Steinhoff","given":"Tobias"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Qing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5194/essd-17-965-2025","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-965-2025","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410729044","type":"article-journal","title":"Development of deep-sea mining and its environmental impacts: a review","abstract":"With the increasing demand for mineral resources and the continuous depletion of terrestrial mineral deposits, deep-sea mining has garnered significant attention from governments, industries, and research institutions. However, the current deep-sea mining technologies remain incompletely developed, and their environmental impacts cannot be overlooked. This review presents a brief introduction to the three primary mineral resources found in the deep sea and the relative deep-sea mining system, along with their potential environmental risks. As the deep-sea benthic ecosystem is particularly vulnerable, the impacts on environment of each phase of deep-sea mining should be monitored and controlled. The movement and operation of seafloor mining vehicles generate both direct and indirect environmental impacts, including seabed destruction and plume generation. These effects pose significant threats to benthic organisms and alter the deep-sea environment. Finally, we present future perspectives and insights for subsequent research and the industrialization of deep-sea mining.","author":[{"family":"Yao","given":"Wen"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Chi"},{"family":"Teng","given":"Yao"},{"family":"Diao","given":"Feng"},{"family":"Du","given":"Xinguang"},{"family":"Gu","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1598584","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1598584","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413614499","type":"article-journal","title":"ACSL4 at the helm of the lipid peroxidation ship: a deep-sea exploration towards ferroptosis","abstract":"Lipid peroxidation stands as a prominent hallmark and a prerequisite for the onset of ferroptosis. Lipid metabolism holds a pivotal role in regulating this process, forming the metabolic foundation for cellular sensitivity to ferroptosis. Studies in lipid metabolomics reveal that the activation of Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), specifically arachidonic acid and adrenoic acid (AdA), mediated by acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), represents a critical step in generating lipid peroxidation substrates. The expression level or enzymatic activity of ACSL4 emerges as a potential indicator of cellular susceptibility to ferroptosis. Additionally, other members of the ACSL family can indirectly influence the occurrence of ferroptosis by modifying the fatty acid composition of the cell membrane. Given the high expression of ACSL4 in various human tumors, targeting lipid peroxidation with ACSL4 as the focal point may pave a new path in tumor therapy. This article provides a brief overview of the primary structure and function of ACSL4, its role in lipid peroxidation, and summarizes the current advancements in drug development targeting ACSL4 and lipid peroxidation.","author":[{"family":"Jiang","given":"Yulang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Meng"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Mingyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1594419","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1594419","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4411383704","type":"article-journal","title":"Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence","abstract":"Abstract. In a rapidly changing climate, evidence-based decision-making benefits from up-to-date and timely information. Here we compile monitoring datasets (published at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15639576; Smith et al., 2025a) to produce updated estimates for key indicators of the state of the climate system: net emissions of greenhouse gases and short-lived climate forcers, greenhouse gas concentrations, radiative forcing, the Earth's energy imbalance, surface temperature changes, warming attributed to human activities, the remaining carbon budget, and estimates of global temperature extremes. This year, we additionally include indicators for sea-level rise and land precipitation change. We follow methods as closely as possible to those used in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) Working Group One report. The indicators show that human activities are increasing the Earth's energy imbalance and driving faster sea-level rise compared to the AR6 assessment. For the 2015–2024 decade average, observed warming relative to 1850–1900 was 1.24 [1.11 to 1.35] °C, of which 1.22 [1.0 to 1.5] °C was human-induced. The 2024-observed best estimate of global surface temperature (1.52 °C) is well above the best estimate of human-caused warming (1.36 °C). However, the 2024 observed warming can still be regarded as a typical year, considering the human-induced warming level and the state of internal variability associated with the phase of El Niño and Atlantic variability. Human-induced warming has been increasing at a rate that is unprecedented in the instrumental record, reaching 0.27 [0.2–0.4] °C per decade over 2015–2024. This high rate of warming is caused by a combination of greenhouse gas emissions being at an all-time high of 53.6±5.2 Gt CO2e yr−1 over the last decade (2014–2023), as well as reductions in the strength of aerosol cooling. Despite this, there is evidence that the rate of increase in CO2 emissions over the last decade has slowed compared to the 2000s, and depending on societal choices, a continued series of these annual updates over the critical 2020s decade could track decreases or increases in the rate of the climatic changes presented here.","author":[{"family":"Forster","given":"Piers"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Chris"},{"family":"Walsh","given":"Tristram"},{"family":"Lamb","given":"William"},{"family":"Lamboll","given":"Robin"},{"family":"Cassou","given":"Christophe"},{"family":"Hauser","given":"Mathias"},{"family":"Hausfather","given":"Zeke"},{"family":"Lee","given":"June‐yi"},{"family":"Palmer","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Schuckmann","given":"Karina"},{"family":"Slangen","given":"Aimée"},{"family":"Szopa","given":"Sophie"},{"family":"Trewin","given":"Blair"},{"family":"Yun","given":"Jeongeun"},{"family":"Gillett","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Jenkins","given":"Stuart"},{"family":"Matthews","given":"HD"},{"family":"Raghavan","given":"Krishnan"},{"family":"Ribes","given":"Aurélien"},{"family":"Rogelj","given":"Joeri"},{"family":"Rosen","given":"Debbie"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xuebin"},{"family":"Allen","given":"Myles"},{"family":"Reis","given":"Lara"},{"family":"Andrew","given":"Robbie"},{"family":"Betts","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Borger","given":"Alex"},{"family":"Broersma","given":"Jiddu"},{"family":"Burgess","given":"Samantha"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Lijing"},{"family":"Friedlingstein","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Domingues","given":"Catia"},{"family":"Gambarini","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Gasser","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Gütschow","given":"Johannes"},{"family":"Ishii","given":"Masayoshi"},{"family":"Kadow","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Kennedy","given":"John"},{"family":"Killick","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Krummel","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Liné","given":"Aurélien"},{"family":"Monselesan","given":"Didier"},{"family":"Morice","given":"Colin"},{"family":"Mühle","given":"Jens"},{"family":"Naïk","given":"Vaishali"},{"family":"Peters","given":"Glen"},{"family":"Pirani","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Pongratz","given":"Julia"},{"family":"Minx","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Rigby","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Rohde","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Savita","given":"Abhishek"},{"family":"Seneviratne","given":"Sonia"},{"family":"Thorne","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Wells","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Western","given":"Luke"},{"family":"Werf","given":"Guido"},{"family":"Wijffels","given":"Susan"},{"family":"Massondelmotte","given":"Valérie"},{"family":"Zhai","given":"Panmao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407021604","type":"article-journal","title":"Monitoring benthic plumes, sediment redeposition and seafloor imprints caused by deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining","abstract":"A deep-sea (4500 m) trial of a pre-prototype polymetallic nodule collector with independent scientific monitoring revealed that a gravity current formed behind the collector channeled through steeper seafloor sections and traveled 500 m downslope. The prevailing bottom currents dominated sediment dispersion up to the end of the monitoring area at 4.5 km distance. The maximum suspended particle concentration recorded 50 m from mining lanes was up to four orders of magnitude higher than ambient values but decreased rapidly with increasing time, distance, and altitude. Most of the plume remained close to the seafloor, with the highest concentrations at 1 m monitoring altitude and reaching background concentrations at 50 m. Rapid particle flocculation was followed by fast and substantial sediment redeposition. A mm-scale photogrammetric seafloor reconstruction allowed quantitative estimates of the thickness of redeposited sediment next to mining lanes of ≈ 3 cm and a minimum erosional depth of 5 cm.","author":[{"family":"Gazis","given":"Iason"},{"family":"Stigter","given":"Henko"},{"family":"Mohrmann","given":"Jochen"},{"family":"Heger","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Diaz","given":"Mélanie"},{"family":"Gillard","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Baeye","given":"M"},{"family":"Veloso","given":"M"},{"family":"Purkiani","given":"Kaveh"},{"family":"Haeckel","given":"Matthias"},{"family":"Vink","given":"Αnnemiek"},{"family":"Thomsen","given":"Laurenz"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-56311-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56311-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406172157","type":"article-journal","title":"Recent advances and future technologies in nano-microplastics detection","abstract":"The degradation of mismanaged plastic waste in the environment results in the formation of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), which pose significant risks to ecosystems and human health. These particles are pervasive, detected even in remote regions, and can enter the food chain, accumulating in organisms and causing harm depending on factors such as particle load, exposure dose, and the presence of co-contaminants. Detecting and analyzing NMPs present unique challenges, particularly as particle size decreases, making them increasingly difficult to identify. Moreover, the absence of standardized protocols for their detection and analysis further hinders comprehensive assessments of their environmental and biological impacts. This review provides a detailed overview of the latest advancements in technologies for sampling, separation, measurement, and quantification of NMPs. It highlights promising approaches, supported by practical examples from recent studies, while critically addressing persistent challenges in sampling, characterization, and analysis. This work examines cutting-edge developments in nanotechnology-based detection, integrated spectro-microscopic techniques, and AI-driven classification algorithms, offering solutions to bridge gaps in NMP research. By exploring state-of-the-art methodologies and presenting future perspectives, this review provides valuable insights for improving detection capabilities at the micro- and nanoscale, enabling more effective analysis across diverse environmental contexts.","author":[{"family":"Nene","given":"Ajinkya"},{"family":"Sadeghzade","given":"Sorour"},{"family":"Viaroli","given":"Stefano"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Wenjie"},{"family":"Uchenna","given":"Ucheaga"},{"family":"Kandwal","given":"Abhishek"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xinghui"},{"family":"Somani","given":"Prakash"},{"family":"Galluzzi","given":"Massimiliano"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1186/s12302-024-01044-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-024-01044-y","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4415629586","type":"article-journal","title":"Risk Prediction of Gas Hydrate Formation in the Wellbore and Subsea Gathering System of Deep-Water Turbidite Reservoirs: Case Analysis from the South China Sea","abstract":"The low temperatures in the deepwater area are associated with a high risk of hydrate formation and flowline blockages in the wellbore and pipelines during the long-term development of gas reservoirs. The occurrence of this risk is required to be prevented and controlled to facilitate the safe and efficient development of offshore gas reservoirs. In this study, a numerical model was developed and solved to calculate the temperature and pressure distributions within wellbore and gathering system, and its applicability was evaluated. The comparison with experimental results verifies that the model is appropriate for predicting temperature and pressure distributions in the wellbore and gathering system during gas reservoir production. Simultaneously, the potential section for hydrate formation in the wellbore, flowline, and riser was examined by comparing the phase equilibrium pressure and actual pressure. The investigation results indicate that hydrate formation risks occurs in the wellbore, flowline, and riser after 10, 8, and 8 years of natural gas production, respectively. At these moments, the lengths of the hydrate formation risk sections in the wellbore, flowline, and riser are 49 m, 2500 m, and 9.8 m, respectively. Since then, the length of the hydrate formation risk section has increased with continued gas production operation. Finally, based on the phase equilibrium conditions associated with various methanol concentrations, the methanol injection concentration was optimized to eliminate the risk of hydrate formation. It is indicated by the investigation results that a methanol injection concentration of 7.5\\% is required to eliminate the risk of hydrate formation in the wellbore and gathering system.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Muyin"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Junyi"},{"family":"Xia","given":"Yifan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.62762/rs.2025.567907","URL":"https://doi.org/10.62762/rs.2025.567907","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406230518","type":"article-journal","title":"An optimized LSTM-based deep learning model for anomaly network intrusion detection","abstract":"The increasing prevalence of network connections is driving a continuous surge in the requirement for network security and safeguarding against cyberattacks. This has triggered the need to develop and implement intrusion detection systems (IDS), one of the key components of network perimeter aimed at thwarting and alleviating the issues presented by network invaders. Over time, intrusion detection systems have been instrumental in identifying network breaches and deviations. Several researchers have recommended the implementation of machine learning approaches in IDSs to counteract the menace posed by network intruders. Nevertheless, most previously recommended IDSs exhibit a notable false alarm rate. To mitigate this challenge, exploring deep learning methodologies emerges as a viable solution, leveraging their demonstrated efficacy across various domains. Hence, this article proposes an optimized Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) for identifying anomalies in network traffic. The presented model uses three optimization methods, i.e., Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), JAYA, and Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA), to optimize the hyperparameters of LSTM. In this study, NSL KDD, CICIDS, and BoT-IoT datasets are taken into consideration. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed model, several indicators of performance like Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F-score, True Positive Rate (TPR), False Positive Rate (FPR), and Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC) have been chosen. A comparative analysis of PSO-LSTMIDS, JAYA-LSTMIDS, and SSA-LSTMIDS is conducted. The simulation results demonstrate that SSA-LSTMIDS surpasses all the models examined in this study across all three datasets.","author":[{"family":"Dash","given":"Nitu"},{"family":"Chakravarty","given":"Sujata"},{"family":"Rath","given":"Amiya"},{"family":"Giri","given":"Nimay"},{"family":"Aboras","given":"Kareem"},{"family":"Gowtham","given":"N"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-85248-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85248-z","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4415707622","type":"article-journal","title":"Porous materials: The next frontier in energy technologies","abstract":"Porous materials with pore sizes spanning the range from molecular to macroscopic dimensions (from angstroms to centimeters) are essential in electrochemical, thermoelectric, nuclear, and solar power sources and in the extraction of oil, gas, and geothermal heat. To enable the clean, fast, and efficient conversion of energy, the porous structure must be designed to allow, modulate, or block the flow of energy transfer vectors. The most important energy streams are mass, charge, heat, radiation, and pressure, and they must be optimized while packing the optimal surface area per device volume. In this Review, we analyze the physical processes that enable energy transfer in porous structures, highlighting recent advances in the design, characterization, modeling, and fundamental understanding of porosity that have enabled breakthroughs across the landscape of energy technologies.","author":[{"family":"Farber","given":"Eliyahu"},{"family":"Seraphim","given":"Nicola"},{"family":"Tamakuwala","given":"Kesha"},{"family":"Stein","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Rücker","given":"Maja"},{"family":"Eisenberg","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1126/science.adn9391","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adn9391","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405997983","type":"article-journal","title":"Adaptive deep learning framework for robust unsupervised underwater image enhancement","abstract":"One of the main challenges in deep learning-based underwater image enhancement is the limited availability of high-quality training data. Underwater images are often difficult to capture and typically suffer from distortion, color loss, and reduced contrast, complicating the training of supervised deep learning models on large and diverse datasets. This limitation can adversely affect the performance of the model. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach to supervised underwater image enhancement. Specifically, we introduce a novel framework called Uncertainty Distribution Network ( UDnet ), which adapts to uncertainty distribution during its unsupervised reference map (label) generation to produce enhanced output images. UDnet enhances underwater images by adjusting contrast, saturation, and gamma correction. It incorporates a statistically guided multicolour space stretch module (SGMCSS) to generate a reference map, which is utilised by a U-Net-like conditional variational autoencoder module (cVAE) for feature extraction. These features are then processed by a Probabilistic Adaptive Instance Normalisation (PAdaIN) block that encodes the feature uncertainties for the final image enhancement. The SGMCSS module ensures visual consistency with the input image and eliminates the need for manual human annotation. Consequently, UDnet can learn effectively with limited data and achieve state-of-the-art results. We evaluated UDnet on eight publicly available datasets, and the results demonstrate that it achieves competitive performance compared to other state-of-the-art methods in both quantitative and qualitative metrics. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/alzayats/UDnet . • Underwater image enhancement is challenging but essential for various applications. • Fully-supervised enhancement models need diverse and labelled high-quality images. • Proposed an unsupervised open-source enhancement deep learning model, UDNet. • Trained UDNet on undertwater videos without any labelling and with limited data. • Show that UDNet outperforms 10 state-of-the-art models across 8 public datasets.","author":[{"family":"Saleh","given":"Alzayat"},{"family":"Sheaves","given":"Marcus"},{"family":"Jerry","given":"Dean"},{"family":"Azghadi","given":"Mostafa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.eswa.2024.126314","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2024.126314","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4411040511","type":"article-journal","title":"An in-depth review of key technologies and pathways to carbon neutrality: classification and assessment of decarbonization technologies","abstract":"Abstract With the intensification of global climate change, carbon neutrality has become a crucial objective for achieving sustainable development, which critically requires systematic technological innovation and collaborative cooperation between technologies and countries. Through categorization and comprehensive technological assessments, a thorough examination of relevant technologies can furnish a framework to guide emission reduction efforts across various sectors. This review seeks to explore the methods by which various countries achieve carbon neutrality technology systems and pathways, with an in-depth study of the differences between the technological approaches and systems in China, the United States, and European countries. The construction of technology systems in several countries is reviewed, from the composition of the systems to the assessment of technologies that include indicators such as carbon reduction potential. Building upon an analysis of key technological pathways in renewable energy, carbon capture, utilization and storage, energy efficiency improvement, and hydrogen energy across different countries, a systematic evaluation is conducted from three key dimensions—policy formulation, resource endowment, and industrial foundation—to identify the similarities, differences, and driving factors in the construction of carbon neutrality technology systems among nations. Based on the previous work, we conducted a comparative analysis and summary of carbon neutrality pathways across various countries worldwide, systematically reviewing and evaluating carbon neutrality technologies in power generation, industry, transportation, and building sectors. Building upon these findings, the study offers recommendations for coupling diverse technological approaches and for international cooperation. By comparing international experiences and practices, this study provides operational references for countries in formulating technology planning and emission reduction strategies, and also provides an important basis for deepening global carbon neutral cooperation in the future.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Zihe"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Yueqiao"},{"family":"Kong","given":"Hui"},{"family":"Xia-Bauer","given":"Chun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s43979-025-00129-8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43979-025-00129-8","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406558168","type":"article-journal","title":"Experimental demonstration of a diamond quantum vector magnetometer for deep-sea applications","abstract":"Magnetometry plays an important role in exploring the deep sea, which is one of the Earth's final unknown frontiers. However, the complexity of the marine environment and the limitations of conventional magnetometers restrict its in-depth application. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond offers a potential solution to encompass and transcend conventional ocean magnetometers. Its unique advantages, such as precise vector measurement and tolerance to extreme environments, make it well suited for deep-sea applications like navigation. This work introduces the first deep-sea quantum vector magnetometer based on NV centers. The performance of this magnetometer is effectively validated by a series of field tests on the manned submersible Shenhai Yongshi during a cruise in the South China Sea, including an experimental underwater navigation using the diamond quantum sensor as a magnetic compass. This successful deep-sea application marks a milestone for transforming this promising solid-state spin quantum system into a practical sensor for real-world marine applications.","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Ziyun"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Yunbin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Wenzhe"},{"family":"Jing","given":"Ke"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Shuo"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Chuanxu"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Yijin"},{"family":"Rong","given":"Xing"},{"family":"Du","given":"Jiangfeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1093/nsr/nwae478","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwae478","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406000645","type":"article-journal","title":"A filter inspired by deep-sea glass sponges for oil cleanup under turbulent flow","abstract":"Oil spill disasters lead to widespread and long-lasting social, economical, environmental and ecological impacts. Technical challenges remain for conventional static adsorption due to hydrodynamic instability under complex water-flow conditions, which results in low oil-capture efficiency, time delay and oil escape. To address this issue, we design a vortex-anchored filter inspired by the anatomy of deep-sea glass sponges (E. aspergillum) by mimicking their exceptional skeletal features and filter-feeding patterns. Results demonstrate that the vortex-anchored filter can retain external turbulent-flow kinetic energy in low-speed vortical flow with small Kolmogorov microscale (85 μm) in the cavity of skeleton, leading to enhanced interfacial mass transfer and residence time by physical field synergy. It improves hydrodynamic stability by reducing Reynolds stresses in nearly quiescent wake flow. The vortex-anchored filter can realize >97% capture of floating, underwater and emulsified oils stably at Reynolds numbers ranging from subcritical to supercritical regimes. This study not only highlights the importance of vortex-anchored mechanism in enhancing interfacial mass transfer and hydrodynamic stability during oil capture beyond previously known benefits of increased residence time, but also represents a paradigm shift to advance biophysically inspired strategies for in-situ, dynamic and robust cleanup of spilled oil, environmental remediation and resource recovery.","author":[{"family":"Yuan","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Chi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jinna"},{"family":"Ren","given":"Nanqi"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Chuyang"},{"family":"You","given":"Shijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-024-55587-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-55587-y","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407758667","type":"article-journal","title":"Recent Advances in Automatic Modulation Classification Technology: Methods, Results, and Prospects","abstract":"As an essential technology for spectrum sensing and dynamic spectrum access, automatic modulation classification (AMC) is a critical step in intelligent wireless communication systems, aiming at automatically recognizing the modulation schemes of received signals. In practice, AMC is challenging due to the influence of communication environment and signal parameters, such as unknown channels, noise, symbol rate, signal length, and sampling frequency. In this survey, we investigated a series of typical AMC methods, including key technology, performance comparisons, advantages, challenges, and future key development directions. According to the methodology and processing flow, AMC methods are divided into three categories: likelihood‐based (Lb) methods, feature‐based (Fb) methods, and deep learning methods. The technical details of various types of methods are introduced and discussed, such as likelihood distributions, artificial features, classifiers, and network structures. Then, extensive experimental results of state‐of‐the‐art AMC methods on public or simulated datasets are compared and analyzed. Despite the achievements that have been made, there are still limitations of the individual methods, including generalization capability, reasoning efficiency, model complexity, and robustness. In the end, we summarized the severe challenges faced by AMC and key future research directions.","author":[{"family":"Zheng","given":"Qinghe"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Xinyu"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Lisu"},{"family":"Elhanashi","given":"Abdussalam"},{"family":"Saponara","given":"Sergio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1155/int/4067323","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1155/int/4067323","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412855787","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep-sea microbially influenced corrosion and biomineralization","abstract":"Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) and biomineralization are widely observed in marine, deep-sea, freshwater, and soil ecosystems. Recently, MIC and biomineralization associated with biofouling have significantly impacted marine resources, including deep-sea minerals and organisms. Notably, uncontrolled biomineralization by certain microorganisms, such as barnacles adhering to ship hulls, can lead to structural damage and economic challenges due to biocorrosion. Biomineralization can be categorized into induced mineralization and controlled mineralization. In natural environments, induced biomineralization is the predominant process. The mechanisms of induced biomineralization and MIC in extreme deep-sea environments have attracted significant attention. The factors influencing these processes are highly complex. The microbial-material interfaces serve as the primary sites for key biochemical reactions driving biocorrosion and biomineralization. Within these interfaces, biofilms, their secreted extracellular polymers, and extracellular electron transfer mechanisms play crucial roles in these processes. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of MIC and biomineralization under deep-sea environmental conditions is essential. Investigating the relationship between these phenomena and exploring their underlying mechanisms are critical for both research advancements and industrial applications.","author":[{"family":"Ge","given":"Yingchun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Can"},{"family":"Etim","given":"Ini‐ibehe"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Sikandar"},{"family":"Li","given":"Chengpeng"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Luhua"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Jia"},{"family":"Yi","given":"Peijia"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Jiazhi"},{"family":"Sand","given":"Wolfgang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ruiyong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmicb.2025.1605909","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1605909","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"oa:W4407131364","type":"article-journal","title":"Developing reliable floating solar systems on seas: A review","abstract":"Solar PhotoVoltaic (PV), as a clean and affordable energy solution, has become ubiquitous around the world. In order to install enough PV coverage to meet the demand of global climate action, there has been a growing research interest in deploying solar panels on abundant sea space. However, the harsh marine environment is holding stakeholders back with safety concerns. There is a necessity to ensure the reliability of FPV on seas. To facilitate research in this area, the present review scans all Floating PV (FPV) literature related to the ocean, with a focus on reliability and risk mitigation. It starts by presenting contemporary and potentially future FPV designs for seas, inventorying both mechanical and electrical components. Accordingly, possible risks in the system are discussed with the associate mitigations suggested. Subsequently, a series of protective approaches to assess offshore wind and wave loads on FPV are introduced. This is followed by a structural integrity review for the system’s fatigue and ultimate strength, accompanied by anti-corrosion, anti-biofouling, and robust mooring concerns. Finally, essential research gaps are identified, including the modelling of numerous floating bodies on seas, mooring methodology for enormous FPV coverage, the interactions between FPV and the surrounding sea environments, and remote sensing and digital twins of the system for optimal energy efficiency and structural health. Overall, this work provides comprehensive insights into essential considerations of FPV on seas, supporting sustainable developments and long-term cost reductions in this sector.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Luofeng"},{"family":"Elzaabalawy","given":"Hashim"},{"family":"Sarhaan","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Sherif","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Haoyu"},{"family":"Ou","given":"Binjian"},{"family":"Yang","given":"DL"},{"family":"Cerik","given":"Burak"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.120525","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.120525","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406929887","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep learning model based prediction of vehicle CO2 emissions with eXplainable AI integration for sustainable environment","abstract":"The transportation industry contributes significantly to climate change through carbon dioxide ( $$\\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ ) emissions, intensifying global warming and leading to more frequent and severe weather phenomena such as flooding, drought, heat waves, glacier melting, and rising sea levels. This study proposes a comprehensive approach for predicting $$\\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ emissions from vehicles using deep learning techniques enhanced by eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods. Utilizing a dataset from the Canadian government’s official open data portal, we explored the impact of various vehicle attributes on $$\\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ emissions. Our analysis reveals that not only do high-performance engines emit more pollutants, but fuel consumption under both city and highway conditions also contributes significantly to higher emissions. We identified skewed distributions in the number of vehicles produced by different manufacturers and trends in fuel consumption across fuel types. This study used deep learning techniques to construct a CO2 emission prediction model, specifically a light multilayer perceptron (MLP) architecture called CarbonMLP. The proposed model was optimized by hyperparameter tuning and achieved excellent performance metrics, such as a high R-squared value of 0.9938 and a low Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.0002. This study employs XAI approaches, particularly SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), to improve the model interpretation ability and provide information about the importance of features. The findings of this study show that the proposed methodology accurately predicts CO2 emissions from vehicles. Additionally, the analysis suggests areas for further research, such as increasing the dataset, integrating additional pollutants, improving interpretability, and investigating real-world applications. Overall, this study contributes to the design of effective strategies for reducing vehicle CO2 emissions and promoting environmental sustainability.","author":[{"family":"Alam","given":"Gazi"},{"family":"Tanim","given":"Sharia"},{"family":"Sarker","given":"Sumit"},{"family":"Watanobe","given":"Yutaka"},{"family":"Islam","given":"Md"},{"family":"Mridha","given":"MF"},{"family":"Nur","given":"Kamruddin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-87233-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87233-y","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407177853","type":"article-journal","title":"Marine snow as vectors for microplastic transport: Multiple aggregation cycles account for the settling of buoyant microplastics to deep‐sea sediments","abstract":"Abstract Many studies have reported the paradoxical observation of high concentrations of low‐density microplastics (plastic particles < 5 mm) in deep‐sea sediments despite their buoyancy. The incorporation of buoyant microplastics into marine snow has been observed to enhance microplastic settling. Previous studies on the vertical movement of buoyant microplastics have been unable to theoretically account for these ocean observations and no study has comprehensively elucidated microplastic transport pathways in the ocean from the surface to seafloor. Here, we establish a one‐dimensional theoretical model, that embraces key elements of the flocculation process, to explain how marine snow acts as a vector to transport buoyant microplastics to deep water and the ocean bottom. Microplastics reach the ocean floor through multiple cycles of aggregation, settling, and disaggregation between marine snow and microplastics. Each settling cycle results in a net settling of 200–400 m. We demonstrate that microplastics with different sizes show distinct vertical settling behaviors and only microplastics less than 100 μ m in diameter can reach the ocean bottom. This theoretical model refines our ability to predict and understand the global and long‐term fate, transport, and inventory of microplastics in the ocean interior, the influence of microplastics on the biological carbon pump and the efficacy of plastic management policies.","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Nan"},{"family":"Grieve","given":"Stuart"},{"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Spencer","given":"Kate"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/lno.12814","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12814","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4416143966","type":"article-journal","title":"Plastic degradation by enzymes from uncultured deep sea microorganisms","abstract":"Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-hydrolyzing enzymes (PETases) are a recently discovered enzyme class capable of plastic degradation. PETases are commonly identified in bacteria; however, pipelines for discovery are often biased to recover highly similar enzymes. Here, we searched metagenomic data from hydrothermally impacted deep sea sediments in the Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) for PETases. A broad diversity of potential proteins were identified and 22 were selected based on their potential thermal stability and phylogenetic novelty. Heterologous expression and functional analysis of these candidate PETases revealed three candidates capable of depolymerizing PET or its byproducts. One is a PETase from a Bathyarchaeia archaeon (dubbed GuaPA, for Guaymas PETase Archaeal) and two bishydroxyethylene terephthalate-hydrolyzing enzymes (BHETases) from uncultured bacteria, Poribacteria, and Thermotogota. GuaPA is the first archaeal PETase discovered that is able to depolymerize PET films and originates from a specific enzyme class which has endowed it with predicted novel structural features. Within 48 h, GuaPA released ~3-5 mM of terephthalic acid and mono-(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate from low crystallinity PET. PET co-hydrolysis containing GuaPA and one of the newly discovered BHETases further improves the hydrolysis of untreated PET film by 68%. Genomic analysis of the PETase- and BHETase-encoding microorganisms reveals that they likely metabolize the products of enzymatic PET depolymerization, suggesting an ecological role in utilizing anthropogenic carbon sources. Our analysis reveals a previously uncharacterized ability of these uncultured microorganisms to catabolize PET, suggesting that the deep ocean is a potential reservoir of biocatalysts for the depolymerization of plastic waste.","author":[{"family":"Acosta","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Barth","given":"Delbert"},{"family":"Bondy","given":"Julie"},{"family":"Appler","given":"Kathryn"},{"family":"Anda","given":"Valerie"},{"family":"Ngo","given":"Phuoc"},{"family":"Alper","given":"Hal"},{"family":"Baker","given":"Brett"},{"family":"Marcotte","given":"Edward"},{"family":"Ellington","given":"Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1093/ismejo/wraf068","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ismejo/wraf068","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4408532680","type":"article-journal","title":"Biosensor Technologies for Water Quality: Detection of Emerging Contaminants and Pathogens","abstract":"This review explores the development, technological foundations, and applications of biosensor technologies across various fields, such as medicine for disease diagnosis and monitoring, and the food industry. However, the primary focus is on their use in detecting contaminants and pathogens, as well as in environmental monitoring for water quality assessment. The review classifies different types of biosensors based on their bioreceptor and transducer, highlighting how they are specifically designed for the detection of emerging contaminants (ECs) and pathogens in water. Key innovations in this technology are critically examined, including advanced techniques such as systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which enable the fabrication of sensors with improved sensitivity and selectivity. Additionally, the integration of microfluidic systems into biosensors is analyzed, demonstrating significant enhancements in performance and detection speed. Through these advancements, this work emphasizes the fundamental role of biosensors as key tools for safeguarding public health and preserving environmental integrity.","author":[{"family":"Fdez-Sanromán","given":"Antía"},{"family":"Bernárdez-Rodas","given":"Nuria"},{"family":"Rosales","given":"Emílio"},{"family":"Pazos","given":"Marta"},{"family":"Gonzálezromero","given":"Elisa"},{"family":"Sanromán","given":"MÁ"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/bios15030189","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15030189","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409653774","type":"article-journal","title":"Application of deep learning in malware detection: a review","abstract":"Abstract The defense of malware remains an important research hotspot in the field of cyberspace security. Recognizing its profound research significance, our defense against malware is still an important research hotspot in the field of cyberspace security. According to several recent surveys, global infrastructure is increasingly attacked by cyber crimes, and the damage of various malicious attacks to countries and even individuals cannot be underestimated, even on the rise. There is an urgent need to adopt advanced tools for early detection of malware and its variants to help researchers take early steps to defend against it. Its broad approach will help the early malware to detect and identify the behavioral patterns of large amounts of malicious data, and the discipline of artificial intelligence offers broad research potential. The results of these tests will help researchers make decisions and early detection, effectively defense against malware. This work compares and reports a classification of malware detection work based on deep learning algorithms. The 2011–2025 articles were considered, and the latest work focused on the literature for the 2018–2025 years; after screening, 72 articles were selected for the initial study. Future researchers will benefit from this review by better understanding current deep learning models in the field of malware detection. The review includes common methods such as convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks and generative adversarial networks, focusing on feature extraction techniques such as sequence features, image visualization and data enhancement. The survey summarizes the metrics used to report the accuracy. In addition, it highlights prominent publishers, journals and conferences as platforms for the evaluation of academic works. Taken together, this will help researchers at the current stage gain insight into the unresolved challenges or barriers faced by previous researchers. Among these, the most common problem is the lack of broader and consistent datasets, followed by the need for existing models for further improvement.","author":[{"family":"Song","given":"Yafei"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Dandan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jian"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yanan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Peng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1186/s40537-025-01157-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-025-01157-y","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4411227566","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep learning in metasurfaces: from automated design to adaptive metadevices","abstract":"Metasurface modeling, designs, and applications using computational approaches are by now well established as an essential pillar in photonics, physics, and materials science. The past years have witnessed tremendous advances in methodologies and technologies to unearth the intricate light–matter interaction and promote adaptive metadevices. They have pushed the studies of metasurfaces from early passive, reconfigurable modalities to the next generation of intelligent metasurfaces. In this review, we elaborate general architecture for intelligent metasurfaces, constructed by the algorithm layer, tunable metasurface layer, and application layer. We first discuss a variety of deep learning models, ranging from the fundamental neural networks inspired by computer science to sophisticated algorithms embedded with physical specialty, highlighting their potential in the forward prediction, inverse design, and spectral correlation of metasurfaces. We then discuss adaptive metadevices in the main applications of invisibility cloaks, smart vision, intelligent sensing, and wireless communication. Finally, we pinpoint current challenges and future perspectives to embrace the coming era of intelligent metasurfaces.","author":[{"family":"Saifullah","given":"Yasir"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Nanxuan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Huaping"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Qian","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Hongsheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1117/1.ap.7.3.034005","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.ap.7.3.034005","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406725124","type":"article-journal","title":"Comprehensive Chlorine Suppression: Advances in Materials and System Technologies for Direct Seawater Electrolysis","abstract":"Seawater electrolysis offers a promising pathway to generate green hydrogen, which is crucial for the net-zero emission targets. Indirect seawater electrolysis is severely limited by high energy demands and system complexity, while the direct seawater electrolysis bypasses pre-treatment, offering a simpler and more cost-effective solution. However, the chlorine evolution reaction and impurities in the seawater lead to severe corrosion and hinder electrolysis's efficiency. Herein, we review recent advances in the rational design of chlorine-suppressive catalysts and integrated electrolysis systems architectures for chloride-induced corrosion, with simultaneous enhancement of Faradaic efficiency and reduction of electrolysis's cost. Furthermore, promising directions are proposed for durable and efficient seawater electrolysis systems. This review provides perspectives for seawater electrolysis toward sustainable energy conversion and environmental protection.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Cenkai"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Zheyuan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Kunye"},{"family":"Du","given":"Zhihao"},{"family":"Fang","given":"Haiqiu"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Ling"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Min"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Mingbo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s40820-025-01653-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01653-z","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410480917","type":"article-journal","title":"Prediction of Sea Surface Chlorophyll-a Concentrations by Remote Sensing and Deep Learning","abstract":"Accurate prediction of the spatiotemporal distribution of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) is essential for evaluating marine ecosystem health and predicting ecological disasters. Current methods struggle to capture short-term variability and periodic trends in Chl-a, especially in noise-prone coastal regions. This study aims to enhance the prediction of marine Chl-a concentrations by introducing the chlorophyll-a concentration prediction model (ChlaPM), which was developed on the basis of a convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) network. The model integrates recent spatiotemporal feature extraction (RSTFE), periodic feature extraction (PFE), and denoising fusion (DNF) modules to effectively capture short-term spatiotemporal changes and periodic variations in Chl-a concentrations. In this study, the performance of ChlaPM in single-step and multistep predictions was evaluated using monthly average Chl-a remote sensing data spanning 1998–2023. The results indicate that compared with the RSTFE model, the ChlaPM model achieves substantial reductions in the root mean square error (RMSE) of 53.84%, 53.58%, and 49.70% for predicting Chl-a concentrations 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months into the future, respectively. These findings highlight the effectiveness of ChlaPM in addressing short-term variability and periodic trends and significantly enhances the accuracy of Chl-a prediction. Future work will focus on integrating additional relevant marine variables into the prediction model to further improve its prediction capabilities.","author":[{"family":"Ruan","given":"Qingfeng"},{"family":"Pan","given":"Delu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Difeng"},{"family":"He","given":"Xianqiang"},{"family":"Gong","given":"Fang"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Qingjiu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs17101755","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17101755","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1111/gcb.70407","type":"article-journal","title":"Climate Change Drives Bathymetric Shifts in Taxonomic and Trait Diversity of Deep-Sea Benthic Communities.","abstract":"Climate-induced changes in environmental gradients can cause shifts in ranges of organisms and community composition, with concomitant effects on ecosystem functions. Throughout geological time, deeper depths have been highlighted as refugia for biodiversity and ecosystem functions under a warming climate. Although the deep ocean provides several important ecosystem services, contemporary research on climate effects at the community and ecosystem levels has been limited to the upper 200 m of the water column. As a result, our knowledge of climate-induced impacts on the functions of deep-sea ecosystems is scarce. In this study, we examined climate-induced changes in deep-sea communities at a climate-change hotspot, the Gulf of Maine and adjacent continental slope in the Northwest Atlantic. We focused on deep-water coral communities, which are among the most diverse in the deep sea. Using a joint species distribution model, we projected and examined community composition, taxonomic diversity, and trait diversity of deep-water coral communities under two climate scenarios for the end of the century (2100). We found extensive shifts of suitable habitat for several coral genera from 500-1000 to 1500-2000 m, mostly attributed to warming in the upper 1000 m. This led to substantial reduction (30%-60%) in the existing taxonomic and functional richness at the upper continental slope, alongside gains in richness (10%-15%) at the lower continental slope and bathyal zone. Our study is the first to report extensive shifts in biodiversity from mesopelagic to bathyal depths, which will inevitably cause redistribution of ecosystem functions and services. These results showcase that climate change impacts at the ecosystem level are not restricted to shallow depths and highlight that further knowledge of them is essential for efficient conservation, planning, and management.","author":[{"family":"Rakka","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Metaas","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Nizinski","given":"Martha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1111/gcb.70407","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70407","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22110725","type":"article-journal","title":"UExP-FNN-U full surface ocean carbonate system","abstract":"Product Information Product name UExP-FNN-U SOCOM-style name UExP-FNN-U Product version v2026-1 Changelog at end of repository Coverage January 1980 – December 2025 Global ocean (including under ice regions) at ~0.2 m depth Resolution Monthly 1° x 1° Contact Daniel J. Fordd.ford@exeter.ac.uk Jamie D. Shutlerj.d.shutler@exeter.ac.uk Traceable code and inputs Information on the input datasets and code can be found after the changelog Product Description The UExP-FNN-U approach is described in detail within Ford et al. (2024a) and therefore we provide a summary of the algorithm for interpolating the fugacity of CO2 in seawater (fCO2 (sw)). The UExP-FNN-U is a two step neural network interpolation technique, the self-organising map feed forward neural network (SOM-FNN) (Landschützer et al., 2014, 2016). The first step is a self-organising map (SOM) which was used to divide the global oceans into regions, or provinces, of similar oceanic conditions. The inputs to this step were monthly climatology of sea surface temperature (SST) from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI) SST, merged sea surface salinity (SSS) from the CCI and the CMEMS reanalysis (GLORYS12V1; merged using a hierarchy approach described in Gregor et al., 2024), CMEMS GLORYS12V1 mixed layer dapth (MLD), and spatailly and temporally complete OC-CCI chlorophyll-a (chl-a) (Ford et al. 2026a; Sathyendranath et al. 2019) and the Takahashi et al. (2009) fCO2 (sw) climatology updated in Fay et al. (2024). The SOM produces 16 provinces, and two manual provinces are implemented to cover the Arctic Ocean and Mediterranean + Red Sea using Longhurst biogeochemical provinces (Longhurst, 1998). The second step uses a feed forward neural network (FNN) ensemble (10 members) for each province to estimate the relationships between the target variable (i.e in situ fCO2 (sw) from the recalculated SOCAT dataset; Bakker et al., 2016; Ford et al., 2025; Ford et al. 2026c) and oceanic properties that likely control their variability. For the UExP-FNN-U v2026-pre1 these were SST, SSS, MLD, chl-a and xCO2 (atm) and anomalies of each. In v2026-pre1, we implemented a probability based SOM approach, which provides a probability that each monthly 1 degree pixel is assigned to each of the 18 provinces. To achieve the probabilities, the SOM training occurs as in Ford et al. (2024a) and then the inputs are perturbed within the limits of their uncertainties and the resulting SOM provinces retrieved for 400 ensembles. The probability that each monhtly 1 degree regions fall within a province are calculated. If a province probability is found to be less than 5%, this is set to 0 % to reduce computation. Locations where the sum of the probability is greater than 1 or less than 1 are scaled linearly to equal 1. In the FNN training stage the provinces are defined for the initial SOM (i.e the hard provinces that the SOM predicts with the data unperturbed). In the mapping stage the fCO2 (sw) and the uncertainties are predicted for each location and province, and a weighted sum of the resulting fCO2 (sw) and uncertainties is taken. This approach was shown to reduce large biases at the edge of provinces and reduced the appearance of provinces in the geographical outputs within a model testbed approach within the Surface Ocean CO2 mapping intercomparison (SOCOMv2 Experiment 2; Roobaret et al. 2026). Additionally, the global ocean CO2 sink for v2026-pre1 using the standard SOM approach as in Ford et al. (2024a) compared to this updated probability approach showed only minor differences (~2%). We have used this same probability based apporach in v2026-1. Expansion to Total Alkalinity using a consistent SOM-FNN The UExP-FNN-U approach was expanded to estimate Total Alkalinity (TA) on the same monthly 1 degree grid. The first step, the SOM, was trained on a monthly climatology of CCI-SST, CCI+CMEMS SSS and an annual TA climatology (DIVA interpolated in situ TA). Gregor and Gruber (2021) use","author":[{"family":"Ford","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Kulk","given":"Gemma"},{"family":"Watson","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Sathyendranath","given":"Shubha"},{"family":"Shutler","given":"Jamie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22110725","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22110725","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15784426","type":"article-journal","title":"UExP-FNN-U full surface ocean carbonate system","abstract":"Product Information Product name UExP-FNN-U SOCOM-style name UExP-FNN-U Product version v2026-1 Changelog at end of repository Coverage January 1980 – December 2025 Global ocean (including under ice regions) at ~0.2 m depth Resolution Monthly 1° x 1° Contact Daniel J. Fordd.ford@exeter.ac.uk Jamie D. Shutlerj.d.shutler@exeter.ac.uk Traceable code and inputs Information on the input datasets and code can be found after the changelog Product Description The UExP-FNN-U approach is described in detail within Ford et al. (2024a) and therefore we provide a summary of the algorithm for interpolating the fugacity of CO2 in seawater (fCO2 (sw)). The UExP-FNN-U is a two step neural network interpolation technique, the self-organising map feed forward neural network (SOM-FNN) (Landschützer et al., 2014, 2016). The first step is a self-organising map (SOM) which was used to divide the global oceans into regions, or provinces, of similar oceanic conditions. The inputs to this step were monthly climatology of sea surface temperature (SST) from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI) SST, merged sea surface salinity (SSS) from the CCI and the CMEMS reanalysis (GLORYS12V1; merged using a hierarchy approach described in Gregor et al., 2024), CMEMS GLORYS12V1 mixed layer dapth (MLD), and spatailly and temporally complete OC-CCI chlorophyll-a (chl-a) (Ford et al. 2026a; Sathyendranath et al. 2019) and the Takahashi et al. (2009) fCO2 (sw) climatology updated in Fay et al. (2024). The SOM produces 16 provinces, and two manual provinces are implemented to cover the Arctic Ocean and Mediterranean + Red Sea using Longhurst biogeochemical provinces (Longhurst, 1998). The second step uses a feed forward neural network (FNN) ensemble (10 members) for each province to estimate the relationships between the target variable (i.e in situ fCO2 (sw) from the recalculated SOCAT dataset; Bakker et al., 2016; Ford et al., 2025; Ford et al. 2026c) and oceanic properties that likely control their variability. For the UExP-FNN-U v2026-pre1 these were SST, SSS, MLD, chl-a and xCO2 (atm) and anomalies of each. In v2026-pre1, we implemented a probability based SOM approach, which provides a probability that each monthly 1 degree pixel is assigned to each of the 18 provinces. To achieve the probabilities, the SOM training occurs as in Ford et al. (2024a) and then the inputs are perturbed within the limits of their uncertainties and the resulting SOM provinces retrieved for 400 ensembles. The probability that each monhtly 1 degree regions fall within a province are calculated. If a province probability is found to be less than 5%, this is set to 0 % to reduce computation. Locations where the sum of the probability is greater than 1 or less than 1 are scaled linearly to equal 1. In the FNN training stage the provinces are defined for the initial SOM (i.e the hard provinces that the SOM predicts with the data unperturbed). In the mapping stage the fCO2 (sw) and the uncertainties are predicted for each location and province, and a weighted sum of the resulting fCO2 (sw) and uncertainties is taken. This approach was shown to reduce large biases at the edge of provinces and reduced the appearance of provinces in the geographical outputs within a model testbed approach within the Surface Ocean CO2 mapping intercomparison (SOCOMv2 Experiment 2; Roobaret et al. 2026). Additionally, the global ocean CO2 sink for v2026-pre1 using the standard SOM approach as in Ford et al. (2024a) compared to this updated probability approach showed only minor differences (~2%). We have used this same probability based apporach in v2026-1. Expansion to Total Alkalinity using a consistent SOM-FNN The UExP-FNN-U approach was expanded to estimate Total Alkalinity (TA) on the same monthly 1 degree grid. The first step, the SOM, was trained on a monthly climatology of CCI-SST, CCI+CMEMS SSS and an annual TA climatology (DIVA interpolated in situ TA). Gregor and Gruber (2021) use","author":[{"family":"Ford","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Kulk","given":"Gemma"},{"family":"Watson","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Sathyendranath","given":"Shubha"},{"family":"Shutler","given":"Jamie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15784426","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15784426","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19605928","type":"article-journal","title":"UExP-FNN-U full surface ocean carbonate system","abstract":"Product Information Product name UExP-FNN-U SOCOM-style name UExP-FNN-U Product version v2026-pre1 Changelog at end of repository Coverage January 1980 – December 2025Note: 2025 is a 'forecast' year and not constrained by new in situ observations Global ocean (including under ice regions) at ~0.2 m depth Resolution Monthly 1° x 1° Contact Daniel J. Fordd.ford@exeter.ac.uk Jamie D. Shutlerj.d.shutler@exeter.ac.uk Traceable code and inputs Information on the input datasets and code can be found after the changelog Disclaimer: v2026-pre1 incorporates all the changes expected for the v2026-1 release but has not recieved any new training data from SOCAT. Therefore, 2025 is produced in a 'forecast' mode. SOCATv2026 is expected to be released in early June 2026, and a v2026-1 will be produced after this with the new fCO2 (sw) training data. Product Description The UExP-FNN-U approach is described in detail within Ford et al. (2024a) and therefore we provide a summary of the algorithm for interpolating the fugacity of CO2 in seawater (fCO2 (sw)). The UExP-FNN-U is a two step neural network interpolation technique, the self-organising map feed forward neural network (SOM-FNN) (Landschützer et al., 2014, 2016). The first step is a self-organising map (SOM) which was used to divide the global oceans into regions, or provinces, of similar oceanic conditions. The inputs to this step were monthly climatology of sea surface temperature (SST) from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI) SST, merged sea surface salinity (SSS) from the CCI and the CMEMS reanalysis (GLORYS12V1; merged using a hierarchy approach described in Gregor et al., 2024), CMEMS GLORYS12V1 mixed layer dapth (MLD), and spatailly and temporally complete OC-CCI chlorophyll-a (chl-a) (Ford et al. 2026a; Sathyendranath et al. 2019) and the Takahashi et al. (2009) fCO2 (sw) climatology. The SOM produces 16 provinces, and two manual provinces are implemented to cover the Arctic Ocean and Mediterranean + Red Sea using Longhurst biogeochemical provinces (Longhurst, 1998). The second step uses a feed forward neural network (FNN) ensemble (10 members) for each province to estimate the relationships between the target variable (i.e in situ fCO2 (sw) from the recalculated SOCAT dataset; Bakker et al., 2016; Ford et al., 2025; Ford et al. 2026c) and oceanic properties that likely control their variability. For the UExP-FNN-U v2026-pre1 these were SST, SSS, MLD, chl-a and xCO2 (atm) and anomalies of each. In v2026-pre1, we implement a probability based SOM approach, which provides a probability that each monthly 1 degree pixel is assigned to each of the 18 provinces. To achieve the probabilities, the SOM training occurs as in Ford et al. (2024a) and then the inputs are perturbed within the limits of their uncertainties and the resulting SOM provinces retrieved for 400 ensembles. The probability that each monhtly 1 degree regions fall within a province are calculated. If a province probability is found to be less than 5%, this is set to 0 % to reduce computation. Locations where the sum of the probability is greater than 1 or less than 1 are scaled linearly to equal 1. In the FNN training stage the provinces are defined for the initial SOM (i.e the hard provinces that the SOM predicts with the data unperturbed). In the mapping stage the fCO2 (sw) and the uncertainties are predicted for each location and province, and a weighted sum of the resulting fCO2 (sw) and uncertainties is taken. This approach was shown to reduce large biases at the edge of provinces and reduced the appearance of provinces in the geographical outputs within a model testbed approach within the Surface Ocean CO2 mapping intercomparison (SOCOMv2 Experiment 2). Additionally, the global ocean CO2 sink for v2026-pre1 using the standard SOM approach as in Ford et al. (2024a) compared to this updated probability approach showed only minor differences (~2%). Expansion to Total Alkalinity using a consist","author":[{"family":"Ford","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Kulk","given":"Gemma"},{"family":"Watson","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Sathyendranath","given":"Shubha"},{"family":"Shutler","given":"Jamie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19605928","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19605928","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18855038","type":"article-journal","title":"Digging Deep into Ghana's Slavery History - Archeogeophysics Survey Project","abstract":"The Digging Deep into Ghana’s Slavery History Project is a fully integrated multidisciplinary research program to systematically investigate sites associated with the slave trade in Ghana using state-of-the-art geophysical methods. The trans-Atlantic slave trade had devastating impacts on Africa. These slave relics and sites will provide crucial insights into slave trade routes and the living conditions of enslaved people. One of the sites investigated is the Fort at Tantumquery. The first archaeological and geophysical investigation of the Fort at Tantumquerry was conducted in September 2024. A team from the Department of Physics of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) and the University of Ghana’s Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies (DAHS), with a representative of the Ghana Museums and Monuments Board (GMMB), conducted excavations and geophysical prospections (Electrical Resistivity survey and Ground Penetrating Radar) of the ruinous site of the fort. Background The fort at Tantumquerry was constructed by the Royal African Company (RAC), an English Trading Company, in the 1720s as part of their expanding network of coastal fortifications. The fort’s strategic location enabled control over local trade routes. Historical records indicate that the fort functioned as both a military installation and a commercial hub, facilitating trade relationships with local communities while asserting British territorial claims. The fort is perched on the summit of a low hill, about 30 m above sea level, and about 250 m off the coast of Ekumfi Otuam. The fort at Tantumquery is in Otuam in the Ekumfi District of the Central Region of Ghana. Soils are predominantly sandy loam, grading to clay loam on upper slopes. The tropical climate is characterized by high humidity and distinct wet (April-October) and dry (November-March) seasons, with implications for seasonal variations in soil moisture, which can affect geophysical measurements. Data The workflow for the study involved site selection, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photography, geophysical surveys, archaeological excavation and documentation of archaeological relics. Unmanned aerial vehicle photography was conducted with a DJI Mini 3 Pro system equipped with high-resolution imaging. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) were selected based on site conditions, including surface topography and the anticipated complexity of subsurface archaeological features. A multichannel resistivity system was used to collect apparent resistivity data, whereas a MALA GPR ProEx system was used to acquire GPR data. The data in this collection are processed images of GPR and ERT data, images for site description, artifacts, general images of the team working in the field. The collection has the following data: Geophysics Ground Penetrating Radar processed data Electrical Resistivity processed data Photos Drone shots of site Photographs of Architectural Features Photographs of artifacts General photos of the team working in the field and off-site","author":[{"family":"Boateng","given":"Cyril"},{"family":"Dwomoh","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Dorcas","given":"Asiedu"},{"family":"Mutalabi","given":"Alhassan"},{"family":"Seyram","given":"Amenyo"},{"family":"Gideon","given":"Agyare"},{"family":"Akyana","given":"Britwum"},{"family":"Kennedy","given":"Atsutse"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18855038","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18855038","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18855037","type":"article-journal","title":"Digging Deep into Ghana's Slavery History - Archeogeophysics Survey Project","abstract":"The Digging Deep into Ghana’s Slavery History Project is a fully integrated multidisciplinary research program to systematically investigate sites associated with the slave trade in Ghana using state-of-the-art geophysical methods. The trans-Atlantic slave trade had devastating impacts on Africa. These slave relics and sites will provide crucial insights into slave trade routes and the living conditions of enslaved people. One of the sites investigated is the Fort at Tantumquery. The first archaeological and geophysical investigation of the Fort at Tantumquerry was conducted in September 2024. A team from the Department of Physics of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) and the University of Ghana’s Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies (DAHS), with a representative of the Ghana Museums and Monuments Board (GMMB), conducted excavations and geophysical prospections (Electrical Resistivity survey and Ground Penetrating Radar) of the ruinous site of the fort. Background The fort at Tantumquerry was constructed by the Royal African Company (RAC), an English Trading Company, in the 1720s as part of their expanding network of coastal fortifications. The fort’s strategic location enabled control over local trade routes. Historical records indicate that the fort functioned as both a military installation and a commercial hub, facilitating trade relationships with local communities while asserting British territorial claims. The fort is perched on the summit of a low hill, about 30 m above sea level, and about 250 m off the coast of Ekumfi Otuam. The fort at Tantumquery is in Otuam in the Ekumfi District of the Central Region of Ghana. Soils are predominantly sandy loam, grading to clay loam on upper slopes. The tropical climate is characterized by high humidity and distinct wet (April-October) and dry (November-March) seasons, with implications for seasonal variations in soil moisture, which can affect geophysical measurements. Data The workflow for the study involved site selection, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photography, geophysical surveys, archaeological excavation and documentation of archaeological relics. Unmanned aerial vehicle photography was conducted with a DJI Mini 3 Pro system equipped with high-resolution imaging. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) were selected based on site conditions, including surface topography and the anticipated complexity of subsurface archaeological features. A multichannel resistivity system was used to collect apparent resistivity data, whereas a MALA GPR ProEx system was used to acquire GPR data. The data in this collection are processed images of GPR and ERT data, images for site description, artifacts, general images of the team working in the field. The collection has the following data: Geophysics Ground Penetrating Radar processed data Electrical Resistivity processed data Photos Drone shots of site Photographs of Architectural Features Photographs of artifacts General photos of the team working in the field and off-site","author":[{"family":"Boateng","given":"Cyril"},{"family":"Dwomoh","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Dorcas","given":"Asiedu"},{"family":"Mutalabi","given":"Alhassan"},{"family":"Seyram","given":"Amenyo"},{"family":"Gideon","given":"Agyare"},{"family":"Akyana","given":"Britwum"},{"family":"Kennedy","given":"Atsutse"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18855037","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18855037","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17766641","type":"article-journal","title":"ÉKSTASI Transcultural Storytelling in Digital Times.  Immersive Opera - Mombasa, Nairobi - Trailer","abstract":"Ékstasi-Transcultural Storytelling Across Space, Time and Media is a musical and poetic project designed in the context of the Horizon Europe Project CAPHE-Communities and Artistic Participation in Hybrid Environment to explore and celebrate the interconnection of global cultures through the comparison and analysis between Western (European / American) and African myths and musical traditions of Kenyan communities. This project aims to create a unique mosaic of sound and narrative, transcending geographical and temporal boundaries, enhanced by new media. Bridging cultures by blending diverse musical traditions, styles and languages, creating a unique and harmonious soundscape that highlights the universality and diversity of human expression. Thanks to the universal language of music and poetry, the audience can take an extraordinary poetic, sound and visual journey, across the historical periods, putting in relation musical forms, genres and stories to foster the preservation, exchange and dissemination of cultural heritage. Integrating Multi-Platform Media: live performances, virtual reality experiences and interactive installations. Experimenting innovative storytelling methods using cutting-edge technology and immersive experiences. Among the rich diversity of global cultures, investigating the possible common aspects that unite each other, going back to the main archetypes that have generated the cultural communities, while enhancing the unique characteristics. Possible impacts of the project A deeper cultural exchange, by promoting mutual appreciation among cultures and by sharing knowledge and narratives; a stronger relationship between innovation and tradition, in order to preserve and pass on the cultural heritage, by incorporating new technologies; Ékstasi seeks to foster a greater sense of global community, cultural empathy and mutual understanding. Description of the activities of the Project The activities carried out were: Live PerformancesSpecial events with storytelling reading, designed to be immersive and interactive, encouraging audience participation. Collaborative Workshops, teaching-training Artists from different backgrounds collaborate together, exchanging their unique perspectives and skills. Digital ArchiveDeveloping a comprehensive digital library that includes 360 video of performances, interviews, sample sounds of ancient African instruments of great cultural significance and, legends from oral tradition. VR ExperienceImmersive VR environments, where the audience can explore different cultural landscapes, experiencing the music and stories in a deeply engaging way. About the Program Since the dawn of time, human beings have reverberated the echoes of the divine voice, entering a special state of consciousness called \"Ecstasy\". This state involves the renunciation of one's self which is offered as a sacred act. This is how the poet, the mystic, the shaman through this evocative energy, welcomes the divine gifts - the artistic creations - to offer them to all humanity as a symbol of universal Love. This process has always taken place thanks to oral tradition and storytellers, who play a central role within communities in passing on cultural values, teachings, history and, above all, keeping alive the relationship between humans and the Divine. This performance presents a special poetic and musical journey, through the intersection of Kenyan music - played with traditional instruments such as Litungu and Obokano, while the presence of a performing poet narrating fabulous ancient legends – and Western music – an excursus since its origin, from Homer’s epic poems and Sappho love poetry, passing to the great Italian composer Giacomo Puccini, up to the present day with the timeless lyrics and music by two great contemporary minstrels, Bob Dylan and Neil Young. The stunning immersive video projection enhances the emotional representation, while the innovative audio setting is powered by partial playbacks, ","author":[{"family":"Zanin","given":"Carla"},{"family":"Bardazzi","given":"Federico"},{"family":"Network","given":"Opera"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17766641","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17766641","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17766642","type":"article-journal","title":"ÉKSTASI Transcultural Storytelling in Digital Times.  Immersive Opera - Mombasa, Nairobi - Trailer","abstract":"Ékstasi-Transcultural Storytelling Across Space, Time and Media is a musical and poetic project designed in the context of the Horizon Europe Project CAPHE-Communities and Artistic Participation in Hybrid Environment to explore and celebrate the interconnection of global cultures through the comparison and analysis between Western (European / American) and African myths and musical traditions of Kenyan communities. This project aims to create a unique mosaic of sound and narrative, transcending geographical and temporal boundaries, enhanced by new media. Bridging cultures by blending diverse musical traditions, styles and languages, creating a unique and harmonious soundscape that highlights the universality and diversity of human expression. Thanks to the universal language of music and poetry, the audience can take an extraordinary poetic, sound and visual journey, across the historical periods, putting in relation musical forms, genres and stories to foster the preservation, exchange and dissemination of cultural heritage. Integrating Multi-Platform Media: live performances, virtual reality experiences and interactive installations. Experimenting innovative storytelling methods using cutting-edge technology and immersive experiences. Among the rich diversity of global cultures, investigating the possible common aspects that unite each other, going back to the main archetypes that have generated the cultural communities, while enhancing the unique characteristics. Possible impacts of the project A deeper cultural exchange, by promoting mutual appreciation among cultures and by sharing knowledge and narratives; a stronger relationship between innovation and tradition, in order to preserve and pass on the cultural heritage, by incorporating new technologies; Ékstasi seeks to foster a greater sense of global community, cultural empathy and mutual understanding. Description of the activities of the Project The activities carried out were: Live PerformancesSpecial events with storytelling reading, designed to be immersive and interactive, encouraging audience participation. Collaborative Workshops, teaching-training Artists from different backgrounds collaborate together, exchanging their unique perspectives and skills. Digital ArchiveDeveloping a comprehensive digital library that includes 360 video of performances, interviews, sample sounds of ancient African instruments of great cultural significance and, legends from oral tradition. VR ExperienceImmersive VR environments, where the audience can explore different cultural landscapes, experiencing the music and stories in a deeply engaging way. About the Program Since the dawn of time, human beings have reverberated the echoes of the divine voice, entering a special state of consciousness called \"Ecstasy\". This state involves the renunciation of one's self which is offered as a sacred act. This is how the poet, the mystic, the shaman through this evocative energy, welcomes the divine gifts - the artistic creations - to offer them to all humanity as a symbol of universal Love. This process has always taken place thanks to oral tradition and storytellers, who play a central role within communities in passing on cultural values, teachings, history and, above all, keeping alive the relationship between humans and the Divine. This performance presents a special poetic and musical journey, through the intersection of Kenyan music - played with traditional instruments such as Litungu and Obokano, while the presence of a performing poet narrating fabulous ancient legends – and Western music – an excursus since its origin, from Homer’s epic poems and Sappho love poetry, passing to the great Italian composer Giacomo Puccini, up to the present day with the timeless lyrics and music by two great contemporary minstrels, Bob Dylan and Neil Young. The stunning immersive video projection enhances the emotional representation, while the innovative audio setting is powered by partial playbacks, ","author":[{"family":"Zanin","given":"Carla"},{"family":"Bardazzi","given":"Federico"},{"family":"Network","given":"Opera"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17766642","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17766642","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17017086","type":"article-journal","title":"Sadayoshia benzoniae Anker, Rodríguez-Flores, Bähr, Barreca, Dunn, Rodrigue, Qurban, Duarte & Pieribone, 2025, sp. nov.","abstract":"Sadayoshia benzoniae sp. nov. Rodríguez-Flores & Anker (Figs. 1, 2) Material examined. Holotype: female (CL 5.0 mm, PCL 3.6 mm), FLMNH UF 68644, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea, about 100 km off Al Haridhah, Red Sea Decade Expedition Leg 2, ROV dive CHR0233, 17.387135, 40.827209 to 17.387619, 40.828850, depth: 104–248.5 m, Chimaera Dive Team, processed by F. Benzoni and F. Barreca, 28.03.2022 (CHR0233 / OCX-072) [GenBank Acc. No: PV627001]. Paratype: male (CL 3.7 mm, PCL 2.5 mm), FLMNH UF 68645, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea, about 5 km east of Shibara Island, Red Sea Decade Expedition Leg 4, ROV dive CHR0308, 25.407367, 36.775886, depth: 210.1 m, Chimaera Dive Team, processed by S. Bähr and N. Dunn, 16.06.2022 (fcn CHR0308 / OCX-147). Description. Carapace. Sparsely setose, as long as broad; cervical groove distinct; dorsal surface nearly horizontal from anterior to posterior. Each side of carapace with 3 pairs of epigastric spines and 1 parahepatic spine; 3 uninterrupted ridges present on gastric region posterior to epigastric spines; mid-transverse ridge of carapace uninterrupted, preceded by cervical groove. Posterior branchial region laterally with 4 ridges (exclusive of mid-transverse ridge and posterior-most transverse ridges directly anterior to posterior margin of carapace). Dorsal surface with short uniramous and scattered long iridescent setae arising from transverse ridges. Lateral margins slightly convex, subparallel, with 6 spines: 1 st spine anterolateral, directed straight forward, followed by 1 spine on hepatic margin, 3 spines on anterior branchial margin, and 1–2 spines on posterior branchial margin. Rostrum moderately broad, as long as wide, about 0.4 times as long as carapace; dorsal surface nearly horizontal in lateral view, concave from side to side, with dorsal longitudinal carina, without setiferous striae; rostral spine 2.4 times longer than wide (measured at sinus between rostral and anterior lateral spines). Pterygostomian flap rugose, with sparse setae, bluntly produced anteriorly. Thoracic sternum. Sternal plastron as long as broad; lateral limits divergent posteriorly. Sternite 3 about 3.4 times as broad as long, anterior margin moderately convex. Sternite 4 about 3.9 times longer and twice as broad as preceding sternite, 1.9 times broader than long; surface with 1 anterior stria flanking midline. Following sternites smooth. Lateral parts of sternite 7 smooth. Pleon. Smooth. Somite 2 unarmed; somites 2–4 without transverse ridges other than anterior one, latter bearing both short and scattered long, uniramous, iridescent setae. Telson with 10 plates. Eye. Peduncle as long as broad. Cornea slightly dilated; maximum corneal diameter about 0.4 times distance between bases of anterolateral spines; eyelashes short, not reaching mid-length of cornea. Antennule. Article 1 with distal margin armed with 3 strong and 1 very small distal spines, distolateral spine longer than distodorsal one, distomesial spine much smaller than distolateral and distodorsal ones, distomesial spine minute or obsolescent; lateral margin unarmed; ventral surface unarmed. Antenna. Article 1 with distomesial small spine not reaching distal margin of article 2. Article 2 with subequal, well-developed, distolateral and distomesial spines, reaching mid-length of article 3. Article 3 with distomesial spine reaching mid-length of article 3, distolateral angle unarmed. Article 4 unarmed. Mxp3. Ischium with small distal spine on flexor margin; extensor margin unarmed; crista dentata with about 27 small denticles, proximal-most minute. Merus subequal in length to ischium, flexor margin with 2 subequal small spines: distal spine terminal, proximal spine at mid-length; extensor margin unarmed. Carpus unarmed. P1. Twice as long as carapace, stout, with uniramous iridescent setae along lateral and mesial margins of merus, palm and fingers; dorsal and ventral surfaces of palm and fingers with scattered short setae. Merus about 0.7 times as long as carapace, 2.","author":[{"family":"Anker","given":"Arthur"},{"family":"Rodríguez-Flores","given":"Paula"},{"family":"Bähr","given":"Susanne"},{"family":"Barreca","given":"Federica"},{"family":"Dunn","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Rodrigue","given":"Mattie"},{"family":"Qurban","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Duarte","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Pieribone","given":"Vincent"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17017086","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17017086","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17017085","type":"article-journal","title":"Sadayoshia benzoniae Anker, Rodríguez-Flores, Bähr, Barreca, Dunn, Rodrigue, Qurban, Duarte & Pieribone, 2025, sp. nov.","abstract":"Sadayoshia benzoniae sp. nov. Rodríguez-Flores & Anker (Figs. 1, 2) Material examined. Holotype: female (CL 5.0 mm, PCL 3.6 mm), FLMNH UF 68644, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea, about 100 km off Al Haridhah, Red Sea Decade Expedition Leg 2, ROV dive CHR0233, 17.387135, 40.827209 to 17.387619, 40.828850, depth: 104–248.5 m, Chimaera Dive Team, processed by F. Benzoni and F. Barreca, 28.03.2022 (CHR0233 / OCX-072) [GenBank Acc. No: PV627001]. Paratype: male (CL 3.7 mm, PCL 2.5 mm), FLMNH UF 68645, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea, about 5 km east of Shibara Island, Red Sea Decade Expedition Leg 4, ROV dive CHR0308, 25.407367, 36.775886, depth: 210.1 m, Chimaera Dive Team, processed by S. Bähr and N. Dunn, 16.06.2022 (fcn CHR0308 / OCX-147). Description. Carapace. Sparsely setose, as long as broad; cervical groove distinct; dorsal surface nearly horizontal from anterior to posterior. Each side of carapace with 3 pairs of epigastric spines and 1 parahepatic spine; 3 uninterrupted ridges present on gastric region posterior to epigastric spines; mid-transverse ridge of carapace uninterrupted, preceded by cervical groove. Posterior branchial region laterally with 4 ridges (exclusive of mid-transverse ridge and posterior-most transverse ridges directly anterior to posterior margin of carapace). Dorsal surface with short uniramous and scattered long iridescent setae arising from transverse ridges. Lateral margins slightly convex, subparallel, with 6 spines: 1 st spine anterolateral, directed straight forward, followed by 1 spine on hepatic margin, 3 spines on anterior branchial margin, and 1–2 spines on posterior branchial margin. Rostrum moderately broad, as long as wide, about 0.4 times as long as carapace; dorsal surface nearly horizontal in lateral view, concave from side to side, with dorsal longitudinal carina, without setiferous striae; rostral spine 2.4 times longer than wide (measured at sinus between rostral and anterior lateral spines). Pterygostomian flap rugose, with sparse setae, bluntly produced anteriorly. Thoracic sternum. Sternal plastron as long as broad; lateral limits divergent posteriorly. Sternite 3 about 3.4 times as broad as long, anterior margin moderately convex. Sternite 4 about 3.9 times longer and twice as broad as preceding sternite, 1.9 times broader than long; surface with 1 anterior stria flanking midline. Following sternites smooth. Lateral parts of sternite 7 smooth. Pleon. Smooth. Somite 2 unarmed; somites 2–4 without transverse ridges other than anterior one, latter bearing both short and scattered long, uniramous, iridescent setae. Telson with 10 plates. Eye. Peduncle as long as broad. Cornea slightly dilated; maximum corneal diameter about 0.4 times distance between bases of anterolateral spines; eyelashes short, not reaching mid-length of cornea. Antennule. Article 1 with distal margin armed with 3 strong and 1 very small distal spines, distolateral spine longer than distodorsal one, distomesial spine much smaller than distolateral and distodorsal ones, distomesial spine minute or obsolescent; lateral margin unarmed; ventral surface unarmed. Antenna. Article 1 with distomesial small spine not reaching distal margin of article 2. Article 2 with subequal, well-developed, distolateral and distomesial spines, reaching mid-length of article 3. Article 3 with distomesial spine reaching mid-length of article 3, distolateral angle unarmed. Article 4 unarmed. Mxp3. Ischium with small distal spine on flexor margin; extensor margin unarmed; crista dentata with about 27 small denticles, proximal-most minute. Merus subequal in length to ischium, flexor margin with 2 subequal small spines: distal spine terminal, proximal spine at mid-length; extensor margin unarmed. Carpus unarmed. P1. Twice as long as carapace, stout, with uniramous iridescent setae along lateral and mesial margins of merus, palm and fingers; dorsal and ventral surfaces of palm and fingers with scattered short setae. Merus about 0.7 times as long as carapace, 2.","author":[{"family":"Anker","given":"Arthur"},{"family":"Rodríguez-Flores","given":"Paula"},{"family":"Bähr","given":"Susanne"},{"family":"Barreca","given":"Federica"},{"family":"Dunn","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Rodrigue","given":"Mattie"},{"family":"Qurban","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Duarte","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Pieribone","given":"Vincent"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17017085","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17017085","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15801067","type":"article-journal","title":"UExP-FNN-U full surface ocean carbonate system","abstract":"Product Information Product name UExP-FNN-U SOCOM-style name UExP-FNN-U Product version v2025-1 Changelog at end of repository Coverage January 1980 – December 2024 Global ocean (including under ice regions) at ~0.2 m depth Resolution Monthly 1° x 1° Contact Daniel J. Fordd.ford@exeter.ac.uk Jamie D. Shutlerj.d.shutler@exeter.ac.uk Product Description The UExP-FNN-U approach is described in detail within Ford et al. (2024) and therefore we provide a summary of the algorithm for interpolating the fugacity of CO2 in seawater (fCO2 (sw)). The UExP-FNN-U is a two step neural network interpolation technique, the self-organising map feed forward neural network (SOM-FNN) (Landschützer et al., 2014, 2016). The first step is a self-organising map (SOM) which was used to divide the global oceans into regions, or provinces, of similar oceanic conditions. The inputs to this step were monthly climatology of sea surface temperature (SST) from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA-CCI) SST, merged sea surface salinity (SSS) from the CCI and the CMEMS reanalysis (GLORYS12V1; merged using a hierarchy approach described in Gregor et al., 2024), CMEMS GLORYS12V1 mixed layer dapth (MLD) and the Takahashi et al. (2009) fCO2 (sw) climatology. The SOM produces 16 provinces, and two manual provinces are implemented to cover the Arctic Ocean and Mediterranean + Red Sea using Longhurst biogeochemical provinces (Longhurst, 1998). The second step uses a feed forward neural network (FNN) ensemble (10 members) for each province to estimate the relationships between the target variable (i.e in situ fCO2 (sw) from the recalculated SOCAT dataset; Bakker et al., 2016; Ford et al., 2025) and oceanic properties that likely control their variability. For the UExP-FNN-U these were SST, SSS, MLD and xCO2 (atm) and anomalies of each. Expansion to Total Alkalinity using a consistent SOM-FNN The UExP-FNN-U approach was expanded to estimate Total Alkalinity (TA) on the same monthly 1 degree grid. The first step, the SOM, was trained on a monthly climatology of CCI-SST, CCI+CMEMS SSS and an annual TA climatology (DIVA interpolated in situ TA). Gregor and Gruber (2021) use the gridded GLODAPv2.2016 surface TA field for this step, but these have not been updated in recent years. Therefore, we use a merged in situ TA dataset produced from observations in GLODAP, SNAP-O-CO2 and Sharkweb datasets to produce a surface TA annual climatology. Data are currently too sparse to produce a monthly climatology of TA (highlighted in Gregor and Gruber; 2021). The SOM produces 16 provinces for the second FNN step, and there were no manual province modifications for TA. For the FNN step, as described in Gregor and Gruber (2021) the available TA observations are much lower than that for fCO2 (sw). Gridding the TA observations onto a monthly 1 degree grid before input into the UExP-FNN-U would greatly reduce the available constraints. Consistent to Gregor and Gruber (2021), the individual bottle observations were provided to the neural network (as the target), and the coincident temperature, salinity, and the WOA phosphate and silicate (WOA nutrients extracted from the monthly 1 degree climatology and linear interpolated to the spatial location). This parameter combination was consistent to Gregor and Gruber (2021), and testing indicated from the quality assessment this was the optimal parameter choice. For the mapping to a monthly 1 degree global grid, the CCI-SST, CCI+CMEMS SSS and WOA phosphate and silicate (for the WOA nutrients monthly climatologies) were used. The selection of CCI-SST and CMEMS SSS ensures that the TA fields are produced to the same SST and SSS as the fCO2 (sw), and therefore consistency in the carbonate system. Calculation of full surface ocean carbonate system The remaining components of the carbonate system (i.e DIC, pH etc) were calculated from fCO2 (sw) and TA using pyCO2sys (v1.8.3) (Humphreys et al., 2022, 2024). The calculation also require","author":[{"family":"Ford","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Kulk","given":"Gemma"},{"family":"Watson","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Sathyendranath","given":"Shubha"},{"family":"Shutler","given":"Jamie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15801067","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15801067","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.14871893","type":"article-journal","title":"Hemicorallium jiaolongensis Hu, Zhang & Xu 2025, sp. nov.","abstract":"Hemicorallium jiaolongensis Hu, Zhang & Xu sp. nov. Material examined. Holotype • Partial colony consisting of a branch with a broken edge on the stem; collected from the Carlsberg Ridge in the western India Ocean on 13 June 2022; Located at 3°26'33.72\"N, 64°6'2.75\"E, depth 1696 m. Currently preserved at - 20 ° C in the Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, China with voucher number FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005. Due to the uncontrollable nature of deep-sea sample collection and preservation, a more detailed examination of another suspected sample could not be performed (Fig. 2 f – h) and, therefore, no paratype was identified. Description. Colony. The specimen FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005 is a branch of the colony, approximately 22 cm tall, with the base being the thickest at about 0.6 cm in diameter (Fig. 6 a). All branches present dichotomous branching on one plane. The branches are slightly curved, with many thinner branchlets appearing. There are remains of tissue where a brittle star had been entwined around the branches (the brittle star has been removed). Polys. The branchlets can hold up to 14 non-retractable autozooids. At the tips of the branchlets, there are pairs of symmetrical polyps forming a Y-shape. These autozooids are distributed only on one side of the colony, with some forming acute angles or being perpendicular to the plane of the colony (Fig. 6 b). The autozooids are 3.312 ± 0.554 mm in height and 1.759 ± 0.147 mm in width, the height of them usually being greater than the distance between them. Siphonozooids are not easily observed and appear as tiny pores on the branches. Axis. The surface of the coenenchyme is uneven, but lacks noticeable protrusions or depressions. The side without autozooids has slight longitudinal grooves (Fig. 6 b). The axis is hard calcareous with no presence of canals inside (Fig. 6 c and Suppl. materials 7 – 9). The surface of the axis without coenenchyme reveals irregular, sharp projections (Fig. 6 h). Colour. In underwater in situ videos, it appears white to light yellow. The base of the colony is white. After being collected and brought on board, the fresh coenenchyme is light yellow. The axis exhibits a translucent milky white appearance (Fig. 6 c) and sclerites observed under a microscope appear pale red. Sclerites. Rods are mainly present in the tentacles and there are two main types: short rods with sharp and large radial projections (86.028 ± 15.155 μm in height, Fig. 7 a) and long rods with small and blunt projections (112.769 ± 19.156 μm in height, Fig. 7 b). Both types of rods have irregular small protrusions at both ends. Crosses, 6 -, 7 - and 8 - radiates and irregular radiates are found in both the autozooids and the axis surface (coenenchyme). Crosses sclerites are rare (Fig. 7 c) and only two sclerites were captured with different crossing angles. They measured 88.388 µm in height and 107.593 µm in width with nearly 90 ° angles and 73.350 µm in height and 60.283 µm in width with nearly 60 ° angles, respectively. The 6 - and 7 - radiates can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical (Fig. 7 d), measuring approximately 65.837 µm to 92.7717 µm in length. The 8 - radiates are the most abundant, with two different types. The ends of the rays in a particular type of 8 - radiates consist of multiple sharp spikes (72.452 ± 8.572 µm in height, Fig. 7 e). They have larger rays and gaps between them are hard to discern due to R 2, R 3, R 4 and R 5, R 6 and R 7 being tightly clustered together. Other 8 - radiates have smaller, but more pronounced rays with spaces between the eight rays (80.418 ± 10.907 µm in height, Fig. 7 f). The irregular radiates (Fig. 7 i) are about 45.257 µm to 103.113 µm in height and typically feature asymmetric shapes or excessively protruding rays. No double clubs have been found in this specimen. Etymology. This species, Hemicorallium jiaolongensis, is named in recognition of the manned submersible ","author":[{"family":"Hu","given":"Xuying"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Qian"},{"family":"Ge","given":"Meiling"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xinlong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zongling"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xuelei"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Qinzeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.14871893","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14871893","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.14871894","type":"article-journal","title":"Hemicorallium jiaolongensis Hu, Zhang & Xu 2025, sp. nov.","abstract":"Hemicorallium jiaolongensis Hu, Zhang & Xu sp. nov. Material examined. Holotype • Partial colony consisting of a branch with a broken edge on the stem; collected from the Carlsberg Ridge in the western India Ocean on 13 June 2022; Located at 3°26'33.72\"N, 64°6'2.75\"E, depth 1696 m. Currently preserved at - 20 ° C in the Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, China with voucher number FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005. Due to the uncontrollable nature of deep-sea sample collection and preservation, a more detailed examination of another suspected sample could not be performed (Fig. 2 f – h) and, therefore, no paratype was identified. Description. Colony. The specimen FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22005 is a branch of the colony, approximately 22 cm tall, with the base being the thickest at about 0.6 cm in diameter (Fig. 6 a). All branches present dichotomous branching on one plane. The branches are slightly curved, with many thinner branchlets appearing. There are remains of tissue where a brittle star had been entwined around the branches (the brittle star has been removed). Polys. The branchlets can hold up to 14 non-retractable autozooids. At the tips of the branchlets, there are pairs of symmetrical polyps forming a Y-shape. These autozooids are distributed only on one side of the colony, with some forming acute angles or being perpendicular to the plane of the colony (Fig. 6 b). The autozooids are 3.312 ± 0.554 mm in height and 1.759 ± 0.147 mm in width, the height of them usually being greater than the distance between them. Siphonozooids are not easily observed and appear as tiny pores on the branches. Axis. The surface of the coenenchyme is uneven, but lacks noticeable protrusions or depressions. The side without autozooids has slight longitudinal grooves (Fig. 6 b). The axis is hard calcareous with no presence of canals inside (Fig. 6 c and Suppl. materials 7 – 9). The surface of the axis without coenenchyme reveals irregular, sharp projections (Fig. 6 h). Colour. In underwater in situ videos, it appears white to light yellow. The base of the colony is white. After being collected and brought on board, the fresh coenenchyme is light yellow. The axis exhibits a translucent milky white appearance (Fig. 6 c) and sclerites observed under a microscope appear pale red. Sclerites. Rods are mainly present in the tentacles and there are two main types: short rods with sharp and large radial projections (86.028 ± 15.155 μm in height, Fig. 7 a) and long rods with small and blunt projections (112.769 ± 19.156 μm in height, Fig. 7 b). Both types of rods have irregular small protrusions at both ends. Crosses, 6 -, 7 - and 8 - radiates and irregular radiates are found in both the autozooids and the axis surface (coenenchyme). Crosses sclerites are rare (Fig. 7 c) and only two sclerites were captured with different crossing angles. They measured 88.388 µm in height and 107.593 µm in width with nearly 90 ° angles and 73.350 µm in height and 60.283 µm in width with nearly 60 ° angles, respectively. The 6 - and 7 - radiates can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical (Fig. 7 d), measuring approximately 65.837 µm to 92.7717 µm in length. The 8 - radiates are the most abundant, with two different types. The ends of the rays in a particular type of 8 - radiates consist of multiple sharp spikes (72.452 ± 8.572 µm in height, Fig. 7 e). They have larger rays and gaps between them are hard to discern due to R 2, R 3, R 4 and R 5, R 6 and R 7 being tightly clustered together. Other 8 - radiates have smaller, but more pronounced rays with spaces between the eight rays (80.418 ± 10.907 µm in height, Fig. 7 f). The irregular radiates (Fig. 7 i) are about 45.257 µm to 103.113 µm in height and typically feature asymmetric shapes or excessively protruding rays. No double clubs have been found in this specimen. Etymology. This species, Hemicorallium jiaolongensis, is named in recognition of the manned submersible ","author":[{"family":"Hu","given":"Xuying"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Qian"},{"family":"Ge","given":"Meiling"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xinlong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zongling"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xuelei"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Qinzeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.14871894","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14871894","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20178531","type":"article-journal","title":"Amplicon sequencing of symbiotic microbial communities in deep-sea clams (16S rRNA metabarcoding of gill tissues) – BioProject PRJNA1464154","abstract":"This Zenodo record provides a citable metadata layer for the NCBI BioProject PRJNA1464154, which investigates microbial communities associated with deep-sea clam gill tissues. Microbial communities were characterized using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. DNA extracted from gill samples was used to amplify the V3–V4 regions of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes using a two-step PCR approach incorporating Illumina adapters and barcodes. Libraries were quality-checked, pooled in equimolar concentrations, and sequenced using paired-end Illumina technology. This Zenodo record does not duplicate raw sequencing data. Primary data are available through the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA), and associated sample metadata are available via BioSample records. Primary resource https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/1464154 Scope of this record Provides a DOI for citation Links to authoritative NCBI-hosted data Users should access raw sequencing data and full metadata through NCBI.","author":[{"family":"Arribas Tiemblo","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"Azua-Bustos","given":"Armando"},{"family":"Carrizo","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20178531","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20178531","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20178532","type":"article-journal","title":"Amplicon sequencing of symbiotic microbial communities in deep-sea clams (16S rRNA metabarcoding of gill tissues) – BioProject PRJNA1464154","abstract":"This Zenodo record provides a citable metadata layer for the NCBI BioProject PRJNA1464154, which investigates microbial communities associated with deep-sea clam gill tissues. Microbial communities were characterized using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. DNA extracted from gill samples was used to amplify the V3–V4 regions of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes using a two-step PCR approach incorporating Illumina adapters and barcodes. Libraries were quality-checked, pooled in equimolar concentrations, and sequenced using paired-end Illumina technology. This Zenodo record does not duplicate raw sequencing data. Primary data are available through the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA), and associated sample metadata are available via BioSample records. Primary resource https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/1464154 Scope of this record Provides a DOI for citation Links to authoritative NCBI-hosted data Users should access raw sequencing data and full metadata through NCBI.","author":[{"family":"Arribas Tiemblo","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"Azua-Bustos","given":"Armando"},{"family":"Carrizo","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20178532","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20178532","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.dbrv15f6f","type":"article-journal","title":"Data from: A step in the deep evolution of Alvinellidae (Annelida: Polychaeta): A phylogenomic comparative approach based on transcriptomes","abstract":"The Alvinellidae are a family of worms that are endemic to deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. These annelid worms, a sister group to the Ampharetidae, occupy a wide range of thermal habitats. The family includes the most thermotolerant marine animals described to date, such as the Pompeii worm Alvinella pompejana, and other species living at much lower temperatures such as Paralvinella grasslei or Paralvinella pandorae. The phylogeny of this family has not been studied extensively. It is, however, a complex case where molecular phylogenies give conflicting results, especially concerning the monophyletic or polyphyletic character of the genus Paralvinella. We carried out a comprehensive study of the phylogeny of this family using the best molecular data currently available from RNAseq datasets. The study is based on the assembly of several hundred transcripts for 11 of the 14 species currently described or in description. The results obtained by the most popular phylogenetic inference models (gene concatenation with maximum likelihood, or coalescent-based methods from gene trees) are compared using a series of ampharetid and terebellid outgroups. Our study shows that a high number of gene trees support the hypothesis of the monophyly of the Paralvinella genus, as initially proposed by Desbruyères and Laubier, in which the species Paralvinella pandorae and Paralvinella unidentata are more closely related within the subgenus Nautalvinella. However, the global phylogenetic signal favors the hypothesis of paraphyly for this genus, with P. pandorae being sister species of the other Alvinellidae. Gene trees separated equally between these two hypotheses, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the initial split of the MCRA as different genomic regions seem to have very different phylogenetic stories. According to molecular dating, the radiation of the Alvinellidae was rapid and took place in a short period of time between 70 and 80 million years ago. This is reflected at the genomic scale by high rates of incomplete lineage sorting between the first ancestral lineages with probable gene transfers between the ancestors of Alvinella, Nautalvinella, and the rest of the Paralvinella lineages.","author":[{"family":"Brun","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Hourdez","given":"Stéphane"},{"family":"Ballenghien","given":"Marion"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Yadong"},{"family":"Mary","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Jollivet","given":"Didier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.dbrv15f6f","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.dbrv15f6f","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21770041","type":"article-journal","title":"Contemporary India in Transition: Emerging Challenges, Policies, and Sustainable Futures","abstract":"The narrative of twenty-first-century India is defined by rapid structural transformation, complex social transitions, and the constant balancing of developmental imperatives against emerging vulnerabilities. As the nation navigates its socio-economic evolution, it faces unprecedented challenges across multiple fronts—ranging from digital inequality, algorithmic surveillance, and mental health disparities to agrarian stresses, labor precarity, and environmental degradation. This edited volume, titled Contemporary India in Transition: Emerging Challenges, Policies, and Sustainable Futures, brings together 19 comprehensive chapters comprising empirical evaluations, interdisciplinary research, and theoretical frameworks from scholars across sociology, psychology, economics, literature, history, law, and environmental studies. The collection offers a critical and multi-faceted examination of India's current trajectory, unpacking the policies, socio-cultural shifts, and institutional adaptations required to build a resilient and sustainable future. The academic architecture of this 19-chapter handbook is systematically synthesized through four major thematic axes: Healthcare, Psychological Well-being, and Inclusivity A core focus of this volume is the deep interconnection between psychological health, physiological well-being, and socio-cultural frameworks. Chapters in this domain examine physical illness through the biopsychosocial model, contrast Western mindfulness paradigms with traditional Vedic Dhyana to offer holistic paths to inner peace, and explore the therapeutic integration of yoga in addiction recovery and psychological disorders. Crucially, the text addresses sensitive human rights and health frontiers—including the psychological burden of infertility among women, the severe minority stress and structural barriers faced by the LGBTQ+ community, and the urgent mental health needs of security, police, and correctional personnel operating under high-demand environments. Digital Society, Technological Disruption, and the Dark Side of ICT While India's digital expansion is celebrated as a narrative of universal empowerment, this volume critically interrogates its layered realities. The contributors map the \"digital divide\" as a structural reproduction of pre-existing social hierarchies—such as gender, caste, class, and regional disparities. The text thoroughly investigates the \"dark side\" of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), detailing the maladaptive technology use, digital addiction, and behavioral shifts among adolescent students. Furthermore, through literary and philosophical lenses, chapters evaluate the shift from Foucault's Panopticon to algorithmic surveillance, tracing the psychological consequences of constant digital monitoring in dystopian narratives. Socio-Historical Foundations, Marginalized Narratives, and Governance Grounding modern challenges in historical context, the volume honors the forgotten women freedom fighters of Bihar, documenting their vital role in shaping early political activism and anti-colonial resistance. Moving to contemporary governance and labor structures, chapters analyze the erosion of labor rights under platform capitalism and the gig economy, the psychological toll of the \"burnout generation,\" and the structural drivers of political polarization that challenge democratic institutions. Additionally, the interlocking realities of caste, class, and gender are evaluated to expose how institutional systems continue to regulate access to opportunities and social power. Agrarian Transformation, Migration, and Environmental Sustainability Addressing regional economic realities, the volume conducts empirical investigations into rural-urban migration in landscapes like the Bhojpur district of Bihar, examining how migration functions simultaneously as an income-diversification strategy and a developmental challenge. Finally, the volume confronts the global ecological crisis thro","author":[{"family":"Kumari","given":"Shalini"},{"family":"Pujam S","given":"Nandha"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Vikas"},{"family":"Anand","given":"Abhinaw"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Anupam"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Santosh"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Kanchan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21770041","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21770041","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21770042","type":"article-journal","title":"Contemporary India in Transition: Emerging Challenges, Policies, and Sustainable Futures","abstract":"The narrative of twenty-first-century India is defined by rapid structural transformation, complex social transitions, and the constant balancing of developmental imperatives against emerging vulnerabilities. As the nation navigates its socio-economic evolution, it faces unprecedented challenges across multiple fronts—ranging from digital inequality, algorithmic surveillance, and mental health disparities to agrarian stresses, labor precarity, and environmental degradation. This edited volume, titled Contemporary India in Transition: Emerging Challenges, Policies, and Sustainable Futures, brings together 19 comprehensive chapters comprising empirical evaluations, interdisciplinary research, and theoretical frameworks from scholars across sociology, psychology, economics, literature, history, law, and environmental studies. The collection offers a critical and multi-faceted examination of India's current trajectory, unpacking the policies, socio-cultural shifts, and institutional adaptations required to build a resilient and sustainable future. The academic architecture of this 19-chapter handbook is systematically synthesized through four major thematic axes: Healthcare, Psychological Well-being, and Inclusivity A core focus of this volume is the deep interconnection between psychological health, physiological well-being, and socio-cultural frameworks. Chapters in this domain examine physical illness through the biopsychosocial model, contrast Western mindfulness paradigms with traditional Vedic Dhyana to offer holistic paths to inner peace, and explore the therapeutic integration of yoga in addiction recovery and psychological disorders. Crucially, the text addresses sensitive human rights and health frontiers—including the psychological burden of infertility among women, the severe minority stress and structural barriers faced by the LGBTQ+ community, and the urgent mental health needs of security, police, and correctional personnel operating under high-demand environments. Digital Society, Technological Disruption, and the Dark Side of ICT While India's digital expansion is celebrated as a narrative of universal empowerment, this volume critically interrogates its layered realities. The contributors map the \"digital divide\" as a structural reproduction of pre-existing social hierarchies—such as gender, caste, class, and regional disparities. The text thoroughly investigates the \"dark side\" of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), detailing the maladaptive technology use, digital addiction, and behavioral shifts among adolescent students. Furthermore, through literary and philosophical lenses, chapters evaluate the shift from Foucault's Panopticon to algorithmic surveillance, tracing the psychological consequences of constant digital monitoring in dystopian narratives. Socio-Historical Foundations, Marginalized Narratives, and Governance Grounding modern challenges in historical context, the volume honors the forgotten women freedom fighters of Bihar, documenting their vital role in shaping early political activism and anti-colonial resistance. Moving to contemporary governance and labor structures, chapters analyze the erosion of labor rights under platform capitalism and the gig economy, the psychological toll of the \"burnout generation,\" and the structural drivers of political polarization that challenge democratic institutions. Additionally, the interlocking realities of caste, class, and gender are evaluated to expose how institutional systems continue to regulate access to opportunities and social power. Agrarian Transformation, Migration, and Environmental Sustainability Addressing regional economic realities, the volume conducts empirical investigations into rural-urban migration in landscapes like the Bhojpur district of Bihar, examining how migration functions simultaneously as an income-diversification strategy and a developmental challenge. Finally, the volume confronts the global ecological crisis thro","author":[{"family":"Kumari","given":"Shalini"},{"family":"Pujam S","given":"Nandha"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Vikas"},{"family":"Anand","given":"Abhinaw"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Anupam"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Santosh"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Kanchan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21770042","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21770042","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4417045451","type":"article-journal","title":"A bioinspired deep-sea iontronic skin for underwater robotic tactile sensing","abstract":"The non-destructive operation of intelligent underwater robotics with human-like sensory capabilities is essential for deep-sea resource exploration. However, extreme deep-sea hydrostatic pressure easily distorts sensor signals or damages devices, and detecting hundred-pascal-level contact forces under tens-of-megapascal hydrostatic pressures presents a critical challenge that hinders the advancement of underwater tactile sensing technology. Inspired by deep-sea sponges’ hydrostatic skeletal supporting mechanisms, we developed a fully open-pore hydrophobic ionogel as the sensing layer to construct a biomimetic deep-sea tactile sensor. The contact force is converted into electrical signals for object classification and non-destructive manipulation of marine organisms. This innovative sensing layer features aquatic stability and a pore structure balancing internal-external hydrostatic pressure, reducing environmental disturbances. The sensor maintains stable contact force detection under 50 MPa hydrostatic pressure, and accurately classify objects of varying hardness with an overall recognition accuracy of 95.5%, holding great potential for deep-sea exploration and sustainable resource exploitation.","author":[{"family":"Zheng","given":"Qingyang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Daohui"},{"family":"Bu","given":"Tianzhao"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Naijia"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Shaoyu"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Sen"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Shuwen"},{"family":"Lim","given":"Chwee"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Changsheng"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Hao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41528-025-00508-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-025-00508-2","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407182296","type":"article-journal","title":"Entrepreneurial strategies for sustainable growth: a deep dive into cloud-native technology and its applications","abstract":"Abstract The study highlights the impact of cloud-native technology in entrepreneurship for innovative business models, scalability, and cost efficiency by combining the trends including microservices, serverless computing, and technology disruptions. The study attempts to examine the role of cloud-native technology affects the entrepreneurial landscape in creating and advancing innovative business models and approaches, and the difficulties while applying cloud-native technology. The systematic literature review based on PRISMA is used to explore cloud-native technology and its applications by analyzing selected 111 studies from Scopus, Web of Science, Dimensions, and ProQuest. The study identified that one of the main forces behind disruption is the quick development of new technologies including blockchain, 5G, IoT, quantum computing, and AI. Cloud-native technology supports innovative business models in entrepreneurship such as SaaS, serverless computing, managed Kubernetes, data analytics platforms, BaaS, and Edge Computing. The urgency to incorporate and develop new security features and tools for measurement is necessary. The study shows that startups can use cloud-native technologies for innovative business models that rely on serverless computing, subscription services, and on-demand cloud services which are providing opportunities. The findings of the study highlight the need for entrepreneurs to utilize emerging technologies to meet competition, and there is a requirement for continuous investment in data analytics, automation, cloud solutions, and emerging technologies. Collaboration is essential for the application of the technologies for early stage startups and enterprises. Incubators, accelerators, and venture capital firms support essential to the adoption of disruptive technologies. The policymaker's and enterprises' focus and actionable intervention are necessary for developing mechanisms to solve the barriers of regulatory compliance, lack of skilled manpower, data security, privacy issues, and upfront investment for entrepreneurial success.","author":[{"family":"Alka","given":"TA"},{"family":"Sreenivasan","given":"Aswathy"},{"family":"Suresh","given":"M"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1186/s43093-025-00436-7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-025-00436-7","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410189294","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep origin of eukaryotes outside Heimdallarchaeia within Asgardarchaeota","abstract":"Research on the morphology, physiology and genomics of Asgard archaea has provided valuable insights into the evolutionary history of eukaryotes1–3. A previous study suggested that eukaryotes are nested within Heimdallarchaeia4, but their exact phylogenetic placement within Asgard archaea remains controversial4,5. This debate complicates understanding of the metabolic features and timescales of early eukaryotic ancestors. Here we generated 223 metagenome-assembled nearly complete genomes of Asgard archaea that have not previously been documented. We identify 16 new lineages at the genus level or higher, which substantially expands the known phylogenetic diversity of Asgard archaea. Through sophisticated phylogenomic analysis of this expanded genomic dataset involving several marker sets we infer that eukaryotes evolved before the diversification of all sampled Heimdallarchaeia, rather than branching with Hodarchaeales within the Heimdallarchaeia. This difference in the placement of eukaryotes is probably caused by the previously underappreciated chimeric nature of Njordarchaeales genomes, which we find are composed of sequences of both Asgard and TACK archaea (Asgard’s sister phylum). Using ancestral reconstruction and molecular dating, we infer that the last Asgard archaea and eukaryote common ancestor emerged before the Great Oxidation Event and was probably an anaerobic H2-dependent acetogen. Our findings support the hydrogen hypothesis of eukaryogenesis, which posits that eukaryotes arose from the fusion of a H2-consuming archaeal host and a H2-producing protomitochondrion. Ancestral reconstruction together with molecular dating of the last Asgard archaea and eukaryote common ancestor suggest that eukaryotes arose from the fusion of a H2-consuming archaeal host and a H2-producing protomitochondrion.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jiawei"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Xiaoyuan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Meng"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Min"},{"family":"Hou","given":"Lijun"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Hongpo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41586-025-08955-7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08955-7","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4415955254","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep-sea mining discharge can disrupt midwater food webs","abstract":") under license for deep-sea mining. Mining companies have proposed discharging excess waste generated during nodule extraction in the lower mesopelagic and upper bathypelagic zones, which are home to a unique faunal community including zooplankton and micronekton. Here, using compound-specific isotope analysis of amino acids, we find that natural background particles larger than 6 µm form the base of the food web, but will be diluted by the same sized, nutritionally deficient mining-associated particles. Given that 53% of zooplankton taxa are particle feeders and 60% of micronekton taxa are zooplanktivores at proposed discharge depths, there is significant potential for food-web disruption. Therefore, we show that a midwater mining plume could trigger bottom-up ecosystem impacts with potentially severe consequences for the faunal community, extending beyond zooplankton and micronekton to nekton, including large marine predators.","author":[{"family":"Dowd","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Assad","given":"Victoria"},{"family":"Cazares-Nuesser","given":"Alexus"},{"family":"Drazen","given":"Jeffrey"},{"family":"Goetze","given":"Erica"},{"family":"White","given":"Angelicque"},{"family":"Popp","given":"Brian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-65411-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65411-w","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4411536029","type":"article-journal","title":"The Deep Mining Era: Genomic, Metabolomic, and Integrative Approaches to Microbial Natural Products from 2018 to 2024","abstract":"Over the past decade, microbial natural products research has witnessed a transformative \"deep-mining era\" driven by key technological advances such as high-throughput sequencing (e.g., PacBio HiFi), ultra-sensitive HRMS (resolution ≥ 100,000), and multi-omics synergy. These innovations have shifted discovery from serendipitous isolation to data-driven, targeted mining. These innovations have transitioned discovery from serendipitous isolation to data-driven targeted mining. Genome mining pipelines (e.g., antiSMASH 7.0 and DeepBGC) can now systematically discover hidden biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), especially in under-explored taxa. Metabolomics has achieved unprecedented accuracy, enabling researchers to target novel compounds in complex extracts. Integrated strategies-combining genomic prediction, metabolomics analysis, and experimental validation-constitute new paradigms of current \"deep mining\". This review provides a systematic overview of 185 novel microbial natural products discovered between 2018 and 2024, and dissects how these technological leaps have reshaped the discovery paradigm from traditional isolation to data-driven mining.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhaochao"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Juanjuan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Chenjie"},{"family":"Hua","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Hong"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Jianwei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/md23070261","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/md23070261","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4414824120","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep-sea mining risks for sharks, rays, and chimaeras","abstract":"Deep-sea mining is expected to cause disturbances of sufficient scale and intensity to pose a risk to biodiversity and ecosystem function. 1 , 2 , 3 We assess the potential impact of deep-sea mining on sharks, rays, and chimaeras in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) and identify 30 species (of the total 1,223 marine chondrichthyan species) that overlap spatially with the anticipated mining footprint, specifically through 2 pathways: benthic impacts from physical disturbance and the collector vehicle plume 2 and midwater impacts from the discharge plume. 4 Most species' depth ranges (83%, 25/30, range: 3%–80%) overlapped vertically with the benthic mining footprint, while all species overlapped with discharge plume scenarios. Further, 17 of these species had >50% depth overlap with benthic impacts of at least one of the mineral types. Seven species were egg-laying, benthic, or benthopelagic, which increases their susceptibility to seabed impacts. Filter-feeding species also had high depth overlap with potential midwater discharge plumes. Nearly two-thirds (60%, 18/30) are already threatened with an elevated risk of extinction, and 64.3% are predicted to be threatened. Our analysis raises concerns that deep-sea mining would compound and worsen their extinction risk. We recommend updated risk assessments of significant adverse impacts to chondrichthyans; robust baseline monitoring prior to, during, and after mining; spatial protections near crust and sulfide mining; and that the discharge plume be set at a minimum depth below 2,000 m or at the seabed to minimize overlap with midwater species.","author":[{"family":"Judah","given":"Aaron"},{"family":"Mull","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Dulvy","given":"Nicholas"},{"family":"Finucci","given":"Brittany"},{"family":"Assad","given":"Victoria"},{"family":"Drazen","given":"Jeffrey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.cub.2025.09.019","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2025.09.019","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412492821","type":"article-journal","title":"Darkness to Discovery: A Comprehensive Mini-Review on Culturable and Non-Culturable Microbial Diversity from Deep Sea","abstract":"Microorganisms are essential players in Earth's ecosystems, demonstrating remarkable adaptability to harsh conditions including arctic ice caps, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and high-pressure oceanic zones. While the study of these extremophiles has long been constrained by challenges in culturing, recent advances in metagenomic techniques have enabled a deeper understanding of microbial diversity in these extreme habitats. This review explores both culturable and non-culturable microbial communities, focusing on the diverse strategies employed by microorganisms to thrive in harsh conditions, including high pressure, temperature, salinity, and nutrient limitations. Traditional cultivation methods often fail to capture the full spectrum of deep-sea microbiota due to the unique growth requirements of many organisms. In the omic era, however, microbial cultivation and the function of microbial resources are important. Non-culturable methods, like metagenomic studies and environmental DNA sequencing, have uncovered hitherto unknown microbial taxa and metabolic pathways, offering important new information on microbial ecology and biogeochemistry. The complex microbial interactions and adaptive methods that support these ecosystems are highlighted by case studies, including as studies on hydrothermal plumes and hadal deposits. The expanding significance of non-culturable techniques in microbial research is highlighted in this review, which also highlights how they might help us better understand microbial life in harsh conditions and how they may be used in biotechnology and environmental management.","author":[{"family":"Fulke","given":"Abhay"},{"family":"Sharma","given":"Nilkanth"},{"family":"Nadekar","given":"Jayshree"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s00248-025-02527-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-025-02527-y","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410597158","type":"article-journal","title":"Wellhead Stability During Development Process of Hydrate Reservoir in the Northern South China Sea: Sensitivity Analysis","abstract":"Natural gas hydrates are a promising alternative energy source for oil and gas in the future. However, geomechanical issues, such as wellhead instability, may arise, affecting the safe and efficient development of hydrates. In the present work, a sensitivity analysis was performed on sediment subsidence and wellhead instability during the development of marine hydrates using a multi-field coupled model. This is accomplished by adjusting the corresponding parameters based on the basic data of the default case. Meanwhile, the corresponding influencing mechanisms were explored. Finally, design recommendations for operation parameters were proposed based on the research findings regarding wellhead stability. It was found that the wellhead undergoes rapid sinking during a certain period in the early stage of hydrate development, followed by a slower, continued sinking. The sensitivity analysis found that when the depressurization amplitude is small, the wellhead sinking is also minimal. To maintain wellhead stability during the development process, it is recommended that neither the depressurization amplitude or drawdown pressure exceed 3.0 MPa. Although a high heating temperature can increase gas production to some extent, the accompanying excessive hydrate dissociation may compromise the stability of both the formation and wellhead. To balance gas production and wellhead stability, it is recommended that the heating amplitude does not exceed 50 °C. In addition, the permeability influences the distribution of pore pressure, which in turn affects sediment subsidence and wellbore stability. Wellhead stability deteriorates as permeability increases. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately determine the reservoir characteristics (such as permeability) before developing hydrates to avoid wellhead instability. Finally, the investigation results reveal that using different versions of the investigation model can impact the accuracy of the results, and neglecting certain physical fields may lead to an underestimation of the wellhead sinking.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Qingchao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qiang"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Jingjuan"},{"family":"He","given":"Kebin"},{"family":"Xia","given":"Yifan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Junyi"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Fuling"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Yuanfang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/pr13061630","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061630","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410515905","type":"article-journal","title":"Intelligent Maritime Shipping: A Bibliometric Analysis of Internet Technologies and Automated Port Infrastructure Applications","abstract":"Amid the dual imperatives of global trade expansion and low-carbon transition, intelligent maritime shipping has emerged as a central driver for the innovation of international logistics systems, now entering a critical window period for the deep integration of Internet technologies and automated port infrastructure. While existing research predominantly focuses on isolated applications of intelligent technologies, systematic evaluations of the synergistic effects of technological integration on maritime ecosystems, policy compatibility, and contributions to global carbon emission governance remain under-explored. Leveraging bibliometric analysis, this study systematically examines 488 publications from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection (2000–2024), yielding three pivotal findings: firstly, China dominates the research landscape, with a 38.5% contribution share, where Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and port automation constitute the technological pillars. However, critical gaps persist in cross-system protocol standardization and climate-adaptive modeling, accounting for only 2.7% and 4.2% of the literature, respectively. Secondly, international collaboration networks exhibit pronounced “Islamization”, characterized by an inter-team collaboration rate of 17.3%, while the misalignment between rapid technological iteration and existing maritime regulations exacerbates industry risks. Thirdly, a dual-track pathway integrating Cyber–Physical System (CPS)-based digital twin ports and open-source vertical domain-specific large language models is proposed. Empirical evidence demonstrates its efficacy in reducing cargo-handling energy consumption by 15% and decision-making latency by 40%. This research proposes a novel tripartite framework, encompassing technological, institutional, and data sovereignty dimensions, to resolve critical challenges in integrating multi-source maritime data and managing cross-border governance. The model provides academically validated and industry-compatible strategies for advancing sustainable maritime intelligence. Subsequent investigations should expand data sources to include regional repositories and integrate interdisciplinary approaches, ensuring the adaptability of both technical systems and international policy coordination mechanisms across diverse maritime ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Zou","given":"Yangqiong"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"Guangnian"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qingjun"},{"family":"Biancardo","given":"Salvatore"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse13050979","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050979","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413794989","type":"article-journal","title":"Comparative analysis of deep learning architectures in solar power prediction","abstract":"Integrating renewable energy sources into the electricity grid requires accurate forecasts of solar power production. With the aim of enhancing the accuracy and reliability of forecasts, this study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of eight state-of-the-art Deep Learning (DL) architectures-Autoencoder, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Simple Recurrent Neural Network (SimpleRNN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN), Transformer, and Lightweight Informer for Long Sequence Time-Series Forecasting (InformerLite)-applied to solar power prediction using a dataset with 4,200 historical records and 20 meteorological and astronomical features. A comprehensive assessment of Root Mean Squared Error [Formula: see text], Mean Absolute Error [Formula: see text], Mean Absolute Percentage Error [Formula: see text], and Coefficient of Determination [Formula: see text] metrics was performed on the training, validation, and test datasets. The TCN model had the greatest performance across all models, achieving a test R² of 0.7786, an [Formula: see text] of 429.4863, and a balanced relative standard deviation ([Formula: see text]) of 0.6827, so exhibiting an exceptional capacity to capture temporal patterns. The Autoencoder achieved a [Formula: see text] of 0.7648 and had the greatest overall performance on the entire dataset, resulting in a Whole [Formula: see text] of 0.8437. In contrast, the Transformer model demonstrated significantly poorer performance (Test [Formula: see text] = 0.0714), underscoring its limitations in this context without any architectural modifications. This study not only demonstrates the best DL models for solar power forecasting as qualified by useful statistical metrics, but also provides a scalable, interpretable, and extensible forecasting framework for real-world energy systems. The findings verify the informed DL integration to smart grid scenarios, laying the foundations for further developments in hybrid modeling, multi-horizon prediction, and deployment in resource-constrained environments with limited computational power and resources.","author":[{"family":"Abdelsattar","given":"Montaser"},{"family":"Azim","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Abdelmoety","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Emad-Eldeen","given":"Ahmed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-14908-x","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14908-x","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406338826","type":"article-journal","title":"Detecting and quantifying deep sea benthic life using advanced object detection","abstract":"We present a new dataset combined with the DeepSee model, which utilizes the YOLOv8 architecture, designed to rapidly and accurately detect benthic lifeforms in deep-sea environments of the North Atlantic. The dataset consists of 2,825 carefully curated images, encompassing 20,076 instances across 15 object-detection classes based on morphospecies from the phyla Arthropoda, Chordata, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, and Porifera. When benchmarked against a published dataset from the same region, DeepSee achieves high performance metrics, including an impressive mean Average Precision (mAP) score of 0.84, and produces very few false positives, ensuring reliable detection. The model processes images at 28–50 frames per second (fps) for images sized at 1280 pixels, significantly increasing processing speed and reducing annotation workloads by over 1000 times when compared to manual annotation. While the model is not intended to replace the expertise of experienced biologists, it provides a valuable tool for accelerating data analysis and increasing efficiency. As additional data becomes available, augmenting the dataset and retraining the model will enable further improvements in detection capabilities. The dataset and model are designed for extensibility, allowing for the inclusion of other benthic lifeforms from the North Atlantic and beyond. This capability supports the creation of high-resolution maps of benthic life on the largely unexplored ocean floor of the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) and other regions. This will facilitate informed decision-making in marine resource exploration, including mining operations, bottom trawling, and deep-sea pipeline laying, while also contributing to marine conservation and the sustainable management of deep-sea ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Iyer","given":"Karthik"},{"family":"Marnor","given":"Camilla"},{"family":"Schmid","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Hartz","given":"Ebbe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1470424","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1470424","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406598143","type":"article-journal","title":"Advancements in Electrochemical Sensing Technology for Heavy Metal Ions Detection","abstract":"Most heavy metal ions are carcinogenic and non-biodegradable, posing threats to ecological balance and human health in trace amount. Therefore, there is a pressing demand for rapid and dependable detection technologies. Electrochemical sensing technology distinguishes itself with its ease of use and swiftness, rendering it perfect for the expeditious detection of heavy metal elements. This review examines various electrochemical detection techniques for on-site real-time monitoring of heavy metal ions. Advanced methods using innovative electrochemical sensor technologies are explored, highlighting the importance of sensing strategies for the quick and easy monitoring of metal levels in different environments. Additionally, the role of nanotechnology and electrochemical techniques in enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of sensors for better detection of heavy metals is discussed. Finally, the future direction of sensor development is addressed, focusing on integrating new materials and technologies to improve the performance of sensor in environmental monitoring, food safety and public health.","author":[{"family":"Tian","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Jinli"},{"family":"Qiao","given":"Jiali"},{"family":"Ge","given":"Fuguo"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yukun"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Qi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102204","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102204","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410522832","type":"article-journal","title":"Submarine landslides caused by the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake","abstract":"Abstract The 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake (M JMA 7.6) occurred, followed by a tsunami on January 1, 2024. The earthquake caused considerable damage by strong ground motion over a wide area centered on the Noto Peninsula. The tsunami also damaged coastal areas. Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Earthquake Research Institute (ERI) and Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (AORI) of the University of Tokyo conducted emergency survey cruises with various observations such as ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) deployment and recovery operations to identify aftershock activity promptly and acquisition of multibeam bathymetry data from the northeast area of the Noto Peninsula and Toyama Bay. Our survey mainly covered the northeast part of the aftershock area and the downstream part of the Toyama Deep–Sea Channel (TDSC) in the Toyama Bay and the southern Toyama Trough. Survey lines in the northern survey area generally trend NNE–SSW, roughly parallel to the channel; some lines in the NNW–SSE direction cross the active faults. We compiled a bathymetric map (with 25 m grid spacing), using all available multibeam echo sounder (MBES) data. We identified some important bathymetric features, such as gentle wavy topography developed over the levee and horseshoe-shaped landforms. In addition, we conducted a dense survey to detect depth differences before and after the earthquake in the area along TDSC in the middle of our survey area. Results revealed four small-scale landslide areas in the dense survey area. Obtaining detailed topographic data using modern multibeam sonar is extremely important to assess the risk of tsunami damage for various marine infrastructures as well as the potential occurrence of submarine landslides and slope failures. Graphical Abstract","author":[{"family":"Kasaya","given":"Takafumi"},{"family":"Minami","given":"Hiroki"},{"family":"Okino","given":"Kyoko"},{"family":"Kaneko","given":"Junji"},{"family":"Ono","given":"Seitaro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1186/s40623-025-02204-x","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-025-02204-x","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406946486","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep-Ultraviolet AlN Metalens with Imaging and Ultrafast Laser Microfabrication Applications","abstract":"Deep-ultraviolet (DUV) light is essential for applications including fabrication, molecular research, and biomedical imaging. Compact metalenses have the potential to drive further innovation in these fields, provided they utilize a material platform that is cost-effective, durable, and scalable. In this work, we present aluminum nitride (AlN) metalenses as an efficient solution for DUV applications. These metalenses, with a thickness of only 380 nm, deliver DUV focusing and imaging capabilities close to the theoretical diffraction limit. Leveraging their robustness to intense ultrafast laser irradiation, we demonstrate successful DUV ultrafast laser direct writing of microstructures on a polymer film and silicon substrate. These results underscore the significant promise of advancing photonic technologies in this critical wavelength regime.","author":[{"family":"Peng","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Kuan"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Sakurai","given":"Haruyuki"},{"family":"Chang","given":"Hsueh"},{"family":"Chiang","given":"Cheng"},{"family":"Duh","given":"Ruei‐tzu"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Chia‐yen"},{"family":"Shih","given":"Min‐hsiung"},{"family":"Horng","given":"Ray‐hua"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c05552","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c05552","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410105036","type":"article-journal","title":"Hidden behind the scene – high diversity, low connectivity of deep-sea Amphipoda in the polymetallic nodule fields in the Northeast Pacific","abstract":"Abstract. The Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) situated in the central east Pacific holds major portions of manganese nodule deposits and is therefore subject to intense exploration for future deep-sea mining. However, mining rises multiple concerns. Among others about its direct or indirect impact on abyssal environment. The more, proper evaluation of deep-sea protection plans to be applied there is still hindered by insufficient knowledge of the abyssal fauna diversity and their assemblages. Amphipoda are speciose and abundant in all marine habitats and were proven to be important food source for higher trophic levels. These crustaceans are brooders with no planktonic larval stage, so migration of species depend only on swimming capacities of adult animals. In the CCZ macrofauna-sized and relatively mobile, epibenthic Amphipoda, not collected with commonly used box corers or multicorers, remained unstudied. The present work aims to fill in this gap in knowledge by: 1) characterizing the diversity of amphipods across the CCZ and one Area of Particular Environmental Interest (APEI), 2) studying the amphipod species distribution and assemblages as well as 3) inferring the connectivity between eastern and western parts of the CCZ and other deep-sea regions. The material was collected with epibenthic sledge from three contractor zones (UK, Singapore, Germany) and from APEI-06. Specimens were sorted into families and preferably morphospecies and subjected to cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) barcoding. Within total of 708 individuals 23 known and one undescribed families were identified. The barcoding allowed to obtain 581 sequences that were ascribed to 207 Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs). The families that dominated barcoded material in terms of abundance and species richness were: Pardaliscidae (123 ind., 44 MOTUs), Eusiridae (122 ind., 32 MOTUs) and Synopiidae (74 ind., 31 MOTUs). Only 17 known species were identified; another 48 are considered as new to science. Almost 70% of MOTUs were singletons or doubletons and 186 MOTUs were unique for the present study. The remaining 21 taxa appeared to be broadly distributed. Among the MOTUs recorded only in the CCZ majority was distributed within 400 km distance. Just six species reached or exceeded 1000 km distance of occurrence. Additionally only one species was shared between contractor areas and the studied APEI that was supposed to be preserved area representative for the mining zones. The cluster analysis of the fauna collected during three expeditions to the German contractor areas revealed almost no similarity between the West and East part of the CCZ. Additionally, within the eastern part of the studied region geographic proximity appeared to have no influence on station clustering. The study confirmed low abundance and high species richness of deep-sea amphipod fauna of the CCZ and their highly variable assemblages. Moreover, it has shown weak connectivity between eastern and western parts of the region as well as between the contractor zones, APEIs and other deep-sea regions of the World. All the above suggest high vulnerability of the assemblages studied and, with the present state of knowledge, weak representativeness of Areas of Particular Environmental Interest for the mining zones. In order to better understand the deep-sea biodiversity and develop Regional Environmental Management Plans for the whole CCZ area two main recommendations are to be made: 1) to conduct more intensive sampling program of APEIs parallel to monitoring studies of contractor zones with the goal to better assess their usefulness as reservoirs of biodiversity for the mining areas, 2) to include the epibenthic sledge among standard gears used for sampling in order to avoid missing important part of deep-sea fauna in the monitoring studies.","author":[{"family":"Jażdżewska","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Biniek","given":"Karolina"},{"family":"Arbizu","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Vink","given":"Αnnemiek"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5194/egusphere-2025-1794","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1794","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406114865","type":"article-journal","title":"Mechanisms and technologies in cancer epigenetics","abstract":"Cancer's epigenetic landscape, a labyrinthine tapestry of molecular modifications, has long captivated researchers with its profound influence on gene expression and cellular fate. This review discusses the intricate mechanisms underlying cancer epigenetics, unraveling the complex interplay between DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs. We navigate through the tumultuous seas of epigenetic dysregulation, exploring how these processes conspire to silence tumor suppressors and unleash oncogenic potential. The narrative pivots to cutting-edge technologies, revolutionizing our ability to decode the epigenome. From the granular insights of single-cell epigenomics to the holistic view offered by multi-omics approaches, we examine how these tools are reshaping our understanding of tumor heterogeneity and evolution. The review also highlights emerging techniques, such as spatial epigenomics and long-read sequencing, which promise to unveil the hidden dimensions of epigenetic regulation. Finally, we probed the transformative potential of CRISPR-based epigenome editing and computational analysis to transmute raw data into biological insights. This study seeks to synthesize a comprehensive yet nuanced understanding of the contemporary landscape and future directions of cancer epigenetic research.","author":[{"family":"Sherif","given":"Zaki"},{"family":"Ogunwobi","given":"Olorunseun"},{"family":"Ressom","given":"Habtom"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fonc.2024.1513654","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2024.1513654","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406933968","type":"article-journal","title":"A Long-Term Perspective of Seasonal Shifts in Nutrient Dynamics and Eutrophication in the Romanian Black Sea Coast","abstract":"This study investigates the long-term seasonal shifts in nutrient dynamics and eutrophication processes in the Romanian Black Sea coastal waters using multi-decadal data (1960/1976/1980–2023). The findings highlight significant seasonal and interannual changes, revealing a progressive rise in seawater temperature, declining oxygen concentrations, and notable shifts in nutrient stoichiometry, particularly an increasing nitrogen–phosphorus (N:P) ratio. These changes are closely associated with increased occurrences of harmful algal blooms (Noctiluca scintillans), emphasizing the complex relationship between warming, nutrient and dissolved oxygen cycles, and biological activity. Seasonal patterns show that prolonged warmer periods, especially during autumn, exacerbate oxygen depletion and nutrient imbalances, with implications for marine life and food webs. The study underscores the importance of targeted nitrogen reduction strategies, including optimized fertilizer use, improved wastewater treatment, and the establishment of buffer zones to minimize land-based nutrient inputs. Regional cooperation and integrated coastal management aligned with the Marine Strategy Framework Directive are essential for mitigating eutrophication. The results provide critical insights into the impacts of climate change on the Black Sea ecosystems. This research contributes to global efforts under SDG 13 (Climate Action), SDG 14 (Life Below Water), and SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), addressing the key challenges to marine biodiversity, water quality, and ecosystem sustainability.","author":[{"family":"Ristea","given":"Elena"},{"family":"Bișinicu","given":"Elena"},{"family":"Lavric","given":"Vasile"},{"family":"Pârvulescu","given":"Oana"},{"family":"Lazăr","given":"Luminița"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su17031090","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031090","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412603360","type":"article-journal","title":"From Sea to Therapy: Marine Biomaterials for Drug Delivery and Wound Healing","abstract":"Marine biomass represents a valuable yet underexploited resource for the development of high-value biomaterials. Recent advances have highlighted the significant potential of marine-derived polysaccharides, proteins, and peptides in biomedical applications, most notably in drug delivery and wound healing. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current research on the extraction, processing and pharmaceutical valorization of these biopolymers, with a focus on their structural and functional properties that allow these materials to be engineered into nanocarriers, hydrogels, scaffolds, and smart composites. Key fabrication strategies such as ionic gelation, desolvation, and 3D bioprinting are critically examined for their role in drug encapsulation, release modulation, and scaffold design for regenerative therapies. The review also covers preclinical validation, scale-up challenges, and relevant regulatory frameworks, offering a practical roadmap from sustainable sourcing to clinical application. Special attention is given to emerging technologies, including stimuli-responsive biomaterials and biosensor-integrated wound dressings, as well as to the ethical and environmental implications of marine biopolymer sourcing. By integrating materials science, pharmaceutical technology and regulatory insight, this review aims to provide a multidisciplinary perspective for researchers and industrial stakeholders seeking sustainable and multifunctional pharmaceutical platforms for precision medicine and regenerative therapeutics.","author":[{"family":"Chilwant","given":"Mansi"},{"family":"Paganini","given":"Valentina"},{"family":"Gangi","given":"Mariacristina"},{"family":"Brignone","given":"Sofía"},{"family":"Chetoni","given":"Patrizia"},{"family":"Burgalassi","given":"Susi"},{"family":"Monti","given":"Daniela"},{"family":"Tampucci","given":"Silvia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/ph18081093","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18081093","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407028552","type":"article-journal","title":"Convergence of evolving artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques in precision oncology","abstract":"The confluence of new technologies with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) analytical techniques is rapidly advancing the field of precision oncology, promising to improve diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies for patients with cancer. By analyzing multi-dimensional, multiomic, spatial pathology, and radiomic data, these technologies enable a deeper understanding of the intricate molecular pathways, aiding in the identification of critical nodes within the tumor's biology to optimize treatment selection. The applications of AI/ML in precision oncology are extensive and include the generation of synthetic data, e.g., digital twins, in order to provide the necessary information to design or expedite the conduct of clinical trials. Currently, many operational and technical challenges exist related to data technology, engineering, and storage; algorithm development and structures; quality and quantity of the data and the analytical pipeline; data sharing and generalizability; and the incorporation of these technologies into the current clinical workflow and reimbursement models.","author":[{"family":"Fountzilas","given":"Elena"},{"family":"Pearce","given":"Tillman"},{"family":"Baysal","given":"Mehmet"},{"family":"Chakraborty","given":"Abhijit"},{"family":"Tsimberidou","given":"Apostolia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41746-025-01471-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01471-y","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409424853","type":"article-journal","title":"Disruption of MRSA Biofilm and Virulence by Deep-Sea Probiotics: Impacts on Energy metabolism and Host Antimicrobial Peptides","abstract":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a significant threat to public health due to its resistance to conventional antibiotics and its ability to form robust biofilms on both biotic and abiotic surfaces. In this study, we explore the novel mechanisms by which deep-sea-derived probiotics serve as an alternative strategy to combat MRSA infections. Three promising probiotic candidates, Lactococcus lactis (L25_4) and two strains of Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides (L25_6 and L25_7), were isolated from ocean water collected at a depth of 312 m off the eastern coast of Taiwan. Each candidate strain demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity, significantly reducing MRSA biofilm formation when applied to pork skin. The strains also improved survival rates in a Galleria mellonella infection model (> 90% survival). Immunomodulatory effects were evident, with marked upregulation of Cecropin antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and downregulation of Gloverin AMP in the host. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) revealed that probiotic treatments compromised MRSA cell membrane integrity, consistent with transcriptomic analysis showing downregulation of genes related to protein translation, membrane structure, and transporter systems. Collectively, our comprehensive in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and transcriptomic analyses reveal the intricate mechanisms by which deep-sea probiotics modulate both host and MRSA gene expression, underscoring their potential as innovative tools for addressing antibiotic-resistant infections.","author":[{"family":"Negi","given":"Abhishek"},{"family":"Kuo","given":"Chia"},{"family":"Hazam","given":"Prakash"},{"family":"Yeh","given":"Jih‐chao"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Wen‐chun"},{"family":"Lou","given":"Yuan‐chao"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Chao‐yuan"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Tsai"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Tsai"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Jyh‐yih"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s12602-025-10535-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10535-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4416334313","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep-sea mining: a potential solution to secure critical energy minerals availability","abstract":"As the first batch of 15-year international seabed exploration contracts approaches expiration, deep-sea mining has once again garnered significant attention from the global community. In July 2024, the second session of the 29th Council of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) resolved to expedite negotiations on the draft regulations for exploiting mineral resources in the “Area”. Also in July 2024, China Minmetals Corporation spearheaded the formation of an innovation alliance focused on the future exploration and development of deep-sea and deep-underground mineral resources. In November, the international deep-sea mining company TMC announced that its subsidiary, Nauru Ocean Resources Inc., plans to submit a development application to the ISA by June 2025. In April 2024, the President of the U.S. signed the executive order to accelerate the commercial extraction of deep-sea minerals beyond the national jurisdiction. In August 2025, TMC released the world’s first pre-feasibility study of deep-sea polymetallic nodule reserves and plans to begin commercial deep-sea mining in the fourth quarter of 2027 1 . These events collectively signal the imminent era of strategic deep-sea mineral resource development.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Chang"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Siyuan"},{"family":"Shu","given":"Xiaojie"},{"family":"Song","given":"Huiling"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s44183-025-00162-1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44183-025-00162-1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406295314","type":"article-journal","title":"An examination of daily CO2 emissions prediction through a comparative analysis of machine learning, deep learning, and statistical models","abstract":"Abstract Human-induced global warming, primarily attributed to the rise in atmospheric CO 2 , poses a substantial risk to the survival of humanity. While most research focuses on predicting annual CO 2 emissions, which are crucial for setting long-term emission mitigation targets, the precise prediction of daily CO 2 emissions is equally vital for setting short-term targets. This study examines the performance of 14 models in predicting daily CO 2 emissions data from 1/1/2022 to 30/9/2023 across the top four polluting regions (China, India, the USA, and the EU27&UK). The 14 models used in the study include four statistical models (ARMA, ARIMA, SARMA, and SARIMA), three machine learning models (support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and gradient boosting (GB)), and seven deep learning models (artificial neural network (ANN), recurrent neural network variations such as gated recurrent unit (GRU), long short-term memory (LSTM), bidirectional-LSTM (BILSTM), and three hybrid combinations of CNN-RNN). Performance evaluation employs four metrics ( R 2 , MAE, RMSE, and MAPE). The results show that the machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models, with higher R 2 (0.714–0.932) and lower RMSE (0.480–0.247) values, respectively, outperformed the statistical model, which had R 2 (− 0.060–0.719) and RMSE (1.695–0.537) values, in predicting daily CO 2 emissions across all four regions. The performance of the ML and DL models was further enhanced by differencing, a technique that improves accuracy by ensuring stationarity and creating additional features and patterns from which the model can learn. Additionally, applying ensemble techniques such as bagging and voting improved the performance of the ML models by approximately 9.6%, whereas hybrid combinations of CNN-RNN enhanced the performance of the RNN models. In summary, the performance of both the ML and DL models was relatively similar. However, due to the high computational requirements associated with DL models, the recommended models for daily CO 2 emission prediction are ML models using the ensemble technique of voting and bagging. This model can assist in accurately forecasting daily emissions, aiding authorities in setting targets for CO 2 emission reduction.","author":[{"family":"Ajala","given":"Adewole"},{"family":"Adeoye","given":"Oluwatosin"},{"family":"Salami","given":"Olawale"},{"family":"Jimoh","given":"Ayoola"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s11356-024-35764-8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-35764-8","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406715046","type":"article-journal","title":"Surveying the deep: A review of computer vision in the benthos","abstract":"The analysis of image data for benthic biodiversity monitoring is now commonplace within the domain of marine ecology. Whilst advances in imaging technologies have allowed for the collection of vast quantities of data, the curation of this has traditionally been performed manually, resulting in a bottleneck whereby data is collected faster than it can be processed. Recent years have seen marine ecologists turn to the domain of computer vision to help automate this curation process. However, as the knowledge required to build such systems spans both domains, there is a high barrier to entry. To help reduce this barrier, this paper aims to provide an introduction to computer vision-based benthic biodiversity monitoring via a comprehensive literature review. To aid ecologists, key computer vision concepts are described and example use-cases highlighted. The major challenges inherent to benthic imagery for computer vision systems are explored, alongside a discussion of how current systems attempt to mitigate against these. To aid computer scientists wishing to enter the domain, an exploration of currently available open-source benthic datasets is also provided. Recommendations for future research are explored, including a move towards human-centric techniques, committing to ablation studies, reaching community agreement on open-source benchmarking datasets, and an increased use of innovative methods to allow for improved answering of key benthic ecology questions. • Charts the usage of computer vision in the benthos over time. • Highlights computer vision techniques and their use to answer key ecological questions. • Discusses the inherent challenges of benthic imagery from a computer vision perspective. • Provides in-depth discussion on avenues for future research in the area.","author":[{"family":"Trotter","given":"Cameron"},{"family":"Griffiths","given":"Huw"},{"family":"Whittle","given":"Rowan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2024.102989","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2024.102989","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406371680","type":"article-journal","title":"Overview of Offshore Wind Power Technologies","abstract":"Optimizing offshore wind power technology and reducing the levelized cost of electricity throughout the lifecycle are key measures for the large-scale development of offshore wind power, contributing significantly to the transition toward sustainable energy systems. However, compared to onshore wind power, the internal flow dynamics of offshore wind farms are more complex, which poses challenges for operation and maintenance. Therefore, there is an urgent need for updated, smarter, more efficient, and economic offshore intelligent operation control technologies to facilitate the large-scale development and utilization of offshore wind power. This paper approaches the topic from two perspectives, offshore wind turbines and offshore wind farms, introducing popular research directions and technical bottlenecks in these two related fields. This includes offshore wind turbine capacity development and fundamental technologies, offshore wind power forecasting technology, and offshore wind power operation and control technology, offshore intelligent operation and maintenance technology, as well as offshore wind power and integrated marine area utilization technology. Firstly, the challenges faced by the intensive development of offshore wind resources and operational environments are analyzed. Secondly, the challenges encountered in the aforementioned technological areas and their potential solutions are summarized. Finally, a systematic reflection and outlook on the large-scale development of offshore wind power are provided, reinforcing its critical role in achieving global sustainability goals.","author":[{"family":"Ma","given":"Xiaomei"},{"family":"Li","given":"Mo"},{"family":"Li","given":"Wenquan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yongqian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su17020596","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020596","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406706399","type":"article-journal","title":"Critical Review of Wireless Charging Technologies for Electric Vehicles","abstract":"As the world transitions towards sustainable transportation, the advancement of electric vehicles (EVs) has become imperative. Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology presents a promising solution to enhance the convenience and efficiency of EV charging while alleviating the challenges associated with traditional wired systems. This paper conducts an in-depth exploration of WPT technologies for EVs, focusing on their theoretical foundations, practical implementation, optimization strategies, development trends, and limitations. The theoretical principles of wireless charging are first elucidated, categorizing them into near-field methods, such as inductive and capacitive charging, and far-field methods, including microwave and laser-based charging. A comparative analysis reveals the advantages and limitations inherent to each technology. The implementation section examines various charging strategies, encompassing stationary, dynamic, and quasi-dynamic wireless charging, assessing their feasibility and effectiveness in practical applications. Furthermore, optimization techniques aimed at enhancing WPT system performance are examined in depth, with particular emphasis on coil structure optimizations, anti-misalignment solutions, compensation topology optimizations, modulation strategy optimizations, and parameter identifications. The discussion section outlines current development trends in wireless charging technologies for EVs, highlighting the limitations that hinder the widespread adoption of wireless charging technologies in the EV market. Finally, potential research directions and the implications of wireless charging technology on the development of EVs are summarized. This critical review aims to provide valuable insights for researchers and practitioners dedicated to advancing the field of wireless charging for EVs.","author":[{"family":"Xue","given":"Zhiwei"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Chang"},{"family":"Chau","given":"KT"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/wevj16020065","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16020065","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4416515529","type":"article-journal","title":"Low-waste, single-step, sustainable extraction of critical metals from deep-sea polymetallic nodules","abstract":"To support the green energy transition, sustainable supplies of critical metals-60 million (metric) tons of copper, 10 million tons of nickel, and 1 million tons of cobalt-annually by 2050 are essential. These metals are currently sourced from declining terrestrial reserves, making deep-sea polymetallic nodules a promising alternative. However, current metal extraction methods are lengthy and energy and carbon intensive, emitting 45, 28, and 4 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per ton of nickel, cobalt, and copper, respectively. We present a fossil-free hydrogen plasma-based reduction process, powered by green hydrogen and renewable energy, which condenses calcination, smelting, reduction, and refining into a single-step metal extraction, reducing direct carbon dioxide emissions by up to 90% and improving energy efficiency by up to 18%. In addition, we demonstrate selective copper recovery via a heat treatment requiring no acids or reducing agents, offering a more sustainable and cost-effective pathway for critical metal extraction from polymetallic nodules.","author":[{"family":"Manzoor","given":"Ubaid"},{"family":"Lüttke","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Raabe","given":"Dierk"},{"family":"Filho","given":"Isnaldi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.aea1223","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aea1223","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"oa:W4410157256","type":"article-journal","title":"Asymmetric morphodynamics of the Wadden Sea","abstract":"Abstract Shallow coastal systems with tidal flats and barrier islands are valuable assets to coastal protection and unique habitats with thriving biodiversity. Sea level rise threatens to diminish these systems unless sediment accretion compensates submergence. To quantify these dynamics for the world’s largest channel-shoal system, the Wadden Sea, an observed geomorphological time series was created and assessed over three decades. We found how (i) accretion-erosion was asymmetric from deep to shallow, (ii) topographic steepening occurred, and (iii) the morphological evolution was systematic across tidal basins. Peak accretion was observed below tidal low and above tidal high water, while the greatest erosion was found at intermediate subtidal elevations. Most intertidal areas accreted faster than sea level rise, and accretion was prominent at the channel-flat and flat-marsh interfaces. The simultaneous deepening of tidal channels leads to topographic steepening. Overall, the current net sediment import of the Wadden Sea is 19.7 Mm³/yr.","author":[{"family":"Leiva","given":"Diego"},{"family":"Lorenz","given":"Marvin"},{"family":"Kösters","given":"Frank"},{"family":"Winter","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Lepper","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s43247-025-02340-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02340-y","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406081056","type":"article-journal","title":"Toward ecosystem-based deep-sea governance: a review of global approaches and China’s participation","abstract":"Abstract The deep sea is an expansive and largely unexplored domain, and its effective governance requires concerted international efforts. Despite the existence of international frameworks, the current deep-sea governance structures are somewhat fragmented, led by selected entities, and address only a limited range of issues. This study examines the current landscape of international deep-sea governance, exploring the organizational frameworks, institutional structures, key actors, pressing issues, and management instruments. It also analyzes the multiple challenges that confront deep-sea governance in light of the imperative for developing an ecosystem-based approach. Furthermore, the study evaluates China’s engagement in international deep-sea governance in terms of following international conventions and contributing to scientific and technological advancements. Moreover, guided by the principles of a maritime community in a shared future, pathways for enhanced participation in ecosystem-based deep-sea governance are proposed.","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Ting"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Jin","given":"Ying"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s44312-024-00045-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44312-024-00045-y","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409284936","type":"article-journal","title":"Fully circular shapable transparent paperboard with closed-loop recyclability and marine biodegradability across shallow to deep sea","abstract":"To mitigate marine pollution from single-use plastics, it is crucial to transition to next-generation commodity materials that are derived from biomass and are recyclable and marine biodegradable even at abyssal depths in case of the accidental release to the ocean. Here, we develop an optically transparent millimeter-thick paperboard called transparent paperboard (tPB) through dissolution and coagulation of cellulose. The tPB is made entirely of pristine cellulose and compositionally identical to paper. A cup-shaped tPB can hold just-boiled water without an internal film coating because of its high wet tensile properties and anisotropic thermal properties. In addition, the spent tPB is material recyclable in a closed system, where all chemicals and water are also recyclable. Furthermore, the marine biodegradability of tPB across shallow to abyssal depths is confirmed by on-site degradation tests and metagenomic analyses. Hence, tPB is expected to serve as a key fully circular commodity material in sustainable societies of the future.","author":[{"family":"Isobe","given":"Noriyuki"},{"family":"Tanaka","given":"Keiko"},{"family":"Ishii","given":"Shun’ichi"},{"family":"Shimane","given":"Yasuhiro"},{"family":"Okada","given":"Satoshi"},{"family":"Daicho","given":"Kazuho"},{"family":"Sakuma","given":"Wataru"},{"family":"Uetani","given":"Kojiro"},{"family":"Yoshimura","given":"Toshihiro"},{"family":"Kimoto","given":"Katsunori"},{"family":"Kimura","given":"Satoshi"},{"family":"Saito","given":"Tsuguyuki"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.ads2426","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ads2426","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409090667","type":"article-journal","title":"Research on the Impact of Deep Sea Offshore Wind Farms on Maritime Safety","abstract":"With the rapid development of offshore wind farms, the construction of deep sea wind farms has increasingly significant impacts on the safety of maritime navigation. This paper conducts a cluster analysis of ship trajectories based on AIS data to analyze the characteristics of ship traffic flow in the waters near the Shanghai deep sea offshore wind farm. A fuzzy hierarchical analysis method is proposed. Combined with the layout of wind farms and the navigational environment, a risk assessment model for offshore wind farm navigation is established. This model quantifies the factors that affect the safety of ship navigation due to the wind farm and evaluates the navigation risks in the surrounding waters. The results of the research show that the construction of wind farms increases traffic density, interferes with traditional shipping routes, and consequently increases the risk of collisions. The fuzzy hierarchical analysis method has good operability and feasibility in the safety assessment of offshore wind farms, and can provide effective support for future safety assessment of offshore wind farms. The sections are arranged as follows: Firstly, the background and significance of the paper are introduced, as well as the current research status. Secondly, an overview of Shanghai offshore wind farms and their nearby shipping routes is introduced, and then the risk situation of existing wind farms is pointed out. Then the risk assessment method is carried out, and the navigational risk of offshore wind farms is evaluated. Finally, the paper proposes measures to reduce the navigational risk of ships in the vicinity of wind farms.","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Wenbo"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Jian"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Pengcheng"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Xiaobin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse13040699","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13040699","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406947945","type":"article-journal","title":"Variable vertical land motion and its impacts on sea level rise projections","abstract":"Coastal vertical land motion (VLM), including uplift and subsidence, can greatly alter relative sea level projections and flood mitigations plans. Yet, current projection frameworks, such as the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, often underestimate VLM by relying on regional linear estimates. Using high-resolution (90-meter) satellite data from 2015 to 2023, we provide local VLM estimates for California and assess their contribution to sea level rise both now and in future. Our findings reveal that regional estimates substantially understate sea level rise in parts of San Francisco and Los Angeles, projecting more than double the expected rise by 2050. Additionally, temporally variable (nonlinear) VLM, driven by factors such as hydrocarbon and groundwater extraction, can increase uncertainties in 2050 projections by up to 0.4 meters in certain areas of Los Angeles and San Diego. This study highlights the critical need to include local VLM and its uncertainties in sea level rise assessments to improve coastal management and ensure effective adaptation efforts.","author":[{"family":"Govorčin","given":"Marin"},{"family":"Bekaert","given":"David"},{"family":"Hamlington","given":"BD"},{"family":"Sangha","given":"Simran"},{"family":"Sweet","given":"William"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.ads8163","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ads8163","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4416388911","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep-sea viral diversity and their role in host metabolism of complex organic matter","abstract":"Viruses exert a pervasive influence on biogeochemical cycles in deep-sea ecosystems. Cold seeps and seamounts, globally distributed across the oceans and harboring diverse microbial communities, remain largely unexplored regarding their viral inhabitants and functions. By integrating metagenomic, DNA viromic, RNA viromic, and metatranscriptomic data, coupled with characterization of purified viral communities, we uncover the diversity of DNA and RNA viral communities and virus-host interactions, which vary significantly across distinct deep-sea sediment sites. These sites represent a declining cold seep, a site distant from the declining cold seep (sediment site), a nascent cold seep site, and a seamount. The viral community in the nascent cold seep displays unique characteristics, with an increased proportion of RNA viruses and temperate viruses. Viral genomic and metatranscriptomic analyses reveal viral functional genes are actively expressed, potentially enhancing host metabolism of complex organic matter. Here, our findings underscore the diversity, ecological roles, and host interactions of viral communities in different cold seeps and seamounts, suggesting the importance of viruses in deep-sea carbon cycling and microbial community structure. Roles of viruses in deep-sea ecosystems are poorly understood. Here, the authors use metagenomics and metatranscriptomics to profile DNA and RNA viruses in deep-sea sediments showing that these viruses may boost carbon cycling via organic matter degradation in these extreme environments.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Chong"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Rikuan"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Chaomin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-65207-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65207-y","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4406867249","type":"article-journal","title":"Advances in instance segmentation: Technologies, metrics and applications in computer vision","abstract":"Instance segmentation is an advanced technique in computer vision that focuses on identifying and classifying each individual object in an image at the pixel level . Unlike semantic segmentation , which groups pixels of similar objects without distinguishing between different instances, instance segmentation assigns unique labels to each object, even if they are of the same class. This makes it possible not only to detect the presence and category of objects in an image but also to locate each specific instance and clearly distinguish them from each other. This problem not only advances the technical and theoretical understanding of how machines see and process digital images, but also has a direct impact on various industries and sectors where computer vision is an essential part of the system. In this paper, we present the current deep learning-based technologies, the metrics used for their evaluation, and a review of general and concrete datasets in general and drone-specific contexts. The results of this study provide a compendium of easily deployable deep learning-based technologies. This review paper aims to accelerate the process of understanding and using instance segmentation technologies for the reader.","author":[{"family":"Molina","given":"José"},{"family":"Llerena","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Usero","given":"Luis"},{"family":"Patricio","given":"Miguel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.neucom.2025.129584","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2025.129584","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409967583","type":"article-journal","title":"Integrating AIoT Technologies in Aquaculture: A Systematic Review","abstract":"The increasing global demand for seafood underscores the necessity for sustainable aquaculture practices. However, several challenges, including rising operational costs, variable environmental conditions, and the threat of disease outbreaks, impede progress in this field. This review explores the transformative role of the Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) in mitigating these challenges. We analyse current research on AIoT applications in aquaculture, with a strong emphasis on the use of IoT sensors for real-time data collection and AI algorithms for effective data analysis. Our focus areas include monitoring water quality, implementing smart feeding strategies, detecting diseases, analysing fish behaviour, and employing automated counting techniques. Nevertheless, several research gaps remain, particularly regarding the integration of AI in broodstock management, the development of multimodal AI systems, and challenges regarding model generalization. Future advancements in AIoT should prioritise real-time adaptability, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability while emphasizing the importance of multimodal systems, advanced biosensing capabilities, and digital twin technologies. In conclusion, while AIoT presents substantial opportunities for enhancing aquaculture practices, successful implementation will depend on overcoming challenges related to scalability, cost, and technical expertise, improving models’ adaptability, and ensuring environmental sustainability.","author":[{"family":"Tina","given":"Fahmida"},{"family":"Afsarimanesh","given":"Nasrin"},{"family":"Nag","given":"Anindya"},{"family":"Alahi","given":"Md"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/fi17050199","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17050199","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409340700","type":"article-journal","title":"Rapid decline of Caspian Sea level threatens ecosystem integrity, biodiversity protection, and human infrastructure","abstract":"Abstract The Caspian Sea is the world’s largest landlocked waterbody, providing habitat for hundreds of endemic and migratory species, along with ecosystem services that sustain millions of people. Global warming is projected to drive declines in water levels of up to 21 m by 2100. Using geospatial analyses, we assessed the impact of sea level decline on habitats, protected areas, and human infrastructure. We show that a water level decline of just 5–10 m will critically disrupt key ecosystems (including habitats for endemic Caspian seals and sturgeon), reduce existing marine protected area coverage by up to 94%, and render billions of dollars of civil and industrial infrastructure obsolete. Replacing traditional static conservation planning with a pre-emptive, dynamic approach that allows protected areas to track shifting ecosystems, is recommended to help endemic Caspian Sea biodiversity adapt to these changes, and to avoid conflicts with mitigation efforts directed at protecting human activities.","author":[{"family":"Court","given":"Rebecca"},{"family":"Lattuada","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Shumeyko","given":"Nataliya"},{"family":"Baimukanov","given":"Mirgaliy"},{"family":"Eybatov","given":"Tariyel"},{"family":"Kaidarova","given":"Altynay"},{"family":"Mamedov","given":"Elchin"},{"family":"Rustamov","given":"Eldar"},{"family":"Tasmagambetova","given":"Aselle"},{"family":"Prange","given":"Matthias"},{"family":"Wilke","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Hassall","given":"Christopher"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s43247-025-02212-5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02212-5","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406466727","type":"article-journal","title":"Green intelligence: the AI content of green technologies","abstract":"Abstract This paper investigates the contribution of artificial intelligence (AI) to environmental innovation. Leveraging a novel dataset of USPTO patent applications from 1980 to 2019, it explores the domain of green intelligence (GI), defined as the application of AI algorithms to green technologies. Our analyses reveal an expanding landscape where AI is indeed used as a general-purpose technology to address the challenge of sustainability and acts as a catalyst for green innovation. We highlight transportation, energy, and control methods as key applications of GI innovation. We then examine the impact of inventions by using measures and econometric tests suitable to establish (1) how AI and green inventions differ from other technologies and (2) what specifically distinguishes GI technologies in terms of quality and value. Results show that AI and green technologies have a greater impact on follow-on inventions and display greater originality and generality. GI inventions stand out even further in these dimensions. However, when we examine the market response to these inventions, we find positive results only for AI, indicating a mismatch between the technological vis-à-vis market potential of green and GI technologies, arguably due to greater uncertainty in their risk-return profiles.","author":[{"family":"Biggi","given":"Gianluca"},{"family":"Iori","given":"Martina"},{"family":"Mazzei","given":"Julia"},{"family":"Mina","given":"Andrea"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s40821-024-00288-1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-024-00288-1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4408557219","type":"article-journal","title":"Advancing animal behaviour research using drone technology","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicles or drones have revolutionized wildlife monitoring, and they are increasingly being used to study animal behaviour. In this review, examples of how data captured by drones (primarily images and video) enable the study of animal behaviour in less accessible environments, as well as rare or elusive behaviours, are provided. We believe that the potential application of drone imagery to advance wildlife monitoring creates unique opportunities for animal behaviour research and conservation. Rapid advances in image-tracking technologies and the use of artificial intelligence to identify the position, behaviour and local environment of many individuals simultaneously allow for the automated collection and processing of large data sets. Moreover, drones allow researchers not only to observe but also to manipulate and alter animal behaviour, creating a biohybrid system (i.e. a system involving an interaction between biological and engineered components, as discussed in this special issue), enabling the systematic study of specific behaviours, such as responses to simulated predation risk, or managing animal groups in agricultural settings and human–wildlife conflict scenarios. However, effective drone usage is a difficult task, requiring consideration of many aspects. We highlight the importance of user proficiency in drone piloting and the challenges of processing and analysing the vast amount of data they create. In addition, we provide some insights into the importance of carefully considering the study species and context for animal behaviour research. Various methods of dealing with landscape and interindividual heterogeneity in studies across different species are also suggested. Finally, some ethical considerations and potential unintended consequences of drone usage are discussed. • Drones capture elusive behaviours in challenging environments. • Drones provide environmental and social context for individual and group behaviour. • Drones can manipulate animal movements to enhance conservation efforts. • Effective drone use requires careful mission planning and AI-based data processing. • Ethical issues of drone use are species and context dependent and affect humans.","author":[{"family":"Pedrazzi","given":"Lucia"},{"family":"Naik","given":"Hemal"},{"family":"Sandbrook","given":"Chris"},{"family":"Lurgi","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"Fürtbauer","given":"Ines"},{"family":"King","given":"Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123147","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123147","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41467-025-65006-5","type":"article-journal","title":"Revised oceanic molybdenum isotope budget from deep-sea pelagic sediments.","abstract":"Abstract Molybdenum isotopes serve as critical proxies for reconstructing ancient ocean oxygenation, yet the modern oceanic Mo isotopic budget remains incompletely understood. Deep-sea pelagic sediments enriched in Fe-Mn (hydro)oxides represent a major oxic sink, but their authigenic Mo isotopic composition is poorly constrained. Here, we show Mo isotope data from Pacific deep-sea sediment cores revealing systematic depth-dependent δ 98 Mo enrichment from ‒0.55‰ to 0.19‰, controlled by Fe-Mn cycling during early diagenesis. Combined with existing datasets, we calculate a revised authigenic oxic Mo flux of 1.52 × 10⁸ mol yr⁻¹ with δ 98 Mo = ‒0.09 ± 0.23‰—more than double previous estimates and ~0.6‰ heavier than Fe-Mn crusts. These findings necessitate recalibration of the global Mo isotope budget and demonstrate that pelagic sediments exert greater influence on oceanic Mo cycling than previously recognized with implications for quantitative paleoceanographic reconstructions.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhibing"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Bangqi"},{"family":"Zou","given":"Liang"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Xue"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Le"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Jinlong"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Gangjian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-65006-5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65006-5","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19359618","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 433: Will AI Win the Red Queen's Race Against Superbugs?","abstract":"Episode summary: In this milestone 425th episode, Herman and Corn confront the \"Red Queen's Race\" of antimicrobial resistance. They explore why traditional drug discovery has stalled and how cutting-edge generative AI models like AMP-Diffusion are designing life-saving molecules from scratch. From the economic shifts of the PASTEUR Act to the \"de-extinction\" of prehistoric immune defenses, this episode reveals how we are using the most advanced technology to decode nature's oldest secrets. Show Notes In the latest episode of *My Weird Prompts*, hosts Herman Poppleberry and Corn gather in Jerusalem to tackle one of the most pressing existential threats of the modern era: antibiotic resistance. Framing the discussion as the \"Red Queen's Race\"—a biological concept where an organism must constantly evolve just to maintain its current standing—the duo explores how humanity is struggling to keep pace with rapidly mutating bacteria. As they navigate the landscape of early 2026, the picture they paint is one of both extreme peril and unprecedented technological hope. ### The Cracking Shield of Modern Medicine Herman opens the discussion with a sobering look at the \"silent pandemic.\" Citing the 2025 WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance report, he reveals that over 23 million infections globally are now failing to respond to conventional treatments. Perhaps most alarming is the rise of resistance to carbapenems, the \"last-resort\" drugs used when all other options fail. In some regions, resistance rates for pathogens like *Acinetobacter baumannii* have soared above 85%. The implications of these numbers extend far beyond rare \"superbugs.\" Herman and Corn discuss how the foundation of modern surgery—from C-sections to hip replacements—relies on the assumption that we can control infection. Without effective antibiotics, routine procedures could once again become life-threatening gambles. Current forecasts suggest that bacterial resistance could claim 39 million lives by 2050, a rate of roughly three deaths every minute. ### The Economic Discovery Void One of the primary reasons for our current predicament is not just biological, but economic. Herman explains that between the 1960s and the early 2000s, the pharmaceutical industry largely entered a \"discovery void.\" Developing a new antibiotic costs billions of dollars, yet unlike medications for chronic conditions, antibiotics are designed to be used for a short duration and then shelved as a last resort. This creates a market failure where there is little incentive for private investment. To combat this, the hosts discuss the PASTEUR Act, a proposed subscription-style model for drug development. By decoupling profit from the volume of drugs sold, the government would essentially pay for \"access\" to new antibiotics, ensuring that pharmaceutical companies are rewarded for innovation even if the drug is rarely used. This shift is seen as a vital prerequisite for the survival of the antibiotic pipeline. ### Generative AI: From Screening to Design The conversation then shifts to the digital frontier. While traditional drug discovery relied on the slow, manual screening of thousands of compounds, AI is fundamentally changing the \"math\" of the search. Herman highlights the transition from simply finding molecules to *designing* them. Tools like \"AMP-Diffusion\" are now using the same mathematical principles found in AI image generators to create entirely new antimicrobial peptides that have never existed in nature. Rather than stumbling upon a solution, researchers are now using AI to model the specific protein pockets of a bacterium and \"three-D-print\" a molecular key mathematically guaranteed to fit. Furthermore, models like \"SyntheMol\" are providing the literal chemical recipes required to synthesize these digital designs in a physical lab, bridging the gap between computer science and organic chemistry. ### Mining \"Microbial Dark Matter\" Despite the power of synthetic AI, the hosts agree that ","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19359618","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19359618","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4414795185","type":"article-journal","title":"Research on High-Precision Long-Range Positioning Technology in the Deep Sea","abstract":"Conventional acoustic positioning systems are typically confined to regions where direct-path measurements are available. However, in long-range underwater environments, acoustic rays undergo multiple reflections at the sea surface and seafloor, complicating the modeling of sound speed and introducing uncertainty due to seafloor bathymetric errors. To address these challenges, a high-precision positioning technology suitable for long-range deep-sea scenarios is proposed. This technology constructs an effective sound speed model based on ray-tracing principles to accommodate multipath propagation. To mitigate model errors caused by inaccurate seafloor bathymetry, a sound speed compensation mechanism is introduced to enhance the precision of reflected-path measurements. The experimental results demonstrate that, with an array baseline of 8 km, the proposed method reduces the maximum ranging error over a 50 km horizontal distance from 137.9 m to 15.5 m. The root-mean-square positioning error is decreased from 157.9 m to 31.0 m, representing an improvement in positioning precision of 80.4%. These results confirm the feasibility of high-precision long-range acoustic positioning.","author":[{"family":"Ming","given":"Wanting"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Dajun"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jucheng"},{"family":"Han","given":"Yunfeng"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Kaiyan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse13101898","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13101898","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19361093","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 760: Hacking the Desert: Israel's Water Technology Miracle","abstract":"Episode summary: In an era of escalating climate crises and global water scarcity, the story of how a nation that is sixty percent desert achieved a water surplus is nothing short of a technological marvel. This episode dives deep into the two primary pillars of Israeli water innovation: precision drip irrigation and large-scale desalination. We explore the history of the \"leaky pipe\" that revolutionized agriculture, the complex physics of reverse osmosis that allows a country to drink the Mediterranean Sea, and the sophisticated \"smart\" systems that manage every drop with surgical precision. From the massive Sorek desalination plant to the electronic sensors in the Negev desert, discover how these engineering breakthroughs are not only securing a nation's future but also redefining the geopolitics of the Middle East through shared resources and environmental resilience. Show Notes For decades, the image of the Middle East was one of barren hills and cracked earth. However, a modern look at the landscape reveals a different reality: lush vineyards in the sand and a surplus of water in a region defined by scarcity. This transformation is the result of a deliberate, multi-decade technological \"hack\" of the desert, built primarily on two pillars: precision drip irrigation and industrial-scale desalination. **The Precision of Drip Irrigation** Traditional agriculture has long relied on flood irrigation or sprinklers, methods that are notoriously inefficient in hot climates. In these systems, a significant percentage of water evaporates before it ever reaches the roots, often over-saturating the surface and encouraging weed growth. The shift to drip irrigation, pioneered in the 1960s, changed the fundamental philosophy of farming from \"watering the field\" to \"feeding the plant.\" The technology relies on sophisticated plastic emitters that use friction and labyrinth-like pathways to regulate water flow. This ensures that every plant receives a constant, low-pressure drip directly at its root zone, regardless of its position on a steep hill or the length of the pipe. Modern \"smart drip\" systems have evolved to include \"fertigation,\" where nutrients are mixed directly into the water, and soil sensors that adjust flow based on real-time moisture levels and satellite weather data. This approach is roughly 90% efficient, drastically reducing waste while increasing crop yields. **Drinking the Sea: The Rise of Desalination** While efficiency saves water, a growing population still requires a reliable source. Israel's strategic pivot toward desalination in the early 2000s has resulted in five major plants along the Mediterranean coast that now provide over 80% of the country's domestic water. The process is centered on reverse osmosis, a method where seawater is forced through microscopic membranes at incredibly high pressure. These membranes are so fine—roughly 0.1 nanometers—that they block salt, bacteria, and chemicals, allowing only pure water molecules to pass through. To make this economically viable, modern plants utilize energy recovery devices that capture mechanical energy from waste brine to help pump incoming seawater. This has dropped the cost of water to a level where it is often cheaper than a cup of coffee per thousand liters. **The Circular Water Economy** The final piece of the puzzle is the reuse of wastewater. By treated and recycling nearly 90% of its sewage for agricultural use, the system creates a closed loop. This prevents environmental contamination and ensures that high-quality desalinated water is reserved for drinking, while treated water sustains the country's forests and farms. This technological infrastructure has fundamentally altered the region's outlook. Water is no longer just a source of potential conflict; it has become a commodity for cooperation. By turning a natural deficit into a technological surplus, these innovations provide a blueprint for other nations facing the harsh realities of a warming pl","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19361093","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19361093","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19358494","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 235: Digital Fingerprints: The Secret Math Saving Your Data","abstract":"Episode summary: Have you ever wondered about those long strings of gibberish next to a download link? In this episode, Herman and Corn dive deep into the world of checksums—the digital fingerprints that ensure your data hasn't been corrupted by \"bit rot\" or tampered with by malicious actors. We explore the fascinating evolution of these mathematical safeguards, from the early days of MD5 to the modern, collision-resistant standard of SHA-256. The duo explains why even a secure HTTPS connection can't protect you from hardware failure or compromised mirror servers, making independent verification a vital skill for every user. Beyond just downloads, discover how checksums power \"self-healing\" file systems like ZFS and maintain the immutable history of software development through Git's Merkle trees. It's a geeky deep dive into the hidden protocols that keep the internet from falling apart, one bit at a time. Join us to learn how to master your own digital provenance. Show Notes In a digital landscape increasingly defined by generative media and deepfakes, the question of \"what is real\" has never been more pressing. In a recent episode of *My Weird Prompts*, hosts Herman Poppleberry and Corn took a deep dive into the foundational technology of digital truth: the checksum. Using a listener's analogy of an \"apostille\"—an official certificate that authenticates a physical document—the hosts explored why these seemingly random strings of characters are the unsung heroes of data integrity. ### What Exactly is a Checksum? Herman describes a checksum as a \"digital fingerprint.\" Mathematically, it is a small-sized datum derived from a larger block of digital data. Its primary purpose is to detect errors that might have been introduced during transmission or storage. The beauty of a checksum lies in its sensitivity; if even a single bit in a multi-gigabyte file is altered, the resulting checksum will change completely. This allows a user to verify that the file they have received is an exact, bit-for-bit match of the original intended by the creator. ### The Limits of HTTPS A common misconception discussed in the episode is the belief that HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is sufficient for data safety. While Corn pointed out that browsers handle secure connections, Herman clarified a vital distinction: HTTPS secures the *transit*, not the *source*. HTTPS ensures that nobody is eavesdropping or tampering with the data while it travels from a server to your computer. However, it cannot tell you if the file was already corrupted on the server before it started moving, or if it became corrupted on your hard drive after arrival. Herman introduced the concept of \"bit rot\"—the physical degradation of storage media where cosmic rays or hardware failure can flip a bit from a zero to a one. In these cases, HTTPS will faithfully deliver a corrupted file because the connection itself remained secure. Checksums provide a second layer of trust, acting as an independent verification of the file's state regardless of the delivery mechanism. ### The Evolution of Algorithms: MD5 vs. SHA-256 The conversation shifted to the \"how\" of checksums, specifically the algorithms used to generate them. Herman provided a history of MD5 (Message Digest Algorithm 5), designed in 1991. While popular for its speed, MD5 is now considered cryptographically broken due to \"collisions.\" A collision occurs when two different sets of data produce the exact same checksum. Under the \"pigeonhole principle,\" because a checksum has a fixed length (128 bits for MD5) and the amount of possible data is infinite, collisions are mathematically inevitable. However, for an algorithm to be secure, finding a collision should be computationally impossible. By 2008, researchers demonstrated that they could intentionally create different files with matching MD5 hashes, allowing malicious actors to spoof legitimate software or even digital certificates. Today, the industry has largely m","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19358494","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19358494","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19566943","type":"article-journal","title":"How Iran Lost the Air War in Six Weeks","abstract":"Episode summary: From February 28 through April 8, Operation Epic Fury unfolded as a six-week doctrinal duel between two militaries with fundamentally different strategies. The coalition opened with precision sequencing and decapitation; Iran responded with mass saturation. As the campaign evolved, both sides shifted tactics—the coalition moved toward destroying Iran's industrial capacity while Iran pivoted to economic leverage through energy infrastructure and strait closure. This deep week-by-week analysis examines how military doctrine evolved on both sides, where the coalition faced unexpected vulnerabilities (interceptor shortages, friendly fire losses, submarine kills), and what Iran's asymmetric moves—from targeting the Strait of Hormuz to threatening global trade routes—reveal about the limits of air dominance in modern conflict. Show Notes # Operation Epic Fury: The Doctrinal War Behind the Headlines The six-week campaign from February 28 through April 8 between the US-Israel coalition and Iran was not a simple story of overwhelming force crushing a weaker adversary. Beneath the casualty counts and weapons systems lay a deeper doctrinal contest—two militaries learning and adapting in real time. ## Week One: Precision vs. Mass The coalition opened with textbook Phase One doctrine: suppression of enemy air defenses at unprecedented scale. US Cyber Command and Space Command disabled Iranian communications before a single bomb dropped. Over a hundred aircraft then launched in synchronized strikes—B-52s, B-2 Spirits, B-1 Lancers, Tomahawks from USS Frank E. Petersen Jr., and HIMARS firing Precision Strike Missiles from Bahrain (the first operational combat use of PrSM). But the most consequential event happened in the opening hours: Supreme Leader Khamenei was killed alongside dozens of senior political and military leaders. The decapitation was real and immediate, fundamentally altering the war's trajectory before Iran mounted any organized response. Yet Iran still fired. They launched 202 ballistic missiles and 221 drones at Qatar and the UAE in the opening days, hitting US bases across the Gulf, commercial shipping in the Strait of Hormuz, and—critically—an AN/TPY-2 forward-based X-band radar at Muwaffaq Salti Air Base in Jordan. They also hit what sources described as the CIA station in Saudi Arabia. Iran's doctrine was mass and volume: overwhelm defenses through saturation. By week's end, the numbers favored the coalition heavily. CENTCOM reported Iranian ballistic missile attacks down 90%, drone attacks down 83%, 30 Iranian warships destroyed, and 60% of Iran's roughly 420 missile launchers neutralized. Iran's national internet shut down in what would become the longest national internet blackout on record. But the coalition paid costs. Six US personnel were killed on March 1 in a drone strike on Port Shuaiba in Kuwait. Three F-15s were lost to friendly fire from Kuwaiti air defenses—a coordination failure that highlighted coalition friction. And on March 4, the IRIS Dena, an Iranian frigate, was sunk by a Los Angeles-class submarine off Sri Lanka—the first US submarine torpedo kill since World War II, with 104 crew lost. ## Week Two: Industrial Capacity and Economic Pressure On March 5, CENTCOM announced Phase Two with striking candor. Admiral Brad Cooper stated: \"We're not just hitting what they have, we're destroying their ability to rebuild. As we transition to the next phase of this operation, we will systematically dismantle Iran's missile production capability for the future.\" The target set shifted from military hardware to industrial capacity—underground missile cities, production facilities, the defense-industrial base. The theory moved from \"reduce the threat now\" to \"eliminate the threat permanently.\" Iran adapted too. Their week two targeting became notably more selective and economically focused. They struck fuel storage in Bahrain, targeted the Saudi Shaybah oil field with 16 drones, and hit Dubai Inte","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19566943","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19566943","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19359456","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 402: Powering the Abyss: The Secret High-Voltage Undersea Web","abstract":"Episode summary: Have you ever wondered how your data survives a three-thousand-mile journey across the Atlantic floor? In this episode, Herman and Corn peel back the layers of the most ambitious infrastructure project in human history: the subsea fiber optic network. While we often think of the internet as an ethereal cloud, the reality is a massive, high-voltage engineering feat involving over 500 active cable systems that wrap around the globe thirty-five times. The duo discusses the sophisticated physics of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs), which boost signals without converting light to electricity, and the staggering 18,000-volt constant current systems required to keep the web alive. You'll learn why engineers use the Earth's crust as a return path for electricity and how these cables are built to withstand the crushing pressures of the deep ocean. From the historical influence of Lord Kelvin to modern innovations in aluminum conductors, this episode explores the physical, heavy, and wet reality of our digital world. Show Notes In a world where digital connectivity feels as natural as breathing, it is easy to forget that the \"cloud\" is not an ethereal mist, but a massive, physical network of hardware. In a recent episode, hosts Herman and Corn explored the staggering engineering required to maintain the global internet, focusing on the hundreds of thousands of miles of fiber optic cables resting on the ocean floor. As of early 2026, over 500 active subsea cable systems wrap around the Earth more than 35 times. While many understand that these cables carry data via light, few realize the Herculean effort required to provide the electricity that keeps those signals moving across thousands of miles of saltwater. ### The Problem of Attenuation and the Need for Boosters Herman and Corn began the discussion by addressing a fundamental limitation of physics: attenuation. Even the purest glass fiber optic strands act like a \"fog\" over long distances. As photons travel through the glass, they are gradually absorbed or scattered. Typically, every 60 to 80 kilometers, the light signal becomes so dim that the data would be lost without intervention. To solve this, engineers install repeaters—massive, pressure-resistant housings—along the cable. Herman explained that modern repeaters use Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs). Unlike older technology that converted light to electricity and back again, EDFAs use a piece of fiber infused with Erbium ions. When \"pumped\" with laser light, these ions reach a high-energy state. As the weakened data signal passes through, it triggers a chain reaction that releases identical photons, effectively boosting the signal without a slow electronic conversion. However, these pump lasers require a constant, ultra-reliable power source, which presents a massive engineering challenge at depths of five miles. ### High-Voltage Engineering: 18,000 Volts Under the Sea The power delivery system for these cables is a masterpiece of high-voltage engineering. Herman noted that for the newest high-capacity cables, engineers are pushing toward 18,000 volts of direct current (DC). Unlike home electronics, which use constant voltage, subsea cables utilize a constant current system (usually 1 to 1.5 amperes). Corn pointed out the brilliance of this choice: in a cable thousands of miles long, resistance is immense. If a constant voltage system were used, any fluctuation in resistance—caused by temperature shifts or minor leaks—would cause the voltage at the far end to swing wildly. By using constant current, the Power Feed Equipment (PFE) at the landing stations can automatically adjust the voltage to ensure a steady flow of electricity to every repeater in the chain. ### The Earth as a Circuit: The \"Sea Return\" Perhaps the most mind-bending revelation in the discussion was the method used to complete the electrical circuit. Most people assume a cable contains two wires—a positive and a negative. However, to sa","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19359456","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19359456","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19323568","type":"article-journal","title":"Missiles as Sensors: Iran's Live-Fire Intel Probe","abstract":"Episode summary: Every night at 11 PM, Iranian ballistic missiles light up the same patch of desert near Israel's Dimona facility. This isn't a failing strategy—it's a calculated intelligence-gathering operation. We explore how Iran is using missiles as sensors to map Israeli radar coverage, test interceptor response times, and calibrate guidance systems against GPS jamming in Jerusalem. By repeating the same flight path, the IRGC is performing a live-fire diagnostic on one of the world's most advanced air defense networks, gathering data on everything from battery saturation points to electronic warfare effectiveness. Show Notes For the past five nights, the same scenario has unfolded over Israel's Negev desert: between 10 PM and midnight, eight to ten red polygons appear on defense dashboards, bracketing the area around the Dimona nuclear facility. To a civilian, this is terrifying. To a military analyst, it's data. The pattern is too consistent to be accidental. Iran is launching ballistic missiles along nearly identical trajectories night after night, targeting what appear to be empty patches of sand 23 kilometers from the actual facility. This isn't a failing strategy—it's a deliberate intelligence operation using missiles as sensors. **The Live-Fire Diagnostic** When a ballistic missile enters Israeli airspace, it triggers a cascade of responses. Green Pine radars for the Arrow system activate. American-operated X-band sites light up. David's Sling and Iron Dome batteries prepare for terminal phase interception. Every missile launch forces the Israeli Defense Forces to reveal their hand: specific radars turn on, specific frequencies are used, and interceptors launch from identifiable locations. By repeating the same flight path, Iran isn't just getting a snapshot—it's establishing a baseline. If interceptors engage at 40,000 feet on Monday but 35,000 feet on Tuesday, that reveals information about battery readiness or interceptor inventory. If radar acquisition times shift, that indicates changes in the network's responsiveness. The IRGC is essentially stress-testing the entire defense architecture. By hitting the same eight to ten polygons every night, they're mapping the saturation point of local batteries, identifying whether launch platforms are rotating, and searching for radar shadows created by the Negev's complex topography. Deep craters, jagged ridges, and the massive elevation drop to the Dead Sea create natural blind spots that can be exploited with precise approach angles. **The Jerusalem Calibration** The most alarming data point came when a missile fell 400 meters from Jerusalem's Western Wall. This wasn't an attempt to destroy a holy site—it was a precision calibration test. Iran has long claimed its newer missiles, like the Fattah and Kheibar Shekan, achieve a Circular Error Probable (CEP) of under 30 meters. To prove this in combat, you need a target that's both high-stakes and physically small. The Western Wall serves as the perfect bullseye: hit it and you achieve a symbolic victory; hit the Al-Aqsa Mosque or Dome of the Rock and you lose Muslim world support. A 400-meter miss seems like a failure, but it's invaluable data. Jerusalem experiences intense GPS spoofing—Israeli electronic warfare deliberately corrupts navigation signals. When an Iranian missile with terminal guidance capabilities misses by 400 meters, engineers learn exactly how much their inertial navigation system drifts when GPS is denied. They can then adjust algorithms and try again. This is A-B testing with high explosives. During the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq fired Scuds at Israel that landed in the West Bank due to inaccuracy. The IRGC studied those failures and developed missiles with movable fins for terminal course correction. Aiming for Jerusalem tests whether those fins can overcome Israeli electronic warfare. **Information Attrition** The psychological dimension is equally important. Triggering alerts every night between 10 PM and ","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19323568","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19323568","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19358935","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 312: Digital Stone Carving: The Secret Life of Optical Media","abstract":"Episode summary: In this episode of My Weird Prompts, Corn and Herman dive into the dusty closet of their housemate Daniel to uncover the surprising resilience of optical media in a cloud-dominated world. While most of us have abandoned physical discs for the convenience of streaming, industries like medicine and high-level security are doubling down on \"Write Once Read Many\" (WORM) technology for its unalterable nature and air-gapped protection. The duo explores the fascinating science of M-discs—essentially digital stone carving—and looks toward the future of 5D glass storage and robotic jukeboxes that manage petabytes of data without using a single watt of idle power. From the \"hardware gap\" to the quest for true digital ownership, this discussion reveals why the most cutting-edge storage solutions of 2026 might actually look a lot like the artifacts of the past. It's a deep dive into physics, information theory, and the reason why your most precious memories might be safer on a piece of glass than in the cloud. Show Notes In the latest episode of *My Weird Prompts*, hosts Corn and Herman find themselves surrounded by the relics of the early 2000s. The catalyst for their discussion was a simple discovery by their housemate, Daniel: a spindle of M-discs unearthed during a home reorganization in Jerusalem. While many view optical media as a dead technology—an artifact of a pre-cloud era—Herman and Corn argue that discs are not only surviving but are actually the secret backbone of the world's most critical data infrastructure in 2026. ### The Science of Longevity: M-Discs vs. The World The conversation begins with a technical breakdown of why traditional recordable DVDs and Blu-rays often fail. Herman explains the phenomenon of \"disc rot,\" which occurs because standard discs use an organic dye layer. Over time, heat, light, and humidity cause this dye to degrade, rendering the data unreadable. The M-disc, or \"Millennial Disc,\" represents a radical shift in philosophy. Created by the company Millenniata, these discs replace organic dye with a proprietary inorganic layer that resembles stone or glass. Instead of a chemical change, a high-powered laser literally carves pits into the material. Herman describes this process as \"digital stone carving.\" Because the material is inorganic, it is immune to the environmental factors that kill standard discs. Testing has shown these discs can survive boiling water and intense UV radiation, with a theoretical lifespan of one thousand years. ### WORM Media and the Power of the Air Gap One of the most compelling segments of the episode focuses on why \"old\" tech is still a requirement in high-stakes industries. Daniel's prompt highlighted the continued use of WORM (Write Once, Read Many) media in medical imaging and legal archives. Corn and Herman explore the two main reasons for this: compliance and security. In a world plagued by ransomware and data tampering, the \"Write Once\" feature is a vital security asset. Once data is etched into an optical disc, it cannot be overwritten or modified by malware. This creates a physical guarantee of data integrity that a standard hard drive or cloud bucket simply cannot match. Furthermore, optical discs provide an \"air gap.\" A disc sitting on a shelf is not connected to a network, making it impossible for a remote hacker to encrypt or steal. For a hospital or a law firm, this physical isolation is the ultimate defense against digital extortion. ### The Robotic Jukeboxes of the Cloud Perhaps the most surprising insight from the episode is that the cloud itself often relies on optical media. Herman explains that major providers like Sony and Panasonic have developed \"Optical Archive\" systems for \"cold storage\"—data that needs to be preserved but is rarely accessed. These systems resemble giant robotic jukeboxes. When a user requests an archived file, a robot arm retrieves a cartridge containing high-capacity Blu-ray-style discs and inserts it into a driv","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19358935","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19358935","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18967795","type":"article-journal","title":"Shadow War to Total War: Iran vs. Israel in 2026","abstract":"Episode summary: The long-standing proxy conflict between Iran and Israel has finally erupted into a direct state-on-state war, fundamentally altering the landscape of the Middle East and the global economy. This episode breaks down the staggering data from the 2026 missile strikes, the emergence of AI-driven autonomous warfare, and the suspicious timing of this escalation amidst a shifting global financial order. We explore whether this is a localized battle for survival or a scripted transition toward a new, managed global society where fear and technology reign supreme. Join the panel as they peel back the layers of military strategy and hidden agendas to discover what is truly at stake in this high-stakes game of regional chicken. Show Notes The geopolitical landscape of the Middle East has undergone a fundamental transformation. For decades, the friction between Iran and Israel was defined by a \"shadow war\"—a series of proxy battles, cyberattacks, and targeted assassinations. However, by the spring of 2026, the mask has completely slipped. The region has transitioned into an era of direct kinetic equivalence, where ballistic missiles are launched from sovereign soil and air forces strike deep into the heart of national infrastructure. **The Economics of Attrition** The shift in military doctrine is most visible in the sheer scale of the 2026 engagements. Recent strikes against Iranian oil infrastructure, specifically targeting the Kharg Island terminal and the Abadan refinery, resulted in a staggering 68% reduction in Iran's crude export capacity within just three days. These operations utilized advanced long-range Rampage missiles and Blue Sparrow air-launched ballistic missiles, signaling a new level of technical sophistication. On the defensive side, the numbers reveal a high-intensity stalemate. During major barrages, multi-tiered defense systems—including the Arrow 3 and the new Iron Beam laser system—have maintained interception rates above 94%. However, the economic reality of this defense is daunting. While an offensive drone may cost as little as $25,000 to manufacture, the interceptors used to destroy them can cost millions. This creates an asymmetric economic war where \"saturation\" remains a viable strategy for depleting an opponent's resources. **A New Regional Order** Despite the violence, a surprising geopolitical realignment is taking hold. The \"Middle East Air Defense\" alliance (MEAD) has moved from a theoretical concept to an operational reality. Regional partners are increasingly providing radar data and airspace access, prioritizing their own long-term economic goals over historical grievances. Trade volumes between Israel and various Arab signatories of the Abraham Accords have remained remarkably resilient, suggesting that the strategic threat posed by Iran has created a new, pragmatic coalition in the region. **The Invisible Hand of Technology and Finance** Beyond the kinetic battlefield, there are deeper questions regarding the timing and purpose of this escalation. The conflict coincides with significant shifts in global finance, including the potential move away from the petrodollar and the rise of digital currencies. Some analysts suggest the chaos in the Red Sea and the Strait of Hormuz is serving to dismantle old maritime trade routes in favor of new, land-based Eurasian corridors. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence into warfare has reached a tipping point. Systems like \"Lavender\" and \"Gospel\" are now capable of generating thousands of targets in seconds, moving the decision-making process from human commanders to automated algorithms. This shift not only changes the nature of combat but also raises profound questions about accountability and the future of global governance. As the conflict pushes both nations toward a potential nuclear threshold, the world is left to wonder if this is a march toward total war or a managed transition into a new global era. Listen online: ht","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18967795","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18967795","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19358421","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 223: Beyond the Blackout: Tech for Digital Survival","abstract":"Episode summary: How do you stay connected when a regime tries to \"vanish\" the internet? In this episode of My Weird Prompts, Herman and Corn dive deep into the mechanics of digital isolation, moving beyond the headlines to examine the high-stakes game of cat and mouse between state censors and activists. From the surgical manipulation of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) to the surprising physical vulnerabilities of satellite internet, the brothers explore why \"unblockable\" technology is often a myth. They also highlight the \"low-and-slow\" innovations keeping information flowing in conflict zones, including LoRa mesh networks, the Snowflake protocol, and the enduring power of the physical \"sneakernet.\" It is a fascinating look at asymmetrical digital warfare and the resilient tools designed to punch holes in the world's most sophisticated firewalls. Show Notes In the latest episode of *My Weird Prompts*, hosts Herman and Corn Poppleberry take a deep dive into the increasingly sophisticated world of digital censorship and the resilient technologies emerging to combat it. Triggered by a listener's question regarding internet restrictions in high-pressure environments like Iran, the discussion moves past surface-level solutions to examine the fundamental physics and protocols that govern our connected world. ### The Invisible Hijack: Manipulating the Internet's Glue The conversation begins with a look at the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Herman explains that BGP is essentially the \"glue\" of the internet—the system that allows different networks to communicate and decide the most efficient path for data. However, this critical infrastructure is also a primary target for state-level censorship. Herman describes a shift from \"blunt instrument\" tactics—like cutting fiber optic cables, which can devastate a local economy—to more \"surgical\" manipulations. By altering BGP advertisements, a state-controlled ISP can perform a nation-scale man-in-the-middle attack. Instead of blocking a messaging app, the government simply instructs the internet to route all traffic for that app through its own servers first. This allows the state to inspect metadata and identify users while the user's device still appears to be \"connected.\" ### The Myth of the Satellite Savior A significant portion of the episode is dedicated to debunking the idea that satellite internet, specifically Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations like Starlink, is an infallible workaround for censorship. While the narrative often suggests that signals from space are \"untouchable,\" Herman and Corn break down the two primary vulnerabilities: jamming and radio frequency (RF) signatures. Jamming, as Herman explains, is a simple matter of signal-to-noise ratio. A satellite signal is relatively weak by the time it reaches Earth. A local government can easily overwhelm that signal by \"blasting static\" on the same frequencies from a ground-based transmitter. Perhaps more dangerously, Corn and Herman discuss the \"lighthouse effect.\" Every time a satellite dish transmits data, it emits a high-frequency radio signal that acts as a beacon. Using sophisticated direction-finding equipment—which can be mounted on trucks or drones—a hostile regime can triangulate the exact location of a transmitter within meters. For an activist or journalist, using a satellite link can be equivalent to painting a target on their own roof. ### The \"Low-and-Slow\" Alternative: Mesh Networks and LoRa Given the risks of high-powered satellite links, the hosts pivot to what they call \"low-and-slow\" connectivity. This involves using low-power radio protocols like LoRa (Long Range). Originally designed for the Internet of Things (IoT), LoRa uses very little power to send data over long distances. The advantage here is stealth. Because the power output is so low, these signals often sit below the \"noise floor\" of standard electronic warfare equipment, making them much harder to detect than a satellite uplink. Herman highli","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19358421","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19358421","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19358230","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 189: The Leaky Faucet: Thriving After Gallbladder Removal","abstract":"Episode summary: Years after gallbladder surgery, many people still face bloating and discomfort—a condition known as Post-Cholecystectomy Syndrome. In this episode, Herman and Corn break down the biology of bile, explaining why your digestive \"plumbing\" struggles with high-fat loads once the storage tank is gone. From networking analogies to a complete low-fat shopping list, the brothers provide a practical guide for regaining control of your gut. Discover how to use acid, herbs, and lean proteins to create gourmet meals that won't weigh you down. Whether you're looking for the perfect \"fish en papillote\" recipe or a surprising chocolate mousse hack, this episode is your manual for flavorful, bloat-free living. Join us for a deep dive into digestive health that proves low-fat doesn't have to mean low-flavor. Show Notes In a recent episode of *My Weird Prompts*, hosts Herman and Corn Poppleberry took a deep dive into a topic that affects millions but is often glossed over by medical professionals: life after gallbladder removal. Prompted by a request from their housemate, Daniel, who has struggled with chronic bloating and discomfort years after his cholecystectomy, the brothers explored the physiological, mechanical, and culinary shifts required to navigate a world without a gallbladder. ### The Biology of the \"Leaky Faucet\" The discussion began with a fundamental look at human anatomy. Herman explained that while many believe the liver produces bile only when needed, it is actually a constant \"bile factory.\" The gallbladder serves as the warehouse or storage tank for this bile. In a healthy system, the gallbladder receives a hormonal signal when fat enters the small intestine, triggering a concentrated \"squirt\" of bile to emulsify the fats—much like dish soap breaking up grease on a pan. When the gallbladder is removed, this storage capacity vanishes. The liver continues to produce bile, but instead of a controlled, high-pressure release, the bile \"trickles\" constantly into the digestive tract. Herman used the vivid analogy of a leaky faucet replacing a high-pressure hose. This creates a \"capacity issue\"; the body can handle a steady, low-level flow of fat, but it is easily overwhelmed by \"peak loads\" or high-fat meals. When fat isn't properly emulsified, it moves unabsorbed into the large intestine, leading to the bloating, gas, and osmotic distress that Daniel and many others experience—a collection of symptoms known as Post-Cholecystectomy Syndrome (PCS). ### Networking and Digestion In a classic *My Weird Prompts* twist, Corn drew a parallel between digestive biology and information technology. Comparing the gallbladder to a buffer in a network—specifically referencing Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and traffic management—he noted that without a buffer, a system becomes vulnerable to spikes. Just as a network crashes when overwhelmed by a sudden influx of data it cannot cache, the digestive system \"lags\" and fails when hit with a high-fat meal it cannot immediately process. The solution, both in networking and nutrition, is to manage the traffic at the source. ### Redefining the Low-Fat Pantry Herman and Corn transitioned from theory to practice by outlining a \"2026-ready\" shopping list designed for variety and flavor rather than deprivation. The goal was to move away from the processed \"low-fat\" trends of the 90s and toward naturally lean whole foods. **The Foundation: Complex Grains** Herman recommended staples like farro, quinoa, and black rice. These grains provide essential energy and high fiber, which can help regulate the transit of bile acids. Steel-cut oats were also highlighted for their versatility in both sweet and savory applications. **The Protein Shift** The brothers emphasized lean animal proteins such as white fish (cod, tilapia, sea bass) and skinless poultry. However, they also leaned heavily into plant-based options like lentils and chickpeas, noting that while these are excellent low-fat protein sourc","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19358230","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19358230","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19362173","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 1032: Ancient Backups: How History Survived the Delete Command","abstract":"Episode summary: Long before the advent of RAID arrays and cloud storage, humanity grappled with the terrifying prospect of a \"single point of failure\" for its collective memory. This episode explores the fascinating parallels between modern distributed systems and ancient strategies for knowledge preservation, from the manual \"checksums\" performed by Benedictine monks to the \"geographical redundancy\" of the House of Wisdom. We dive into how the Library of Alexandria functioned as a primary data center in a vast network and how the Dead Sea Scrolls represent the most successful \"cold storage\" operation in human history. Join us as we examine why a well-placed clay jar might just outlast your current cloud subscription and what the ancient world can teach us about building systems that endure for millennia rather than mere decades. Show Notes The modern anxiety surrounding data loss—the rhythmic clicking of a failing hard drive or the fear of a corrupted cloud sync—is often viewed as a uniquely digital phenomenon. However, the strategy of redundancy and the fear of a \"single point of failure\" have deep, ancient roots. Long before the invention of the microchip, the preservation of human knowledge relied on a manual, human-driven version of a distributed network. ### The Manual Data Center In the ancient world, the \"delete command\" was often a literal torch. To counter the threat of physical destruction, institutions like monasteries functioned as manual replication nodes. The Benedictine Rule, for example, established a rigorous protocol for the scriptorium. This was not merely a religious exercise but a sophisticated system for data integrity. Scribes utilized \"master copies\" and \"working copies,\" with multi-stage verification processes to prevent data corruption. Interestingly, these scribes even used a primitive form of a checksum called a colophon. By counting lines or individual letters and comparing them to the source text, they performed a manual bit-count to ensure the copy was \"bit-perfect\" before it was added to the library. ### Geographic Redundancy and Data Migration A fundamental rule of modern backup strategy is geographic diversity—keeping data in different locations to survive localized disasters. The ancient world applied this logic to ensure cultural survival. While the Library of Alexandria is often mourned as a total loss of knowledge, it actually functioned as a central hub that cached its data in other Mediterranean \"nodes\" like Rome and Pergamum. This redundancy allowed for massive data recovery operations across centuries. When Western European \"nodes\" went offline during periods of instability, the data remained preserved in Middle Eastern hubs like the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. This process was effectively a cross-platform data migration, where Greek \"code\" was ported to Arabic, ensuring it could run on a different cultural operating system until it could be re-synced with Europe centuries later. ### Cold Storage and Air-Gapped Backups Perhaps the most iconic example of ancient data preservation is the Dead Sea Scrolls. Faced with an impending \"system failure\" due to Roman invasion, the Essenes created the ultimate air-gapped, offline backup. They moved their most critical data to a low-access-frequency node: isolated caves. By using clay jars as ruggedized enclosures to protect the parchment from the environment, they ensured the data survived a two-thousand-year \"outage.\" This success story highlights a timeless truth: the most important information often requires the most extreme isolation. While modern technology offers speed, the ancient world proves that decentralization and physical durability are the keys to truly long-term storage. Listen online: https://myweirdprompts.com/episode/ancient-knowledge-preservation-strategies","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19362173","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19362173","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20381651","type":"article-journal","title":"Two Atoms Changed Everything: The Lost Blue Dye","abstract":"Episode summary: This episode unravels the chemistry, history, and mystery of t'chelet — the biblical blue dye lost for over a millennium. We explore how two bromine atoms transform a common plant dye into a substance so rare it required twelve thousand sea snails for a single garment, why sunlight was the secret to its sacred color, and how the ancient world built an unbreakable authenticity test into the dye itself. From Roman sumptuary laws to a 19th-century rabbi's mistaken cuttlefish theory, this is a story where science and theology are inseparable. Show Notes The story of t'chelet, the biblical blue dye, is a rare case where a single chemical modification — swapping two hydrogen atoms for two bromine — determined the religious, economic, and political fate of an entire civilization. The molecule, six-six-dibromoindigo (DBI), is nearly identical to plant indigo, but those two heavy bromine atoms change how it absorbs light, shifting the color from the blue of common indigo to a deep, sky blue that only appears when the dye is exposed to sunlight during processing. The source was the Murex trunculus sea snail, a spiky carnivorous mollusk whose hypobranchial gland produces a clear mucus that turns purple in air. Expose that purple to ultraviolet light, and one bromine atom breaks off, creating the sacred blue. The same snail, the same molecule, the same process — but sunlight versus darkness meant the difference between a color for emperors and a color for the divine. This built-in photochemical test made forgery impossible with ancient technology: plant indigo stays blue in sunlight, while real t'chelet shifts from purple to blue. The dye vanished after the Islamic conquest of the Levant in the seventh century CE, when trade networks collapsed and tacit knowledge of harvesting and processing was lost. For over 1,300 years, scholars debated the identity of the chilazon, the creature described in the Talmud. The most famous wrong answer came from Rabbi Gershon Henoch Leiner in the 1880s, who believed cuttlefish was the source — but his dye was actually synthetic, requiring iron filings to achieve blue. It wasn't until the late 20th century that researchers identified the correct snail and rediscovered the photochemical process, reuniting science with an ancient tradition. Listen online: https://myweirdprompts.com/episode/tchelet-blue-dye-mystery","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20381651","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20381651","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19360544","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 627: The Tsunami Reality: Physics, Risk, and Survival","abstract":"Episode summary: In this episode, Herman and Corn peel back the cinematic myths of tsunamis to reveal the chilling scientific reality of these \"walls of water.\" Triggered by a housemate's vivid nightmare, the brothers explore why tsunamis travel at 500 mph, why the Mediterranean is more dangerous than you think, and how vertical evacuation might save your life. From the Pacific Ring of Fire to the deep-ocean DART sensors, learn how the entire water column moves to reshape our coastlines in an instant. This deep dive into geophysics explains the difference between wind-driven waves and the displacement of the entire ocean, offering a sobering look at the vulnerability of our modern coastal infrastructure. Show Notes ### Beyond the Big Wave: Deconstructing the Science of Tsunamis In a recent episode of *My Weird Prompts*, hosts Herman and Corn Poppleberry took a deep dive into one of nature's most misunderstood phenomena: the tsunami. The discussion was sparked by a vivid nightmare experienced by their housemate, Daniel, who dreamt of a massive wave hitting a coastline. This dream served as a catalyst for a broader conversation about the terrifying physics of tsunamis, the geographic regions most at risk, and the modern technology used to monitor these deep-ocean threats. #### The Hollywood Myth vs. Physical Reality The brothers began by addressing the most common misconception about tsunamis: what they actually look like. Pop culture, specifically Hollywood disaster films like *Deep Impact*, often depicts tsunamis as massive, curling \"surfer\" waves. However, Herman explained that the reality is far more insidious. While a standard ocean wave is caused by wind blowing across the surface—concentrating energy only at the top of the water—a tsunami is caused by the displacement of the entire water column, from the seafloor to the surface. Herman used a vivid analogy to explain this: imagine being in a bathtub and pushing your hand upward from the bottom. You aren't just creating a ripple on the surface; you are moving the entire volume of water. This results in a wavelength that can exceed 100 miles. Because of this massive scale, a tsunami does not \"break\" like a beach wave. Instead, it arrives as a rapidly rising tide or a \"wall of water\" that simply does not stop coming for minutes or even half an hour. #### The Incredible Speed of Deep-Ocean Energy One of the most startling facts discussed was the speed at which these waves travel. In the deep ocean, a tsunami can move at speeds exceeding 500 miles per hour—comparable to a commercial jet plane. Despite this speed, Herman noted that ships in the open ocean might not even feel a tsunami passing beneath them, as the wave height might only be a foot or two in deep water. The danger manifests through a process called \"shoaling.\" As the wave approaches the shallow waters of a continental shelf, the front of the wave slows down due to friction with the rising seafloor. However, the back of the wave, still miles out at sea, continues to barrel forward at hundreds of miles per hour. This causes the water to \"pile up,\" shrinking the wavelength and dramatically increasing the height. This massive surge of water carries immense mass, turning into a grinding slurry of debris—cars, trees, and buildings—that acts as a battering ram against anything in its path. #### Geography of Risk: Beyond the Pacific While 80 percent of tsunamis occur within the Pacific Ocean's \"Ring of Fire\" due to its volatile subduction zones, Corn and Herman highlighted risks closer to home. Corn noted the presence of tsunami evacuation signs in Tel Aviv, leading to a discussion about the Mediterranean Sea. Surprisingly, about 10 percent of all global tsunamis occur in the Mediterranean. Because the Mediterranean basin is relatively small, a tsunami triggered by an earthquake near Greece or Crete could reach the Israeli coast in as little as 30 to 60 minutes. This creates a much narrower window for evacuation compared ","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19360544","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19360544","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19358486","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 233: The Sound Spotlight: How Beamforming Redefines Audio","abstract":"Episode summary: Have you ever wondered how a tiny conference speaker can pick up your voice from across a cavernous, echoing room while ignoring the hum of the air conditioner? In this episode, Herman and Corn pull back the curtain on beamforming, a sophisticated blend of physics and digital signal processing that allows devices to \"look\" with their ears. From the basic principles of wave interference to the cutting-edge world of neural beamforming and spatial audio, this discussion explores how we are using billions of calculations per second to replicate—and sometimes exceed—the natural capabilities of human hearing. Whether it is life-changing hearing aid technology or futuristic soundbars that bounce audio off your walls, learn why the future of sound is all about direction. Show Notes In the modern world, we are surrounded by devices that seem to possess an uncanny ability to hear us. Whether it is a conference \"puck\" on a glass table in a Jerusalem stone house or a hands-free system in a car traveling at highway speeds, our technology is increasingly adept at isolating human speech from a sea of background noise. In this episode, hosts Herman Poppleberry and Corn explore the engineering marvel known as beamforming—the art and science of using mathematics to tell a microphone where to look. ### The Physics of \"Looking\" with Sound As Herman explains, beamforming is not about moving parts or tiny motors. Instead, it relies on digital signal processing (DSP) and the physical arrangement of multiple microphones, known as a microphone array. While we often think of microphones as passive sensors, beamforming turns them into directional tools. The process begins with a concept called the \"Time Difference of Arrival.\" Because sound travels at a constant speed, it hits different microphones in an array at slightly different times. By calculating these micro-delays, a processor can triangulate the exact location of a sound source. However, identifying a location is only half the battle; the real magic happens through phase interference. Herman uses the analogy of ripples in a pond to explain how this works. When two waves meet, they can either reinforce each other (constructive interference) or cancel each other out (destructive interference). By introducing intentional, millisecond-level delays to the signals coming from different microphones, a beamforming system can align the waves of a specific voice so they sum together perfectly, making the voice louder. Simultaneously, sounds coming from other directions are processed so that they are out of phase, effectively muting the rest of the room in real-time. ### From Fixed Beams to Neural Networks The conversation shifts from the basics to the evolution of the technology. Early beamforming was \"fixed,\" much like a flashlight taped to a wall—it worked perfectly as long as the speaker didn't move. However, modern environments require something more dynamic. This led to the development of adaptive beamforming, which Herman compares to a spotlight operator following a performer across a stage. By 2026, this technology has advanced into \"Neural Beamforming.\" Modern chips now utilize deep learning models to predict where a voice is moving. These systems use voice activity detectors to distinguish between human speech and mechanical noise, such as a car engine or an air conditioner. In a vehicle, this allows the system to create a \"null\" or dead zone specifically over the engine or speakers while keeping a high-fidelity \"beam\" locked onto the driver's mouth. ### The Human Element and the Cocktail Party Effect One of the most fascinating segments of the discussion involves the \"cocktail party effect\"—the human brain's natural ability to focus on one conversation in a crowded room. Herman points out that while humans do this instinctively with just two ears and the physical shape of the outer ear (the pinna), engineers must use dozens of microphones and massive computational power to achi","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19358486","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19358486","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20214988","type":"article-journal","title":"How Desalination Made Israel a Water Superpower","abstract":"Episode summary: When Israel faced a catastrophic drought in the early 2000s, the Sea of Galilee was turning brackish and the national water system was on the verge of collapse. Instead of accepting scarcity, the country bet big on reverse osmosis desalination, led by companies like IDE Technologies. The result? A water surplus that now supplies 80% of municipal needs, transformed the Mediterranean into the primary water source, and created a new tool for regional diplomacy. This episode explores the technological breakthroughs that drove costs below 60 cents per cubic meter, and how water agreements with Jordan and the Palestinian Authority have managed to bypass political gridlock. We also look at Project Prosperity, a landmark deal trading Israeli desalinated water for Jordanian solar power, financed by the UAE. It's a story of engineering, economics, and the quiet power of technocratic diplomacy. Show Notes In the early 2000s, Israel faced a hydrological crisis that threatened its very existence. The Sea of Galilee, the country's primary natural freshwater reservoir, was salinizing at an alarming rate. Hydrologists projected that within a few years, the national water system would fail to meet basic municipal demand. The solution was not a new source of freshwater, but a massive bet on reverse osmosis desalination. The turning point came with the Sorek desalination plant, which came online in 2013. Producing over 150 million cubic meters annually at a cost of just 58 U.S. cents per cubic meter, desalinated seawater suddenly became cheaper than pumping water from the Sea of Galilee. This economic crossover transformed the technology from a desperate backup into a strategic asset. By 2022, five major plants were producing 585 million cubic meters annually, effectively making the Mediterranean the country's primary water source. This water surplus has reshaped not just Israel's domestic water security, but its regional diplomacy. The 2021 agreement with Jordan saw Israel supply 50 million cubic meters of desalinated water annually, a deal that functioned despite deep political tensions over the Palestinian issue. The logic was pure enlightened self-interest: a neighbor in water crisis is a neighbor who might do desperate things. This technocratic approach culminated in Project Prosperity, a framework agreement between Israel, Jordan, and the UAE to trade Jordanian solar energy for Israeli desalinated water. The lesson is clear: water and energy are fungible in ways that territory and sovereignty are not. Solving scarcity domestically created the surplus needed to build diplomatic bridges, proving that infrastructure can sometimes succeed where politics fails. Listen online: https://myweirdprompts.com/episode/israel-desalination-water-diplomacy","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20214988","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20214988","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19699186","type":"article-journal","title":"Oil Origins: From Ancient Soup to Modern Energy","abstract":"Episode summary: Where does oil actually come from? This episode dives into the geological processes that transform ancient organic matter into the crude oil we rely on today. We explore the split between land and sea extraction, why oil is so unevenly distributed across the globe, and whether modern technology has uncovered all the major oil fields. From the prehistoric soup kitchens of the Tethys Sea to the high-stakes gamble of wildcat drilling, uncover the fascinating story behind one of the world's most crucial resources. Show Notes Oil is one of the most essential resources on Earth, but its origins and distribution are often misunderstood. This episode delves into the geological processes that create oil, exploring how ancient organic matter transforms into hydrocarbons under specific conditions. ### The Formation of Oil Oil forms from microscopic plankton and algae that settle in low-oxygen environments, such as ancient river deltas or deep ocean basins. Over millions of years, these organic materials are buried under layers of sediment. Heat and pressure within the \"oil window\" (60-150°C) convert the organic matter into crude oil and natural gas. This process requires a precise combination of source rock, reservoir rock, and cap rock to trap the oil—conditions that are rare and unevenly distributed across the planet. ### Land vs. Sea Extraction Today, about 60% of oil is extracted from land, while 40% comes from offshore sources. This split reflects both historical technological limitations and geological realities. Many oil-rich regions, such as the Middle East, were once ancient seabeds that were lifted above water by tectonic activity. Offshore drilling, a more recent technological advancement, taps into submerged basins that have remained underwater for millions of years. ### Uneven Global Distribution Oil is not evenly distributed. Countries like Saudi Arabia, with its massive Ghawar Field, hold vast reserves due to ideal geological conditions—ancient shallow seas, stable tectonic activity, and intact cap rocks. In contrast, regions with high tectonic activity, such as the Pacific Rim, have little to no oil because any hydrocarbons formed were likely destroyed or leaked away. ### The Future of Oil Discovery Modern technology, such as 3D and 4D seismic imaging, has revolutionized oil exploration, allowing geologists to model subsurface geology with unprecedented detail. However, exploring new basins remains expensive and risky, with wildcat wells—exploratory drills in unproven areas—having a success rate of only about one in five. While much of the planet has been surveyed, significant discoveries could still be made, especially in ultra-deepwater or remote regions. Understanding oil's origins and distribution is crucial as we navigate global energy transitions. From ancient geology to cutting-edge technology, the story of oil is a testament to the interplay of natural history and human innovation. Listen online: https://myweirdprompts.com/episode/oil-origins-distribution","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19699186","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19699186","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19359816","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 474: The Price of Autonomy: Can a Nation Truly Go It Alone?","abstract":"Episode summary: In this episode, Herman Poppleberry and Corn dive into the complex reality of \"non-dependency\" in the modern age, specifically focusing on the push to phase out U.S. military aid. They explore the historical trauma that birthed the Israeli ethos of self-reliance and the technical hurdles of maintaining advanced hardware like the F-35 without global supply chains. From the \"calorie problem\" of grain imports to the revolutionary potential of the Iron Beam laser system, the duo examines whether true autarky is a recipe for security or a fast track to isolation. Join the conversation as they discuss the shift from \"just-in-time\" globalism to \"just-in-case\" regionalism and what it means for a nation to move from being a \"vassal\" to a true strategic partner. Show Notes ### The Myth of the Island Nation: Navigating the Realities of Strategic Autonomy In the latest episode of the podcast, hosts Herman Poppleberry and Corn take a deep dive into one of the most enduring and complicated concepts in modern geopolitics: the idea of national non-dependency. Using the State of Israel as a primary case study, the duo explores whether it is possible—or even desirable—for a small nation to achieve 100% independence in a world defined by hyper-interconnected supply chains and shifting diplomatic alliances. The conversation begins with a look at the \"founding mythos\" of self-reliance, known in Hebrew as *Atzmaut*. As Herman explains, this doctrine wasn't born out of a desire for isolation, but out of the trauma of necessity. In 1948, facing an arms embargo and a lack of international support, the fledgling state had to rely on smuggled planes and surplus rifles. This created a lasting national psyche: the belief that, ultimately, no one is coming to save you. #### The Military-Industrial Tightrope A major focus of the discussion is the current government's stated goal of phasing out United States military aid by the year 2028. While this sounds like a move toward ultimate sovereignty, Corn and Herman highlight the immense technical and financial hurdles involved. Currently, Israel receives billions in Foreign Military Financing (FMF), but as Herman points out, the terms are changing. By 2028, all that aid must be spent within the U.S. defense industry. This creates a \"golden cage\" of dependency. If Israel stops taking the aid to regain domestic control, it risks losing guaranteed access to the supply chains of essential platforms like the F-35 fighter jet. Corn notes that \"no amount of local genius\" can 3D-print proprietary parts for a Texas-made jet without violating international agreements. The hosts revisit the cautionary tale of the Lavi fighter jet in the 1980s—a project that was canceled due to spiraling costs and American pressure—as a reminder that even the best engineers cannot overcome the lack of market scale. However, the discussion isn't entirely pessimistic. Herman highlights the \"Iron Beam\" as a potential game-changer. This high-powered laser defense system represents a shift toward technological independence. By replacing a $50,000 interceptor missile with a $2 blast of electricity, the nation reduces its reliance on foreign manufacturing lines. Yet, even here, the hosts acknowledge that the specialized cooling systems and diodes often remain tied to global markets. #### The \"Island Nation\" and the Calorie Problem Moving beyond the military, Corn and Herman address the physical reality of being an \"island nation.\" With closed land borders, over 98% of trade moves through the sea. This makes the country's ports—Haifa, Ashdod, and Eilat—literal windpipes. The vulnerability of these ports was recently underscored by the Red Sea crisis, which saw Eilat's activity drop by 80%. The conversation then turns to the \"calorie problem.\" While the country is a leader in agricultural technology and produces 95% of its own produce, it is almost entirely dependent on foreign grain, sugar, and oilseeds. Herman explains that the \"","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19359816","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19359816","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19359718","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 452: Boutique Diplomacy: Inside Jerusalem's Startup Embassies","abstract":"Episode summary: In this insightful episode of My Weird Prompts, hosts Herman and Corn explore the fascinating rise of \"boutique diplomacy\" in Jerusalem, focusing on how small island nations like Fiji and Papua New Guinea are eschewing traditional bureaucratic models in favor of agile, tech-focused missions. From the heights of office towers in Malha, these lean diplomatic teams operate like high-stakes startups, moving beyond simple consular duties to facilitate critical military liaisons, faith-based cultural exchanges, and high-tech agricultural partnerships that bridge the gap between the Negev desert and the South Pacific. By prioritizing strategic proximity to Israel's government centers and leveraging niche strengths like sports diplomacy, these smaller missions are proving that in the modern international arena, impact is measured by innovation and agility rather than the size of a fortress-like compound. Show Notes On a chilly February morning in 2026, against the backdrop of Jerusalem's iconic gray stone, brothers Herman and Corn Poppleberry sat down to dissect a burgeoning trend in international relations: the rise of \"boutique diplomacy.\" This episode of *My Weird Prompts* was sparked by a listener's observation of new flags flying over the city—specifically those of smaller nations like Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, and Sierra Leone. While the world often focuses on the massive, high-security compounds of superpowers, Herman and Corn argue that the real future of diplomatic engagement might be found in the agile, lean offices of these smaller missions. ### The Rise of the \"Startup Embassy\" Herman Poppleberry, a man whose bedside table is famously stacked with maps of the Green Line and white papers on international law, posits that these smaller embassies represent a fundamental shift in how nations interact. Unlike the traditional, slow-moving bureaucracies of larger states, these missions operate with a \"startup\" mentality. With staff counts often in the single digits, these diplomats must be multi-disciplinary, wearing the hats of trade envoys, cultural attaches, and administrative officers all at once. The hosts note that these embassies are frequently located in modern office towers, such as the Jerusalem Technology Park in Malha, rather than isolated compounds. This choice reflects a desire for efficiency and proximity. In a city like Jerusalem, being five minutes away from the Knesset or the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is a strategic necessity for a small team that cannot afford to lose hours in traffic. This physical closeness allows for a level of agility that larger missions, bogged down by security protocols and layers of management, often lack. ### Beyond Passports: The Real Work of Small Missions One of the most significant misconceptions Corn and Herman address is the idea that embassies exist primarily for consular services like issuing passports. For nations like Fiji, the number of resident citizens in Israel is relatively small. However, the mission's workload is immense. Herman highlights the critical role of military liaison work. Fiji, for example, has a long and distinguished history of contributing to United Nations peacekeeping operations. Their diplomats in Jerusalem spend a significant portion of their time coordinating with the Israeli Ministry of Defense and various UN bodies to support troops stationed in the Sinai Peninsula and along the borders. This behind-the-scenes work—handling logistics, visa renewals for rotating troops, and medical evacuations—is the backbone of their diplomatic presence. ### Ag-Tech and the \"Ginger Connection\" Perhaps the most compelling insight from the discussion is the role of these embassies as technology bridges. Herman explains that for an archipelago like Fiji, the challenges of rising sea levels and soil salinity are existential. Israel, a global leader in desalination and arid-land agriculture, serves as a \"living laboratory\" for these nations. T","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19359718","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19359718","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19361103","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 763: Shadows of the Sea: Submarine Stealth and Navigation","abstract":"Episode summary: How do the world's most advanced naval vessels vanish in an age of total surveillance? This episode explores the tactical reality of submarines, from the physics of underwater speed to the psychological power of \"sea denial\" and the technology that turns these massive vessels into \"black holes\" of the ocean. We break down the cutting-edge science behind Air Independent Propulsion and Inertial Navigation Systems, revealing how crews navigate the abyss using light and motion without ever needing to see the sun. Show Notes The modern submarine remains one of the most complex and secretive pieces of technology ever devised. Often referred to as the \"masters of the shell game,\" these vessels operate on a tactical philosophy known as sea denial. Unlike a carrier strike group, which projects power through visible presence, a submarine's power lies in its potential presence. By simply existing somewhere in the vastness of the ocean, a single submarine forces an adversary to expend massive resources on anti-submarine warfare, effectively taxing every move the enemy makes. There is a common misconception that submarines are the high-speed Ferraris of the ocean. In reality, physics dictates a different story. Because water is roughly 800 times denser than air, a submerged vessel faces immense skin friction. While surface ships must overcome wave-making resistance, a fully submerged submarine is encased in a high-viscosity fluid. Even with the immense power of a nuclear reactor, most modern attack submarines top out between 25 and 35 knots—slower than many high-speed surface interceptors. The true evolution of the submarine lies in its ability to remain untrackable. In an era where civilian apps can track almost every plane and cargo ship via the Automatic Identification System (AIS), military submarines remain \"dark.\" They utilize anechoic tiles—polyurethane or rubber coatings—to absorb active sonar pings and dampen internal mechanical noises. Furthermore, the rise of Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) has changed the stealth landscape. While nuclear submarines are limited by the constant noise of reactor coolant pumps, AIP-equipped conventional submarines can operate in near-total silence for weeks at a time. These vessels are often described as the \"black holes\" of the ocean because they lack the mechanical hum associated with nuclear power. Navigation presents the ultimate challenge in a world without light or GPS. Because high-frequency radio waves cannot penetrate deep saltwater, submarines rely on Inertial Navigation Systems (INS). This is a sophisticated form of \"dead reckoning,\" where the vessel calculates its position based on a known starting point and every subsequent movement. The heart of modern INS is the Sagnac effect, utilized by Ring Laser or Fiber Optic Gyros. By sending laser beams in opposite directions around a closed loop, the system can detect infinitesimal rotations by measuring interference patterns. This allows a submarine to track its pitch, roll, and yaw with incredible precision. However, the primary enemy of underwater navigation is \"drift.\" Unlike a ballistic missile that only needs to remain accurate for a thirty-minute flight, or an aircraft that can reset its position using GPS, a submarine may stay submerged for months. Over time, even a 0.01% sensor error accumulates, creating a significant gap between the calculated position and reality. Managing this drift while remaining hidden is the silent, ongoing struggle of every crew operating beneath the waves. Listen online: https://myweirdprompts.com/episode/submarine-stealth-navigation-physics","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19361103","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19361103","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19099609","type":"article-journal","title":"Red Sea Siege: How the Houthis Rewrote Global Trade","abstract":"Episode summary: In this episode, we explore the permanent restructuring of the global maritime map as the Houthi movement transitions from a local mountain insurgency to a dominant regional power player capable of holding the world economy hostage. We dive deep into the sophisticated evolution of their military technology—ranging from simple anti-ship missiles to advanced AI-assisted drone swarms—and the staggering economic reality of a conflict where twenty-thousand-dollar drones force the deployment of two-million-dollar interceptors. By analyzing the fractured political landscape of Yemen and the group's strategic alignment within the Axis of Resistance, we uncover why the current Red Sea blockade is no longer a temporary crisis, but a fundamental shift in the democratization of precision strike capabilities. This deep dive reveals how the \"Gate of Tears\" has become a permanent lever for non-state actors to influence everything from European supply chains to the price of gas in the American Midwest. Show Notes The year 2026 has marked a fundamental shift in global commerce. What was once viewed as a temporary disruption in the Red Sea has evolved into a permanent restructuring of the maritime map. At the center of this shift is the Houthi movement in Yemen, a group that has successfully transitioned from a local revivalist movement into a regional power player with the capability to dictate the flow of international trade. ### The Roots of a Modern Insurgency To understand the current crisis, one must look back to the 1990s and the \"Believing Youth\" movement. This Zaydi Shia revivalist group emerged in northern Yemen as a reaction against perceived corruption and foreign religious encroachment. Over the decades, through six wars against the central Yemeni government, the group forged a militant identity. By 2014, they had seized the capital, Sanaa, effectively splitting the country into a dual-state reality: the Houthi-controlled north, housing the majority of the population, and the internationally recognized government in the south. ### The Democratization of Precision Strike The most startling aspect of the current conflict is the technical evolution of Houthi capabilities. The movement has moved beyond basic weaponry to operating sophisticated assembly lines for loitering munitions and unmanned surface vessel (USV) swarms. By 2026, these operations have integrated artificial intelligence and edge computing to identify commercial and naval targets by hull shape and heat signature. This technological leap highlights a massive disparity in modern naval warfare: the cost-per-kill ratio. Western naval coalitions are frequently forced to use interceptor missiles costing millions of dollars to neutralize drones that cost only a few thousand. This war of attrition favors the insurgent, allowing a non-state actor to maintain a high-pressure blockade at a fraction of the cost required to defend against it. ### Geopolitics and the \"New Normal\" The Houthis have masterfully used regional tensions to consolidate domestic power. By framing their maritime blockade as a direct action in support of the Palestinian cause, they have effectively silenced internal dissent and sidelined the official southern government. This narrative has allowed them to claim the mantle of Yemeni sovereignty on the global stage. The result is a \"new normal\" for global logistics. Major shipping lines have largely abandoned the Suez Canal route, opting instead for the lengthy detour around the Cape of Good Hope. This change adds significant time and fuel costs to global journeys, impacting everything from Egyptian transit fees to European retail prices. ### A Permanent Lever The situation in the Red Sea demonstrates the \"democratization of precision strike.\" Capabilities once reserved for major nation-states are now accessible to decentralized groups. By controlling the heights overlooking the Bab el-Mandeb strait—a chokepoint only twenty miles wide—the Houth","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19099609","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19099609","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19360918","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 718: Jericho's Shadow: Israel's Missile Program & Ambiguity","abstract":"Episode summary: In this episode, we peel back the layers of one of the world's most secretive defense initiatives: Israel's Jericho ballistic missile program. We trace its evolution from a 1960s French collaboration to the high-tech Jericho III, comparing its surgical precision against Iran's massive, volume-based arsenal to understand the current regional balance of power. Finally, we examine the complex doctrine of \"amimut,\" or nuclear ambiguity, discussing why staying silent about strategic capabilities remains Israel's most powerful diplomatic tool—even as regional tensions and Iran's \"threshold state\" status challenge the long-standing policy of secrecy. This deep dive explores how mystery acts as a force multiplier, the legal intricacies of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, and whether the era of \"polite fictions\" can survive a rapidly changing geopolitical landscape. Show Notes ### The Evolution of the Jericho Program Israel's ballistic missile capabilities, collectively known as the Jericho program, represent one of the oldest and most sophisticated strategic programs outside of the global superpowers. The program's origins date back to the early 1960s, beginning as a collaborative effort with the French company Dassault. Following the 1967 war and subsequent French arms embargoes, the program shifted toward total domestic development, driven by a doctrine of self-reliance. This transition transformed the Jericho from a short-range tactical tool into a world-class strategic asset. The progression from the Jericho I to the Jericho III illustrates a massive leap in engineering. While early iterations were limited in range, the Jericho III is widely considered an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), with an estimated range between 4,800 and 6,500 kilometers. A key technical advantage of these systems is the use of solid fuel. Unlike liquid-fueled missiles, which require a lengthy and visible fueling process before launch, solid-fuel missiles are kept in a state of constant readiness. This allows for a near-instantaneous response, which is a critical requirement for a country with minimal geographic depth. ### Precision vs. Saturation: The Regional Balance When comparing Israel's arsenal to that of Iran, a clear divergence in strategy emerges. Iran has focused on quantity and diversity, amassing a large volume of missiles designed to overwhelm defenses through \"saturation attacks.\" In contrast, the Jericho program emphasizes precision, reliability, and survivability. Evidence of this technical sophistication is often seen in Israel's Shavit space launch vehicle. By successfully launching satellites into retrograde orbits—moving against the Earth's rotation to ensure debris falls into the sea—Israel demonstrates propulsion and guidance capabilities that only a handful of nations possess. This technology serves as a transparent proxy for the advanced state of their ballistic missile program. ### The Doctrine of Nuclear Ambiguity Central to Israel's strategic posture is the policy of *amimut*, or nuclear ambiguity. By neither confirming nor denying the existence of nuclear weapons, Israel maintains a \"polite fiction\" that serves several diplomatic purposes. Primarily, it prevents a regional arms race; if Israel were to officially declare its status, neighboring states would face immense domestic and international pressure to develop their own nuclear deterrents. Furthermore, ambiguity protects the vital diplomatic relationship between Israel and the United States. Official acknowledgment of a nuclear program could trigger various U.S. laws regarding proliferation and foreign aid, potentially complicating military cooperation. By remaining in the shadows, Israel avoids the legal and diplomatic scrutiny of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), to which it is not a signatory. ### A Shifting Reality As of 2026, the effectiveness of this long-standing policy is under debate. With ","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19360918","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19360918","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19360787","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 685: The Pulse of the Deep: Life in the Middle of the Ocean","abstract":"Episode summary: What does it actually feel like to sit in a kayak hundreds of miles from land? Join Herman and Corn as they debunk cinematic myths about the high seas, explaining the crucial difference between a crashing wave and a deep-ocean swell. From the \"breathing\" pulse of the Atlantic to the staggering potential of renewable wave energy, this episode explores why the middle of the ocean is one of the most active—and misunderstood—places on Earth. Show Notes In a recent episode of *My Weird Prompts*, hosts Herman and Corn Poppleberry took a deep dive into the physical reality of the open ocean. Prompted by a listener named Daniel, who wondered if a kayaker in the middle of the sea would experience constant volatility or eerie calm, the brothers explored the fluid dynamics, atmospheric patterns, and engineering challenges of the Earth's most remote environments. ### Swells vs. Waves: The Physics of Motion Herman Poppleberry began by clarifying a common misconception: the difference between a wave and a swell. While beachgoers are used to seeing \"breaking\" waves—where friction with the seafloor causes the water to topple over—the open ocean behaves quite differently. In areas where the water is miles deep, there is no seafloor to \"trip\" the wave. Instead, the open ocean is characterized by swells. Herman explained that a swell is essentially a pulse of energy moving through the water column. Using the analogy of a rug being shaken, he noted that while the \"bump\" moves down the rug, the fibers stay in place. This is known as orbital motion. For a person in a kayak, this means they aren't being pushed forward like a surfer; rather, they are being lifted and lowered by a massive, liquid elevator. In the right conditions, a kayaker might rise fifteen feet to see the horizon before sinking back into a valley of blue, with the water itself remaining relatively localized. ### The \"Confused Sea\" and the Power of Fetch The discussion then shifted to what makes the ocean dangerous. Herman explained that the \"sea state\" is determined by the interaction between long-period swells (which may have traveled thousands of miles) and local wind waves. When local winds blow against the direction of distant swells, it creates a \"confused sea\"—a chaotic, washing-machine effect of multi-directional splashing and whitecaps. A key factor in the size of these waves is \"fetch,\" the distance over which wind blows across open water. While a lake might have a fetch of a few miles, the Pacific Ocean offers a fetch of five thousand miles. This allows waves to soak up incredible amounts of energy, growing into the giants we see in maritime photography. However, Herman pointed out a surprising irony: a small, flexible kayak is often safer in massive swells than a rigid cargo ship. Because a kayak is so small, it simply bobs on the surface like a cork. In contrast, a thousand-foot freighter can suffer \"hogging\" or \"sagging,\" where the ship spans two wave crests and risks snapping its hull under the structural stress. ### The Ocean's Geographic Belts Corn and Herman also discussed the statistical likelihood of encountering \"bad\" weather. The ocean is divided into distinct atmospheric zones that dictate the experience of a traveler. In the \"Doldrums\" near the equator, the wind can vanish entirely, leaving the ocean looking like a literal mirror. Conversely, in the \"Roaring Forties\" or \"Furious Fifties\" of the Southern Hemisphere, the lack of landmasses allows winds to circle the globe unimpeded, creating a perpetual engine of motion. In the North Atlantic, Herman noted, rough conditions with waves over eight feet occur roughly thirty to forty percent of the time. ### Harvesting the \"Trillion-Dollar\" Pulse The conversation took a turn toward the future of renewable energy. Herman highlighted that the middle of the ocean is one of the most energy-dense environments on the planet. The global theoretical potential for wave energy is estimated at two terawatts—r","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19360787","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19360787","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19361794","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 932: Beyond the Smoke: Reimagining a Post-Regime Iran","abstract":"Episode summary: As major military operations unfold and the landscape of the Middle East shifts, we look past the immediate conflict to imagine a future defined by a sovereign, peaceful Iran. This episode explores the profound economic and geopolitical implications of a normalized relationship between Israel and Iran, from shared water technology to the revival of ancient trade routes. We examine how the collapse of the \"Axis of Resistance\" could pave the way for a modern Silk Road, transforming the region from a battlefield into a global tech and energy hub. Show Notes The events of early 2026 have brought the world to a geopolitical precipice. With the reported death of the Supreme Leader and the unfolding of major military operations, the possibility of a post-revolutionary Iran has moved from a \"what-if\" scenario to an imminent reality. While the immediate focus remains on the conflict, it is essential to look at the long-term potential of a sovereign Iran and its reintegration into the global community. ### A Historical Anomaly The current enmity between Israel and Iran is a relatively recent phenomenon, spanning only forty-seven years. Before the 1979 revolution, the two nations were strategic allies with deep ties in trade and infrastructure. This history suggests that the current hostility is a historical anomaly rather than a permanent state of affairs. Iran's cultural depth—boasting more UNESCO World Heritage sites than the United Kingdom—points to a sophisticated civilization that predates and outlasts its current ideological constraints. ### The Economic Synergy A normalized Iran presents staggering economic opportunities. Iran possesses the world's fourth-largest oil reserves and second-largest natural gas reserves, yet its infrastructure has been hampered by decades of sanctions and mismanagement. Conversely, Israel leads the world in water technology, desert agriculture, and cybersecurity. The synergy between these two nations could solve critical regional issues. For example, Israel's drip irrigation and desalination expertise could address Iran's severe water scarcity. Furthermore, existing infrastructure like the Eilat-Ashkelon Pipeline—originally a joint venture—could once again serve as a literal bridge between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, reshaping global energy maps. ### The Central Asia Pivot Geopolitically, a friendly Iran would fundamentally alter Israel's strategic position. For decades, Israel has operated as a \"geopolitical island.\" Normalization with Iran would create a land bridge to the heart of Eurasia, connecting the Mediterranean coast to the Caucasus and Central Asia. This \"Central Asia Pivot\" would reduce regional dependence on Western European politics and create a modern Silk Road. This shift would also see the collapse of the \"Shia Arc.\" With the degradation of proxy groups like Hezbollah and the fall of the Assad regime in Syria, a pragmatic government in Tehran would effectively end the \"long war\" that has defined the Middle East for nearly half a century. ### Unleashing Human Capital Perhaps the most significant change would be the liberation of Iran's human capital. With a population of eighty-seven million that is young, highly educated, and tech-savvy, a post-regime Iran could see a domestic tech boom rivaling any in the world. The integration of the Iranian diaspora's entrepreneurial spirit with domestic talent—and potentially Israeli venture capital—could turn Tehran into a global center for innovation. While the challenges of dismantling a regime that controls nearly 40% of the national economy are immense, the historical precedent for a Persian-Jewish alliance remains a powerful motivator. From the days of Cyrus the Great to the mid-20th century, cooperation has been the rule, not the exception. The transition ahead will require immense international support, but the prize is a stable, multi-polar Middle East defined by trade rather than proxy wars. Listen online: https:/","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19361794","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19361794","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19361879","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 953: Shadow Signals: The Mystery of Number Station V-32","abstract":"Episode summary: In an era dominated by high-speed internet and encrypted messaging apps, the world of international espionage still relies on a surprisingly low-tech tool: shortwave number stations. This episode explores the enduring mystery of these rhythmic, mechanical broadcasts and the \"unbreakable\" mathematics of the one-time pads that power them. We take a deep dive into the Priyom community, a global network of amateur signals intelligence enthusiasts who use software-defined radio to track, log, and triangulate these phantom signals across the globe. The heart of our discussion centers on the sudden, chilling emergence of V-32, a new Farsi-language station that appeared the very moment conflict ignited in Iran in March 2026. From the physics of skywave propagation to the tactical use of \"bubble jammers,\" we examine how a technology from the 1940s remains the ultimate weapon in the silent war for information. Is V-32 a lifeline for agents on the ground, or a sophisticated psychological operation? Tune in to uncover why the most secure secrets are often hidden in plain sight on the radio dial. Show Notes ### The Persistence of the Number Station Despite the ubiquity of 5G, satellite links, and encrypted apps like Signal, one of the most secure methods of clandestine communication remains a technology from the 1940s: shortwave radio. Number stations—mysterious broadcasts consisting of recited strings of numbers or phonetic letters—continue to haunt the airwaves. These stations serve a singular, critical purpose: delivering one-way instructions to intelligence assets in the field. The primary advantage of a number station is the lack of a digital trail. Unlike an email or an encrypted text, which leaves metadata and traceable IP addresses, a shortwave broadcast is sent to the entire world. A recipient can listen from anywhere with a standard radio, making it impossible for counter-intelligence agencies to identify who is receiving the message or where they are located. ### The Mathematics of Secrecy At the heart of these broadcasts lies the \"one-time pad,\" the only mathematically unbreakable form of encryption. This method uses a random key that is as long as the message itself and is used only once. By applying modular arithmetic to the message and the key, the result is a string of numbers that is indistinguishable from random noise. Without the physical key—usually a small pad of paper that can be easily destroyed—even a quantum computer cannot reverse-engineer the original message. ### The Watchers of the Spectrum While the messages themselves remain uncrackable, a dedicated global community known as Priyom monitors the metadata of the airwaves. Using Software Defined Radio (SDR), these hobbyists visualize the radio spectrum through \"waterfall displays,\" allowing them to spot signals the moment they appear. Through a process called multilateration, the community can triangulate the origin of these signals. By comparing the time it takes for a signal to reach different internet-connected receivers, they have successfully mapped transmitters to specific military bases, embassies, and remote outposts worldwide. This amateur signals intelligence provides a fascinating look at the \"migration patterns\" of global espionage. ### The V-32 Mystery The utility of these stations is most visible during geopolitical crises. On February 28, 2026, coincident with the start of the conflict in Iran, a new station designated \"V-32\" appeared. Broadcasting in Farsi on 7910 kHz, V-32 stands out due to its urgent, organic tone. Unlike the sterile, computer-generated voices of the Cold War, V-32 features a male voice with an inconsistent, high-pressure delivery, frequently using the Farsi word \"tavajjoh\" (attention). The mystery deepened when triangulation data suggested the signal was not originating from within Iran, but likely from a mobile transmitter in the Red Sea. Furthermore, the Iranian government has deployed \"bubble jammers\" to dr","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19361879","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19361879","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19362050","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 999: The $13 Billion Paradox: Life on the USS Gerald R. Ford","abstract":"Episode summary: The USS Gerald R. Ford represents the pinnacle of American military engineering, a $13 billion supercarrier powered by nuclear reactors and equipped with cutting-edge electromagnetic launch systems. However, its recent nine-month deployment in the Eastern Mediterranean revealed a stark contrast: while the technology is futuristic, the human experience remains anchored in the same psychological and physical limits sailors have faced for centuries. This episode examines the grueling reality of \"Dynamic Force Employment,\" where standard six-month tours are stretched into 270-day marathons, pushing both machinery and morale to the breaking point. We go behind the scenes of this floating city to look at the staggering logistics required to sustain 5,000 lives, from desalinating 400,000 gallons of water daily to the emotional weight of a single physical letter from home. It is a deep dive into the friction between high-tech automation and the raw endurance of the crew members who hold the line. Join us as we explore why the most expensive warship ever built is still ultimately limited by the basic needs of the people living within its steel hull. Show Notes The USS Gerald R. Ford is often described as the most advanced piece of sovereign American territory on the planet. With a price tag of $13 billion, it is a marvel of modern engineering, featuring nuclear reactors that produce three times the power of previous classes and electromagnetic systems for launching aircraft. Yet, during its recent 270-day deployment, a fundamental truth emerged: no matter how advanced the hardware, the mission's success still rests on the endurance of the 5,000 human beings living inside its steel hull. ### The Shift to \"Dynamic\" Deployments Historically, the U.S. Navy adhered to a six-month deployment standard. This window allowed for a predictable balance between global presence, ship maintenance, and crew morale. However, the modern geopolitical landscape has ushered in the era of \"Dynamic Force Employment.\" This strategy prioritizes operational unpredictability, allowing the Pentagon to surge forces where needed. For the crew of the Ford, this meant a deployment that lasted nine months—a 50% increase over the traditional benchmark. This extension creates a psychological gauntlet for sailors who must adapt to a \"new normal\" of constant readiness without a clear end date. ### Engineering vs. Human Maintenance The Ford class was designed with automation in mind, intended to operate with nearly 1,000 fewer sailors than its predecessors. While systems like the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) represent a leap forward, they change the nature of labor rather than simply reducing it. Sailors now face more \"cerebral\" stress, troubleshooting complex software and high-voltage electronics under sleep-deprived conditions. Despite the Navy's attempts to implement circadian-friendly schedules, the high-tempo environment of a carrier strike group often forces these plans aside in favor of immediate tactical requirements. ### Logistics of a Floating City Sustaining 5,000 people for months at sea is a staggering logistical feat. The ship desalinates 400,000 gallons of water daily to support both the crew and the nuclear reactors. Food is another massive undertaking, with roughly 18,000 meals served every day. One of the most significant challenges is the \"freshie\" cycle; fresh fruits and vegetables typically run out within two weeks of leaving port. From that point on, the crew relies on canned or frozen goods until the next replenishment at sea. ### The Psychological Toll of Isolation Life on a supercarrier is a life of \"underway periods\" that can last 60 days or more without touching land. In these windows, sailors go months without seeing a tree or walking on grass. While \"Steel Beach Picnics\" on the flight deck provide a rare moment of sunshine and relaxation, the isolation remains. Interestingly, in an age of satellite internet, p","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19362050","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19362050","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18070439","type":"article-journal","title":"GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES: HEALTH, CLIMATE AND TECHNOLOGY","abstract":"This volume brings together interdisciplinary research addressing critical global environmental challenges through the lenses of technology, public health, climate policy, and sustainable tourism. The first chapter explores the application of machine learning techniques for deep sea oil spill detection, demonstrating how advanced computational methods can enhance environmental monitoring and disaster response. The second chapter examines the global burden of smog and its impact on public health, analyzing regional challenges and proposing evidence-based pathways to mitigation. The third chapter takes a policy-oriented approach, analyzing the role of carbon emission reduction frameworks within international climate change law and their translation from global commitments into local action. The final chapter investigates how climate change affects tourism destinations worldwide, identifying key challenges and adaptation strategies for the industry. Together, these contributions offer a comprehensive perspective on how science, technology, and policy can work in concert to address pressing environmental issues and build more resilient systems.","author":[{"family":"Oyewo","given":"Isaac"},{"family":"Chaudhuri","given":"Priya"},{"family":"Sardar","given":"Sazu"},{"family":"Nidhyananthan","given":"Selva"},{"family":"Kamaraj","given":"A"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Senthil"},{"family":"Renganathan","given":"Hari"},{"family":"Vijayakumar","given":"GB"},{"family":"Adan","given":"Fatimaa"},{"family":"Nimra","given":"Jamshaida"},{"family":"Shabbir","given":"Hussaina"},{"family":"Israr","given":"Ahmada"},{"family":"Muhammad","given":"Imranb"},{"family":"Muhammad","given":"Tariqc"},{"family":"Jain","given":"Anjali"},{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Ahsanul"},{"family":"Hasan","given":"Mehedi"},{"family":"Islam","given":"Muttakin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18070439","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18070439","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18070440","type":"article-journal","title":"GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES: HEALTH, CLIMATE AND TECHNOLOGY","abstract":"This volume brings together interdisciplinary research addressing critical global environmental challenges through the lenses of technology, public health, climate policy, and sustainable tourism. The first chapter explores the application of machine learning techniques for deep sea oil spill detection, demonstrating how advanced computational methods can enhance environmental monitoring and disaster response. The second chapter examines the global burden of smog and its impact on public health, analyzing regional challenges and proposing evidence-based pathways to mitigation. The third chapter takes a policy-oriented approach, analyzing the role of carbon emission reduction frameworks within international climate change law and their translation from global commitments into local action. The final chapter investigates how climate change affects tourism destinations worldwide, identifying key challenges and adaptation strategies for the industry. Together, these contributions offer a comprehensive perspective on how science, technology, and policy can work in concert to address pressing environmental issues and build more resilient systems.","author":[{"family":"Oyewo","given":"Isaac"},{"family":"Chaudhuri","given":"Priya"},{"family":"Sardar","given":"Sazu"},{"family":"Nidhyananthan","given":"Selva"},{"family":"Kamaraj","given":"A"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Senthil"},{"family":"Renganathan","given":"Hari"},{"family":"Vijayakumar","given":"GB"},{"family":"Adan","given":"Fatimaa"},{"family":"Nimra","given":"Jamshaida"},{"family":"Shabbir","given":"Hussaina"},{"family":"Israr","given":"Ahmada"},{"family":"Muhammad","given":"Imranb"},{"family":"Muhammad","given":"Tariqc"},{"family":"Jain","given":"Anjali"},{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Ahsanul"},{"family":"Hasan","given":"Mehedi"},{"family":"Islam","given":"Muttakin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18070440","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18070440","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4415682915","type":"article-journal","title":"The 2025 state of the climate report: a planet on the brink","abstract":"We are hurtling toward climate chaos. The planet's vital signs are flashing red. The consequences of human-driven alterations of the climate are no longer future threats but are here now. This unfolding emergency stems from failed foresight, political inaction, unsustainable economic systems, and misinformation. Almost every corner of the biosphere is reeling from intensifying heat, storms, floods, droughts, or fires. The window to prevent the worst outcomes is rapidly closing. In early 2025, the World Meteorological Organization reported that 2024 was the hottest year on record (WMO 2025a). This was likely hotter than the peak of the last interglacial, roughly 125,000 years ago (Gulev et al. 2021, Kaufman and McKay 2022). Rising levels of greenhouse gases remain the driving force behind this escalation. These recent developments emphasize the extreme insufficiency of global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mark the beginning of a grim new chapter for life on Earth. In this report, we seek to speak candidly to fellow scientists, policymakers, and humanity at large. Given our roles in research and higher education, we share an ethical responsibility to sound the alarm about escalating global risks and to take collective action in confronting them with clarity and resolve. We show evidence of accelerated warming and document changes in Earth's vital signs. These indicators build on the framework introduced by Ripple and colleagues (2020), who issued a declaration of a climate emergency that has garnered support from approximately 15,800 scientist signatories worldwide. We also examine recent extreme weather disasters and discuss physical and social risks. The final sections of the report include suggested climate mitigation strategies and the broader societal transformations needed to secure a livable future.","author":[{"family":"Ripple","given":"William"},{"family":"Wolf","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Mann","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Rockström","given":"Johan"},{"family":"Gregg","given":"Jillian"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Chi"},{"family":"Wunderling","given":"Nico"},{"family":"Perkinskirkpatrick","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Schaeffer","given":"Roberto"},{"family":"Broadgate","given":"Wendy"},{"family":"Newsome","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Shuckburgh","given":"Emily"},{"family":"Gleick","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1093/biosci/biaf149","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaf149","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4415071625","type":"article-journal","title":"Mitigating risks in deep sea gas hydrate production: A new perspective on interpreting thermo-hydro-mechanical feedbacks","abstract":"Natural gas hydrate deposits in marine sediments represent a vast potential energy resource, yet their commercial extraction remains a complex scientific and engineering challenge due to the intricate thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical coupling processes triggered during production. This perspective paper synthesizes recent progress and outlines persistent hurdles in understanding the coupled mechanical-seepage-thermal response inherent to gas hydrate exploitation, while introducing a novel theoretical and methodological framework that integrates cross-scale constitutive modeling, multiscale permeability upscaling, and nonlinear flow characterization to better interpret key feedback mechanisms. Looking forward, overcoming these barriers requires interdisciplinary approaches leveraging advanced sensing technologies, machine learning-assisted modeling, and novel upscaling methodologies. Furthermore, internationally collaborative long-term field trials with comprehensive monitoring are essential to validate next-generation simulators and develop adaptive management strategies. Document Type: Perspective Cited as: Gong, B., Lei, G., Chen, L., Zhao, Y. Mitigating risks in deep sea gas hydrate production: A new perspective on interpreting thermo-hydro-mechanical feedbacks. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 2025, 17(3): 267-270. https://doi.org/10.46690/ager.2025.09.08","author":[{"family":"Gong","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Lei","given":"Gang"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Litao"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yapeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.46690/ager.2025.09.08","URL":"https://doi.org/10.46690/ager.2025.09.08","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409888070","type":"article-journal","title":"GenAICHI 2025: Generative AI and HCI at CHI 2025","abstract":"This workshop applies human centered themes to a new and powerful technology, generative artificial intelligence (AI), and -among other approaches -particularly to Large Language Models (LLMs) and Foundation Models (FMs).Unlike AI systems that produce decisions or descriptions, generative AI systems can produce new and creative content that can include images, texts, music, video, code, and other forms of design.The results are often similar to results produced by humans.However, it is not yet clear how humans make sense of generative AI algorithms or their outcomes.It is also not yet clear how humans can control and more generally, interact with, these powerful capabilities in ethical ways.Finally, it is not clear what kinds of collaboration patterns will emerge when creative humans and creative technologies work together.Following successful workshops in 2022-2024, we convene the interdisciplinary research domain of generative AI and HCI.Participation is open to seasoned scholars and early career researchers.We solicit descriptions of completed projects, works-in-progress, and provocations.Together we will develop theories and practices in this intriguing new domain.","author":[{"family":"Müller","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Chilton","given":"Lydia"},{"family":"Maher","given":"Mary"},{"family":"Martín","given":"Charles"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Minsik"},{"family":"Walsh","given":"Greg"},{"family":"Kantosalo","given":"Anna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1145/3706599.3707213","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3706599.3707213","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.09872","type":"manuscript","title":"Resolution Revolution: A Physics-Guided Deep Learning Framework for Spatiotemporal Temperature Reconstruction","abstract":"Central to Earth observation is the trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution. For temperature, this is especially critical because real-world applications require high spatiotemporal resolution data. Current technology allows for hourly temperature observations at 2 km, but only every 16 days at 100 m, a gap further exacerbated by cloud cover. Earth system models offer continuous hourly temperature data, but at a much coarser spatial resolution (9-31 km). Here, we present a physics-guided deep learning framework for temperature data reconstruction that integrates these two data sources. The proposed framework uses a convolutional neural network that incorporates the annual temperature cycle and includes a linear term to amplify the coarse Earth system model output into fine-scale temperature values observed from satellites. We evaluated this framework using data from two satellites, GOES-16 (2 km, hourly) and Landsat (100 m, every 16 days), and demonstrated effective temperature reconstruction with hold-out and in situ data across four datasets. This physics-guided deep learning framework opens new possibilities for generating high-resolution temperature data across spatial and temporal scales, under all weather conditions and globally.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Shengjie"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Lu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Siqin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2507.09872","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.09872","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.14872395","type":"article-journal","title":"Hemicorallium indicodensum Hu, Zhang & Xu 2025, sp. nov.","abstract":"Hemicorallium indicodensum Hu, Zhang & Xu sp. nov. Material examined. Holotype • part of a colony branch with a broken edge on the stem; collected from the Guangde Ridge in the western India Ocean on 13 June 2022; Located at 3°26'39.35\"N, 64°6'3.06\"E, depth 1697 m; currently preserved at - 20 ° C in the Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, China with voucher number FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22003. Paratype • A colony from the base of the main stem to the branches, but missing the top branches. Collected from the Guangde Ridge in the western Indian Ocean on 13 June 2022; Located at 3°26'30.31\"N, 64°6'6.40\"E, depth 1697 m; currently preserved in alcohol at the China National Deep Sea Center with NDSC-IND 72 - JLBEN 22001. Description. Colony. The specimen FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22003 is part of a colony, nearly 22 cm in height and the thickest stem is less than 1 cm in diameter (Fig. 4 a). Two main branches exhibit dichotomous branching in one plane with an acute angle. The branchlets are abundant and mostly arranged in an irregular pinnate pattern on one plane. Some of them grow at an acute angle, resulting in closely-spaced and overlapping branchlets. A brittle star is entwined amongst the branches. Paratype NDSC-IND 72 - JLBEN 22001 retained only the white basal part and the thicker lower branches (Fig. 4 i). The branches are light red, with the colour becoming paler towards the base. Small branches with autozooids are distributed across half of the colony’s plane. Polys. The autozooids are cylindrical and non-retracted, distributed on one side of the colony and are mostly alternately arranged on the branchlets (Fig. 4 b). At the tips of the branchlets, two symmetrical autozooids form a Y-shape. Autozooids are 2.483 ± 0.348 mm in height and 1.515 ± 0.174 mm in width. They are abundant with most branchlets hosting fifteen or more. Each autozooid features eight longitudinal grooves that extend from the tentacle tips about two-thirds down to the base (Fig. 4 d). Siphonozooids form subtle protrusions on the cortex. Axis. The axis is solid and rigid, with no presence of canals inside (Fig. 4 c and Suppl. materials 7 – 9). It is covered by yellowish mesoglea tissue between the axis and the cortex (coenenchyme). The surface of the axis is uneven (Fig. 4 f), featuring irregular, sharp, thorn-like projections (Fig. 4 d). Colour. In underwater in situ videos, it appears light pink. The base of the colony is white. The fresh coenenchyme and polyps are pale red, turning pink when dried. Specimens preserved in alcohol retain a pale red colour. The axis is red and sclerites observed under a microscope appear pale red. Sclerites. The predominant sclerite type in this species is the distinctive double clubs (65.720 ± 5.630 μm in length, Fig. 5 d, e), constituting about 70 % of all radiate sclerites (21 / 30 from tentacles, 24 / 33 from coenenchyme). This double club shapes are quite special, typically derived from 8 - radiates. According to the model of radiates (Fig. 3 k), the R 1, R 4, R 6, R 7 and R 8 of the 8 - radiates in this specimen are enlarged to form smoother and more globular rays, while the R 2, R 3 and R 5 remain smaller with multilobular ornaments. Due to the fusion of rays, some double clubs cannot identify their terminal rays (R 1, R 8), making it uncertain whether they are derived from 8 - radiates (maybe 6 -, 7 - radiates). A few radiate sclerites may be in the process of developing where the rays become more globular (Fig. 5 f). A few 6 -, 7 - or 8 - radiates (not double clubs) are found in the coenenchyme with 74.520 ± 5.213 μm (Fig. 5 g) and they are less numerous compared to the double clubs. Rods are found only in the tentacles, with an average length of 113.211 ± 9.298 μm (Fig. 5 a, b). Some thick rods are elongated multi-radiates with 108.878 ± 13.299 μm (Fig. 5 c). The surface and both ends of the rods exhibit distinct irregular protrusions. Additionally, crosses ","author":[{"family":"Hu","given":"Xuying"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Qian"},{"family":"Ge","given":"Meiling"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xinlong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zongling"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xuelei"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Qinzeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.14872395","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14872395","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.14872394","type":"article-journal","title":"Hemicorallium indicodensum Hu, Zhang & Xu 2025, sp. nov.","abstract":"Hemicorallium indicodensum Hu, Zhang & Xu sp. nov. Material examined. Holotype • part of a colony branch with a broken edge on the stem; collected from the Guangde Ridge in the western India Ocean on 13 June 2022; Located at 3°26'39.35\"N, 64°6'3.06\"E, depth 1697 m; currently preserved at - 20 ° C in the Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, China with voucher number FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22003. Paratype • A colony from the base of the main stem to the branches, but missing the top branches. Collected from the Guangde Ridge in the western Indian Ocean on 13 June 2022; Located at 3°26'30.31\"N, 64°6'6.40\"E, depth 1697 m; currently preserved in alcohol at the China National Deep Sea Center with NDSC-IND 72 - JLBEN 22001. Description. Colony. The specimen FIO-IND 72 - JLBEN 22003 is part of a colony, nearly 22 cm in height and the thickest stem is less than 1 cm in diameter (Fig. 4 a). Two main branches exhibit dichotomous branching in one plane with an acute angle. The branchlets are abundant and mostly arranged in an irregular pinnate pattern on one plane. Some of them grow at an acute angle, resulting in closely-spaced and overlapping branchlets. A brittle star is entwined amongst the branches. Paratype NDSC-IND 72 - JLBEN 22001 retained only the white basal part and the thicker lower branches (Fig. 4 i). The branches are light red, with the colour becoming paler towards the base. Small branches with autozooids are distributed across half of the colony’s plane. Polys. The autozooids are cylindrical and non-retracted, distributed on one side of the colony and are mostly alternately arranged on the branchlets (Fig. 4 b). At the tips of the branchlets, two symmetrical autozooids form a Y-shape. Autozooids are 2.483 ± 0.348 mm in height and 1.515 ± 0.174 mm in width. They are abundant with most branchlets hosting fifteen or more. Each autozooid features eight longitudinal grooves that extend from the tentacle tips about two-thirds down to the base (Fig. 4 d). Siphonozooids form subtle protrusions on the cortex. Axis. The axis is solid and rigid, with no presence of canals inside (Fig. 4 c and Suppl. materials 7 – 9). It is covered by yellowish mesoglea tissue between the axis and the cortex (coenenchyme). The surface of the axis is uneven (Fig. 4 f), featuring irregular, sharp, thorn-like projections (Fig. 4 d). Colour. In underwater in situ videos, it appears light pink. The base of the colony is white. The fresh coenenchyme and polyps are pale red, turning pink when dried. Specimens preserved in alcohol retain a pale red colour. The axis is red and sclerites observed under a microscope appear pale red. Sclerites. The predominant sclerite type in this species is the distinctive double clubs (65.720 ± 5.630 μm in length, Fig. 5 d, e), constituting about 70 % of all radiate sclerites (21 / 30 from tentacles, 24 / 33 from coenenchyme). This double club shapes are quite special, typically derived from 8 - radiates. According to the model of radiates (Fig. 3 k), the R 1, R 4, R 6, R 7 and R 8 of the 8 - radiates in this specimen are enlarged to form smoother and more globular rays, while the R 2, R 3 and R 5 remain smaller with multilobular ornaments. Due to the fusion of rays, some double clubs cannot identify their terminal rays (R 1, R 8), making it uncertain whether they are derived from 8 - radiates (maybe 6 -, 7 - radiates). A few radiate sclerites may be in the process of developing where the rays become more globular (Fig. 5 f). A few 6 -, 7 - or 8 - radiates (not double clubs) are found in the coenenchyme with 74.520 ± 5.213 μm (Fig. 5 g) and they are less numerous compared to the double clubs. Rods are found only in the tentacles, with an average length of 113.211 ± 9.298 μm (Fig. 5 a, b). Some thick rods are elongated multi-radiates with 108.878 ± 13.299 μm (Fig. 5 c). The surface and both ends of the rods exhibit distinct irregular protrusions. Additionally, crosses ","author":[{"family":"Hu","given":"Xuying"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Qian"},{"family":"Ge","given":"Meiling"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xinlong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zongling"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xuelei"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Qinzeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.14872394","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14872394","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4413416822","type":"article-journal","title":"Vortex-Induced Vibration of Deep-Sea Mining Riser Under Different Currents and Tension Conditions Using Wake Oscillator Model","abstract":"The vortex-induced vibration (VIV) dynamics of commercial-scale deep-sea mining risers with complex component arrangements (pumps, buffer stations, buoyancy modules) remain insufficiently explored, especially for 6000 m systems with nonlinear tension. This study investigates VIV control strategy by adjusting tension for a nonlinear riser system using the Iwan-Blevins wake oscillator model integrated with Morison equation-based analysis. An analytical model incorporating four typical current profiles was established to quantify the dynamic response under different flow velocities, internal flow density, and structural parameters. Increased buffer station mass effectively suppressed drift distance (over 35% reduction under specific conditions) by regulating axial tension. Dynamic comparisons demonstrated distinct VIV energy distribution patterns under different current conditions. Spectral analysis revealed that the vibration follows Strouhal vortex shedding lock-in principles. Spatial modal differentiation was observed due to nonlinear variations in velocity profiles, pipe diameters, and axial tension, accompanied by multi-frequency resonance, coexistence of standing and traveling waves, and broadband resonance with amplitude surges under critical velocities (1.75 m/s in Current-B). This study proposes to control the VIV amplitude by adjusting internal flow density and buffer mass, which is proved effective for reducing vibrations in upper (0–2000 m) risers. It validates vibration amplitude and frequency control through current velocity, buffer mass and slurry density regulation in a nonlinear riser system.","author":[{"family":"Deng","given":"Liwen"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Haining"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Jianmin"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Bei"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Pengfei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse13081565","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13081565","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406174880","type":"article-journal","title":"A deep learning method for bias correction of wind field in the South China Sea","abstract":"To address the systematic bias in the Global Forecast System (GFS) wind field forecasts, we utilize deep learning techniques. The developed MU - Diffusion framework, based on a diffusion model and MultiUnet (a multitasking Unet model), establishes a nonlinear relationship between GFS and the fifth-generation EC atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5) data. Focusing on the South China Sea region, this method corrects both wind speed and direction simultaneously. Using 2022 GFS data, we achieved average enhancements of 42% in wind speed and 38.3% in wind direction compared to the initial GFS data. Tests in typhoon conditions also confirm the excellent performance of this architecture.","author":[{"family":"Pang","given":"Cong"},{"family":"Song","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Handan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Danya"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1429057","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1429057","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410118854","type":"article-journal","title":"IceBench: A Benchmark for Deep-Learning-Based Sea-Ice Type Classification","abstract":"Sea ice plays a critical role in the global climate system and maritime operations, making timely and accurate classification essential. However, traditional manual methods are time-consuming, costly, and have inherent biases. Automating sea-ice type classification addresses these challenges by enabling faster, more consistent, and scalable analysis. While both traditional and deep-learning approaches have been explored, deep-learning models offer a promising direction for improving efficiency and consistency in sea-ice classification. However, the absence of a standardized benchmark and comparative study prevents a clear consensus on the best-performing models. To bridge this gap, we introduce IceBench, a comprehensive benchmarking framework for sea-ice type classification. Our key contributions are three-fold: First, we establish the IceBench benchmarking framework, which leverages the existing AI4Arctic Sea Ice Challenge Dataset as a standardized dataset, incorporates a comprehensive set of evaluation metrics, and includes representative models from the entire spectrum of sea-ice type-classification methods categorized in two distinct groups, namely pixel-based classification methods and patch-based classification methods. IceBench is open-source and allows for convenient integration and evaluation of other sea-ice type-classification methods, hence facilitating comparative evaluation of new methods and improving reproducibility in the field. Second, we conduct an in-depth comparative study on representative models to assess their strengths and limitations, providing insights for both practitioners and researchers. Third, we leverage IceBench for systematic experiments addressing key research questions on model transferability across seasons (time) and locations (space), data downsampling, and preprocessing strategies. By identifying the best-performing models under different conditions, IceBench serves as a valuable reference for future research and a robust benchmarking framework for the field.","author":[{"family":"Taleghan","given":"Samira"},{"family":"Barrett","given":"AP"},{"family":"Meier","given":"Walter"},{"family":"Banaeikashani","given":"Farnoush"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs17091646","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17091646","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406743607","type":"article-journal","title":"The influence of depth on the global deep-sea plasmidome","abstract":"Plasmids play a crucial role in facilitating genetic exchange and enhancing the adaptability of microbial communities. Despite their importance, environmental plasmids remain understudied, particularly those in fragile and underexplored ecosystems such as the deep-sea. In this paper we implemented a bioinformatics pipeline to study the composition, diversity, and functional attributes of plasmid communities (plasmidome) in 81 deep-sea metagenomes from the Tara and Malaspina expeditions, sampled from the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans at depths ranging from 270 to 4005 m. We observed an association between depth and plasmid traits, with the 270-1000 m range (mesopelagic samples) exhibiting the highest number of plasmids and the largest plasmid sizes. Plasmids of Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were predominant across the oceans, particularly in this depth range, which also showed the highest species diversity and abundance of metabolic pathways, including aromatic compound degradation. Surprisingly, relatively few antibiotic resistance genes were found in the deep-sea ecosystem, with most being found in the mesopelagic layer. These included classes such as beta-lactamase, biocide resistance, and aminoglycosides. Our study also identified the MOBP and MOBQ relaxase families as prevalent across various taxonomic classes. This research underscores the importance of studying the plasmidome independently from the chromosomal context. Our limited understanding of the deep-sea's microbial ecology, especially its plasmidome, necessitates caution in human activities like mining. Such activities could have unforeseen impacts on this largely unexplored ecosystem.","author":[{"family":"Calderón-Osorno","given":"Melany"},{"family":"Rojas-Villalta","given":"Dorian"},{"family":"Lejzerowicz","given":"Franck"},{"family":"Cortés","given":"Jorge"},{"family":"Arias-Andrés","given":"María"},{"family":"Rojas-Jiménez","given":"Keilor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-86098-5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86098-5","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413426409","type":"article-journal","title":"Digital twin with uncertainty‐informed deep learning for prompt quantitative risk assessment of deep excavation","abstract":"Deep excavation projects are inherently fraught with significant risks due to complex geological conditions, intricate construction processes, and uncertain surrounding environments. This study proposes a novel digital twin-driven framework that integrates the physical excavation process with a virtual digital model to enable prompt and closed-loop risk management. The framework combines building information modeling (BIM), Internet of Things (IoT), and uncertainty-informed deep learning models. First, multisource and heterogeneous data from the physical excavation process are captured via the BIM-IoT system to form a comprehensive database. The database is then input to the virtual digital model to facilitate synchronous risk prediction, influence factors identification, and risk control. A key innovation lies in the incorporation of an uncertainty-informed long-term time series model, which combines bidirectional long short-term memory-based point prediction and deep Gaussian process regression-based interval prediction. This hybrid model effectively addresses data and model uncertainties, bolstering forecasting precision. Finally, the proposed digital twin with uncertainty-informed deep learning model is applied to a practical deep excavation project, showcasing its capability to improve risk assessment and management throughout the entire construction process. These findings provide a solid foundation for enhancing risk management level with increased intelligence, promptness, and reliability in underground construction through the application of digital twin technology.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Xiong"},{"family":"Pan","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Jin‐jian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1111/mice.70049","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.70049","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7115698931","type":"article-journal","title":"Advances and Challenges in Smart Packaging Technologies for the Food Industry: Trends, Applications, and Sustainability Considerations","abstract":"Recent advancements in food packaging have transitioned from passive containment toward innovative smart systems that integrate active and intelligent functionalities to improve product preservation, safety, and consumer interaction. This review examines the evolution of these technologies, focusing on biodegradable polymers and nanomaterial-enhanced substrates that combine environmental sustainability with superior barriers and antimicrobial performance. Developments in embedded sensing systems, including chemical, temperature, and humidity sensors, enable the continuous monitoring of food quality and environmental conditions, supporting extended shelf-life and early contamination detection. Intelligent packaging further incorporates indicators, sensors, and data carriers that enhance transparency and traceability across supply chains. These systems are often connected through blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) platforms for real-time data analysis. The review also addresses consumer engagement via interactive labels and personalized nutritional feedback, along with the economic, behavioral, and regulatory aspects influencing large-scale adoption. Life cycle assessments are analyzed to evaluate trade-offs between enhanced functionality and environmental impact, emphasizing recyclability and end-of-life strategies within circular economy frameworks. Finally, the article discusses current technical challenges while highlighting emerging trends such as AI-driven predictive analytics and IoT-enabled connectivity as key enablers of sustainable, efficient, and safe food packaging systems.","author":[{"family":"Davidescu","given":"Mădălina"},{"family":"Pânzaru","given":"Claudia"},{"family":"Mădescu","given":"Bianca"},{"family":"Poroșnicu","given":"Ioana"},{"family":"Simeanu","given":"Cristina"},{"family":"Usturoi","given":"Alexandru"},{"family":"Matei","given":"Mădălina"},{"family":"Doliș","given":"Marius"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/foods14244347","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14244347","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413392042","type":"article-journal","title":"Oriented object detection in optical remote sensing images using deep learning: a survey","abstract":"Oriented object detection is a fundamental yet challenging task in remote sensing (RS), aiming to locate and classify objects with arbitrary orientations. Recent advancements in deep learning have significantly enhanced the capabilities of oriented object detection methods. Given the rapid development of this field, a comprehensive survey of the recent advances in oriented object detection is presented in this paper. Specifically, we begin by tracing the technical evolution from horizontal object detection to oriented object detection and highlighting the specific related challenges, including feature misalignment, spatial misalignment, oriented bounding box (OBB) regression problems, and common issues encountered in RS. Subsequently, we further categorize the existing methods into detection frameworks, OBB regression techniques, feature representation approaches, and solutions to common issues and provide an in-depth discussion of how these methods address the above challenges. In addition, we cover several publicly available datasets and evaluation protocols. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive comparison and analysis involving the state-of-the-art methods. Toward the end of this paper, we identify several future directions for oriented object detection research.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Kun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zi"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhang"},{"family":"Su","given":"Ang"},{"family":"Teng","given":"Xichao"},{"family":"Pan","given":"Erting"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Minhao"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Qifeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10462-025-11256-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11256-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406188705","type":"article-journal","title":"Natural pigments: innovative extraction technologies and their potential application in health and food industries","abstract":"Natural pigments, or natural colorants, are frequently utilized in the food industry due to their diverse functional and nutritional attributes. Beyond their color properties, these pigments possess several biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, and neuroprotective effects, as well as benefits for eye health. This review aims to provide a timely overview of the potential of natural pigments in the pharmaceutical, medical, and food industries. Special emphasis is placed on emerging technologies for natural pigment extraction (thermal technologies, non-thermal technologies, and supercritical fluid extraction), their pharmacological effects, and their potential application in intelligent food packaging and as food colorants. Natural pigments show several pharmaceutical prospects. For example, delphinidin (30 µM) significantly inhibited the growth of three cancer cell lines (B16-F10, EO771, and RM1) by at least 90% after 48 h. Furthermore, as an antioxidant agent, fucoxanthin at the highest concentration (50 μg/mL) significantly increased the ratio of glutathione to glutathione disulfide ( p < 0.05). In the food industry, natural pigments have been used to improve the nutritional value of food without significantly altering the sensory experience. Moreover, the use of natural pH-sensitive pigments as food freshness indicators in intelligent food packaging is a cutting-edge technological advancement. This innovation could provide useful information to consumers, increase shelf life, and assist in evaluating the quality of packaged food by observing color variations over time. However, the use of natural pigments presents certain challenges, particularly regarding their stability and higher production costs compared to synthetic pigments. This situation underscores the need for further investigation into alternative pigment sources and improved stabilization methods. The instability of these natural pigments emphasizes their tendency to degrade and change color when exposed to various external conditions, including light, oxygen, temperature fluctuations, pH levels, and interactions with other substances in the food matrix.","author":[{"family":"Masyita","given":"Ayu"},{"family":"Hardinasinta","given":"Gemala"},{"family":"Astuti","given":"Ayun"},{"family":"Firdayani","given":"Firdayani"},{"family":"Mayasari","given":"Dian"},{"family":"Hori","given":"Aki"},{"family":"Nisha","given":"Ira"},{"family":"Nainu","given":"Firzan"},{"family":"Kuraishi","given":"Takayuki"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fphar.2024.1507108","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1507108","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406533072","type":"article-journal","title":"An Interpretable Deep Inference Model With Dynamic Constraints for Forecasting the Evolution of Sea Surface Variables in the South China Sea","abstract":"Abstract An interpretable deep inference forecasting model is designed to improve the forecasting capability of sea surface variables. By incorporating the air‐sea coupling mechanism as a dynamic constraint, the interpretability and forecasting performance of the model are improved. More specifically, our findings underscore the critical role of air‐sea interactions in forecasting sea surface variables, especially sea surface temperature (SST) variations induced by tropical cyclones (TCs). Additionally, Liang‐Kleeman information flow (IF), a causal inference method, is introduced to optimize the selection of predictors. Using satellite remote sensing data, our study demonstrates the model's capability in realizing sea surface multivariate forecasts in the South China Sea (SCS) within 10 days. More importantly, the experimental results prove the applicability of the model in both normal and extreme weather conditions, highlighting its effectiveness in enhancing sea surface variables forecasting.","author":[{"family":"Shao","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Hou","given":"GC"},{"family":"Li","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Han","given":"Guijun"},{"family":"Duan","given":"Maoteng"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Qingyu"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Song"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2024gl112118","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl112118","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410302652","type":"article-journal","title":"Discovery of Dense Ferromanganese Nodules in the Central Basin of the South China Sea: Insights Into Metallogenesis Processes and Resource Potential","abstract":"Abstract Ferromanganese deposits in the South China Sea (SCS) hold significant strategic metal resources, yet their distribution remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we conducted an integrated study across 6,600 km2 in the central basin of the SCS, combining sampling, seafloor video, and multi‐beam backscatter acoustic surveys. A high‐backscatter zone of 1.21 km2 on the Jiaolong seamount was identified as a ferromanganese nodule‐rich area, contrasting with the abyssal basin. The ferromanganese nodules exhibit high vernadite contents and atypical hydrogenesis characteristics, including high Fe/Mn and Fe/Co ratios, and elevated Pb and rare earth element contents. These features suggest that marginal seas are more effective in supplying short‐life cycle elements. Seamounts in the central basin may enhance circulation efficiency, facilitating sediment removal and dissolved oxygen recharge, thereby promoting ferromanganese deposit formation in certain areas. This study contributes to the further exploration of ferromanganese deposits in the SCS.","author":[{"family":"Ren","given":"Jiangbo"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yong"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Lixue"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Limin"},{"family":"Deng","given":"Yinan"},{"family":"Ren","given":"Yingzhi"},{"family":"Hong","given":"Shuang"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Jinfeng"},{"family":"Deng","given":"Xianze"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Miao"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Zhen"},{"family":"He","given":"Gaowen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2025gl115849","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl115849","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4414681502","type":"article-journal","title":"Status and challenges of deep geothermal exploitation and energy storage technology: a comprehensive review","abstract":"Abstract Geothermal energy is a green source of power that offers a promising solution to achieving a net-zero emissions target. Deep geothermal energy resources primarily consist of Hot Dry Rock (HDR) resources, which have the potential to scale up their exploitation by Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS). Additionally, there has been an increased interest in utilizing HDR reservoirs as a large-scale renewable energy storage solution because to its potential to contribute to the improvement of energy efficiency by stabilizing fluctuations in the supply and demand for heat energy. This work presents a comprehensive review of deep geothermal energy exploitation, focusing on the development of EGS and its role in energy storage systems. The paper discusses the geological distribution and classification of geothermal thermal energy resources. The exploitation status of HDR and supercritical geothermal is examined. This study also explores the methods of heat storage and compressed air energy storage in deep geothermal reservoirs. It highlights the technical challenges of deep geothermal energy development in the process of drilling, completion, heat exchange, and energy storage. Recommendations are provided for further research directions, including (a) deep geothermal resources evaluation and reservoir characterization; (b) deep geothermal well construction; (c) integration of deep geothermal energy with variable renewable energy sources; and (d) energy system operation optimization.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Gensheng"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Zixiao"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Zhongwei"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Xiaoguang"},{"family":"Zou","given":"Wenchao"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Zhaowei"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Qiliang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s44421-025-00004-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44421-025-00004-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406246356","type":"article-journal","title":"Sustainable aquaculture and sea ranching with the use of vaccines: a review","abstract":"As aquaculture takes on a major role in global seafood production, the industry has encountered several hurdles, notably in disease management and overharvesting in natural habitats challenges. Vaccination is a critical component of immunological preventive strategy essential for the health management of animals. Over the past two decades, vaccines have revolutionized the sector by addressing these issues while enhancing productivity and ecological balance. Advanced vaccine technologies, including DNA, recombinant, and inactivated vaccines, have demonstrated their potential to transform aquaculture and sea ranching. Innovations like the recombinant DNA vaccine for goldfish using the G protein expressed by baculovirus for spring viremia for carp and the ME-VAC Aqua Strept vaccine for tilapia highlight their ability to reduce antibiotic dependence and support greener practices. Multivalent vaccines in salmon farming further showcase their effectiveness in improving fish health and productivity. Emerging solutions such as plant-based and mucosal vaccines offer scalable, cost-effective options for immunizing large fish populations, reducing disease-related losses, and stabilizing seafood supply chains. Vaccines also improve the survival rates of hatchery-reared fish in natural habitats, supporting long-term sustainability. By integrating vaccination with selective breeding for disease resistance, aquaculture can achieve enhanced productivity and reduced environmental impact. The article highlights the impact vaccines can have on technology leap forward and research cooperation that will allow for collective mobilization to prevent aquatic disease. Not only that, this review also discusses the challenges and opportunities of using vaccines to increase fish resilience for surviving in open waters. Emphasis on the transformative role of vaccines in enabling technological advancements, fostering research collaborations, and addressing economic and environmental challenges to ensure a sustainable future for aquaculture and sea ranching have been highlighted as well. Future research directions and economic implications of widespread vaccine adoption in aquaculture are also discussed.","author":[{"family":"Alfatat","given":"Alma"},{"family":"Amoah","given":"Kwaku"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Jia"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Fachri","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Lauden","given":"Hagai"},{"family":"Lyu","given":"Shaoliang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xuefeng"},{"family":"Maulu","given":"Sahya"},{"family":"Asiedu","given":"Berchie"},{"family":"Syaifiuddin","given":"Syaifiuddin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1526425","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1526425","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412995684","type":"article-journal","title":"YOLO-LeafNet: a robust deep learning framework for multispecies plant disease detection with data augmentation","abstract":"Plant diseases significantly harm crops, resulting in significant economic losses across the globe. In order to reduce the harm that these diseases produce, plant diseases must be diagnosed accurately and timely manner. In this work, a YOLO-LeafNet approach is proposed for detecting diseases from leaf images of four distinct species, namely, grape, bell pepper, corn, and potato. About 8850 leaf images have been acquired for this work from five different publicly available datasets on Kaggle. All the acquired images were pre-processed by applying four different image pre-processing operations. The number of images in the training dataset was tripled for better model performance by applying five different augmentation operations. The augmented dataset was then used to train YoloV5, YoloV8, and the proposed YOLO-LeafNet. The performance of all three models is evaluated in terms of recall, precision, and Mean Average Precision (mAP). The YoloV5 attained a precision of 0.861, recall of 0.868, mAP50 of 0.944, and 0.815 of mAP50-95, and YoloV8 attained 0.977 precision, 0.975 recall, 0.984 of mAP50, and mAP50-95 of 0.915, whereas the proposed the YOLO-LeafNet attained precision of 0.985, recall of 0.980, mAP50 of 0.990, and mAP50-95 of 0.940. The experimental results reveal that the proposed YOLO-LeafNet outperformed YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 in terms of all performance metrics.","author":[{"family":"Kaur","given":"Ramanjot"},{"family":"Mittal","given":"Usha"},{"family":"Wadhawan","given":"Ankita"},{"family":"Almogren","given":"Ahmad"},{"family":"Singla","given":"Jimmy"},{"family":"Bharany","given":"Salil"},{"family":"Hussen","given":"Seada"},{"family":"Rehman","given":"Ateeq"},{"family":"Alhuqail","given":"Asma"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-14021-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-14021-z","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406113259","type":"article-journal","title":"Advancing paleontology: a survey on deep learning methodologies in fossil image analysis","abstract":"Abstract Understanding ancient organisms and their interactions with paleoenvironments through the study of body fossils is a central tenet of paleontology. Advances in digital image capture now allow for efficient and accurate documentation, curation, and interrogation of fossil forms and structures in two and three dimensions, extending from microfossils to larger specimens. Despite these developments, key fossil image processing and analysis tasks, such as segmentation and classification, still require significant user intervention, which can be labor-intensive and subject to human bias. Recent advances in deep learning offer the potential to automate fossil image analysis, improving throughput and limiting operator bias. Despite the emergence of deep learning within paleontology in the last decade, challenges such as the scarcity of diverse, high quality image datasets and the complexity of fossil morphology necessitate further advancement which will be aided by the adoption of concepts from other scientific domains. Here, we comprehensively review state-of-the-art deep learning based methodologies applied to fossil analysis, grouping the studies based on the fossil type and nature of the task. Furthermore, we analyze existing literature to tabulate dataset information, neural network architecture type, and key results, and provide textual summaries. Finally, we discuss novel techniques for fossil data augmentation and fossil image enhancements, which can be combined with advanced neural network architectures, such as diffusion models, generative hybrid networks, transformers, and graph neural networks, to improve body fossil image analysis.","author":[{"family":"Yaqoob","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Mohammed","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Ansari","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Qaiser","given":"Yemna"},{"family":"Hussain","given":"Rehaan"},{"family":"Rabbani","given":"Harris"},{"family":"Garwood","given":"Russell"},{"family":"Seers","given":"Thomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10462-024-11080-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-024-11080-y","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410352061","type":"article-journal","title":"Glaucoma identification with retinal fundus images using deep learning: Systematic review","abstract":"Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness, affecting millions of people worldwide. It is a chronic eye condition that damages the optic nerve and, if left untreated, can lead to vision loss and a decreased quality of life. Therefore, there is a need to explore practical and reliable mechanisms for glaucoma identification. This study systematically reviews deep-learning approaches for glaucoma identification using retinal fundus images from 2018 to 2024. Compared to existing survey studies, we cover the latest research, including several public retinal fundus image datasets, and focus on segmentation, classification based on convolutional neural networks and vision transformers, and explainability. The findings of this study, including comparisons of existing methods and key insights, will assist researchers and developers in identifying the most suitable techniques for glaucoma detection.","author":[{"family":"Meedeniya","given":"Dulani"},{"family":"Shyamalee","given":"Thisara"},{"family":"Lim","given":"Gilbert"},{"family":"Yogarajah","given":"Pratheepan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.imu.2025.101644","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2025.101644","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4414614509","type":"article-journal","title":"Arctic Sea Route access reshapes global shipping carbon emissions","abstract":"Climate-driven Arctic ice melt is opening the Arctic Sea Route (ASR), providing shorter paths for global trade while also raising critical environmental concerns. Here, we quantify the long-term carbon consequences of ASR access using a trade-integrated shipping emissions projection (TISEP) model that integrates trade scenarios, vessel routing, and climate policy pathways. Our results indicate that ASR use will increase global shipping emissions by 8.2% by 2100, with Arctic emissions rising from 0.22% to 2.72%. At the same time, environmental disparities in exposure to emissions will increase since Northeast Asia, Northern Europe, and North America will experience particularly large increases in emissions due to rerouted shipping flows. We evaluate three mitigation strategies and find that two ongoing strategies, the 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships and the Green Corridor strategy, are insufficient to achieve emission targets in the Arctic, but a net-zero strategy featuring stricter fuel standards and regionally phased rollout could fully eliminate ASR-related emissions. These findings highlight the urgent need for more prospective actions to reduce shipping emissions, protect the Arctic environment, and advance global environmental justice as Arctic navigability increases.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Pengjun"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yunlin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Caixia"},{"family":"Kang","given":"Tingting"},{"family":"He","given":"Zhangyuan"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Guangyu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Shiyi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xianghao"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Yuanquan"},{"family":"Kong","given":"Weiya"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-64437-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64437-4","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406250003","type":"article-journal","title":"Microencapsulation: An Innovative Technology in Modern Science","abstract":"ABSTRACT Microencapsulation is a methodology utilized across different areas to upgrade the viability, steadiness, and conveyance of bioactive compounds. Microencapsulation improves stability, controlled release, and sensory properties in pharmaceuticals, food products, agriculture, skincare products, and aquaculture by enclosing molecules within protective coatings. Spray drying, emulsification, and coacervation are techniques employed to tailor the release profiles and safeguard encapsulated compounds. The microencapsulation technique improves the shelf life and effectiveness of bioactive compounds, addressing challenges related to solubility, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. Despite its advantages, microencapsulation faces challenges concerning cost, scalability, and regulatory compliance. Ongoing research aims to enhance these techniques and materials, increasing cost‐effectiveness and facilitating applications in biotechnology, environmental science, and additional domains. This study explores the critical role of the microencapsulation approach in improving the stability and effectiveness of bioactive compounds across various applications, while also considering current challenges and future developments in improving the efficiency of encapsulation methods and materials.","author":[{"family":"Lalarukh"},{"family":"Hussain","given":"Syed"},{"family":"Ali","given":"Shafaqat"},{"family":"Yılmaz","given":"Ebru"},{"family":"Zahoor","given":"Ameer"},{"family":"Javid","given":"Arshad"},{"family":"Alshehri","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Shahzad","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Naeem","given":"Adan"},{"family":"Mahrukh","given":"Mahrukh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/pat.70066","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.70066","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407152841","type":"article-journal","title":"Molecular composition of dissolved organic matter from young organic‐rich hydrothermal deep‐sea sediments","abstract":"Abstract Hydrothermal transformations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) are governed by temperature and sedimentary organic carbon content, resulting in the release of hydrothermal DOM containing bioavailable compounds fueling benthic microbes. However, the temperature‐dependent molecular changes in porewater DOM from organic‐rich hydrothermal sediments, and the extent to which these changes contribute to the marine recalcitrant DOM, remain largely unexplored. Here we investigated the DOM composition of hydrothermal porewater and bottom water samples from the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, where basaltic sill intrusions generate hydrothermal petroleum in organic‐rich sediments. Samples containing hydrothermal petroleum with in situ temperatures from 4°C to > 106°C were analyzed using Fourier‐transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and parallel factor analysis of excitation‐emission matrices from fluorescent DOM (FDOM). We found that the porewater DOM composition was strongly influenced by temperature and petroleum dissolution, evidenced by the enrichment of hydrothermal DOM with highly unsaturated, oxygen‐depleted aromatic, sulfur‐containing molecular formulae and petroleum‐associated FDOM compared to a cold reference site. In bottom waters, hydrothermal DOM accounted for ~ 26% of the DOM molecular formulae, with 82% exhibiting hydrogen‐to‐carbon ratios < 1.5, indicating their recalcitrance. The remaining ~ 18% of the hydrothermal molecular formulae were aliphatic and saturated, representing the release of bioavailable DOM to the ocean. Our results show that hydrothermal sediments are a source of both bioavailable and recalcitrant DOM, releasing water‐soluble petroleum‐derived compounds to the deep ocean. Our study highlights the need for more quantitative research on the contribution of hydrothermal sediments to deep‐sea DOM cycling.","author":[{"family":"Brünjes","given":"Jonas"},{"family":"Schubotz","given":"Florence"},{"family":"Teske","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Seidel","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/lno.12812","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12812","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4416503376","type":"article-journal","title":"The legal landscape for deep-sea mining in the Area: A primer for practitioners","abstract":"A general overview of the legal regime for managing deep-sea mineral resources of the seafloor in areas beyond national jurisdiction (‘the Area’) is presented with a focus on the protection of the marine environment. This primer aims to provide the background to and translate complex legal principles of international law relevant to activities related to deep-sea mining in the Area for those who do not have a background in legal studies. An introduction to international law, where it is relevant to deep-sea mining, is presented, as well as an overview of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, including its historical development. The role of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) in managing and regulating mineral-related activities in the Area is expounded, and a brief overview of the state-of-play regarding developments of the ISA Mining Code is represented, including calls for a moratorium on deep-sea mining by several ISA member states. Lastly, the role of other international legal frameworks pertaining to the Area and the protection of its environment is addressed. Overlaps in competencies between international and regional organisations are identified where they might lead to conflicts, providing as example a Marine Protected Area, designated by the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, that partly intersects with the Area.","author":[{"family":"Kröger","given":"Kerstin"},{"family":"Collins","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Wheeler","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Dias","given":"Heidy"},{"family":"Collins","given":"Patrick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1525/elementa.2024.00072","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2024.00072","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4416759425","type":"article-journal","title":"Thorium-234 as a tracer for deep-sea mining sediment plume deposition","abstract":"Deep-sea mining for polymetallic nodules is currently exploratory, but commercial-scale operations require indicators of environmental change to support regulatory thresholds and inform adaptive management. In the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, where background sedimentation rates are low, seafloor imagery has validated mining plume deposition but cannot resolve repeated sedimentation as nodules become buried. Thorium-234 (234Th), a naturally occurring radionuclide with a 24.1-day half-life and strong particle reactivity, serves as a high-resolution geochemical tracer. Here we apply sedimentary 234Th to identify the spatial extent of plume deposition following the NORI-D mining test. Excess 234Th (234Thxs) activity was low at baseline but elevated after mining and declined to background within 1–2 km of the directly mined area. Results suggest that mining plumes scavenge and redistribute 234Thxs, establishing a geochemical benchmark for plume extent and an operational tool for tracing recent sedimentation under future commercial-scale mining scenarios. Thorium-234 provides a time-sensitive geochemical tracer to identify the extent of deep-sea mining sediment plume deposition, enabling detection of recent impacts and supporting long-term environmental management.","author":[{"family":"Omalley","given":"Bryan"},{"family":"Schwing","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Chernoch","given":"Sophia"},{"family":"Larson","given":"Rebekka"},{"family":"Clarke","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Marsh","given":"Leigh"},{"family":"Lough","given":"Alastair"},{"family":"Brooks","given":"Gregg"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-65625-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65625-y","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410026684","type":"article-journal","title":"Back to an ice-free future: Early Cretaceous seasonal cycles of sea surface temperature and glacier ice","abstract":"Global ice losses will likely continue with ongoing climate warming, culminating in an almost ice-free planet analogous to that which persisted throughout much of the Cretaceous. Despite extensive research, Early Cretaceous cryosphere responses to temperature and atmospheric P CO 2 fluctuations over short, human, timescales remain uncertain. Here, we show rapid late Valanginian (~133 million years ago) seasonal fluctuations in sea surface temperature (SST) and δ 18 O mainly driven by atmospheric P CO 2 . Two distinctive features emerge: large seasonal variability of up to 15.9° ± 4.9°C in Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, comparable to that found today, a positive sea surface δ 18 O value related to evaporation (expressed as salinity increases), and the existence of polar ice. Model-predicted patterns of SST change match with high statistical confidence those derived from clumped isotopes in well-preserved oyster fossils from Madagascar and display consistent warm/cold seasonality. Given its relative coolness in a Cretaceous context, the late Valanginian is a valuable analog for Earth’s future climate.","author":[{"family":"He","given":"Songlin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Tianyang"},{"family":"Spicer","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Farnsworth","given":"Alex"},{"family":"Mulch","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Widdowson","given":"Mike"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Qinghai"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Fulong"},{"family":"Valdes","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Randrianaly","given":"Hasina"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Jing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.adr9417","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adr9417","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413382395","type":"article-journal","title":"Nitrous oxide turnover in the suboxic zone of the Black Sea","abstract":"Abstract The Black Sea is the largest meromictic marine basin characterized by well‐oxygenated surface waters and a deep sulfidic anoxic core, separated by a ca. 50‐m‐thick suboxic zone. Nitrogen cycling at oxic‐anoxic boundaries of oxygen‐depleted marine environments has been identified as a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas. Contrary to this, previous work suggests that the Black Sea is considered only a minor N2O emitter. We measured persistent potential N2O formation from ammonia oxidation (up to 0.2 nmol N L−1 d−1) and sporadic rates of high N2O production from denitrification (up to 20 nmol N L−1 d−1) in the suboxic zone of the western Black Sea. Molecular analysis identified the Nitrososphaerales as the dominant ammonia oxidizers, while the genetic potential to form N2O from nitrite via denitrification was mainly encoded by Alpha‐ and Gammaproteobacteria. The measured potential N2O reduction rates (up to 24 nmol N L−1 d−1) could exceed N2O formation rates from both nitrite and ammonia, with the capacity for N2O reduction mainly encoded and expressed by presumably chemolithotrophic Gammaproteobacteria and Marinisomatia. Our results suggest that, despite the diverse pathways of N2O production operating in the Black Sea, the low emissions likely result from tight coupling of N2O production and consumption, facilitated by the presence and activity of organisms that seem to be specialized in N2O reduction.","author":[{"family":"Arx","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Kitzinger","given":"Katharina"},{"family":"Marchant","given":"Hannah"},{"family":"Lavik","given":"Gaute"},{"family":"Stuehrenberg","given":"Joerdis"},{"family":"Graf","given":"Jon"},{"family":"Speth","given":"Daan"},{"family":"Kuypers","given":"Marcel"},{"family":"Milucka","given":"Jana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/lno.70182","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70182","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407409180","type":"article-journal","title":"Mapping Harmful Algae Blooms: The Potential of Hyperspectral Imaging Technologies","abstract":"Harmful algae blooms (HABs) pose critical threats to aquatic ecosystems and human economies, driven by their rapid proliferation, oxygen depletion capacity, toxin release, and biodiversity impacts. These blooms, increasingly exacerbated by climate change, compromise water quality in both marine and freshwater ecosystems, significantly affecting marine life and coastal economies based on fishing and tourism while also posing serious risks to inland water bodies. This article examines the role of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in monitoring HABs. HSI, with its superior spectral resolution, enables the precise classification and mapping of diverse algae species, emerging as a pivotal tool in environmental surveillance. An array of HSI techniques, algorithms, and deployment platforms are evaluated, analyzing their efficacy across varied geographical contexts. Notably, hyperspectral sensor-based studies achieved up to 90% classification accuracy, with regression-based chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) estimations frequently reaching coefficients of determination (R2) above 0.80. These quantitative findings underscore the potential of HSI for robust HAB diagnostics and early warning systems. Furthermore, we explore the current limitations and future potential of HSI in HAB management, highlighting its strategic importance in addressing the growing environmental and economic challenges posed by HABs. This paper seeks to provide a comprehensive insight into HSI’s capabilities, fostering its integration in global strategies against HAB proliferation.","author":[{"family":"Arias","given":"Fernando"},{"family":"Zambrano","given":"Mayteé"},{"family":"Galagarza","given":"Edson"},{"family":"Broce","given":"Kathia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs17040608","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17040608","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406323718","type":"article-journal","title":"Advancements and challenges of onboard carbon capture and storage technologies for the maritime industry: a comprehensive review","abstract":"Abstract In response to the growing demand of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within maritime sector, Onboard Carbon Capture and Storage (OCCS) technologies provide as key solutions for tackling carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from ships. This review paper offers a comprehensive overview of recent developments, challenges, and prospects of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies considering specifically for onboard ship applications. Various Carbon Capture (CC) methods, ranging from post-combustion and pre-combustion capture to oxy-fuel combustion, are critically analysed concerning their operating principles, advantages, disadvantages and applicability in the maritime context. Temporary onboard CO 2 storage is examined in its gaseous, supercritical, solid, and liquid states. In this regard, solid and liquid forms are found promising, although solid storage is not yet commercially mature. The review also addresses the challenges in implementing the CC technologies on ships, including space constraints, energy requirements, safety concerns, and economic viability. A comparative assessment is conducted to determine the most promising OCCS technologies. The study finds that post-combustion CC by chemical absorption requires more space than cryogenic and membrane separation, with the latter two deemed viable options, albeit with trade-offs in energy consumption and cost. The study would provide valuable insights and ideas for further research in the field of OCCS technologies.","author":[{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Yaseen"},{"family":"Lazakis","given":"Iraklis"},{"family":"Mallouppas","given":"George"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s40868-024-00161-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40868-024-00161-w","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409788584","type":"article-journal","title":"Seismic soundscape of the Arctic Ocean: seasonal effects of sea ice and swell on deep-sea ocean bottom seismometer records","abstract":"SUMMARY The global oceans are a noisy environment with characteristic acoustic and seismic soundscapes. The enclosed, sea ice-covered Arctic Ocean constitutes a particular noise environment that is rapidly changing. Here, we present a first, comprehensive description of the seismic soundscape of the Arctic Ocean recorded by ocean bottom seismometers especially equipped for the operation in sea ice. They were deployed at 4 km water depth in the Laptev Sea near the sea ice edge in September 2018 and recovered one year later. Analysis of the spectral power between 20 s and 60 Hz demonstrates that ambient noise levels are generally very low compared to other ocean bottom seismic records. Distinct noise bands at high frequencies (>6 Hz) characterize the winter time and are likely caused by the deformation of sea ice emitting seismic signals recordable at the ocean bottom over tens of kilometers. Sea ice noise decays suddenly in May while sea ice concentration is still 100 per cent, but freezing stops and compressional stresses decrease. It only gradually develops in autumn as sea ice becomes thicker, brittle and internally stressed. Microseisms with frequencies of 0.2–2 Hz appear with open water on the Laptev Shelf. Swell events in autumn cause large microseisms and high-frequency noise although ice-noise is not yet present in this season. Ice concentration decreases following the swell events, showing the impact of swell on the sea ice. Ocean bottom seismic records thus represent a powerful tool to monitor the interplay between wave action in the emerging Arctic Ocean and the physical state of its sea ice cover.","author":[{"family":"Schlindwein","given":"Vera"},{"family":"Li","given":"Shuang"},{"family":"Kirk","given":"Holly"},{"family":"Schmidtaursch","given":"Mechita"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1093/gji/ggaf143","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaf143","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406468698","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning‐Based Optical Flow in Fine‐Scale Deformation Mapping of Sea Ice Dynamics","abstract":"Abstract Optical methods deployed for studying motion and deformation of objects often struggle to distinguish small displacements hidden behind observational noise. In geophysical applications, this has limited analysis to lower spatial and temporal resolutions, while reliable extraction of high‐resolution data is required for understanding material deformation and failure. In this work, we propose a novel method for determining deformation for noisy observational data using deep learning‐based optical flow. To enable higher estimate accuracy, we introduce a novel initialization technique considering contextual information. This allows an unprecedentedly high‐resolution description of motion in radar imagery. We use the proposed technique on verification cases to compare with the currently used methodologies and on ship radar observations on sea ice deformation. The outcome of our work is an open‐source end‐to‐end tool for determining full‐field Lagrangian deformation fields for data sets with small pixel displacements and high observational noise.","author":[{"family":"Uusinoka","given":"Matias"},{"family":"Haapala","given":"Jari"},{"family":"Polojärvi","given":"Arttu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2024gl112000","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl112000","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4408241053","type":"article-journal","title":"Uncrewed surface vehicles in the Global Ocean Observing System: a new frontier for observing and monitoring at the air-sea interface","abstract":"Observing air-sea interactions on a global scale is essential for improving Earth system forecasts. Yet these exchanges are challenging to quantify for a range of reasons, including extreme conditions, vast and remote under-sampled locations, requirements for a multitude of co-located variables, and the high variability of fluxes in space and time. Uncrewed Surface Vehicles (USVs) present a novel solution for measuring these crucial air-sea interactions at a global scale. Powered by renewable energy (e.g., wind and waves for propulsion, solar power for electronics), USVs have provided navigable and persistent observing capabilities over the past decade and a half. In our review of 200 USV datasets and 96 studies, we found USVs have observed a total of 33 variables spanning physical, biogeochemical, biological and ecological processes at the air-sea transition zone. We present a map showing the global proliferation of USV adoption for scientific ocean observing. This review, carried out under the auspices of the ‘Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy’ (OASIS), makes the case for a permanent USV network to complement the mature and emerging networks within the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). The Observations Coordination Group (OCG) overseeing GOOS has identified ten attributes of an in-situ global network. Here, we discuss and evaluate the maturation of the USV network towards meeting these attributes. Our article forms the basis of a roadmap to formalise and guide the global USV community towards a novel and integrated ocean observing frontier.","author":[{"family":"Patterson","given":"Ruth"},{"family":"Cronin","given":"Meghan"},{"family":"Swart","given":"Sebastiaan"},{"family":"Beja","given":"Joana"},{"family":"Edholm","given":"Johan"},{"family":"Mckenna","given":"Jason"},{"family":"Palter","given":"Jaime"},{"family":"Parker","given":"JA"},{"family":"Addey","given":"Charles"},{"family":"Boone","given":"Wieter"},{"family":"Bhuyan","given":"PK"},{"family":"Buck","given":"Justin"},{"family":"Burger","given":"Eugene"},{"family":"Burris","given":"James"},{"family":"Camus","given":"Lionel"},{"family":"Young","given":"Brad"},{"family":"Plessis","given":"Marcel"},{"family":"Flanigan","given":"Mike"},{"family":"Foltz","given":"Gregory"},{"family":"Gille","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Grare","given":"Laurent"},{"family":"Hansen","given":"Jeff"},{"family":"Hole","given":"Lars"},{"family":"Honda","given":"Makio"},{"family":"Hormann","given":"Verena"},{"family":"Kohlman","given":"Catherine"},{"family":"Kosaka","given":"Naoko"},{"family":"Kuhn","given":"Carey"},{"family":"Lenain","given":"Luc"},{"family":"Looney","given":"Lev"},{"family":"Marouchos","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Mcgeorge","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Mcmahon","given":"Clive"},{"family":"Mitarai","given":"Satoshi"},{"family":"Mordy","given":"Calvin"},{"family":"Nagano","given":"Akira"},{"family":"Nicholson","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Nickford","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Obrien","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Peddie","given":"David"},{"family":"Ponsoni","given":"Leandro"},{"family":"Ramasco","given":"Virginie"},{"family":"Rozenauers","given":"Nick"},{"family":"Siddle","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Stienbarger","given":"Cheyenne"},{"family":"Sutton","given":"Adrienne"},{"family":"Tada","given":"Noriko"},{"family":"Thomson","given":"Jim"},{"family":"Ueki","given":"Iwao"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Lisan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chidong"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongxiao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1523585","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1523585","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4415209517","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of the Research Progress of Sensor Monitoring Technology in Harsh Engineering Environments","abstract":"With the continuous growth in the demand for safety assurance in major projects and monitoring in extreme environments, sensor technology is facing challenges in harsh working conditions such as high temperatures, high pressures, and complex liquid media. This article focuses on typical complex environments such as underground and marine environments, systematically reviewing the basic principles, performance characteristics and the latest application progress of mechanical, optical and acoustic sensors in complex environments, and deeply analyzing their applicable boundaries and technical bottlenecks. The transmission mechanism of sensor data and the system architecture of the engineering monitoring and early warning platform were further explored, and their key roles in real-time perception and intelligent decision-making were evaluated. Finally, the core challenges and development opportunities currently faced by complex environmental sensing systems are summarized, and the future development directions, such as multi-parameter fusion, autonomous perception and edge intelligence, are prospected. This paper aims to provide a systematic theoretical basis and engineering practice reference for the design of sensors and the construction of monitoring systems in extreme environments.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Qiang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Fengjiao"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Chuanxing"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Jinping"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25206308","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25206308","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407158075","type":"article-journal","title":"Polysaccharides from sea buckthorn — Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction, purification, structural characterization, and antioxidant activity analysis","abstract":"This study employed a sophisticated approach consisting of ultrasound-assisted enzyme treatment to extract polysaccharides from sea buckthorn (SBP). The SBP extraction parameters were optimized, the following optimal parameters were identified: solid–liquid ratio of 1:32 g/mL, ultrasound duration of 26 min, ultrasound temperature of 52 °C, and composite enzyme concentration of 6000 U/100 mL, and the maximum extraction yield of SBP was 24.07 ± 0.15 %. The separation and purification of SBP resulted in the isolation of three fractions of polysaccharides (SBPR-1, SBPR-2, SBPR-3). The composition and structural characteristics of the SBPRs were identified. Furthermore, the SBPRs exhibited the characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides. Notably, the surface microstructures of the SBPRs showed significant variations. Moreover, all SBPRs demonstrated commendable thermal stability and in vitro antioxidant activity. This study serves as a reference for the development and application of natural antioxidants and provides a theoretical foundation for the environmentally friendly and effective extraction of SBP. • Sea buckthorn polysaccharide (SBP) was extracted by ultrasound-assisted enzyme. • Three polysaccharide fractions (SBPR-1, SBPR-2, and SBPR-3) were purified. • The physicochemical and structural characteristics of SBPRs were evaluated. • SBPRs exhibit excellent thermal stability and antioxidant activity.","author":[{"family":"Wen","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Ruijie"},{"family":"Li","given":"Shi"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Lin"},{"family":"Shao","given":"Liheng"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Qin"},{"family":"Shan","given":"Chunhui"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102265","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102265","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412784596","type":"article-journal","title":"A convolutional neural network-based deep learning approach for predicting surface chloride concentration of concrete in marine tidal zones","abstract":"Abstract Chloride-induced corrosion is a major threat to the durability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. This is especially critical in marine tidal zones, where surface chloride concentration (Cs) plays a key role in predicting chloride ingress using Fick’s second law. However, traditional assessment methods are time-consuming and impractical, necessitating advanced predictive models. This study developed a deep learning-based framework utilizing a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on 284 samples with 11 critical features related to material composition and environmental conditions. The CNN’s performance was benchmarked against four machine learning (ML) models: stepwise linear regression (SLR), support vector machine (SVM), Gaussian process regression (GPR), and random forest (RF). Results demonstrated CNN’s superiority, achieving a coefficient of determination (R 2 ) = 0.849 and a lower root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.18%, outperforming conventional models. Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) analysis revealed exposure time, water content, and fine aggregate as the most critical factors influencing Cs predictions. The findings highlighted the importance of material composition and environmental exposure in optimizing concrete mix designs to mitigate chloride ingress in tidal zones. This research can enhance durability assessment, proactive maintenance strategies, and service life estimation of RC structures in harsh marine environments. Furthermore, it can contribute to the sustainable development goals (SDGs) by promoting resilient infrastructure, sustainable construction practices, and improved climate adaptation strategies. By integrating deep learning in durability assessments, this study can provide a scalable, efficient solution for optimizing maintenance planning and reducing premature failures in coastal RC structures, ultimately extending their service life.","author":[{"family":"Abdellatief","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Abd-Elmaboud","given":"Mahmoud"},{"family":"Mortagi","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Saqr","given":"Ahmed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-12035-1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-12035-1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407912296","type":"article-journal","title":"Dynamic flood adaptation pathways for Shanghai under deep uncertainty","abstract":"Decision-making for flood adaptation in coastal cities is complicated by deep uncertainty about sea level rise, subsidence, and socioeconomic trends, which increases the possibility of under- or over-investment. Using the megacity of Shanghai as a case study, we apply the dynamic adaptive policy pathways (DAPP) framework to demonstrate robust and flexible decision-making under uncertainty. The framework integrates compound flood risk modeling of flood risk, economic evaluation, and dynamic adaptation pathways. Our results show that without adaptation, annual damages and annual casualties could increase by 86–167%, and 45–97 times, respectively, by the year 2100. ‘Hard adaptation strategies’ such as levees can reduce projected damages by 58–94%. In contrast, local scale ‘soft adaptation’ (flood-proofing buildings) is only effective and economically efficient in combination with hard adaptation (‘hybrid strategy’). The best economic performance is a hybrid strategy that starts implementing a large storage tank adding a mix of measures around 2050 (coastal wetlands, dry-floodproofing, and land elevation). Depending on how the future plays out, a hybrid strategy of a combination of a storm-surge barrier and coastal wetlands would yield high economic benefits after ~2070.","author":[{"family":"Shan","given":"Xinmeng"},{"family":"Aerts","given":"Jeroen"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Ning"},{"family":"Wright","given":"Nigel"},{"family":"Li","given":"Mengya"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yuhan"},{"family":"Wen","given":"Jiahong"},{"family":"Qiu","given":"Fengyue"},{"family":"Scussolini","given":"Paolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s44304-025-00072-9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44304-025-00072-9","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409507611","type":"article-journal","title":"A Framework for Leveraging Digital Technologies in Reverse Logistics Actions: A Systematic Literature Review","abstract":"Background: The global climate crisis has intensified the demand for sustainable solutions, positioning Reverse Logistics (RL) as a critical strategy for minimizing environmental impacts. Simultaneously, Industry 4.0 technologies are transforming RL operations by enhancing their collection, transportation, storage, sorting, remanufacturing, recycling, and disposal processes. Understanding the roles of these technologies is essential for improving efficiency and sustainability. Methods: This study employs a systematic literature review, following the PRISMA methodology, to identify key Industry 4.0 technologies applicable to RL. Publications from Scopus and Web of Science were analyzed, leading to the development of a theoretical framework linking these technologies to RL activities. Results: The findings highlight the fact that technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data Analytics, Cloud Computing, and Blockchain enhance RL by improving traceability, automation, and sustainability. Their application optimizes execution time, reduces operational costs, and mitigates environmental impacts. Conclusions: For the transportation and manufacturing sectors, integrating Industry 4.0 technologies into RL can streamline supply chains, enhance decision-making, and improve resource utilization. Smart tracking, predictive maintenance, and automated sorting systems reduce waste and improve operational resilience, reinforcing the transition toward a circular economy. By adopting these innovations, stakeholders can achieve economic and environmental benefits while ensuring regulatory compliance and long-term competitiveness.","author":[{"family":"Rodrigues","given":"Sílvia"},{"family":"Gomes","given":"Leonardo"},{"family":"Peres","given":"Fernanda"},{"family":"Corrêa","given":"Ricardo"},{"family":"Baierle","given":"Ismael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/logistics9020054","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics9020054","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4415357269","type":"article-journal","title":"Impact of Sediment Plume on Benthic Microbial Community in Deep-Sea Mining","abstract":"Deep-sea polymetallic nodule provinces harbor rich benthic microbial communities that underpin biogeochemical cycles and sustain abyssal ecosystem functions. Recent studies have begun to map their abundance, diversity and community structure, emphasizing the role of environmental gradients and spatial heterogeneity. Yet the spatiotemporal dynamics and assembly mechanisms of these microbes remain largely unresolved. Mining-induced sediment plumes further complicate the picture: they modify microbial biomass, activity and composition, but the trajectories of community succession and the functional consequences of disturbance are still unclear. Thresholds used to gauge plume impacts also differ markedly among studies, hampering consistent risk assessments. In summary, a stark contrast exists between the limited in situ observational data, the widely varying impact thresholds reported across studies, and the pressing need for unified standards in environmental impact assessments for deep-sea mining. It recommends future work that integrates multi-omics, time-series in situ monitoring, cross-regional comparisons and standardized evaluation frameworks to refine microbial indicators and ecological thresholds for deep-sea mining impact assessments.","author":[{"family":"Bai","given":"Mei"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Fang"},{"family":"Jia","given":"Yonggang"},{"family":"Qi","given":"Baoyun"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Shimin"},{"family":"Peng","given":"Shaoyuan"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Bingchen"},{"family":"Li","given":"Lei"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Liwei"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xiuzhan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yuanhe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/w17203013","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w17203013","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4411635081","type":"article-journal","title":"IDF diabetes Atlas: A worldwide review of studies utilizing retinal photography to screen for diabetic retinopathy from 2017 to 2024 inclusive","abstract":"AIMS: This study aimed to report the global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) based on retinal imaging, using English-language articles published from 2017 to June 2024. METHODS: Three databases-Cochrane Library, Embase via OVID, and Medline via OVID-were searched using subject headings and keywords. An independent librarian conducted the initial search and developed the strategy. A total of 569 publications were uploaded to Rayyan for blinded screening, yielding 42 studies. Meta-analysis was performed to determine prevalence rates for any DR, proliferative DR (PDR), diabetic macular oedema (DMO), and sight-threatening DR (STDR). RESULTS: Global prevalence rates across the 7 IDF regions were: any DR 23 % (95 % CI: 20-26), PDR 6 % (95 % CI: 3-9), DMO 5 % (95 % CI: 4-6), and STDR 11 % (95 % CI: 9-14). Compared to 2015-2019 data, the rate of any DR decreased from 27 % to 23 %, while PDR increased from 1.4 % to 6 %. DMO rates remained stable (∼5%). CONCLUSION: Global DR prevalence remains between 20 and 30%. However, variations in study design and regional practices limit trend interpretation. International screening guidelines, supported by advancing technology, are needed to produce robust epidemiological data for global Eye Health policy planning.","author":[{"family":"Owens","given":"David"},{"family":"Gurudas","given":"Sarega"},{"family":"Sivaprasad","given":"Sobha"},{"family":"Zaidi","given":"Farhan"},{"family":"Tapp","given":"Robyn"},{"family":"Kazantzis","given":"Dimitrios"},{"family":"Evans","given":"Lizzy"},{"family":"Thomas","given":"Rebecca"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112346","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112346","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406103363","type":"article-journal","title":"A Deep Learning-Based Framework Oriented to Pathological Gait Recognition with Inertial Sensors","abstract":"Abnormal locomotor patterns may occur in case of either motor damages or neurological conditions, thus potentially jeopardizing an individual's safety. Pathological gait recognition (PGR) is a research field that aims to discriminate among different walking patterns. A PGR-oriented system may benefit from the simulation of gait disorders by healthy subjects, since the acquisition of actual pathological gaits would require either a higher experimental time or a larger sample size. Only a few works have exploited abnormal walking patterns, emulated by unimpaired individuals, to perform PGR with Deep Learning-based models. In this article, the authors present a workflow based on convolutional neural networks to recognize normal and pathological locomotor behaviors by means of inertial data related to nineteen healthy subjects. Although this is a preliminary feasibility study, its promising performance in terms of accuracy and computational time pave the way for a more realistic validation on actual pathological data. In light of this, classification outcomes could support clinicians in the early detection of gait disorders and the tracking of rehabilitation advances in real time.","author":[{"family":"Palazzo","given":"Lucia"},{"family":"Suglia","given":"Vladimiro"},{"family":"Grieco","given":"Sabrina"},{"family":"Buongiorno","given":"Domenico"},{"family":"Brunetti","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Carnimeo","given":"Leonarda"},{"family":"Amitrano","given":"Federica"},{"family":"Coccia","given":"Armando"},{"family":"Pagano","given":"Gaetano"},{"family":"Daddio","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Bevilacqua","given":"Vitoantonio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/978-981-95-4072-3_10","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-4072-3_10","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4411531204","type":"article-journal","title":"China's Spotted Sea Bass Aquaculture: Advances and Further Goals","abstract":"ABSTRACT Over the past two decades, China's spotted sea bass ( Lateolabrax maculatus ) aquaculture has flourished and made significant contributions to the national fishery economy. Characterized by a rapid growth rate and strong adaptability to various environmental conditions, this species also possesses the potential for global promotion in the aquaculture industry. The achievements in China's spotted sea bass aquaculture are inherently tied to progress in multidisciplinary knowledge and technology. To further catalyze the high‐quality development of the industry, a systematic review encompassing diverse research areas is imperative. This review encapsulates the advancements made in China's spotted sea bass aquaculture over the past two decades, and synthesizes decades of research progress encompassing germplasm management, seed production, breeding, nutrition, and common diseases. On this basis, it provides insights into the current challenges confronting the industry and highlights further goals for the industry's development. Such a review is not only of great significance for promoting the further systematic development of China's spotted sea bass aquaculture but also serves as a Chinese model for reference to the global promotion of spotted sea bass aquaculture practices.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Zhangfan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Longhui"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhongbao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1111/raq.70048","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.70048","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406537829","type":"article-journal","title":"The Seasonal Correlation Between El Niño and Southern Oscillation Events and Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the South China Sea from 1958 to 2024","abstract":"This study utilizes high-resolution sea surface temperature (SST) reanalysis data (0.25° × 0.25°) to investigate the relationship between SST anomalies in the South China Sea and ENSO events. The main findings are as follows: First, there is a delayed correlation between ENSO and SST anomalies in the South China Sea, with the correlation being stronger during El Niño years than during La Niña years. Second, the correlation with the peak values of the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) is strongest for El Niño events with a 9-month lead, while for La Niña events, it is strongest with a 2-month lead. Seasonally, during El Niño events, the strongest correlations are observed in summer with a 3-month lead and in winter with a 1-month lag. For La Niña events, the strongest correlations are seen in summer with an 8-month lag and in winter with a 9-month lag. Finally, an analysis of atmospheric anomalies and shear kinetic energy anomalies relative to SST anomalies reveals a significant seasonal SST response, particularly during the summer of El Niño years and the winter of La Niña years. Overall, these results enhance our understanding of ENSO’s influence on the South China Sea and provide valuable insights for climate prediction and ecosystem protection in the region.","author":[{"family":"Song","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Lingxiang"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Junru"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Yanzhao"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Meng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse13010153","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010153","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410402643","type":"article-journal","title":"A stakeholder perspective on the drivers and barriers influencing the emergence of deep-sea mining","abstract":"The identification of drivers and barriers influencing the initiation of commercial deep-sea mining (DSM) is key to developing research approaches to support the development of adequate DSM management frameworks. This study aims to provide a systems-level understanding of DSM drivers and barriers integrating both academic literature and diverse stakeholder perspectives (industry, NGOs , policy-makers, and academic researchers). To this end, we carry out a political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal (PESTEL) analysis combining the results of a literature survey, a participatory workshop, and semi-structured interviews. The results provide a broad overview of scientific knowledge and uncertainties relating to DSM drivers and barriers identified in the literature, alongside a synthesis of emerging perspectives and concerns expressed by stakeholders during the participatory workshop and interviews. The discussion highlights both areas of consensus and divergence across stakeholder groups and the literature, as well as a critical reflection on the relevance and limitations of the PESTEL approach, highlighting research needs to further support holistic decision making around DSM.","author":[{"family":"Bellanger","given":"Manuel"},{"family":"Scemama","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Bailly","given":"Denis"},{"family":"Friedman","given":"Shani"},{"family":"Massé","given":"Ugo"},{"family":"Richard","given":"Joëlle"},{"family":"Thébaud","given":"Olivier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105623","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105623","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4411094859","type":"article-journal","title":"SWOT Mission Validation of Sea Surface Height Measurements at Sub‐100 km Scales","abstract":"Abstract After two decades of development, the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission launched on 16 December 2022, pioneering the use of Ka‐band Radar Interferometry (KaRIn) for measuring water surface elevation and achieving two‐dimensional altimetry on two 50 km swaths separated by a 20 km nadir gap. Rigorous validation against in situ observations in this study demonstrates that KaRIn achieves enough accuracy to resolve sub‐100 km oceanic processes, with measurement errors 2–4 times smaller than anticipated. These results confirm SWOT's transformative capabilities for advancing oceanographic research and establishing a robust foundation for future applications of the swath altimetry. The results also underscore the innovative advancements in mooring system design, driven by the stringent science requirements of the SWOT mission.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Jinbo"},{"family":"Lucas","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Stalin","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Lankhorst","given":"Matthias"},{"family":"Send","given":"Uwe"},{"family":"Schofield","given":"Oscar"},{"family":"Kachelein","given":"Luke"},{"family":"Haines","given":"Bruce"},{"family":"Meinig","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Pinkel","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Farrar","given":"JT"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Lee‐lueng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2025gl114936","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl114936","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4414520724","type":"article-journal","title":"Editorial: Biogeochemical cycling and depositional processes of critical metals in the deep sea and their constraints on global changes","abstract":"1 Introduction Critical metals—notably cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and rare earth elements (REE)—demonstrate pronounced enrichment in deep-sea sedimentary environments, particularly within polymetallic ferromanganese nodules, Co-rich ferromanganese crusts, and hydrothermal polymetallic sulfide deposits. These metalliferous phases represent strategic resources essential for sustainable technologies and decarbonization economies (Jiang et al., 2023; Sakellariadou et al., 2022). The sediment‒water interface functions as a critical biogeochemical reaction front governing metal fluxes between oceanic and sedimentary reservoirs (Ren et al., 2024a; Du et al., 2025). Nevertheless, metal cycling dynamics across this interface are modulated by interconnected environmental forcing: (1) productivity-driven organic matter fluxes, (2) redox oscillations, (3) bottom-current reworking, (4) volcanic-hydrothermal inputs, and (5) climatic-tectonic controls on depositional architectures. A mechanistic understanding of critical metal transport pathways, enrichment processes in mineral phases, and post-depositional preservation states is fundamental for both elucidating deep-sea ore genesis and reconstructing paleoenvironmental proxies. Integrating metal deposition systems within biogeochemical cycling frameworks under global change scenarios involves two imperatives: advancing earth system science and enabling predictive resource exploration models. This special issue (Biogeochemical Cycling and Depositional Processes of Critical Metals: Implications for Global Change) synthesizes 9 pioneering studies examining ferromanganese nodules, sulfide deposits, giant diatom tests, and black shales across Pacific, Indian, and South China Sea basins and the Yangtze platform continental margin (Figure 1). These findings provide novel insights into metal cycling and paleoceanographic evolution. Figure 1. Schematic map of sample locations for the 9 studies in the special issue. Data sources: Ferromanganese nodules (Lai et al., 2024; Li et al., 2024; He et al., 2025), ferromanganese crusts (Ren et al., 2024b), sulfide deposits (Yang et al., 2025), sediments (Lai et al., 2024; Shen et al., 2024; Yang et al., 2024), seawater (Lai et al., 2024), giant diatoms (Lin et al., 2025a), and black shales (Wang et al., 2024). 2 Summary of special issue contributions Ren et al. (2024b) investigated Co enrichment in ferromanganese crusts, identifying key controls such as diffusion flux, seawater Co concentration, and MnO2 dilution. It innovatively integrates these factors into a quantitative model to explain Co variations with water depth, offering a framework for resource assessment. This work highlights the role of biogeochemical processes in deep-sea metal deposition. He et al. (2025) revealed that bacterial communities and biological structures facilitate metal enrichment and mineralization, with regional variations in polymetallic ferromanganese nodule formation linked to redox conditions and productivity. Li et al. (2024) demonstrated spatial variability in nodule composition within the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, attributing differences to hydrogenetic vs. diagenetic processes driven by plate motion and Antarctic bottom water dynamics. These studies explore the biogeochemical cycling and depositional processes of critical metals in deep-sea polymetallic nodules, highlighting microbial roles and environmental controls. Lai et al. (2024) investigated microbial driven polymetallic ferromanganese nodule formation in the South China Sea, revealing how heterogeneous marine environments influence metal deposition. An analysis of microbial communities and geochemical conditions across three regions revealed distinct nodule formation mechanisms: diagenesis in suboxic settings and hydrogenesis in oxygen-rich areas. This work highlights microbial roles in metal cycling and nodule genesis, offering novel insights into deep-sea biogeochemical processes and their global implications. Yan","author":[{"family":"Ren","given":"Jiangbo"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Xiaodong"},{"family":"González","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Y"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1702761","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1702761","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407392352","type":"article-journal","title":"Observation of an ultra-high-energy cosmic neutrino with KM3NeT","abstract":"The detection of cosmic neutrinos with energies above a teraelectronvolt (TeV) offers a unique exploration into astrophysical phenomena1–3. Electrically neutral and interacting only by means of the weak interaction, neutrinos are not deflected by magnetic fields and are rarely absorbed by interstellar matter: their direction indicates that their cosmic origin might be from the farthest reaches of the Universe. High-energy neutrinos can be produced when ultra-relativistic cosmic-ray protons or nuclei interact with other matter or photons, and their observation could be a signature of these processes. Here we report an exceptionally high-energy event observed by KM3NeT, the deep-sea neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea4, which we associate with a cosmic neutrino detection. We detect a muon with an estimated energy of $$12{0}_{-60}^{+110}$$ petaelectronvolts (PeV). In light of its enormous energy and near-horizontal direction, the muon most probably originated from the interaction of a neutrino of even higher energy in the vicinity of the detector. The cosmic neutrino energy spectrum measured up to now5–7 falls steeply with energy. However, the energy of this event is much larger than that of any neutrino detected so far. This suggests that the neutrino may have originated in a different cosmic accelerator than the lower-energy neutrinos, or this may be the first detection of a cosmogenic neutrino8, resulting from the interactions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays with background photons in the Universe. A very high-energy muon observed by the KM3NeT experiment in the Mediterranean Sea is evidence for the interaction of an exceptionally high-energy neutrino of cosmic origin.","author":[{"family":"Aiello","given":"S"},{"family":"Albert","given":"A"},{"family":"Alhebsi","given":"AR"},{"family":"Alshamsi","given":"M"},{"family":"Garre","given":"SA"},{"family":"Ambrosone","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Ameli","given":"F"},{"family":"André","given":"M"},{"family":"Anghinolfi","given":"M"},{"family":"Aphecetche","given":"L"},{"family":"Ardid","given":"M"},{"family":"Ardid","given":"Salva"},{"family":"Argüelles","given":"C"},{"family":"Atmani","given":"H"},{"family":"Aublin","given":"J"},{"family":"Badaracco","given":"F"},{"family":"Bailly-Salins","given":"L"},{"family":"Bardačová","given":"Z"},{"family":"Baret","given":"B"},{"family":"Bariego-Quintana","given":"A"},{"family":"Becherini","given":"Y"},{"family":"Bendahman","given":"M"},{"family":"Gualandi","given":"Francesca"},{"family":"Benhassi","given":"M"},{"family":"Bennani","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Benoit","given":"David"},{"family":"Berbee","given":"E"},{"family":"Bertín","given":"V"},{"family":"Biagi","given":"S"},{"family":"Boettcher","given":"M"},{"family":"Bonanno","given":"D"},{"family":"Bouasla","given":"AB"},{"family":"Boumaaza","given":"J"},{"family":"Bouta","given":"M"},{"family":"Bouwhuis","given":"M"},{"family":"Bozza","given":"C"},{"family":"Bozza","given":"RM"},{"family":"Brânzaş","given":"H"},{"family":"Bretaudeau","given":"F"},{"family":"Breuhaus","given":"M"},{"family":"Bruijn","given":"R"},{"family":"Brunner","given":"J"},{"family":"Bruno","given":"Riccardo"},{"family":"Buis","given":"E"},{"family":"Buompane","given":"R"},{"family":"Buson","given":"S"},{"family":"Busto","given":"J"},{"family":"Caiffi","given":"B"},{"family":"Calvo","given":"D"},{"family":"Capone","given":"A"},{"family":"Carenini","given":"F"},{"family":"Carretero","given":"V"},{"family":"Cartraud","given":"T"},{"family":"Castaldi","given":"Paolo"},{"family":"Cecchini","given":"V"},{"family":"Celli","given":"S"},{"family":"Cerisy","given":"L"},{"family":"Chabab","given":"M"},{"family":"Chen","given":"A"},{"family":"Cherubini","given":"S"},{"family":"Chiarusi","given":"T"},{"family":"Circella","given":"M"},{"family":"Cocimano","given":"R"},{"family":"Coelho","given":"JAB"},{"family":"Coleiro","given":"A"},{"family":"Colonges","given":"S"},{"family":"Condorelli","given":"A"},{"family":"Coniglione","given":"R"},{"family":"Coyle","given":"P"},{"family":"Creusot","given":"A"},{"family":"Cuttone","given":"G"},{"family":"Damico","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Dallier","given":"R"},{"family":"Benedittis","given":"AD"},{"family":"Martino","given":"BD"},{"family":"Wasseige","given":"GD"},{"family":"Decoene","given":"Valentin"},{"family":"Rosso","given":"ID"},{"family":"Mauro","given":"LSD"},{"family":"Palma","given":"ID"},{"family":"Díaz","given":"AF"},{"family":"Diego-Tortosa","given":"D"},{"family":"Distefano","given":"C"},{"family":"Domi","given":"Alba"},{"family":"Donzaud","given":"C"},{"family":"Dornic","given":"D"},{"family":"Drakopoulou","given":"E"},{"family":"Drouhin","given":"D"},{"family":"Ducoin","given":"JG"},{"family":"Dvornický","given":"R"},{"family":"Eberl","given":"T"},{"family":"Eckerová","given":"E"},{"family":"Eddymaoui","given":"A"},{"family":"Eeden","given":"TV"},{"family":"Eff","given":"M"},{"family":"Eijk","given":"DV"},{"family":"Bojaddaini","given":"IE"},{"family":"Hedri","given":"SE"},{"family":"Ellajosyula","given":"V"},{"family":"Enzenhöfer","given":"A"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41586-024-08543-1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08543-1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7119538699","type":"article-journal","title":"Ocean Heat Content Sets Another Record in 2025","abstract":"Abstract Global ocean warming continued unabated in 2025 in response to increased greenhouse gas concentrations and recent reductions in sulfate aerosols, reflecting the long-term accumulation of heat within the climate system, with conditions evolving toward La Niña during the year. In 2025, global upper 2000 m ocean heat content (OHC) increased by ∼23 ± 8 ZJ relative to 2024 according to IAP/CAS estimates. CIGAR-RT, and Copernicus Marine data confirm the continued ocean heat gain. Regionally, about 33% of the global ocean area ranked among its historical (1958–2025) top three warmest conditions, while about 57% fell within the top five, including the tropical and South Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, North Indian Ocean, and Southern Oceans, underscoring the broad ocean warming across basins. Multiple datasets consistently indicate ocean warming, as measured by 0–2000 m OHC, increased from 0.14 ± 0.03 W m −2 (10 yr) −1 during 1960–2025 to 0.32 ± 0.14 W m −2 (10 yr) −1 during 2005–2025 (IAP/CAS), the latter being consistent with EEI (Earth’s Energy Imbalance) estimates within uncertainties. In contrast, the global annual mean sea surface temperature (SST) in 2025 was 0.49°C above the 1981–2010 baseline and 0.12 ± 0.03°C lower than in 2024 (IAP/CAS; similar in CMA-SST, FY3 MWRI SST, ERSSTv5 and Copernicus Marine data), consistent with the development of La Niña conditions, but still ranking as the third-warmest year on record.","author":[{"family":"Pan","given":"Yuying"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"L"},{"family":"Abraham","given":"John"},{"family":"Trenberth","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Reagan","given":"James"},{"family":"Du","given":"Jifu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Z"},{"family":"Storto","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Schuckmann","given":"Karina"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Yujing"},{"family":"Mann","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Jiang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"FT"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Fujiang"},{"family":"Locarnini","given":"Ricardo"},{"family":"Fasullo","given":"John"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Boyin"},{"family":"Graham","given":"Garrett"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Xungang"},{"family":"Gouretski","given":"Viktor"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Fei"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yuanlong"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Wan","given":"Liying"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xingrong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Dakui"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Licheng"},{"family":"Song","given":"Xiangzhou"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Y"},{"family":"Reseghetti","given":"Franco"},{"family":"Simoncelli","given":"Simona"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Gengxin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Rongwang"},{"family":"Mishonov","given":"Alexey"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Wangxu"},{"family":"Tan","given":"Zhetao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Guancheng"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Lijuan"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Lifan"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Huifeng"},{"family":"Lyu","given":"Kewei"},{"family":"Sulaiman","given":"Albertus"},{"family":"Mayer","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Huizan"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Zhanhong"},{"family":"Bao","given":"Senliang"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Hengqian"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zenghong"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Chunxue"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xu"},{"family":"Hausfather","given":"Zeke"},{"family":"Gues","given":"Flora"},{"family":"Song","given":"Xinyi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Miao"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Lei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s00376-026-5876-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-026-5876-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410831094","type":"article-journal","title":"Elevated heterotrophic activity in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal plumes influences deep-sea carbon cycling","abstract":"Deep-sea hydrothermal plumes are characterized by chemoautotrophic production fueled by the oxidation of reduced inorganic substrates. Recently, organic carbon cycling was proposed, but the metabolic fate of organic carbon is unconstrained. Here, we investigate organic carbon metabolisms in and around a hydrothermal plume to constrain the impacts of hydrothermal vents on deep-sea carbon cycling. Acetate and methanol are detected throughout the water column and are rapidly metabolized in Guaymas Basin waters. Heterotrophic production, up to 7.69 µg C L−1 d−1, greatly exceeds chemoautotrophic production. Relative to shallow water, elevated microbial activity coincides with a distinct plume signature, indicating that microbial communities respond quickly to hydrothermal inputs. Metatranscriptomic analysis of functional genes for heterotrophic metabolisms implicates Gammaproteobacteria and diverse heterotrophs in hydrothermally-sourced organic carbon degradation. Our results illustrate that organic carbon is differentially cycled within hydrothermal plumes, suggesting that hydrothermal inputs profoundly impact heterotrophic activity in the deep sea. Deep-sea hydrothermal plumes support an array of microbial metabolisms, but the fate of organic carbon in these systems is unknown. Here, the authors used metabolic rate assays and metagenomic data to show that heterotrophic bacteria contribute significantly to carbon cycling in the deep sea.","author":[{"family":"Montgomery","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Zhuang","given":"Guangchao"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Zhichao"},{"family":"Langwig","given":"Marguerite"},{"family":"Millán-Motolinía","given":"María"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Hyeongwoo"},{"family":"Hunter","given":"Kimberley"},{"family":"Morteragutiérrez","given":"CA"},{"family":"Hyacinthe","given":"Christelle"},{"family":"Marinelli","given":"Zachary"},{"family":"Anantharaman","given":"Karthik"},{"family":"Teske","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Joye","given":"Samantha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-59793-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59793-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406120705","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-fidelity strength monitoring method for dynamic response of deep-sea pipelines based on digital-twin technology","abstract":"• A multi-fidelity strength monitoring method is proposed using XGBoost-based Stacking-CGAN based on digital twin model. • Full-scale thin-walled pipe test along with numerical simulation is conducted under high-pressure and forced vibration. • Comparison with other methods affirms the validity of the digital twin model in pipeline strength monitoring. Cost-effective structural monitoring of deep-sea pipelines in harsh environments is essential for advancing deep-sea oil and gas development. This paper presents a multi-fidelity monitoring method for deep-sea pipelines based on digital twin (DT) model, applied to dynamic response monitoring under high pressure and forced vibration. This method integrates low-fidelity (LF) data from numerical simulations—clustered using the Hierarchical Geodesic K-means++ (HG-kmeans++) method—with high-fidelity (HF) data from full-scale pipeline tests. A pre-training model is developed using XGBoost based on LF data, and a DT model is established via the XGBoost-based Stacking-CGAN (XS-CGAN) method by integrating multi-fidelity data. A case study involving full-scale experiment demonstrates that the proposed approach significantly enhances both global and local accuracy. Compared to finite element analysis (FEA), the RRMSE and RE max improve by 40 % and 55.61 % respectively, outperforming current advanced method by 5.14 % and 3.79 %. These findings demonstrate the method's practical value for structural monitoring of deep-sea pipelines.","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Jianxing"},{"family":"Jin","given":"Zihang"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Shao","given":"Qiang"},{"family":"Su","given":"Yefan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhenmian"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Ruilong"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Hanxu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.apor.2025.104414","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2025.104414","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410639104","type":"article-journal","title":"Active Pressure-Compensation Technology for Deep-Sea Fluid Samplers","abstract":"Decompression presents a significant challenge in ensuring the reliability of deep-sea samples. To address this issue, the current study introduces a precise active pressure-compensation technology adaptable to diverse deep-sea fluid samplers. Leveraging this technology, an active pressure compensator is also developed. The flow rate required to maintain pressure during sample recovery is determined through theoretical calculations. Based on this flow requirement, a cam piston pump—the most important component of the compensator—is designed. Furthermore, a control circuit is devised for the active pressure compensator to regulate pressure during sample recovery. Laboratory experiments verify the flow output performance and mechanical efficiency of the cam piston pump at 60 MPa. Subsequently, a pressure-maintaining sampler is constructed and tested within an extra-high pressure test chamber. Preliminary results indicate that at depths of up to 6000 m, the proposed active pressure-compensation technology can maintain sample pressures at over 99% of their in situ pressures, thereby enhancing sample quality.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhiheng"},{"family":"Dai","given":"Yiqiang"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Shijun"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Canjun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109/joe.2025.3558814","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/joe.2025.3558814","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.ncjsxkt8x","type":"article-journal","title":"Data from: Topography constrains the climatic response of treeline migration in Taiwan’s subalpine forests","abstract":"Treelines are moving upslope, but the rates and drivers differ among different regions globally. Many studies have examined the relationship between treeline movement and climate change, particularly rising temperature, while the role of topographical factors has received much less attention, despite the longstanding recognition of its importance. We examined treeline dynamics from 1980 to 2021 in two mountain ranges of Taiwan, the Yushan Mountain Range (YMR) and the Central Mountain Range (CMR), in relation to topography and climate using multi-temporal aerial imagery and U-Net deep-learning segmentation. Treeline elevation advanced approximately 60 m in the two mountains and was accompanied by forest area expansion of 197 ha in the YMR and 158 ha in the CMR, which was mainly due to upward forest movement, not tree densification. Elevation, increases in growing-season temperature and minimum temperature, and growing-season precipitation were important predictors of forest area expansion. In contrast, elevation, increases in growing-season precipitation and maximum temperature, and slope steepness were key predictors of treeline movement. Treeline upslope migration was approximately two times greater during the 1980–2001 period (2.1 m yr-1 in the YMR and 1.6 m yr-1 in the CMR) compared to the 2001–2021 period (1.0 m yr-1 in the YMR and 0.75 m yr-1 in the CMR), likely because forests already occupied most of the suitable habitat, and topographic factors constrained upward movement. Our study highlights the importance of accounting for both climatic and topographic factors in understanding treeline responses to climate change. In addition, our results indicate that treeline advance in mountain island forests, such as those in Taiwan, may be approaching an elevational limit, above which further upward migration is likely to exhibit a more muted response to further warming.","author":[{"family":"Kuanyu","given":"Chen"},{"family":"Peereman","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Hogan","given":"James"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Teng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.ncjsxkt8x","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.ncjsxkt8x","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19113285","type":"article-journal","title":"Preliminary Design of a Deep Offshore Airborne Wind Energy Farm","abstract":"This report presents the preliminary design of a deep offshore wind farm based on Airborne Wind Energy (AWE) technology. The design focuses on the sizing of critical components for an offshore farm configuration, including: Kite and Tether: Focus on a soft-wing kite system with a rated power of 2 MW per unit. Offshore Infrastructure: Engineering of floating platforms and mooring lines to ensure stability and functionality in deep-sea environments. Substations and Transmission: Integration of electrical machinery and power cables for energy conversion and transfer. The study uses a specific reference site located in Sicily, Italy (west of the Egadi Islands), utilizing ERA5 reanalysis data to model wind profiles at high altitudes (approx. 200 m). The findings provide essential technical data for assessing the feasibility of high-altitude wind energy systems in deep offshore locations.","author":[{"family":"Talia","given":"Nicola"},{"family":"Marilù","given":"Sagretti"},{"family":"Moino","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Trebbi","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Romano","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Trevisi","given":"Filippo"},{"family":"Brussa","given":"Gaia"},{"family":"Pasta","given":"Edoardo"},{"family":"Trombini","given":"Sofia"},{"family":"Croce","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Fagiano","given":"Lorenzo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19113285","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19113285","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19113284","type":"article-journal","title":"Preliminary Design of a Deep Offshore Airborne Wind Energy Farm","abstract":"This report presents the preliminary design of a deep offshore wind farm based on Airborne Wind Energy (AWE) technology. The design focuses on the sizing of critical components for an offshore farm configuration, including: Kite and Tether: Focus on a soft-wing kite system with a rated power of 2 MW per unit. Offshore Infrastructure: Engineering of floating platforms and mooring lines to ensure stability and functionality in deep-sea environments. Substations and Transmission: Integration of electrical machinery and power cables for energy conversion and transfer. The study uses a specific reference site located in Sicily, Italy (west of the Egadi Islands), utilizing ERA5 reanalysis data to model wind profiles at high altitudes (approx. 200 m). The findings provide essential technical data for assessing the feasibility of high-altitude wind energy systems in deep offshore locations.","author":[{"family":"Talia","given":"Nicola"},{"family":"Marilù","given":"Sagretti"},{"family":"Moino","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Trebbi","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Romano","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Trevisi","given":"Filippo"},{"family":"Brussa","given":"Gaia"},{"family":"Pasta","given":"Edoardo"},{"family":"Trombini","given":"Sofia"},{"family":"Croce","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Fagiano","given":"Lorenzo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19113284","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19113284","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.1002/smll.202503067","type":"article-journal","title":"Antiswelling, Ultrastretchable, and Ultrastable Hydrogel Sensors for Long-Term Underwater Monitoring.","abstract":"Wearable strain sensors designed for underwater environments and monitoring users' health status and safety are highly desirable. However, constructing antiswelling, stretchable, and stable hydrogel strain sensors for prolonged underwater monitoring is still a great challenge. In this work, conductive hydrogel sensors suitable for comprehensive environmental monitoring are developed by integrating conductive montmorillonite (MMT) into hydrogels. The conductive hydrogels demonstrate exceptional stretchability, elasticity, electrical conductivity, a wide operational range, and high sensing accuracy. Additionally, the sensors exhibit excellent underwater stability, making them suitable for use in underwater communication and alert systems. The conductive hydrogels developed herein present a novel pathway for advancing underwater sensing applications, human-robot interaction, soft robotics, and underwater intelligent devices.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Xingyue"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Lv","given":"Dong"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Linjie"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Jiahui"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Yintong"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Xu"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Xiubin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/smll.202503067","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202503067","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.1126/sciadv.adx3539","type":"article-journal","title":"Starfish-inspired tube feet for temporary and switchable underwater adhesion and transportation.","abstract":"Temporary and reversible underwater adhesion is important for a number of robotic applications, including picking up objects, facilitating locomotion in confined environments, and attaching to surfaces during periods of observation. Here, we present a starfish-inspired tube foot composed of a soft hydrogel mouth and a rigid stem, fabricated by integrating two serially bonded cylindrical components with distinct mechanical properties. Upon swelling, the initially straight hydrogel cylinder undergoes a selective shape transformation into a soft, cupped pad that deforms to stretch and spread upon contact, enabling effective adhesion to target surfaces. During detachment, a vacuum is formed within the tube, leading to strong underwater adhesion. The artificial tube feet show high adhesion hysteresis, autonomous release by external stimuli, and immediate detachment by pneumatic actuation with integrated system. The temporary underwater adhesive inspired by the tube feet of starfish enables functionality in underwater robotics and is demonstrated through underwater manipulation of rocks.","author":[{"family":"Lee","given":"Hyemin"},{"family":"Ryu","given":"Yerin"},{"family":"Oh","given":"Yu‐kyoung"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Chorong"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Yoonjin"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Hyewon"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Jaekyoung"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Ji"},{"family":"Kang","given":"Jiwan"},{"family":"Park","given":"Keun"},{"family":"Turner","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Shu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.adx3539","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adx3539","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.5066/p1ckymym","type":"article-journal","title":"Annotated images of dreissenid mussels (Dreissena spp.) in down-looking color images in Lake Michigan, USA, to support machine learning modeling","abstract":"This dataset is comprised of lakebed photographs collected by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) in Lake Michigan, USA. Photos were annotated to identify invasive dreissenid mussels (Zebra and Quagga mussels) for use in machine learning and algorithm development, specifically to train and validate a transformer-based segmentation model (MusselFinder) for automated mussel density estimation. The dataset includes imagery subsets from specific survey locations, including waters near Muskegon, MI, and Elk Rapids, MI, and a sample from a broader area of Lake Michigan. Data files consist of original down-looking color images in WebP format, pixel-wise binary segmentation masks in PNG format (where mussels are represented by designated pixel values and the background by black pixels), and point-label annotations stored in JSON format. Approximate georeference locations and other data associated with these images are accessible in the accompanying metadata spreadsheet.","author":[{"family":"Galloway","given":"Angus"},{"family":"Esselman","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Tilley","given":"Alden"},{"family":"Geisz","given":"Joseph"},{"family":"Moradi","given":"Shadi"},{"family":"Geglio","given":"Anthony"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5066/p1ckymym","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5066/p1ckymym","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20591920","type":"article-journal","title":"Augmented-Reality-Based Teleoperation of an Underwater Vehicle-Manipulator System Using Whole-Body Control","abstract":"This video documents experimental robotic trials conducted in the test tank at CIRTESU (Research Center for Robotics and Underwater Technologies at Universitat Jaume I) on 27 May 2026. The experiment demonstrates the teleoperation of the Girona500 underwater robot using an immersive eXtended Reality (XR) interface deployed on a Meta Quest 3 headset. The primary objective of the mission was to validate the XR interface for a specific underwater manipulation task: placing a patch over a hole in a net. This operation is highly relevant for the inspection and repair of offshore fish farm nets, a critical task to prevent fish escapes and predator intrusions, thereby safeguarding production and environmental control. During the physical trial, the operator utilized a position-control mode within the XR interface, instantiating spatial coordinate references to progressively guide the robotic manipulator. The immersive Graphical User Interface (GUI) provided the operator with a 3D digital twin of the robot and its environment, complemented by live video feeds from the Girona500’s frontal and gripper cameras. This dual-camera view was crucial for aligning the patch with the damaged net prior to contact. Furthermore, real-time haptic feedback derived from the gripper's force sensors modulated the vibrations of the XR controllers, providing the operator with a tactile indication of physical contact and the pressure applied during the intervention.","author":[{"family":"López Barajas","given":"Salvador"},{"family":"Marin Garces","given":"Josep"},{"family":"Solis Jiménez","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Pino Jarque","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Marin","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Sanz","given":"Pedro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20591920","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20591920","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20591921","type":"article-journal","title":"Augmented-Reality-Based Teleoperation of an Underwater Vehicle-Manipulator System Using Whole-Body Control","abstract":"This video documents experimental robotic trials conducted in the test tank at CIRTESU (Research Center for Robotics and Underwater Technologies at Universitat Jaume I) on 27 May 2026. The experiment demonstrates the teleoperation of the Girona500 underwater robot using an immersive eXtended Reality (XR) interface deployed on a Meta Quest 3 headset. The primary objective of the mission was to validate the XR interface for a specific underwater manipulation task: placing a patch over a hole in a net. This operation is highly relevant for the inspection and repair of offshore fish farm nets, a critical task to prevent fish escapes and predator intrusions, thereby safeguarding production and environmental control. During the physical trial, the operator utilized a position-control mode within the XR interface, instantiating spatial coordinate references to progressively guide the robotic manipulator. The immersive Graphical User Interface (GUI) provided the operator with a 3D digital twin of the robot and its environment, complemented by live video feeds from the Girona500’s frontal and gripper cameras. This dual-camera view was crucial for aligning the patch with the damaged net prior to contact. Furthermore, real-time haptic feedback derived from the gripper's force sensors modulated the vibrations of the XR controllers, providing the operator with a tactile indication of physical contact and the pressure applied during the intervention.","author":[{"family":"López Barajas","given":"Salvador"},{"family":"Marin Garces","given":"Josep"},{"family":"Solis Jiménez","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Pino Jarque","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Marin","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Sanz","given":"Pedro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20591921","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20591921","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/sn3z3wyp2n.1","type":"article-journal","title":"Simulated Forward-Looking Sonar Datasets of Mountainous Terrain and an Underwater UXO Target","abstract":"The Sonar2DGS Dataset is a multi-scene dataset designed for research on forward-looking imaging sonar scene representation, 3D reconstruction, and novel-view synthesis. It comprises a mountain scene, a UXO scene, two real-world unexploded ordnance acquisition sequences, and four robustness experiment subsets, providing 586 8-bit grayscale sonar images with sonar-to-world pose annotations. The dataset also includes imaging ranges, horizontal and vertical fields of view, normalization parameters, predefined data splits, and optional point clouds. Its robustness subsets cover additive noise, multiplicative noise, pose perturbations, and range-based normalization, enabling systematic evaluation of reconstruction quality and generalization performance for sonar Gaussian Splatting, radiance fields, and related 3D vision methods under varying imaging conditions and sources of error.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yibo"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jianggang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17632/sn3z3wyp2n.1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/sn3z3wyp2n.1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/sn3z3wyp2n","type":"article-journal","title":"Simulated Forward-Looking Sonar Datasets of Mountainous Terrain and an Underwater UXO Target","abstract":"The Sonar2DGS Dataset is a multi-scene dataset designed for research on forward-looking imaging sonar scene representation, 3D reconstruction, and novel-view synthesis. It comprises a mountain scene, a UXO scene, two real-world unexploded ordnance acquisition sequences, and four robustness experiment subsets, providing 586 8-bit grayscale sonar images with sonar-to-world pose annotations. The dataset also includes imaging ranges, horizontal and vertical fields of view, normalization parameters, predefined data splits, and optional point clouds. Its robustness subsets cover additive noise, multiplicative noise, pose perturbations, and range-based normalization, enabling systematic evaluation of reconstruction quality and generalization performance for sonar Gaussian Splatting, radiance fields, and related 3D vision methods under varying imaging conditions and sources of error.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yibo"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jianggang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17632/sn3z3wyp2n","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/sn3z3wyp2n","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21515620","type":"article-journal","title":"CleanCam: a labelled image dataset for camera-cleaning decisions in aquaculture monitoring","abstract":"CleanCam is a benchmark dataset for underwater camera-viewport fouling severity assessment in aquaculture. It distinguishes material attached to the camera viewport from water-column degradation, including turbidity, haze, suspended particles, lighting variation, and low contrast. These conditions can appear similar in individual frames but imply different operational responses.CleanCam v2.0.0 contains 22,572 RGB JPEG images at 3072 × 2048 pixels. The dataset includes 18,972 real images sampled every 10 seconds from approximately 53 hours of valid underwater video collected over 20 effective collection days using two fixed cameras in golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii) rearing tanks at the Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1 in Hai Phong, Viet Nam. It also includes 3,600 split-consistent synthetic images for Levels 3–5 to support controlled augmentation and stress-testing experiments.Images are annotated using a five-level ordinal severity protocol focused specifically on viewport fouling. Temporal context was used to distinguish persistent surface deposits from transient water-column effects. Clean-but-turbid frames remain at Level 1, while higher levels require stable evidence of material attached to the viewport.This release includes: real and synthetic image folders organized by severity level; master, real-image, and synthetic-image metadata tables; deterministic capture-disjoint train, validation, and test splits; image-level synthetic provenance, including parent images, transformation parameters, opacity, blockage estimates, assets, and random seeds; 11 documented RGBA deposit assets assigned to disjoint train, validation, and test pools; a complete data dictionary, label taxonomy, acquisition-condition documentation, deposit-asset documentation, and quickstart guide; release summaries and a SHA-256 file manifest; and release-building and validation scripts. The metadata describe image identifiers, file paths, labels, camera nodes, recording sessions, dates, elapsed seconds, capture identifiers, dimensions, and checksums. Synthetic records additionally preserve parent-image linkage and generator parameters.CleanCam can support ordinal classification, camera-cleaning decision studies, leakage-aware benchmarking, synthetic augmentation, camera-health monitoring, underwater robotics, and image-stream quality control in long-term aquatic monitoring systems.Source code and reproducibility materials:https://github.com/khoa288/CleanCam/releases/tag/v2.0.0","author":[{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Minh"},{"family":"Hoang","given":"Tuan"},{"family":"Tran","given":"Nam"},{"family":"Tran","given":"Nam"},{"family":"Pham","given":"Minh"},{"family":"Phan","given":"Tuan"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Van"},{"family":"Dinh","given":"Van"},{"family":"Do","given":"Danh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21515620","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21515620","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18952473","type":"article-journal","title":"CleanCam: a labelled image dataset for camera-cleaning decisions in aquaculture monitoring","abstract":"CleanCam is a benchmark dataset for underwater camera-viewport fouling severity assessment in aquaculture. It distinguishes material attached to the camera viewport from water-column degradation, including turbidity, haze, suspended particles, lighting variation, and low contrast. These conditions can appear similar in individual frames but imply different operational responses.CleanCam v2.0.0 contains 22,572 RGB JPEG images at 3072 × 2048 pixels. The dataset includes 18,972 real images sampled every 10 seconds from approximately 53 hours of valid underwater video collected over 20 effective collection days using two fixed cameras in golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii) rearing tanks at the Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1 in Hai Phong, Viet Nam. It also includes 3,600 split-consistent synthetic images for Levels 3–5 to support controlled augmentation and stress-testing experiments.Images are annotated using a five-level ordinal severity protocol focused specifically on viewport fouling. Temporal context was used to distinguish persistent surface deposits from transient water-column effects. Clean-but-turbid frames remain at Level 1, while higher levels require stable evidence of material attached to the viewport.This release includes: real and synthetic image folders organized by severity level; master, real-image, and synthetic-image metadata tables; deterministic capture-disjoint train, validation, and test splits; image-level synthetic provenance, including parent images, transformation parameters, opacity, blockage estimates, assets, and random seeds; 11 documented RGBA deposit assets assigned to disjoint train, validation, and test pools; a complete data dictionary, label taxonomy, acquisition-condition documentation, deposit-asset documentation, and quickstart guide; release summaries and a SHA-256 file manifest; and release-building and validation scripts. The metadata describe image identifiers, file paths, labels, camera nodes, recording sessions, dates, elapsed seconds, capture identifiers, dimensions, and checksums. Synthetic records additionally preserve parent-image linkage and generator parameters.CleanCam can support ordinal classification, camera-cleaning decision studies, leakage-aware benchmarking, synthetic augmentation, camera-health monitoring, underwater robotics, and image-stream quality control in long-term aquatic monitoring systems.Source code and reproducibility materials:https://github.com/khoa288/CleanCam/releases/tag/v2.0.0","author":[{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Minh"},{"family":"Hoang","given":"Tuan"},{"family":"Tran","given":"Nam"},{"family":"Tran","given":"Nam"},{"family":"Pham","given":"Minh"},{"family":"Phan","given":"Tuan"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Van"},{"family":"Dinh","given":"Van"},{"family":"Do","given":"Danh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18952473","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18952473","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.24079","type":"manuscript","title":"Effective Parameters, Real Behavior: Renormalization for Robotics -- From Infinite Electron Mass to Sim-to-Real Gap","abstract":"Bridging the sim-to-real gap is a central problem in robotics, and the prevailing approach is to build increasingly accurate simulators. Here, we propose another approach based on renormalization: using effective, resolution-dependent parameters to absorb details omitted by the simulator and reproduce real behavior. These parameters may differ from measured physical values because they compensate for what the simulator leaves out. We demonstrate this mechanism analytically for proportional--derivative (PD) control at finite simulation frequency, where proportional feedback changes the effective derivative gain and derivative feedback changes the effective inertia. We then interpret dynamic rope manipulation and underwater swimming through the same perspective. Finally, we present a practical procedure for choosing observables, identifying omitted physics, and determining effective parameters. Renormalization offers robotics a complementary path across the sim-to-real gap: effective parameters, real behavior.","author":[{"family":"Sun","given":"Youran"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Jiaxuan"},{"family":"Ren","given":"Xingyu"},{"family":"Yi","given":"Chugang"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Haizhao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.24079","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.24079","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.57760/sciencedb.40992","type":"article-journal","title":"USMT(Underwater Sonar Moving Target)","abstract":"The USMT (Underwater Sonar Moving Target) dataset is the first publicly available low-pixel forward-looking sonar (FLS) image dataset for underwater moving targets worldwide. The data was collected in an artificial lake in Qing County, Cangzhou, Hebei Province, China, capturing a 533-mm-calibre, 6-meter-long Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). The dataset comprises 21 video sequences with a total of 7,136 fully annotated FLS images. Annotations are provided in LabelMe JSON standard for instance segmentation. The dataset includes both sector-shaped sonar images (632×792 pixels) and rectangular B-scan images (1,000×500 pixels). It is particularly suitable for developing small-target detection algorithms, investigating spatiotemporal fusion techniques for multi-frame target tracking, and benchmarking instance segmentation methods for underwater robotics applications.","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Jingfeng"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Jiugen"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Zhongju"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Chen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.57760/sciencedb.40992","URL":"https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.40992","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4409076757","type":"article-journal","title":"Sonar-Based Deep Learning in Underwater Robotics: Overview, Robustness, and Challenges","abstract":"With the growing interest in underwater exploration and monitoring, autonomous underwater vehicles have become essential. The recent interest in onboard deep learning (DL) has advanced real-time environmental interaction capabilities relying on efficient and accurate vision-based DL models. However, the predominant use of sonar in underwater environments, characterized by limited training data and inherent noise, poses challenges to model robustness. This autonomy improvement raises safety concerns for deploying such models during underwater operations, potentially leading to hazardous situations. This article aims to provide the first comprehensive overview of sonar-based DL under the scope of robustness. It studies sonar-based DL perception task models, such as classification, object detection, segmentation, and simultaneous localization and mapping. Furthermore, this article systematizes sonar-based state-of-the-art data sets, simulators, and robustness methods, such as neural network verification, out-of-distribution, and adversarial attacks. This article highlights the lack of robustness in sonar-based DL research and suggests future research pathways, notably establishing a baseline sonar-based data set and bridging the simulation-to-reality gap.","author":[{"family":"Aubard","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Madureira","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Teixeira","given":"Luís"},{"family":"Pinto","given":"José"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109/joe.2025.3531933","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/joe.2025.3531933","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.06077","type":"manuscript","title":"3D Underwater Path Planning via Generative Flow Field Surrogates","abstract":"Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) launch and recovery (LAR) into the hull of an advancing host platform requires traversal of a complex, three-dimensional propeller wake whose hydrodynamic structure cannot be characterised by a uniform current model. High-fidelity Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations resolve this structure with sufficient accuracy for path planning, but their computational cost renders them impractical for onboard use. We address this gap by integrating two conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) architectures -- a regularised PatchGAN and a 2D3DGAN with self-attention -- as drop-in replacements for RANS CFD data within a three-dimensional, energy-weighted A* path planning framework. Both generators are driven by a hierarchical pipeline that synthesises full $128^3$ voxel flow field volumes from scalar operating condition inputs alone, with end-to-end inference times of approximately 28-146 $μ$s, compared to hours for a single RANS computation. We benchmark all four environmental knowledge levels: uniform current, ground-truth CFD, PatchGAN, and 2D3DGAN~SA across 19,800 independently generated trajectories spanning 550 distinct flow conditions. Full CFD wake knowledge reduces energy expenditure by 5.7-12.5% and high-velocity wake-core encounters by up to 77.8% relative to uniform-current planning, with both benefits scaling with operating severity. The cGAN surrogates recover approximately 45-60% of the CFD energy benefit and high-velocity cell avoidance benefit while operating at inference speeds compatible with edge device use. These results provide the first systematic quantification of the downstream path planning value of cGAN-predicted hydrodynamic fields in a three-dimensional maritime robotics application.","author":[{"family":"Cooper-Baldock","given":"Zachary"},{"family":"Santos","given":"Paulo"},{"family":"Brinkworth","given":"Russell"},{"family":"Sammut","given":"Karl"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.06077","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.06077","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.03534","type":"manuscript","title":"Long-Term Mapping of the Douro River Plume with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning","abstract":"We study the problem of long-term (multiple days) mapping of a river plume using multiple autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), focusing on the Douro river representative use-case. We propose an energy - and communication - efficient multi-agent reinforcement learning approach in which a central coordinator intermittently communicates with the AUVs, collecting measurements and issuing commands. Our approach integrates spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (GPR) with a multi-head Q-network controller that regulates direction and speed for each AUV. Simulations using the Delft3D ocean model demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms both single- and multi-agent benchmarks, with scaling the number of agents both improving mean squared error (MSE) and operational endurance. In some instances, our algorithm demonstrates that doubling the number of AUVs can more than double endurance while maintaining or improving accuracy, underscoring the benefits of multi-agent coordination. Our learned policies generalize across unseen seasonal regimes over different months and years, demonstrating promise for future developments of data-driven long-term monitoring of dynamic plume environments.","author":[{"family":"Fabbro","given":"Nicolò"},{"family":"Mesbahi","given":"Milad"},{"family":"Mendes","given":"Renato"},{"family":"De Sousa","given":"João"},{"family":"Pappas","given":"George"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.03534","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.03534","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.05012","type":"manuscript","title":"Realizing Robotic Swimming with Unified Fluid-Robot Multiphysics","abstract":"Matching the swimming efficiency and agility of fish has remained an elusive goal in underwater robotics. Such locomotion capabilities rely on complex vortex interactions between the robot's body and the surrounding fluid. However, simulating these dynamics, which are governed by coupled ordinary and partial differential equations, is significantly more difficult than the multi-body dynamics of classical rigid robotic systems. We present a differentiable framework for simulating strongly coupled fluid-robot multiphysics as a unified optimization problem. The coupled manipulator and incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are derived together from a single Lagrangian using the principle of least action. We employ discrete variational mechanics to derive a stable, well-conditioned, and physically accurate scheme for jointly simulating articulated bodies and the surrounding fluid. We leverage the implicit function theorem to compute derivatives of the fully coupled dynamics. Using this simulator and its gradients, we realize undulating swimming gaits and optimize a highly dynamic C-start escape maneuver for a bioinspired eel robot. We validate both gaits on physical hardware, demonstrating successful sim-to-real transfer. Simulation code, hardware data, and schematics for the eel robot can be found here: https://unified-fluid-robot-multiphysics.github.io/","author":[{"family":"Lee","given":"Jeong"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Junzhe"},{"family":"Kwok","given":"Sofia"},{"family":"Majidi","given":"Carmel"},{"family":"Manchester","given":"Zachary"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2506.05012","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.05012","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.21450","type":"manuscript","title":"Vector Fields for Path Following on Lie Groups with Application in Robot Control","abstract":"Many robotic systems allow independent control of position and orientation (pose), including omnidirectional aerial vehicles, underwater robots, and manipulator end-effectors. In many applications, these systems must follow a continuous sequence of poses, leading to either trajectory-tracking or path following formulations. Compared to trajectory-tracking, path following offers important practical advantages. In particular, we focus on the problem of path following on Lie groups. Considering the robots as rigid bodies moving in the 3D space, this path-following problem can be posed as a problem of designing guiding vector fields on the matrix Lie group SE(3). In this paper, we develop a general vector-field framework for path following on connected matrix Lie groups, of which SE(3) is a prominent special case. The proposed vector field guarantees convergence to a desired parametric curve from almost all initial conditions while ensuring continuous motion along the path. Furthermore, another interesting feature is that, as opposed to previous works, the control input is \"minimal\" in terms of representation and closer to the engineering application (e.g., the body twist in the case SE(3)). After establishing the general case, the framework is then specialized to SE(3), of special interest in robotics, yielding an efficient algorithm suitable for real-time robotic control. Experiments with a robotic manipulator tracking complex pose paths demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. An open-source implementation is also provided.","author":[{"family":"Bartelt","given":"Felipe"},{"family":"Pimenta","given":"Luciano"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Weijia"},{"family":"Gonçalves","given":"Vinicius"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.21450","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.21450","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20361444","type":"article-journal","title":"Peter Street Basin Master Plan 2026, Ability Basin Lab, 28th Annual Mersivity/Waterhci Symposium, Mersivity/Waterhci-2026","abstract":"Peter Street Basin Master Plan 2026 is the theme of the 28th Annual Mersivity / Waterhci Symposium, Mersivity/Waterhci-2026. Peter Street Basin is an approximately 60m by 30m outdoor pool connected to Lake Ontario by an approximately 12m wide channel, and has been used as a safe refuge or \"safe harbour\" for paddlers seeking refuge from a storm or simply to rest. As it has fallen into neglect, we have created the Friends of Peter Street Basin and successfully cleaned it up for use as an outdoor classroom and teaching lab in Lake Ontario. The main centerpiece of the Basin is an artwork by the late artist Bernie Miller, survived by his wife Jeanne Randolph, an accomplished artist and art historian herself, so we invited her to give the Keynote Address at the Symposium. Some of the research projects associated with the Basin included autonomous underwater submarines to help clean up the Basin, new kinds of user-interfaces to explore the Basin, in both real and virtual space, as well as new technologies for people with disabilities, with exploration of the Basin as a place for accessibility. We envision Peter Street Basin as a place for safe water access, safe paddling, and use of alternative accessibility vessels such as modified canoes, kayaks, paddleboards, and Safetyballs, e.g. Safetyballing as a form of water access for those unable to paddle a canoe or kayak. We envision \"Ability Basin Lab\" (abbreviated \"ABL\" or \"Abasin\" or \"A-base\") as a place for people of all abilities to touch and be touched by water, to have water access for more than just looking at water, and to conduct world-class research and teaching on and in Lake Ontario, by way of \"concrete limnology\" (lake study in a concrete harbour setting). In particular, the clean concrete walls provide a place for lake access and lake study free of grit, grime, sand, or mud, as an alternative to more traditional sand beaches. Friends of Peter Street Basin meet every Sunday at 3pm. At one of the upcoming meetings next month, Sunday June 21st, we'll have the Summer Solstice Safety Symposium and outline how Peter Street Basin is an important safety feature of the downtown Toronto harbour. We'll outline how the Basin has a history of use as a safe refuge with four important safety features: West Rest area (known colloquially among locals as \"Wrest\") which is to the left when paddling into the Basin and is in an excellent state-of-repair; East Rest area (known as \"Reest\") which is in need of repair (exposed rebar on the concrete as well as damaged safetyramp); West Exit (known as \"Wexit\"); East Exit (known as \"Eexit\"). We'll outline the safety-history: Wrest and Reest were installed 40 years ago, but Wexit and Eexit were installed more recently, just 2 years ago! See Page 2 of the Proceedings as well as further descriptions in this Proceedings. Join us any Sunday, and especially Sunday June 21st for the Summer Solstice Safety Symposium with a review of \"Wrest\", \"Reest\", \"Wexit\", and \"Eexit\", along with a review of the ABCDE of Safetyballing and many other safety features of the downtown Toronto waterfront. June 21st. Save the date!","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Steve"},{"family":"Kliot","given":"Michel"},{"family":"Kehm","given":"Walter"},{"family":"Vicol","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Nishant"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20361444","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20361444","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20361445","type":"article-journal","title":"Peter Street Basin Master Plan 2026, Ability Basin Lab, 28th Annual Mersivity/Waterhci Symposium, Mersivity/Waterhci-2026","abstract":"Peter Street Basin Master Plan 2026 is the theme of the 28th Annual Mersivity / Waterhci Symposium, Mersivity/Waterhci-2026. Peter Street Basin is an approximately 60m by 30m outdoor pool connected to Lake Ontario by an approximately 12m wide channel, and has been used as a safe refuge or \"safe harbour\" for paddlers seeking refuge from a storm or simply to rest. As it has fallen into neglect, we have created the Friends of Peter Street Basin and successfully cleaned it up for use as an outdoor classroom and teaching lab in Lake Ontario. The main centerpiece of the Basin is an artwork by the late artist Bernie Miller, survived by his wife Jeanne Randolph, an accomplished artist and art historian herself, so we invited her to give the Keynote Address at the Symposium. Some of the research projects associated with the Basin included autonomous underwater submarines to help clean up the Basin, new kinds of user-interfaces to explore the Basin, in both real and virtual space, as well as new technologies for people with disabilities, with exploration of the Basin as a place for accessibility. We envision Peter Street Basin as a place for safe water access, safe paddling, and use of alternative accessibility vessels such as modified canoes, kayaks, paddleboards, and Safetyballs, e.g. Safetyballing as a form of water access for those unable to paddle a canoe or kayak. We envision \"Ability Basin Lab\" (abbreviated \"ABL\" or \"Abasin\" or \"A-base\") as a place for people of all abilities to touch and be touched by water, to have water access for more than just looking at water, and to conduct world-class research and teaching on and in Lake Ontario, by way of \"concrete limnology\" (lake study in a concrete harbour setting). In particular, the clean concrete walls provide a place for lake access and lake study free of grit, grime, sand, or mud, as an alternative to more traditional sand beaches. Friends of Peter Street Basin meet every Sunday at 3pm. At one of the upcoming meetings next month, Sunday June 21st, we'll have the Summer Solstice Safety Symposium and outline how Peter Street Basin is an important safety feature of the downtown Toronto harbour. We'll outline how the Basin has a history of use as a safe refuge with four important safety features: West Rest area (known colloquially among locals as \"Wrest\") which is to the left when paddling into the Basin and is in an excellent state-of-repair; East Rest area (known as \"Reest\") which is in need of repair (exposed rebar on the concrete as well as damaged safetyramp); West Exit (known as \"Wexit\"); East Exit (known as \"Eexit\"). We'll outline the safety-history: Wrest and Reest were installed 40 years ago, but Wexit and Eexit were installed more recently, just 2 years ago! See Page 2 of the Proceedings as well as further descriptions in this Proceedings. Join us any Sunday, and especially Sunday June 21st for the Summer Solstice Safety Symposium with a review of \"Wrest\", \"Reest\", \"Wexit\", and \"Eexit\", along with a review of the ABCDE of Safetyballing and many other safety features of the downtown Toronto waterfront. June 21st. Save the date!","author":[{"family":"Mann","given":"Steve"},{"family":"Kliot","given":"Michel"},{"family":"Kehm","given":"Walter"},{"family":"Vicol","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Nishant"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20361445","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20361445","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.15350","type":"manuscript","title":"Nauplius Optimisation for Autonomous Hydrodynamics","abstract":"Autonomous Underwater vehicles must operate in strong currents, limited acoustic bandwidth, and persistent sensing requirements where conventional swarm optimisation methods are unreliable. This paper formulates an irreversible hydrodynamic deployment problem for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) swarms and presents Nauplius Optimisation for Autonomous Hydrodynamics (NOAH), a novel nature-inspired swarm optimisation algorithm that combines current-aware drift, irreversible settlement in persistent sensing nodes, and colony-based communication. Drawing inspiration from the behaviour of barnacle nauplii, NOAH addresses the critical limitations of existing swarm algorithms by providing hydrodynamic awareness, irreversible anchoring mechanisms, and colony-based communication capabilities essential for underwater exploration missions. The algorithm establishes a comprehensive foundation for scalable and energy-efficient underwater swarm robotics with validated performance analysis. Validation studies demonstrate an 86% success rate for permanent anchoring scenarios, providing a unified formulation for hydrodynamic constraints and irreversible settlement behaviours with an empirical study under flow.","author":[{"family":"Ramesh","given":"Shyalan"},{"family":"Mann","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Stumpf","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.15350","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.15350","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19608090","type":"article-journal","title":"An Integrated Multi-Stage Framework for Underwater Image Enhancement and Marine Object Detection Using CLAHE-Based Contrast Optimization and Faster R-CNN","abstract":"The water environment poses challenges to image acquisition because of the poor visibility of the image due to the absorption of light and the scattering and color distortion effects. The challenges in underwater imaging result in images that are difficult to process and analyze because they have low contrast, high noise, and color degradation. The proposed solution offers a and image processing techniques deep learning technique to design a multi-step process for improving underwater images and detecting objects. The proposed solution utilizes the Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) technique for image improvement, the Faster R-CNN used as the Convolutional Neural Network model based on regions for detecting object, offering real-time object recognition. The proposed solution has achieved significant improvements in both image visibility and detection accuracy and these are critical in underwater robotic operations and marine exploration","author":[{"family":"Dasu","given":"Batti"},{"family":"Sahithi","given":"Ejjagiri"},{"family":"Reddy","given":"Mungi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19608090","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19608090","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19608091","type":"article-journal","title":"An Integrated Multi-Stage Framework for Underwater Image Enhancement and Marine Object Detection Using CLAHE-Based Contrast Optimization and Faster R-CNN","abstract":"The water environment poses challenges to image acquisition because of the poor visibility of the image due to the absorption of light and the scattering and color distortion effects. The challenges in underwater imaging result in images that are difficult to process and analyze because they have low contrast, high noise, and color degradation. The proposed solution offers a and image processing techniques deep learning technique to design a multi-step process for improving underwater images and detecting objects. The proposed solution utilizes the Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) technique for image improvement, the Faster R-CNN used as the Convolutional Neural Network model based on regions for detecting object, offering real-time object recognition. The proposed solution has achieved significant improvements in both image visibility and detection accuracy and these are critical in underwater robotic operations and marine exploration","author":[{"family":"Dasu","given":"Batti"},{"family":"Sahithi","given":"Ejjagiri"},{"family":"Reddy","given":"Mungi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19608091","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19608091","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.11861","type":"manuscript","title":"BIND-USBL: Bounding IMU Navigation Drift using USBL in Heterogeneous ASV-AUV Teams","abstract":"Accurate and continuous localization of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) in GPS-denied environments is a persistent challenge in marine robotics. In the absence of external position fixes, AUVs rely on inertial dead-reckoning, which accumulates unbounded drift due to sensor bias and noise. This paper presents BIND-USBL, a cooperative localization framework in which a fleet of Autonomous Surface Vessels (ASVs) equipped with Ultra-Short Baseline (USBL) acoustic positioning systems provides intermittent fixes to bound AUV dead-reckoning error. The key insight is that long-duration navigation failure is driven not by the accuracy of individual USBL measurements, but by the temporal sparsity and geometric availability of those fixes. BIND-USBL combines a multi-ASV formation model linking survey scale and anchor placement to acoustic coverage, a conflict-graph-based TDMA uplink scheduler for shared-channel servicing, and delayed fusion of received USBL updates with drift-prone dead reckoning. The framework is evaluated in the HoloOcean simulator using heterogeneous ASV-AUV teams executing lawnmower coverage missions. The results show that localization performance is shaped by the interaction of survey scale, acoustic coverage, team composition, and ASV-formation geometry. Further, the spatial-reuse scheduler improves per-AUV fix delivery rate without violating the no-collision constraint, while maintaining low end-to-end fix latency.","author":[{"family":"Kedia","given":"Pranav"},{"family":"Makam","given":"Rajini"},{"family":"Hamann","given":"Heiko"},{"family":"Sundaram","given":"Suresh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2604.11861","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.11861","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19537323","type":"article-journal","title":"Neural Rendering in Computer Graphics","abstract":"Neural rendering has emerged as a transformative paradigm that bridges traditional computer graphics with deep learning, enabling photorealistic image synthesis and novel view generation from limited data. This review paper systematically surveys 30 research works spanning 2020 to 2026, covering foundational techniques, accelerator-driven optimisations, and domain-specific applications of neural rendering. Key methodologies examined include Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF), flow matching, deferred rendering, transformer- based pipelines, and light-field representations. Hardware acceleration strategies—such as domain-specific coprocessors, unified accelerator architectures, and mobile-optimised redundancy elimination—are critically analysed. Domain applications explored range from autonomous driving and medical simulation to underwater robotics, human motion reconstruction, and game character auto- creation. Despite remarkable progress, challenges persist in achieving real-time inference, scalable generalisation, and memory efficiency. This review synthesises current findings and identifies future directions including hardware-software co-design, lightweight model compression, and integration with physical simulation engines.","author":[{"family":"Soni","given":"Goldi"},{"family":"Vishwakarma","given":"Shilpa"},{"family":"Sahu","given":"Hina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19537323","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19537323","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19537322","type":"article-journal","title":"Neural Rendering in Computer Graphics","abstract":"Neural rendering has emerged as a transformative paradigm that bridges traditional computer graphics with deep learning, enabling photorealistic image synthesis and novel view generation from limited data. This review paper systematically surveys 30 research works spanning 2020 to 2026, covering foundational techniques, accelerator-driven optimisations, and domain-specific applications of neural rendering. Key methodologies examined include Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF), flow matching, deferred rendering, transformer- based pipelines, and light-field representations. Hardware acceleration strategies—such as domain-specific coprocessors, unified accelerator architectures, and mobile-optimised redundancy elimination—are critically analysed. Domain applications explored range from autonomous driving and medical simulation to underwater robotics, human motion reconstruction, and game character auto- creation. Despite remarkable progress, challenges persist in achieving real-time inference, scalable generalisation, and memory efficiency. This review synthesises current findings and identifies future directions including hardware-software co-design, lightweight model compression, and integration with physical simulation engines.","author":[{"family":"Soni","given":"Goldi"},{"family":"Vishwakarma","given":"Shilpa"},{"family":"Sahu","given":"Hina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19537322","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19537322","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.12075","type":"manuscript","title":"Decentralized Cooperative Localization for Multi-Robot Systems with Asynchronous Sensor Fusion","abstract":"Decentralized cooperative localization (DCL) is a promising approach for nonholonomic mobile robots operating in GPS-denied environments with limited communication infrastructure. This paper presents a DCL framework in which each robot performs localization locally using an Extended Kalman Filter, while sharing measurement information during update stages only when communication links are available and companion robots are successfully detected by LiDAR. The framework preserves cross-correlation consistency among robot state estimates while handling asynchronous sensor data with heterogeneous sampling rates and accommodating accelerations during dynamic maneuvers. Unlike methods that require pre-aligned coordinate systems, the proposed approach allows robots to initialize with arbitrary reference-frame orientations and achieves automatic alignment through transformation matrices in both the prediction and update stages. To improve robustness in feature-sparse environments, we introduce a dual-landmark evaluation framework that exploits both static environmental features and mobile robots as dynamic landmarks. The proposed framework enables reliable detection and feature extraction during sharp turns, while prediction accuracy is improved through information sharing from mutual observations. Experimental results in both Gazebo simulation and real-world basement environments show that DCL outperforms centralized cooperative localization (CCL), achieving a 34% reduction in RMSE, while the dual-landmark variant yields an improvement of 56%. These results demonstrate the applicability of DCL to challenging domains such as enclosed spaces, underwater environments, and feature-sparse terrains where conventional localization methods are ineffective.","author":[{"family":"Khosravi","given":"Nivand"},{"family":"Khosravi","given":"Niusha"},{"family":"Bozorg","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Bahraini","given":"Masoud"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2603.12075","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.12075","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4406244088","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of Touching-Based Underwater Robotic Perception and Manipulation","abstract":"This review focuses on touching-based underwater robotic perception and manipulation, and provides a comprehensive overview of the current research landscape. We begin by examining underwater tactile sensors, discussing their basic types and recent advancements that have facilitated their integration into underwater robotic manipulation. Additionally, we explore the development of force control algorithms for underwater manipulators and grippers, emphasizing their critical role in underwater environments. Furthermore, we analyze the application of force control algorithms in underwater robotic manipulation, considering different autonomy levels, basic manipulation tasks, and specific operational scenarios. Through this investigation, we identify existing limitations and propose future research directions aimed at enhancing the operational capabilities of underwater vehicle manipulator systems (UVMS) and expanding their application range. Finally, this review highlights key challenges and outlines pathways for advancing the field.","author":[{"family":"Sun","given":"Jia"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Qifeng"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Bingding"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qiang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/machines13010041","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13010041","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17628596","type":"article-journal","title":"AquaScan-1K Side Scan Sonar Dataset","abstract":"AquaScan-1K Dataset AquaScan-1K is a specially curated side-scan sonar (SSS) dataset designed for underwater human detection in search-and-rescue scenarios. In total 1,033-high-resolution SSS images were acquired at various depths and across different types of lakebed using multiple scanning angles and operating frequencies ranging from 455 to 1075 kHz. Human surrogates were placed in controlled conditions during data acquisition. All images are annotated with axis-aligned bounding boxes for a single class (\"human\"), based on expert annotations provided by Red Cross personnel. Due to this setup, many targets appear as small, low-contrast objects. This makes AquaScan-1K a highly realistic and challenging reference dataset for small-object detection in sonar imagery. # Data structure The dataset is organized as follows: AquaScan-1K/├── images/├── labels/└── classes.txt images/Contains all side-scan sonar (SSS) images used in the dataset.Files are stored in standard image formats (e.g., .png or .jpg).Each image has a corresponding annotation file in the labels/ directory with the same file name (but .txt extension). labels/Contains the bounding-box annotations in YOLO format.For each image images/XYZ.png, there is a file labels/XYZ.txt.Each line in a label file follows the standard YOLO format: where all coordinates are normalized to the range [0,1][0, 1][0,1] with respect to the image width and height. classes.txtDefines the class index mapping for the YOLO annotations.","author":[{"family":"Tavakoli Kolagari","given":"Ramin"},{"family":"Yöndem","given":"Sakir"},{"family":"Schlereth-Groh","given":"Benedikt"},{"family":"Kreuz","given":"Bayerisches"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17628596","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17628596","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18771165","type":"article-journal","title":"AquaScan-1K Side Scan Sonar Dataset","abstract":"AquaScan-1K Dataset AquaScan-1K is a specially curated side-scan sonar (SSS) dataset designed for underwater human detection in search-and-rescue scenarios. In total 1,033-high-resolution SSS images were acquired at various depths and across different types of lakebed using multiple scanning angles and operating frequencies ranging from 455 to 1075 kHz. Human surrogates were placed in controlled conditions during data acquisition. All images are annotated with axis-aligned bounding boxes for a single class (\"human\"), based on expert annotations provided by Red Cross personnel. Due to this setup, many targets appear as small, low-contrast objects. This makes AquaScan-1K a highly realistic and challenging reference dataset for small-object detection in sonar imagery. # Data structure The dataset is organized as follows: AquaScan-1K/├── images/├── labels/└── classes.txt images/Contains all side-scan sonar (SSS) images used in the dataset.Files are stored in standard image formats (e.g., .png or .jpg).Each image has a corresponding annotation file in the labels/ directory with the same file name (but .txt extension). labels/Contains the bounding-box annotations in YOLO format.For each image images/XYZ.png, there is a file labels/XYZ.txt.Each line in a label file follows the standard YOLO format: where all coordinates are normalized to the range [0,1][0, 1][0,1] with respect to the image width and height. classes.txtDefines the class index mapping for the YOLO annotations.","author":[{"family":"Tavakoli Kolagari","given":"Ramin"},{"family":"Yöndem","given":"Sakir"},{"family":"Schlereth-Groh","given":"Benedikt"},{"family":"Kreuz","given":"Bayerisches"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18771165","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18771165","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.13309","type":"manuscript","title":"eStonefish-Scenes: A Sim-to-Real Validated and Robot-Centric Event-based Optical Flow Dataset for Underwater Vehicles","abstract":"Event-based cameras (EBCs) are poised to transform underwater robotics, yet the absence of labelled event-based datasets for underwater environments severely limits progress in tasks such as visual odometry and obstacle avoidance. Real-world event-based optical flow datasets are scarce, resource-intensive to collect, and lack diversity, while no prior benchmarks target underwater applications. To bridge this gap, we introduce eStonefish-Scenes, a synthetic event-based optical flow dataset generated using the Stonefish simulator, together with an open data generation pipeline for creating customizable underwater environments featuring realistic coral reefs and biologically inspired schools of fish with reactive navigation behaviours. We also present eWiz, a comprehensive library for event-based data processing, encompassing data loading, augmentation, visualization, encoding, training utilities, loss functions, and evaluation metrics. To validate sim-to-real transferability, we collected real-world data using a DAVIS346 hybrid event-and-frame camera mounted on a BlueROV2 in an indoor testing pool. Ground-truth optical flow was derived via homography-based frame-to-poster registration, and per-pixel uncertainty was estimated through Monte Carlo perturbation of keypoint correspondences. This uncertainty was incorporated into the evaluation metrics, enabling reliability-aware performance assessment. A ConvGRU-based optical flow network, trained exclusively on synthetic eStonefish-Scenes data, was evaluated on the real-world sequences without fine-tuning, achieving an uncertainty-weighted average endpoint error of 0.79 pixels. These results demonstrate that the proposed synthetic dataset effectively supports sim-to-real transfer for underwater event-based optical flow estimation, substantially reducing the need for costly real-world data collection.","author":[{"family":"Mansour","given":"Jad"},{"family":"Realpe","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"Rajani","given":"Hayat"},{"family":"Grimaldi","given":"Michele"},{"family":"Garcia","given":"Rafael"},{"family":"Gracias","given":"Nuno"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.13309","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.13309","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.57760/sciencedb.37379","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater pipeline images","abstract":"A total of 20 videos were acquired using an in-house developed underwater ROV equipped with an optical imaging system comprising an HD USB low-light camera (Blue Robotics, Model: BR-100126) and LED illumination units (Blue Robotics LUMEN-VP, 1,500 lm). The videos were recorded at a resolution of 1080p and a frame rate of 30 frames per second (fps) under varying illumination conditions and across diverse underwater environments, including muddy waters, sandy seabeds, and regions with dense algal growth. From the recorded footage, image frames were extracted randomly for subsequent DL-based network training.","author":[{"family":"Swain","given":"Subhabrat"},{"family":"Sahay","given":"Akash"},{"family":"Varughese","given":"George"},{"family":"Panda","given":"Satish"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.57760/sciencedb.37379","URL":"https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.37379","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.10204","type":"manuscript","title":"REACT: Real-time Entanglement-Aware Coverage Path Planning for Tethered Underwater Vehicles","abstract":"Inspection of underwater structures with tethered underwater vehicles is often hindered by the risk of tether entanglement. We propose REACT (real-time entanglement-aware coverage path planning for tethered underwater vehicles), a framework designed to overcome this limitation. REACT comprises a computationally efficient geometry-based tether model using the signed distance field (SDF) map for accurate, real-time simulation of taut tether configurations around arbitrary structures in 3D. This model enables an efficient online replanning strategy by enforcing a maximum tether length constraint, thereby actively preventing entanglement. By integrating REACT into a coverage path planning framework, we achieve safe and entanglement-free inspection paths, previously challenging due to tether constraints. The complete REACT framework's efficacy is validated in a pipe inspection scenario, demonstrating safe navigation and full coverage inspection. Simulation results show that REACT achieves complete coverage while maintaining tether constraints and completing the total mission 20% faster than conventional planners, despite a longer inspection time due to proactive avoidance of entanglement that eliminates extensive post-mission disentanglement. Real-world experiments confirm these benefits, where REACT completes the full mission, while the baseline planner fails due to physical tether entanglement.","author":[{"family":"Amer","given":"Abdelhakim"},{"family":"Mehindratta","given":"Mohit"},{"family":"Brodskiy","given":"Yury"},{"family":"Wehbe","given":"Bilal"},{"family":"Kayacan","given":"Erdal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2507.10204","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.10204","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.12244","type":"manuscript","title":"A Comprehensive Review of Bio-Inspired Approaches to Coordination, Communication, and System Architecture in Underwater Swarm Robotics","abstract":"The increasing complexity of marine operations has intensified the need for intelligent robotic systems to support ocean observation, exploration, and resource management. Underwater swarm robotics offers a promising framework that extends the capabilities of individual autonomous platforms through collective coordination. Inspired by natural systems, such as fish schools and insect colonies, bio-inspired swarm approaches enable distributed decision-making, adaptability, and resilience under challenging marine conditions. Yet research in this field remains fragmented, with limited integration across algorithmic, communication, and hardware design perspectives. This review synthesises bio-inspired coordination mechanisms, communication strategies, and system design considerations for underwater swarm robotics. It examines key marine-specific algorithms, including the Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm, Whale Optimisation Algorithm, Coral Reef Optimisation, and Marine Predators Algorithm, highlighting their applications in formation control, task allocation, and environmental interaction. The review also analyses communication constraints unique to the underwater domain and emerging acoustic, optical, and hybrid solutions that support cooperative operation. Additionally, it examines hardware and system design advances that enhance system efficiency and scalability. A multi-dimensional classification framework evaluates existing approaches across communication dependency, environmental adaptability, energy efficiency, and swarm scalability. Through this integrated analysis, the review unifies bio-inspired coordination algorithms, communication modalities, and system design approaches. It also identifies converging trends, key challenges, and future research directions for real-world deployment of underwater swarm systems.","author":[{"family":"Ramesh","given":"Shyalan"},{"family":"Mann","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Stumpf","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2601.12244","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.12244","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.10925","type":"manuscript","title":"Digital Twin Supervised Reinforcement Learning Framework for Autonomous Underwater Navigation","abstract":"Autonomous navigation in underwater environments remains a major challenge due to the absence of GPS, degraded visibility, and the presence of submerged obstacles. This article investigates these issues through the case of the BlueROV2, an open platform widely used for scientific experimentation. We propose a deep reinforcement learning approach based on the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm, using an observation space that combines target-oriented navigation information, a virtual occupancy grid, and ray-casting along the boundaries of the operational area. The learned policy is compared against a reference deterministic kinematic planner, the Dynamic Window Approach (DWA), commonly employed as a robust baseline for obstacle avoidance. The evaluation is conducted in a realistic simulation environment and complemented by validation on a physical BlueROV2 supervised by a 3D digital twin of the test site, helping to reduce risks associated with real-world experimentation. The results show that the PPO policy consistently outperforms DWA in highly cluttered environments, notably thanks to better local adaptation and reduced collisions. Finally, the experiments demonstrate the transferability of the learned behavior from simulation to the real world, confirming the relevance of deep RL for autonomous navigation in underwater robotics.","author":[{"family":"Mari","given":"Zamirddine"},{"family":"Nawaf","given":"Mohamad"},{"family":"Drap","given":"Pierre"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2512.10925","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.10925","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17628597","type":"article-journal","title":"AquaScan-1K Side Scan Sonar Dataset","abstract":"AquaScan-1K Dataset AquaScan-1K is a specially curated side-scan sonar (SSS) dataset designed for underwater human detection in search-and-rescue scenarios. In total 1,000-high-resolution SSS images were acquired at various depths and across different types of lakebed using multiple scanning angles and operating frequencies ranging from 455 to 1075 kHz. Human surrogates were placed in controlled conditions during data acquisition. All images are annotated with axis-aligned bounding boxes for a single class (\"human\"), based on expert annotations provided by Red Cross personnel. Due to this setup, many targets appear as small, low-contrast objects. This makes AquaScan-1K a highly realistic and challenging reference dataset for small-object detection in sonar imagery. # Data structure The dataset is organized as follows: AquaScan-1K/├── images/├── labels/└── classes.txt images/Contains all side-scan sonar (SSS) images used in the dataset.Files are stored in standard image formats (e.g., .png or .jpg).Each image has a corresponding annotation file in the labels/ directory with the same file name (but .txt extension). labels/Contains the bounding-box annotations in YOLO format.For each image images/XYZ.png, there is a file labels/XYZ.txt.Each line in a label file follows the standard YOLO format: where all coordinates are normalized to the range [0,1][0, 1][0,1] with respect to the image width and height. classes.txtDefines the class index mapping for the YOLO annotations.","author":[{"family":"Tavakoli Kolagari","given":"Ramin"},{"family":"Yöndem","given":"Sakir"},{"family":"Schlereth-Groh","given":"Benedikt"},{"family":"Kreuz","given":"Bayerisches"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17628597","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17628597","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2503.20000","type":"manuscript","title":"The Coralscapes Dataset: Semantic Scene Understanding in Coral Reefs","abstract":"Coral reefs are declining worldwide due to climate change and local stressors. To inform effective conservation or restoration, monitoring at the highest possible spatial and temporal resolution is necessary. Conventional coral reef surveying methods are limited in scalability due to their reliance on expert labor time, motivating the use of computer vision tools to automate the identification and abundance estimation of live corals from images. However, the design and evaluation of such tools has been impeded by the lack of large high quality datasets. We release the Coralscapes dataset, the first general-purpose dense semantic segmentation dataset for coral reefs, covering 2075 images, 39 benthic classes, and 174k segmentation masks annotated by experts. Coralscapes has a similar scope and the same structure as the widely used Cityscapes dataset for urban scene segmentation, allowing benchmarking of semantic segmentation models in a new challenging domain which requires expert knowledge to annotate. We benchmark a wide range of semantic segmentation models, and find that transfer learning from Coralscapes to existing smaller datasets consistently leads to state-of-the-art performance. Coralscapes will catalyze research on efficient, scalable, and standardized coral reef surveying methods based on computer vision, and holds the potential to streamline the development of underwater ecological robotics.","author":[{"family":"Sauder","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Domazetoski","given":"Viktor"},{"family":"Banc-Prandi","given":"Guilhem"},{"family":"Perna","given":"Gabriela"},{"family":"Meibom","given":"Anders"},{"family":"Tuia","given":"Devis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2503.20000","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2503.20000","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.27151","type":"manuscript","title":"Confined Space Underwater Positioning Using Collaborative Robots","abstract":"Positioning of underwater robots in confined and cluttered spaces remains a key challenge for field operations. Existing systems are mostly designed for large, open-water environments and struggle in industrial settings due to poor coverage, reliance on external infrastructure, and the need for feature-rich surroundings. Multipath effects from continuous sound reflections further degrade signal quality, reducing accuracy and reliability. Accurate and easily deployable positioning is essential for repeatable autonomous missions; however, this requirement has created a technological bottleneck limiting underwater robotic deployment. This paper presents the Collaborative Aquatic Positioning (CAP) system, which integrates collaborative robotics and sensor fusion to overcome these limitations. Inspired by the \"mother-ship\" concept, the surface vehicle acts as a mobile leader to assist in positioning a submerged robot, enabling localization even in GPS-denied and highly constrained environments. The system is validated in a large test tank through repeatable autonomous missions using CAP's position estimates for real-time trajectory control. Experimental results demonstrate a mean Euclidean distance (MED) error of 70 mm, achieved in real time without requiring fixed infrastructure, extensive calibration, or environmental features. CAP leverages advances in mobile robot sensing and leader-follower control to deliver a step change in accurate, practical, and infrastructure-free underwater localization.","author":[{"family":"Cheng","given":"Xueliang"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Kanzhong"},{"family":"West","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Marjanovic","given":"Ognjen"},{"family":"Lennox","given":"Barry"},{"family":"Groves","given":"Keir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.27151","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.27151","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W7161428545","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining: A review of cost reduction and efficiency technologies","abstract":"Existing reviews on deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining focus only on structural optimization of individual equipment, lacking a systematic analysis of full-chain key technologies oriented to the core dual goals of “cost reduction and efficiency enhancement”, which cannot support the commercialization process. To fill this gap, this paper systematically sorts out the technological progress and bottlenecks in three core stages (seabed mining vehicle mobility, mineral collection, and ore lifting) based on the full-chain technical framework of “precise seabed nodule collection – long-distance stable transport”, and explores feasible cost-saving and efficiency-enhancing solutions. The results show that the unique soft sediment properties in nodule-rich areas (water content 312%–577%, internal friction angle < 8°, undrained shear strength 4.0–15.5 kPa) are the primary factors limiting equipment stability. Optimized sharp triangular track shoes increase maximum traction by 120% under typical working conditions (15% slip ratio, 0.6 m/s travel speed), while thick triangular ones achieve 70.4% higher traction with 18% weight reduction. Hydraulic collection dominates current technologies, with the Coandă effect scheme reaching 87% maximum efficiency, and multi-stage centrifugal hydraulic lifting is the engineering focus. Innovatively, the synergy of mining and carbon sequestration increases unit revenue by 606.3% and reduces CO 2 sequestration cost by 62.8%, while the ORC system for wastewater energy recovery covers 15–20% of total mining electricity demand. Core commercialization obstacles include uncoordinated mobility-collection systems, unstable pipeline transport, poor material adaptability to extreme conditions, and high costs. This paper clarifies key breakthrough directions for full-chain optimization, providing a systematic framework and technical reference for the industrialization of deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining technologies.","author":[{"family":"Xu","given":"Lixin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xiu"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yajiao"},{"family":"Hong","given":"Zhichao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.04.007","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.04.007","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409205398","type":"article-journal","title":"Tracing Hydrophobic Pollutants in the Deep Sea: A Case Study on Sowerby’s Beaked Whales","abstract":"High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Near-total darkness and water depths below 200 m define the deep sea, Earth’s largest yet most poorly studied ecosystem. Sowerby’s beaked whales ( Mesoplodon bidens ), elusive deep-sea foragers, offer a unique opportunity to assess the impacts of anthropogenic pollutants in this remote environment. This study examined a range of legacy and emerging hydrophobic pollutants, including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs), across tissues from five stranded whales foraging in Swedish waters. Despite global efforts to reduce pollution, significant pollutant levels in these whales underscore the persistence of legacy contaminants and the widespread use of PCAs. Most pollutants were concentrated in lipid-rich blubber, while PCAs exhibited particularly high levels in whole blood (941–13100 ng/g lipid), indicating tissue-specific accumulation. Blubber pollutant levels were similar to those of harbor porpoises from the same waters, with p,p′-DDE (1020–2280 ng/g lipid) and PCBs (1230–1930 ng/g lipid) exceeding or nearing effect thresholds. Blood concentrations of legacy pollutants were approximately an order of magnitude higher than those in humans from the region, while PCA levels were comparable to those of humans. These findings highlight the urgent need to investigate deep-sea exposure pathways and develop effective management strategies.","author":[{"family":"Yuan","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Wit","given":"Cynthia"},{"family":"Neimanis","given":"Aleksija"},{"family":"Roos","given":"Anna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00115","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00115","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4414809300","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Sea Research and Management Needs","abstract":"The European Marine Board Future Science Brief n°12 “Deep Sea Research and Management Needs” explores the complexity of the deep sea and its role in Ocean health today, highlights the critical ecosystem services and functions it provides, and underscores the risks to Ocean health in the face of climate change, direct human impacts, and future industries in the deep sea. The brief also navigates the complex legal landscape and management issues, discusses the challenges of studying the deep sea, and identifies significant knowledge gaps in biological, biogeochemical, physical, and geological deep-sea sciences, and in the spatial and temporal variability of the deep sea. This brief addresses the critical need to increase our knowledge on the deep sea, an often-overlooked yet vital component of our global ecosystem and climate regulation. Effective management of this environment require a robust scientific foundation and international cooperation.","author":[{"family":"Sander","given":"Sylvia"},{"family":"Tamburini","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Gollner","given":"Sabine"},{"family":"Guilloux","given":"Bleuenn"},{"family":"Pape","given":"Ellen"},{"family":"Hoving","given":"Henk‐jan"},{"family":"Leroux","given":"Riwan"},{"family":"Rovere","given":"Marzia"},{"family":"Semedo","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"Roberto","given":"Danovaro"},{"family":"Narayanaswamy","given":"Bhavani"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.14928917","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14928917","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4416935072","type":"article-journal","title":"A horizon scan of biological conservation issues for 2026","abstract":"We present outcomes from our 17th horizon scan of issues potentially impacting global biodiversity conservation in the next decade. Issues are novel, or represent a significant step-change in impact, and are currently not well-known or understood within the conservation community. Our panel of 26 scientists, practitioners, and policymakers scored an initial list of 96 issues, discussed the highest ranked 35 issues at a workshop, and identified the 15 top-ranked issues. This year, technology innovations, including low-power optic artificial intelligence (AI) chips and tiny machine learning (TinyML) models, could revolutionize biodiversity monitoring. We highlight impacts from changes in land-use driven by appetite-suppressing pharmaceuticals and the unknown effects of mirror biomolecules. Highlighting these issues may increase awareness of any impacts on global biodiversity conservation.","author":[{"family":"Sutherland","given":"William"},{"family":"Butchart","given":"Stuart"},{"family":"Clarke","given":"Stewart"},{"family":"Doar","given":"Nigel"},{"family":"Doran","given":"Helen"},{"family":"Douglas","given":"Imogen"},{"family":"Field","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Fleishman","given":"Erica"},{"family":"Gaston","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Herbertread","given":"James"},{"family":"Hughes","given":"Alice"},{"family":"Kaartokallio","given":"Hermanni"},{"family":"Maggs","given":"Luke"},{"family":"Palardy","given":"James"},{"family":"Pearcehiggins","given":"James"},{"family":"Peck","given":"Lloyd"},{"family":"Pettorelli","given":"Nathalie"},{"family":"Schloss","given":"Irene"},{"family":"Spalding","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Timoshyna","given":"Anastasiya"},{"family":"Tubbs","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Uehara","given":"Thiago"},{"family":"Watson","given":"James"},{"family":"Wentworth","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Wilson","given":"Jeremy"},{"family":"Thornton","given":"Ann"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.tree.2025.10.016","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2025.10.016","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410858606","type":"article-journal","title":"Artificial Intelligence Technologies as Smart Solutions for Sustainable Protected Areas Management","abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming not only an auxiliary tool, but also one of the main factors helping to shape natural resource management models. The application of artificial intelligence in protected areas allows for a transition to more sustainable management of protected areas. By applying artificial intelligence technologies, it is possible not only to respond to changes or violations that have already occurred but also to more effectively predict potential threats, form long-term protection strategies, and make rational decisions based on accurate and timely data analysis. This study aims to determine the possibilities and importance of applying artificial intelligence technologies to the sustainable management of protected areas. The sample group of this study consists of a total of 135 experts from Turkey, Lithuania, and Morocco (45 from each country). The sample includes professionals with expertise in the relevant field, namely lawyers (9), academics (9), managers of protected areas (9), government officials responsible for protected areas (9), and representatives of non-governmental organizations (9). This study employed qualitative research methods, within which a case study design was adopted. For the analysis of the findings, thematic analysis and content analysis techniques were utilized to ensure a comprehensive and in-depth interpretation of the data. Analysis of the results of this study showed that integrating AI into the management of protected areas increases management efficiency and helps create long-term strategies, but successful application depends on cooperation between technology developers, scientists, and environmental specialists. Also, AI applications are expected to be a critical part of the process of environmental sustainability and fighting climate change.","author":[{"family":"Atalay","given":"Ahmet"},{"family":"Perkumienė","given":"Dalia"},{"family":"Safaa","given":"Larbi"},{"family":"Škėma","given":"Mindaugas"},{"family":"Aleinikovas","given":"Marius"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su17115006","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115006","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407099719","type":"article-journal","title":"Environmental and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and toxic elements in the red sea using Monte Carlo simulation","abstract":"Abstract This research evaluates the environmental and health risks linked to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and PAHs along the western coast of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. This study investigated the concentration of 16 PAH compounds in the Suez Gulf, revealing significantly higher levels than the EU (0.20 µg/L) and US (0.030 µg/L) standards. The average total PAH concentration across eight locations was significantly higher, with the Suez area having the highest concentration at 479 µg/L. Pyrene (Pyr) was the dominant PAH with a concentration of 443 µg/L in Suez, while acenaphthylene (Ace) had the lowest concentration at 0.120 µg/L in Northern Zaafarana. Carcinogenic PAHs (CAR) ranged from 8.67 µg/L at Ras Gharib to 29.62 µg/L at Suez, highlighting the urgent need for regulatory measures. Confirmatory ratios pointed to industrial and shipping influences as petrogenic sources. Elevated total organic carbon (TOC) levels in Suez Bay indicated aggravated organic pollution, exacerbated by oil rigs and refineries. The ecological risk assessment highlighted substantial risks, particularly in Suez, necessitating immediate interventions to combat PAH contamination and preserve the environmental balance of the Red Sea. The dominant metals in water samples were arranged in descending order as follows: Pb > Fe > Cr > Cu > Zn > Mn > Cd > Ni. The study evaluated environmental and human health risks using a multifaceted approach, including cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and various indices (HPI, RI, MI, HQ, HI, and CR). Most water samples exhibited high pollution risks, surpassing permissible limits for HPI (> 100) and MI (> 6). Notably, HI oral values indicated significant non-carcinogenic risks for adults and children. While HI values for adults suggested low-risk dermal contact, those for children showed a substantial proportion in the high-risk category. Most water samples displayed CR values exceeding 1 × 10 –4 for Cd, Cr, and Pb, indicating vulnerability to carcinogenic effects in both age groups. Monte Carlo simulations reinforced these findings, revealing a significant carcinogenic impact on children and adults. The identified clusters, reflective of industrial, petroleum-related, and urban runoff contamination sources, were consistently validated and clarified through PCA, enhancing the reliability of the findings. In light of these results, urgent and comprehensive water treatment measures are imperative to mitigate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks. These insights provide a foundation for implementing targeted management strategies to effectively address the challenges of heavy metal contamination in the Red Sea.","author":[{"family":"Sayed","given":"Faten"},{"family":"Eid","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Elsherbeeny","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Abdelgawad","given":"G"},{"family":"Mohamed","given":"Essam"},{"family":"Abukhadra","given":"Mostafa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-71547-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71547-4","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407615662","type":"article-journal","title":"Limited microbial degradation of elevated concentrations of dissolved organic carbon in the deep ocean","abstract":"Abstract Understanding the ocean's capacity potential to store dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is essential for predicting its role in long‐term carbon sequestration and climate regulation. This capacity hinges on the behavior of DOC at elevated concentrations, a critical yet unresolved question that has produced mixed results due to narrow concentration ranges tested previously and limited molecular insights. This study addresses these gaps by investigating microbial degradation of DOC across a broad concentration range (2‐ to 55‐fold) in year‐long bioassay experiments using solid‐phase extracted DOC (SPE‐DOC) from 2000‐m‐deep waters. Specific SPE‐DOC compounds (combined amino acids) were analyzed to provide a molecular‐level understanding of DOC reactivity at varying concentrations. Our results show that microbial communities rapidly proliferated and became more uniform following SPE‐DOC amendments, with Nitrosococcales , Flavobacteriales , and Alteromonadales dominating. Despite these shifts, microbial utilization of SPE‐DOC was constrained, exhibiting a nonlinear relationship with concentration, from < 3% in the control to a maximum of 9% in DOC‐enriched groups. Degradation was predominantly confined to the initial 28 d, with negligible additional removal (0–2%) thereafter. Compound‐specific analysis showed only moderate utilization (7–11%) of amino acid compounds within the first 3 d, indicating restricted microbial access even when these individual compounds were concentrated. These results indicate that a fraction of deep‐sea DOC molecules can persist for long at elevated concentrations. Our study demonstrates the ocean's substantial potential for DOC storage and suggests that modern ocean is capable of accommodating a larger DOC reservoir than is currently present.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yixian"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Yuan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/lno.70000","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70000","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407121876","type":"article-journal","title":"New insights on sea turtle behaviour during the ‘lost years’","abstract":"Several marine turtle species spend their first years of life in oceanic habitats. This early life stage is referred to as the ‘lost years’ due to the difficulty of accessing individuals for study offshore. We satellite tracked 114 wild-caught juvenile turtles (straight carapace lengths 12.3–29.9 cm) from the Gulf of Mexico between 2011 and 2022 to investigate ‘lost years’ movements with respect to traditional definitions assigned to the life stage. Satellite-tracked turtles included 79 green turtles ( Chelonia mydas ), 26 Kemp’s ridleys ( Lepidochelys kempii ), 5 loggerheads ( Caretta caretta ) and 4 hawksbills ( Eretmochelys imbricata ). Many tracked turtles transited between oceanic (>200 m depth) and neritic waters (<200 m depth), challenging the assumption that this life stage is exclusively found in oceanic habitats. Turtle movements differed from oceanographic surface drifters, providing further evidence that sea turtles of this life stage do not exclusively drift with currents. We recommend redefining the ‘oceanic stage’ as a ‘dispersal stage’ to better reflect their behaviour and habitat plasticity. Our findings establish the West Florida Shelf as a high-use area, particularly among green turtles and Kemp’s ridleys. The northeastern Gulf of Mexico is an important region for these species of conservation concern.","author":[{"family":"Phillips","given":"Katrina"},{"family":"Putman","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Mansfield","given":"Katherine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1098/rspb.2024.2367","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2024.2367","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407948943","type":"article-journal","title":"Fault material heterogeneity controls deep interplate earthquakes","abstract":"Earthquakes may seem random, but are often concentrated in some localized areas. Thus, they are likely controlled by fault materials and stress heterogeneity, which are little understood. Here, we provide high-resolution observations of fault material and stress heterogeneity in the Japan subduction zone through an integration of material and source imaging with numerical simulations. Our results present evidence for localized, anisotropic structures with a near-zero Poisson's ratio in the medium surrounding 1 to 2 kilometer-sized earthquake clusters, suggesting that the fault medium is damaged, foliated, and enriched with fluid. Such localized structures may cause stress perturbations on faults that in turn favor the frequent occurrence of deep interplate earthquakes at depths of 60 to 70 kilometers. Therefore, identifying the distribution and properties of fault material heterogeneity is important for more informed assessment of earthquake hazards.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Yihe"},{"family":"Ide","given":"Satoshi"},{"family":"Kato","given":"Aitaro"},{"family":"Yoshida","given":"Keisuke"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Chengxin"},{"family":"Zhai","given":"Peng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.adr9353","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adr9353","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412493770","type":"article-journal","title":"Crustal faulting drives biological redox cycling in the deep subsurface","abstract":"In the deep biosphere, where surface-derived substrates are depleted, microbial communities rely on redox pairs generated through water-rock reactions to sustain metabolism. A notable example of this is the production of hydrogen gas (H 2 ) and oxidants from rock fracturing. However, the potential interactions between these initial redox pairs and a key subsurface element—iron (Fe)—remain underexplored. Here, we simulated radical-induced water splitting to investigate the formation and evolution of redox gradients. Our results show that in the presence of Fe, ferrous iron (Fe 2+ ) was marginally oxidized to ferric iron (Fe 3+ ) by low concentrations of oxidants, whereas Fe 3+ was efficiently reduced back to Fe 2+ by reactive hydrogen atoms (•H). We propose that crustal faulting can generate various redox pairs and drive Fe redox cycling, thereby providing a sustained energy source for subsurface life on Earth and potentially on other planetary bodies.","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Xiao"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Jianxi"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Hongmei"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yiping"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Xiaoju"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Xiaoliang"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Mang"},{"family":"Lollar","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Konhauser","given":"Kurt"},{"family":"He","given":"Hongping"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.adx5372","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adx5372","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7128166723","type":"article-journal","title":"AI-Driven Hybrid Deep Learning and Swarm Intelligence for Predictive Maintenance of Smart Manufacturing Robots in Industry 4.0","abstract":"Advancements in Industry 4.0 technologies, which combine big data analytics, robotics, and intelligent decision systems to enable new ways to increase automation in the industrial sector, have undergone significant transformations. In this research, a Hybrid Attention-Gated Recurrent Unit (At-GRU) model, combined with Sand Cat Optimization (SCO), is proposed to enhance fault identification and predictive maintenance capabilities. The model utilized multivariate sensor data from cyber-physical and IoT-enabled robotic platforms to learn operational patterns and predict failures with enhanced reliability. The At-GRU provides deeper temporal feature extraction, thereby improving classification performance. The robustness of the proposed model is validated through analysis of a benchmark dataset for industrial robots, and the results demonstrate that the proposed model exhibits impressive predictive capacity, surpassing other prediction methods and predictive maintenance approaches. Additionally, the performance evaluation indicates a lower computational cost due to the lightweight gating architecture of GRU, combined with attention. The robotic motion is further optimized by the SCO algorithm, which reduces energy usage, execution delay, and trajectory deviations while ensuring smooth operation. Overall, the proposed work offers an intelligent and scalable solution for next-generation industrial automation systems. Furthermore, the proposed model demonstrates the real-world applicability and significant benefits of incorporating hybrid artificial intelligence models into real-time robot control applications for smart manufacturing environments.","author":[{"family":"Kumar","given":"Deepak"},{"family":"Addula","given":"Santosh"},{"family":"Lind","given":"Mary"},{"family":"Brown","given":"Steven"},{"family":"Odion","given":"Segun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/electronics15030715","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15030715","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7139974900","type":"article-journal","title":"Evidence of Increased Deep Ocean Warming From a Sea Level Budget Approach","abstract":"Abstract Assessments of the global mean sea level (GMSL) budget over the satellite altimetry era (since the early 1990s) have concluded that the GMSL budget is closed within data uncertainties until 2016. However, studies have shown that since then, the sea level budget based on Argo data down to 2,000 m for the thermosteric contribution is no longer closed. Using an ocean reanalysis with no altimetry data assimilation, we show that accounting for deep ocean thermosteric contribution (below 2,000 m, not sampled by Argo) allows the GMSL budget to be almost closed since 2016. The deep ocean contribution over 2005–2022 is estimated to be 0.4 ± 0.15 mm/yr, that is, about 10% of the observed GMSL rise over that period. This represents a substantial increase of the deep ocean contribution to sea level rise, previously estimated on the order of 0.1 mm/yr only over 1980–2010. This finding reveals that deep ocean warming is gaining importance and that ocean heat uptake has now reached several regions below 2,000 m depth, notably the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean and Southern Ocean.","author":[{"family":"Cazenave","given":"Anny"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Chunxue"},{"family":"Bouih","given":"Marie"},{"family":"Storto","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Jianli"},{"family":"Llovel","given":"William"},{"family":"Schuckmann","given":"Karina"},{"family":"Leclercq","given":"Lancelot"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2025ef007403","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef007403","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7135401593","type":"article-journal","title":"Environmental impacts of fuel cell use in deep-sea shipping towards 2050","abstract":"Fuel cells have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from deep-sea shipping. To fully understand the environmental impacts of integrating fuel cells into deep-sea ships, this study evaluates the life cycle environmental impacts from 2020 to 2050 for two leading fuel cell systems: liquid hydrogen with proton exchange membrane fuel cells (liquid-H 2 PEMFC) and liquid ammonia with solid oxide fuel cells (liquid-NH 3 SOFC). The study covers various factors, including changes in cargo capacity, operation modes, developments in hydrogen production and electricity decarbonization. We examine two energy scenarios developed by the International Energy Agency: the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) and the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE). Our findings reveal that, under different ranges and speeds, the liquid-H 2 PEMFC results in a 2% increase to a 10% decrease in cargo weight, while the liquid-NH 3 SOFC leads to a 4%–23% decrease. By 2050, under the NZE scenario, liquid-H 2 PEMFC and liquid-NH 3 SOFC can reduce GHG emissions per tonne-nautical mile by 69%–75% and 65%–71%, respectively, compared to traditional ships. The use of fuel cells also introduces environmental trade-offs. This assessment can help policymakers gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of fuel cells in reducing GHG emissions in deep-sea shipping and underscores the potential environmental challenges associated with their large-scale deployment in the future.","author":[{"family":"Wei","given":"Shijie"},{"family":"Kanchiralla","given":"Fayas"},{"family":"Polinder","given":"Henk"},{"family":"Schulte","given":"Frederik"},{"family":"Tukker","given":"Arnold"},{"family":"Steubing","given":"Bernhard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127666","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127666","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413746566","type":"article-journal","title":"The Impact of Internal Variability on Benchmarking Deep Learning Climate Emulators","abstract":"Abstract Full‐complexity Earth system models (ESMs) are computationally very expensive, limiting their use in exploring the climate outcomes of multiple emission pathways. More efficient emulators that approximate ESMs can directly map emissions onto climate outcomes, and benchmarks are being used to evaluate their accuracy on standardized tasks and data sets. We investigate a popular benchmark in data‐driven climate emulation, ClimateBench, on which deep learning‐based emulators are currently achieving the best performance. We compare these deep learning emulators with a linear regression‐based emulator, akin to pattern scaling, and show that it outperforms the incumbent 100M‐parameter deep learning foundation model, ClimaX, on 3 out of 4 regionally resolved climate variables, notably surface temperature and precipitation. While emulating surface temperature is expected to be predominantly linear, this result is surprising for emulating precipitation. Precipitation is a much more noisy variable, and we show that deep learning emulators can overfit to internal variability noise at low frequencies, degrading their performance in comparison to a linear emulator. We address the issue of overfitting by increasing the number of climate simulations per emission pathway (from 3 to 50) and updating the benchmark targets with the respective ensemble averages from the MPI‐ESM1.2‐LR model. Using the new targets, we show that linear pattern scaling continues to be more accurate on temperature, but can be outperformed by a deep learning‐based technique for emulating precipitation. We publish our code and data at https://github.com/blutjens/climate‐emulator .","author":[{"family":"Lütjens","given":"Björn"},{"family":"Ferrari","given":"Raffaele"},{"family":"Watsonparris","given":"Duncan"},{"family":"Selin","given":"Noelle"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2024ms004619","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024ms004619","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407615654","type":"article-journal","title":"Path Planning Trends for Autonomous Mobile Robot Navigation: A Review","abstract":"With the development of robotics technology, there is a growing demand for robots to perform path planning autonomously. Therefore, rapidly and safely planning travel routes has become an important research direction for autonomous mobile robots. This paper elaborates on traditional path-planning algorithms and the limitations of these algorithms in practical applications. Meanwhile, in response to these limitations, it reviews the current research status of recent improvements to these traditional algorithms. The results indicate that these improved path-planning algorithms perform well in tests or practical applications, and multi-algorithm fusion for path planning outperforms single-algorithm path planning.","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yuexia"},{"family":"Zakaria","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Younas","given":"Muhammad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25041206","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041206","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406102485","type":"article-journal","title":"An Underwater Object Recognition System Based on Improved YOLOv11","abstract":"Common underwater target recognition systems suffer from low accuracy, high energy consumption, and low levels of automation. This paper introduces an underwater target recognition system based on the Jetson Xavier NX platform, which deploys an improved YOLOv11 recognition algorithm. During operation, the Jetson Xavier NX invokes an industrial camera to capture underwater target images, which are then processed by the improved YOLOv11 network for inference. The recognized information is transmitted via a serial port to an STM32 control board, which adaptively adjusts the lighting system to enhance image clarity based on the target information. Finally, the system controls an actuator to release a buoyant ball with positioning capabilities and communicates with the shore. On the ROUD dataset, the improved YOLOv11 algorithm achieves an accuracy of 87.5%, with a parameter size of 2.58M and a floating-point operation count of 6.3G, outperforming all current models. Compared to the original YOLOv11, the parameter size is reduced by 5% and the floating-point operation count by 0.3G. The improved DD-YOLOv11 also shows good performance on the URPC2020 dataset. After on-site experiments and hardware–software integration tests, all functions operate normally. The system is capable of identifying a specific underwater target with an accuracy rate of over 85%, simultaneously releasing communication buoys and successfully establishing communication with the shore base. This indicates that the underwater target recognition system meets the requirements of being lightweight, high-precision, and highly automated.","author":[{"family":"Cheng","given":"Shun"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Han"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhiqian"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Shaojin"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jian‐rong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/electronics14010201","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14010201","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412993137","type":"article-journal","title":"Recent Progress on Underwater Wireless Communication Methods and Applications","abstract":"The rapid advancement of underwater wireless communication technologies is critical to unlocking the full potential of marine resource exploration and environmental monitoring. This paper reviews recent progress in three primary modalities: underwater acoustic communication, radio frequency (RF) communication, and underwater optical wireless communication (UWOC), each designed to address specific challenges posed by complex underwater environments. Acoustic communication, while effective for long-range transmission, is constrained by ambient noise and high latency; recent innovations in noise reduction and data rate enhancement have notably improved its reliability. RF communication offers high-speed, short-range capabilities in shallow waters, but still faces challenges in hardware miniaturization and accurate channel modeling. UWOC has emerged as a promising solution, enabling multi-gigabit data rates over medium distances through advanced modulation techniques and turbulence mitigation. Additionally, bio-inspired approaches such as electric field communication provide energy-efficient and robust alternatives under turbid conditions. This paper further examines the practical integration of these technologies in underwater platforms, including autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), highlighting trade-offs between energy efficiency, system complexity, and communication performance. By synthesizing recent advancements, this review outlines the advantages and limitations of current underwater communication methods and their real-world applications, offering insights to guide the future development of underwater communication systems for robotic and vehicular platforms.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Zhe"},{"family":"Li","given":"Weikun"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Fan","given":"Dixia"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Weicheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse13081505","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13081505","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410819626","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning of Mobile Robot Navigation in Dynamic Environment: A Review","abstract":"Deep reinforcement learning (DRL), a vital branch of artificial intelligence, has shown great promise in mobile robot navigation within dynamic environments. However, existing studies mainly focus on simplified dynamic scenarios or the modeling of static environments, which results in trained models lacking sufficient generalization and adaptability when faced with real-world dynamic environments, particularly in handling complex task variations, dynamic obstacle interference, and multimodal data fusion. Addressing these gaps is essential for enhancing its real-time performance and versatility. Through a comparative analysis of classical DRL algorithms, this study highlights their advantages and limitations in handling real-time navigation tasks under dynamic environmental conditions. In particular, the paper systematically examines value-based, policy-based, and hybrid-based DRL methods, discussing their applicability to different navigation challenges. Additionally, by reviewing recent studies from 2021 to 2024, it identifies key trends in DRL-based navigation, revealing a strong focus on indoor environments while outdoor navigation and multi-robot collaboration remain underexplored. The analysis also highlights challenges in real-world deployment, particularly in sim-to-real transfer and sensor fusion. Based on these findings, this paper outlines future directions to enhance real-time adaptability, multimodal perception, and collaborative learning frameworks, providing theoretical and technical insights for advancing DRL in dynamic environments.","author":[{"family":"Zhu","given":"Yingjie"},{"family":"Hasan","given":"Wan"},{"family":"Ramli","given":"Hafiz"},{"family":"Norsahperi","given":"Nor"},{"family":"Kassim","given":"Muhamad"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Yiduo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25113394","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113394","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410358236","type":"article-journal","title":"Embodying soft robots with octopus-inspired hierarchical suction intelligence","abstract":"Octopuses exploit an efficient neuromuscular hierarchy to achieve complex dexterous body manipulation, integrating sensor-rich suckers, in-arm embodied computation, and centralized higher-level reasoning. Here, we take inspiration from the hierarchical intelligence of the octopus and demonstrate how, by exploiting the fluidic energy and information capacity of simple suction cups, soft computational elements, and soft actuators, we can mimic key aspects of the neuromuscular structure of the octopus in soft robotic systems. The presented suction intelligence works at two levels: By coupling suction flow with local fluidic circuitry, soft robots can achieve octopus-like low-level embodied intelligence, including gently grasping delicate objects, adaptive curling, and encapsulating objects of unknown geometries, and by decoding the pressure response from a suction cup, robots can achieve multimodal high-level perception, including contact detection, classification of an environmental medium and surface roughness, and prediction of an interactive pulling force. As in octopuses, suction intelligence executes most of its computation within lower-level local fluidic circuitries, and minimum information is transmitted to the high-level decision-making of the \"brain.\" This development provides insights into octopus-inspired machine intelligence through low-cost, simple, and easy-to-integrate methods. The presented suction intelligence can be readily integrated into fluidic-driven soft robots to enhance their intelligence and reduce their computational requirement and can be applied widely, from industrial object handling and robotic manufacturing to robot-assisted harvesting and interventional health care.","author":[{"family":"Yue","given":"Tianqi"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Chenghua"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Kailuan"},{"family":"Qi","given":"Qiukai"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Zhenyu"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Loong"},{"family":"Gadêlha","given":"Hermes"},{"family":"Rossiter","given":"Jonathan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1126/scirobotics.adr4264","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.adr4264","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413039174","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Optical Object Detection in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Current, Challenge, and Future","abstract":"Underwater optical object detection (UOD), aiming at identifying and localising objects in underwater optical images or videos, presents significant challenges due to the optical distortion, water turbidity, and changing illumination in underwater scenes. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) based methods, especially deep learning methods, have shown promising performance in UOD. To further facilitate future advancements, we comprehensively study AI-based UOD. In this survey, we first categorise existing algorithms into traditional machine learning-based methods and deep learning-based methods, and summarise them by considering learning strategies, experimental datasets, learning stages, employed features or techniques, and underlying frameworks. Next, we discuss the potential challenges and suggest possible solutions and new directions. We also perform both quantitative and qualitative evaluations of mainstream algorithms across multiple benchmark datasets, taking into account the diversity and biases in experimental setups. Finally, we introduce two off-the-shelf detection analysis tools, Diagnosis and TIDE, which will examine the effects of object characteristics and various types of errors on detector performance. These tools help identify the strengths and weaknesses of different detectors, providing insights for further improvement. The source code, trained models, utilised datasets, detection results, and detection analysis tools are publicly available at https://github.com/LongChenCV/UODReview and will be regularly updated.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Long"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Yuzhi"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Junyu"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Kwong","given":"Sam"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Huimin"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Huchuan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Chongyi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1145/3759243","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3759243","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407699732","type":"article-journal","title":"Sensor-Fusion Based Navigation for Autonomous Mobile Robot","abstract":"Navigation systems are developing rapidly; nevertheless, tasks are becoming more complex, significantly increasing the number of challenges for robotic systems. Navigation can be separated into global and local navigation. While global navigation works according to predefined data about the environment, local navigation uses sensory data to dynamically react and adjust the trajectory. Tasks are becoming more complex with the addition of dynamic obstacles, multiple robots, or, in some cases, inspection of places that are not physically reachable by humans. Cognitive tasks require not only detecting an object but also evaluating it without direct recognition. For this purpose, sensor fusion methods are employed. However, sensors of different physical nature sometimes cannot directly extract required information. As a result, AI methods are becoming increasingly popular for evaluating acquired information and for controlling and generating robot trajectories. In this work, a review of sensors for mobile robot localization is presented by comparing them and listing advantages and disadvantages of their combinations. Also, integration with path-planning methods is looked into. Moreover, sensor fusion methods are analyzed and evaluated. Furthermore, a concept for channel robot navigation, designed based on the research literature, is presented. Lastly, discussion and conclusions are drawn.","author":[{"family":"Ušinskis","given":"Vygantas"},{"family":"Nowicki","given":"Michał"},{"family":"Dzedzickis","given":"Andrius"},{"family":"Bučinskas","given":"Vytautas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25041248","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041248","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410140319","type":"article-journal","title":"A bioinspired multimotion modality underwater microrobot","abstract":"Exploring narrow underwater environments presents notable challenges due to the need for flexible movement and robust transition between different motion modalities. Inspired by the pteropod, a small aquatic organism known for its ability to change direction by adjusting the attack angle of its wings, we developed a biomimetic robotic platform called RoboPteropod. This micro-underwater robot, equipped with flexible flapping wings that mimic the propulsive mechanisms of the pteropod, reaches a float velocity of 1.88 body height per second and a forward velocity of 1.2 body length per second, while maintaining a power consumption of merely 580 milliwatts. The ability to dynamically adjust the attack angle of the wings enables smooth transition among various modes (float, move straight, yaw, and pitch) of underwater locomotion, allowing for agile, three-dimensional maneuvering in complex aquatic environments. RoboPteropod offers meaningful potential for detailed exploration of confined and otherwise inaccessible underwater spaces.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Taishan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yide"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Gan","given":"Bian"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Meng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Hua"},{"family":"Qu","given":"Shaoxing"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Haofei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.adu2527","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adu2527","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4414904981","type":"article-journal","title":"Full autonomy in underwater robotics systems: A realistic prospect?","abstract":"Autonomous Underwater Systems (AUS) are transforming underwater exploration, environmental monitoring, and subsea operations by reducing reliance on human intervention. This review explores the advancements and challenges in achieving full operational autonomy in AUS, focusing on navigation, perception, communication, energy management, control systems, and decision-making frameworks. Current systems predominantly exhibit partial autonomy, performing pre-defined missions with limited adaptability. However, advancements in hybrid localisation techniques, multi-modal sensor fusion, and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven decision-making are pushing the boundaries of autonomy, enabling AUS to adapt dynamically to complex underwater environments. The integration of subsystems remains a central challenge. Navigation systems address positional drift through cooperative approaches, while perception systems enhance environmental understanding via sensor fusion. Communication technologies, although constrained by underwater limitations, are advancing through hybrid protocols that strike a balance between bandwidth and range. Energy management is evolving with innovations in battery technology, energy harvesting, and predictive resource allocation. Control systems, increasingly incorporating AI-based frameworks, translate mission commands into precise actions, bridging the gap between decision-making and physical execution. Decision-making frameworks synthesise inputs from all subsystems, enabling real-time prioritisation and adaptive behaviour. Despite significant progress, achieving full autonomy requires further innovation in subsystem integration, real-time processing, and environmental adaptability. This review emphasises the need for modular architectures and standardised protocols to ensure interoperability and scalability. The potential of fully autonomous underwater systems extends beyond technical achievements, offering profound implications for ocean exploration, resource sustainability, and environmental stewardship. The question posed – Full Autonomy in Underwater Systems: A Realistic Prospect? – is addressed with cautious optimism. While partial autonomy is well within reach, achieving full autonomy depends on sustained innovation across multiple domains. This manuscript provides a comprehensive roadmap for advancing AUS, laying the foundation for transformative advancements in one of Earth’s least understood frontiers. • Reviews progress and challenges toward full autonomy in underwater systems. • Examines partial autonomy and adaptability in predefined underwater missions. • Discusses hybrid localisation, sensor fusion, and AI-driven decision-making. • Highlights integration challenges in navigation, perception, and control. • Concludes prospects for autonomous ocean exploration and sustainability.","author":[{"family":"Rohan","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Tolie","given":"Hamidreza"},{"family":"Hasan","given":"Md"},{"family":"Kannan","given":"Somasundar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.engappai.2025.112638","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.112638","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410902491","type":"article-journal","title":"MAS-YOLOv11: An Improved Underwater Object Detection Algorithm Based on YOLOv11","abstract":"To address the challenges of underwater target detection, including complex background interference, light attenuation, severe occlusion, and overlap between targets, as well as the wide-scale variation in objects, we propose MAS-YOLOv11, an improved model integrating three key enhancements: First, we introduce the C2PSA_MSDA module, which integrates multi-scale dilated attention (MSDA) into the C2PSA module of the backbone, enhancing multi-scale feature representation via dilated convolutions and cross-scale attention. Second, an adaptive spatial feature fusion detection head (ASFFHead) replaces the original head. By employing learnable spatial weighting parameters, ASFFHead adaptively fuses features across different scales, significantly improving the robustness of multi-scale object detection. Third, we introduce a Slide Loss function with dynamic sample weighting to enhance hard sample learning. By mapping the loss weights nonlinearly to detection confidence, this mechanism effectively enhances the overall detection accuracy. The experimental results demonstrate that the improved model yields significant performance advancements on the DUO dataset: the recall rate is enhanced by 3.7%, the F1-score is elevated by 3%, and the mAP@50 and mAP@50-95 attain values of 77.4% and 55.1%, respectively, representing increases of 3.5% and 3.3% compared to the baseline model. Furthermore, the model achieves an mAP@50 of 76% on the RUOD dataset, which further corroborates its cross-domain generalization capability.","author":[{"family":"Luo","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Aiping"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Qingqing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25113433","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113433","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412654763","type":"article-journal","title":"Thermally Actuated Soft Robotics","abstract":"Soft robots with exceptional adaptability and versatility have opened new possibilities for applications in complex and dynamic environments. Thermal actuation has emerged as a promising method among various actuation strategieis, offering distinct advantages such as programmability, light weight, low actuation voltage, and untethered operation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of soft thermal actuators, focusing on their heating mechanisms, material innovations, structural designs, and emerging applications. Heat generation mechanisms including Joule heating, electromagnetic induction, and electromagnetic radiation and heat transfer mechanisms such as fluid convection are discussed. Advances in materials are grouped into two areas: heating materials, primarily based on nanomaterials, and thermally responsive materials including hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers, and shape-memory polymers. Structural designs, such as extension, bending, twisting, and 3D deformable configurations, are explored for enabling complex and precise movements. Applications of soft thermal actuators span environmental exploration, gripping and manipulation, biomedical devices for rehabilitation and surgery, and interactive systems for virtual/augmented reality and therapy. The review concludes with an outlook on challenges and future directions, emphasizing the need for further improvement in speed, energy efficiency, and intelligent soft robotic systems. By bridging fundamental principles with cutting-edge applications, this review aims to inspire further advancements in the field of thermally actuated soft robotics.","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Shuang"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Seol‐yee"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Yong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adma.202504683","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202504683","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"oa:W4411327466","type":"article-journal","title":"Flexible Tactile Sensors for Enhancing Robotic Perception","abstract":"As robotic technology advances towards autonomy and intelligence, tactile sensing systems have become a key technology for overcoming the bottleneck of environmental interaction. Unlike visual perception, which captures macroscopic information, tactile sensing provides precise mechanical feedback for robotic manipulation by real-time analysis of microscopic physical parameters such as contact force, material properties, and surface morphology. This is particularly important in application scenarios that require high precision in force control, such as minimally invasive surgery and precision assembly, where the sensitivity, multimodal perception capabilities, and environmental adaptability of tactile sensors directly determine the operational performance of the robotic system. However, traditional tactile sensors are limited by rigid structures, limited sensitivity, and a single perception modality, making it difficult to meet the demands of complex interactions. In recent years, breakthroughs in flexible electronic materials, biomimetic microstructure design, and multimodal sensing integration technologies have provided innovative opportunities for tactile sensing systems. This review provides a detailed overview of the key technological advancements in tactile sensors and their applications in robotic surfaces, analyzes the major challenges currently faced, and looks ahead to future development directions, particularly the potential in flexible materials and intelligent algorithms. Received: 25 March 2025 | Revised: 26 May 2025 | Accepted: 28 May 2025 Conflicts of Interest PingAn Hu is the Editor-in-Chief for Smart Wearable Technology and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study. Author Contribution Statement Huiwen Ren: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization. Wangyang Li: Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization. Yanan Ding: Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization. Yuming Feng: Writing – original draft. Hexin Li: Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization. Jianyang Li: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Jia Zhang: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Supervision. Haiying Xiao: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Jialu Li: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Shuai Wang: Writing – original draft. Cong Huang: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Supervision. Li Jiang: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Supervision. PingAn Hu: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition.","author":[{"family":"Ren","given":"Huiwen"},{"family":"Li","given":"Wangyang"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Yanan"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Yuming"},{"family":"Li","given":"Hexin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jianyang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jia"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"Haiying"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jialu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Shuai"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Cong"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Li"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.47852/bonviewswt52025770","URL":"https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewswt52025770","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4414344110","type":"article-journal","title":"Variable-Stiffness Underwater Robotic Systems: A Review","abstract":"Oceans, which cover more than 70% of Earth’s surface, are home to vast biological and mineral resources. Deep-sea exploration encounters significant challenges due to harsh environmental factors, including low temperatures, high pressure, and complex hydrodynamic forces. These constraints have led to the widespread use of underwater robots as essential tools for deep-sea resource exploration and exploitation. Conventional underwater robots, whether rigid with fixed stiffness or fully flexible, fail to achieve the propulsion efficiency observed in biological fish. To overcome this limitation, researchers have developed adjustable stiffness mechanisms for robotic fish designs. This innovation strikes a balance between structural rigidity for stability and flexible adaptability to dynamic environments. By dynamically adjusting localized stiffness, these bio-inspired robots can alter their mechanical properties in real time. This capability improves propulsion efficiency, energy utilization, and resilience to external disturbances during operation. This paper begins by reviewing the evolution of underwater robots, from fixed-stiffness systems to adjustable-stiffness designs. Next, existing methods for stiffness adjustment are categorized into two approaches: offline component replacement and online real-time adaptation. The principles, implementation strategies, and comparative advantages of each approach are then analyzed. Finally, we identify the current challenges in adjustable-stiffness underwater robotics and propose future directions, such as advancements in intelligent sensing, autonomous stiffness adaptation, and enhanced performance in extreme environments.","author":[{"family":"Lu","given":"Peiwen"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Busheng"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Xiang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Fujian"},{"family":"Song","given":"YZ"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zhen"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhongqiang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse13091805","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091805","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409729386","type":"article-journal","title":"Relative Localization and Dynamic Tracking of Underwater Robots Based on 3D-AprilTag","abstract":"This paper presents a visual localization system for underwater robots, aimed at achieving high-precision relative positioning and dynamic target tracking. A 3D AprilTag reference structure is constructed using a cubic configuration, and a high-resolution camera module is integrated into the AUV for real-time tag detection and pose decoding. By combining multi-face marker geometry with a fused state estimation strategy, the proposed method improves pose continuity and robustness during multi-tag transitions. To address pose estimation discontinuities caused by viewpoint changes and tag switching, we introduce a fusion-based observation-switching Kalman filter, which performs weighted integration of multiple tag observations based on relative distance, viewing angle, and detection confidence, ensuring smooth pose updates during tag transitions. The experimental results demonstrate that the system maintains stable pose estimation and trajectory continuity even under rapid viewpoint changes and frequent tag switches. These results validate the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method for underwater relative localization and tracking tasks.","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Guoqiang"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Tengfei"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Qiang"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Minyi"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Guangming"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse13050833","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050833","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7128627995","type":"article-journal","title":"CRAB-EDM: A Multi-Modal Underwater Crab-Inspired Robot With Temporally Sequenced Electro-Discharge Modulation","abstract":"Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA) have emerged as promising candidates for underwater exploration due to their high energy density and flexibility. However, the accumulation of residual charges compromises actuation efficiency, and conventional single-mode discharge strategies struggle to balance dynamic responsiveness with locomotion stability. Therefore, we present CRAB-EDM, a multi-modal underwater soft robot inspired by crab locomotion and powered by temporally modulated electro-discharge control. By integrating the distributed coordination mechanism of crab-like multi-foot motion with the electromechanical coupling behavior of DEA, we design a six-foot soft robotic architecture coupled with a tri-modal control framework: high-frequency fast discharge enhances dynamic actuation response, medium-frequency delayed discharge improves displacement-frequency synergy, and low-frequency coordinated discharge reinforces gait stability. Through ballast-limb coordination mechanism with a multi-modal control strategy, the nine-gram robot demonstrates versatile behaviors such as turning, jumping, and overing obstacle. Experimental results validate that the synergy between bio-inspired morphology and residual charge modulation significantly improves locomotion efficiency and terrain adaptability, offering a low-noise, highly adaptable solution for constrained underwater exploration.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Xia"},{"family":"Xiang","given":"Haomin"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Chang"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Jiabin"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Peng","given":"Yanhong"},{"family":"Funabora","given":"Yuki"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109/lra.2026.3663817","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2026.3663817","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407691833","type":"article-journal","title":"Efficient underwater object detection based on feature enhancement and attention detection head","abstract":"Underwater object detection presents both significant challenges and opportunities within ocean exploration and conservation. Although the current popular object detection algorithms generally achieve strong performance. Because underwater images are affected by insufficient illumination, wavelength-dependent scattering, and absorption, the detection performance for underwater objects is suboptimal. Therefore, a local channel information encoding method named Partial Semantic Encoding Module (PSEM) and an attention based detection head called Split Dimension Weighting Head (SDWH) are proposed by this paper to enhance the ability of models to extract and integrate semantic features of underwater targets, as well as the capability to locate foreground underwater targets. Specifically, PSEM enhances the fusion of features across multi-scales of the network. It successively completes semantically encoding feature information, followed by residual point-wise addition, and encoding local channel information. SDWH serially weights spatial and channel semantic information of fused features, enhancing the semantic perception of the detectors and the localization ability for foreground underwater objects. PSEM and SDWH are improvements to the neck and detection head of the YOLO series algorithms, respectively. Extensive experiments are conducted on UTDAC2020 and RUOD datasets. On the UTDAC2020 dataset, YOLOv8n improved with PSEM and SDWH achieves a 2.8% mAP increase compared to the original version, YOLOv5n shows a 1% mAP improvement, and YOLOv6n achieves a 3.0% mAP increase. Testing on the RUOD dataset, PSEM and SDWH enable YOLOv8n to achieve a 2.7% mAP improvement. YOLOv5n and YOLOv6n achieve improvements of 1.5% mAP and 3.7% mAP, respectively. Moreover, compared to other real-time underwater SOTA algorithms, YOLOv8n enhanced with PSEM and SDWH achieves the highest mAP of 82.9% on the UTDAC2020 dataset and 80.9% on the RUOD dataset. The proposed PSEM and SDWH are demonstrated to significantly improve the underwater object detection accuracy of YOLO series detectors with acceptable computational cost, and the real-time performance can fully satisfy practical requirements.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Xingkun"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yuhao"},{"family":"Su","given":"Hu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yugang"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Guodong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-89421-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89421-2","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409279360","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of Path Following, Trajectory Tracking, and Formation Control for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles","abstract":"This paper summarizes the latest research progress in the field of motion control of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), focusing on three core technologies: path following, trajectory tracking and multi-AUV formation control. Aiming at the external disturbances faced by AUVs performing tasks in complex marine environments as well as the system’s own inherent nonlinearities, model uncertainties, and physical constraints, it analyzes the advantages and shortcomings of the traditional control methods and intelligent control strategies in terms of improving the tracking accuracy, enhancing the robustness of the system, and realizing the cooperative operation. Recent advances in distributed control and multi-AUV cooperative operations, including leader–follower, consistency control, virtual structure and behavior control, and other formation control strategies, are also discussed. Finally, the future development trend of AUV control technology is outlooked, pointing out that intelligent control, multi-sensor fusion navigation, and distributed synergy will become an important direction to enhance the operational capability and adaptability of AUVs. This review aims to provide theoretical references and technical support for AUV applications in the fields of marine resource exploration and environmental monitoring.","author":[{"family":"He","given":"Long"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Mengting"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ya"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/drones9040286","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9040286","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407843124","type":"article-journal","title":"Human–Robot Interaction Using Dynamic Hand Gesture for Teleoperation of Quadruped Robots with a Robotic Arm","abstract":"Human–Robot Interaction (HRI) using hand gesture recognition offers an effective and non-contact approach to enhancing operational intuitiveness and user convenience. However, most existing studies primarily focus on either static sign language recognition or the tracking of hand position and orientation in space. These approaches often prove inadequate for controlling complex robotic systems. This paper proposes an advanced HRI system leveraging dynamic hand gestures for controlling quadruped robots equipped with a robotic arm. The proposed system integrates both semantic and pose information from dynamic gestures to enable comprehensive control over the robot’s diverse functionalities. First, a Depth–MediaPipe framework is introduced to facilitate the precise three-dimensional (3D) coordinate extraction of 21 hand bone keypoints. Subsequently, a Semantic-Pose to Motion (SPM) model is developed to analyze and interpret both the pose and semantic aspects of hand gestures. This model translates the extracted 3D coordinate data into corresponding mechanical actions in real-time, encompassing quadruped robot locomotion, robotic arm end-effector tracking, and semantic-based command switching. Extensive real-world experiments demonstrate the proposed system’s effectiveness in achieving real-time interaction and precise control, underscoring its potential for enhancing the usability of complex robotic platforms.","author":[{"family":"Xie","given":"Jianan"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Zhen"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Jiayu"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Yuyang"},{"family":"Hashimoto","given":"Kenji"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/electronics14050860","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14050860","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4408727249","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Acoustic Signal Denoising Algorithms: A Survey of the State of the Art","abstract":"Underwater acoustic signal (UAS) denoising is crucial for enhancing the reliability of underwater communication and monitoring systems by mitigating the effects of noise and improving signal clarity. The complex and dynamic nature of underwater environments presents unique challenges that make effective denoising essential for accurate data interpretation and system performance. This article comprehensively reviews recent advances in UAS denoising, focusing on its critical role in improving these systems. The review begins by addressing the fundamental challenges in UAS processing, such as signal attenuation, noise variability, and environmental impacts. It then categorizes and analyzes various denoising algorithms, including conventional, decomposition-based, and learning-based approaches, discussing their applications, strengths, and limitations. Additionally, the article reviews evaluation metrics and experimental datasets used in the field. The conclusion highlights key open questions and suggests future research directions, emphasizing the development of more adaptive and robust denoising techniques for dynamic underwater environments.","author":[{"family":"Gao","given":"Ruobin"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Maohan"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Heng"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Xuewen"},{"family":"Suganthan","given":"Ponnuthurai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tim.2025.3551006","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3551006","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4411978044","type":"article-journal","title":"RoboNautilus: a cephalopod-inspired soft robotic siphon for underwater propulsion","abstract":"Early nautiloids evolved siphon-like structures hundreds of millions of years ago as a propulsion mechanism for maneuvering in underwater environments. Over time, siphons became the cephalopod method for jetting locomotion, but few bio-mimetic soft robotic replicas have been developed. The principal challenge is the limited selection of solid-state, active soft materials that can replicate the function of the active mantle in a natural siphon. Here, we present a Nautilus-inspired propulsion system that employs multilayered solid-state dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) to produce an artificial siphon. The system features a soft robotic siphon, onboard sensors for semi-autnonomous operation, and a 3D-printed shell with an internal air pocket for buoyancy and self-righting ability. Through analytical modeling and empirical approaches, we develop a soft muscle for vortex ring formation and thrust output of 17 mN at 2 kV. These findings provide a framework for designing soft actuators that can be used as new propulsors to enable efficient (Cost of Transport = 2.51), low-noise, underwater locomotion for exploration and environmental monitoring applications.","author":[{"family":"Flores","given":"Dominic"},{"family":"Sandhu","given":"Sahib"},{"family":"White","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Li","given":"Ang"},{"family":"Kang","given":"Soohyeon"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yuechao"},{"family":"Chamorro","given":"Leonardo"},{"family":"Duduta","given":"Mihai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s44182-025-00035-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44182-025-00035-2","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406051537","type":"article-journal","title":"AquaYOLO: Enhancing YOLOv8 for Accurate Underwater Object Detection for Sonar Images","abstract":"Object detection in underwater environments presents significant challenges due to the inherent limitations of sonar imaging, such as noise, low resolution, lack of texture, and color information. This paper introduces AquaYOLO, an enhanced YOLOv8 version specifically designed to improve object detection accuracy in underwater sonar images. AquaYOLO replaces traditional convolutional layers with a residual block in the backbone network to enhance feature extraction. In addition, we introduce Dynamic Selection Aggregation Module (DSAM) and Context-Aware Feature Selection (CAFS) in the neck network. These modifications allow AquaYOLO to capture intricate details better and reduce feature redundancy, leading to improved performance in underwater object detection tasks. The model is evaluated on two standard underwater sonar datasets, UATD and Marine Debris, demonstrating superior accuracy and robustness compared to baseline models.","author":[{"family":"Lu","given":"Yanyang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jingjing"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Qinglang"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Chengjun"},{"family":"Irfan","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse13010073","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010073","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410445702","type":"article-journal","title":"Surfactant‐Enhanced Anti‐Swelling Hydrogel Flexible Sensor for Machine Learning‐Assisted Underwater Gesture Recognition","abstract":"Hydrogels hold great promise as flexible sensors. However, the development of hydrogel sensors with exceptional anti-swelling properties and stable performance remains a significant challenge. This study introduced a novel design strategy based on surfactant-assisted hydrophobic associative hydrogels. Through free-radical copolymerization in the presence of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, hydrogels with outstanding mechanical properties, excellent anti-swelling capabilities, and superior sensing performance are successfully fabricated. The resulting hydrogel demonstrated remarkable anti-swelling behavior (swelling ratio: -2.3%), exceptional mechanical strength (breaking strain: 3594.5%), and sustained fatigue resistance during repeated underwater loading-unloading cycles (1000 cycles). Integrating the hydrogel sensor with machine learning, precise and stable underwater gesture recognition and motion monitoring are achieved with an accuracy of 98.3%. This study provides a new perspective for advancing flexible underwater sensor technologies and underscores their broad potential in smart wearable devices, health monitoring, and underwater exploration.","author":[{"family":"Jiao","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Song","given":"Dengke"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Junjie"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jiayu"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Kexin"},{"family":"Meng","given":"Fanlun"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Hui"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Wenlong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/smll.202412346","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202412346","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406370512","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Target Detection with High Accuracy and Speed Based on YOLOv10","abstract":"Underwater target detection exhibits extensive applications in marine target exploration and marine environmental monitoring. However, conventional images of underwater targets present challenges including blurred contour information, complex environmental conditions, and pronounced scattering effects. In this work, an underwater target detection method based on YOLOv10 is designed, and the detection performance is compared with the YOLOv5 model. Experimental results demonstrate that the YOLOv10 model has a mAP50 of 85.6% on the URPC 2020 dataset, improving the mAP50 by 1.2% than that of YOLOv5. This model exhibits high detection accuracy and high proceeding speed, which provides a promising support for precise and fast underwater target detection.","author":[{"family":"Hu","given":"Zhengliang"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Le"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Shui"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Pan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Han","given":"Jingqi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse13010135","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010135","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407378458","type":"article-journal","title":"Ocyropsis‐Inspired Fast‐Swimming Transparent Soft Robots","abstract":"Abstract Marine creatures achieve effective survival in unstructured ocean environments via fast swimming or transparent camouflage. Aqueous soft robots, capable of reproducing soft features of marine creatures, have the advantages of safe biological interaction, high environmental adaptation, and noise‐free when compared with traditional rigid robots. Yet, there exists a persistent challenge to develop both fast and energy‐efficient aqueous soft robots that can achieve better underwater operation or exploration. Enlightened by the morphology and swimming strategy of Ocyropsis — a jellyfish‐like creature, Ocyropsis‐inspired robots (i.e., Ocyrobots) that merge electro‐hydraulic actuation and Ocyropsis‐type rowing mechanisms to achieve high‐performance underwater locomotion are developed. Ocyrobots demonstrate a record‐high speed of 1.1 body length/s, which is approximately three times of previously reported fastest jellyfish‐like robots while maintaining a low power consumption of 37 mW. Ocyrobots also exhibit an impressive turning speed of 34° s−1, enabling dexterous locomotion and effective obstacle avoidance in confined underwater scenarios. Attributed to the self‐developed highly reliable polymer‐based ionic gel, Ocyrobots possess remarkable advantages of full transparency and high durability, which improves their lifetime and reduces potential disturbances to underwater ecosystems. The unprecedented biomimetic idea in this study is essential in enlightening the prototyping of future aqueous soft robotics.","author":[{"family":"Ye","given":"Zhiqiu"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Geng"},{"family":"Dai","given":"Hongjie"},{"family":"Gan","given":"Yinliang"},{"family":"Jian","given":"Yihui"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Kaichen"},{"family":"Deen","given":"MJ"},{"family":"Xia","given":"Jiaxu"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Na"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yihong"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Huayong"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adfm.202421522","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202421522","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409438943","type":"article-journal","title":"Review of sEMG for Exoskeleton Robots: Motion Intention Recognition Techniques and Applications","abstract":"The global aging trend is becoming increasingly severe, and the demand for life assistance and medical rehabilitation for frail and disabled elderly people is growing. As the best solution for assisting limb movement, guiding limb rehabilitation, and enhancing limb strength, exoskeleton robots are becoming the focus of attention from all walks of life. This paper reviews the progress of research on upper limb exoskeleton robots, sEMG technology, and intention recognition technology. It analyzes the literature using keyword clustering analysis and comprehensively discusses the application of sEMG technology, deep learning methods, and machine learning methods in the process of human movement intention recognition by exoskeleton robots. It is proposed that the focus of current research is to find algorithms with strong adaptability and high classification accuracy. Finally, traditional machine learning and deep learning algorithms are discussed, and future research directions are proposed, such as using a deep learning algorithm based on multi-information fusion to fuse EEG signals, electromyographic signals, and basic reference signals. A model with stronger generalization ability is obtained after training, thereby improving the accuracy of human movement intention recognition based on sEMG technology, which provides important support for the realization of human-machine fusion-embodied intelligence of exoskeleton robots.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xu"},{"family":"Qu","given":"Yanzhang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Gang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhiqiang"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Changbing"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Xin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25082448","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082448","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409629971","type":"article-journal","title":"The localization problem for underwater vehicles: An overview of operational solutions","abstract":"Autonomous unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) play a vital role in diverse underwater operations; localization is of great interest for UUVs mirroring the trend seen in self-driving surface and aerial vehicles. Unlike their land and aerial counterparts, underwater environments lack reliable Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) due to radio wave attenuation in water. Hence, alternative localization methods are imperative for both navigation and operational purposes. This study thoroughly reviews sensor technologies for underwater localization, including sonar, Doppler velocity log, cameras, and more. Different operations necessitate distinct localization accuracies and vehicle and sensor choices. Environmental factors, such as turbidity , waves, and sound disturbances, impact sensor performance. Conclusions are given on the coincidence between operational requirements and sensor specifications, with special attention to the open concerns. These considerations include aspects such as the line of sight for acoustic positioning systems and the requirement for a feature-rich environment for visual sensors. Lastly, a prediction for the future of underwater localization is given, where the tendencies indicate lower costs for sensors, making operation-specific vehicles more attractive, which aligns with an increased demand for cost-efficient autonomous offshore operations .","author":[{"family":"Sørensen","given":"Fredrik"},{"family":"Maï","given":"C"},{"family":"Benzon","given":"Malte"},{"family":"Liniger","given":"Jesper"},{"family":"Pedersen","given":"Simon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.121173","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.121173","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407010999","type":"article-journal","title":"Soft multifunctional bistable fabric mechanism for electronics-free autonomous robots","abstract":"Pneumatic soft robots are promising in diverse applications while they typically require additional electronics or components for pressure control. Fusing pneumatic actuation and control capabilities into a simple soft module remains challenging. Here, we present a class of bistable fabric mechanisms (BFMs) that merge soft bistable actuators and valves for electronics-free autonomous robots. The BFMs comprise two bonding fabric chambers with embedded tubes, where the straightening of one chamber compels the other to buckle for the bistability of the structure and the switching of the tube kinking. Our BFMs can facilitate fast bending actuation (more than 1166° s −1 ), on/off and continuous pressure regulation, pneumatic logic computations, and autonomous oscillating actuation (up to 4.6 Hz). We further demonstrate the capabilities of BFMs for diverse robotic applications powered by one constant-pressure air supply: a soft gripper for dynamic grasping and a soft crawler for autonomous jumping. Our BFM development showcases unique features and huge potential in advancing entirely soft, electronics-free autonomous robots.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Dezhi"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Miao"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Jianing"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Yexun"},{"family":"Zou","given":"Jiang"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Xiangyang"},{"family":"Gu","given":"Guoying"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.ads8734","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ads8734","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409474206","type":"article-journal","title":"Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligence: A Survey","abstract":"ABSTRACT Biomimetic robotics and intelligence, which draws inspiration from biological systems, is an emerging field that bridges biology, engineering, and artificial intelligence. By replicating biological structures, behaviors, and sensory systems, biomimetic robotics are designed to operate effectively in diverse environments, such as humanoid robots for domestic use, quadruped robots for uneven terrains, and aerial robots for navigation through confined spaces. Biomimetic intelligence, grounded in the study of natural cognitive processes, has led to the development of advanced algorithms like genetic algorithms and neural networks, which optimize problem‐solving and decision‐making in robotic systems. These innovations enhance the capabilities of biomimetic robots, enabling them to perform complex tasks autonomously and adapt to dynamic conditions. This survey provides an overview of the latest advancements in biomimetic robotics and intelligence, focusing on key areas such as biomimetic robots, sensors and sensing technologies, and intelligence algorithms. It also discusses the current challenges in the field and outlines potential directions for future research.","author":[{"family":"Sheng","given":"Yixuan"},{"family":"Nie","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zhao"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Hanlin"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Ziyong"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Honghai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/smb2.12010","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smb2.12010","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406551949","type":"article-journal","title":"A small underwater object detection model with enhanced feature extraction and fusion","abstract":"In the underwater domain, small object detection plays a crucial role in the protection, management, and monitoring of the environment and marine life. Advancements in deep learning have led to the development of many efficient detection techniques. However, the complexity of the underwater environment, limited information available from small objects, and constrained computational resources make small object detection challenging. To tackle these challenges, this paper presents an efficient deep convolutional network model. First, a CSP for small object and lightweight (CSPSL) module is introduced to enhance feature retention and preserve essential details. Next, a variable kernel convolution (VKConv) is proposed to dynamically adjust the convolution kernel size, enabling better multi-scale feature extraction. Finally, a spatial pyramid pooling for multi-scale (SPPFMS) method is presented to preserve the features of small objects more effectively. Ablation experiments on the UDD dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Comparative experiments on the UDD and DUO datasets demonstrate that the proposed model delivers the best performance in terms of computational cost and detection accuracy, outperforming state-of-the-art methods in real-time underwater small object detection tasks.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Gang","given":"Yijin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Sumin"},{"family":"Shang","given":"Yizi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-85961-9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85961-9","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"oa:W4412068353","type":"article-journal","title":"Compliant Force Control for Robots: A Survey","abstract":"Compliant force control is a fundamental capability for enabling robots to interact safely and effectively with dynamic and uncertain environments. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of compliant force control strategies, intending to enhance safety, adaptability, and precision in applications such as physical human–robot interaction, robotic manipulation, and collaborative tasks. The review begins with a classification of compliant control methods into passive and active approaches, followed by a detailed examination of direct force control techniques—including hybrid and parallel force/position control—and indirect methods such as impedance and admittance control. Special emphasis is placed on advanced compliant control strategies applied to structurally complex robotic systems, including aerial, mobile, cable-driven, and bionic robots. In addition, intelligent compliant control approaches are systematically analyzed, encompassing neural networks, fuzzy logic, sliding mode control, and reinforcement learning. Sensorless compliance techniques are also discussed, along with emerging trends in hardware design and intelligent control methodologies. This survey provides a holistic view of the current landscape, identifies key technical challenges, and outlines future research directions for achieving more robust, intelligent, and adaptive compliant force control in robotic systems.","author":[{"family":"Zhu","given":"Minglei"},{"family":"Gong","given":"Dawei"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yuyang"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Jiaoyuan"},{"family":"Qi","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Song","given":"Shijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/math13132204","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math13132204","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407741277","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater image enhancement via multiscale disentanglement strategy","abstract":"Underwater images suffer from color casts, low illumination, and blurred details caused by light absorption and scattering in water. Existing data-driven methods often overlook the scene characteristics of underwater imaging, limiting their expressive power. To address the above issues, we propose a Multiscale Disentanglement Network (MD-Net) for Underwater Image Enhancement (UIE), which mainly consists of scene radiance disentanglement (SRD) and transmission map disentanglement (TMD) modules. Specifically, MD-Net first disentangles original images into three physical parameters which are scene radiance (clear image), transmission map, and global background light. The proposed network then reconstructs these physical parameters into underwater images. Furthermore, MD-Net introduces class adversarial learning between the original and reconstructed images to supervise the disentanglement accuracy of the network. Moreover, we design a multi-level fusion module (MFM) and dual-layer weight estimation unit (DWEU) for color cast adjustment and visibility enhancement. Finally, we conduct extensive qualitative and quantitative experiments on three benchmark datasets, which demonstrate that our approach outperforms other traditional and state-of-the-art methods. Our code and results are available at: https://github.com/WYJGR/MD-Net .","author":[{"family":"Yan","given":"Jiaquan"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yijian"},{"family":"Nawaz","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Junejo","given":"Naveed"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Ente"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Huibin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-89109-7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89109-7","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412093083","type":"article-journal","title":"Vision-Based Navigation and Perception for Autonomous Robots: Sensors, SLAM, Control Strategies, and Cross-Domain Applications—A Review","abstract":"Camera-centric perception has matured into a cornerstone of modern autonomy, from self-driving cars and factory cobots to underwater and planetary exploration. This review synthesizes more than a decade of progress in vision-based robotic navigation through an engineering lens, charting the full pipeline from sensing to deployment. We first examine the expanding sensor palette—monocular and multi-camera rigs, stereo and RGB-D devices, LiDAR–camera hybrids, event cameras, and infrared systems—highlighting the complementary operating envelopes and the rise of learning-based depth inference. The advances in visual localization and mapping are then analyzed, contrasting sparse and dense SLAM approaches, as well as monocular, stereo, and visual–inertial formulations. Additional topics include loop closure, semantic mapping, and LiDAR–visual–inertial fusion, which enables drift-free operation in dynamic environments. Building on these foundations, we review the navigation and control strategies, spanning classical planning, reinforcement and imitation learning, hybrid topological–metric memories, and emerging visual language guidance. Application case studies—autonomous driving, industrial manipulation, autonomous underwater vehicles, planetary rovers, aerial drones, and humanoids—demonstrate how tailored sensor suites and algorithms meet domain-specific constraints. Finally, the future research trajectories are distilled: generative AI for synthetic training data and scene completion; high-density 3D perception with solid-state LiDAR and neural implicit representations; event-based vision for ultra-fast control; and human-centric autonomy in next-generation robots. By providing a unified taxonomy, a comparative analysis, and engineering guidelines, this review aims to inform researchers and practitioners designing robust, scalable, vision-driven robotic systems.","author":[{"family":"Rodríguez-Martínez","given":"Eder"},{"family":"Floresfuentes","given":"Wendy"},{"family":"Achakir","given":"Farouk"},{"family":"Sergiyenko","given":"Oleg"},{"family":"Murrieta-Rico","given":"Fabián"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/eng6070153","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6070153","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413174561","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Snake-Like Robots: A Review on Design, Actuation, and Modelling Methods","abstract":"Abstract In recent years, significant advancements have been made in robotics, especially with the introduction of continuum and hyper-redundant robots. These robots can be highly flexible and manoeuvrable, which makes them suitable for intricate underwater maintenance, exploration, and inspection tasks. Inspired by the motions of aquatic life, underwater snake-like robots offer a good way to accomplish subsea maintenance, exploration, and inspection activities. While many studies have been conducted on hyper-redundant, snake-like robotic arms for maintenance and inspection in land-based applications, not as much about robotics intended for marine or underwater applications has been studied. This review critically examines recent advancements in the design, actuation, and modelling of these robotic systems, categorising them into two primary families: untethered mobile robots and tethered robotic manipulators. Key insights include the identification of strengths and limitations associated with various designs and actuation strategies, such as the high manoeuvrability but limited speed of bioinspired swimming robots compared to thruster-driven designs, and the complexity versus precision trade-offs inherent in tendon-driven manipulator arms. Furthermore, the modelling techniques employed across categories are systematically analysed, as well as challenges such as the modelling of fluid–structure interactions and the need for improved real-time models for compliant and soft robots.","author":[{"family":"Poka","given":"Ardit"},{"family":"Ludovico","given":"Daniele"},{"family":"Manara","given":"Federico"},{"family":"Verme","given":"Lorenzo"},{"family":"Canali","given":"CM"},{"family":"Berselli","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Caldwell","given":"Darwin"},{"family":"Jovanova","given":"Jovana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s00170-025-16231-1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-025-16231-1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406124184","type":"article-journal","title":"Understanding the Influence of Image Enhancement on Underwater Object Detection: A Quantitative and Qualitative Study","abstract":"Underwater image enhancement is often perceived as a disadvantageous process to object detection. We propose a novel analysis of the interactions between enhancement and detection, elaborating on the potential of enhancement to improve detection. In particular, we evaluate object detection performance for each individual image rather than across the entire set to allow a direct performance comparison of each image before and after enhancement. This approach enables the generation of unique queries to identify the outperforming and underperforming enhanced images compared to the original images. To accomplish this, we first produce enhanced image sets of the original images using recent image enhancement models. Each enhanced set is then divided into two groups: (1) images that outperform or match the performance of the original images and (2) images that underperform. Subsequently, we create mixed original-enhanced sets by replacing underperforming enhanced images with their corresponding original images. Next, we conduct a detailed analysis by evaluating all generated groups for quality and detection performance attributes. Finally, we perform an overlap analysis between the generated enhanced sets to identify cases where the enhanced images of different enhancement algorithms unanimously outperform, equally perform, or underperform the original images. Our analysis reveals that, when evaluated individually, most enhanced images achieve equal or superior performance compared to their original counterparts. The proposed method uncovers variations in detection performance that are not apparent in a whole set as opposed to a per-image evaluation because the latter reveals that only a small percentage of enhanced images cause an overall negative impact on detection. We also find that over-enhancement may lead to deteriorated object detection performance. Lastly, we note that enhanced images reveal hidden objects that were not annotated due to the low visibility of the original images.","author":[{"family":"Saleem","given":"Ashraf"},{"family":"Awad","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Paheding","given":"Sidike"},{"family":"Lucas","given":"Evan"},{"family":"Havens","given":"Timothy"},{"family":"Esselman","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs17020185","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17020185","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4411499468","type":"article-journal","title":"Solvent‐Free Fabrication of Robust Physical Hydrogels via Bulk Copolymerization for Underwater Acoustics","abstract":"Abstract Conventional hydrogel preparation typically involves the use of solvents (mostly water), which increases the free volume between polymer chains and weakens their interactions, resulting in mechanically weak hydrogels with limited viscoelasticity. Here, a solvent‐free synthesis strategy is presented to produce tough, swelling‐resistant physical hydrogels with ultra‐wide frequency viscoelasticity (loss factor tan δ > 0.3 at 10 −10 –10 5 Hz). This is achieved through the bulk copolymerization of highly miscible hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers, forming water‐free copolymers that develop into phase‐separated hydrogels with dense chain entanglements upon equilibration in water. The resulting hydrogel exhibits significant mechanical enhancements over counterparts prepared through classical micellar copolymerization, with stiffness, strength, and fracture toughness increased by up to 81, 46, and 41 times, respectively. As a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, the tough hydrogel with excellent swelling resistance is applied as a sound‐absorbing coating for underwater vehicles, minimizing acoustic interference during marine research through its strong viscoelasticity and near‐perfect acoustic impedance matching with water. Unlike conventional solvent‐assisted polymerization methods used for hydrogel preparation, bulk copolymerization offers advantages such as ultra‐high monomer concentration, pure products, and straightforward process, providing new insights for developing simple yet tough hydrogels that are not only promising for underwater applications but also conducive to theoretical studies.","author":[{"family":"Jiang","given":"Lichao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Feiyang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yunting"},{"family":"Pi","given":"Menghan"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Jiacen"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Hui"},{"family":"Ran","given":"Rong"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adma.202508162","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202508162","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406874362","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of the Applications and Challenges of Dielectric Elastomer Actuators in Soft Robotics","abstract":"As an electrically driven artificial muscle, dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are notable for their large deformation, fast response speed, and high energy density, showing significant potential in soft robots. The paper discusses the working principles of DEAs, focusing on their reversible deformation under electric fields and performance optimization through material and structural innovations. Key applications include soft grippers, locomotion robots (e.g., multilegged, crawling, swimming, and jumping/flying), humanoid robots, and wearable devices. The challenges associated with DEAs are also examined, including the actuation properties of DE material, material fatigue, viscoelastic effects, and environmental adaptability. Finally, modeling and control strategies to enhance DEA performance are introduced, with a perspective on future technological advancements in the field.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Qinghai"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Jianghua"},{"family":"Meng","given":"Chuizhou"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Shijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/machines13020101","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13020101","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410809536","type":"article-journal","title":"A photo-mechanically inactive tough gel exhibits multimodal, light-guided underwater navigation","abstract":"Soft robots exhibit flexural and active features that enabled their potential deployment in applications where rigid systems could not perform well. However, the locomotion of the soft robots still largely relies on the paddling that requires variety of active materials as artificial muscles. Hence, extreme conditions, i.e., under compressive or tensile loads, can cause irreversible damages that disable the actuation. Here, we report a tough underwater robot that exhibits an accurate, three-dimensional, and multimodal motion. Counterintuitively, the soft robot is composed of polymers that are not photo-mechanically responsive but are powered by the ambient fluid. The unique feature notably widens the pool of material selection and allows further treatment to strengthen the polymer matrix without concerns of trade-off between the mechanical properties with the actuation capability. The tough, photo-inactive gel maneuvers precisely, traveling effortlessly in and out of the tunnels, and enables versatile phototactic locomotion.","author":[{"family":"Hou","given":"Guodong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xuning"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Feiyu"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Tiannan"},{"family":"Meng","given":"Guang"},{"family":"Qian","given":"Xiaoshi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.ads4507","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ads4507","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409282048","type":"article-journal","title":"Obstacle Avoidance Technique for Mobile Robots at Autonomous Human-Robot Collaborative Warehouse Environments","abstract":"This paper presents an obstacle avoidance technique for a mobile robot in human-robot collaborative (HRC) tasks. The proposed solution uses fuzzy logic rules and a convolutional neural network (CNN) in an integrated approach to detect objects during vehicle movement. The goal is to improve the robot's navigation autonomously and ensure the safety of people and equipment in dynamic environments. Using this technique, it is possible to provide important references to the robot's internal control system, guiding it to continuously adjust its velocity and yaw in order to avoid obstacles (humans and moving objects) while following the path planned for its task. The approach aims to improve operational safety without compromising productivity, addressing critical challenges in collaborative robotics. The system was tested in a simulated environment using the Robot Operating System (ROS) and Gazebo to demonstrate the effectiveness of navigation and obstacle avoidance. The results obtained with the application of the proposed technique indicate that the framework allows real-time adaptation and safe interaction between robot and obstacles in complex and changing industrial workspaces.","author":[{"family":"Sousa","given":"Lucas"},{"family":"Silva","given":"Yago"},{"family":"Schettino","given":"V"},{"family":"Santos","given":"Tatiana"},{"family":"Zachi","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Gouvêa","given":"Josiel"},{"family":"Pinto","given":"Milena"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25082387","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082387","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413765256","type":"article-journal","title":"Exploring Challenges and Opportunities in Manufacturing and Intelligence for Future Robotics","abstract":"Abstract This paper offers a forward-looking perspective on the challenges and opportunities shaping the future of robotics, drawing insights from both established and emerging research. It addresses two pivotal dimensions: the complexities of manufacturing and the integration of intelligence within robotic systems. On the manufacturing front, key elements such as structural materials, manufacturing processes, assembly methodologies, sensors, actuators, and power systems are explored. Simultaneously, the paper evaluates the evolution of robotic intelligence, focusing on frameworks for autonomous levels, artificial intelligence (AI), digital twin technology, and the transformative potential of quantum computing. By analyzing these elements, the study examines their implications for the broader deployment and functionality of robots across industrial, service, missional, and ethical domains. This perspective highlights how emerging technologies and strategies can address key challenges to drive robotic evolution, offering a roadmap for researchers, engineers, and policymakers to accelerate intelligent, scalable, and versatile robotic systems.","author":[{"family":"Choi","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Ahn","given":"Semin"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Dohyeon"},{"family":"Heo","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Yun","given":"Won"},{"family":"Hong","given":"Sungjin"},{"family":"Bae","given":"Sung"},{"family":"Ahn","given":"Sung‐hoon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s12541-025-01318-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-025-01318-2","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407353104","type":"article-journal","title":"Comprehensive Review of Robotics Operating System-Based Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","abstract":"Common challenges in the area of robotics include issues such as sensor modeling, dynamic operating environments, and limited on-broad computational resources. To improve decision making, robots need a dependable framework to facilitate communication between different modules and the optimal action for real-world applications. The Robotics Operating System (ROS) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) are two promising approaches that help accomplish precise control, seamless integration of sensors-actuators, and exhibit learned behavior. The ROS enables seamless communication between heterogeneous components, while RL focuses on learning optimal behaviors through trial-and-error scenarios. Combining the ROS and RL offers superior decision making, improved perception, enhanced automation, and reliability. This work focuses on investigating ROS-based RL applications across various domains, aiming to enhance understanding through comprehensive discussion, analysis, and summarization. We base our evaluation on the application area, type of RL algorithm used, and degree of ROS–RL integration. Additionally, we provide summary of seminal works that define the current state of the art, along with GitHub repositories and resources for research purposes. Based on the review of successfully implemented projects, we make recommendations highlighting the advantages and limitations of RL techniques for specific applications and environments. The ultimate goal of this work is to advance the robotics field by providing a comprehensive overview of the recent important works that incorporate both the ROS and RL, thereby improving the adaptability of these emerging techniques.","author":[{"family":"Aljamal","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Patel","given":"Sarosh"},{"family":"Mahmood","given":"Ausif"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app15041840","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041840","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406726289","type":"article-journal","title":"A generative adversarial network with multiscale and attention mechanisms for underwater image enhancement","abstract":"Underwater images collected are often of low clarity and suffer from severe color distortion due to the marine environment and Illumination conditions. This directly impacts tasks such as marine ecological monitoring and underwater target detection, which rely on image processing. Therefore, enhancing Underwater images to improve their quality is necessary. A generative adversarial network with an encoder-decoder structure is proposed to improve the quality of Underwater images. The network consists of a generative network and an adversarial network. The generative network is responsible for enhancing the images, while the adversarial network determines whether the input is an enhanced image or a real high-quality image. In the generative network, we first design a residual convolution module to extract more texture and edge information from underwater images. Next, we design a multi-scale dilated convolution module to capture underwater features at different scales. Then, we design a feature fusion adaptive attention module to reduce the interference of redundant features and enhance the local perception capabilities. Finally, we construct the generative network using these modules along with conventional modules. In the adversarial network, we first design a multi-scale feature extraction module to improve the feature extraction ability. We then use the multi-scale feature extraction module along with conventional convolution modules to design the adversarial network. Additionally, we propose an improved loss function by introducing color loss into the conventional loss function. The improved loss function can better measure the color discrepancy between the enhanced image and the real image. It is useful to reduce color distortion in the enhanced images. In experimental simulations, the images enhanced by the proposed methods have the highest PSNR, SSIM, and UIQM values, indicating that the proposed method has superior Underwater image enhancement capabilities compared to other methods.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Liquan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yuda"},{"family":"Zhong","given":"Tie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-86949-1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86949-1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407635222","type":"article-journal","title":"Toward Autonomous Self‐Healing in Soft Robotics: A Review and Perspective for Future Research","abstract":"Recent advances in dynamic and reversible polymer networks have led to self-healing soft robots that can restore their physical and electrical properties after damage. However, in most cases, human intervention remains essential for the healing process. This poses a challenge, especially in working environments with limited human access or where human involvement cand hinder efficiency. To address this gap, in this article, first, the different phases of the healing process in soft robotics are discussed and then the technologies that are or can be integrated into self-healing soft robots to allow each individual phase to be performed autonomously with minimal human involvement are reviewed. Finally, in this article, the challenges of integrating all phases into self-healing soft robots are discussed and the perspectives on achieving fully autonomous self-healing in the future are offered. These phases are classified into five: damage detection, damage cleaning, damage closure, stimulus-triggered material healing, and recovery assessment. Achieving these attributes requires employing physical intelligence at the material level through the use of stimuli-responsive materials or utilizing embodied intelligence at the system level by integrating healing-assistive subsystems or a synergistic combination of both. Consequently, self-healing soft robots can achieve self-sufficiency in their healing capabilities, rendering them a sustainable solution for broader applications.","author":[{"family":"Tabrizian","given":"Seyedreza"},{"family":"Terryn","given":"Seppe"},{"family":"Vanderborght","given":"Bram"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/aisy.202400790","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400790","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413109130","type":"article-journal","title":"From fish to fiber: 3D-nanoprinted optical neuromast for multi-integrated underwater detection","abstract":"Fish possess high sensitivity to acoustic, vibrational, and hydrodynamic stimuli through unique sensing cells, providing unparalleled paradigms for developing underwater detection methods. However, artificial perception devices face challenges in replicating comparable sensitivity and multi-dimensional integration of fish in function and scale. Here, we propose a biomimetic optical fiber neuromast (BOFN) by leveraging synergistic optical-mechanical interactions for multifunctional underwater detection and communication. A heterogeneous integration technology for BOFN is developed based on sequential femtosecond laser direct writing with deposition, resulting in both compact size and reliable stability. Benefiting from its biomimetic design, BOFN demonstrates performance benchmarks in acoustic sensitivity of 172.24 V/kPa and marine turbulence sensitivity of 8560.72 nm/(m/s). A prototype system integrated into a motorized fish shows versatile acoustic sensing, target imaging, and underwater communication capabilities. Our work opens avenues for deploying all-optical bionic sensing cells in underwater environments, with promising applications in marine resource exploration and ecosystem protection.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Liangye"},{"family":"Fan","given":"Xuhao"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Geng"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yueqi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Fujun"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhuolin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhi"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Wangyang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"SY"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yuncheng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zongjin"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Hui"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-62559-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62559-3","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"oa:W4411187761","type":"article-journal","title":"Visible Light Communication for Underwater Applications: Principles, Challenges, and Future Prospects","abstract":"Underwater wireless communications face significant challenges due to high attenuation, turbulence, and water turbidity. Traditional methods like acoustic and radio frequency (RF) communication suffer from low data rates (<100 kbps), high latency (>1 s), and limited transmission distances (<10 km).Visible Light Communication (VLC) emerges as a promising alternative, offering high-speed data transmission (up to 5 Gbps), low latency (<1 ms), and immunity to electromagnetic interference. This paper provides an in-depth review of underwater VLC, covering fundamental principles, environmental factors (scattering, absorption), and dynamic water properties. We analyze modulation techniques, including adaptive and hybrid schemes (QAM-OFDM achieving 4.92 Gbps over 1.5 m), and demonstrate their superiority over conventional methods. Practical applications—underwater exploration, autonomous vehicle control, and environmental monitoring—are discussed alongside security challenges. Key findings highlight UVLC’s ability to overcome traditional limitations, with experimental results showing 500 Mbps over 150 m using PAM4 modulation. Future research directions include integrating quantum communication and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) to further enhance performance, with simulations projecting 40% improved spectral efficiency in turbulent conditions.","author":[{"family":"Jayaweera","given":"Vindula"},{"family":"Peiris","given":"Chamodi"},{"family":"Darshani","given":"Dhanushika"},{"family":"Edirisinghe","given":"Sampath"},{"family":"Dharmaweera","given":"Nishan"},{"family":"Wijewardhana","given":"Uditha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/photonics12060593","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12060593","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410581793","type":"article-journal","title":"Enabling RPL on the Internet of Underwater Things","abstract":"Abstract With the widespread adoption of the Internet of Things, underwater control and monitoring systems for applications such as ocean data sampling, natural disaster prevention, and submarine exploration have gained significance. However, underwater communication poses challenges like node mobility, long propagation delays, and limited bandwidth, requiring new solutions. This paper introduces a topology control platform, UWRPL, modeled on the RPL tree structure, with modifications for underwater environments. UWMRPL extends UWRPL to support node mobility, incorporating flexible objective functions, decision-making systems, and optimized scheduling to enhance network performance. Through extensive simulations, our proposed methods demonstrate about 8–23% longer network lifetime, 5–21% higher packet delivery ratio, and up to 30–50% lower end-to-end delay compared to leading protocols while also achieving more balanced energy consumption. These gains stem from reduced communication overhead, a multi-route approach to minimize congestion, and an adaptive mechanism that efficiently accommodates node movement. As a result, the proposed UWRPL and UWMRPL methods offer a more stable and effective platform for underwater IoT applications, addressing the inherent challenges of underwater communication.","author":[{"family":"Homaei","given":"Mohammadhossein"},{"family":"Bartolo","given":"Agustín"},{"family":"Gómez","given":"Rubén"},{"family":"Rodríguez","given":"Pablo"},{"family":"Lindo","given":"Andrés"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10922-025-09925-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-025-09925-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413826357","type":"article-journal","title":"Design of Control System for Underwater Inspection Robot in Hydropower Dam Structures","abstract":"As critical infrastructure, hydropower dams require efficient and accurate detection of underwater structural surface defects to ensure their safety. This paper presents the design and implementation of a robotic control system specifically developed for underwater dam inspection in hydropower stations, aiming to enhance the robot’s operational capability under harsh hydraulic conditions. The study includes the hardware design of the control system and the development of a surface human–machine interface unit. At the software level, a modular architecture is adopted to ensure real-time performance and reliability. The solution employs a hierarchical architecture comprising hardware sensing, real-time interaction protocols, and an adaptive controller, and the integrated algorithm combining a fixed-time disturbance observer with adaptive super-twisting controller compensates for complex hydrodynamic forces. To validate the system’s effectiveness, field tests were conducted at the Baihetan Hydropower Station. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed control system enables stable and precise dam inspection, with standard deviations of multi-degree-of-freedom automatic control below 0.5 and hovering control below 0.1. These findings confirm the system’s feasibility and superiority in performing high-precision, high-stability inspection tasks in complex underwater environments of real hydropower dams. The developed system provides reliable technical support for intelligent underwater dam inspection and holds significant practical value for improving the safety and maintenance of major hydraulic infrastructure.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Bing"},{"family":"Li","given":"Shuo"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xiangbin"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Mingyu"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Xin‐yao"},{"family":"Meng","given":"Zhaoxu"},{"family":"Wan","given":"Gang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse13091656","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091656","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7128495183","type":"article-journal","title":"Dual-Modal Vision–Sonar Object Detection for Underwater Robots Based on Deep Learning","abstract":"Applying state-of-the-art RGB object detectors (e.g., YOLOv8) to underwater scenes often yields unstable performance due to scattering, absorption, illumination deficiency, and bandwidth-limited transmission that severely corrupt image contrast and details. Forward-looking sonar (FLS) remains informative in turbid or low-visibility water, yet its low resolution and weak semantics make conventional fusion architectures costly and difficult to deploy on resource-constrained robots. This paper proposes a paired-sample-free RGB–FLS joint training paradigm based on parameter sharing, where RGB and FLS images from different datasets are jointly used during training without any frame-level pairing or architectural modification. The resulting model preserves the original detector parameter scale and inference cost, and requires only RGB input at test time. Experiments on the SeaClear and Marine Debris FLS datasets under six representative underwater degradation factors (contrast loss, blur, resolution reduction, color cast, and JPEG compression) show consistent robustness gains over RGB-only training. In particular, under severe low-contrast corruption, the proposed training strategy improves mAP50 by more than 14 percentage points compared with the RGB-only baseline. These results indicate that sonar-domain supervision functions as an auxiliary structural constraint during optimization, rather than a conventional multi-source data enlargement. By forcing a shared-parameter detector to fit a texture-poor, geometry-dominant sonar domain, the learned representation is biased away from color/texture shortcuts and becomes more stable under adverse underwater degradations, without increasing deployment complexity.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Xiaoming"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhenyu"},{"family":"Bi","given":"Dexue"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse14040338","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14040338","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412036011","type":"article-journal","title":"The Coral Probiotics Village: An Underwater Laboratory to Tackle the Coral Reefs Crisis","abstract":"Restoration efforts are urgently needed for the conservation of coral reefs. Among emerging tools, the use of probiotics has shown promise in laboratory settings for improving coral resilience, but their validation under real-world reef conditions remains limited. Here, we present the Coral Probiotics Village (CPV) as a novel and fully operational underwater research laboratory and a testing ground designed to support the in situ testing of microbial-based coral restoration interventions. This manuscript describes the design, establishment, and scientific validation of the CPV, including continuous environmental monitoring, a summary of previously developed pilot trials of probiotic applications, and an integration of sensor networks, AI-assisted reef monitoring, and autonomous technologies. We propose the CPV as a scalable model for integrated coral restoration science and suggest its replication as a tool to accelerate applied reef conservation efforts globally.","author":[{"family":"Garcías-Bonet","given":"Neus"},{"family":"Villela","given":"Helena"},{"family":"García","given":"Francisca"},{"family":"Duarte","given":"Gustavo"},{"family":"Delgadilloordoñez","given":"Nathalia"},{"family":"Raimundo","given":"Inês"},{"family":"Elkhaled","given":"Yusuf"},{"family":"Santoro","given":"Érika"},{"family":"Bennett-Smith","given":"Morgan"},{"family":"Nieuwenhuis","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Cúrdia","given":"João"},{"family":"Zgliczynski","given":"Brian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/ece3.71558","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71558","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413794838","type":"article-journal","title":"From Nano Robotic Manipulation to Nano Manipulation Robot","abstract":"ABSTRACT The evolution from passive nanoscale observation to active robotic manipulation represents a paradigm shift in humanity's quest to master matter at the atomic scale. This review systematically traces the historical and conceptual foundations of nanomanipulation, beginning with ancient atomic theory and culminating in Feynman's vision of deterministic atomic control. Nanomanipulation technologies can be categorized into three dimensions: observation (imaging and tracking), construction (assembly and fabrication), and operation (automation and control). This review critically examines transformative technologies—from optical tweezers and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to autonomous nanorobots in scanning electron microscopy (SEM)—highlighting their pivotal roles in overcoming diffraction limits, thermal noise, and quantum stochasticity. Innovations such as machine learning‐enhanced control, stochastic model predictive control, and biohybrid nanorobots underscore the transition from scripted tasks to adaptive autonomy. However, persistent challenges—including the observer–constructor paradox, environmental stochasticity, and scalability—necessitate interdisciplinary convergence of quantum metrology, neuromorphic computing, and ethical frameworks. By bridging theoretical insights with practical applications, this review charts a roadmap for nanorobotic systems to transcend laboratory confines, enabling breakthroughs in nanomedicine, quantum devices, and atomic‐scale manufacturing. The synthesis of embodied intelligence, distributed sensing, and edge quantum computing heralds a future where nanomanipulation redefines the boundaries of science, engineering, and philosophy.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Zhan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Shixin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Linjun"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Qinkai"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Chaoyang"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Lixin"},{"family":"Fukuda","given":"Toshio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/smb2.12021","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smb2.12021","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63881-6","type":"article-journal","title":"AI-embodied multi-modal flexible electronic robots with programmable sensing, actuating and self-learning.","abstract":"Achieving robust environmental interaction in small-scale soft robotics remains challenging due to limitations in terrain adaptability, real-time perception, and autonomous decision-making. Here, we introduce Flexible Electronic Robots constructed from programmable flexible electronic components and setae modules. The integrated platform combines multimodal sensing/actuation with embedded computing, enabling adaptive operation in diverse environments. Applying modular design principles to configure structural topologies, actuation sequences, and circuit layouts, these robots achieve multimodal locomotion, including vertical surface traversal, directional control, and obstacle navigation. The system implements proprioception (shape and attitude) and exteroception (vision, temperature, humidity, proximity and pathway shape recognition) under dynamic conditions. Onboard computational units enable autonomous behaviors like hazard evasion and thermal gradient tracking through adaptive decision-making, supported by embodied artificial intelligence. In this work, we establish a framework for creating small-scale soft robots with enhanced environmental intelligence through tightly integrated sensing, actuation, and decision-making architectures.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Junfeng"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Zhangyu"},{"family":"Li","given":"Nanpei"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Kaijun"},{"family":"Xiong","given":"Guangyong"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Minjie"},{"family":"Hou","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Ji","given":"Jingjing"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Fan"},{"family":"Zhong","given":"Junwen"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Yongan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-63881-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63881-6","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s44172-025-00367-9","type":"article-journal","title":"A deep learning framework based on structured space model for detecting small objects in complex underwater environments.","abstract":"Regular monitoring of marine life is essential for preserving the stability of marine ecosystems. However, underwater target detection presents several challenges, particularly in balancing accuracy with model efficiency and real-time performance. To address these issues, we propose an innovative approach that combines the Structured Space Model (SSM) with feature enhancement, specifically designed for small target detection in underwater environments. We developed a high-accuracy, lightweight detection model-UWNet. The results demonstrate that UWNet excels in detection accuracy, particularly in identifying difficult-to-detect organisms like starfish and scallops. Compared to other models, UWNet reduces the number of model parameters by 5% to 390%, substantially improving computational efficiency while maintaining top detection accuracy. Its lightweight design enhances the model's applicability for deployment on underwater robots.","author":[{"family":"Zhuang","given":"Yaoming"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Jiaming"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Haoyang"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Longyu"},{"family":"Fang","given":"Zirui"},{"family":"Li","given":"Li"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Chengdong"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zhanlin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s44172-025-00367-9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-025-00367-9","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-86266-7","type":"article-journal","title":"Advanced KNN-based cost-efficient algorithm for precision localization and energy optimization in dynamic underwater sensor networks.","abstract":"Underwater environmental exploration using sensor nodes has emerged as a critical endeavor fraught with challenges such as localization errors, energy, and costs attributed to the dynamic nature of underwater environments. This paper proposes a KNN-based cost-efficient machine-learning algorithm aimed at optimizing underwater context acquisition with sensor nodes. By addressing existing localization challenges, the algorithm minimizes localization errors, energy consumption and Time costs while significantly enhancing localization accuracy to 99.98%. Furthermore, the study employs the KNN-based cost-efficient method to predict nodes' orientation in dynamic water conditions, thereby facilitating the mapping of the shortest distance between sensor nodes during the underwater context acquisition process. The effectiveness of the proposed KNN-based cost-efficient method is evaluated through real-time experiments conducted in a water tank setup and simulations using the Ns-3.37 version. Results demonstrate notable improvements in localization accuracy by optimizing the localization error rate from 4.59m to [Formula: see text]m, Reducing localization energy consumption rate 0.0045J in addition for the first time we have also computed the localization Time cost rate which is 0.06762s. we assumed that in real-time and in NS-3 simulations on the Aqua-sim model indicate communication speed at 1500m/s. This research presents an innovative and practical approach to resolving challenges associated with underwater context acquisition through sensor nodes, it offers a comprehensive understanding and emphasizes the real-time implementation of the KNN-based cost-efficient approach.","author":[{"family":"Shamshad","given":"Nadia"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Lei"},{"family":"Saleem","given":"Kiran"},{"family":"Sarwr","given":"Danish"},{"family":"Bharany","given":"Salil"},{"family":"Almogren","given":"Ahmad"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Jaeyoung"},{"family":"Rehman","given":"Ateeq"},{"family":"Altameem","given":"Ayman"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-86266-7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86266-7","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.09824","type":"manuscript","title":"PUGS: Perceptual Uncertainty for Grasp Selection in Underwater Environments","abstract":"When navigating and interacting in challenging environments where sensory information is imperfect and incomplete, robots must make decisions that account for these shortcomings. We propose a novel method for quantifying and representing such perceptual uncertainty in 3D reconstruction through occupancy uncertainty estimation. We develop a framework to incorporate it into grasp selection for autonomous manipulation in underwater environments. Instead of treating each measurement equally when deciding which location to grasp from, we present a framework that propagates uncertainty inherent in the multi-view reconstruction process into the grasp selection. We evaluate our method with both simulated and the real world data, showing that by accounting for uncertainty, the grasp selection becomes robust against partial and noisy measurements. Code will be made available at https://onurbagoren.github.io/PUGS/","author":[{"family":"Bagoren","given":"Onur"},{"family":"Micatka","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Skinner","given":"Katherine"},{"family":"Marburg","given":"Aaron"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2502.09824","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.09824","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2501.18448","type":"manuscript","title":"Autonomy and Safety Assurance in the Early Development of Robotics and Autonomous Systems","abstract":"This report provides an overview of the workshop titled Autonomy and Safety Assurance in the Early Development of Robotics and Autonomous Systems, hosted by the Centre for Robotic Autonomy in Demanding and Long-Lasting Environments (CRADLE) on September 2, 2024, at The University of Manchester, UK. The event brought together representatives from six regulatory and assurance bodies across diverse sectors to discuss challenges and evidence for ensuring the safety of autonomous and robotic systems, particularly autonomous inspection robots (AIR). The workshop featured six invited talks by the regulatory and assurance bodies. CRADLE aims to make assurance an integral part of engineering reliable, transparent, and trustworthy autonomous systems. Key discussions revolved around three research questions: (i) challenges in assuring safety for AIR; (ii) evidence for safety assurance; and (iii) how assurance cases need to differ for autonomous systems. Following the invited talks, the breakout groups further discussed the research questions using case studies from ground (rail), nuclear, underwater, and drone-based AIR. This workshop offered a valuable opportunity for representatives from industry, academia, and regulatory bodies to discuss challenges related to assured autonomy. Feedback from participants indicated a strong willingness to adopt a design-for-assurance process to ensure that robots are developed and verified to meet regulatory expectations.","author":[{"family":"Abeywickrama","given":"Dhaminda"},{"family":"Fisher","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Wheeler","given":"Frederic"},{"family":"Dennis","given":"Louise"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2501.18448","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2501.18448","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W2613619376","type":"article-journal","title":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)","abstract":"The phenomenon of the “traveling wave,” com- monly observed in various organisms, involves a wave that propagates along the body, serving as a locomotion mechanism. Particularly, in aquatic environments, organisms such as fish and cetaceans utilize traveling waves to propel themselves through water, minimizing fluid drag and maximizing move- ment efficiency. Inspired by nature, robotics has extensively explored replicating such locomotion strategies. This work presents a fish robot with an innovative magnetic transmission system. The mechanism transforms the unidirectional rotation of a single motor into an oscillatory, phase-shifted movement across the modules of the kinematic chain, generating a travel- ing wave along the body. The robot’s design and functionality are detailed, highlighting advancements in bio-inspired robotics for underwater applications, such as efficient and non-invasive monitoring and exploration of marine ecosystems. The fish robot achieved a swimming speed of approximately 2 body lengths per second (BL/s) with a tail-beat frequency of 3.24 Hz and a minimum Cost of Transport (CoT) of 5.33 J/(kg·m). Biomimetic robotics can play a key role in sustainable aqua- farming, biodiversity conservation, and animal-robot interac- tion research, offering the potential to minimize ecosystem disruption and advance marine science.","author":[{"family":"Lin","given":"Hsiu"},{"family":"Ray","given":"Prabhakar"},{"family":"Howard","given":"Matthew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109/icra55743.2025","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra55743.2025","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410640279","type":"article-journal","title":"Low power, non-intrusive 3D localization for underwater mobile robots","abstract":"Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) face persistent challenges in localization compared to their counterparts on the ground due to limitations with methods like Global Positioning System (GPS). We propose a novel system for localization, Pisces, that leverages the Angle of Arrival (AoA) and Received Signal Strength Ratio (RSSR) of robot-mounted blue LED signals. This method provides a spectrally efficient training-free solution for estimating 3D underwater positions. The system remains effective despite high water turbidity with a relatively low impact on marine life compared to similar acoustic methods. Pisces is less complex, computationally efficient, and uses less power than camera-based solutions. Pisces enables robust relative localization, especially in swarms of robots with the potential for additional applications like docking. We demonstrate high localization accuracy with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.031 m at 0.32 m separation and 0.16 m MAE at 1 m separation. Moreover, it achieved this with minimal power consumption, utilizing only 11 mA of transmitter LED current and performing 3D localization within 10 ms for distances up to 3 m. Suryansh Sharma and colleagues present Pisces, a system for 3D localization of autonomous underwater mobile robots using blue LED signals and photodiodes. It enhances efficiency and coordination in applications like environmental monitoring and underwater exploration, even in turbid water conditions.","author":[{"family":"Sharma","given":"Suryansh"},{"family":"Passen","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Prasad","given":"Ramjee"},{"family":"Chowdhury","given":"Kaushik"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s44172-025-00422-5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-025-00422-5","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406016731","type":"article-journal","title":"Pressure-sensitive in-situ underwater adhesives","abstract":"Abstract While in-situ underwater adhesives are highly desirable for marine exploration and underwater robotics, existing underwater adhesives suffer from significantly reduced performance compared to air-cured adhesives, mainly due to difficulties in removing interfacial water molecules. Here, we develop a pressure-sensitive in-situ underwater adhesive featuring superabsorbent particles infused with functional silane and hydrogel precursors. When injected into an underwater crack, the particles quickly absorb water, swell, and fill the crack. Mechanical pressure is applied to improve particle-particle and particle-substrate interactions, while heat is utilized to trigger thermal polymerization of the hydrogel precursors. This process creates porous adhesives via bulk polymerization and forms covalent bonding with the substrate via surface silanization. Our experiments demonstrate that mechanical pressure significantly enhances the adhesive’s stretchability (from 3 to 5), stiffness (from 37 kPa to 78 kPa), fracture toughness (from 1 kJ/m 2 to 7 kJ/m 2 ), and interfacial toughness with glass substrates (from 45 J/m 2 to 270 J/m 2 ).","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Jiabin"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Parth"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Tsz"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Shaoting"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s42005-024-01921-1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-024-01921-1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410957737","type":"article-journal","title":"Fabrication of Large‐Area, Ultra‐Strong, and Anti‐Swelling Hydrogel Thin Films for Underwater Invisible Electronic Skin","abstract":"Abstract Thin hydrogel films (THFs) with submillimeter thicknesses are promising for on‐skin electronics due to their exceptional shape adaptability and interfacial adhesion. However, it remains challenging for THFs simultaneously achieving high transparency, conductivity, and mechanical robustness. Moreover, the fabrication of THFs is limited by the rapid dehydration and uncontrollable swelling of hydrogels. Herein, through the design of a crosslinker 3‐cinnamamylphenylboric acid (RBA), a triple‐crosslinking strategy is developed to fabricate large‐area THFs. Anchoring RBA onto polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) chains followed by UV‐crosslinking affords hydrogels (denoted as RBVA) comprising three crosslinks including dynamic boronate ester groups, [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of cinnamamide groups, and hydrophobic aggregation. RBVA THFs with thicknesses tunable from ≈ 50 to 200 µm exhibit light transmittance ≥90% at a wavelength of range 400–800 nm, toughness of 7.2–48.0 MJ m −3 , and conductivity up to 3.63 mS cm −1 . RBVA THFs maintain constant swelling ratios and mechanical properties during long time underwater soaking or cyclic drying‐swelling treatment. These thin, transparent, conductive, strong, and underwater stable RBVA THFs can be processed into invisible electronic skin with highly stable underwater sensing performances. The crosslinking strategy may inspire the design of durable and underwater stable THFs, advancing their potential in flexible electronics and biomimetic materials.","author":[{"family":"Lin","given":"Haimen"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yiheng"},{"family":"He","given":"Rubin"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Wenzhen"},{"family":"Lai","given":"Yipeng"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Yiting"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Birong"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Conghui"},{"family":"Dai","given":"Lizong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adfm.202507606","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202507606","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412119455","type":"article-journal","title":"A Nanocrack‐Based Graphene/PDMS‐Encapsulated Medical Tape Flexible Sensor for Motion Detection of Underwater Robots","abstract":"Abstract Underwater environment sensing is crucial for robotic operations. Since flexible sensors can adapt to a variety of shapes and surfaces, they have a wide range of applications in scientific applications such as deep‐sea bio‐capture, environmental detection, and mechanical manipulation. However, faced with complex underwater environments, the implementation of underwater flexible sensors to meet the needs of many underwater applications is still a considerable challenge. Inspired by bio‐mimetic structures, such as scorpion leg joints and lotus leaf surfaces, a flexible strain sensor encapsulated in graphene/PDMS based on nanocrack sensitization is proposed. The medical tape nanocrack‐based sensor exhibits high sensitivity (GF = 1.98), high hydrophobicity (contact angle = 133°), and bending cyclic stability (ΔR/R 0 < 0.2 after 5000 cycle tests). Moreover, the sensor can be used in robotic hands for precise pose monitoring and interactive perception. The outcomes of this study provide an innovative solution for underwater flexible sensing, which has significant potential and application value for enhancing the operational flexibility of underwater robots and other related marine fields.","author":[{"family":"Liang","given":"Jiawen"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Hongji"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Lina"},{"family":"Tu","given":"Mingxi"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Yuhe"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jingang"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Tianming"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/admt.202500620","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202500620","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4415126069","type":"article-journal","title":"The Method of Intelligent Mission Planning for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles","abstract":"Creation of fully autonomous unmanned underwater vehicles and systems capable of performing various research and technological operations under uncertainty conditions is a pressing issue. The key problem is automatic mission correction in real time based on data from onboard systems. The aim of this work is to develop a method for intelligent mission planning at the strategic control level of autonomous underwater robotic systems, enabling automatic generation of adaptive plans and their transformation into tactical-level executable commands for operation in changing environmental conditions. In the article, the authors define the principles of developing an intelligent mission planner for autonomous underwater robotic systems (AURS) at the strategic level and a mission manager for managing the mission at the tactical level with the formation of specific tasks for performers. A formal model for planning missions through many linear sections with preconditions and postconditions has been developed. The key aspect of the proposed solution is the use of an ontological approach to standardize the description of missions and ensure their software interpretation. A specialized mission development environment has been created on the IACPaaS cloud platform, allowing experts to form and adapt mission plans without delving into technical details. The set of tools with a modular architecture has been developed, ensuring scalability and adaptation of the solution for various classes of submarines and types of missions. The results of testing have shown that the proposed solution allows for the formation of flexible plans that take into account the diversity of situations and automatically select command sequences depending on the incoming data. The results obtained open up new possibilities for creating fully autonomous underwater systems capable of performing complex research and technological operations without constant operator control. Further research is aimed at improving the mission manager algorithms, as well as integrating the planner with other onboard support components.","author":[{"family":"Gribova","given":"Valeriya"},{"family":"Шалфеева","given":"Елена"},{"family":"Filaretov","given":"Vladimir"},{"family":"Zuev","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Yukhimets","given":"Dmitry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.15622/ia.24.5.1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.15622/ia.24.5.1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406053323","type":"article-journal","title":"A data-centric framework for combating domain shift in underwater object detection with image enhancement","abstract":"Abstract Underwater object detection has numerous applications in protecting, exploring, and exploiting aquatic environments. However, underwater environments pose a unique set of challenges for object detection including variable turbidity, colour casts, and light conditions. These phenomena represent a domain shift and need to be accounted for during design and evaluation of underwater object detection models. Although methods for underwater object detection have been extensively studied, most proposed approaches do not address challenges of domain shift inherent to aquatic environments. In this work we propose a data-centric framework for combating domain shift in underwater object detection with image enhancement. We show that there is a significant gap in accuracy of popular object detectors when tested for their ability to generalize to new aquatic domains. We used our framework to compare 14 image processing and enhancement methods in their efficacy to improve underwater domain generalization using three diverse real-world aquatic datasets and two widely used object detection algorithms. Using an independent test set, our approach superseded the mean average precision performance of existing model-centric approaches by 1.7–8.0 percentage points. In summary, the proposed framework demonstrated a significant contribution of image enhancement to underwater domain generalization.","author":[{"family":"Folkman","given":"Lukas"},{"family":"Pitt","given":"Kylie"},{"family":"Stantić","given":"Bela"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10489-024-06224-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-024-06224-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4414194775","type":"article-journal","title":"Supramolecular Hydrogel Showing Mechanical Robustness and Good Adhesion Underwater","abstract":"Underwater adhesive materials hold significant application value in fields such as biomedicine and marine engineering. The core performance of these materials lies in the synergistic optimization of their mechanical properties and interfacial adhesive strength. Although supramolecular hydrogels have achieved initial breakthroughs through dynamic bond design, they fail to be mechanically tough and favorably adhesive underwater at the same time. To address this challenge, a strategy to fabricate a supramolecular hydrogel with high crosslinking density using 3D printing technology is proposed. The obtained hydrogel demonstrates excellent mechanical strength due to its high-density hydrogen bonding crosslinks that it retains a tensile stress of 4 MPa and can support a 20 g load without deformation after submersion in water for 30 min. Meanwhile, it displays remarkable self-adhesion property underwater, achieving an interfacial adhesion strength of 690 kPa following 20 min of contact duration. Notably, the hydrogel manifests versatile underwater adhesion capabilities to various substrates. Therefore, a supramolecular hydrogel that integrates both good mechanical performance and adhesion underwater characteristics is successfully developed. In addition, modular soft robots are also constructed using this hydrogel, which is able to successfully complete various underwater missions.","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Xiaohe"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Yihan"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Ji","given":"Xiaofan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/advs.202509542","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202509542","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7117732167","type":"article-journal","title":"A Comprehensive Review of Bio-Inspired Approaches to Coordination, Communication, and System Architecture in Underwater Swarm Robotics","abstract":"The increasing complexity of marine operations has intensified the need for intelligent robotic systems to support ocean observation, exploration, and resource management. Underwater swarm robotics offers a promising framework that extends the capabilities of individual autonomous platforms through collective coordination. Inspired by natural systems, such as fish schools and insect colonies, bio-inspired swarm approaches enable distributed decision-making, adaptability, and resilience under challenging marine conditions. Yet research in this field remains fragmented, with limited integration across algorithmic, communication, and hardware design perspectives. This review synthesises bio-inspired coordination mechanisms, communication strategies, and system design considerations for underwater swarm robotics. It examines key marine-specific algorithms, including the Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm, Whale Optimisation Algorithm, Coral Reef Optimisation, and Marine Predators Algorithm, highlighting their applications in formation control, task allocation, and environmental interaction. The review also analyses communication constraints unique to the underwater domain and emerging acoustic, optical, and hybrid solutions that support cooperative operation. Additionally, it examines hardware and system design advances that enhance system efficiency and scalability. A multi-dimensional classification framework evaluates existing approaches across communication dependency, environmental adaptability, energy efficiency, and swarm scalability. Through this integrated analysis, the review unifies bio-inspired coordination algorithms, communication modalities, and system design approaches. It also identifies converging trends, key challenges, and future research directions for real-world deployment of underwater swarm systems.","author":[{"family":"Ramesh","given":"Shyalan"},{"family":"Mann","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Stumpf","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse14010059","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14010059","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409738056","type":"article-journal","title":"An interpretable approach to estimate the self-motion in fish-like robots using mode decomposition analysis","abstract":"The artificial lateral line system, composed of velocity and pressure sensors, is the sensing system for fish-like robots by mimicking the lateral line system of aquatic organisms. However, accurately estimating the self-motion of the fish-like robot remains challenging due to the complex flow field generated by its movement. In this study, we employ the mode decomposition method to estimate the motion states based on artificial lateral lines for the fish-like robot. We find that primary decomposed modes are strongly correlated with the velocity components and can be interpreted through Lighthill's theoretical pressure model. Moreover, our decomposition analysis indicates the redundancy of the sensor array design, which is verified by further synthetic analysis and explained by flow visualization. Finally, we demonstrate the generalizability of our method by accurately estimating the self-states of the fish-like robot under varying oscillation parameters, analyzing three-dimensional pressure data from the computational fluid dynamics simulations of boxfish (Ostracion cubicus) and eel-like (Anguilla anguilla) models, and robustly estimating the self-velocity in complex flows with vortices caused by a neighboring robot. Our interpretable and generalizable data-driven pipeline could be beneficial in generating hydrodynamic sensing hypotheses in biofluids and enhancing artificial-lateral-line-based perception in autonomous underwater robotics.","author":[{"family":"Zhai","given":"Yufan"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Xingwen"},{"family":"Chao","given":"Li"},{"family":"Li","given":"Shikun"},{"family":"Xiong","given":"Minglei"},{"family":"Jia","given":"Yongxia"},{"family":"Li","given":"Liang"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Guangming"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-58880-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58880-6","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406881428","type":"article-journal","title":"Cleaning Robots: A Review of Sensor Technologies and Intelligent Control Strategies for Cleaning","abstract":"ABSTRACT Cleaning robots have revolutionized the way spaces and surfaces are cleaned, accessing areas that are often difficult for humans to reach. A significant segment of the cleaning robot industry is dedicated to home cleaning robots, which have undergone numerous enhancements since their initial introduction. Through extensive research and development efforts, the application scope of cleaning robots has expanded beyond floors to encompass walls, staircases, pools, tanks, ventilation ducts, windows, and other surfaces. These robots have seen improvements in cleaning effectiveness through the integration of new designs, technologies, and control methods. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of cutting‐edge cleaning robots recently developed, exploring various sensor technologies and intelligent control strategies employed to enhance cleaning efficiency. Additionally, the paper discusses the challenges associated with deploying these robots in real‐world scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Megalingam","given":"Rajesh"},{"family":"Vadivel","given":"Shree"},{"family":"Kotaprolu","given":"Sai"},{"family":"Nithul","given":"Bagathi"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Devisetty"},{"family":"Rudravaram","given":"Gaurav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/rob.22515","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rob.22515","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407987226","type":"article-journal","title":"Challenges and Future Prospects of Organic Photovoltaics for Underwater Applications","abstract":"This perspective explores the potential of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) for underwater applications, focusing on their tunable absorption properties and adaptability to the aquatic environment. As OPV is compatible with the visible light spectrum in water, it is promising for integration into the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT). This perspective discusses challenges of water-induced degradation, light attenuation, and fouling, and highlights strategies to address these issues, including material stabilization, advanced encapsulation, and antifouling technologies. In addition, the importance of characterization techniques tailored for underwater photovoltaic systems is emphasized. By addressing these challenges, OPV can become a sustainable energy solution for underwater exploration, monitoring, and smart aquatic networks.","author":[{"family":"Tseng","given":"Yu‐cheng"},{"family":"Yeh","given":"Li‐hsien"},{"family":"Yip","given":"Hin‐lap"},{"family":"Chueh","given":"Chu‐chen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/smll.202412507","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202412507","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412909933","type":"article-journal","title":"LEDs for Underwater Optical Wireless Communication","abstract":"LEDs are readily controllable and demonstrate rapid switching capabilities. These attributes facilitate their efficient integration across a broad spectrum of applications. Indeed, their inherent versatility renders them ideally suited for diverse sectors, including consumer electronics, traffic signage, automotive technology, and architectural illumination. Furthermore, LEDs serve as effective light sources for applications in spectroscopy, agriculture, pest control, and wireless optical transmission. The capability to choice high-efficiency LED devices with a specified dominant wavelength renders them particularly well-suited for integration into underwater optical communication systems. In this paper, we present the state-of-the-art of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for use in underwater wireless optical communications (UOWC). In particular, we focus on the challenges posed by water turbidity and evaluate the optimal wavelengths for communication in coastal environments, especially in the presence of chlorophyll or suspended particulate matter. Given the growing development and applications of underwater optical communication, it is crucial that the topic becomes not only a subject of research but also part of the curricula in technical school and universities. To this end, we introduce a simple and cost-effective UOWC system designed for educational purposes. Some tests have been conducted to evaluate the system’s performance, and the results have been reported.","author":[{"family":"Spagnolo","given":"Giuseppe"},{"family":"Satta","given":"Giorgia"},{"family":"Leccese","given":"Fabio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/photonics12080749","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12080749","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406342868","type":"article-journal","title":"Seatizen Atlas: a collaborative dataset of underwater and aerial marine imagery","abstract":"Citizen Science initiatives have a worldwide impact on environmental research by providing data at a global scale and high resolution. Mapping marine biodiversity remains a key challenge to which citizen initiatives can contribute. Here we describe a dataset made of both underwater and aerial imagery collected in shallow tropical coastal areas by using various low cost platforms operated either by citizens or researchers. This dataset is regularly updated and contains >1.6 M images from the Southwest Indian Ocean. Most of images are geolocated, and some are annotated with 51 distinct classes (e.g. fauna, and habitats) to train AI models. The quality of these photos taken by action cameras along the trajectories of different platforms, is highly heterogeneous (due to varying speed, depth, turbidity, and perspectives) and well reflects the challenges of underwater image recognition. Data discovery and access rely on DOI assignment while data interoperability and reuse is ensured by complying with widely used community standards. The open-source data workflow is provided to ease contributions from anyone collecting pictures.","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Illien","given":"Victor"},{"family":"Julien","given":"Mohan"},{"family":"Ravitchandirane","given":"Mervyn"},{"family":"Russias","given":"Victor"},{"family":"Lazennec","given":"Arthur"},{"family":"Chevrier","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Rintz","given":"Cam"},{"family":"Carpentier","given":"Léanne"},{"family":"Gogendeau","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Leblanc","given":"César"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Boyer","given":"A"},{"family":"Daudon","given":"Justine"},{"family":"Poulain","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"},{"family":"Joly","given":"Alexis"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41597-024-04267-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-04267-z","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7123349062","type":"article-journal","title":"A waterproof and ultra-elastic thermoelectric foam for underwater human signal detection","abstract":"Underwater tasks such as ocean exploration and emergency rescue demand advanced wearable sensors. However, multifunctional underwater sensors capable of integrating self-powered signal transmission, effective thermal-moisture regulation, and multi-signal decoupling remain unreported. Here, we present a three-dimensional multi-functional thermoelectric device composed of highly porous polyurethane foam coated with a waterproof conductive layer made from single-walled carbon nanotubes, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate, and waterborne polyurethane. Hydrogen bonding between the sulfonate groups in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate and the -NH groups in waterborne polyurethane enhances water resistance (contact angle of 112°) and mechanical durability under repeated compression (20,000 cycles), while achieving an ultra-fast response time of 40 ms. The device exhibits high breathability (406 mm s−1) owing to its porous three-dimensional architecture. Additionally, it enables precise temperature sensing with a resolution of 0.05 K and a response time of 400 ms. Importantly, it successfully decouples temperature and strain signals in underwater environments. Leveraging its waterproof and signal-decoupling capabilities, we further demonstrate a fully integrated underwater monitoring and interaction system encompassing sensing hardware and decision-making logic. This work represents a significant advancement in wearable underwater electronics and offers another perspective for reliable, real-time human-machine interaction in aquatic settings. Multifunctional underwater sensors with integrated self-powered signal transmission, effective thermal-moisture regulation, and multi-signal decoupling are desirable of underwater tasks. Here, the authors report a three-dimensional thermoelectric device composed of porous polyurethane foam coated with a waterproof conductive layer for human-machine interaction in aquatic settings.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Wendi"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Xiao‐lei"},{"family":"He","given":"Xinyang"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Suiyuan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhen"},{"family":"Li","given":"Chengzu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ding"},{"family":"Li","given":"Meng"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Xiaoyun"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Hongnan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Liming"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Xiaohong"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-68055-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-68055-y","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4411883942","type":"article-journal","title":"Modular shape-changing tensegrity-blocks enable self-assembling robotic structures","abstract":"Modular robots are currently designed to perform a variety of tasks, primarily focusing on locomotion or manipulation through the reconfiguration of rigid modules. However, the potential to integrate multiple functions, such as making each robot deployable and capable of building lattice structures for self-construction and infrastructure creation, remains largely unexplored. To advance the field, we hypothesize that combining tensegrity principles with modular robotics can create lightweight, deformable units capable of integrating three critical functions within a single design: navigating varied terrains, manipulating arbitrary shape objects, and assembling weight-sustainable, active large infrastructures. Here, we designed untethered modular robots that are deformable, lightweight, deployable, outdoor-scale, capable of bearing loads, and capable of 3D attachment and detachment. With these characteristics, the system can form various 3D structures using different assembly methods, such as walking into position or being transported by rotorcraft. The deformability and lightweight nature of each block enable the assembled structures to dynamically change shape, providing capabilities such as added compliance during locomotion and manipulation and the ability to interact with the environment in tasks like tent and bridge assemblies. In summary, we suggest that integrating lightweight and deformable properties into modular robot design offers potential improvements in their adaptability and multi-functionality.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Luyang"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Yitao"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Muhao"},{"family":"Bekris","given":"Kostas"},{"family":"Balkcom","given":"Devin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-60982-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60982-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4411133842","type":"article-journal","title":"Autonomous Mobile Inspection Robots in Deep Underground Mining—The Current State of the Art and Future Perspectives","abstract":"In this article, the current state of the art in the area of autonomously working and mobile robots used for inspections in deep underground mining and exploration is described, and directions for future development are highlighted. The increasing demand for CRMs (critical raw materials) and deeper excavations pose a higher risk for people and require new solutions in the maintenance and inspection of both underground machines and excavations. Mitigation of risks and a reduction in accidents (fatal, serious and light) may be achieved by the implementation of mobile or partly autonomous solutions such as drones for exploration, robots for exploration or initial excavation, etc. This study examines various types of mobile unmanned robots such as ANYmal on legs, robots on a tracked chassis, or flying drones. The main scope of this review is the evaluation of the effectiveness and technological advancement in the aspect of improving safety and efficiency in deep underground and abandoned mines. Notable possibilities are multi-sensor systems or cooperative behaviors in systems which involve many robots. This study also highlights the challenges and difficulties of working and navigating (in an environment where we cannot use GNSS or GPS systems) in deep underground mines. Mobile inspection robots have a major role in transforming underground operations; nevertheless, there are still aspects that need to be developed. Further improvement might focus on increasing autonomy, improving sensor technology, and the integration of robots with existing mining infrastructure. This might lead to safer and more efficient extraction and the SmartMine of the future.","author":[{"family":"Konieczna-Fuławka","given":"Martyna"},{"family":"Koval","given":"Anton"},{"family":"Nikolakopoulos","given":"George"},{"family":"Fumagalli","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Moreu","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Vigara-Puche","given":"Victor"},{"family":"Müller","given":"Jakob"},{"family":"Prenner","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25123598","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123598","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7118737504","type":"article-journal","title":"Tailored Hierarchical Bonding Networks Derive Ultra‐Stable Underwater Adhesion in Harsh Environments","abstract":"The development of high-performance water-resistant and underwater adhesives is critical for advancing underwater technologies, yet achieving robust functional adhesion with long-term durability in complex underwater environments remains a significant challenge. Here, we present a hierarchical bonding network strategy to realize stable adhesion under harsh underwater conditions. By engineering a cross-linked polysiloxane backbone embedded with dense active interaction sites, including hydroxyl groups, benzene rings, cations, and hydrophobic moieties, we create synergistic multiscale interactions that amplify both cohesion and interfacial adhesion. The optimized adhesive achieves a strong bonding strength of 12.2 MPa and an underwater adhesion of 3.4 MPa on steel substrates and retains stability in corrosive underwater environments (acidic, alkaline, and saline solutions) over extended periods. It further demonstrates exceptional thermal resilience, maintaining functionality across temperatures from -196 to 150 °C. Integrating quaternary ammonium cations with long-chain alkanes endows the material with potent antibacterial activity (≥99.9999% inhibition) and the highest antifungal grade. This work provides a new avenue for designing high-performance multifunctional adhesives with strong adhesion, long-term durability, extreme temperature resistance, and antimicrobial properties, offering broad potential for applications in demanding underwater environments.","author":[{"family":"He","given":"Shuang‐mei"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Nan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Lin"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Jian‐wen"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Zhi‐wei"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Fu‐rong"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Bo‐wen"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Fang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yu‐zhong"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Haibo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1002/anie.202521651","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202521651","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406149445","type":"article-journal","title":"Vision-Based Underwater Docking Guidance and Positioning: Enhancing Detection with YOLO-D","abstract":"This study proposed a vision-based underwater vertical docking guidance and positioning method to address docking control challenges for human-operated vehicles (HOVs) and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) under complex underwater visual conditions. A cascaded detection and positioning strategy incorporating fused active and passive markers enabled real-time detection of the relative position and pose between the UUV and docking station (DS). A novel deep learning-based network model, YOLO-D, was developed to detect docking markers in real time. YOLO-D employed the Adaptive Kernel Convolution Module (AKConv) to dynamically adjust the sample shapes and sizes and optimize the target feature detection across various scales and regions. It integrated the Context Aggregation Network (CONTAINER) to enhance small-target detection and overall image accuracy, while the bidirectional feature pyramid network (BiFPN) facilitated effective cross-scale feature fusion, improving detection precision for multi-scale and fuzzy targets. In addition, an underwater docking positioning algorithm leveraging multiple markers was implemented. Tests on an underwater docking markers dataset demonstrated that YOLO-D achieved a detection accuracy of mAP@0.5 to 94.5%, surpassing the baseline YOLOv11n with improvements of 1.5% in precision, 5% in recall, and 4.2% in mAP@0.5. Pool experiments verified the feasibility of the method, achieving a 90% success rate for single-attempt docking and recovery. The proposed approach offered an accurate and efficient solution for underwater docking guidance and target detection, which is of great significance for improving the safety of docking.","author":[{"family":"Ni","given":"Tian"},{"family":"Sima","given":"Can"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Wenzhong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Junlin"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Jia"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Lindan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse13010102","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010102","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409286837","type":"article-journal","title":"Temperature-triggered inflatable hydrogel muscles with snap-through instability for untethered robots","abstract":"Pneumatic artificial muscles have been widely used in the field of robotics because of their large output force and fast actuation, however, the accompanying bulky compressors and pumps limit their miniaturized applications. Despite current untethered pneumatic artificial muscles can be driven by adjusting the internal pressure, it is challenging to structurally mimic natural muscles with high water content. Here, we propose untethered pneumatic artificial muscles comprising a hydrogel actuator with snap-through instability and an air storage chamber. These hydrogel actuators can realize the conversion from hydrophobic association of octyl acrylate moieties to host-guest interaction between β-cyclodextrin and octyl acrylate under thermal stimuli, leading to the decrease of their moduli. The inflated hydrogel actuators exhibit rapid actuation with a radial expansion speed of 200% s−1, which are powered by snap-through instability, thermal expansion of the gas inside the hydrogel actuator, and evaporation of water on its internal surface. With the pneumatic artificial muscles miniaturized, we demonstrate diving and rolling robots, exemplifying bionic robots able to adapt to and modify the environment. We expect that the design of hydrogel actuator in miniaturized pneumatic artificial muscles will facilitate rapid locomotion for future bionic robotic platforms. Pneumatic artificial muscles are often used in robots, but often require bulky compressors or pumping, limiting miniature applications. Here, the authors report an actuating hydrogel used for untethered pneumatic actuators.","author":[{"family":"Cui","given":"Yande"},{"family":"Jianhua","given":"Hu"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Ziyang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Bing"},{"family":"Chang","given":"Chunyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-58731-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58731-4","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4414427426","type":"article-journal","title":"Review of Hybrid Aerial Underwater Vehicle: Potential Applications in the Field of Underwater Marine Optics","abstract":"Hybrid Aerial Underwater Vehicle (HAUV) is a new type of unmanned system that can operate both in air and water, and complete underwater and air operations tasks by carrying corresponding sensors. Owing to this dual-medium operational capability, HAUVs hold significant promise for coordinated air–sea surveillance and monitoring efforts. Optical methods enable high-resolution sampling across both spatial and temporal scales, offering enhanced contextual information for the interpretation of discrete observational data. In order to evaluate the feasibility of ocean optical profiling systems based on HAUVs, this paper reviews the design features of current HAUV models and summarizes advanced techniques that support their cross-medium mobility. Subsequently, we summarized the types of commercial optical instruments commonly used for underwater observation and compared the field deployment methods. By analyzing the underwater motion performance of HAUVs and the requirements for optical observation platforms, we believe that multi-rotor HAUVs can provide new observation methods for future underwater optical acquisition due to their smooth entry and exit characteristics and the ability to maintain a controlled orientation during underwater operation. Finally, the paper explores prospective applications and outlines key obstacles to be overcome in the advancement of amphibious platforms for ocean optical profiling.","author":[{"family":"Qi","given":"Hongji"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Shuibo"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jiasheng"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Guofeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/drones9100667","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9100667","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400064668","type":"article-journal","title":"Purely vision-based collective movement of robots","abstract":"Abstract Collective movement inspired by animal groups promises inherited benefits for robot swarms. However, while animals only rely on local senses, robots often use global information or explicit communication, introducing weaknesses to the swarm. To address these vulnerabilities, bio-inspired decentralized swarms have been a focus for decades. Yet, creating robots that move efficiently together using local sensory information remains an extraordinary challenge. Here, we present a decentralized, purely vision-based terrestrial swarm, where robots achieve polarized motion with highly effective collision avoidance exclusively through simple visual interactions. They compute everything on board based on their individual camera streams, without central processing or communication. Using robot experiments and agent-based simulations, we show that with this model, even with a strictly limited field of view and within confined spaces, ordered group motion can emerge. Our results offer a multitude of practical applications from hybrid societies to advanced vision-based robot swarms operating in ever-changing environments.","author":[{"family":"Mezey","given":"David"},{"family":"Bastien","given":"Renaud"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Yating"},{"family":"Mckee","given":"Neal"},{"family":"Stoll","given":"David"},{"family":"Hamann","given":"Heiko"},{"family":"Romańczuk","given":"Paweł"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s44182-025-00027-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44182-025-00027-2","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4416381279","type":"article-journal","title":"Above and Below: Heterogeneous Multi-Robot SLAM Across Surface and Underwater Domains","abstract":"Multi-robot simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is a fundamental task in multi-robot operations. Robots must have a common understanding of their location and that of their team members to complete coordinated actions. However, multi-robot SLAM between Uncrewed Surface Vessels (USVs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) has primarily been achieved through acoustic pinging between robots to retrieve range measurements; a measurement technique requires that robots to be in similar locations simultaneously, have an uninterrupted path for signal propagation, and may necessitate synchronized clocks. This is especially challenging in complex, cluttered maritime environments, where structures may impede signals. However, these same structures may be observable above and below the water's surface, presenting an opportunity for inter-robot SLAM loop closure between USV and AUV data streams. This work builds upon recent research on inter-robot SLAM loop closure between USV and AUV data [4], extending it to propose a centralized multi-robot SLAM system. Each robot performs its state estimation, and we detect loop closures between each AUV and the USV data. These inter-robot loop closures are used to merge each robot's state estimate into a centralized graph, yielding estimates for the whole time history of the USV and all AUVs in the system. Validation is performed using real-world perceptual data in three different environments. Results show improved errors for AUVs in the multi-robot SLAM system compared to single-robot SLAM over the same trajectories. To our knowledge, this is the first instance of a multi-robot SLAM system with AUVs and USVs built on loop closures rather than acoustic distance measurements. The views expressed in this document are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Naval Academy, Department of the Navy, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.","author":[{"family":"Mcconnell","given":"John"},{"family":"Shariati","given":"Armon"},{"family":"Szenher","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yaxuan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109/lra.2025.3632613","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2025.3632613","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406386036","type":"article-journal","title":"Research on autonomous navigation of mobile robots based on IA-DWA algorithm","abstract":"To improve the efficiency of mobile robot movement, this paper investigates the fusion of the A* algorithm with the Dynamic Window Approach (DWA) algorithm (IA-DWA) to quickly search for globally optimal collision-free paths and avoid unknown obstacles in time. First, the data from the odometer and the inertial measurement unit (IMU) are fused using the extended Kalman filter (EKF) to reduce the error caused by wheel slippage on the mobile robot's positioning and improve the mobile robot's positioning accuracy. Second, the prediction function, weight coefficients, search neighborhood, and path smoothing processing of the A* algorithm are optimally designed to incorporate the critical point information in the global path into the DWA calculation framework. Then, the length of time and convergence speed of path planning are compared and simulated in raster maps of different complexity. In terms of path planning time, the algorithm reduces by 23.3% compared to A*-DWA; in terms of path length, the algorithm reduces by 1.8% compared to A*-DWA, and the optimization iterations converge faster. Finally, the reliability of the improved algorithm is verified by conducting autonomous navigation experiments using a ROS (Robot Operating System) mobile robot as an experimental platform.","author":[{"family":"He","given":"Quanling"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zongyan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Kun"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yuting"},{"family":"Li","given":"Menglong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-84858-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-84858-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406804935","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Drones as a Low-Cost, yet Powerful Tool for Underwater Archaeological Mapping: Case Studies from the Mediterranean","abstract":"This paper investigates the transformative impact of micro-class Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs), commonly known as underwater drones, on underwater archaeological mapping. With advancements in Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) technology leading to increased capabilities and reduced costs, these compact and user-friendly drones are making underwater archaeological sites more accessible, reducing the need for human diving. The paper first highlights the advantages of ROVs, including their portability, maneuverability, and ability to perform semi-autonomous mapping with real-time data assessment, which enhances decision making and minimizes the need for site revisits. Second, it presents two case studies from the Phournoi archipelago in Greece, demonstrating the effective use of underwater drones in the photogrammetric mapping of a Late Roman shipwreck of amphora cargo, as well as the large-scale surveying of a historically significant anchorage site. The findings underscore the potential of this technology to revolutionize underwater archaeological documentation, akin to how terrestrial cultural heritage mapping has been highly benefited from aerial drone photogrammetry.","author":[{"family":"Diamanti","given":"Eleni"},{"family":"Ødegård","given":"Øyvind"},{"family":"Mentogiannis","given":"Vasilis"},{"family":"Koutsouflakis","given":"George"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5334/jcaa.184","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5334/jcaa.184","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412722892","type":"article-journal","title":"Lightweight underwater object detection method based on multi-scale edge information selection","abstract":"Underwater object detection is of great significance to marine ecosystems and underwater biodiversity. However, uneven lighting, color distortion, and noise interference in underwater environments severely impact image quality, significantly reducing detection robustness. With limited computational power and storage space, underwater equipment often cannot meet the demands for efficient processing. As a result, the YOLO algorithm has been widely applied in underwater object detection. This paper proposes a lightweight underwater detector, MAW-YOLOv11, based on multi-scale edge information selection. First, dark channel prior is used to estimate the fog concentration in the image, restoring image clarity and enhancing the recognizability of the target. Next, an innovative Multi-Scale Edge Information Select (MSEIS) module is proposed, and based on MSEIS, the C3kMSEIS module is subsequently introduced. These modules are individually incorporated into the C3K2 module of the backbone network, with the aim of extracting features at multiple scales, emphasizing edge information, and efficiently selecting key features that are highly relevant to the target task, thereby improving the model's accuracy in recognizing critical targets. Third, the ADown downsampling structure is employed to significantly reduce computational overhead while maintaining the original precision. Finally, by using the boundary box regression loss WIoUv3 based on the dynamic focusing mechanism as the loss function, the model's attention to low-quality samples is increased, effectively reducing the negative impact of these samples on the model's performance. Experimental results show that on the URPC dataset, the mAP of MAW-YOLOv11 reaches 81.4%, an improvement of 2.1% over YOLOv11, with a parameter count of 2.11M, a reduction of 0.47M compared to YOLOv11. Comparative experiments with other mainstream object detection algorithms validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.","author":[{"family":"Cai","given":"Shaobin"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Wanchen"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Liansuo"},{"family":"Mo","given":"Yuchang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-13566-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13566-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406616743","type":"article-journal","title":"An Improved Unscented Kalman Filter Applied to Positioning and Navigation of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles","abstract":"To enhance the positioning accuracy of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), a new adaptive filtering algorithm (RHAUKF) is proposed. The most widely used filtering algorithm is the traditional Unscented Kalman Filter or the Adaptive Robust UKF (ARUKF). Excessive noise interference may cause a decrease in filtering accuracy and is highly likely to result in divergence by means of the traditional Unscented Kalman Filter, resulting in an increase in uncertainty factors during submersible mission execution. An estimation model for system noise, the adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) algorithm was derived in light of the maximum likelihood criterion and optimized by applying the rolling-horizon estimation method, using the Newton-Raphson algorithm for the maximum likelihood estimation of noise statistics, and it was verified by simulation experiments using the Lie group inertial navigation error model. The results indicate that, compared with the UKF algorithm and the ARUKF, the improved algorithm reduces attitude angle errors by 45%, speed errors by 44%, and three-dimensional position errors by 47%. It can better cope with complex underwater environments, effectively address the problems of low filtering accuracy and even divergence, and improve the stability of submersibles.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Jinchao"},{"family":"Ya","given":"Zhang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Shizhong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jiaxuan"},{"family":"Fang","given":"Lingling"},{"family":"Ning","given":"Luoyin"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Jinghao"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jianwu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25020551","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25020551","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4411100816","type":"article-journal","title":"Task Allocation and Path Planning Method for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles","abstract":"Cooperative operations of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) have extensive applications in fields such as marine exploration, ecological observation, and subsea security. Path planning, as a key technology for UUV autonomous navigation, is crucial for enhancing the adaptability and mission execution efficiency of UUVs in complicated marine environments. However, existing methods still have significant room for improvement in handling obstacles, multi-task coordination, and other complex problems. In order to overcome these issues, we put forward a task allocation and path planning method for UUVs. First, we introduce a task allocation mechanism based on an Improved Grey Wolf Algorithm (IGWA). This mechanism comprehensively considers factors such as target value, distance, and UUV capability constraints to achieve efficient and reasonable task allocation among UUVs. To enhance the search efficiency and accuracy of task allocation, a Circle chaotic mapping strategy is incorporated into the traditional GWA to improve population diversity. Additionally, a differential evolution mechanism is integrated to enhance local search capabilities, effectively mitigating premature convergence issues. Second, an improved RRT* algorithm termed GR-RRT* is employed for UUV path planning. By designing a guidance strategy, the sampling probability near target points follows a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution, ensuring obstacle avoidance safety while reducing redundant sampling and improving planning efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed task allocation mechanism and improved path planning algorithm exhibit significant advantages in task completion rate and path optimization efficiency.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Feng"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Zhi‐wen"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Changdong"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Xiao"},{"family":"Su","given":"Qun"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Jian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/drones9060411","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9060411","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4411772106","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi‐Material Additive Manufacturing of Soft Robotic Systems: A Comprehensive Review","abstract":"Soft robotics is a rapidly growing field focused on fabricating robots made primarily from soft materials that can undergo elastic deformation. Traditional methods of fabricating soft robots are often time‐consuming and labor‐intensive. However, recent advances in multi‐material additive manufacturing (MMAM) have proven to be advanced techniques for directly producing soft robotic systems with complex shapes, diverse material compositions, and integrated functionalities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of MMAM as applied to soft robotics. It discusses various methods for multi‐material deposition, outlining their capabilities and limitations. The review examines key materials, including elastomers, polymers, and composites, while addressing material compatibility and selection challenges. Additionally, the review highlights the critical role of integrating diverse material compositions and process control in developing functionally graded soft robots. It also synthesizes trends indicating the convergence of soft robotics with on‐demand, artificial intelligence‐assisted manufacturing workflows. This review provides a roadmap for optimizing the relationships between materials, processes, and properties in MMAM by offering a critical synthesis of current advancements. The aim is to guide researchers and engineers in developing the next generation of fully autonomous, multifunctional, and customizable soft robotic systems.","author":[{"family":"Raj","given":"Raveena"},{"family":"Song","given":"Quan‐chen"},{"family":"Juang","given":"Jia‐yang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adrr.202500064","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adrr.202500064","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412470771","type":"article-journal","title":"Fusion of Computer Vision and AI in Collaborative Robotics: A Review and Future Prospects","abstract":"The integration of advanced computer vision and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques into collaborative robotic systems holds the potential to revolutionize human–robot interaction, productivity, and safety. Despite substantial research activity, a systematic synthesis of how vision and AI are jointly enabling context-aware, adaptive cobot capabilities across perception, planning, and decision-making remains lacking (especially in recent years). Addressing this gap, our review unifies the latest advances in visual recognition, deep learning, and semantic mapping within a structured taxonomy tailored to collaborative robotics. We examine foundational technologies such as object detection, human pose estimation, and environmental modeling, as well as emerging trends including multimodal sensor fusion, explainable AI, and ethically guided autonomy. Unlike prior surveys that focus narrowly on either vision or AI, this review uniquely analyzes their integrated use for real-world human–robot collaboration. Highlighting industrial and service applications, we distill the best practices, identify critical challenges, and present key performance metrics to guide future research. We conclude by proposing strategic directions—from scalable training methods to interoperability standards—to foster safe, robust, and proactive human–robot partnerships in the years ahead.","author":[{"family":"Cohen","given":"Yuval"},{"family":"Biton","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Shoval","given":"Shraga"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app15147905","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147905","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406782327","type":"article-journal","title":"Progress in Construction Robot Path-Planning Algorithms: Review","abstract":"Construction robots are increasingly becoming a significant force in the digital transformation and intelligent upgrading of the construction industry. Path planning is crucial for the advancement of building robot technology. Based on the understanding of construction site information, this paper categorizes path-planning algorithms into two types: global path-planning and local path-planning. Local path planning is further divided into classical algorithms, intelligent algorithms, and reinforcement learning algorithms. Using this classification framework, this paper summarizes the latest research developments in path-planning algorithms, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various algorithms, introduces several optimization strategies, and presents the results of these optimizations. Furthermore, common environmental modeling methods, path quality evaluation criteria, commonly used sensors for robots, and the future development of path-planning technologies in swarm-based construction robots are also discussed. Finally, this paper explores future development trends in the field. The aim is to provide references for related research, enhance the path-planning capabilities of construction robots, and promote the intelligent development of the construction industry.","author":[{"family":"Fu","given":"Shichen"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Detao"},{"family":"Mei","given":"Zenghui"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Weixiong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app15031165","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031165","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410721494","type":"article-journal","title":"Control and Real-Time Monitoring of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Through Underwater Wireless Optical Communication","abstract":"Real-time command and data transfer are essential for autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) motion control in underwater missions. Due to the limitations of underwater acoustic communication, which has a low data rate, this paper introduces a new control structure using underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) to enable effective real-time command and data transfer. In this control structure, control inputs for the AUV attitude from outside of the water are transferred to the AUV for motion control, while its orientation data and visual images from the AUV camera are sent to the control station outside the water via the UWOC system. For demonstrating the performance of control action and data monitoring, an AUV is built with a constructed UWOC system, two vertical thrusters, and two horizontal thrusters. For attitude control of the AUV, an attitude heading reference system (AHRS) and a depth sensor are installed. Bi-directional communication in the UWOC system is achieved using a return-to-zero (RZ) modulation scheme for faster, longer-range data transfer. A signal processor converts sensor data received from the transmitted data. Finally, the hovering control performance of the AUV equipped with the UWOC system was experimentally evaluated in a water tank, achieving average root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 4.82° in roll, 2.49° in pitch, and 1.99 mm in depth, while simultaneously transmitting real-time motion data at 21.2 FPS with VGA-resolution images (640 × 480 pixels) at a communication rate of 1 Mbps.","author":[{"family":"Jung","given":"Dongwook"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Rouchen"},{"family":"Cho","given":"Hyunjoon"},{"family":"Ji","given":"Dae"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Seunghyen"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Hyeung‐sik"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app15115910","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15115910","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407389795","type":"article-journal","title":"Fast capillary waves on an underwater superhydrophobic surface","abstract":"The propagation of interfacial waves in free and constrained conditions, such as deep and shallow water, has been broadly studied over centuries. It is a common event that anyone can witness, while contemplating the ocean waves washing ashore. As a complementary configuration, this work introduces waves propagating on an interface restricted by its pinning to the solid microstructures of an underwater superhydrophobic surface. The latter has the ability to stabilize a well-defined microscale gas layer, called a plastron, trapped between the water and the solid phase. The acoustic radiation force produced with focused MHz ultrasound successfully triggers kHz \"plastronic waves\", i.e., capillary waves travelling on a plastron's gas-water interface. The exposed waves possess interesting features, i.e., (i) a high propagation speed up to 45 times faster than conventional deep water capillary waves of comparable wavelength and (ii) a relation of the propagation speed with the geometry of the microstructures. Based on this and on the observed variation of wave speed over time in conditions of gas-undersaturated or -supersaturated water, the usefulness of the plastronic waves for the non-destructive monitoring of the plastron's stability and the spontaneous air diffusion is eventually demonstrated.","author":[{"family":"Fauconnier","given":"Maxime"},{"family":"Karunakaran","given":"Bhuvaneshwari"},{"family":"Dragogonzález","given":"Alex"},{"family":"Wong","given":"William"},{"family":"Ras","given":"Robin"},{"family":"Nieminen","given":"Heikki"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-55907-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-55907-w","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406909981","type":"article-journal","title":"Internet of Robotic Things: Current Technologies, Challenges, Applications, and Future Research Topics","abstract":"This article focuses on the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Internet of Robotic Things, representing a dynamic research area with significant potential for industrial applications. The Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT) integrates IoT technologies into robotic systems, enhancing their efficiency and autonomy. The article provides an overview of the technologies used in IoRT, including hardware components, communication technologies, and cloud services. It also explores IoRT applications in industries such as healthcare, agriculture, and more. The article discusses challenges and future research directions, including data security, energy efficiency, and ethical issues. The goal is to raise awareness of the importance of IoRT and demonstrate how this technology can bring significant benefits across various sectors.","author":[{"family":"Krejčí","given":"Jakub"},{"family":"Babiuch","given":"Marek"},{"family":"Suder","given":"Jiří"},{"family":"Krys","given":"Václav"},{"family":"Bobovský","given":"Zdenko"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25030765","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030765","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406829761","type":"article-journal","title":"Monolithic Desktop Digital Fabrication of Autonomous Walking Robots","abstract":"The fully automated fabrication of robots has long been a holy grail with the potential to revolutionize various industries, including manufacturing, construction, disaster relief, and space exploration. 3D printing offers a promising approach to automation, but the ability to print entire, complex robots with multiple materials remains limited. Previous approaches have simplified robot manufacturing by using fluidic control circuits, but these rely on labor‐intensive methods like silicone molding and manual assembly, limiting accessibility and replicability. Recent work, including this work, has demonstrated 3D‐printed robotic grippers and crawlers with embedded control circuits, but generating cyclic control outputs for legged locomotion in rough terrain remains challenging. This study addresses the challenge with a monolithic 3D‐printable four‐phase bistable oscillating valve, capable of generating coordinated motion of multiple limbs from a steady source of pressurized air. The ability of the oscillator to control an electronics‐free autonomous legged robot capable of walking on rough terrain, which can be fully fabricated on a desktop 3D printer without postassembly is demonstrated. The robot is operational immediately upon connection to an air supply. This development marks a significant step toward accessible, customizable, and biodegradable autonomous soft robots that can be produced using desktop 3D printers with no human intervention.","author":[{"family":"Zhai","given":"Yichen"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Jiayao"},{"family":"Boer","given":"Albert"},{"family":"Faber","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Gupta","given":"Rohini"},{"family":"Tolley","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/aisy.202400876","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400876","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4411814724","type":"article-journal","title":"Red light in underwater measurement applications: a short review","abstract":"In recent years, optical systems operating in the visible spectrum have emerged as the most efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly technologies for underwater applications across military, scientific, and economic sectors. While blue and green wavelengths are commonly used due to their lower attenuation in clear water, red light offers distinct advantages in turbid environments. Specifically, red radiation exhibits lower attenuation than blue and green light in such conditions and is non-harmful to marine fauna. This article explores current and potential future optical technologies that utilize red light. Particular attention is given to underwater wireless optical communication systems employing red wavelengths for data transmission in turbid waters. These systems are applicable in underwater wireless sensor networks, communication buoys, and navigation of autonomous underwater vehicles and remotely operated vehicles. Additionally, the use of red light in underwater photography is discussed, along with two systems designed for fish counting in aquaculture and for monitoring marine fauna behavior in laboratory settings.","author":[{"family":"Satta","given":"Giorgia"},{"family":"Spagnolo","given":"Giuseppe"},{"family":"Francesco","given":"Eduardo"},{"family":"Rampini","given":"Luciano"},{"family":"Pieroni","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Leccese","given":"Fabio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.21014/actaimeko.v14i2.2090","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21014/actaimeko.v14i2.2090","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4414003260","type":"article-journal","title":"Advances in applied supramolecular technologies 2021–2025","abstract":"Supramolecular chemistry is a rapidly evolving field that has focused on building a foundation of fundamental understanding in controlling molecular self-assembly, through the use of non-covalent interactions. A common criticism of the field is that whilst the systems produced are very elegant, they do not have real-world use. Therefore, focus is now moving to applying the fundamental understanding of supramolecular chemistry to the production of commercially viable products. Building on our previous review in this area, which described the translational potential of innovations within the field of supramolecular chemistry up to the year 2020, we now review the progress of this field over the years 2021-2025 with the aim to inspire researchers to apply supramolecular chemistry to solve real world problems, moving innovation out of the laboratory and into the commercial marketplace.","author":[{"family":"Balderston","given":"Dominick"},{"family":"Feo","given":"Elba"},{"family":"Leonescu","given":"Anamaria"},{"family":"Stevens","given":"MFG"},{"family":"Wilmshurst","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Gale","given":"Philip"},{"family":"Haynes","given":"Cally"},{"family":"Williams","given":"George"},{"family":"Hiscock","given":"Jennifer"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1039/d4cs01037j","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cs01037j","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410069170","type":"article-journal","title":"Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Deep Learning Approaches for Underwater Remote Sensing Image Enhancement: A Quantitative Study","abstract":"Underwater remote sensing image enhancement is complicated by low illumination, color bias, and blurriness, affecting deep-sea monitoring and marine resource development. This study compares a multi-scale fusion-enhanced physical model and deep learning algorithms to optimize intelligent processing. The physical model, based on the Jaffe–McGlamery model, integrates multi-scale histogram equalization, wavelength compensation, and Laplacian sharpening, using cluster analysis to target enhancements. It performs well in shallow, stable waters (turbidity < 20 NTU, depth < 10 m, PSNR = 12.2) but struggles in complex environments (turbidity > 30 NTU). Deep learning models, including water-net, UWCNN, UWCycleGAN, and U-shape Transformer, excel in dynamic conditions, achieving UIQM = 0.24, though requiring GPU support for real-time use. Evaluated on the UIEB dataset (890 images), the physical model suits specific scenarios, while deep learning adapts better to variable underwater settings. These findings offer a theoretical and technical basis for underwater image enhancement and support sustainable marine resource use.","author":[{"family":"Ma","given":"Yunsheng"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Yanan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Dapeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse13050899","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050899","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4386574698","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep-sea rock mechanics and mining technology: State of the art and perspectives","abstract":"The review covers the development and the state of the art in deep-sea mining rock mechanics, equipment and challenges. It begins by introducing the significance of deep-sea mining, the types and geographical distribution of deep-sea resources. Section 2 reviews the mechanical properties and fracture mechanism of seabed and related continental rocks, which contributes to the advancement of relevant technologies and theories. Deep-sea mining systems developed by coastal countries are presented in Section 3. Seabed mineral collection system are critically assessed in Section 4. Subsea mining vehicle is reviewed by walking mechanism and controlling system in Section 5. In Section 6, the development of subsea lifting system is detailed by dividing it into hydraulic and pneumatic lifting modes, and some technical problems in the lifting system are described. An in-depth description of surface support systems is presented in Section 7, which includes the deep-sea mining ship, dynamic positioning, heave compensation, launch and retrieval, mineral disposing as well as the storage and transferring systems. Section 8 discusses the challenges in the deep-sea mining, in terms of natural occurrence conditions, international legal framework and cooperative mining, environmental protection and economic benefits, etc. Finally, a brief summary and some aspects of prospective research are presented in Section 9.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Zenghui"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xuguang"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Zhengkuo"},{"family":"Lv","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Changyun"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Ke"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ijmst.2023.07.007","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2023.07.007","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402763617","type":"article-journal","title":"Technology and equipment of deep-sea mining: State of the art and perspectives","abstract":"Rising demand for minerals and metals in high-tech and new energy industries has led to a great interest in exploration of seabed mineral resources. Such resources, including polymetallic nodule (PMN), polymetallic sulphide (PMS), and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crust (CFC), are considered as an alternative source of metals to terrestrial deposits. Although a considerable number of sea trials of deep-sea mining have been carried out, the deep-sea mining does not achieve the commercial exploitation due to the complexity of deep-sea mining system and deep-sea mining environment. In fact, to achieve commercial deep-sea mining, the technology and equipment of deep-sea mining are the key points. Therefore, the present study presents the development of the technology and equipment of deep-sea mining. It commences with a requirement of technology and equipment for deep-sea mining, including environmental impact, reliability, energy cost, efficiency, etc. Then, a historical perspective and present-day effort related to deep-sea mining vehicles are given, which highlights the evolution of collection mechanism and walking mode of deep-sea mining vehicle. Subsequently, the present study discusses the operation of subsea lifting system and surface support system, shedding light on the crucial equipment and processes. The challenges and prospects in the deep-sea mining are presented in final, including environmental protection, self-propelled crawler, hydraulic pipeline lifting, and intelligent equipment, etc.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xuguang"},{"family":"Luan","given":"Lubao"},{"family":"Sha","given":"Fei"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xuelin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ees.2024.08.002","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ees.2024.08.002","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1088/1748-3190/ad3265","type":"article-journal","title":"Bioinspiration and biomimetics in marine robotics: a review on current applications and future trends.","abstract":"Over the past few years, the research community has witnessed a burgeoning interest in biomimetics, particularly within the marine sector. The study of biomimicry as a revolutionary remedy for numerous commercial and research-based marine businesses has been spurred by the difficulties presented by the harsh maritime environment. Biomimetic marine robots are at the forefront of this innovation by imitating various structures and behaviors of marine life and utilizing the evolutionary advantages and adaptations these marine organisms have developed over millennia to thrive in harsh conditions. This thorough examination explores current developments and research efforts in biomimetic marine robots based on their propulsion mechanisms. By examining these biomimetic designs, the review aims to solve the mysteries buried in the natural world and provide vital information for marine improvements. In addition to illuminating the complexities of these bio-inspired mechanisms, the investigation helps to steer future research directions and possible obstacles, spurring additional advancements in the field of biomimetic marine robotics. Considering the revolutionary potential of using nature's inventiveness to navigate and thrive in one of the most challenging environments on Earth, the current review's conclusion urges a multidisciplinary approach by integrating robotics and biology. The field of biomimetic marine robotics not only represents a paradigm shift in our relationship with the oceans, but it also opens previously unimaginable possibilities for sustainable exploration and use of marine resources by understanding and imitating nature's solutions.","author":[{"family":"Prakash","given":"Amal"},{"family":"Nair","given":"Arjun"},{"family":"Arunav","given":"H"},{"family":"Rthuraj","given":"PR"},{"family":"Akhil","given":"VM"},{"family":"Tawk","given":"Charbel"},{"family":"Shankar","given":"Karthik"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad3265","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ad3265","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"oa:W4394788952","type":"article-journal","title":"A comparative review of subsea navigation technologies in offshore engineering projects","abstract":"Subsea navigation technologies play a critical role in enhancing precision and efficiency in offshore engineering projects. This comparative review examines the evolution and application of subsea navigation systems, with a focus on improving precision in offshore construction and surveying. The study evaluates various subsea navigation technologies, including acoustic positioning systems, inertial navigation systems, and optical imaging systems, highlighting their capabilities and limitations. The review begins by discussing the historical development of subsea navigation technologies, tracing their evolution from early acoustic systems to modern integrated solutions. It then explores the key components and operation principles of each technology, providing insights into their functionalities and suitability for different offshore applications. The study also examines the challenges and advancements in subsea navigation, including issues related to signal interference, accuracy, and real-time data processing. It discusses how these challenges have been addressed through technological innovations, such as improved sensor technologies and advanced data fusion algorithms. Furthermore, the review assesses the practical application of subsea navigation technologies in offshore engineering projects, including pipeline installation, subsea infrastructure maintenance, and underwater surveying. It analyzes case studies and industry practices to illustrate the effectiveness of these technologies in improving precision, reducing costs, and mitigating risks in offshore operations. Overall, this comparative review provides a comprehensive overview of subsea navigation technologies in offshore engineering projects. It highlights the evolution, capabilities, and applications of these technologies, emphasizing their role in enhancing precision and efficiency in offshore construction and surveying. The study concludes with recommendations for future research and development to further improve the performance and reliability of subsea navigation systems in offshore operations.","author":[{"family":"Igbinenikaro","given":"Osayi"},{"family":"Adekoya","given":"Oladipo"},{"family":"Etukudoh","given":"Emmanuel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.53294/ijfetr.2024.6.2.0031","URL":"https://doi.org/10.53294/ijfetr.2024.6.2.0031","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388339531","type":"article-journal","title":"Bioinspired soft robots for deep-sea exploration","abstract":"The deep ocean, Earth's untouched expanse, presents immense challenges for exploration due to its extreme pressure, temperature, and darkness. Unlike traditional marine robots that require specialized metallic vessels for protection, deep-sea species thrive without such cumbersome pressure-resistant designs. Their pressure-adaptive forms, unique propulsion methods, and advanced senses have inspired innovation in designing lightweight, compact soft machines. This perspective addresses challenges, recent strides, and design strategies for bioinspired deep-sea soft robots. Drawing from abyssal life, it explores the actuation, sensing, power, and pressure resilience of multifunctional deep-sea soft robots, offering game-changing solutions for profound exploration and operation in harsh conditions.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Guorui"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Tuck‐whye"},{"family":"Shih","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Chunyu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Luwen"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Jiaqi"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xiaobo"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Jiayao"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Baosheng"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Fajun"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Yunsai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-023-42882-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42882-3","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4362663195","type":"article-journal","title":"Artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning in advanced robotics, a review","abstract":"Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL) have revolutionized the field of advanced robotics in recent years. AI, ML, and DL are transforming the field of advanced robotics, making robots more intelligent, efficient, and adaptable to complex tasks and environments. Some of the applications of AI, ML, and DL in advanced robotics include autonomous navigation, object recognition and manipulation, natural language processing, and predictive maintenance. These technologies are also being used in the development of collaborative robots (cobots) that can work alongside humans and adapt to changing environments and tasks. The AI, ML, and DL can be used in advanced transportation systems in order to provide safety, efficiency, and convenience to the passengers and transportation companies . Also, the AI, ML, and DL are playing a critical role in the advancement of manufacturing assembly robots, enabling them to work more efficiently, safely, and intelligently. Furthermore, they have a wide range of applications in aviation management, helping airlines to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and improve customer satisfaction. Moreover, the AI, ML, and DL can help taxi companies in order to provide better, more efficient, and safer services to customers. The research presents an overview of current developments in AI, ML, and DL in advanced robotics systems and discusses various applications of the systems in robot modification. Further research works regarding the applications of AI, ML, and DL in advanced robotics systems are also suggested in order to fill the gaps between the existing studies and published papers. By reviewing the applications of AI, ML, and DL in advanced robotics systems, it is possible to investigate and modify the performances of advanced robots in various applications in order to enhance productivity in advanced robotic industries.","author":[{"family":"Soori","given":"Mohsen"},{"family":"Arezoo","given":"Behrooz"},{"family":"Dastres","given":"Roza"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.cogr.2023.04.001","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogr.2023.04.001","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4384340397","type":"article-journal","title":"Fatigue‐Resistant Conducting Polymer Hydrogels as Strain Sensor for Underwater Robotics","abstract":"Abstract Conducting polymer hydrogels are widely used as strain sensors in light of their distinct skin‐like softness, strain sensitivity, and environmental adaptiveness in the fields of wearable devices, soft robots, and human‐machine interface. However, the mechanical and electrical properties of existing conducting polymer hydrogels, especially fatigue‐resistance and sensing robustness during long‐term application, are unsatisfactory, which severely hamper their practical utilities. Herein, a strategy to fabricate conducting polymer hydrogels with anisotropic structures and mechanics is presented through a combined freeze‐casting and salting‐out process. The as‐fabricated conducting polymer hydrogels exhibit high fatigue threshold (&gt;300 J m −2 ), low Young's modulus (≈100 kPa), as well as long‐term strain sensing robustness (over 10 000 cycles). Such superior performance enables their application as strain sensors to monitor the real‐time movement of underwater robotics. The design and fabrication strategy for conducting polymer hydrogels reported in this study may open up an enticing avenue for functional soft materials in soft electronics and robotics.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhilin"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Guangda"},{"family":"Xue","given":"Yuhua"},{"family":"Duan","given":"Qingfang"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Xiangyu"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Zhixin"},{"family":"Tan","given":"Yun"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Wenqian"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Lina"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Fu‐cheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adfm.202305705","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202305705","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390542882","type":"article-journal","title":"Programmable adhesion and morphing of protein hydrogels for underwater robots","abstract":"Abstract Soft robots capable of efficiently implementing tasks in fluid-immersed environments hold great promise for diverse applications. However, it remains challenging to achieve robotization that relies on dynamic underwater adhesion and morphing capability. Here we propose the construction of such robots with designer protein materials. Firstly, a resilin-like protein is complexed with polyoxometalate anions to form hydrogels that can rapidly switch between soft adhesive and stiff non-adhesive states in aqueous environments in response to small temperature variation. To realize remote control over dynamic adhesion and morphing, Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles are then integrated into the hydrogels to form soft robots with photothermal and magnetic responsiveness. These robots are demonstrated to undertake complex tasks including repairing artificial blood vessel, capturing and delivering multiple cargoes in water under cooperative control of infrared light and magnetic field. These findings pave an avenue for the creation of protein-based underwater robots with on-demand functionalities.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Sheng"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Ya‐jiao"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Xiao‐ying"},{"family":"Xia","given":"Xiao‐xia"},{"family":"Qian","given":"Zhi‐gang"},{"family":"Sc","given":"Huang"},{"family":"Yj","given":"Zhu"},{"family":"Xy","given":"Huang"},{"family":"Xx","given":"Xia"},{"family":"Zg","given":"Qian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-023-44564-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44564-6","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4386169345","type":"article-journal","title":"Inspection and maintenance of industrial infrastructure with autonomous underwater robots","abstract":"Underwater infrastructure, such as pipelines, requires regular inspection and maintenance including cleaning, welding of defects and valve-turning or hot-stabbing. At the moment, these tasks are mostly performed by divers and Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) but the use of intervention Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (intervention-AUVs) can greatly reduce operation time, risk, and cost. However, autonomous underwater manipulation has not yet reached a high technological readiness and is an intensively researched topic. This review identifies key requirements based on necessary inspection and maintenance methods, linking them to the current technology and deriving major challenges which need to be addressed in development. These include the handling of tools, where a separation between handheld and mounted tools is detected in already employed underwater intervention vehicles such as the Sabertooth by Saab Seaeye or the Aquanaut by Nauticus robotics, two vehicles capable of semi-autonomous intervention. The main challenge identified concerns high level autonomy, i.e., the process of decision-making. This process includes detecting the correct point of interest, maximizing the workspace of the manipulator, planning the manipulation considering required forces, and monitoring the progress to allow for corrections and high quality results. In order to overcome these issues, reliable close range sensing and precise end point navigation is needed. By identifying these persisting challenges, the paper provides inspiration for further development directions in the field of autonomous underwater intervention.","author":[{"family":"Nauert","given":"Franka"},{"family":"Kampmann","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3389/frobt.2023.1240276","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1240276","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4319790475","type":"article-journal","title":"A 5 cm‐Scale Piezoelectric Jetting Agile Underwater Robot","abstract":"Existing miniature underwater robots, which use electromagnetic actuators or soft actuators, function in shallow waters. However, in the deep sea, the robots face challenges, such as the miniaturization of the pressure protection unit and the driving method for rapid and agile motions. Herein, a jet‐driven method for a high‐pressure underwater environment is proposed by utilizing the high‐frequency vibration of a piezoelectric vibrator. Thereafter, an antihydropressure miniature robot with a body length of less than 5 cm is designed, which can perform the highly agile actions of floating, sinking, hovering, straight driving, and turning under a water pressure of 20 MPa (equal to the pressure under a water depth of 2000 m). A vertical velocity of 2.95 BH/s and a horizontal velocity of 3.22 BL/s are realized by the prototype, and it achieves faster motions than existing miniature underwater robots. Some potential applications have been realized, including small multicorner pipe exploration by carrying a camera, seaweed epidermal cell sampling in designated areas, and large object transportation by swarming, which proves the high maneuverability and agility of the developed robot. These merits make the robot ideal for multitasking operations in narrow environments with high water pressure, such as multiobstacle seabed.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Xianxin"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yingxiang"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Jianhua"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Xinqi"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Haoyuan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Lu"},{"family":"Deng","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Junkao"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Weishan"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Jie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1002/aisy.202200262","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202200262","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391038049","type":"article-journal","title":"New Technologies for Monitoring and Upscaling Marine Ecosystem Restoration in Deep-Sea Environments","abstract":"The United Nations (UN)’s call for a decade of “ecosystem restoration” was prompted by the need to address the extensive impact of anthropogenic activities on natural ecosystems. Marine ecosystem restoration is increasingly necessary due to increasing habitat loss in deep waters (> 200 m depth). At these depths, which are far beyond those accessible by divers, only established and emerging robotic platforms such as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), landers, and crawlers can operate through manipulators and their multiparametric sensor technologies (e.g., optoacoustic imaging, omics, and environmental probes). The use of advanced technologies for deep-sea ecosystem restoration can provide: ① high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging and acoustic mapping of substrates and key taxa; ② physical manipulation of substrates and key taxa; ③ real-time supervision of remote operations and long-term ecological monitoring; and ④ the potential to work autonomously. Here, we describe how robotic platforms with in situ manipulation capabilities and payloads of innovative sensors could autonomously conduct active restoration and monitoring across large spatial scales. We expect that these devices will be particularly useful in deep-sea habitats, such as ① reef-building cold-water corals, ② soft-bottom bamboo corals, and ③ soft-bottom fishery resources that have already been damaged by offshore industries (i.e., fishing and oil/gas).","author":[{"family":"Aguzzi","given":"Jacopo"},{"family":"Thomsen","given":"Laurenz"},{"family":"Flögel","given":"Sascha"},{"family":"Robinson","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Picardi","given":"Giacomo"},{"family":"Chatzievangelou","given":"Damianos"},{"family":"Bahamón","given":"Nixon"},{"family":"Stefanni","given":"Sérgio"},{"family":"Grinyó","given":"Jordi"},{"family":"Fanelli","given":"Emanuela"},{"family":"Corinaldesi","given":"Cinzia"},{"family":"Fernández","given":"Joaquín"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.eng.2023.10.012","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2023.10.012","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4323314151","type":"article-journal","title":"Status and Prospects of the Development of Deep-Sea Polymetallic Nodule-Collecting Technology","abstract":"The deep-sea is rich in mineral resources, and deep-sea polymetallic nodules are considered to be the most likely resource for commercial exploitation. Since the discovery of polymetallic nodules by mankind, researchers around the world have made long and arduous explorations in the exploitation of deep-sea polymetallic nodules and have proposed various mining methods, such as the dragging bucket type, the continuous bucket rope type, the automatic shuttle boat type, and the pipeline -lifting type, and have carried out technical verification accordingly. In the collection of seabed polymetallic nodules, the development and testing of towed type, spiral-driven type, crawler self-propelled type, and suspended type technologies have been carried out, basically realizing the mining technology verification of seabed polymetallic nodules and providing technical support for commercial development. However, according to the demand for commercial development, there are still many technical difficulties in polymetallic nodule-collecting technology, and more focus needs to be placed on the efficiency, environmental protection, intelligence, safety, and reliability of the collecting system in the future. This paper compares the existing progress in collection technology and equipment, and provides ideas and references for the research and development of deep-sea polymetallic nodule-mining technology and equipment.","author":[{"family":"Cheng","given":"Yangrui"},{"family":"Dai","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yanyang"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Caihua"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Chenglong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su15054572","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054572","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401285941","type":"article-journal","title":"Comparing deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining technologies and evaluating their probable impacts on deep-sea pollution","abstract":"Deep-sea polymetallic nodules (PMN) hold promise as a future resource, with various consortia like MOES, IOM, GSR, KORDI, and COMRA actively exploring mining possibilities. However, current technologies lack environmental sustainability. This study comprehensively compares the technologies proposed by different consortia for deep sea mining (DSM). It evaluates the designs and prototypes of key components like crawlers, conveyor belts, crushers, riser pipes, and slurry tailing discharge mechanisms for their technical feasibility and environmental impact. Environmental concerns regarding sediment disturbances, nodules pick-up methods, crushing, and tailing material filtration are addressed in this article. It is suggested that further research and development efforts are needed to optimize technologies and integrate effective environmental protection measures into DSM operations.","author":[{"family":"Sitlhou","given":"Lamjahao"},{"family":"Chakraborty","given":"Parthasarathi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116762","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116762","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4404913587","type":"article-journal","title":"The Future of Deep Sea Technologies","abstract":"The deep sea, covering over 70% of Earth's surface, remains one of the last frontiers for exploration, presenting both substantial opportunities and challenges. Advances in deep-sea technologies, particularly autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), and sophisticated sensors, are revolutionizing our ability to explore and map this vast, hostile environment. These technologies are essential for scientific research, revealing insights into underwater ecosystems and geological processes, while addressing the extreme conditions of high pressure, cold temperatures, and corrosive seawater. Future advancements are focused on developing robust materials, sustainable energy solutions, and enhanced communication systems to support long-term missions. Additionally, the potential applications of deep-sea technologies extend beyond Earth, potentially aiding in the exploration of extraterrestrial oceans. However, balancing economic opportunities—such as resource extraction, biotechnology, and tourism—with environmental conservation and sustainable practices is crucial for ensuring responsible exploration and preserving marine ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Surya","given":"S"},{"family":"Elakya","given":"R"},{"family":"Ramamurthy","given":"S"},{"family":"Janani","given":"K"},{"family":"Lizy","given":"A"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.4018/979-8-3693-6670-7.ch012","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6670-7.ch012","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4322576964","type":"article-journal","title":"On the Road to 6G: Visions, Requirements, Key Technologies, and Testbeds","abstract":"Fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems have entered the stage of commercial deployment, providing users with new services, improved user experiences as well as a host of novel opportunities to various industries. However, 5G still faces many challenges. To address these challenges, international industrial, academic, and standards organizations have commenced research on sixth generation (6G) wireless communication systems. A series of white papers and survey papers have been published, which aim to define 6G in terms of requirements, application scenarios, key technologies, etc. Although ITU-R has been working on the 6G vision and it is expected to reach a consensus on what 6G will be by mid-2023, the related global discussions are still wide open and the existing literature has identified numerous open issues. This paper first provides a comprehensive portrayal of the 6G vision, technical requirements, and application scenarios, covering the current common understanding of 6G. Then, a critical appraisal of the 6G network architecture and key technologies is presented. Furthermore, existing testbeds and advanced 6G verification platforms are detailed for the first time. In addition, future research directions and open challenges are identified to stimulate the on-going global debate. Finally, lessons learned to date concerning 6G networks are discussed.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Cheng‐xiang"},{"family":"You","given":"Xiaohu"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Xiqi"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Xiuming"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zixin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chuan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Haiming"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Yongming"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Yunfei"},{"family":"Haas","given":"Harald"},{"family":"Thompson","given":"John"},{"family":"Larsson","given":"Erik"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/comst.2023.3249835","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2023.3249835","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4396581183","type":"article-journal","title":"Research Status of Deep-Sea Polymetallic Nodule Collection Technology","abstract":"The bottom of the ocean is rich in mineral resources, and deep-sea mining has been a research hotspot in recent years. As a key part of deep-sea mining operation, polymetallic nodule collection technology has been researched in many countries around the world. The distribution of deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining areas and the characteristics of nodules are summarized, which provides a reference for the study of collection technology and the optimization of pick-up device structure. In order to further establish a deep-sea mining collection technology system, the current development status of polymetallic nodule mechanical, mechanical–hydraulic composite and hydraulic collection technologies are summarized, and the analysis shows that hydraulic collection technology has a more promising commercialization prospect. For the hydraulic collection technology, the research progress of suck-up-based collection technology, Coandă-effect-based collection technology, double-row hydraulic collection sluicing technology and other collection technologies are summarized from three aspects: collecting principle, device structure parameter optimization, and sea trial situation, and the key technical problems of hydraulic ore collection are put forward. Through the comparative analysis of the pick-up efficiency, energy consumption, environmental disturbance and other performances of different devices, it is found that the Coandă-effect-based hydraulic collection technology has better comprehensive performance. A structural design evaluation indicator for the collection head of hydraulic collection technology is proposed, and the prospect of further research on hydraulic collection technology is put forward.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Boying"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xiaoxiang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xiuzhan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Jiancheng"},{"family":"Rong","given":"Liangwan"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Yong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12050744","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050744","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4398210075","type":"article-journal","title":"Development of Deep-Sea Underwater Technology and Equipment","abstract":"Deep-sea underwater technology and equipment are crucial aspects to cognize the deep sea, exploit deep-sea resources, and protect the marine ecosystem. Expanding the deep-sea space faces complex environmental challenges and urgently requires support of high-level deep-sea underwater technologies and equipment. This study analyzes the components and demands for the deep-sea underwater technology and equipment and reviews the current status and development trends of the technology and equipment from four aspects: deep-sea observation/detection and perception, underwater construction, deep-sea oil and gas production, and deep-sea mineral resource collection. Moreover, this study analyzes the development status and engineering challenges in China, explores the key technology and equipment systems and key physical–mechanical mechanisms behind them, and summarizes the typical equipment and corresponding diagram. Additionally, the common key technologies of the deep-sea underwater equipment in China are summarized, including the intelligent and automation technology, precision component processing and manufacturing technology, high-precision positioning and navigation technology, high-speed communication technology, computational and analytical mechanics of large systems, and multiscale engineering design methods and technologies. Furthermore, countermeasures and suggestions are proposed aiming at achieving high-quality development of the deep-sea underwater technology and equipment in China: strengthening the top-level design of deep-sea underwater engineering to promote the establishment of a coordinating system for common key technologies, enhancing the industry influence of Chinese deep-sea underwater technical standards to explore the international market, promoting the construction of compatible and universal platforms with high quality, and training innovation professionals to provide support for the high-level development of the marine science and technology industry.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Xuguang"},{"family":"Kou","given":"Hailei"},{"family":"Niu","given":"Xiaodong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Chuanrong"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Linqiang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Huajun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.15302/j-sscae-2024.02.002","URL":"https://doi.org/10.15302/j-sscae-2024.02.002","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4323653529","type":"article-journal","title":"Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors","abstract":"Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative efforts, scientific breakthroughs can be made sooner and capitalized for the betterment of humanity.","author":[{"family":"Luo","given":"Yifei"},{"family":"Abidian","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Ahn","given":"Jong‐hyun"},{"family":"Akinwande","given":"Deji"},{"family":"Andrews","given":"Anne"},{"family":"Antonietti","given":"Markus"},{"family":"Bao","given":"Zhenan"},{"family":"Berggren","given":"Magnus"},{"family":"Berkey","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Bettinger","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Peng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acsnano.2c12606","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c12606","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4323304807","type":"article-journal","title":"Advances in subsea carbon dioxide utilization and storage","abstract":"Decisive steps in innovation and competitiveness are needed to meet global greenhouse gas emissions and climate goals. As an effective method for reducing carbon emissions, carbon dioxide (CO2) storage and utilization on the seabed enable the transport of captured CO2 via pipelines or ships to permanent storage sites, such as saline aquifers or depleted oil and gas reservoirs in subsea sediments, or by injecting CO2 for the replacement and displacement of subsea resources (oil, gas, gas hydrates, etc.). Subsea CO2 utilization and storage (SCUS) involves several research hotspots worldwide, including international and local laws and regulations, security, economics, environmental impact, and public acceptance. Its current research and engineering progress are also of great interest. In addition, the vigorous implementation of the energy transition and the rapid development of renewable energy sources globally have resulted in significant advancements in SCUS. This paper provides an overview of carbon dioxide storage and utilization mechanism in the seabed, analyzes key technical and economic issues, and summarizes existing research on safety risks, monitoring technologies, and investment and operating cost control to identify remaining knowledge gaps. This is followed by an overview of global engineering practice to update on current progress. Finally, combined with the actualities of China, the potential and trend of China's seabed carbon storage and utilization are summarized. This review demonstrates the enormous development prospects for seabed carbon storage and utilization, although some risks remain including leakage and contamination, with which innovation in monitoring technologies and the self-sealing effect of gas hydrate, safe subsea utilization and storage of CO2 can be achieved. Additionally, considering the development of renewable energy and the demand for large-scale energy storage, hydrogen, ammonia, or other energy carriers and carbon dioxide storage and utilization can be coupled into an industrial chain to form an economically competitive carbon geological storage mode.","author":[{"family":"Luo","given":"Jiashun"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Yachen"},{"family":"Hou","given":"Zhengmeng"},{"family":"Xiong","given":"Ying"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Xunning"},{"family":"Lüddeke","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Liangchao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.enrev.2023.100016","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enrev.2023.100016","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404958349","type":"article-journal","title":"Hydrate Blockage in Subsea Oil/Gas Pipelines: Characterization, Detection, and Engineering Solutions","abstract":"With the development of offshore oil and gas resources, hydrates pose a significant challenge to flow assurance. Hydrates can form, accumulate, and settle in pipelines, causing blockages, reducing transport capacity, and leading to significant economic losses and fatalities. As oil and gas exploration moves deeper into the ocean, the issue of hydrate blockages has become more severe. It is essential to take adequate measures promptly to mitigate the hazards of hydrate blockages after they form. However, a prerequisite for effective mitigation is accurately detecting the location and amount of hydrate formation. This article summarizes the temperature–pressure, acoustic, electrical, instrumental–response, and flow characteristics of hydrate formation and blocking under various conditions. It also analyzes the principles, limitations, and applicability of various blockage detection methods, including acoustic, transient, and fiber-optic-based methods. Finally, it lists the results of field experiments and commercially used products. Given their advantages of accuracy and a wide detection range, acoustic pulse reflectometry and transient-based methods are considered effective for detecting hydrate blockages in future underwater pipelines. Using strict backpressure warnings combined with accurate detection via acoustic pulse reflectometry or transient-based methods, efficient and timely diagnosis of hydrate blockages can be achieved. The use of a hydrate model combined with fiber optics could prove to be an effective method for detecting blockages in newly laid pipelines in the future.","author":[{"family":"Meng","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Han","given":"Bingyue"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jiguang"},{"family":"Chu","given":"Jiawei"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Haiyuan"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Jiafei"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Lunxiang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qingping"},{"family":"Song","given":"Yongchen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.10.020","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2024.10.020","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393868782","type":"article-journal","title":"Supervised time series classification for anomaly detection in subsea engineering","abstract":"Time series classification is of significant importance in monitoring structural systems. In this work, we investigate the use of supervised machine learning classification algorithms on simulated data based on a physical system with two states: Intact and Broken. We provide a comprehensive discussion of the preprocessing of temporal data, using measures of statistical dispersion and dimension reduction techniques. We present an intuitive baseline method and discuss its efficiency. We conclude with a comparison of the various methods based on different performance metrics, showing the advantage of using machine learning techniques as a tool in decision making.","author":[{"family":"Çokaj","given":"Ergys"},{"family":"Gustad","given":"Halvor"},{"family":"Leone","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Moe","given":"Per"},{"family":"Moldestad","given":"Lasse"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3934/jcd.2024019","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3934/jcd.2024019","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4378472283","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of Subsea AUV Technology","abstract":"The observation and detection of the subsea environment urgently require large-scale and long-term observation platforms. The design and development of subsea AUVs involve three key points: the subsea-adapted main body structure, agile motion performance that adapts to complex underwater environments, and underwater acoustic communication and positioning technology. This paper discusses the development and evolution of subsea AUVs before proposing solutions to underwater acoustic communication and positioning navigation schemes. It also studies key technologies for the agile motion of subsea AUVs and finally gives an example of a solution for implementing underwater AUVs, i.e., the disk-shaped autonomous underwater helicopter (AUH). This paper will provide guidance for the design of subsea AUVs and the development of corresponding observation and detection technologies.","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Si","given":"Yulin"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Ying"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse11061119","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061119","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4322502655","type":"article-journal","title":"Product Engineering Assessment of Subsea Intervention Equipment Using SWARA-MOORA-3NAG Method","abstract":"Oilfields must increase their production due to the current price of oil barrels. The sale of these oilfields by big companies enabled new companies to enter the exploration and production segment of brownfields to increase oil and gas production through subsea intervention projects. However, these projects require specific product development that involves technical requirements that the engineering department must analyze. This research aims to apply the SWARA-MOORA-3NAG multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) method in analyzing the technical proposals of subsea intervention equipment for ordering suppliers according to the engineering requirements defined at the initial stage of the projects of an oil and gas company. The research methodology was divided into five stages: (1) identification of the problem through observation of the current process and interviews with engineers; (2) data collection through bibliographic research in the Scopus database; (3) problem modeling; (4) proposition of the solution with the application of the SWARA-MOORA-3NAG method; and (5) analysis of the results found. The application of the SWARA-MOORA-3NAG method brought a new ordering of suppliers to the analyzed case, enabling comparison between the method previously used by the engineering department and the method proposed by this research, emphasizing that the MCDA methods can be inserted into the analysis processes of technical proposals in the engineering department of the company analyzed.","author":[{"family":"Fernandes","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Quelhas","given":"Osvaldo"},{"family":"Gomes","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Júnior","given":"Enderson"},{"family":"Bella","given":"Ricardo"},{"family":"Rocha","given":"Claudio"},{"family":"Pereira","given":"Ruan"},{"family":"Basílio","given":"Márcio"},{"family":"Santos","given":"Marcos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/systems11030125","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030125","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387235101","type":"article-journal","title":"A Revolutionary Environmental Solution in Subsea Engineering and Installations: Ai-Driven Ecosystem Insights","abstract":"Abstract Over the last decades, anticipating on the global increase in energy demand, necessary developments on the seabed have taken place that interfered with ocean ecosystems and related biodiversity enhancement capacities. As the awareness of this problem nowadays grows - as well as the efforts of large scale ecosystem restoration - the need for a reliable solution targeting the core of the problem does so as well: insufficient availability of environmental information to support decision making systems. By introducing AI-driven ecosystem insights, the nature inclusive scope on projects can be broadened and decision making as well as environmental requirements within the marine industry can be brought to a higher level. In working towards biodiversity enhancement at scale, creating a Digital Twin of the project site can give direction for decision making. This interactive digital blueprint offers valuable insights into the physical assets and the potential of integrating state-of-the-art biodiversity solutions. Following from our experience, we know that the protection and restoration of seaweed, oyster and mussel reefs, seagrass, coral and mangroves can significantly increase the ecosystem services they deliver. The Digital Twin will relate ecosystem services with economic indicators and show amongst others; the potential biodiversity increase, CO2 sequestration, oxygen level increase and corresponding revenues. It can track the impact and continuously demonstrate progress and status by integrating 3rd party monitoring and data collection methods.Worldwide offshore energy systems develop more and more towards multi-use, which is key to enhancing seabed biodiversity. The opportunities for multi-use are endless, but the inclusion of ecosystem restoration can only be successful if the right data is collected and insights can be shown. If we can better understand the system in which the intervention is taking place, we can better make the right decisions.An intelligent tool to create high traction and impact on marine ecosystems at scale, as it facilitates energy companies and operators to evaluate targeted and high-value environmental solutions. It will break down the complex challenge of biodiversity, and allows for easy and impactful decision-making on this topic. This will release pressure on specific species, and nature in general, and will allow them to thrive again.Efforts to enhance ecosystem services, combined with AI-driven insights, unleash a new sea of opportunities for nature inclusive works. Currently under development in collaboration with universities and research institutes, our aim with this paper is to inspire and invite marine industry partners to join our upscaling efforts.","author":[{"family":"Wilmink","given":"Rinse"},{"family":"Oostenbrink","given":"NA"},{"family":"Kersten","given":"Ralf"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.2118/217021-ms","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2118/217021-ms","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391845899","type":"article-journal","title":"Deterioration of marine offshore structures and subsea installations subjected to severely corrosive environment: A review","abstract":"Abstract Corrosion degradation significantly contributes to the deterioration of offshore structures and subsea installations, impacting the durability of technology equipment while potentially leading to structural failure and environmental pollution. This review primarily focuses on the various types of corrosion observed in offshore structures, the factors influencing corrosion, and the resulting degradation of mechanical properties following corrosion exposure. The study examines the deterioration patterns in tensile properties of offshore structures and subsea facilities, along with the assessment and analysis of corrosion in offshore steel bridges and submarine pipelines. Future research should include a comprehensive scientific investigation of corrosion mechanisms and the development of engineering predictive models to assess corrosion failure and extend the remaining life of offshore structures.","author":[{"family":"Xia","given":"Ruilin"},{"family":"Jia","given":"Chen"},{"family":"Garbatov","given":"Y"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/maco.202314050","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202314050","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4319315457","type":"article-journal","title":"Sensitivity Analysis of Risk Characteristics of Complex Engineering Systems: An Application to a Subsea Pipeline Monitoring System","abstract":"One of the problems of risk analysis of complex engineering systems is the uncertainty of initial information about the time and damage associated with occurrence and development of the risk situation. The paper proposes a methodology and procedure for constructing a risk tree, loading it with initial data, calculating the corresponding characteristics: the distributions of time to reach the intermediate and main risk events and of associated with them damages, as well as their moments. Methodology involves the construction of the most dangerous path of risk situation development with respect to different criteria as well as analysis the sensitivity of risk characteristics to the initial information. The proposed approach is applied to a model of an automated system for remote monitoring of underwater gas pipeline. The proposed methodology and its implementation on a real-world example constitute the novelty of the work.","author":[{"family":"Rykov","given":"Vladimir"},{"family":"Kochueva","given":"Olga"},{"family":"Farkhadov","given":"Mais"},{"family":"Zaripova","given":"Elvira"},{"family":"Zhaglova","given":"A"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse11020352","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020352","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391249076","type":"article-journal","title":"Direct observation and identification of nanoplastics in ocean water","abstract":"Millions of tons of plastics enter the oceans yearly, and they can be fragmented by ultraviolet and mechanical means into nanoplastics. Here, we report the direct observation of nanoplastics in global ocean water leveraging a unique shrinking surface bubble deposition (SSBD) technique. SSBD involves optically heating plasmonic nanoparticles to form a surface bubble and leveraging the Marangoni flow to concentrate suspended nanoplastics onto the surface, allowing direct visualization using electron microscopy. With the plasmonic nanoparticles co-deposited in SSBD, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy effect is enabled for direct chemical identification of trace amounts of nanoplastics. In the water samples from two oceans, we observed nanoplastics made of nylon, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate-all common in daily consumables. The plastic particles have diverse morphologies, such as nanofibers, nanoflakes, and ball-stick nanostructures. These nanoplastics may profoundly affect marine organisms, and our results can provide critical information for appropriately designing their toxicity studies.","author":[{"family":"Moon","given":"Seunghyun"},{"family":"Martin","given":"Leisha"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Seongmin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Qiushi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Renzheng"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Tengfei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.adh1675","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh1675","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4379799267","type":"article-journal","title":"Engineering Challenges of Stationary Wireless Smart Ocean Observation Systems","abstract":"The ocean is vital for humankind but may cause catastrophes when unhealthy. Although there have been efforts to build ocean monitoring systems, the understanding of the underwater environment is limited due to the cost and challenges of obtaining real-time marine data. One potential solution is to build stationary ocean observation systems based on wireless communication due to its affordable cost. In this study, we divide these systems into three components: 1) underwater data acquisition; 2) network communication; and 3) data management. We investigate the engineering challenges associated with each component, the causes, and how they relate. The literature has not discussed the technical issues of building stationary smart ocean monitoring systems entirely based on wireless communication yet. This article fills that research gap by conducting semi-structured interviews with 17 experts knowledgeable about underwater sensors, underwater acoustic communication, offshore network communication, and underwater data usage. The identified challenges are compared with the literature to assess whether our findings are novel or are a confirmation of what have been already found in prior publications. The Internet of Things (IoT) used in smart city platforms is quite advanced, but the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) employed in smart ocean monitoring systems has several unresolved issues; although IoT is viewed as a foundation for IoUT. Therefore, we compare fundamental differences between the technologies used in the smart city and the smart ocean domains, explaining why some of our identified challenges are unique in the marine context.","author":[{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Ngoc"},{"family":"Heldal","given":"Rogardt"},{"family":"Lima","given":"Keila"},{"family":"Oyetoyan","given":"Tosin"},{"family":"Pelliccione","given":"Patrizio"},{"family":"Kristensen","given":"Lars"},{"family":"Høydal","given":"Kjetil"},{"family":"Reiersgaard","given":"Pål"},{"family":"Kvinnsland","given":"Yngve"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/jiot.2023.3283252","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3283252","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391258085","type":"article-journal","title":"Microbial decomposition of biodegradable plastics on the deep-sea floor","abstract":"Microbes can decompose biodegradable plastics on land, rivers and seashore. However, it is unclear whether deep-sea microbes can degrade biodegradable plastics in the extreme environmental conditions of the seafloor. Here, we report microbial decomposition of representative biodegradable plastics (polyhydroxyalkanoates, biodegradable polyesters, and polysaccharide esters) at diverse deep-sea floor locations ranging in depth from 757 to 5552&#x2009;m. The degradation of samples was evaluated in terms of weight loss, reduction in material thickness, and surface morphological changes. Poly(L-lactic acid) did not degrade at either shore or deep-sea sites, while other biodegradable polyesters, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and polysaccharide esters were degraded. The rate of degradation slowed with water depth. We analysed the plastic-associated microbial communities by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metagenomics. Several dominant microorganisms carried genes potentially encoding plastic-degrading enzymes such as polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerases and cutinases/polyesterases. Analysis of available metagenomic datasets indicated that these microorganisms are present in other deep-sea locations. Our results confirm that biodegradable plastics can be degraded by the action of microorganisms on the deep-sea floor, although with much less efficiency than in coastal settings.","author":[{"family":"Omura","given":"Taku"},{"family":"Isobe","given":"Noriyuki"},{"family":"Miura","given":"Takamasa"},{"family":"Ishii","given":"Shun’ichi"},{"family":"Mori","given":"Mihoko"},{"family":"Ishitani","given":"Yoshiyuki"},{"family":"Kimura","given":"Satoshi"},{"family":"Hidaka","given":"Kohei"},{"family":"Komiyama","given":"Katsuya"},{"family":"Suzuki","given":"Miwa"},{"family":"Kasuya","given":"Ken‐ichi"},{"family":"Nomaki","given":"Hidetaka"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-023-44368-8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44368-8","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4390535614","type":"article-journal","title":"Satellite mapping reveals extensive industrial activity at sea","abstract":". We combine satellite imagery, vessel GPS data and deep-learning models to map industrial vessel activities and offshore energy infrastructure across the world's coastal waters from 2017 to 2021. We find that 72-76% of the world's industrial fishing vessels are not publicly tracked, with much of that fishing taking place around South Asia, Southeast Asia and Africa. We also find that 21-30% of transport and energy vessel activity is missing from public tracking systems. Globally, fishing decreased by 12 ± 1% at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and had not recovered to pre-pandemic levels by 2021. By contrast, transport and energy vessel activities were relatively unaffected during the same period. Offshore wind is growing rapidly, with most wind turbines confined to small areas of the ocean but surpassing the number of oil structures in 2021. Our map of ocean industrialization reveals changes in some of the most extensive and economically important human activities at sea.","author":[{"family":"Paolo","given":"Fernando"},{"family":"Kroodsma","given":"David"},{"family":"Raynor","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Hochberg","given":"Timothy"},{"family":"Davis","given":"Pete"},{"family":"Cleary","given":"Jesse"},{"family":"Marsaglia","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Orofino","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Thomas","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Halpin","given":"Patrick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41586-023-06825-8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06825-8","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4382361476","type":"article-journal","title":"Evolution of floating offshore wind platforms: A review of at-sea devices","abstract":"Using floating platforms to support offshore wind turbines will be necessary for many countries to reach their Net-Zero targets, since much of the wind resource is located at water depths at which fixed offshore wind turbines are uneconomic or technologically unfeasible. However, floating platforms for wind turbines are still at an early stage of development, and there are a wide range of platform designs. This paper reviews the current state-of-the-art of floating offshore wind turbine platform designs which currently have or have previously had a prototype, demonstration, or farm scale project at sea. The most common design goals for the platforms and the corresponding design features of platforms used to achieve those goals are reviewed. Past, current and projected future levelized cost of energy values for floating offshore wind are reviewed and discussed. The development of each platform design is described, including evolving design goals and resulting changes in platform features. Finally, overall trends in platform designs are discussed and divided into three phases, defined by changing goals: (i) influences from the offshore oil and gas industry, (ii) specialization to floating offshore wind, and (iii) further specialization to local environment.","author":[{"family":"Edwards","given":"Emma"},{"family":"Holcombe","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Brown","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Ransley","given":"Edward"},{"family":"Hann","given":"Martyn"},{"family":"Greaves","given":"Deborah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.rser.2023.113416","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113416","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400079303","type":"article-journal","title":"Homeocurvature adaptation of phospholipids to pressure in deep-sea invertebrates","abstract":"Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth in the ocean, but little is known about the molecular bases of biological pressure tolerance. We describe a mode of pressure adaptation in comb jellies (ctenophores) that also constrains these animals’ depth range. Structural analysis of deep-sea ctenophore lipids shows that they form a nonbilayer phase at pressures under which the phase is not typically stable. Lipidomics and all-atom simulations identified phospholipids with strong negative spontaneous curvature, including plasmalogens, as a hallmark of deep-adapted membranes that causes this phase behavior. Synthesis of plasmalogens enhanced pressure tolerance in Escherichia coli , whereas low-curvature lipids had the opposite effect. Imaging of ctenophore tissues indicated that the disintegration of deep-sea animals when decompressed could be driven by a phase transition in their phospholipid membranes.","author":[{"family":"Winnikoff","given":"Jacob"},{"family":"Milshteyn","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Urbano","given":"S"},{"family":"Pedraza-Joya","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"Armando","given":"Aaron"},{"family":"Quehenberger","given":"Oswald"},{"family":"Sodt","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Gillilan","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Dennis","given":"Edward"},{"family":"Lyman","given":"Edward"},{"family":"Haddock","given":"Steven"},{"family":"Budin","given":"Itay"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1126/science.adm7607","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adm7607","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4317625850","type":"article-journal","title":"Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Technology Driven Modern Drug Discovery and Development","abstract":"The discovery and advances of medicines may be considered as the ultimate relevant translational science effort that adds to human invulnerability and happiness. But advancing a fresh medication is a quite convoluted, costly, and protracted operation, normally costing USD ~2.6 billion and consuming a mean time span of 12 years. Methods to cut back expenditure and hasten new drug discovery have prompted an arduous and compelling brainstorming exercise in the pharmaceutical industry. The engagement of Artificial Intelligence (AI), including the deep-learning (DL) component in particular, has been facilitated by the employment of classified big data, in concert with strikingly reinforced computing prowess and cloud storage, across all fields. AI has energized computer-facilitated drug discovery. An unrestricted espousing of machine learning (ML), especially DL, in many scientific specialties, and the technological refinements in computing hardware and software, in concert with various aspects of the problem, sustain this progress. ML algorithms have been extensively engaged for computer-facilitated drug discovery. DL methods, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) comprising multiple buried processing layers, have of late seen a resurgence due to their capability to power automatic attribute elicitations from the input data, coupled with their ability to obtain nonlinear input-output pertinencies. Such features of DL methods augment classical ML techniques which bank on human-contrived molecular descriptors. A major part of the early reluctance concerning utility of AI in pharmaceutical discovery has begun to melt, thereby advancing medicinal chemistry. AI, along with modern experimental technical knowledge, is anticipated to invigorate the quest for new and improved pharmaceuticals in an expeditious, economical, and increasingly compelling manner. DL-facilitated methods have just initiated kickstarting for some integral issues in drug discovery. Many technological advances, such as \"message-passing paradigms\", \"spatial-symmetry-preserving networks\", \"hybrid de novo design\", and other ingenious ML exemplars, will definitely come to be pervasively widespread and help dissect many of the biggest, and most intriguing inquiries. Open data allocation and model augmentation will exert a decisive hold during the progress of drug discovery employing AI. This review will address the impending utilizations of AI to refine and bolster the drug discovery operation.","author":[{"family":"Sarkar","given":"Chayna"},{"family":"Das","given":"Biswadeep"},{"family":"Rawat","given":"Vikram"},{"family":"Wahlang","given":"Julie"},{"family":"Nongpiur","given":"Arvind"},{"family":"Tiewsoh","given":"Iadarilang"},{"family":"Lyngdoh","given":"Nari"},{"family":"Das","given":"Debasmita"},{"family":"Bidarolli","given":"Manjunath"},{"family":"Sony","given":"Hannah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/ijms24032026","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032026","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393337124","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep learning techniques for hyperspectral image analysis in agriculture: A review","abstract":"In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on assessing and ensuring the quality of horticultural and agricultural produce. Traditional methods involving field measurements, investigations, and statistical analyses are labour-intensive, time-consuming, and costly. As a solution, Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) has emerged as a non-destructive and environmentally friendly technology. HSI has gained significant popularity as a new technology, particularly for its promising applications in remote sensing, notably in agriculture. However, classifying HSI data is highly complex because it involves several challenges, such as the excessive redundancy of spectral bands, scarcity of training samples, and the intricate non-linear relationship between spatial positions and spectral bands. Notably, Deep Learning (DL) techniques have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in various HSI analysis tasks, including those within agriculture. As interest continues to surge in leveraging HSI data for agricultural applications through DL approaches, a pressing need exists for a comprehensive survey that can effectively navigate researchers through the significant strides achieved and the future promising research directions in this domain. This literature review diligently compiles, analyzes, and discusses recent endeavours employing DL methodologies. These methodologies encompass a spectrum of approaches, ranging from Autoencoders (AE) to Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) (in 1D, 2D, and 3D configurations), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), Deep Belief Networks (DBN), Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), Transfer Learning (TL), Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL), Few-Shot Learning (FSL) and Active Learning (AL). These approaches are tailored to address the unique challenges posed by agricultural HSI analysis. This review evaluates and discusses the performance exhibited by these diverse approaches. To this end, the efficiency of these approaches has been rigorously analyzed and discussed based on the results of the state-of-the-art papers on widely recognized land cover datasets. Github repository.","author":[{"family":"Guerri","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Distante","given":"Cosimo"},{"family":"Spagnolo","given":"Paolo"},{"family":"Bougourzi","given":"Fares"},{"family":"Talebahmed","given":"Abdelmalik"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ophoto.2024.100062","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophoto.2024.100062","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4394819549","type":"article-journal","title":"Diversity and potential host-interactions of viruses inhabiting deep-sea seamount sediments","abstract":"Seamounts are globally distributed across the oceans and form one of the major oceanic biomes. Here, we utilized combined analyses of bulk metagenome and virome to study viral communities in seamount sediments in the western Pacific Ocean. Phylogenetic analyses and the protein-sharing network demonstrate extensive diversity and previously unknown viral clades. Inference of virus-host linkages uncovers extensive interactions between viruses and dominant prokaryote lineages, and suggests that viruses play significant roles in carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen cycling by compensating or augmenting host metabolisms. Moreover, temperate viruses are predicted to be prevalent in seamount sediments, which tend to carry auxiliary metabolic genes for host survivability. Intriguingly, the geographical features of seamounts likely compromise the connectivity of viral communities and thus contribute to the high divergence of viral genetic spaces and populations across seamounts. Altogether, these findings provides knowledge essential for understanding the biogeography and ecological roles of viruses in globally widespread seamounts.","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Meishun"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Menghui"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Runying"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Ruolin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Hou","given":"Yanping"},{"family":"Kuang","given":"Fangfang"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Xuejin"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Xiyang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yinfang"},{"family":"Shao","given":"Zongze"},{"family":"Jin","given":"Min"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-024-47600-1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47600-1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390414619","type":"article-journal","title":"Revolutionizing the circular economy through new technologies: A new era of sustainable progress","abstract":"Nowadays the pace of production and consumption is reaching environmentally unsustainable levels. In this regard, the great technological advances developed in recent years are postulated as a source of opportunities to boost the circular economy and sustainable development. This wide range of possibilities offered by new technologies to create a more sustainable reality has aroused the curiosity and interest of the academic world, especially in recent years. The main objective of this research is to reveal the main challenges and opportunities that arise when incorporating new technologies to the objectives of the circular economy. Regarding to the methodology, this study has been partially supported using bibliometric techniques. The results highlight the transformative role of new technologies, especially blockchain and artificial intelligence, in advancing the circular economy, with particular emphasis on the community and technology integration, ethical considerations, technological synergies, sustainable business models, and the burgeoning bioeconomy. We conclude that new technologies promise enhanced resource efficiency, optimized supply chains, innovative business models, and improved product lifecycle management, offering profound economic and environmental benefits while fostering sustainable consumption and collaborative innovation. However, these opportunities also represent the main challenges to address, such as integrating advanced production methods, ensuring supply chain transparency, overcoming the skill gap, avoiding data centralization, and adapting regulatory frameworks to foster equitable and sustainable growth. These are some of the most important areas for further research, especially those related to the development of employees' technological capabilities and the adaptation of regulatory frameworks, as they are understudied research gaps.","author":[{"family":"Sánchezgarcía","given":"Eduardo"},{"family":"Martínezfalcó","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Marcolajara","given":"Bartolomé"},{"family":"Manresamarhuenda","given":"Encarnación"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.eti.2023.103509","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103509","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4396656134","type":"article-journal","title":"Coastal and deep-sea biodegradation of polyhydroxyalkanoate microbeads","abstract":"Microbeads find widespread usage in personal care items and cosmetics, serving as exfoliants or scrubbing agents. Their micro-scale size poses challenges in effective drainage capture and given their origin from non-biodegradable oil-based plastics, this contributes substantially to marine pollution. In this study, microbeads were prepared by a simple yet scalable melt homogenization method using four types of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), namely poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (P(3HB)), poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyvalerate] (P(3HB-co-3HV)), poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate] (P(3HB-co-3HHx)) and poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-4-hydroxyvalerate] (P(3HB-co-4HB)). Microbeads with different surface smoothness, compressive strength (6.2-13.3&#xa0;MPa) and diameter (from 1&#x2009;~&#x2009;150 &#x3bc;m) could be produced. The microbeads were subjected to a comprehensive degradation analysis using three techniques: enzymatic, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) evaluations, and in situ degradation tests in the deep-sea off Misaki Port in the northern Pacific Ocean (depth of 757&#xa0;m). Qualitatively, results from enzymatic and in situ degradation demonstrated significant degradation within one week and five months, respectively. Quantitatively, BOD findings indicated that all PHA microbeads degraded similarly to cellulose (~&#x2009;85% biodegradability in 25&#xa0;days). In conclusion, PHA microbeads from this study exhibit promising potential as alternatives to conventional non-biodegradable microbeads.","author":[{"family":"Hyodo","given":"Natsumi"},{"family":"Gan","given":"Hongyi"},{"family":"Ilangovan","given":"Manikandan"},{"family":"Kimura","given":"Satoshi"},{"family":"Kasuya","given":"Ken‐ichi"},{"family":"Isobe","given":"Noriyuki"},{"family":"Iwata","given":"Tadahisa"},{"family":"Ki","given":"Kasuya"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-60949-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60949-z","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4391360623","type":"article-journal","title":"Intelligent Robotics—A Systematic Review of Emerging Technologies and Trends","abstract":"Intelligent robotics has the potential to revolutionize various industries by amplifying output, streamlining operations, and enriching customer interactions. This systematic literature review aims to analyze emerging technologies and trends in intelligent robotics, addressing key research questions, identifying challenges and opportunities, and proposing the best practices for responsible and beneficial integration into various sectors. Our research uncovers the significant improvements brought by intelligent robotics across industries such as manufacturing, logistics, tourism, agriculture, healthcare, and construction. The main results indicate the importance of focusing on human–robot collaboration, ethical considerations, sustainable practices, and addressing industry-specific challenges to harness the opportunities presented by intelligent robotics fully. The implications and future directions of intelligent robotics involve addressing both challenges and potential risks, maximizing benefits, and ensuring responsible implementation. The continuous improvement and refinement of existing technology will shape human life and industries, driving innovation and advancements in intelligent robotics.","author":[{"family":"Licardo","given":"Josip"},{"family":"Domjan","given":"Mihael"},{"family":"Orehovački","given":"Tihomir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/electronics13030542","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030542","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4386225637","type":"article-journal","title":"Sea-ice decline could keep zooplankton deeper for longer","abstract":"Abstract As Arctic sea ice deteriorates, more light enters the ocean, causing largely unknown effects on the ecosystem. Using an autonomous biophysical observatory, we recorded zooplankton vertical distribution under Arctic sea ice from dusk to dawn of the polar night. Here we show that zooplankton ascend into the under-ice habitat during autumn twilight, following an isolume of 2.4 × 10 −4 W m −2 . We applied this trigger isolume to CMIP6 model outputs accounting for incoming radiation after sunset and before sunrise of the polar night. The models project that, in about three decades, the total time spent by zooplankton in the under-ice habitat could be reduced by up to one month, depending on geographic region. This will impact zooplankton winter survival, the Arctic foodweb, and carbon and nutrient fluxes. These findings highlight the importance of biological processes during the twilight periods for predicting change in high-latitude ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Flores","given":"Hauke"},{"family":"Veyssière","given":"Gaëlle"},{"family":"Castellani","given":"Giulia"},{"family":"Wilkinson","given":"Jeremy"},{"family":"Hoppmann","given":"Mario"},{"family":"Kärcher","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Valcic","given":"Lovro"},{"family":"Cornils","given":"Astrid"},{"family":"Geoffroy","given":"Maxime"},{"family":"Nicolaus","given":"Marcel"},{"family":"Niehoff","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Priou","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Schmidt","given":"Katrin"},{"family":"Strœve","given":"Julienne"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41558-023-01779-1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01779-1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392847142","type":"article-journal","title":"6G Networks and the AI Revolution—Exploring Technologies, Applications, and Emerging Challenges","abstract":"In the rapidly evolving landscape of wireless communication, each successive generation of networks has achieved significant technological leaps, profoundly transforming the way we connect and interact. From the analog simplicity of 1G to the digital prowess of 5G, the journey of mobile networks has been marked by constant innovation and escalating demands for faster, more reliable, and more efficient communication systems. As 5G becomes a global reality, laying the foundation for an interconnected world, the quest for even more advanced networks leads us to the threshold of the sixth-generation (6G) era. This paper presents a hierarchical exploration of 6G networks, poised at the forefront of the next revolution in wireless technology. This study delves into the technological advancements that underpin the need for 6G, examining its key features, benefits, and key enabling technologies. We dissect the intricacies of cutting-edge innovations like terahertz communication, ultra-massive MIMO, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), quantum communication, and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces. Through a meticulous analysis, we evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, and state-of-the-art research in these areas, offering a wider view of the current progress and potential applications of 6G networks. Central to our discussion is the transformative role of AI in shaping the future of 6G networks. By integrating AI and ML, 6G networks are expected to offer unprecedented capabilities, from enhanced mobile broadband to groundbreaking applications in areas like smart cities and autonomous systems. This integration heralds a new era of intelligent, self-optimizing networks that promise to redefine the parameters of connectivity and digital interaction. We also address critical challenges in the deployment of 6G, from technological hurdles to regulatory concerns, providing a holistic assessment of potential barriers. By highlighting the interplay between 6G and AI technologies, this study maps out the current landscape and lights the path forward in this rapidly evolving domain. This paper aims to be a cornerstone resource, providing essential insights, addressing unresolved research questions, and stimulating further investigation into the multifaceted realm of 6G networks. By highlighting the synergy between 6G and AI technologies, we aim to illuminate the path forward in this rapidly evolving field.","author":[{"family":"Chataut","given":"Robin"},{"family":"Nankya","given":"Mary"},{"family":"Akl","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s24061888","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061888","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404595545","type":"article-journal","title":"Accurate RNA 3D structure prediction using a language model-based deep learning approach","abstract":"Accurate prediction of RNA three-dimensional (3D) structures remains an unsolved challenge. Determining RNA 3D structures is crucial for understanding their functions and informing RNA-targeting drug development and synthetic biology design. The structural flexibility of RNA, which leads to the scarcity of experimentally determined data, complicates computational prediction efforts. Here we present RhoFold+, an RNA language model-based deep learning method that accurately predicts 3D structures of single-chain RNAs from sequences. By integrating an RNA language model pretrained on ~23.7 million RNA sequences and leveraging techniques to address data scarcity, RhoFold+ offers a fully automated end-to-end pipeline for RNA 3D structure prediction. Retrospective evaluations on RNA-Puzzles and CASP15 natural RNA targets demonstrate the superiority of RhoFold+ over existing methods, including human expert groups. Its efficacy and generalizability are further validated through cross-family and cross-type assessments, as well as time-censored benchmarks. Additionally, RhoFold+ predicts RNA secondary structures and interhelical angles, providing empirically verifiable features that broaden its applicability to RNA structure and function studies.","author":[{"family":"Shen","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Zhihang"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Siqi"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Di"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Felix"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jiuming"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Jiayang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yixuan"},{"family":"Hong","given":"Liang"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"Jin"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Liangzhen"},{"family":"Krishnamoorthi","given":"Tejas"},{"family":"King","given":"Irwin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Sheng"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Collins","given":"James"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41592-024-02487-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-02487-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392151408","type":"article-journal","title":"2024 roadmap on membrane desalination technology at the water-energy nexus","abstract":"Abstract Water and energy are two strategic drivers of sustainable development, intimately interlaced and vital for a secure future of humanity. Given that water resources are limited, whereas global population and energy demand are exponentially growing, the competitive balance between these resources, referred to as the water-energy nexus, is receiving renewed focus. The desalination industry alleviates water stress by producing freshwater from saline sources, such as seawater, brackish or groundwater. Since the last decade, the market has been dominated by membrane desalination technology, offering significant advantages over thermal processes, such as lower energy demand, easy process control and scale-up, modularity for flexible productivity, and feasibility of synergic integration of different membrane operations. Although seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) accounts for more than 70% of the global desalination capacity, it is circumscribed by some significant technological limitations, such as: (i) the relatively low water recovery factor (around 50%) due to the negative impact of osmotic and polarization phenomena; (ii) an energy consumption in the range of 3–5 kWh m −3 , still far from the theoretical energy demand (1.1 kWh m −3 ) to produce potable water from seawater (at 50% water recovery factor). Ultimately, desalination is an energy intensive practice and research efforts are oriented toward the development of alternative and more energy-efficient approaches in order to enhance freshwater resources without placing excessive strain on limited energy supplies. Recent years have seen a relevant surge of interest in membrane distillation (MD), a thermally driven membrane desalination technology having the potential to complement SWRO in the logic of Process Intensification and Zero Liquid Discharge paradigm. Due to its peculiar transport mechanism and negligibility of osmotic phenomena, MD allows high-quality distillate production (theoretically, non-volatile species are completely rejected) with a recovery factor of up to 80% at a relatively low operative temperature (typically 60 °C–80 °C). Although low operative temperatures make MD technology attractive for renewable power applications (e.g. solar thermal, wind or geothermal energy sources) or for efficient exploitation of low-grade or waste heat streams, the low energy efficiency intrinsically due to heat losses—and specifically to temperature polarization—has so far hindered the application at industrial scale. Nowadays, photothermal materials able to absorb and convert natural or artificial irradiation into heat have gained great attention, demonstrating the potential to mitigate the ‘anthropic’ energy input to MD and to mitigate the impact of thermal inefficiencies. On this road, a step-change improvement in light-to-heat conversion is expected through high-throughput computational screening over thermoplasmonic materials based on electronic and optical properties of advanced materials including novel topological phases of matter used as nanofillers in polymeric membranes. Coherently with the concept of Circular Economy, waste hypersaline solutions rejected from desalination process (referred as ‘brine’) are now the subject of valorization activities along two main exploitation routes: (1) recovery of valuable minor and trace metals and minerals, with special focus on critical raw materials (including, among others, Mg, Na, Ca, K, Sr, Li, Br, B, and Rb); (2) production of salinity gradient power (SGP) renewable energy resulting from the recovery of the Gibbs energy of mixing (mainly represented by the entropic contribution) of two solutions having different ionic concentration. The exciting new frontier of sustainable mining of seawater concentrates is accelerating the appearance of a plethora of innovative membrane materials and methods for brine dehydration and selective extraction of trace ions, although under the sword of Damocles represented by cost feasibil","author":[{"family":"Politano","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Al-Juboori","given":"Raed"},{"family":"Alnajdi","given":"Sultan"},{"family":"Alsaati","given":"Albraa"},{"family":"Athanassiou","given":"Athanassia"},{"family":"Barsadan","given":"Maya"},{"family":"Beni","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Campi","given":"Davide"},{"family":"Cupolillo","given":"A"},{"family":"Dolimpio","given":"Gianluca"},{"family":"Dandrea","given":"Giuseppe"},{"family":"Estay","given":"Humberto"},{"family":"Fragouli","given":"Despina"},{"family":"Gurreri","given":"Luigi"},{"family":"Ghaffour","given":"Noreddine"},{"family":"Gilron","given":"Jack"},{"family":"Hilal","given":"Nidal"},{"family":"Occhiuzzi","given":"Jessica"},{"family":"Carvajal","given":"Mateo"},{"family":"Ronen","given":"Avner"},{"family":"Santoro","given":"Sergio"},{"family":"Tedesco","given":"Michele"},{"family":"Tufa","given":"Ramato"},{"family":"Ulbricht","given":"Mathias"},{"family":"Warsinger","given":"David"},{"family":"Xevgenos","given":"Dimitrios"},{"family":"Zaragoza","given":"Guillermo"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yong‐wei"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Ming"},{"family":"Curcio","given":"Efrem"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1088/2515-7655/ad2cf2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ad2cf2","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403632915","type":"article-journal","title":"Advances in lightweight composite structures and manufacturing technologies: A comprehensive review","abstract":"The field of lightweight composite structures has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, revolutionizing numerous industries through their exceptional combination of strength, weight reduction and versatility. This review paper provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of these ground breaking materials. It elucidates fundamental concepts of lightweight composite structures, exploring their composition, classification, physical and mechanical properties as well as recent strides in their engineering applications. Crucially, this review highlights the recent progress and developments of lightweight composite materials. From aerospace to automotive, from construction to sporting goods, these advanced materials are transforming various industries by combining strength with reduced weight. Emphasizing the role of lightweight composites in energy-efficient systems, the paper underscores their significance in resource optimization and sustainable engineering practices. A detailed examination of various types of composites, such as polymer matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites and metal matrix composites, will be presented, highlighting their specific advantages and applications. Moving forward, the review delves into the diverse fabrication methods employed to create these advanced materials. This comprehensive paper serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and industry professionals seeking to capitalize on the benefits of lightweight composite materials. By presenting a holistic view of composites' classification, properties, and recent advancements, this study fosters innovation and propels the integration of lightweight composite materials into diverse engineering applications, ultimately driving progress towards a more efficient, sustainable, and technologically advanced future.","author":[{"family":"Phiri","given":"Resego"},{"family":"Rangappa","given":"Sanjay"},{"family":"Siengchin","given":"Suchart"},{"family":"Oladijo","given":"Oluseyi"},{"family":"Ozbakkaloglu","given":"Togay"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39661","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39661","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4386452936","type":"article-journal","title":"The earliest evidence of deep-sea vertebrates","abstract":"Vertebrate macroevolution has been punctuated by fundamental habitat transitions from shallow marine origins to terrestrial, freshwater, and aerial environments. Invasion of the deep sea is a less well-known ecological shift because of low fossilization potential and continual loss of abyssal fossil record by ocean floor subduction. Therefore, there has been a lack of convincing evidence of bottom-living vertebrates from pre-Paleogene deep seas. Here, we describe trace fossils from abyssal plain turbidites of the Tethys Ocean, which, combined with nannofossil dating, indicate that fishes have occupied the deep seafloor since at least the Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian-Barremian). These structures are identical to those produced by modern demersal fishes that feed by either scratching the substrate or expose their prey by water flow generated by suction or jetting. The trace fossils suggest activity of at least three fish species exploiting a productive abyssal invertebrate sediment fauna. These observations are consistent with Early Cretaceous vertebrate transition to the deep sea triggered by the availability of new food sources. Our results anticipate the appearance of deep-seafloor fishes in the fossil record by over 80 My while reassessing the mode of vertebrate colonization of the deep sea.","author":[{"family":"Baucon","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Ferretti","given":"Annalisa"},{"family":"Fioroni","given":"Chiara"},{"family":"Pandolfi","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Serpagli","given":"Enrico"},{"family":"Piccinini","given":"Armando"},{"family":"Carvalho","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Cachão","given":"Mário"},{"family":"Linley","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Muñiz","given":"Fernando"},{"family":"Belaústegui","given":"Zaín"},{"family":"Jamieson","given":"Alan"},{"family":"Russo","given":"Girolamo"},{"family":"Guerrini","given":"Filippo"},{"family":"Ferrando","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Priede","given":"Imants"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.2306164120","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2306164120","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4398209534","type":"article-journal","title":"Carbon export from seaweed forests to deep ocean sinks","abstract":"The coastal ocean represents an important global carbon sink and is a focus for interventions to mitigate climate change and meet the Paris Agreement targets while supporting biodiversity and other ecosystem functions. However, the fate of the flux of carbon exported from seaweed forests—the world’s largest coastal vegetated ecosystem—is a key unknown in marine carbon budgets. Here we provide national and global estimates for seaweed-derived particulate carbon export below 200 m depth, which totalled 3–4% of the ocean carbon sink capacity. We characterized export using models of seaweed forest extent, production and decomposition, as well as shelf–open ocean water exchange. On average, 15% of seaweed production is estimated to be exported across the continental shelf, which equates to 56 TgC yr−1 (range: 10–170 TgC yr−1). Using modelled sequestration timescales below 200 m depth, we estimated that each year, 4–44 Tg seaweed-derived carbon could be sequestered for 100 years. Determining the full extent of seaweed carbon sequestration remains challenging, but critical to guide efforts to conserve seaweed forests, which are in decline globally. Our estimate does not include shelf burial and dissolved and refractory carbon pathways; still it highlights a relevant potential contribution of seaweed to natural carbon sinks. Coastal seaweed transported to the open ocean contributes up to 3–4% of the particulate organic carbon sinking into the deeper ocean, according to combined ecological and biogeochemical modelling.","author":[{"family":"Filbeedexter","given":"Karen"},{"family":"Pessarrodona","given":"Albert"},{"family":"Pedersen","given":"Morten"},{"family":"Wernberg","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Duarte","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Assis","given":"Jorge"},{"family":"Bekkby","given":"Trine"},{"family":"Burrows","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Carlson","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Gattuso","given":"Jean‐pierre"},{"family":"Gundersen","given":"Hege"},{"family":"Hancke","given":"Kasper"},{"family":"Krumhansl","given":"Kira"},{"family":"Kuwae","given":"Tomohiro"},{"family":"Middelburg","given":"Jack"},{"family":"Moore","given":"Pippa"},{"family":"Queirós","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Smale","given":"Dan"},{"family":"Sousapinto","given":"Isabel"},{"family":"Suzuki","given":"Nobuhiro"},{"family":"Krausejensen","given":"Dorte"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41561-024-01449-7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01449-7","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392896817","type":"article-journal","title":"A review of remote sensing image segmentation by deep learning methods","abstract":"Remote sensing (RS) images enable high-resolution information collection from complex ground objects and are increasingly utilized in the earth observation research.Recently, RS technologies are continuously enhanced by various characterized platforms and sensors.Simultaneously, artificial intelligence vision algorithms are also developing vigorously and playing a significant role in RS image analysis.In particular, aiming to divide images into different ground elements with specific semantic labels, RS image segmentation could realize the visual acquisition and interpretation.As one of the pioneering methods with the advantages of deep feature extraction ability, deep learning (DL) algorithms have been exploited and proved to be highly beneficial for precise segmentation in recent years.In this paper, a comprehensive review is performed on remote sensing survey systems and various kinds of specially designed deep learning architectures.Meanwhile, DL-based segmentation methods applied on four domains are also illustrated, including geography, precision agriculture, hydrology, and environmental protection issues.In the end, the existing challenges and promising research directions in RS image segmentation are discussed.It is envisioned that this review is able to provide a comprehensive and technical reference, deployment and successful exploitation of DL empowered RS image segmentation approaches.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Jiangyun"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Yuanxiu"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qing"},{"family":"Kou","given":"Mingyin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Tianxiang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1080/17538947.2024.2328827","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2024.2328827","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4396706878","type":"article-journal","title":"AI-Driven Sensing Technology: Review","abstract":"Machine learning and deep learning technologies are rapidly advancing the capabilities of sensing technologies, bringing about significant improvements in accuracy, sensitivity, and adaptability. These advancements are making a notable impact across a broad spectrum of fields, including industrial automation, robotics, biomedical engineering, and civil infrastructure monitoring. The core of this transformative shift lies in the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with sensor technology, focusing on the development of efficient algorithms that drive both device performance enhancements and novel applications in various biomedical and engineering fields. This review delves into the fusion of ML/DL algorithms with sensor technologies, shedding light on their profound impact on sensor design, calibration and compensation, object recognition, and behavior prediction. Through a series of exemplary applications, the review showcases the potential of AI algorithms to significantly upgrade sensor functionalities and widen their application range. Moreover, it addresses the challenges encountered in exploiting these technologies for sensing applications and offers insights into future trends and potential advancements.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Long"},{"family":"Xia","given":"Chenbin"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Zhehui"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Haoran"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Yunmin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s24102958","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24102958","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4394768815","type":"article-journal","title":"Research Progress and Application Prospects of Solid-State Hydrogen Storage Technology","abstract":"Solid-state hydrogen storage technology has emerged as a disruptive solution to the \"last mile\" challenge in large-scale hydrogen energy applications, garnering significant global research attention. This paper systematically reviews the Chinese research progress in solid-state hydrogen storage material systems, thermodynamic mechanisms, and system integration. It also quantitatively assesses the market potential of solid-state hydrogen storage across four major application scenarios: on-board hydrogen storage, hydrogen refueling stations, backup power supplies, and power grid peak shaving. Furthermore, it analyzes the bottlenecks and challenges in industrialization related to key materials, testing standards, and innovation platforms. While acknowledging that the cost and performance of solid-state hydrogen storage are not yet fully competitive, the paper highlights its unique advantages of high safety, energy density, and potentially lower costs, showing promise in new energy vehicles and distributed energy fields. Breakthroughs in new hydrogen storage materials like magnesium-based and vanadium-based materials, coupled with improved standards, specifications, and innovation mechanisms, are expected to propel solid-state hydrogen storage into a mainstream technology within 10-15 years, with a market scale exceeding USD 14.3 billion. To accelerate the leapfrog development of China's solid-state hydrogen storage industry, increased investment in basic research, focused efforts on key core technologies, and streamlining the industry chain from materials to systems are recommended. This includes addressing challenges in passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles, and hydrogen refueling stations, and building a collaborative innovation ecosystem involving government, industry, academia, research, finance, and intermediary entities to support the achievement of carbon peak and neutrality goals and foster a clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient modern energy system.","author":[{"family":"Xu","given":"Yaohui"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yuting"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Zhao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/molecules29081767","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29081767","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401163973","type":"article-journal","title":"A Survey on Channel Sounding Technologies and Measurements for UAV-Assisted Communications","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used in both military and civilian applications, where a stable communication link is vital for safe flight control and robust data transmission. To develop a reliable UAV communication system, it is necessary to deeply understand the UAV channel characteristics and establish accurate channel models. Channel sounding is the most effective way to obtain realistic channel characteristics and validate the theoretical channel model. However, the studies on UAV channel sounding are still insufficient in terms of system design and data processing due to the complexity of developing a UAV channel sounder. Different from the terrestrial channel sounders, the implementation of a UAV channel sounder is tortured by the limited battery life and payload capacity of the UAV platform. The sounding scheme and data postprocessing also need to be specially designed for highly dynamic UAV channels. So far, most existing survey studies on UAV channels focus on modeling methodology and model presentation. To fill this gap, this article provides a comprehensive survey on the design of the UAV channel sounder, in terms of the hardware scheme, sounding signal, time synchronization, calibration, and data postprocessing. Current issues and potential research topics behind existing sounding technologies and measurement campaigns are analyzed. Moreover, future challenges and open issues are also discussed.","author":[{"family":"Mao","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Qiuming"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Cheng‐xiang"},{"family":"Ye","given":"Xuchao"},{"family":"Gomezponce","given":"Jorge"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Xuesong"},{"family":"Miao","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Zhuangzhuang"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Qihui"},{"family":"Fan","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tim.2024.3436128","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2024.3436128","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393236929","type":"article-journal","title":"Advances in hydrogen storage materials: harnessing innovative technology, from machine learning to computational chemistry, for energy storage solutions","abstract":"The demand for clean and sustainable energy solutions is escalating as the global population grows and economies develop. Fossil fuels, which currently dominate the energy sector, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. In response to these challenges, hydrogen storage technologies have emerged as a promising avenue for achieving energy sustainability. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in hydrogen storage materials and technologies, emphasizing the importance of efficient storage for maximizing hydrogen's potential. The review highlights physical storage methods such as compressed hydrogen (reaching pressures of up to 70 MPa) and material-based approaches utilizing metal hydrides and carbon-containing substances. It also explores design considerations, computational chemistry, high-throughput screening, and machine-learning techniques employed in developing efficient hydrogen storage materials. This comprehensive analysis showcases the potential of hydrogen storage in addressing energy demands, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and driving clean energy innovation.","author":[{"family":"Osman","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Nasr","given":"Mahmoud"},{"family":"Eltaweil","given":"Abdelazeem"},{"family":"Hosny","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Farghali","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Alfatesh","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Rooney","given":"David"},{"family":"El-Monaem","given":"Eman"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.03.223","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.03.223","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4376597726","type":"article-journal","title":"Review of current regulations, available technologies, and future trends in the green shipping industry","abstract":"This paper presents a comprehensive review of the current regulations and the various technologies as well as the decision support methods for each technology the maritime industry considers to ensure the fleet's sustainability. It covers the period between 2010 and 2022, emphasizing the last four years. It shows the impact of each technology on the reduction of ship resistance and the energy required on board, affecting the amount of fuel consumption and avoiding the transportation of harmful species around the world to achieve a smooth transition towards green shipping by improving the fleet's energy efficiency and achieving the goals of the 2050 plan. The paper covers five main topics: hull design, propulsion systems, new clean fuels and treatment systems, power systems and ship operation; and each topic has different technologies included. This study's findings contribute to mapping the scientific knowledge of each technology in the maritime field, identifying relevant topic areas, visualising the links between the topics, and recognising research gaps and opportunities. This review helps to present holistic approaches in future research supporting the cooperation between maritime industry stakeholders to provide more realistic solutions toward sustainability.","author":[{"family":"Tadros","given":"Mina"},{"family":"Ventura","given":"L"},{"family":"Soares","given":"CG"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114670","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114670","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390944785","type":"article-journal","title":"Artificial Intelligence Technologies Revolutionizing Wastewater Treatment: Current Trends and Future Prospective","abstract":"Integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) into the fields of wastewater treatment and water quality prediction has the potential to revolutionize traditional approaches and address urgent challenges, considering the global demand for clean water and sustainable systems. This comprehensive article explores the transformative applications of smart IoT technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) models, in these areas. A successful example is the implementation of an IoT-based automated water quality monitoring system that utilizes cloud computing and ML methods to effectively address the above-mentioned issues. The IoT has been employed to optimize, simulate, and automate various aspects, such as monitoring and managing natural systems, water-treatment processes, wastewater-treatment applications, and water-related agricultural practices like hydroponics and aquaponics. This review presents a collection of significant water-based applications, which have been combined with the IoT, artificial neural networks, or ML and have undergone critical peer-reviewed assessment. These applications encompass chlorination, adsorption, membrane filtration, monitoring water quality indices, modeling water quality parameters, monitoring river levels, and automating/monitoring effluent wastewater treatment in aquaculture systems. Additionally, this review provides an overview of the IoT and discusses potential future applications, along with examples of how their algorithms have been utilized to evaluate the quality of treated water in diverse aquatic environments.","author":[{"family":"Alprol","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Mansour","given":"Abdallah"},{"family":"Ibrahim","given":"EM"},{"family":"Ashour","given":"Mohamed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/w16020314","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16020314","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390773990","type":"article-journal","title":"Sea Surface Temperature and Marine Heat Wave Predictions in the South China Sea: A 3D U-Net Deep Learning Model Integrating Multi-Source Data","abstract":"Accurate sea surface temperature (SST) prediction is vital for disaster prevention, ocean circulation, and climate change. Traditional SST prediction methods, predominantly reliant on time-intensive numerical models, face challenges in terms of speed and efficiency. In this study, we developed a novel deep learning approach using a 3D U-Net structure with multi-source data to forecast SST in the South China Sea (SCS). SST, sea surface height anomaly (SSHA), and sea surface wind (SSW) were used as input variables. Compared with the convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) model, the 3D U-Net model achieved more accurate predictions at all lead times (from 1 to 30 days) and performed better in different seasons. Spatially, the 3D U-Net model’s SST predictions exhibited low errors (RMSE < 0.5 °C) and high correlation (R > 0.9) across most of the SCS. The spatially averaged time series of SST, both predicted by the 3D U-Net and observed in 2021, showed remarkable consistency. A noteworthy application of the 3D U-Net model in this research was the successful detection of marine heat wave (MHW) events in the SCS in 2021. The model accurately captured the occurrence frequency, total duration, average duration, and average cumulative intensity of MHW events, aligning closely with the observed data. Sensitive experiments showed that SSHA and SSW have significant impacts on the prediction of the 3D U-Net model, which can improve the accuracy and play different roles in different forecast periods. The combination of the 3D U-Net model with multi-source sea surface variables, not only rapidly predicted SST in the SCS but also presented a novel method for forecasting MHW events, highlighting its significant potential and advantages.","author":[{"family":"Xie","given":"Bowen"},{"family":"Qi","given":"Jifeng"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Shuguo"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Guimin"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Zhongkun"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Baoshu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Wenwu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/atmos15010086","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15010086","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4381856529","type":"article-journal","title":"Recent advances in acoustic technology for aquaculture: A review","abstract":"Abstract Acoustic technology has great application prospects in aquaculture. In particular, two indispensable, critical technologies for the future aquaculture industry are multi‐sensor acquisition that can achieve multi‐scale information fusion, collection and establishment of a global acoustic fish database and highly developed deep learning intelligent algorithms that can establish a correlation mechanism between fish acoustic and behaviour characteristics. Acoustic technology offers remarkable advantages in large and turbid water bodies for studying spatial and temporal distribution patterns of aquatic organism populations, developing on‐demand feeding systems and estimating biomass. This article reviews the development of acoustic technology and its application in aquaculture over the last 30 years. It further analyses, in detail, the advantages and disadvantages of acoustic technology in evaluating aquatic organism biomass and morphological and physical indicators, aquatic organism behaviour and welfare improvement. Challenges of acoustic technology in acquiring dynamic target data accurately, building a global acoustic fish database and establishing connections between fish behaviour and acoustic characteristics are also discussed. In brief, this article aims to help researchers and practitioners better understand the current state‐of‐the‐art acoustic technologies, which can provide strong support for smart aquaculture applications.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Daoliang"},{"family":"Du","given":"Zhuangzhuang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Du","given":"Ling"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1111/raq.12842","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12842","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391881454","type":"article-journal","title":"Predicting groundwater level using traditional and deep machine learning algorithms","abstract":"This research aims to evaluate various traditional or deep machine learning algorithms for the prediction of groundwater level (GWL) using three key input variables specific to Izeh City in the Khuzestan province of Iran: groundwater extraction rate (E), rainfall rate (R), and river flow rate (P) (with 3 km distance). Various traditional and deep machine learning (DML) algorithms, including convolutional neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network (RNN), support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and generative adversarial network (GAN), were evaluated. The convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm demonstrated superior performance among all the algorithms evaluated in this study. The CNN model exhibited robustness against noise and variability, scalability for handling large datasets with multiple input variables, and parallelization capabilities for fast processing. Moreover, it autonomously learned and identified data patterns, resulting in fewer outlier predictions. The CNN model achieved the highest accuracy in GWL prediction, with an RMSE of 0.0558 and an R2 of 0.9948. It also showed no outlier data predictions, indicating its reliability. Spearman and Pearson correlation analyses revealed that P and E were the dataset’s most influential variables on GWL. This research has significant implications for water resource management in Izeh City and the Khuzestan province of Iran, aiding in conservation efforts and increasing local crop productivity. The approach can also be applied to predicting GWL in various global regions facing water scarcity due to population growth. Future researchers are encouraged to consider these factors for more accurate GWL predictions. Additionally, the CNN algorithm’s performance can be further enhanced by incorporating additional input variables.","author":[{"family":"Feng","given":"Fan"},{"family":"Ghorbani","given":"Hamzeh"},{"family":"Radwan","given":"Ahmed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fenvs.2024.1291327","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1291327","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390691481","type":"article-journal","title":"Global Impact of Sea Level Rise on Coastal Fresh Groundwater Resources","abstract":"Abstract Groundwater is the main freshwater source in many densely populated and industrialized coastal areas around the world. Growing future freshwater demand is likely to increase the water stress in these coastal areas, possibly leading to groundwater overexploitation and salinization. This situation will likely be aggravated by climate change and the associated projected sea level rise. Here, we assess the impact of sea level rise exclusively on coastal fresh groundwater resources worldwide (limited to areas with unconsolidated sedimentary systems) by estimating future decline in inland fresh groundwater volumes under three sea level rise scenarios following Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5. For that, 2D groundwater models in 1,200 coastal regions estimate the past, present and future groundwater salinity. Our results show that roughly 60 (range 16–96) million people living within 10 km from current coastline could lose more than 5% of their fresh groundwater resources by 2100 according to RCP 8.5 scenario compared to only 8 (range 0–50) million people based on RCP 2.6 scenario. We conclude that sea level rise will have severe consequences for many coastal populations heavily dependent on fresh groundwater.","author":[{"family":"Zamrsky","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Essink","given":"Gualbert"},{"family":"Bierkens","given":"Marc"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2023ef003581","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023ef003581","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393079608","type":"article-journal","title":"The 2023 extreme coastal El Niño: Atmospheric and air-sea coupling mechanisms","abstract":"In the boreal spring of 2023, an extreme coastal El Niño struck the coastal regions of Peru and Ecuador, causing devastating rainfalls, flooding, and record dengue outbreaks. Observations and ocean model experiments reveal that northerly alongshore winds and westerly wind anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific, initially associated with a record-strong Madden-Julian Oscillation and cyclonic disturbance off Peru in March, drove the coastal warming through suppressed coastal upwelling and downwelling Kelvin waves. Atmospheric model simulations indicate that the coastal warming in turn favors the observed wind anomalies over the far eastern tropical Pacific by triggering atmospheric deep convection. This implies a positive feedback between the coastal warming and the winds, which further amplifies the coastal warming. In May, the seasonal background cooling precludes deep convection and the coastal Bjerknes feedback, leading to the weakening of the coastal El Niño. This coastal El Niño is rare but predictable at 1 month lead, which is useful to protect lives and properties.","author":[{"family":"Peng","given":"Qihua"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Shang‐ping"},{"family":"Passalacqua","given":"G"},{"family":"Miyamoto","given":"Ayumu"},{"family":"Deser","given":"Clara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.adk8646","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adk8646","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404668536","type":"article-journal","title":"Polymer material biodegradation in the deep sea. A review","abstract":"The phenomenon of marine plastic pollution is now well-established, with documented impacts on marine biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles. In order to mitigate this environmental impact, a significant amount of research has been conducted in recent years with the objective of developing biodegradable alternatives to conventional polymers and their composites in marine environments. The findings of this research significantly enhanced our understanding of biodegradation mechanisms and identified promising candidates. However, the majority of these studies have been conducted in coastal marine environments, which represent a minor component of the marine ecosystem. Recent models on the transport of plastic debris in the oceans indicate that deep-sea environments are likely to be the ultimate sink for a significant proportion of plastics entering the oceans. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the processes of biodegradation of polymers in these deep-sea environments. The diversity and specific characteristics of these environments with respect to degradation mechanisms are discussed. While the majority of deep-sea conditions are not conducive to biodegradation, studies on organic falls (wood and whale carcasses) and a few investigations into materials previously shown to be biodegradable in coastal marine environments demonstrate mechanisms that are similar to those observed in shallow waters. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to reach definitive conclusions. It is essential to extend these studies to a broader range of deep-sea environments. Additionally, new methodologies that integrate microbiology and polymer science are required to accurately assess the process of assimilation of these materials in these environments.","author":[{"family":"Chamley","given":"Alexandre"},{"family":"Baley","given":"Christophe"},{"family":"Matabos","given":"Marjolaine"},{"family":"Vannier","given":"Pauline"},{"family":"Sarradin","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Freyermouth","given":"Floriane"},{"family":"Davies","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177637","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177637","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405849823","type":"article-journal","title":"Wellhead Stability During Development Process of Hydrate Reservoir in the Northern South China Sea: Evolution and Mechanism","abstract":"Natural gas hydrates represent a promising clean energy source with vast reserves. Their efficient development is crucial for ensuring the sustainable advancement of human society. However, wellhead instability occurred in the long-term development, which poses a significant challenge that impacts its commercial development. In the present work, the properties of hydrate-bearing sediments were experimentally investigated. It was found that the elastic modulus, cohesion, and internal friction angle of hydrate-bearing sediments exhibit an increase with the effective stress. As an example, when the effective stress increases from 0 MPa to 25 MPa, the normalized elastic modulus exhibits a rise from 1.00 to 1.36. Conversely, the Poisson’s ratio, permeability, and porosity demonstrate a decline in accordance with this trend. As an example, both normalized porosity and permeability decrease to values below 0.40 as the effective stress increases to 25 MPa. Based on the experimental results and previous work, a comprehensive model for describing the effect of both hydrate saturation and effective stress on physical parameters was obtained. Subsequently, a multi-field coupled investigation methodology was developed to evaluate wellhead stability during the long-term development of hydrate-bearing sediments, and the evolution characteristics and mechanisms of wellhead instability were numerically explored. It reveals that development operation using the vertical wellbore decomposes hydrates in the surrounding sediments only within a radius of 19.52 m, which significantly undermines the wellhead stability. Moreover, the wellhead system not only sinks with sediment subsidence but also experiences additional sinking due to the failure of bonding between the wellhead system and sediments. Furthermore, the latter accounts for a significant portion, amounting to approximately 68.15% of the total sinking under the research conditions. This study can provide methodological prerequisites for exploring the impact of various factors on wellhead stability during the long-term hydrate development process.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Qingchao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qiang"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Jingjuan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xianzhong"},{"family":"Li","given":"Hong"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Yuanfang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/pr13010040","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13010040","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4394565999","type":"article-journal","title":"The Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Shipping: A Bibliometric Review","abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are increasingly being applied to the shipping industry to advance its development. In this study, 476 articles published in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) and the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) of the Web of Science Core Collection from 2001 to 2022 were collected, and bibliometric methods were applied to conduct a systematic literature of the field of AI technology applications in the shipping industry. The review commences with an annual publication trend analysis, which shows that research in the field has been growing rapidly in recent years. This is followed by a statistical analysis of journals and a collaborative network analysis to identify the most productive journals, countries, institutions, and authors. The keyword “co-occurrence analysis” is then utilized to identify major research clusters, as well as hot research directions in the field, providing directions for future research in the field. Finally, based on the results of the keyword co-occurrence analysis and the content analysis of the papers published in recent years, the research gaps in AIS data applications, ship trajectory, and anomaly detection, as well as the possible future research directions, are discussed. The findings indicate that AIS data in the future research direction are mainly reflected in the analysis of ship behavior and AIS data repair. Ship trajectory in the future research direction is mainly reflected in the deep learning-based method research and the discussion of ship trajectory classification. Anomaly detection in the future research direction is mainly reflected in the application of deep learning technology in ship anomaly detection and improving the efficiency of ship anomaly detection. These insights offer guidance for researchers’ future investigations in this area. In addition, we discuss the implications of research in the field of shipping AI from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Overall, this review can help researchers understand the status and development trend of the application field of AI technology in shipping, correctly grasp the research direction and methodology, and promote the further development of the field.","author":[{"family":"Xiao","given":"Guangnian"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Daoqi"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Lang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jinpei"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Ziran"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12040624","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040624","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401864823","type":"article-journal","title":"Offshore Wind Market Report: 2024 Edition","abstract":"The Offshore Wind Market Report: 2024 Edition provides detailed information on the U.S. and global offshore wind energy industries to inform policymakers, researchers, and analysts about technology, economic, and market trends.The report provides the status of more than 322 operating offshore wind energy projects in the global fleet through Dec. 31, 2023, as well as the broader global pipeline of projects in various development stages.To provide current information and discussion on the emerging offshore wind industry in the United States, this report tracks significant U.S. domestic progress and events from Jan. 1, 2023, to May 31, 2024.Maps of the U.S. pipeline activity and Call Areas are shown in Figure ES-1.U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Market The first commercial-scale 1 offshore wind power plant in the United States, the 132megawatt (MW) South Fork Wind Farm off Rhode Island, began delivering power to New York in November 2023 and was fully commissioned on March 14, 2024.Another commercial-scale offshore wind power plant, the 806-MW Vineyard Wind 1 project, also achieved first power in January 2024 with the installation of several operating turbines and remained under construction through the publication of this report (August 2024). 2 As of May 31, 2024, there were 174 MW of offshore wind power in operation.The U.S. offshore wind energy pipeline had 4,097 MW under construction as of May 31, 2024.Three projects contribute to this total: Vineyard Wind 1 (806 MW), Revolution Wind (704 MW), and Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind (2,587 MW).This is an increase of more than 300% from the 938 MW under construction reported in the Offshore Wind Market Report: 2023 Edition (Musial et al. 2023).By May 31, 2024, the U.S. offshore wind energy project development and operational pipeline reached a potential generating capacity of 80,523 MW.The U.S. offshore wind energy pipeline grew 53% (27,836 MW) from the previous edition of this report.Notable additions include the following: Eight proposed lease areas in the Gulf of Maine provided 15,702 MW of pipeline growth, two proposed lease areas in the mid-Atlantic provided 4,499 MW, two proposed lease areas off the coast of Oregon provided 3,156 MW, and four proposed lease areas in the Gulf of Mexico added 6,638 MW.Finally, one research lease area in the Gulf of Maine contributed 144 MW in potential capacity to the U.S. offshore wind industry pipeline.3This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications.October 2024.On April 24, 2024, U.S. Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland announced the new BOEM leasing plan through 2028 (U.S.Department of the Interior 2024), with 7 of the 12 new proposed offshore wind energy auctions in deep water suited for floating offshore wind technology. On March 22, 2024, the Internal Revenue Service issued guidance that updated the eligibility criteria for offshore wind projects seeking the Energy Communities Bonus Credit 5 passed under the Inflation Reduction Act.Offshore wind projects with multiple points of interconnection may benefit from bonus credits if they locate any power conditioning and transfer equipment at one of their points of interconnection within an energy community.Also, projects may now qualify for bonus credit benefits if their supervisory control and data acquisition system is situated at an \"eligible project port\" within an energy community.The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) estimates that $10 billion has been announced or invested in the U.S. offshore wind supply chain since the beginning of 2021.This $10 billion figure includes $2.1 billion in 2023 alone for port development, vessel orders, workforce development, research, and other supply chain investments in the U.S. offshore wind energy market (DOE 2024).The National Renewable Energy Laboratory estimates that an investment of at least $22 billion in ports, large installation vessels, and major manufacturing facilities will be neede","author":[{"family":"Mccoy","given":"Angel"},{"family":"Musial","given":"Walter"},{"family":"Hammond","given":"Rob"},{"family":"Hernando","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Duffy","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Beiter","given":"Philipp"},{"family":"Pérez","given":"Paula"},{"family":"Baranowski","given":"Ruth"},{"family":"Reber","given":"Gage"},{"family":"Spitsen","given":"Paul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.2172/2434294","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2172/2434294","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390535283","type":"article-journal","title":"Experimental Analysis of Deep-Sea AUV Based on Multi-Sensor Integrated Navigation and Positioning","abstract":"The operation of underwater vehicles in deep waters is a very challenging task. The use of AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicles) is the preferred option for underwater exploration activities. They can be autonomously navigated and controlled in real time underwater, which is only possible with precise spatio-temporal information. Navigation and positioning systems based on LBL (Long-Baseline) or USBL (Ultra-Short-Baseline) systems have their own characteristics, so the choice of system is based on the specific application scenario. However, comparative experiments on AUV navigation and positioning under both systems are rarely conducted, especially in the deep sea. This study describes navigation and positioning experiments on AUVs in deep-sea scenarios and compares the accuracy of the USBL and LBL/SINS (Strap-Down Inertial Navigation System)/DVL (Doppler Velocity Log) modes. In practice, the accuracy of the USBL positioning mode is higher when the AUV is within a 60° observation range below the ship; when the AUV is far away from the ship, the positioning accuracy decreases with increasing range and observation angle, i.e., the positioning error reaches 80 m at 4000 m depth. The navigational accuracy inside and outside the datum array is high when using the LBL/SINS/DVL mode; if the AUV is far from the datum array when climbing to the surface, the LBL cannot provide accurate position calibration while the DVL fails, resulting in large deviations in the SINS results. In summary, the use of multi-sensor combination navigation schemes is beneficial, and accurate position information acquisition should be based on the demand and cost, while other factors should also be comprehensively considered; this paper proposes the use of the LBL/SINS/DVL system scheme.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Yixu"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Yongfu"},{"family":"Li","given":"Baogang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xiangxin"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Lei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs16010199","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010199","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4362590175","type":"article-journal","title":"Sea Ice Remote Sensing—Recent Developments in Methods and Climate Data Sets","abstract":"Abstract Sea ice monitoring by polar orbiting satellites has been developed over more than four decades and is today one of the most well-established applications of space observations. This article gives an overview of data product development from the first sensors to the state-of-the-art regarding retrieval methods, new products and operational data sets serving climate monitoring as well as daily operational services including ice charting and forecasting. Passive microwave data has the longest history and represents the backbone of global ice monitoring with already more than four decades of consistent observations of ice concentration and extent. Time series of passive microwave data is the primary climate data set to document the sea ice decline in the Arctic. Scatterometer data is a valuable supplement to the passive microwave data, in particular to retrieve ice displacement and distinguish between firstyear and multiyear ice. Radar and laser altimeter data has become the main method to estimate sea ice thickness and thereby fill a gap in the observation of sea ice as an essential climate variable. Data on ice thickness allows estimation of ice volume and masses as well as improvement of the ice forecasts. The use of different altimetric frequencies also makes it possible to measure the depth of the snow covering the ice. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has become the work horse in operational ice observation on regional scale because high-resolution radar images are delivered year-round in nearly all regions where national ice services produce ice charts. Synthetic Aperture Radar data are also important for sea ice research because the data can be used to observe a number of sea ice processes and phenomena, like ice type development and sea ice dynamics, and thereby contribute to new knowledge about sea ice. The use of sea ice data products in modelling and forecasting services as well as in ice navigation is discussed. Finally, the article describes future plans for new satellites and sensors to be used in sea ice observation.","author":[{"family":"Sandven","given":"Stein"},{"family":"Spreen","given":"Gunnar"},{"family":"Heygster","given":"Georg"},{"family":"Girardardhuin","given":"Fanny"},{"family":"Farrell","given":"SL"},{"family":"Dierking","given":"Wolfgang"},{"family":"Allard","given":"Richard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10712-023-09781-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09781-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399681194","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep sea cold seeps are a sink for mercury and source for methylmercury","abstract":"Abstract The effect of seafloor cold seeps on the biogeochemical cycling of mercury (Hg) remains enigmatic. Here we demonstrate substantial enrichments of mercury and methylmercury, along with the presence of microbes capable of metabolizing mercury in sediments of the Haima cold seep, South China Sea, by analyzing mercury and methylmercury concentrations, mercury isotopic composition analyses and metagenomic analyses of sediment cores. Compared to the reference area, the sediments in the upper sediment column of the active-seep area were 2.4 times enriched in Hg and 10.5 times in methylmercury. The slope of the capital delta ratio of mercury 199 to mercury 201 (Δ199Hg/Δ201Hg) with 1.23 ± 0.10 in the active-seep area indicate the occurrence of dark redox reactions. Genes related to mercury methylation (hgcA), demethylation (merB) and reduction (merA) were phylogenetically associated with several bacterial and archaeal linages. We roughly estimated an additional 2,835 Mg mercury and 9 Mg methylmercury are stored in cold seep globally. In summary, we propose that cold seeps globally function as a previously unrecognized sink for mercury and source for methylmercury in the deep ocean.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Jiwei"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Xiyang"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Yongjie"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chuwen"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yali"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Shanshan"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Xinbin"},{"family":"Heimbürgerboavida","given":"Lars‐éric"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Fei"},{"family":"Shang","given":"Lihai"},{"family":"Peng","given":"Xiaotong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s43247-024-01484-7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01484-7","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403041123","type":"article-journal","title":"Sustainable Maritime Transport: A Review of Intelligent Shipping Technology and Green Port Construction Applications","abstract":"With the global economy’s relentless growth and heightened environmental consciousness, sustainable maritime transport emerges as a pivotal development trajectory for the shipping sector. This study systematically analyzes 478 publications searched in the Web of Science Core Collection, from 2000 to 2023, utilizing bibliometric methods to investigate the application areas in sustainable development within the shipping industry. This study begins with an analysis of annual publication trends, which reveals a substantial expansion in research endeavors within this discipline over recent years. Subsequently, a comprehensive statistical evaluation of scholarly journals and a collaborative network assessment are conducted to pinpoint the foremost productive journals, nations, organizations, and individual researchers. Furthermore, a keyword co-occurrence methodology is applied to delineate the core research themes and emerging focal points within this domain, thereby outlining potential research directions for future research. In addition, drawing on the keyword co-occurrence analysis, the advancements in intelligent shipping technologies and green port construction applications within sustainable maritime transport are discussed. Finally, the review discusses the existing challenges and opportunities of sustainable maritime transport from a theoretical and practical perspective. The research shows that, in terms of intelligent shipping technology, data security and multi-source data are the focus that people need to pay attention to in the future; a trajectory prediction for different climates and different ship types is also an area for future research. In terms of green ports, Cold Ironing (CI) is one of the key points of the green port strategy, and how to drive stakeholders to build sustainable green ports efficiently and economically is the future developmental direction. This review serves to enhance researchers’ comprehension of the current landscape and progression trajectory of intelligent shipping technologies, thereby fostering the continued advancement and exploration in this vital domain.","author":[{"family":"Xiao","given":"Guangnian"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yiqun"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Ruijing"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jinpei"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Zeyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12101728","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12101728","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4389892413","type":"article-journal","title":"A horizon scan of global biological conservation issues for 2024","abstract":"We present the results of our 15th horizon scan of novel issues that could influence biological conservation in the future. From an initial list of 96 issues, our international panel of scientists and practitioners identified 15 that we consider important for societies worldwide to track and potentially respond to. Issues are novel within conservation or represent a substantial positive or negative step-change with global or regional extents. For example, new sources of hydrogen fuel and changes in deep-sea currents may have profound impacts on marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Technological advances that may be positive include benchtop DNA printers and the industrialisation of approaches that can create high-protein food from air, potentially reducing the pressure on land for food production.","author":[{"family":"Sutherland","given":"William"},{"family":"Bennett","given":"Craig"},{"family":"Brotherton","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Butchart","given":"Stuart"},{"family":"Butterworth","given":"Holly"},{"family":"Clarke","given":"Stewart"},{"family":"Esmail","given":"Nafeesa"},{"family":"Fleishman","given":"Erica"},{"family":"Gaston","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Herbertread","given":"James"},{"family":"Hughes","given":"Alice"},{"family":"James","given":"Jennifer"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.tree.2023.11.001","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2023.11.001","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4394776334","type":"article-journal","title":"Emerging underwater survey technologies: A review and future outlook","abstract":"Emerging underwater survey technologies are revolutionizing the way we explore and understand the underwater world. This review examines the latest advancements in underwater survey equipment, highlighting their operational benefits and potential areas for future development. Recent developments in underwater survey technologies have led to significant improvements in accuracy, efficiency, and data quality. Advanced sonar systems, such as multibeam and sidescan sonars, provide high-resolution images of the seafloor, allowing for detailed mapping of underwater features. Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) equipped with sophisticated sensors and cameras enable precise data collection in challenging environments, such as deep-sea areas or complex underwater structures. The operational benefits of these technologies are vast. They allow for faster surveying, reduced costs, and improved safety for personnel. Additionally, the high-quality data obtained from these surveys can lead to better decision-making in various industries, including offshore energy, marine research, and underwater archaeology. Looking ahead, the future of underwater survey technologies is promising. There is a growing interest in developing integrated systems that combine multiple sensors and data processing capabilities to provide a more comprehensive view of underwater environments. Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms are also being increasingly utilized to analyze large datasets and extract valuable insights. However, several challenges remain, such as the need for better underwater communication systems, improved battery life for autonomous vehicles, and enhanced data processing capabilities. Addressing these challenges will be crucial for the continued advancement of underwater survey technologies. In conclusion, the latest advancements in underwater survey technologies offer exciting opportunities for enhancing our understanding of the underwater world. By leveraging these technologies and addressing key challenges, we can unlock new possibilities for underwater exploration and research.","author":[{"family":"Igbinenikaro","given":"Osayi"},{"family":"Adekoya","given":"Oladipo"},{"family":"Etukudoh","given":"Emmanuel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.53022/oarjst.2024.10.2.0052","URL":"https://doi.org/10.53022/oarjst.2024.10.2.0052","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388240496","type":"article-journal","title":"Navigating Industry 5.0: A Survey of Key Enabling Technologies, Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities","abstract":"This century has been a major avenue for revolutionary changes in technology and industry. Industries have transitioned towards intelligent automation, relying less on human intervention, resulting in the fourth industrial revolution, Industry 4.0. That is why IoT has been the researcher’s arena for quite some time. With Industry 4.0 still in motion, the world is on the verge of the 5th industrial revolution, a relatively new concept with many unclear opinions regarding its potential benefits, challenges, opportunities, trends, and impact on society. There is a dire need for a broader and more critical perspective. This research paints a bigger picture of “What is happening?” and “What to expect?” during the transition phase of Industry 5.0. In this comprehensive review, we have addressed the state-of-the-art practices in Industry 4.0 and the transitional phase of Industry 5.0. We have highlighted the most promising key enabling technologies, trends, research topics, rising challenges, and unfolding opportunities that can help prepare society for this paradigm shift. The paper then surveys the work toward the outstanding key enablers, challenges, trends, and opportunities for the IoT evolution for Industry 5.0. To spur further avenues for researchers and industrialists, the paper offers conclusive insights at the end. In addition, the article has a precise set of research questions answered in consequent sections and subsections for the reader’s clarity.","author":[{"family":"Tallat","given":"Raiha"},{"family":"Hawbani","given":"Ammar"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xingfu"},{"family":"Aldubai","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Liang"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zhi"},{"family":"Min","given":"Geyong"},{"family":"Zomaya","given":"Albert"},{"family":"Alsamhi","given":"Saeed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/comst.2023.3329472","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2023.3329472","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400386483","type":"article-journal","title":"Electric vehicle charging technologies, infrastructure expansion, grid integration strategies, and their role in promoting sustainable e-mobility","abstract":"The transport sector is experiencing a notable transition towards sustainability, propelled by technological progress, innovative materials, and a dedication to environmental preservation. This study explicitly examines the incorporation of electric vehicles (EVs) into the power grid, with a particular emphasis on passenger automobiles. Our analysis emphasises the vital importance of updated transport infrastructure in decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and aiding carbon reduction efforts in electricity networks. The analysis uncovers that adopting electric vehicles offers significant advantages, including enhanced grid efficiency and decreased emissions. However, it also brings issues concerning the design and operation of power systems at both the transmission and distribution levels. Key players are crucial in tackling these difficulties to improve electric vehicle integration into the grid. The study determines the most effective ways for distributing and providing electric vehicle charging infrastructure, and investigates the efforts made to establish common standards in order to solve current challenges. This research contributes to the advancement of sustainable mobility and energy systems by conducting a thorough examination of the impact of electric vehicles on power systems and offering appropriate integration solutions.","author":[{"family":"Singh","given":"Arvind"},{"family":"Vishnuram","given":"Pradeep"},{"family":"Alagarsamy","given":"Sureshkumar"},{"family":"Bajaj","given":"Mohit"},{"family":"Blažek","given":"Vojtěch"},{"family":"Damaj","given":"Issam"},{"family":"Rathore","given":"Rajkumar"},{"family":"Alwesabi","given":"Fahd"},{"family":"Othman","given":"Kamal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.aej.2024.06.093","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2024.06.093","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393204481","type":"article-journal","title":"Haemolysins are essential to the pathogenicity of deep-sea Vibrio fluvialis","abstract":"Vibrio fluvialis is an emerging foodborne pathogen that produces VFH ( Vibrio fluvialis hemolysin) and &#x3b4;VFH (delta- Vibrio fluvialis hemolysin). The function of &#x3b4;VFH is unclear. Currently, no pathogenic V . fluvialis from deep sea has been reported. In this work, a deep-sea V . fluvialis isolate (V13) was examined for pathogenicity. V13 was most closely related to V.&#xa0;fluvialis ATCC 33809, a human isolate, but possessed 262 unique genes. V13 caused lethal infection in fish and induced pyroptosis involving activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase 1 (Casp1), and gasdermin D (GSDMD). V13 defective in VFH or VFH plus &#x3b4;VFH exhibited significantly weakened cytotoxicity. Recombinant &#x3b4;VFH induced NLRP3-Casp1-GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in a manner that depended on K + efflux and intracellular Ca 2+ accumulation. &#x3b4;VFH bound several plasma membrane lipids, and these bindings were crucial for &#x3b4;VFH cytotoxicity. Together these results provided new insights into the function of &#x3b4;VFH and the virulence mechanism of V.&#xa0;fluvialis .","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Yujian"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Jian","given":"Zhang"},{"family":"Guan","given":"Xiaolu"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Li"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.isci.2024.109558","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.109558","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4401077706","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater temperature and pressure monitoring for deep-sea SCUBA divers using optical techniques","abstract":"The safety of SCUBA divers remains at high risk in deep-sea owing to multiple factors such as dangerous surrounding, rely upon technical equipment necessary for life support, decreased underwater navigation, and communication infrastructure. Gradual decrease and increase in water temperature and pressure corresponding to depth are among the most common problems that cause most of the fatalities in deep-sea diving. Therefore, different gadgets for accurate measurement of vital parameters, reliable navigation, and seamless communication are of prime importance. In this paper, we propose an all-optical technique for local and remote monitoring of underwater temperature and pressure for deep-sea SCUBA divers based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors and underwater optical communication-single mode fiber (UWOC-SMF) integrated transmission system. The proposed technique is implemented using two FBG temperature and pressure sensors fixed over diver’s suit and UWOC-SMF integrated transmission system for simultaneous local and remote monitoring of underwater temperature and pressure. Remote monitoring of underwater temperature and pressure is achieved at ship station through a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) and UWOC-SMF integrated transmission system by means of shifts in the original Bragg wavelengths of sensors due to temperature and pressure variations. The performance of the sensors is analyzed for pressure and temperature in the range of 0 to 6.4 MPa ( ≈ 0 to 655 m H 2 O ) and 40 to −2 °C , respectively corresponding to different depths. The results show that the proposed technique can work well in the deep ocean over a range of pressures and temperatures of 0–7 MPa and 40 to −2 °C while achieving a temperature sensitivity of 4.3 p.m./ ° C and a pressure sensitivity of 30.5 p.m./MPa. Clear spectra of reflected signals from FBG sensors at ship station are achieved after signal transmission over UWOC-SMF hybrid link.","author":[{"family":"Mirza","given":"Jawad"},{"family":"Kanwal","given":"Firdos"},{"family":"Salaria","given":"Umair"},{"family":"Ghafoor","given":"Salman"},{"family":"Aziz","given":"Imran"},{"family":"Atieh","given":"Ahmad"},{"family":"Almogren","given":"Ahmad"},{"family":"Haq","given":"Anwar"},{"family":"Kanwal","given":"Benish"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fphy.2024.1417293","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2024.1417293","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399330852","type":"article-journal","title":"Bioprospecting and marine ‘omics’: surfing the deep blue sea for novel bioactive proteins and peptides","abstract":"The vast biological and biochemical diversity of the global ocean is the driver behind marine bioprospecting for novel bioproducts. As Marine Biotechnology is gaining momentum as one of the main pillars of the ‘Brue Growth’ revolution, the ability to screen for novel compounds of interest in species with little or no genomic resources is paramount. With this respect, proteins, which are easily metabolised, can be synthetised using convenient DNA recombinant methods and can easily be modified to better meet the needs of human society, making them prized targets. Evidently, proteins that hold natural bioactivity and specificity such as toxins and other venom components, have long captured the focus of biotechnologists, leading to the merger between environmental omics and toxinology termed as ‘venomics’. Indeed, bioactive proteins such as conopeptides, conotoxins, turripeptides and others are long deemed important subjects of research. Even though current mainstream paradigms set the focus on secondary metabolites from marine organisms, transcriptomics and proteomics approaches and their combination are rising strategies for screening for thousands of proteins and peptides in non-conventional biological models, emphasising, but not limited to, marine invertebrate animals due to their abundance, biodiversity and uncanny biochemical strategies to cope with selective pressure in literally every known marine habitat. Untargeted approaches, such as RNA-Seq – based transcriptomics and tandem mass spectrometry – based proteomics, can circumvent limitations related with absent or reduced genomic annotation. The present review will outline the main contributions of ‘omics’ and computational approaches for bioprospecting for proteinaceous marine bioactives. Despite the relatively low number of ‘omics’ studies with the main purpose of discover novel compounds, there is already important literature showcasing pipelines and approaches for revolutionising the exploration of the ocean.","author":[{"family":"Cabral","given":"Inês"},{"family":"Gonçalves","given":"Cátia"},{"family":"Grosso","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Costa","given":"Pedro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1362697","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1362697","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391753043","type":"article-journal","title":"The Wide-Area Coverage Path Planning Strategy for Deep-Sea Mining Vehicle Cluster Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning","abstract":"The path planning strategy of deep-sea mining vehicles is an important factor affecting the efficiency of deep-sea mining missions. However, the current traditional path planning algorithms suffer from hose entanglement problems and small coverage in the path planning of mining vehicle cluster. To improve the security and coverage of deep-sea mining systems, this paper proposes a cluster-coverage path planning strategy based on a traditional algorithm and Deep Q Network (DQN). First, we designed a deep-sea mining environment modeling and map decomposition method. Subsequently, the path planning strategy design is based on traditional algorithms and DQN. Considering the actual needs of deep-sea mining missions, the mining vehicle cluster path planning algorithm is optimized in several aspects, such as loss function, neural network structure, sample selection mechanism, constraints, and reward function. Finally, we conducted simulation experiments and analysis of the algorithm on the simulation platform. The experimental results show that the deep-sea mining cluster path planning strategy proposed in this paper performs better in terms of security, coverage, and coverage rate.","author":[{"family":"Xing","given":"Bowen"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xiao"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zhenchong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12020316","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020316","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400270484","type":"article-journal","title":"Reviewing the Spectral Variation Hypothesis: Twenty years in the tumultuous sea of biodiversity estimation by remote sensing","abstract":"Twenty years ago, the Spectral Variation Hypothesis (SVH) was formulated as a means to link between different aspects of biodiversity and spatial patterns of spectral data (e.g. reflectance) measured from optical remote sensing. This hypothesis initially assumed a positive correlation between spatial variations computed from raster data and spatial variations in the environment, which would in turn correlate with species richness: following SVH, areas characterized by high spectral heterogeneity (SH) should be related to a higher number of available ecological niches, more likely to host a higher number of species when combined. The past decade has witnessed major evolution and progress both in terms of remotely sensed data available, techniques to analyze them, and ecological questions to be addressed. SVH has been tested in many contexts with a variety of remote sensing data, and this recent corpus highlighted potentials and pitfalls. The aim of this paper is to review and discuss recent methodological developments based on SVH, leading progress in ecological knowledge as well as conceptual uncertainties and limitations for the application of SVH to estimate different dimensions of biodiversity. In particular, we systematically review more than 130 publications and provide an overview of ecosystems, the different remote sensing data characteristics (i.e., spatial, spectral and temporal resolution), metrics, tools, and applications for which the SVH was tested and the strength of the association between SH and biodiversity metrics reported by each study. In conclusion, this paper serves as a guideline for researchers navigating the complexities of applying the SVH, offering insights into the current state of knowledge and future research possibilities in the field of biodiversity estimation by remote sensing data.","author":[{"family":"Torresani","given":"Michele"},{"family":"Rossi","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Perrone","given":"Michela"},{"family":"Hauser","given":"Leon"},{"family":"Féret","given":"Jean‐baptiste"},{"family":"Moudrý","given":"Vítězslav"},{"family":"Šímová","given":"Petra"},{"family":"Ricotta","given":"Carlo"},{"family":"Foody","given":"Giles"},{"family":"Kacic","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Feilhauer","given":"Hannes"},{"family":"Malavasi","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Tognetti","given":"Roberto"},{"family":"Rocchini","given":"Duccio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2024.102702","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2024.102702","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405910210","type":"article-journal","title":"Machine learning methods for histopathological image analysis: Updates in 2024","abstract":"The combination of artificial intelligence and digital pathology has emerged as a transformative force in healthcare and biomedical research. As an update to our 2018 review, this review presents comprehensive analysis of machine learning applications in histopathological image analysis, with focus on the developments since 2018. We highlight significant advances that have expanded the technical capabilities and practical applications of computational pathology. The review examines progress in addressing key challenges in the field as follows: processing of gigapixel whole slide images, insufficient labeled data, multidimensional analysis, domain shifts across institutions, and interpretability of machine learning models. We evaluate emerging trends, such as foundation models and multimodal integration, that are reshaping the field. Overall, our review highlights the potential of machine learning in enhancing both routine pathological analysis and scientific discovery in pathology. By providing this comprehensive overview, this review aims to guide researchers and clinicians in understanding the current state of the pathology image analysis field and its future trajectory.","author":[{"family":"Komura","given":"Daisuke"},{"family":"Ochi","given":"Mieko"},{"family":"Ishikawa","given":"Shumpei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.csbj.2024.12.033","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2024.12.033","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4396581949","type":"article-journal","title":"Analysis and performance evaluation of computation models for node localization in deep sea using UWSN","abstract":"Summary Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) connects the real world to the hidden resources available deep into the sea using sensor nodes deployed sparsely and are interconnected to gather information for any movement/change in the ocean. The computed information on nodes obtained from concurrently running UWSN's applications will be meaningful, only if the location of this change will be identified. Nevertheless, it is always difficult to obtain the exact location coordinates of any misadventure like tectonic plate's movement but using localization algorithms in UWSN helps to obtain the coordinates. Since localization algorithms for terrestrial networks are not feasible for UWSN because of environmental challenges. Moreover, GPS systems do not work after 15 m of depth and the radio frequency gets suppressed. So, the requirement arises to analyze existing localization approaches in the deep sea where acoustic signals are used for communication and data transfer. In this paper, along with describing the UWSN's applications and challenges, the underwater localization schemes are reviewed to present, summarize, and mention the scope of improvement. Further, classification into range‐based and range‐free categories of these schemes is depicted with implementation in the NS2.30 simulation environment of some of the recent techniques to showcase the reasons for better performance.","author":[{"family":"Kumar","given":"Manni"},{"family":"Goyal","given":"Nitin"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Ashutosh"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Rakesh"},{"family":"Rana","given":"Arun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/dac.5798","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.5798","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399310999","type":"article-journal","title":"Toward 6G Optical Fronthaul: A Survey on Enabling Technologies and Research Perspectives","abstract":"The anticipated launch of the Sixth Generation (6G) of mobile technology by 2030 will mark a significant milestone in the evolution of wireless communication, ushering in a new era with advancements in technology and applications. 6G is expected to deliver ultra-high data rates and almost instantaneous communications, with three-dimensional coverage for everything, everywhere, and at any time. In the 6G Radio Access Networks (RANs) architecture, the Fronthaul connects geographically distributed Remote Units (RUs) to Distributed/Digital Units (DUs) pool. Among all possible solutions for implementing 6G fronthaul, optical technologies will remain crucial in supporting the 6G fronthaul, as they offer high-speed, low-latency, and reliable transmission capabilities to meet the 6G strict requirements. This survey provides an explanation of the 5G and future 6G optical fronthaul concept and presents a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art and future research directions in 6G optical fronthaul, highlighting the key technologies and research perspectives fundamental in designing fronthaul networks for 5G and future 6G. Additionally, it examines the benefits and drawbacks of each optical technology and its potential applications in 6G fronthaul networks. This paper aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers and industry professionals about the current state and future prospects of 6G optical fronthaul technologies, facilitating the development of robust and efficient wireless networks of the future.","author":[{"family":"Fayad","given":"Abdulhalim"},{"family":"Cinkler","given":"Tibor"},{"family":"Rak","given":"Jacek"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/comst.2024.3408090","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2024.3408090","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404719072","type":"article-journal","title":"Technologies in Marine Antifouling and Anti-Corrosion Coatings: A Comprehensive Review","abstract":"With the rapid development of marine engineering, effective antifouling and anti-corrosion technologies are essential for ensuring the safety and longevity of marine facilities. This review synthesizes current research on various coating technologies designed to combat marine biological fouling and corrosion. It analyzes the causes of marine biological fouling and corrosion, discusses their potential impacts on the safety of ships and marine structures, and emphasizes the need for effective protective systems. The review covers current antifouling coating technologies, including the preparation of low-surface-energy coatings, conductive coatings, biomimetic coatings, polysiloxane coatings, polyurea coatings, epoxy coatings, polyurethane coatings, and high-entropy alloy coatings. Anti-corrosion coatings are also discussed, with a focus on the characteristics of epoxy, polyurethane, and polyurea coatings, as well as metal-based coatings, alongside their corrosion resistance in marine environments. Based on existing research, the review summarizes ongoing challenges in marine antifouling and anti-corrosion coating technologies, and offers perspectives on future research directions and technological developments.","author":[{"family":"Hua","given":"Liang"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Xiaolong"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yanzhou"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/coatings14121487","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14121487","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4389100928","type":"article-journal","title":"Container port truck dispatching optimization using Real2Sim based deep reinforcement learning","abstract":"In marine container terminals, truck dispatching optimization is often considered as the primary focus as it provides crucial synergy between the sea-side operations and yard-side activities and hence can greatly affect the terminal throughput and quay crane utilization. However, many existing studies rely on strong assumptions that often overlook the uncertainties and dynamics innate to real-life applications. In this work, we propose a dynamic truck dispatching system for container ports equipped with the latest IoT technologies. The system is comprised of Real2Sim simulation and a truck dispatch agent, trained through a spatial-attention based deep reinforcement learning module, supported by an expert network. The proposed Real2Sim framework has the ability to model the non-linear complexities and non-deterministic events while our attention-aware deep reinforcement learning module is capable of making full use of both historical and real-time port data to learn a high-quality truck dispatching policy under uncertainties. Extensive experiments show our proposed method has good generalization and achieves the state-of-the-art results on the problems derived from real-life data of a large international port.","author":[{"family":"Jin","given":"Jiahuan"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Tianxiang"},{"family":"Bai","given":"Ruibin"},{"family":"Qu","given":"Rong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ejor.2023.11.038","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2023.11.038","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4396669709","type":"article-journal","title":"Nanoplastics Detected in Commercial Sea Salt","abstract":"People of all ages consume salt every day, but is it really just salt? Plastic nanoparticles [nanoplastics (NPs)] pose an increasing environmental threat and have begun to contaminate everyday salt in consumer goods. Herein, we developed a combined surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) approach that can realize the filtration, enrichment, and detection of NPs in commercial salt. The Au-loaded (50 nm) anodic alumina oxide substrate was used as the SERS substrate to explore the potential types of NP contaminants in salts. SRS was used to conduct imaging and quantify the presence of the NPs. SRS detection was successfully established through standard plastics, and NPs were identified through the match of the hydrocarbon group of the nanoparticles. Simultaneously, the NPs were quantified based on the high spatial resolution and rapid imaging of the SRS imaging platform. NPs in sea salts produced in Asia, Australasia, Europe, and the Atlantic were studied. We estimate that, depending on the location, an average person could be ingesting as many as 6 million NPs per year through the consumption of sea salt alone. The potential health hazards associated with NP ingestion should not be underestimated.","author":[{"family":"Ruan","given":"Xuejun"},{"family":"Ao","given":"Jianpeng"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Minglu"},{"family":"Jones","given":"Robin"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Kejian"},{"family":"Ge","given":"Qiuyue"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Guanjun"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yangyang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Lifang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Wei"},{"family":"You","given":"Wenbo"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Licheng"},{"family":"Valev","given":"Ventsislav"},{"family":"Ji","given":"Minbiao"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Liwu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acs.est.3c11021","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c11021","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4389313720","type":"article-journal","title":"Scaling law of deep-sea trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosion","abstract":"Abstract Understanding the dynamic characteristics of deep-sea explosions is essential to improve the survivability and combat capability of deep-sea equipment. In this paper, by considering the practical underwater conditions, we investigated the mechanical effects of the deep-sea 1-kg-trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosion with charge depths ranging from 1 to 10 km through numerical simulation and dimensional analysis. The shock wave overpressure, the positive overpressure pulse, the bubble pulse, and the energy distribution for various depth explosions were analyzed systematically. The simulation results showed that the charge depth was negligible for the peak overpressure of the shock wave. However, the positive overpressure pulse, the shock wave energy, the maximum bubble radius, the bubble energy, and the bubble period decrease significantly with increasing the charge depth. Then, the dimensional analysis for deep-sea TNT explosion was performed to reveal the key dimensionless parameters, from which the scaling laws of the shock wave overpressure and the overpressure pulse were obtained. By fitting the simulation results, the dimensionless equations were proposed, providing an effective method for predicting the peak overpressure and the positive overpressure pulse of shock wave for underwater TNT explosion over a wide range of water depths.","author":[{"family":"Yue","given":"Junzheng"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Xianqian"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Chenguang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10409-023-23280-x","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-023-23280-x","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4394566964","type":"article-journal","title":"A survey on blockchain technology in the maritime industry: Challenges and future perspectives","abstract":"Blockchain technology has emerged as a potential solution to address the imperative need for enhancing security, transparency, and efficiency in the maritime industry, where increasing reliance on digital systems and data prevails. However, the integration of blockchain in the maritime sector is still an underexplored territory, necessitating a comprehensive investigation into its impact, challenges, and implementation strategies to harness its transformative potential effectively. This survey paper investigates the impact of Maritime Blockchain on Supply Chain Management, shedding light on its ability to enhance transparency, traceability, and overall efficiency in the complex realm of maritime logistics. Furthermore, the paper offers a practical roadmap for the integration of blockchain technology into the Maritime Industry, presenting a comprehensive framework that maritime stakeholders can adopt to unlock the advantages of blockchain in their operations. In addition to these aspects, the study conducts a thorough examination of the current network infrastructure in Ports and Vessels. This assessment provides a holistic view of the technological landscape within the maritime sector, which is crucial for understanding the challenges and opportunities for the successful implementation of blockchain technology. Moreover, the research identifies and analyzes specific Blockchain cybersecurity challenges that are pertinent to the Maritime Industry.","author":[{"family":"Farah","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Yussuf"},{"family":"Mahmoud","given":"Haithem"},{"family":"Shah","given":"Syed"},{"family":"Al-Kadri","given":"MO"},{"family":"Taramonli","given":"Sandy"},{"family":"Bellekens","given":"Xavier"},{"family":"Abozariba","given":"Raouf"},{"family":"Idrissi","given":"Moad"},{"family":"Aneiba","given":"Adel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.future.2024.03.046","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2024.03.046","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392986942","type":"article-journal","title":"A Highly Sensitive Deep-Sea Hydrodynamic Pressure Sensor Inspired by Fish Lateral Line","abstract":"Hydrodynamic pressure sensors offer an auxiliary approach for ocean exploration by unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). However, existing hydrodynamic pressure sensors often lack the ability to monitor subtle hydrodynamic stimuli in deep-sea environments. In this study, we present the development of a deep-sea hydrodynamic pressure sensor (DSHPS) capable of operating over a wide range of water depths while maintaining exceptional hydrodynamic sensing performance. The DSHPS device was systematically optimized by considering factors such as piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene/barium titanate [P(VDF-TrFE)/BTO] nanofibers, electrode configurations, sensing element dimensions, integrated circuits, and packaging strategies. The optimized DSHPS exhibited a remarkable pressure gradient response, achieving a minimum pressure difference detection capability of approximately 0.11 Pa. Additionally, the DSHPS demonstrated outstanding performance in the spatial positioning of dipole sources, which was elucidated through theoretical charge modeling and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations. Furthermore, the integration of a high Young's modulus packaging strategy inspired by fish skull morphology ensured reliable sensing capabilities of the DSHPS even at depths of 1000 m in the deep sea. The DSHPS also exhibited consistent and reproducible positioning performance for subtle hydrodynamic stimulus sources across this wide range of water depths. We envision that the development of the DSHPS not only enhances our understanding of the evolutionary aspects of deep-sea canal lateral lines but also paves the way for the advancement of artificial hydrodynamic pressure sensors.","author":[{"family":"Hu","given":"Xiaohe"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Zhiqiang"},{"family":"Gong","given":"Zheng"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Fuqun"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Sheng"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Deyuan"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Yonggang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/biomimetics9030190","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9030190","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393142641","type":"article-journal","title":"Ship Detection with Deep Learning in Optical Remote-Sensing Images: A Survey of Challenges and Advances","abstract":"Ship detection aims to automatically identify whether there are ships in the images, precisely classifies and localizes them. Regardless of whether utilizing early manually designed methods or deep learning technology, ship detection is dedicated to exploring the inherent characteristics of ships to enhance recall. Nowadays, high-precision ship detection plays a crucial role in civilian and military applications. In order to provide a comprehensive review of ship detection in optical remote-sensing images (SDORSIs), this paper summarizes the challenges as a guide. These challenges include complex marine environments, insufficient discriminative features, large scale variations, dense and rotated distributions, large aspect ratios, and imbalances between positive and negative samples. We meticulously review the improvement methods and conduct a detailed analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of these methods. We compile ship information from common optical remote sensing image datasets and compare algorithm performance. Simultaneously, we compare and analyze the feature extraction capabilities of backbones based on CNNs and Transformer, seeking new directions for the development in SDORSIs. Promising prospects are provided to facilitate further research in the future.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Tianqi"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yongcheng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zheng"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Yunxiao"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Chi"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Zhikang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs16071145","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071145","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404646515","type":"article-journal","title":"Supramolecular deep eutectic solvents in extraction processes: a review","abstract":"Abstract Solvent selection is essential for industrial and analytical extraction processes to ensure environmental safety and neutrality. Nevertheless, toxic and hazardous solvents are often used, due to their cost-effectiveness and ready availability. In green chemistry, alternative solvents such as supramolecular deep eutectic solvents are gaining attention due to their superior performance compared with traditional non-green solvents in certain applications. Here we review the use of supramolecular deep eutectic solvents as a green solvent for analytical and industrial liquid–liquid extraction processes, with focus on physicochemical properties, extraction conditions, the capacity factor, the enrichment factor, fuel desulfurization, extraction of biological active compounds, lignin valorization, and sample preparation.","author":[{"family":"Makośchełstowska","given":"Patrycja"},{"family":"Słupek","given":"Edyta"},{"family":"Fourmentin","given":"Sophie"},{"family":"Gębicki","given":"Jacek"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10311-024-01795-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-024-01795-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390005390","type":"article-journal","title":"A Survey on Air-to-Sea Integrated Maritime Internet of Things: Enabling Technologies, Applications, and Future Challenges","abstract":"Future generation communication systems are exemplified by 5G and 6G wireless technologies, and the utilization of integrated air-to-sea (A2S) communication infrastructure is employed to extend network coverage and enhance data throughput to support data-driven maritime applications. These ground-breaking techniques have promoted the rapid development of the maritime internet of things (MIoT). In particular, the integration of air base stations (ABSs) in the MIoT can achieve broadband, low-delay, and reliable wireless transmissions. Considering the potential of ABS-enabled communications, this survey presents the state of the art in the A2S integrated MIoT. More specifically, relevant A2S integrated MIoT architectures are discussed together with the role of their building blocks. Next, we introduce the enabling technologies, including the sensor, communication, data processing and storage, and security and privacy protection techniques. Then, resource allocation, cloud/edge computing and caching, routing protocols, and spatial location optimization in the maritime environment are discussed and grouped based on their performance targets. Additionally, we also show the potential applications of the A2S integrated MIoT in marine environment monitoring, traffic, navigation safety, and resources management. Finally, several future challenges in the area of the A2S integrated MIoT are given, related to the technical security, reliability, and energy efficiency, etc.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Shulei"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Lijun"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Fanghui"},{"family":"Hassan","given":"Abual"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Dawei"},{"family":"He","given":"Yixin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12010011","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010011","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401705670","type":"article-journal","title":"North Atlantic deep-sea benthic biodiversity unveiled through sponge natural sampler DNA","abstract":"The deep-sea remains the biggest challenge to biodiversity exploration, and anthropogenic disturbances extend well into this realm, calling for urgent management strategies. One of the most diverse, productive, and vulnerable ecosystems in the deep sea are sponge grounds. Currently, environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is revolutionising the field of biodiversity monitoring, yet complex deep-sea benthic ecosystems remain challenging to assess even with these novel technologies. Here, we evaluate the effectiveness of whole-community metabarcoding to characterise metazoan diversity in sponge grounds across the North Atlantic by leveraging the natural eDNA sampling properties of deep-sea sponges themselves. We sampled 97 sponge tissues from four species across four North-Atlantic biogeographic regions in the deep sea and screened them using the universal COI barcode region. We recovered unprecedented levels of taxonomic diversity per unit effort, especially across the phyla Chordata, Cnidaria, Echinodermata and Porifera, with at least 406 metazoan species found in our study area. These assemblages identify strong spatial patterns in relation to both latitude and depth, and detect emblematic species currently employed as indicators for these vulnerable habitats. The remarkable performance of this approach in different species of sponges, in different biogeographic regions and across the whole animal kingdom, illustrates the vast potential of natural samplers as high-resolution biomonitoring solutions for highly diverse and vulnerable deep-sea ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Gallego","given":"Ramón"},{"family":"Arias","given":"María"},{"family":"Corrallou","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Díezvives","given":"Cristina"},{"family":"Neave","given":"Erika"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Wang"},{"family":"Cárdenas","given":"Paco"},{"family":"Steffen","given":"Karin"},{"family":"Taboada","given":"Sergi"},{"family":"Villamor","given":"Adriana"},{"family":"Kenchington","given":"Ellen"},{"family":"Mariani","given":"Stefano"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s42003-024-06695-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06695-4","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4400699117","type":"article-journal","title":"Pan-Genome Provides Insights into Vibrio Evolution and Adaptation to Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents","abstract":"This study delves into the genomic features of 10 Vibrio strains collected from deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean, providing insights into their evolutionary history and ecological adaptations. Through sequencing and pan-genome analysis involving 141 Vibrio species, we found that deep-sea strains exhibit larger genomes with unique gene distributions, suggesting adaptation to the vent environment. The phylogenomic reconstruction of the investigated isolates revealed the presence of 2 main clades: The first is monophyletic, consisting exclusively of Vibrio alginolyticus, while the second forms a monophyletic clade comprising both Vibrio antiquarius and Vibrio diabolicus species, which were previously isolated from deep-sea vents. All strains carry virulence and antibiotic resistance genes related to those found in human pathogenic Vibrio species which may play a wider ecological role other than host infection in these environments. In addition, functional genomic analysis identified genes potentially related to deep-sea survival and stress response, alongside candidate genes encoding for novel antimicrobial agents. Ultimately, the pan-genome we generated represents a valuable resource for future studies investigating the taxonomy, evolution, and ecology of Vibrio species.","author":[{"family":"Bosi","given":"Emanuele"},{"family":"Taviani","given":"Elisa"},{"family":"Avesani","given":"Alessia"},{"family":"Doni","given":"Lapo"},{"family":"Auguste","given":"Manon"},{"family":"Oliveri","given":"Caterina"},{"family":"Leonessi","given":"Martina"},{"family":"Martínez-Urtaza","given":"Jaime"},{"family":"Vetriani","given":"Costantino"},{"family":"Vezzulli","given":"Luigi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1093/gbe/evae131","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evae131","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401639680","type":"article-journal","title":"The Role of 6G Technologies in Advancing Smart City Applications: Opportunities and Challenges","abstract":"The deployment of fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks has already laid the ground-work for futuristic smart cities but along with this, it has also triggered the rapid growth of a wide range of applications, for example, the Internet of Everything (IoE), online gaming, extended/virtual reality (XR/VR), telemedicine, cloud computing, and others, which require ultra-low latency, ubiquitous coverage, higher data rates, extreme device density, ultra-high capacity, energy efficiency, and better reliability. Moreover, the predicted explosive surge in mobile traffic until 2030 along with envisioned potential use-cases/scenarios in a smart city context will far exceed the capabilities for which 5G was designed. Therefore, there is a need to harness the 6th Generation (6G) capabilities, which will not only meet the stringent requirements of smart megacities but can also open up a new range of potential applications. Other crucial concerns that need to be addressed are related to network security, data privacy, interoperability, the digital divide, and other integration issues. In this article, we examine current and emerging trends for the implementation of 6G in the smart city arena. Firstly, we give an inclusive and comprehensive review of potential 6th Generation (6G) mobile communication technologies that can find potential use in smart cities. The discussion of each technology also covers its potential benefits, challenges and future research direction. Secondly, we also explore promising smart city applications that will use these 6G technologies, such as, smart grids, smart healthcare, smart waste management, etc. In the conclusion part, we have also highlighted challenges and suggestions for possible future research directions. So, in a single paper, we have attempted to provide a wider perspective on 6G-enabled smart cities by including both the potential 6G technologies and their smart city applications. This paper will help readers gain a holistic view to ascertain the benefits, opportunities and applications that 6G technology can bring to meet the diverse, massive and futuristic requirements of smart cities.","author":[{"family":"Sharma","given":"Sanjeev"},{"family":"Popli","given":"Renu"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Sajjan"},{"family":"Chhabra","given":"Gunjan"},{"family":"Saini","given":"Gurpreet"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Maninder"},{"family":"Sandhu","given":"Archana"},{"family":"Sharma","given":"Ashutosh"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Rajeev"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su16167039","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167039","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401711030","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep learning for spatiotemporal forecasting in Earth system science: a review","abstract":"Deep learning (DL) has demonstrated strong potential in addressing key challenges in spatiotemporal forecasting across various Earth system science (ESS) domains. This review examines 69 studies applying DL to forecasting tasks within climate modeling and weather prediction, disaster management, air quality modeling, hydrological modeling, renewable energy forecasting, oceanography, and environmental monitoring. We summarize commonly used DL architectures for spatiotemporal forecasting in ESS, key technical innovations, and the latest advancements in spatiotemporal predictive applications. While DL architectures have proven capable of handling spatiotemporal data, challenges remain in tackling the complexities specific to ESS, such as complex spatiotemporal data, scale dependencies, model interpretability, and integration of physical knowledge. Recent innovations demonstrate growing efforts to integrate physical knowledge, improve model explainability, adapt DL architectures for domain-specific needs, and quantify uncertainties. Finally, this review highlights key future directions, including (1) developing more interpretable hybrid models that synergize DL and traditional physical approaches, (2) extending model generalizability through techniques like domain adaptation and transfer learning, and (3) advancing methods for uncertainty quantification and missing data handling.","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Manzhu"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Qunying"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhenlong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1080/17538947.2024.2391952","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2024.2391952","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401105174","type":"article-journal","title":"Discovery of deep-sea acoels from a chemosynthesis-based ecosystem","abstract":"Chemosynthesis-based ecosystems such as hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon seeps harbour various endemic species, each uniquely adapted to the extreme conditions. While some species rely on obligatory relationships with bacterial symbionts for nutrient uptake, scavengers and predators also play important roles in food web dynamics in these ecosystems. Acoels, members of the phylum Xenacoelomorpha, are simple, worm-like invertebrates found in marine environments worldwide but are scarcely understood taxa. This study presents a novel genus and species of acoel from a deep-sea hydrocarbon seep off Hatsushima, Japan, Hoftherma hatsushimaensis gen. et sp. nov. Our multi-locus phylogenetic analysis revealed that the acoels are nested within Hofsteniidae, a family previously known exclusively from shallow waters. This finding suggests that at least two independent colonization events occurred in the chemosynthesis-based environments from the phylum Xenoacoelomorpha, represented by hofsteniid acoels and Xenoturbella . Previous reports of hofsteniid species from low-oxygen and sulfide-rich environments, including intertidal habitats with decomposing leaves, in addition to H. hatsushimaensis gen. et sp. nov. from a deep-sea hydrocarbon seep, imply a common ancestral adaptation to sulfide-rich ecosystems within Hofsteniidae. Moreover, the sister relationship between solenofilomorphid acoels predominating in sulfide-rich habitats indicates common ancestral adaptation to sulfide-rich ecosystems between these two families.","author":[{"family":"Hookabe","given":"Natsumi"},{"family":"Jimi","given":"Naoto"},{"family":"Furushima","given":"Yasuo"},{"family":"Fujiwara","given":"Yoshihiro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1098/rsbl.2023.0573","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2023.0573","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4392472936","type":"article-journal","title":"The Impact of Deep Decarbonization Policy on the Level of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the European Union","abstract":"The Green Deal, a cornerstone of the European Union’s climate goals, sets out to achieve a substantial 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. The EU’s decarbonization strategies revolve around three pivotal avenues. First, there is a focus on enhancing energy efficiency and decreasing the energy intensity of economies. Second, concerted efforts are made to diminish the reliance on fossil fuels, particularly within industrial sectors. Lastly, there is a deliberate push to augment the share of renewable energy sources in the final energy consumption mix. These measures collectively aim to propel the decarbonization of EU economies, establishing EU member countries as global leaders in implementing these transformative processes. This manuscript seeks to evaluate the efficacy of three primary decarbonization strategies adopted by EU economies, namely the enhancement in energy efficiency, the promotion of renewable energy consumption and the reduction in fossil fuel consumption. The objective is to discern which strategies wield a decisive influence in achieving decarbonization goals across EU countries. The analysis encompasses all 27 member states of the European Union, spanning from 1990 to 2022, with data sourced from reputable outlets, including Eurostat, Our World in Data and the Energy Institute. Research findings underscore that, in the realm of decarbonization policies, statistically significant impacts on carbon dioxide emission reduction are attributable to the strategies of improving energy efficiency and augmenting the share of renewables in energy consumption across almost all EU countries. Conversely, the strategy with the least impact, embraced by a minority of EU member states, revolves around diminishing the share of fossil fuels in primary energy consumption. This approach, while statistically less impactful, is intricately linked with transitioning the economies toward renewable energy sources, thus playing a contributory role in the broader decarbonization landscape. The uniqueness of this research lies not only in its discernment of overarching trends but also in its fervent advocacy for a comprehensive and adaptive approach to EU decarbonization policy. It underscores the enduring significance of prioritizing energy efficiency, endorsing the integration of renewable energy and acknowledging the distinctive dynamics inherent in diverse regions. The study accentuates the necessity for nuanced, region-specific strategies, challenging the conventional wisdom of a uniform approach to decarbonization. In doing so, it accentuates the critical importance of tailoring policies to the varied energy landscapes and transition strategies evident in different EU member states.","author":[{"family":"Nagaj","given":"Rafał"},{"family":"Gajdzik","given":"Bożena"},{"family":"Wolniak","given":"Radosław"},{"family":"Grebski","given":"Wieslaw"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en17051245","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051245","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4394720776","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning-Based Fish Detection Using Above-Water Infrared Camera for Deep-Sea Aquaculture: A Comparison Study","abstract":"Long-term, automated fish detection provides invaluable data for deep-sea aquaculture, which is crucial for safe and efficient seawater aquafarming. In this paper, we used an infrared camera installed on a deep-sea truss-structure net cage to collect fish images, which were subsequently labeled to establish a fish dataset. Comparison experiments with our dataset based on Faster R-CNN as the basic objection detection framework were conducted to explore how different backbone networks and network improvement modules influenced fish detection performances. Furthermore, we also experimented with the effects of different learning rates, feature extraction layers, and data augmentation strategies. Our results showed that Faster R-CNN with the EfficientNetB0 backbone and FPN module was the most competitive fish detection network for our dataset, since it took a significantly shorter detection time while maintaining a high AP50 value of 0.85, compared to the best AP50 value of 0.86 being achieved by the combination of VGG16 with all improvement modules plus data augmentation. Overall, this work has verified the effectiveness of deep learning-based object detection methods and provided insights into subsequent network improvements.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Gen"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Zidan"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Lian","given":"Anji"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Taiping"},{"family":"Pang","given":"Guoliang"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Xiaohua"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s24082430","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082430","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4402171294","type":"article-journal","title":"Deepdive: Leveraging Pre-trained Deep Learning for Deep-Sea ROV Biota Identification in the Great Barrier Reef","abstract":"Understanding and preserving the deep sea ecosystems is paramount for marine conservation efforts. Automated object (deep-sea biota) classification can enable the creation of detailed habitat maps that not only aid in biodiversity assessments but also provide essential data to evaluate ecosystem health and resilience. Having a significant source of labelled data helps prevent overfitting and enables training deep learning models with numerous parameters. In this paper, we contribute to the establishment of a significant deep-sea remotely operated vehicle (ROV) image classification dataset with 3994 images featuring deep-sea biota belonging to 33 classes. We manually label the images through rigorous quality control with human-in-the-loop image labelling. Leveraging data from ROV equipped with advanced imaging systems, our study provides results using novel deep-learning models for image classification. We use deep learning models including ResNet, DenseNet, Inception, and Inception-ResNet to benchmark the dataset that features class imbalance with many classes. Our results show that the Inception-ResNet model provides a mean classification accuracy of 65%, with AUC scores exceeding 0.8 for each class.","author":[{"family":"Deo","given":"Ratneel"},{"family":"John","given":"Cédric"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chen"},{"family":"Whitton","given":"Kate"},{"family":"Salles","given":"Tristan"},{"family":"Webster","given":"Jody"},{"family":"Chandra","given":"Rohitash"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41597-024-03766-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03766-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401187559","type":"article-journal","title":"DEEP LEARNING MITIGATION OF SEA CLUTTER FOR ENHANCED RADAR TARGET DETECTION","abstract":"This research provides a detailed examination of how deep learning significantly improves radar accuracy. By integrating advanced simulations with real-world tests, the study demonstrates how deep learning enhances the removal of sea clutter, substantially improving target detection in Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) algorithms. The results clearly show that deep learning is not just advantageous but critical for advancing radar performance, ensuring a new level of precision and reliability in maritime identification and tracking. The paper highlights deep learning as an essential tool for dealing with the complexities of sea clutter in radar systems. It goes beyond simple improvements, redefining accuracy in target detection and affirming the strength and reliability of radar operations in the chaotic maritime environment. The comprehensive methodology and solid empirical evidence presented emphasize the revolutionary impact of deep learning, marking the beginning of a new chapter in radar technology characterized by unmatched precision, adaptability, and reliability. Special Issue of AEIC 2024 (Electrical and System & Computer Engineering Session)","author":[{"family":"Al-Dabaa","given":"Mansoor"},{"family":"Emran","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Yahya","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Aboshosha","given":"Ashraf"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.21608/auej.2024.259023.1575","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21608/auej.2024.259023.1575","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405115218","type":"article-journal","title":"Progress of material degradation: metals and polymers in deep-sea environments","abstract":"Abstract Given the critical need for ocean exploration, improving the durability of materials in the deep-sea has become a paramount concern. The harshness of deep-sea, such as high pressure, variable seawater flow rates, and corrosive media, lead to premature aging and failure. This work examines the utilization of metals and polymer coatings in deep-sea applications, detailing the characteristics of the deep-sea and its influence on these materials. In particular, chloride ions in seawater pose significant hazards to metal corrosion, which is the main reason for metal failure. Then, the degradation process and the latest research advances of various materials in the deep-sea environment are summarized, and the failure mechanism of the metal/coating system in the deep-sea is analyzed. It was found that the failure of polymer coatings can be divided into three processes, and adding an appropriate amount of fillers to the coating (such as adding 0.2 % graphene to water-based polyurethane) can extend the service life of the coating. Finally, the development trend of the company in the future is predicted. It has guiding and reference significance for the study of the failure behavior of metals and polymers in the deep-sea environment.","author":[{"family":"Hao","given":"Zhanhui"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhijia"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Wenjun"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Songsong"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Teng"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Guojun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Qiang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Lin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Rui"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1515/corrrev-2024-0009","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2024-0009","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402864831","type":"article-journal","title":"A Numerical Investigation on Kick Control with the Displacement Kill Method during a Well Test in a Deep-Water Gas Reservoir: A Case Study","abstract":"The efficient exploitation of marine oil and gas resources holds significant potential to mitigate the current severe energy crisis. Regrettably, incidents, such as gas kick and even blowouts, can significantly impact normal development activities. The displacement kill method is one effective strategy for well control in deep-water areas. In this study, the detailed mathematical method for determining kill parameters involved in the kill operation by using the displacement kill method was proposed. Of course, this includes both cases: one where the kill fluid leaks during the kill process and another where no leakage occurs. Meanwhile, its applicability was verified through comparison with experimental results. Then, evolution characteristics of kill parameters, when killing fluid leakage occurs and when it does not occur, were analyzed. Finally, factors, such as pit gain and shut-in casing pressure, affecting the kill parameters of kill operation, were explored. It was found that the experimental and calculated results show great similarity, although there are slight differences between them. The total kill time in the simulation is 44 s shorter than that in the verification experiment. This indicates that the model established in this study is suitable for simulating the process of kill operation using the displacement kill method. In addition, the investigation results show that leakage of kill fluid increases the difficulty of the kill operation and prolongs the operation time. The number of kill cycles in the presence of kill fluid leakage is one more than that when there is no fluid leakage, resulting in an additional 70 min of total duration. Furthermore, the increase in pit gain and the rise in shut-in casing pressure can also pose challenges to the kill operations. The total kill time will be extended by 164 min when the mud pit gain increases from 20 m3 to 50 m3. The number of kill cycles rises by two when the shut-in casing pressure is increased from 5 MPa to 20 MPa. To ensure the safety of the drilling operation in abnormally high-pressure reservoirs, it is crucial to monitor parameters such as casing pressure during the drilling process and timely well control measures.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Qingchao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qingchao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qiang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qiang"},{"family":"Han","given":"Ying"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/pr12102090","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102090","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392638587","type":"article-journal","title":"Sea-surface temperature pattern effects have slowed global warming and biased warming-based constraints on climate sensitivity","abstract":"The observed rate of global warming since the 1970s has been proposed as a strong constraint on equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) and transient climate response (TCR)-key metrics of the global climate response to greenhouse-gas forcing. Using CMIP5/6 models, we show that the inter-model relationship between warming and these climate sensitivity metrics (the basis for the constraint) arises from a similarity in transient and equilibrium warming patterns within the models, producing an effective climate sensitivity (EffCS) governing recent warming that is comparable to the value of ECS governing long-term warming under CO[Formula: see text] forcing. However, CMIP5/6 historical simulations do not reproduce observed warming patterns. When driven by observed patterns, even high ECS models produce low EffCS values consistent with the observed global warming rate. The inability of CMIP5/6 models to reproduce observed warming patterns thus results in a bias in the modeled relationship between recent global warming and climate sensitivity. Correcting for this bias means that observed warming is consistent with wide ranges of ECS and TCR extending to higher values than previously recognized. These findings are corroborated by energy balance model simulations and coupled model (CESM1-CAM5) simulations that better replicate observed patterns via tropospheric wind nudging or Antarctic meltwater fluxes. Because CMIP5/6 models fail to simulate observed warming patterns, proposed warming-based constraints on ECS, TCR, and projected global warming are biased low. The results reinforce recent findings that the unique pattern of observed warming has slowed global-mean warming over recent decades and that how the pattern will evolve in the future represents a major source of uncertainty in climate projections.","author":[{"family":"Armour","given":"Kyle"},{"family":"Proistosescu","given":"Cristian"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Hahn","given":"Lily"},{"family":"Blanchardwrigglesworth","given":"Edward"},{"family":"Pauling","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Wills","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Andrews","given":"Timothy"},{"family":"Stuecker","given":"Malte"},{"family":"Pochedley","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Mitevski","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Forster","given":"Piers"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.2312093121","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2312093121","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391542737","type":"article-journal","title":"Identification and Classification of Coix seed Storage Years Based on Hyperspectral Imaging Technology Combined with Deep Learning","abstract":"Developing a fast and non-destructive methodology to identify the storage years of Coix seed is important in safeguarding consumer well-being. This study employed the utilization of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in conjunction with conventional machine learning techniques such as support vector machines (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), as well as the deep learning method of residual neural network (ResNet), to establish identification models for Coix seed samples from different storage years. Under the fusion-based modeling approach, the model’s classification accuracy surpasses that of visible to near infrared (VNIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral modeling individually. The classification accuracy of the ResNet model and SVM exceeds that of other conventional machine learning models (KNN, RF, and XGBoost). Redundant variables were further diminished through competitive adaptive reweighted sampling feature wavelength screening, which had less impact on the model’s accuracy. Upon validating the model’s performance using an external validation set, the ResNet model yielded more satisfactory outcomes, exhibiting recognition accuracy exceeding 85%. In conclusion, the comprehensive results demonstrate that the integration of deep learning with HSI techniques effectively distinguishes Coix seed samples from different storage years.","author":[{"family":"Bai","given":"Ruibin"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Junhui"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Siman"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Nan","given":"Tiegui"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chu"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Jian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/foods13030498","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13030498","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393943123","type":"article-journal","title":"Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) for the extraction of bioactives: emerging opportunities in biorefinery applications","abstract":"Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have emerged as an eco-friendly alternative for extracting bioactives, avoiding the use of flammable organic solvents and extreme temperatures and pH conditions. NADES rely on intermolecular interactions between hydrogen bonding donors (HBD) and hydrogen bonding acceptors (HBA) to form eutectic mixtures with significantly lower melting points than their individual components. These matrices are influenced by factors like water content, temperature, and component ratios. NADES high viscosity can hinder extractive efficiency, which can be mitigated by adding water or working at higher temperatures. However, excessive dilution with water may disrupt the supramolecular structure of NADES, reducing extraction efficiency. A notable feature of NADES is their fine-tunability for specific purposes. Adjusting physicochemical properties such as polarity, pH, and viscosity optimizes extraction efficiency by promoting the solubility of target molecules and interactions between the NADES and target molecules. NADES, unlike organic solvents, can partially disrupt plant and microalgae cell walls, enhancing permeability and extraction efficiency. Moreover, NADES can have a stabilising effect on bioactives and can enhance their biological activity and bioavailability. These attributes, coupled with their low environmental impact in terms of low toxicity and high biodegradability, make NADES attractive for biorefinery applications.","author":[{"family":"Jauregi","given":"Paula"},{"family":"Esnalyeregi","given":"Leire"},{"family":"Labidi","given":"Jalel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.7717/peerj-achem.32","URL":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-achem.32","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405471483","type":"article-journal","title":"Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Crop Disease Diagnosis: Performance Analysis and Review","abstract":"Crop diseases pose a significant threat to global food security, with both economic and environmental consequences. Early and accurate detection is essential for timely intervention and sustainable farming. This paper presents a review of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques for crop disease diagnosis, focusing on Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Random Forest (RF), k-Nearest Neighbors (KNNs), and deep models like VGG16, ResNet50, and DenseNet121. The review method includes an in-depth analysis of algorithm performance using key metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score across various datasets. We also highlight the data imbalances in commonly used datasets, particularly PlantVillage, and discuss the challenges posed by these imbalances. The research highlights critical insights regarding ML and DL models in crop disease detection. A primary challenge identified is the imbalance in the PlantVillage dataset, with a high number of healthy images and a strong bias toward certain disease categories like fungi, leaving other categories like mites and molds underrepresented. This imbalance complicates model generalization, indicating a need for preprocessing steps to enhance performance. This study also shows that combining Vision Transformers (ViTs) with Green Chromatic Coordinates and hybridizing these with SVM achieves high classification accuracy, emphasizing the value of advanced feature extraction techniques in improving model efficacy. In terms of comparative performance, DL architectures like ResNet50, VGG16, and convolutional neural network demonstrated robust accuracy (95–99%) across diverse datasets, underscoring their effectiveness in managing complex image data. Additionally, traditional ML models exhibited varied strengths; for instance, SVM performed better on balanced datasets, while RF excelled with imbalanced data. Preprocessing methods like K-means clustering, Fuzzy C-Means, and PCA, along with ensemble approaches, further improved model accuracy. Lastly, the study underscores that high-quality, well-labeled datasets, stakeholder involvement, and comprehensive evaluation metrics such as F1 score and precision are crucial for optimizing ML and DL models, making them more effective for real-world applications in sustainable agriculture.","author":[{"family":"Ngugi","given":"Habiba"},{"family":"Akinyelu","given":"Andronicus"},{"family":"Ezugwu","given":"Absalom"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/agronomy14123001","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14123001","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4394766605","type":"article-journal","title":"Transformer Versus LSTM: A Comparison of Deep Learning Models for Karst Spring Discharge Forecasting","abstract":"Abstract Karst springs are essential drinking water resources, however, modeling them poses challenges due to complex subsurface flow processes. Deep learning models can capture complex relationships due to their ability to learn non‐linear patterns. This study evaluates the performance of the Transformer in forecasting spring discharges for up to 4 days. We compare it to the Long Short‐Term Memory (LSTM) Neural Network and a common baseline model on a well‐studied Austrian karst spring (LKAS2) with an extensive hourly database. We evaluated the models for two further karst springs with diverse discharge characteristics for comparing the performances based on four metrics. In the discharge‐based scenario, the Transformer performed significantly better than the LSTM for the spring with the longest response times (9% mean difference across metrics), while it performed poorer for the spring with the shortest response time (4% difference). Moreover, the Transformer better predicted the shape of the discharge during snowmelt. Both models performed well across all lead times and springs with 0.64–0.92 for the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and 10.8%–28.7% for the symmetric mean absolute percentage error for the LKAS2 spring. The temporal information, rainfall and electrical conductivity were the controlling input variables for the non‐discharge based scenario. The uncertainty analysis revealed that the prediction intervals are smallest in winter and autumn and highest during snowmelt. Our results thus suggest that the Transformer is a promising model to support the drinking water abstraction management, and can have advantages due to its attention mechanism particularly for longer response times.","author":[{"family":"Pölz","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Blaschke","given":"Alfred"},{"family":"Komma","given":"Jürgen"},{"family":"Farnleitner","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Derx","given":"Julia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2022wr032602","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022wr032602","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392596113","type":"article-journal","title":"Cross-basin and cross-taxa patterns of marine community tropicalization and deborealization in warming European seas","abstract":"Ocean warming and acidification, decreases in dissolved oxygen concentrations, and changes in primary production are causing an unprecedented global redistribution of marine life. The identification of underlying ecological processes underpinning marine species turnover, particularly the prevalence of increases of warm-water species or declines of cold-water species, has been recently debated in the context of ocean warming. Here, we track changes in the mean thermal affinity of marine communities across European seas by calculating the Community Temperature Index for 65 biodiversity time series collected over four decades and containing 1,817 species from different communities (zooplankton, coastal benthos, pelagic and demersal invertebrates and fish). We show that most communities and sites have clearly responded to ongoing ocean warming via abundance increases of warm-water species (tropicalization, 54%) and decreases of cold-water species (deborealization, 18%). Tropicalization dominated Atlantic sites compared to semi-enclosed basins such as the Mediterranean and Baltic Seas, probably due to physical barrier constraints to connectivity and species colonization. Semi-enclosed basins appeared to be particularly vulnerable to ocean warming, experiencing the fastest rates of warming and biodiversity loss through deborealization.","author":[{"family":"Chust","given":"Guillem"},{"family":"Villarino","given":"Ernesto"},{"family":"Mclean","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Mieszkowska","given":"Nova"},{"family":"Benedetticecchi","given":"Lisandro"},{"family":"Bulleri","given":"Fabio"},{"family":"Ravaglioli","given":"Chiara"},{"family":"Borja","given":"Ángel"},{"family":"Muxika","given":"Iñigo"},{"family":"Fernandes","given":"José"},{"family":"Ibaibarriaga","given":"Leire"},{"family":"Uriarte","given":"A"},{"family":"Revilla","given":"Marta"},{"family":"Villate","given":"Fernando"},{"family":"Iriarte","given":"Arantza"},{"family":"Uriarte","given":"Ibon"},{"family":"Zervoudaki","given":"Soultana"},{"family":"Carstensen","given":"Jacob"},{"family":"Somerfield","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Queirós","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Mcevoy","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Auber","given":"Arnaud"},{"family":"Hidalgo","given":"Manuel"},{"family":"Coll","given":"Marta"},{"family":"Garrabou","given":"Joaquim"},{"family":"Gómezgras","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Linares","given":"Cristina"},{"family":"Ramırez","given":"Francisco"},{"family":"Margarit","given":"Núria"},{"family":"Lepage","given":"Mario"},{"family":"Dambrine","given":"Chloé"},{"family":"Lobry","given":"Jérémy"},{"family":"Peck","given":"Myron"},{"family":"Barra","given":"Paula"},{"family":"Leeuwen","given":"Anieke"},{"family":"Rilov","given":"Gil"},{"family":"Yeruham","given":"Erez"},{"family":"Brindamour","given":"Anik"},{"family":"Lindegren","given":"Martin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-024-46526-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46526-y","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4396800902","type":"article-journal","title":"Human-induced intensified seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature","abstract":"Changes in the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) have far-reaching ecological and societal implications. Previous studies have found an intensified SST seasonal cycle under global warming, but whether such changes have emerged in historical records remains largely unknown. Here, we reveal that the SST seasonal cycle globally has intensified by 3.9 ± 1.6% in recent four decades (1983-2022), with hotspot regions such as the northern subpolar gyres experiencing an intensification of up to 10%. Increased greenhouse gases are the primary driver of this intensification, and decreased anthropogenic aerosols also contribute. These changes in anthropogenic emissions lead to shallower mixed layer depths, reducing the thermal inertia of upper ocean and enhancing the seasonality of SST. In addition, the direct impacts of increased ocean heat uptake and suppressed seasonal amplitude of surface heat flux also contribute in the North Pacific and North Atlantic. The temperature seasonal cycle is intensified not only at the ocean surface, but throughout the mixed layer. The ramifications of this intensified SST seasonal cycle extend to the seasonal variation in upper-ocean oxygenation, a critical factor for most ocean ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Fukai"},{"family":"Song","given":"Fengfei"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Yiyong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-024-48381-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48381-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392536223","type":"article-journal","title":"A remarkable new deep-sea nereidid (Annelida: Nereididae) with gills","abstract":"Nereidid polychaetes are well known from shallow marine habitats, but their diversity in the deep sea is poorly known. Here we describe an unusual new nereidid species found at methane seeps off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Specimens of Pectinereis strickrotti gen. nov., sp. nov. had been observed dating back to 2009 swimming just above the seafloor at ~1,000 m depth but were not successfully captured until 2018. Male epitokes were collected as well as a fragment of an infaunal female found in a pushcore sample. The specimens were all confirmed as the same species based on mitochondrial COI. Phylogenetic analyses, including one based on available whole mitochondrial genomes for nereidids, revealed no close relative, allowing for the placement of the new species in its own genus within the subfamily Nereidinae. This was supported by the unusual non-reproductive and epitokous morphology, including parapodial cirrostyles as pectinate gills, hooked aciculae, elfin-shoe-shaped ventral cirrophores, and elongate, fusiform dorsal ligules emerging sub-medially to enlarged cirrophores. Additionally, the gill-bearing subfamily Dendronereidinae, generally regarded as a junior synonym of Gymnonereidinae, is reviewed and it is here reinstated and as a monogeneric taxon.","author":[{"family":"Villalobos-Guerrero","given":"Tulio"},{"family":"Huč","given":"Sonja"},{"family":"Ekin","given":"Tilic"},{"family":"Hiley","given":"Avery"},{"family":"Rouse","given":"Greg"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0297961","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297961","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/books978-3-7258-1604-0","type":"article-journal","title":"Frontiers in Deep-Sea Equipment and Technology II","abstract":"The conflict between populations, resources, and the environment in the 21st century has made the ocean a strategic space and resource treasure for human society to realize sustainable development. In order to study the ocean environment and exploit ocean resources, a fundamental understanding of complex and interwoven ocean processes across a broad range of spatial and temporal observational scales is required. This understanding is heavily reliant on various research fleets and equipment to support increasingly complex, multidisciplinary, multi-investigator research projects, including those in support of autonomous technologies, ocean observation systems, process studies, remote sensing, and modeling. Various underwater submersibles are the main working force for research fleets. The following Special Issue includes 12 research works that cover four critical areas: the wireless power transfer systems of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), the water entry dynamics of freely falling unmanned aerialunderwater vehicles and the descent dynamics of benthic landers, the connectors utilized in subsea production systems, and cleaning equipment designed to combat fouling on marine steel piles. Each one of these subjects represents a key technological challenge to be addressed in the ongoing development of deep-sea equipment.","author":[{"family":"Cui","given":"Weicheng"},{"family":"Lian","given":"Lian"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Dahai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/books978-3-7258-1604-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-7258-1604-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.j0zpc86nz","type":"article-journal","title":"Data from: Drivers of coastal benthic communities in a complex environmental setting","abstract":"Analyzing the environmental factors affecting benthic communities in coastal areas is crucial for uncovering key factors that require conservation action. Here, we collected benthic and environmental (physical-chemical-historical and land-based) data for 433 transects in Taiwan. Using a k-means approach, five communities dominated by crustose coralline algae, turfs, stony corals, digitate, or bushy octocorals were first delineated. Conditional random forest models then identified physical, chemical, and land-based factors (e.g., light intensity, nitrite, and population density) relevant to community delineation and occurrence. Historical factors, including typhoons and temperature anomalies, had only little effect. The prevalent turf community correlated positively with chemical and land-based drivers, which suggests that anthropogenic impacts are causing a benthic homogenization. This mechanism may mask the effects of climate disturbances and regional differentiation of benthic assemblages. Consequently, management of nutrient enrichment and terrestrial runoff is urgently needed to improve community resilience in Taiwan amidst increasing challenges of climate change.","author":[{"family":"Lin","given":"Yuting"},{"family":"Château","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Nozawa","given":"Yoko"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Chih"},{"family":"Wunderlich","given":"Rainer"},{"family":"Denis","given":"Vianney"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.j0zpc86nz","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.j0zpc86nz","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.d2547d89b","type":"article-journal","title":"Data from: Rapid shift in benthic assemblages following coral bleaching at an upper mesophotic habitat in Taiwan","abstract":"Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs; typically, 30–150 m depths) have traditionally been considered potential refuges for shallow-water organisms, but recent evidence suggests that this role is context-dependent. Here, we document a singular habitat at the upper mesophotic depth (- 30 m) in Xiaoliuqiu, Taiwan, and assess the changes in the benthic assemblage one year after a heatwave affected the reefs. In the habitat studied, abundant branching depth-specialist corals were found free-living and thriving on the sandy-rubble bottom amidst dense filamentous turf algae. In 2022, 63.6% of the corals were observed bleached, which was associated with severe heat stress affecting shallow reefs. The dominant coral at the time, Acropora tenella, suffered the most from the bleaching, with only 9.7% of its population remaining healthy. After one year, there was a noticeable shift in dominance from A. tenella to the previously cryptic Anacropora spp. without an obvious change in coral cover. We hypothesize that this rapid shift is driven by Anacropora spp., benefiting from the dense canopy provided by A. tenella. This suggests that the composition of understory organisms may play an important role in the resilience of some reefs affected by disturbance. The characteristics of this habitat, which consists mainly of deep-water specialists, and its susceptibility to stressors indicate that this habitat is unlikely to serve as a refuge for most shallow-water taxa. Our findings reinforce that the effectiveness of MCEs as refuges is not universal, and emphasize the importance of incorporating these unique habitats into conservation strategies and gaining a deeper understanding of their functions before they are lost.","author":[{"family":"Lin","given":"Yuting"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Yanyu"},{"family":"De Palmas","given":"Stéphane"},{"family":"Carballo-Bolaños","given":"Rodrigo"},{"family":"Guerbet","given":"Arnaud"},{"family":"Ribas-Deulofeu","given":"Lauriane"},{"family":"Tsai","given":"Chiajung"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Denis","given":"Vianney"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.d2547d89b","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.d2547d89b","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4396794436","type":"article-journal","title":"Visual analysis of sea buckthorn fruit moisture content based on deep image processing technology","abstract":"The effect of moisture content changes during drying processing on the appearance of sea buckthorn was studied. Using computer vision methods and various image processing methods to collect and analyze images during the drying process of sea buckthorn fruit. Sea buckthorn is dried in a drying oven at a temperature of 65&#xa0;&#xb0;C and Level 1 wind speed conditions. The images of the entire drying process of sea buckthorn fruit were collected at 30-min intervals. Deep mining and transformation of image information through various image processing methods. By calibrating and modeling the color components, real-time online detection of the moisture content of sea buckthorn fruit can be achieved. After modeling, this article attempted to use LSTM (Long Short Term Memory) to predict the appearance of sea buckthorn fruit with supercritical moisture content. Different agricultural products adapt to different color spaces, but after standard modeling with a certain amount of data, applying color components to detect moisture content is a very good method.","author":[{"family":"Xu","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Xuhai"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Junyi"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Xiang"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Liwei"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Qian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139558","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139558","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4318712365","type":"article-journal","title":"Enzyme Immobilization Technologies and Industrial Applications","abstract":"Enzymes play vital roles in diverse industrial sectors and are essential components of many industrial products. Immobilized enzymes possess higher resistance to environmental changes and can be recovered/recycled easily when compared to the free forms. The primary benefit of immobilization is protecting the enzymes from the harsh environmental conditions (e.g., elevated temperatures, extreme pH values, etc.). The immobilized enzymes can be utilized in various large-scale industries, e.g., medical, food, detergent, textile, and pharmaceutical industries, besides being used in water treatment plants. According to the required application, a suitable enzyme immobilization technique and suitable carrier materials are chosen. Enzyme immobilization techniques involve covalent binding, encapsulation, entrapment, adsorption, etc. This review mainly covers enzyme immobilization by various techniques and their usage in different industrial applications starting from 1992 until 2022. It also focuses on the multiscale operation of immobilized enzymes to maximize yields of certain products. Lastly, the severe consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic on global enzyme production is briefly discussed.","author":[{"family":"Maghraby","given":"Yasmin"},{"family":"El-Shabasy","given":"Rehan"},{"family":"Ibrahim","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Azzazy","given":"Hassan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acsomega.2c07560","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c07560","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4385707935","type":"article-journal","title":"Exposing inequities in deep-sea exploration and research: results of the 2022 Global Deep-Sea Capacity Assessment","abstract":"The 2022 Global Deep-Sea Capacity Assessment is a baseline assessment of the technical and human capacity for deep-sea exploration and research in every coastal area with deep ocean worldwide. From 200 to nearly 11,000 meters below sea level, the deep sea encompasses the single largest—and arguably the most critical—biosphere on Earth. Globally, two-thirds of all exclusive economic zones combined have water depths between 2,000 and 6,000 meters, making this a particularly critical depth range to access. This study includes information for 186 countries and territories, analyzed by subregional, regional, and income groups. The data were collected through both an online survey and manual research. We found that globally, 52% of respondents agreed that exploration and research were considered important in their community. A third of respondents agreed they had the in-country technology to conduct deep-sea exploration and research, and half agreed they had in-country deep-sea expertise. Survey results revealed that the most important challenges worldwide are funding, access to vessels, and human capacity. The top three global opportunities for deep-sea exploration and research were training opportunities, less expensive data collection technology, and better data access and analysis tools. This assessment provides the baseline information necessary to strategically develop, equitably implement, and quantitatively measure the impact of deep-sea exploration and research capacity development over the coming years. It is now possible to measure the evolution of deep-sea capacity over the next decade, an important indicator of progress during the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development.","author":[{"family":"Bell","given":"Katherine"},{"family":"Quinzin","given":"Maud"},{"family":"Amon","given":"Diva"},{"family":"Poulton","given":"Susan"},{"family":"Hope","given":"Alexis"},{"family":"Sarti","given":"Otmane"},{"family":"Cañete","given":"Titus"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Alanna"},{"family":"Baldwin","given":"Harriet"},{"family":"Lira","given":"Drew"},{"family":"Cambronerosolano","given":"Sergio"},{"family":"Chung","given":"Tyler"},{"family":"Brady","given":"Bahia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2023.1217227","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1217227","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400664837","type":"article-journal","title":"Applications of deep learning in physical oceanography: a comprehensive review","abstract":"Deep learning, a data-driven technology, has attracted widespread attention from various disciplines due to the rapid advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT) big data, machine learning algorithms and computational hardware in recent years. It proves to achieve comparable or even more accurate results than traditional methods in a more flexible manner in existing applications in various fields. In the field of physical oceanography, an important scientific field of oceanography, the abundance of ocean surface data and high dynamic complexity pave the way for an extensive application of deep learning. Moreover, researchers have already conducted a great deal of work to innovate traditional approaches in ocean circulation, ocean dynamics, ocean climate, ocean remote sensing and ocean geophysics, leading oceanographic studies into the “AI ocean era”. In our study, we categorize numerous research topics in physical oceanography into four aspects: surface elements, subsurface elements, typical ocean phenomena, and typical weather and climate phenomena. We review the cutting-edge applications of deep learning in physical oceanography over the past three years to provide comprehensive insights into its development. From the perspective of three application scenarios, namely spatial data, temporal data and data generation, three corresponding deep learning model types are introduced, which are convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and generative adversarial networks (GANs), and also their principal application tasks. Furthermore, this study discusses the current bottlenecks and future innovative prospects of deep learning in oceanography. Through summarizing and analyzing the existing research, our aim is to delve into the potential and challenges of deep learning in physical oceanography, providing reference and inspiration for researchers in future oceanographic studies.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Qianlong"},{"family":"Peng","given":"Shiqiu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jingzhen"},{"family":"Li","given":"Shaotian"},{"family":"Hou","given":"Zhengyu"},{"family":"Zhong","given":"Guoqiang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1396322","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1396322","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388752553","type":"article-journal","title":"Pathways to Decarbonization of Deep-Sea Shipping: An Aframax Case Study","abstract":"Deep-sea decarbonization remains an enigma as the world scrambles to reduce global emissions. This study looks at near-term decarbonization solutions for deep-sea shipping. Pathways are defined, which are appealing to ship owners and major world economies alike. The economic and environmental viability of several of the most advanced near-term technologies for deep-sea decarbonization are revealed. The environmental analysis suggests the necessity of new emission intensity metrics. The economic analysis indicates that the carbon tax could be a great motivator to invest in decarbonization technologies. Standalone decarbonization technologies can provide a maximum of 20% emissions reduction. Hence, to meet IMO 2050 targets of 50% emissions reduction, several solutions need to be utilized in tandem. This study reaches the conclusion that alternative fuels are the crucial step to achieve a net zero carbon economy, although bunkering, infrastructure, and economic hurdles need to be overcome for the widespread implementation of carbon-neutral fuels.","author":[{"family":"Farrukh","given":"Salman"},{"family":"Li","given":"Mingqiang"},{"family":"Kouris","given":"G"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Dawei"},{"family":"Dearn","given":"Karl"},{"family":"Yerasimou","given":"Zacharias"},{"family":"Diamantis","given":"Pavlos"},{"family":"Andrianos","given":"Kostas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en16227640","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16227640","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390114138","type":"article-journal","title":"Study on Mooring Design of 15 MW Floating Wind Turbines in South China Sea","abstract":"Wind turbines and floating platform upsizing are major trends in the current offshore wind development. However, harsh environmental conditions increase the risk of anchor dragging and mooring failure when deploying large offshore floating wind turbines. Therefore, it is necessary to design a mooring system for the specific deployment site. This study aims to perform the mooring system design of a floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) operated in the South China Sea, which is a combination of the IEA 15 MW wind turbine and UMaine VolturnUS-S floating platform. Hydrodynamic coefficients were calculated based on the potential flow theory, considering the environmental loads in the South China Sea. Additionally, the hydrodynamic coefficients were imported into AQWA to calculate the time-domain mooring tension. The mooring design parameters, such as mooring line length, nominal sizes, and anchor point, were determined using the criterion of anchor uplift, maximum breaking strength, and fatigue life, respectively. The design criterion required that the anchor uplift is not more than the allowable value, the long-term breaking limit of mooring with a 100-year return period should be less than the maximum breaking limit, and the fatigue damage accumulation in 50 years should be safe. The mooring design procedure provides a reference for mooring system design and safe operation of large floating wind turbines in the South China Sea.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Mingsheng"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Jiale"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Li","given":"Chun"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Yichen"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Xinghan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12010033","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010033","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399506545","type":"article-journal","title":"A comprehensive review of deep borehole heat exchangers (DBHEs): subsurface modelling studies and applications","abstract":"Abstract Deep borehole heat exchangers (DBHEs) with depths exceeding 500 m have been researched comprehensively in the literature, focusing on both applications and subsurface modelling. This review focuses on conventional (vertical) DBHEs and provides a critical literature survey to analyse (i) methodologies for modelling; (ii) results from heat extraction modelling; (iii) results from modelling deep borehole thermal energy storage; (iv) results from heating and cooling models; and (v) real case studies. Numerical models generally compare well to analytical models whilst maintaining more flexibility, but often with increased computational resources. Whilst in-situ geological parameters cannot be readily modified without resorting to well stimulation techniques (e.g. hydraulic or chemical stimulation), engineering system parameters (such as mass flow rate of the heat transfer fluid) can be optimised to increase thermal yield and overall system performance, and minimise pressure drops. In this active research area, gaps remain, such as limited detailed studies into the effects of geological heterogeneity on heat extraction. Other less studied areas include: DBHE arrays, boundary conditions and modes of operation. A small number of studies have been conducted to investigate the potential for deep borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) and an overview of storage efficiency metrics is provided herein to bring consistency to the reporting of thermal energy storage performance of such systems. The modifications required to accommodate cooling loads are also presented. Finally, the active field of DBHE research is generating a growing number of case studies, particularly in areas with low-cost drilling supply chains or abandoned hydrocarbon or geothermal wells suitable for repurposing. Existing and planned projects are thus presented for conventional (vertical) DBHEs. Despite growing interest in this area of research, further work is needed to explore DBHE systems for cooling and thermal energy storage.","author":[{"family":"Kolo","given":"Isa"},{"family":"Brown","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Nibbs","given":"William"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Wanlong"},{"family":"Falcone","given":"Gioia"},{"family":"Nagel","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Chaofan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1186/s40517-024-00297-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40517-024-00297-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391235119","type":"article-journal","title":"Influence of Deep‐Ocean Warming on Coastal Sea‐Level Decadal Trends in the Gulf of Mexico","abstract":"Abstract Based on latest estimates (e.g., https://sealevel.nasa.gov ), global mean sea level has risen nearly 100 mm since 1993. However, the rate of rise has not been constant in space or time and recent observations (since ∼ 2008) reveal pronounced regional acceleration in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Here we use model solutions and observational data to identify the physical mechanisms responsible for enhanced rates of coastal sea‐level rise in this region. We quantify the effect of offshore subsurface ocean warming on coastal sea‐level rise and its relationship to regional hypsometry, the distribution of ocean area with depth. Using an Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) state estimate, we establish that coastal sea‐level changes at the 10‐year timescale are largely the result of changes in regional ocean mass, reflected in ocean bottom pressure. These coastal bottom pressure changes reflect both net mass flux into the Gulf, as well as internal mass redistribution within the Gulf, which can be understood as an isostatic ocean response to subsurface warming. We test the relationships among coastal sea‐level, bottom pressure, and subsurface warming identified in ECCO using observations from satellite gravimetry, altimetry, tide gauges, and Argo floats. Estimates of mass redistribution explain a significant fraction of coastal sea‐level trends observed by tide gauges. For instance, at St. Petersburg, Florida, this mass redistribution mechanism accounts for >50% of the coastal sea‐level trend observed between 2008 and 2017. This study thus elucidates a physical mechanism whereby coastal sea‐level responds to open‐ocean subsurface density change.","author":[{"family":"Steinberg","given":"Jacob"},{"family":"Piecuch","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Hamlington","given":"BD"},{"family":"Thompson","given":"Philip"},{"family":"Coats","given":"Sloan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2023jc019681","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023jc019681","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403256091","type":"article-journal","title":"Marine Heatwaves in the Mediterranean Sea: A Literature Review","abstract":"Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are prolonged periods of exceptionally warm temperatures in the ocean, which have forced profound transformations in marine biodiversity and socio-economic systems globally over the last decades. The Mediterranean basin, a highly vulnerable area to climate change, has been particularly affected as a marginal sea, experiencing multifaceted changes due to these events. This literature review brings together a comprehensive list of interdisciplinary research on MHW evolution in the Mediterranean basin, from the past to the future, covering the most common driving mechanisms of MHWs, known feedbacks and impacts on various marine organisms and local economies. Aiming to enhance our understanding of Mediterranean MHWs across various dimensions, we further discuss ongoing challenges in their detection and characterization, highlighting the need to improve monitoring systems and forecasting capabilities using novel approaches in the basin and beyond.","author":[{"family":"Darmaraki","given":"Sofia"},{"family":"Denaxa","given":"Dimitra"},{"family":"Theodorou","given":"Iason"},{"family":"Livanou","given":"Eleni"},{"family":"Rigatou","given":"Dionysia"},{"family":"Stavrakidiszachou","given":"Orestis"},{"family":"Dimarchopoulou","given":"Donna"},{"family":"Bonino","given":"Giulia"},{"family":"Mcadam","given":"Ronan"},{"family":"Organelli","given":"Emanuele"},{"family":"Pitsouni","given":"Alexia"},{"family":"Parasyris","given":"Antonios"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.12681/mms.38392","URL":"https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.38392","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402316320","type":"article-journal","title":"An intranuclear bacterial parasite of deep-sea mussels expresses apoptosis inhibitors acquired from its host","abstract":"A limited number of bacteria are able to colonize the nuclei of eukaryotes. 'Candidatus Endonucleobacter' infects the nuclei of deep-sea mussels, where it replicates to ≥80,000 bacteria per nucleus and causes nuclei to swell to 50 times their original size. How these parasites are able to replicate and avoid apoptosis is not known. Dual RNA-sequencing transcriptomes of infected nuclei isolated using laser-capture microdissection revealed that 'Candidatus Endonucleobacter' does not obtain most of its nutrition from nuclear DNA or RNA. Instead, 'Candidatus Endonucleobacter' upregulates genes for importing and digesting sugars, lipids, amino acids and possibly mucin from its host. It likely prevents apoptosis of host cells by upregulating 7-13 inhibitors of apoptosis, proteins not previously seen in bacteria. Comparative phylogenetic analyses revealed that 'Ca. Endonucleobacter' acquired inhibitors of apoptosis through horizontal gene transfer from their hosts. Horizontal gene transfer from eukaryotes to bacteria is assumed to be rare, but may be more common than currently recognized.","author":[{"family":"Porras","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"Assié","given":"Adrien"},{"family":"Tietjen","given":"Målin"},{"family":"Violette","given":"Marlene"},{"family":"Kleiner","given":"Manuel"},{"family":"Grubervodicka","given":"Harald"},{"family":"Dubilier","given":"Nicole"},{"family":"Leisch","given":"Nikolaus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41564-024-01808-5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-024-01808-5","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401361611","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep‐frying impact on food and oil chemical composition: Strategies to reduce oil absorption in the final product","abstract":"Abstract During frying, oils can deteriorate due to autoxidation and hydrolytic alterations, processes influenced by the oil's fatty acid composition (FAC) and antioxidant content. However, there are different techniques to improve fried food quality and reduce oil absorption. This review aims to assess existing literature on the interactions between frying methods, oil selection, and the chemical composition of foods. To achieve this goal, the article examines the impact of oil FAC, antioxidants, pretreatments, and alternative frying technologies. A literature search was conducted from 2016 to 2023. The keywords used were (AND/OR) frying, fried foods, oil, oil absorption, and fatty acids. Oils rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants, such as olive oil, are recommended for their nutritional benefits and improved oil stability. The water content and structure of the food also play a significant role in oil absorption. Pretreatments to diminish food moisture content contribute to a lower oil absorption in the fried food while mitigating excessive accumulation of lipid oxidation products. Proper selection of frying oils, incorporation of antioxidants, and the use of pretreatments could help prevent chemical changes and minimize oil absorption during frying. These measures contribute to maintaining the nutritional quality and safety of fried foods while also enhancing their overall sensory appeal.","author":[{"family":"Valle","given":"Consuelo"},{"family":"Echeverría","given":"Francisca"},{"family":"Chávez","given":"Vilma"},{"family":"Valenzuela","given":"Rodrigo"},{"family":"Bustamante","given":"Andrés"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/fsh3.12056","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fsh3.12056","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392079285","type":"article-journal","title":"Hydroponics: Exploring innovative sustainable technologies and applications across crop production, with Emphasis on potato mini-tuber cultivation","abstract":"There is an urgent need to explore climate-resilient alternative agriculture production systems that focus on resilience, resource efficiency, and disease management. Hydroponics, a soilless cultivation system, gaining interest as it reduces the dependency on agricultural land, and pesticides, and can be implemented in areas with poor soil quality, thus mitigating the negative effects of extreme weather events. Potato is an essential dietary staple crop grown throughout the world and is a major source of food security in underdeveloped countries. However, due to the climatic changes, it is predicted that a significant loss in the suitability of land for potato production would occur, thus leading to potato yield loss. Recently, many case studies have emerged to highlight the advancement of agricultural hydroponic systems that provide a promising solution to the massive production of potato mini tuber at high efficiency. This review paper evaluates popular hydroponic methods and demonstrates how hydroponic has emerged as the go-to, long-term, sustainable answer to the perennial problem of insufficient access to high-quality potato seed stock. The paper discusses the research and innovation possibilities (such as artificial intelligence, nanoparticles, and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) that potentially increase tuber production per plant under optimal hydroponic growth circumstances. These approaches are examined considering new scientific discoveries and practical applications. Furthermore, it emphasizes that by enduring significant reforms in soilless food production systems (particularly for potatoes), the food supply of a rapidly growing population can be addressed. Since hydroponics systems are productive and easily automated without soil and optimal environmental conditions, future hydroponics farming is promising. In conclusion, the hydroponics system provides better yield and crop productivity by saving water, energy, and space. Henceforth, it can be the alternate choice for modern sustainable agriculture.","author":[{"family":"Rajendran","given":"Sasireka"},{"family":"Domalachenpa","given":"Tenzing"},{"family":"Arora","given":"Himanshu"},{"family":"Li","given":"Pai"},{"family":"Sharma","given":"Abhishek"},{"family":"Rajauria","given":"Gaurav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26823","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26823","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390694510","type":"article-journal","title":"Metagenome-assembled genomes of deep-sea sediments: changes in microbial functional potential lag behind redox transitions","abstract":"Hadal sediments are hotspots of microbial activity in the deep sea and exhibit strong biogeochemical gradients. But although these gradients are widely assumed to exert selective forces on hadal microbial communities, the actual relationship between biogeochemistry, functional traits, and microbial community structure remains poorly understood. We tested whether the biogeochemical conditions in hadal sediments select for microbes based on their genomic capacity for respiration and carbohydrate utilization via a metagenomic analysis of over 153 samples from the Atacama Trench region (max. depth = 8085&#xa0;m). The obtained 1357 non-redundant microbial genomes were affiliated with about one-third of all known microbial phyla, with more than half belonging to unknown genera. This indicated that the capability to withstand extreme hydrostatic pressure is a phylogenetically widespread trait and that hadal sediments are inhabited by diverse microbial lineages. Although community composition changed gradually over sediment depth, these changes were not driven by selection for respiratory or carbohydrate degradation capability in the oxic and nitrogenous zones, except in the case of anammox bacteria and nitrifying archaea. However, selection based on respiration and carbohydrate degradation capacity did structure the communities of the ferruginous zone, where aerobic and nitrogen respiring microbes declined exponentially (half-life = 125-419&#xa0;years) and were replaced by subsurface communities. These results highlight a delayed response of microbial community composition to selective pressure imposed by redox zonation and indicated that gradual changes in microbial composition are shaped by the high-resilience and slow growth of microbes in the seafloor.","author":[{"family":"Schauberger","given":"Clemens"},{"family":"Thamdrup","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Lemonnier","given":"Clarisse"},{"family":"Trouche","given":"Blandine"},{"family":"Poulain","given":"Julie"},{"family":"Wincker","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Arnaudhaond","given":"Sophie"},{"family":"Glud","given":"Ronnie"},{"family":"Maignien","given":"Loïs"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1093/ismeco/ycad005","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ismeco/ycad005","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4405281745","type":"article-journal","title":"Responsive deep eutectic solvents: mechanisms, applications and their role in sustainable chemistry","abstract":"In an era so focused on sustainability, it is important to improve chemical processes by developing and using more environmentally friendly solvents and technologies. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have proven to be a promising replacement for conventional solvents. In recent years, a new type of DES has emerged that responds to various stimuli. These responsive DES (RDES) may offer all the advantages of DES while allowing the recycling and reuse of solvents. As such, RDES can further contribute to a greener future. This review provides an overview of the diverse types of RDES, their switching mechanisms and their application in several fields. Lastly, it offers a critical perspective on current shortcomings and prospects.","author":[{"family":"Vicente","given":"Filipa"},{"family":"Tkalec","given":"Nuša"},{"family":"Likozar","given":"Blaž"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1039/d4cc05157b","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cc05157b","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400074439","type":"article-journal","title":"Metal Release from Manganese Nodules in Anoxic Seawater and Implications for Deep-Sea Mining Dewatering Operations","abstract":"High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide The potential mining of deep-sea polymetallic nodules has been gaining increasing attention due to their enrichment in metals essential for a low-carbon future. To date, there have been few scientific studies concerning the geochemical consequences of dewatered mining waste discharge into the pelagic water column, which can inform best practices in future mining operations. Here, we report the results of laboratory incubation experiments that simulate mining discharge into anoxic waters such as those that overlie potential mining sites in the North Pacific Ocean. We find that manganese nodules are reductively dissolved, with an apparent activation energy of 42.8 kJ mol –1, leading to the release of associated metals in the order manganese > nickel > copper > cobalt > cadmium > lead. The composition of trace metals released during the incubation allows us to estimate a likely trace metal budget from the simulated dewatering waste plume. These estimates suggest that released cobalt and copper are the most enriched trace metals within the plume, up to ∼15 times more elevated than the background seawater. High copper concentrations can be toxic to marine organisms. Future work on metal toxicity to mesopelagic communities could help us better understand the ecological effects of these fluxes of trace metals.","author":[{"family":"Xiang","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Steffen","given":"Janelle"},{"family":"Lam","given":"Phoebe"},{"family":"Gartman","given":"Amy"},{"family":"Mizell","given":"Kira"},{"family":"Fitzsimmons","given":"Jessica"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00166","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00166","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399883133","type":"article-journal","title":"A global systematic review of species distribution modelling approaches for cetaceans and sea turtles","abstract":"In the last decades, interest in species distribution models (SDMs) has grown greatly. The descriptive and predictive power of correlative SDMs is highly valued to meet the high demand for filling gaps in the spatial ecology of wide-ranging and elusive species, such as cetaceans and sea turtles, living in habitats that are technically challenging to survey and where the availability of high quality, unbiased data at appropriate spatial and temporal resolution is not straightforward. This study endeavours to offer a comprehensive global overview of recent advancements in modelling techniques within the realm of SDMs applied to cetaceans and sea turtles. Through a rigorous systematic review of 295 research papers, we identified gaps in species and geographic coverage and highlighted the underrepresentation of biotic, anthropogenic, and water column variables. Our examination revealed a diverse array of modelling approaches, showcasing a notable preference for standard regression-based or machine-learning models, such as GAMs or Maxent, with Bayesian-based models emerging and experiencing growing development. Critical limitations and decisions in constructing and evaluating SDMs were discussed, proposing best practices for future studies. Emphasis was placed on the importance of validating models using fully independent datasets, particularly in the context of conservationist studies. This work not only sheds light on the state of the field but also serves as a valuable tool for those interested in modelling the distribution of these magnificent and enigmatic animals, as well as other cryptic species, offering insights that can guide researchers in making informed decisions in the realm of SDMs.","author":[{"family":"Pasanisi","given":"Eugenia"},{"family":"Pace","given":"Daniela"},{"family":"Orasi","given":"Arianna"},{"family":"Vitale","given":"Marcello"},{"family":"Arcangeli","given":"Antonella"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecoinf.2024.102700","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2024.102700","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4386136343","type":"article-journal","title":"Plant and microbial science and technology as cornerstones to Bioregenerative Life Support Systems in space","abstract":"Long-term human space exploration missions require environmental control and closed Life Support Systems (LSS) capable of producing and recycling resources, thus fulfilling all the essential metabolic needs for human survival in harsh space environments, both during travel and on orbital/planetary stations. This will become increasingly necessary as missions reach farther away from Earth, thereby limiting the technical and economic feasibility of resupplying resources from Earth. Further incorporation of biological elements into state-of-the-art (mostly abiotic) LSS, leading to bioregenerative LSS (BLSS), is needed for additional resource recovery, food production, and waste treatment solutions, and to enable more self-sustainable missions to the Moon and Mars. There is a whole suite of functions crucial to sustain human presence in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and successful settlement on Moon or Mars such as environmental control, air regeneration, waste management, water supply, food production, cabin/habitat pressurization, radiation protection, energy supply, and means for transportation, communication, and recreation. In this paper, we focus on air, water and food production, and waste management, and address some aspects of radiation protection and recreation. We briefly discuss existing knowledge, highlight open gaps, and propose possible future experiments in the short-, medium-, and long-term to achieve the targets of crewed space exploration also leading to possible benefits on Earth.","author":[{"family":"Micco","given":"Veronica"},{"family":"Amitrano","given":"Chiara"},{"family":"Mastroleo","given":"Felice"},{"family":"Aronne","given":"Giovanna"},{"family":"Battistelli","given":"Alberto"},{"family":"Carnero-Díaz","given":"Eugénie"},{"family":"Pascale","given":"Stefania"},{"family":"Detrell","given":"Gisela"},{"family":"Dussap","given":"Claude‐gilles"},{"family":"Ganigué","given":"Ramon"},{"family":"Jakobsen","given":"Øyvind"},{"family":"Poulet","given":"Lucie"},{"family":"Houdt","given":"Rob"},{"family":"Verseux","given":"Cyprien"},{"family":"Vlaeminck","given":"Siegfried"},{"family":"Willaert","given":"Ronnie"},{"family":"Leys","given":"Natalie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41526-023-00317-9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41526-023-00317-9","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405022839","type":"article-journal","title":"Landscape changes caused by the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake in Japan","abstract":"Landscapes are shaped by tectonic, climatic, and surface processes over geological timescales, but we rarely witness the events of marked landscape change. The moment magnitude 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquake in central Japan was caused by a large thrust faulting, up to nearly 10 meters of slip, that expanded more than 150 kilometers along the fault zone. The deformation field reconstructed from satellite data and field surveys reveals up to 4.4 meters of uplift and associated coastal advance along the entire northern coast of the peninsula, meter-scale systematic movement of the mountain slopes consistent with slip on flexural faults, and activation of secondary inland faults, suggesting synchronized ruptures. The findings show excellent consistency between the coseismic deformation and geomorphic features and provide a vivid example of the role of a major earthquake in landscape formation.","author":[{"family":"Fukushima","given":"Y"},{"family":"Ishimura","given":"Daisuke"},{"family":"Takahashi","given":"Naoya"},{"family":"Iwasa","given":"Yoshiya"},{"family":"Malatesta","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Takahashi","given":"Takayuki"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Chi‐hsien"},{"family":"Yoshida","given":"Keisuke"},{"family":"Toda","given":"Shinji"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.adp9193","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adp9193","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4322627998","type":"article-journal","title":"Management of Climate Resilience: Exploring the Potential of Digital Twin Technology, 3D City Modelling, and Early Warning Systems","abstract":"Cities, and in particular those in coastal low-lying areas, are becoming increasingly susceptible to climate change, the impact of which is worsened by the tendency for population concentration in these areas. Therefore, comprehensive early warning systems are necessary to minimize harm from extreme climate events on communities. Ideally, such a system would allow all stakeholders to acquire accurate up-to-date information and respond effectively. This paper presents a systematic review that highlights the significance, potential, and future directions of 3D city modelling, early warning systems, and digital twins in the creation of technology for building climate resilience through the effective management of smart cities. In total, 68 papers were identified through the PRISMA approach. A total of 37 case studies were included, among which (n = 10) define the framework for a digital twin technology, (n = 14) involve the design of 3D virtual city models, and (n = 13) entail the generation of early warning alerts using the real-time sensor data. This review concludes that the bidirectional flow of data between a digital model and the real physical environment is an emerging concept for enhancing climate resilience. However, the research is primarily in the phase of theoretical concepts and discussion, and numerous research gaps remain regarding the implementation and use of a bidirectional data flow in a true digital twin. Nonetheless, ongoing innovative research projects are exploring the potential of digital twin technology to address the challenges faced by communities in vulnerable areas, which will hopefully lead to practical solutions for enhancing climate resilience in the near future.","author":[{"family":"Riaz","given":"Khurram"},{"family":"Mcafee","given":"Marion"},{"family":"Gharbia","given":"Salem"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s23052659","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052659","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4397032874","type":"article-journal","title":"Understanding and valuing human connections to deep-sea methane seeps off Costa Rica","abstract":"Methane seeps are highly productive ecosystems that provide carbon sequestration services, host diverse communities including endemic species, and serve as habitats for commercial fisheries. Little is known about the economic value the public places on them. Discrete Choice Experiments (DCEs) are administered to a sample of Costa Rican taxpayers to evaluate their willingness to pay (WTP) in monetary terms using tradeoffs made in a survey context involving three of the main attributes of methane seep ecosystems to provide insights for future conservation and management efforts. Extensive effort is devoted to understanding how Costa Ricans view different aspects of the deep sea. We find that they associate it with strange animals, natural resources, the unknown, and being far from reach. Perhaps surprisingly, they underestimate how much they know about the deep sea. We find that WTP for methane seep protection is the highest for programs that protect seeps with endemic species, followed by seeps with high climate change mitigation potential and commercial fishing habitat. Higher-income groups and women are more likely to prefer options that increase the current level of protection. We discuss how science communication and community engagement contribute to care expressed toward the deep sea.","author":[{"family":"Pereira","given":"Olívia"},{"family":"Jacobsen","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Carson","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Cortés","given":"Jorge"},{"family":"Levin","given":"Lisa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108228","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108228","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393992190","type":"article-journal","title":"A Deep Learning Approach to Extract Balanced Motions From Sea Surface Height Snapshot","abstract":"Abstract Extracting balanced geostrophic motions (BM) from sea surface height (SSH) observations obtained by wide‐swath altimetry holds great significance in enhancing our understanding of oceanic dynamic processes at submesoscale wavelength. However, SSH observations derived from wide‐swath altimetry are characterized by high spatial resolution while relatively low temporal resolution, thereby posing challenges to extract the BM from a single SSH snapshot. To address this issue, this paper proposes a deep learning model called the BM‐UBM Network, which takes an instantaneous SSH snapshot as input and outputs the projection corresponding to the BM. Training experiments are conducted both in the Gulf Stream and South China Sea, and three metrics are considered to diagnose model's outputs. The favorable results highlight the potential capability of the BM‐UBM Network to process SSH measurements obtained by wide‐swath altimetry.","author":[{"family":"Gao","given":"Zhanwen"},{"family":"Chapron","given":"Bertrand"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Chunyong"},{"family":"Fablet","given":"Ronan"},{"family":"Febvre","given":"Quentin"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Wenxia"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Ge"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2023gl106623","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl106623","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401165910","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning Artificial Intelligence Predicts Homologous Recombination Deficiency and Platinum Response From Histologic Slides","abstract":"PURPOSE Cancers with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) can benefit from platinum salts and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. Standard diagnostic tests for detecting HRD require molecular profiling, which is not universally available. METHODS We trained DeepHRD, a deep learning platform for predicting HRD from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)–stained histopathological slides, using primary breast (n = 1,008) and ovarian (n = 459) cancers from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). DeepHRD was compared with four standard HRD molecular tests using breast (n = 349) and ovarian (n = 141) cancers from multiple independent data sets, including platinum-treated clinical cohorts with RECIST progression-free survival (PFS), complete response (CR), and overall survival (OS) endpoints. RESULTS DeepHRD predicted HRD from held-out H&E-stained breast cancer slides in TCGA with an AUC of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.77 to 0.85). This performance was confirmed in two independent primary breast cancer cohorts (AUC, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.71 to 0.82]). In an external platinum-treated metastatic breast cancer cohort, samples predicted as HRD had higher complete CR (AUC, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.54 to 0.93]) with 3.7-fold increase in median PFS (14.4 v 3.9 months; P = .0019) and hazard ratio (HR) of 0.45 ( P = .0047). There were no significant differences in nonplatinum treatment outcome by predicted HRD status in three breast cancer cohorts, including CR (AUC, 0.39) and PFS (HR, 0.98, P = .95) in taxane-treated metastatic breast cancer. Through transfer learning to high-grade serous ovarian cancer, DeepHRD-predicted HRD samples had better OS after first-line (HR, 0.46; P = .030) and neoadjuvant (HR, 0.49; P = .015) platinum therapy in two cohorts. CONCLUSION DeepHRD can predict HRD in breast and ovarian cancers directly from routine H&E slides across multiple external cohorts, slide scanners, and tissue fixation variables. When compared with molecular testing, DeepHRD classified 1.8- to 3.1-fold more patients with HRD, which exhibited better OS in high-grade serous ovarian cancer and platinum-specific PFS in metastatic breast cancer.","author":[{"family":"Bergstrom","given":"Erik"},{"family":"Abbasi","given":"Ammal"},{"family":"Díazgay","given":"Marcos"},{"family":"Galland","given":"Loïck"},{"family":"Ladoire","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Lippman","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Alexandrov","given":"Ludmil"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1200/jco.23.02641","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.23.02641","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404612846","type":"article-journal","title":"Climate‐Induced Saltwater Intrusion in 2100: Recharge‐Driven Severity, Sea Level‐Driven Prevalence","abstract":"Saltwater intrusion is a critical concern for coastal communities due to its impacts on fresh ecosystems and civil infrastructure. Declining recharge and rising sea level are the two dominant drivers of saltwater intrusion along the land-ocean continuum, but there are currently no global estimates of future saltwater intrusion that synthesize these two spatially variable processes. Here, for the first time, we provide a novel assessment of global saltwater intrusion risk by integrating future recharge and sea level rise while considering the unique geology and topography of coastal regions. We show that nearly 77% of global coastal areas below 60° north will undergo saltwater intrusion by 2100, with different dominant drivers. Climate-driven changes in subsurface water replenishment (recharge) is responsible for the high-magnitude cases of saltwater intrusion, whereas sea level rise and coastline migration are responsible for the global pervasiveness of saltwater intrusion and have a greater effect on low-lying areas.","author":[{"family":"Adams","given":"Kyra"},{"family":"Reager","given":"JT"},{"family":"Buzzanga","given":"Brett"},{"family":"David","given":"Cédric"},{"family":"Sawyer","given":"Audrey"},{"family":"Hamlington","given":"BD"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2024gl110359","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl110359","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401015457","type":"article-journal","title":"Improved deep learning architecture for skin cancer classification","abstract":"A leading cause of mortality globally, skin cancer is deadly. Early skin cancer diagnosis reduces mortality. Visual inspection is the main skin cancer diagnosis tool; however, it is imprecise. Researchers propose deep-learning techniques to assist physicians identify skin tumors fast and correctly. Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can identify distinct objects in complex tasks. We train a CNN on photos with merely pixels and illness labels to classify skin lesions. We train on HAM-10000 using a CNN. On the HAM10000 dataset, the suggested model scored 95.23% efficiency, 95.30% sensitivity, and 95.91% specificity.","author":[{"family":"Owida","given":"Hamza"},{"family":"Alshdaifat","given":"Nawaf"},{"family":"Almaghthawi","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Abuowaida","given":"Suhaila"},{"family":"Aburomman","given":"Ahmad"},{"family":"Al-Momani","given":"Adai"},{"family":"Arabiat","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Chan","given":"Huah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.11591/ijeecs.v36.i1.pp501-508","URL":"https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v36.i1.pp501-508","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4389559667","type":"article-journal","title":"Recent advances on shale oil and gas exploration and development technologies","abstract":"In the face of the complex global energy transition, the development of unconventional oil and gas resources, such as oil shale, shale oil, and shale gas, encounters challenges related to carbon neutrality, technological complexities, and costs. However, the world’s strained energy landscape and the fact that the new energy industry has yet to take shape also present rich opportunities for the development of these resources. Against this background, a conference platform was established at Jilin University for facilitating scholarly exchange and discussion on the exploration and development technologies of shale oil and gas. The 5th International Symposium on Shale Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Technologies was successfully held in Changchun from November 10 to 12, 2023. The symposium attracted over 210 experts and scholars from more than 59 institutions worldwide, representing the field of shale oil and gas exploration, development, and utilization. Participating delegates shared their accomplishments in the realm of shale oil and gas exploration and development technologies, engaging in profound discussions and fruitful exchanges on these subjects. Document Type: Editorial Cited as : Guo, W., Deng, S., Sun, Y. Recent advances on shale oil and gas exploration and development technologies. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 2024, 11(2): 81-87. https://doi.org/10.46690/ager.2024.02.01","author":[{"family":"Guo","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Deng","given":"Sunhua"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Youhong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.46690/ager.2024.02.01","URL":"https://doi.org/10.46690/ager.2024.02.01","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4366417239","type":"article-journal","title":"Use of Sea Waste to Enhance Sustainability in Composite Materials: A Review","abstract":"The term “sea waste” generally refers to any solid, liquid, or gaseous material or substance that is discarded, disposed of, or abandoned in the ocean, sea, or any other body of salty water, such as a lagoon, etc. This includes waste generated by human activities on land that makes its way into the ocean, as well as waste generated by ships and other vessels at sea. Examples of sea waste include plastic debris, chemicals and toxic substances, oil spills, sewage, and other forms of pollution. These pollutants can harm marine ecosystems, endanger marine life, and impact human health and wellbeing. Efforts are being made by governments, organizations, researchers, and individuals to reduce the amount of sea waste generated, and to clean up existing waste in the ocean. Less attention is usually paid to waste materials of natural origin as they are considered (sometimes wrongly) to be less critical; an example is the tons of organic and inorganic material of natural origin that wash up on the beaches daily and must be landfilled or incinerated. The present paper intends to provide an updated review of research experiences and engineering solutions that are able to offer a second life to natural (biological) sea waste by incorporating it into the creation of new, more sustainable materials, and especially composites.","author":[{"family":"Santulli","given":"Carlo"},{"family":"Fragassa","given":"Cristiano"},{"family":"Pavlović","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Nikolić","given":"Danilo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse11040855","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040855","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388634666","type":"article-journal","title":"A Comprehensive Study on the Role of Machine Learning in 5G Security: Challenges, Technologies, and Solutions","abstract":"Fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks have already marked their presence globally, revolutionizing entertainment, business, healthcare, and other domains. While this leap forward brings numerous advantages in speed and connectivity, it also poses new challenges for security protocols. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have been employed to augment traditional security measures, promising to mitigate risks and vulnerabilities. This paper conducts an exhaustive study to assess ML and DL algorithms’ role and effectiveness within the 5G security landscape. Also, it offers a profound dissection of the 5G network’s security paradigm, particularly emphasizing the transformative role of ML and DL as enabling security tools. This study starts by examining the unique architecture of 5G and its inherent vulnerabilities, contrasting them with emerging threat vectors. Next, we conduct a detailed analysis of the network’s underlying segments, such as network slicing, Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC), and edge computing, revealing their associated security challenges. By scrutinizing current security protocols and international regulatory impositions, this paper delineates the existing 5G security landscape. Finally, we outline the capabilities of ML and DL in redefining 5G security. We detail their application in enhancing anomaly detection, fortifying predictive security measures, and strengthening intrusion prevention strategies. This research sheds light on the present-day 5G security challenges and offers a visionary perspective, highlighting the intersection of advanced computational methods and future 5G security.","author":[{"family":"Fakhouri","given":"Hussam"},{"family":"Alawadi","given":"Sadi"},{"family":"Awaysheh","given":"Feras"},{"family":"Hani","given":"Imad"},{"family":"Alkhalaileh","given":"Mohannad"},{"family":"Hamad","given":"Faten"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/electronics12224604","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12224604","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390765906","type":"article-journal","title":"Biofloc Technology (BFT) in Aquaculture: What Goes Right, What Goes Wrong? A Scientific‐Based Snapshot","abstract":"Aquaculture is a crucial industry that can help meet the increasing demand for aquatic protein products and provide employment opportunities in coastal areas and beyond. If incorrectly manage, traditional aquaculture methods can have negative impacts on the environment and natural resources, including water pollution and overuse of wild fish stocks as aquafeed ingredients. Biofloc technology (BFT) may offer a promising solution to some of these challenges by promoting a cleaner and sustainable production system. BFT converts waste into bioflocs, which serve as a natural food source for fish and shrimp within the culture system, reducing the need for external inputs, such as feed and chemicals. Moreover, BFT has the potential to improve yields and economic performance while promoting efficient resource utilization, such as water and energy. Despite its numerous advantages, BFT presents several challenges, such as high energy demand, high initial/running costs, waste (effluent, suspended solids, and sludge) management, opportunistic pathogens ( vibrio ) spread, and a lack of understanding of operational/aquatic/microbial dynamics. However, with further training, research, and innovation, these challenges can be overcome, and BFT can become a more widely understood and adopted technique, acting as an effective method for sustainable aquaculture. In summary, BFT offers a cleaner production option that promotes circularity practices while enhancing performance and economic benefits. This technique has the potential to address several challenges faced by the aquaculture industry while ensuring its continued growth and protecting the environment. A more broad BFT adoption can contribute to meeting the increasing demand for aquaculture products while reducing the industry’s negative impact on the environment and natural resources. In this context, this review provides an overview of the advantages and challenges of BFT and highlights key technical, biological, and economic aspects to optimize its application, promote further adoption, and overcome the current challenges.","author":[{"family":"Khanjani","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Sharifinia","given":"Moslem"},{"family":"Emerenciano","given":"Maurício"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1155/2024/7496572","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7496572","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404276527","type":"article-journal","title":"(Bio)degradation of biopolymer and biocomposite in deep-sea environments","abstract":"In order to reduce the contamination of marine ecosystems by plastic materials, the scientific community is engaged in the development of biodegradable substitutes for conventional plastics. While certain candidates have been successfully tested in coastal marine environments, the degradation process in deep-sea environments remains poorly understood. This study examined the degradation of two industrial biopolyesters, a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co -3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and a polybutylene-succinate (PBS), in two deep marine environments of the Middle and Eastern Atlantic, at depths of 780 and 1740 m, as well as under laboratory conditions under hydrostatic pressure and without micro-organisms. The findings reveal a considerable biodeterioration of PHBV and a pronounced influence of flax fibre reinforcement on the degradation mechanisms. Conversely, PBS exhibits minimal to no indications of degradation. Additionally, the results confirm that biotic factors are the primary determinants of the degradation processes, with no degradation observed under abiotic conditions. • PBS and PHBV biodegradation in deep sea environments is investigated. • PHBV shows evidence of biodeterioration after one year, PBS does not. • Flax-fibre reinforcement markedly enhances biodeterioration processes. • Further samples will be taken after longer immersions to better understand the degradation processes in these environments.","author":[{"family":"Chamley","given":"Alexandre"},{"family":"Baley","given":"Christophe"},{"family":"Gayet","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Sarrazin","given":"Jozée"},{"family":"Fuchs","given":"Sandra"},{"family":"Freyermouth","given":"Floriane"},{"family":"Davies","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117230","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117230","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399233413","type":"article-journal","title":"Utilizing environmental DNA and imaging to study the deep-sea fish community of Takuyo-Daigo Seamount","abstract":"The increase in interest of mining at seamounts means there is a critical need to establish baseline inventories through environmental survey, with the aim of promoting the conservation and stewardship of these remote habitats. To efficiently evaluate fish biodiversity around a seamount, we compared environmental DNA (eDNA) methods using seawater and sponge samples against methods using imagery obtained with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and a free-fall deep-sea camera lander called the Edokko Mark I on the Takuyo-Daigo Seamount (153.0&#xb0;E, 23.5&#xb0;N) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. We detected a total of 18 fish families by these methods. The fish fauna detected on the seamount included many families commonly found in deep-sea areas and were similar to the fish fauna of other seamounts located at similar latitudes in the northwestern Pacific. Significant differences in the patterns of detection of fish families between the eDNA and imaging methods is attributed to the differing powers of detection of some fish groups between methods (related to primer compatibility and fish size). For deep-sea fish, the difference in fish composition at the family level between seawater and sponge eDNA methods was not significant, but the difference between Edokko Mark I and ROV methods was significant; the latter difference is likely due to whether or not bait is used to attract fish. Although the eDNA workflow implemented here requires improvements, the use of eDNA and imaging methods in combination provided better insight into the biodiversity of deep-sea fishes in the deep-sea around a seamount, where our knowledge of the fish fauna has been extremely limited. Our recovery of eDNA from seawater and sponge samples around the seamount demonstrates the potential of these methods for facilitating environmental baseline surveys and impact assessments of mining activities to obtain results not previously possible with the use of visual methods only.","author":[{"family":"Iguchi","given":"Akira"},{"family":"Nishijima","given":"Miyuki"},{"family":"Ikeuchi","given":"Eri"},{"family":"Yokooka","given":"Hiroyuki"},{"family":"Sugishima","given":"Hideki"},{"family":"Ikeda","given":"Kazumasa"},{"family":"Miwa","given":"Ryuichi"},{"family":"Sekido","given":"Yoshiro"},{"family":"Iwasaki","given":"Nozomu"},{"family":"Suzumura","given":"Masahiro"},{"family":"Tsukasaki","given":"Ayumi"},{"family":"Tanaka","given":"Yuichiro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s44185-024-00042-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-024-00042-w","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4400921198","type":"article-journal","title":"Seasonal and Fortnight Variations in Internal Solitary Waves in the Indonesian Seas From the SWOT Measurements","abstract":"Abstract Using the wide‐swath sea surface height (SSH) data from the 1‐day repeat calibration/validation phase of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission, we explored fine‐scale evolution of nonlinear internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the Banda/Molucca Seas in the Indonesian Archipelagos. Generated in the Ombai Strait and Lifamatola Passage through semidiurnal tide‐topography interaction, respectively, ISWs in the Banda/Molucca Seas have a SSH amplitude of 10–20 cm and exhibit multiple wave packets with the leading wave crest followed by a series of rank‐ordered secondary wave crests. Due to nonlinearity, the ISWs are observed to propagate northward at a speed faster than the regional mode‐1 internal gravity waves and their amplitudes are modulated fortnightly following the regional spring‐neap tidal cycle. On longer timescale, the observed ISW amplitudes are controlled by seasonal upper ocean stratification changes with a weaker stratification favoring a larger amplitude. By converting the SWOT‐measured SSH data to the interior ocean pressure signals, we quantified the depth‐integrated energy flux associated with the northward‐propagating ISWs to be 5 and 2 kW m −1 in the central Banda and Molucca Seas, respectively. Comparisons with past studies indicate that the ISWs contribute to close to 100% and 40% of the tidally‐induced, northward energy fluxes, respectively, across the Banda and Molucca Seas.","author":[{"family":"Qiu","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Shuiming"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jinbo"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Lee‐lueng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2024jc021086","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jc021086","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401253027","type":"article-journal","title":"Advancing horizons in remote sensing: a comprehensive survey of deep learning models and applications in image classification and beyond","abstract":"Abstract In recent years, deep learning has significantly reshaped numerous fields and applications, fundamentally altering how we tackle a variety of challenges. Areas such as natural language processing (NLP), computer vision, healthcare, network security, wide-area surveillance, and precision agriculture have leveraged the merits of the deep learning era. Particularly, deep learning has significantly improved the analysis of remote sensing images, with a continuous increase in the number of researchers and contributions to the field. The high impact of deep learning development is complemented by rapid advancements and the availability of data from a variety of sensors, including high-resolution RGB, thermal, LiDAR, and multi-/hyperspectral cameras, as well as emerging sensing platforms such as satellites and aerial vehicles that can be captured by multi-temporal, multi-sensor, and sensing devices with a wider view. This study aims to present an extensive survey that encapsulates widely used deep learning strategies for tackling image classification challenges in remote sensing. It encompasses an exploration of remote sensing imaging platforms, sensor varieties, practical applications, and prospective developments in the field.","author":[{"family":"Paheding","given":"Sidike"},{"family":"Saleem","given":"Ashraf"},{"family":"Siddiqui","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Rawashdeh","given":"Nathir"},{"family":"Essa","given":"Almabrok"},{"family":"Reyes","given":"Abel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s00521-024-10165-7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10165-7","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391475235","type":"article-journal","title":"Potential benefits of climate change on navigation in the northern sea route by 2050","abstract":"Climate change has been inducing a continuous increase in temperatures within the Arctic region, consequently leading to an escalation in the rates of Arctic ice depletion. These changes have profound implications for navigation along the Arctic Northern Sea Route (NSR). However, access to the NSR is constrained to specific temporal intervals when the sea ice thickness reaches a threshold that permits safe passage of ships. This research employs climate change model simulations and the Polar Operational Limit Assessment Risk Indexing System framework to investigate the navigational feasibility of diverse ship types along NSR during the calendar years 2030, 2040, and 2050, under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. Different ship categories were analyzed within the context of these two scenarios. Results indicate considerable variation in the navigability of different ship categories across different scenarios and years. In general, polar ships demonstrate a higher navigational potential throughout most of the year, while pleasure crafts are constrained to specific periods. These findings bear significant implications for the future of shipping along the NSR. As Arctic ice continues to melt, NSR is anticipated to become more accessible to ships, albeit with navigational availability remaining contingent on the ship category and seasonal considerations.","author":[{"family":"Mahmoud","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Roushdi","given":"Mahmoud"},{"family":"Aboelkhear","given":"Mostafa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-53308-5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53308-5","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391329649","type":"article-journal","title":"Cutting‐edge technologies for detecting and controlling fish diseases: Current status, outlook, and challenges","abstract":"Abstract Aquaculture is now the main source of seafood in human diets and is one of its fastest‐growing industries worldwide. However, the industry is facing several difficulties, including infectious diseases, the most significant limiting factor for aquaculture expansion. The impact of diseases on aquaculture growth, fecundity, mortality rates, and marketability is profound. Hence, the ability to predict disease outbreaks is crucial to overcoming these challenges. Various infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites can cause significant losses of fish in intensive aquaculture practices. In an aquaculture environment, the high host density coupled with restricted water flow promotes pathogen spread. Early detection of disease is crucial for farmers as mortality rates can reach as high as 100% if left untreated. Therefore, new techniques and technical solutions for disease management in aquaculture are required. In this context, data analytics technologies, such as internet of things (IoT) sensors, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, allow farmers to proactively monitor their farms and detect potential disease outbreaks before they strike. Here, we highlighted the potential of machine learning algorithms in early pathogen detection and the possibilities of intelligent aquaculture in controlling disease outbreaks at the farm level. IoT is currently a popular study topic for smarter and sustainable aquaculture, as seen by the growing interest and broad overall assumptions. Therefore, this review aims to provide comprehensive information on the various aspects and challenges associated with modern technologies for controlling pathogenic microorganisms, as well as the potential benefits of using the IoT to improve fish health and welfare in aquaculture.","author":[{"family":"Islam","given":"Sk"},{"family":"Ahammad","given":"Foysal"},{"family":"Mohammed","given":"Haitham"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1111/jwas.13051","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.13051","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401396687","type":"article-journal","title":"An Interpretable Multi-Model Machine Learning Approach for Spatial Mapping of Deep-Sea Polymetallic Nodule Occurrences","abstract":"Abstract High-resolution mapping of deep-sea polymetallic nodules is needed (a) to understand the reasons behind their patchy distribution, (b) to associate nodule coverage with benthic fauna occurrences, and (c) to enable an accurate resource estimation and mining path planning. This study used an autonomous underwater vehicle to map 37 km2 of a geomorphologically complex site in the Eastern Clarion–Clipperton Fracture Zone. A multibeam echosounder system (MBES) at 400 kHz and a side scan sonar at 230 kHz were used to investigate the nodule backscatter response. More than 30,000 seafloor images were analyzed to obtain the nodule coverage and train five machine learning (ML) algorithms: generalized linear models, generalized additive models, support vector machines, random forests (RFs) and neural networks (NNs). All models ML yielded similar maps of nodule coverage with differences occurring in the range of predicted values, particularly at parts with irregular topography. RFs had the best fit and NNs had the worst spatial transferability. Attention was given to the interpretability of model outputs using variable importance ranking across all models, partial dependence plots and domain knowledge. The nodule coverage is higher on relatively flat seafloor ( < 3°) with eastward-facing slopes. The most important predictor was the MBES backscatter, particularly from incident angles between 25 and 55°. Bathymetry, slope, and slope orientation were important geomorphological predictors. For the first time, at a water depth of 4500 m, orthophoto-mosaics and image-derived digital elevation models with 2-mm and 5-mm spatial resolutions supported the geomorphological analysis, interpretation of polymetallic nodules occurrences, and backscatter response.","author":[{"family":"Gazis","given":"Iason"},{"family":"Charlet","given":"Francois"},{"family":"Greinert","given":"Jens"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s11053-024-10393-7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-024-10393-7","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392130087","type":"article-journal","title":"An improved sparrow search algorithm and CNN-BiLSTM neural network for predicting sea level height","abstract":"Abstract Accurate prediction of sea level height is critically important for the government in assessing sea level risk in coastal areas. However, due to the nonlinear, time-varying and highly uncertain characteristics of sea level change data, sea level prediction is challenging. To improve the accuracy of sea level prediction, this paper uses a new swarm intelligence algorithm named the sparrow search algorithm (SSA), which can imitate the foraging behavior and antipredation behavior of sparrows, to determine optimal solutions. To avoid the algorithm falling into a local optimal situation, this paper integrates the sine–cosine algorithm and the Cauchy variation strategy into the SSA to obtain an algorithm named the SCSSA. The SCSSA is used to optimize the parameter values of the CNN-BiLSTM (convolutional neural network combined with bidirectional long short-term memory neural network) model; finally, a combined neural network model (named SCSSA-CNN-BiLSTM) is proposed. In this paper, the time series data of seven tidal stations located in coastal China are used for experimental analysis. First, the SCSSA-CNN-BiLSTM model is compared with the CNN-BiLSTM model to predict the time series data of SHANWEI Station. With respect to the training and test sets of data, the SCSSA-CNN-BiLSTM model outperforms the other models on all the evaluation metrics. In addition, the remaining six tide station datasets and five neural network models, including the SCSSA-CNN-BiLSTM model, are used to further study the performance of the proposed prediction model. Four evaluation indices including the root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and coefficient of determination (R2) are adopted. For six stations, the RMSE, MAE, MAPE and R2of SCSSA-CNN-BiLSTM model are ranged from 20.9217 ~ 27.8427 mm, 9.4770 ~ 17.8603 mm, 0.1322% ~ 0.2482% and 0.9119 ~ 0.9759, respectively. The experimental analysis results show that the SCSSA-CNN-BiLSTM model makes effective predictions at all stations, and the prediction performance is better than that of the other models. Even though the combination of SCSSA algorithm may increase the complexity of the model, indeed the proposed model is a new prediction method with good accuracy and robustness for predicting sea level change.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Xiao"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Shijian"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Fengwei"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Laiying"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-55266-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55266-4","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392014868","type":"article-journal","title":"A novel day-ahead regional and probabilistic wind power forecasting framework using deep CNNs and conformalized regression forests","abstract":"Regional forecasting is crucial for a balanced energy delivery system and for achieving the global transition to clean energy. However, regional wind forecasting is challenging due to uncertain weather prediction and its high dimensional nature. Most solutions are limited to single-turbine or farm/park forecasting; therefore, this work proposes a day-ahead regional wind power forecasting framework using deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) with context-aware turbine maps and Conformal Quantile Regression (CQR) to generate quantile forecasts with valid coverage. Additionally, this work introduces the use of the Split Conformal Predictive System (SCPS) to generate valid prediction distributions, which has not yet been proposed for wind power forecasting in general. As well as a new method to generate calibrated prediction distributions based on SCPS and Quantile Regression Forests (QRF). This new method, named Split Conformal Distribution Regression Forests (SCDRF), allows for conditional conformal predictive distribution that increases efficiency compared to SCPS while maintaining valid coverage. SCDRF, together with CNNs and context-aware turbine maps, outperforms the existing models on the evaluated dataset, reducing the pinball loss by 5.89% while having more flexibility due to the generation of prediction distributions that can be used to generate any quantile prediction without retraining the model.","author":[{"family":"Jonkers","given":"Jef"},{"family":"Avendano","given":"Diego"},{"family":"Wallendael","given":"Glenn"},{"family":"Hoecke","given":"Sofie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.122900","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.122900","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402319490","type":"article-journal","title":"In Situ Measurement of Deep-Sea Salinity Using Optical Salinometer Based on Michelson Interferometer","abstract":"Ocean salinity plays an important role in oceanographic research as one of the fundamental parameters. An optical salinometer based on the Michelson interferometer (MI) suitable for in situ measurement in deep-sea environments is proposed in this work, and it features real-time calibration and multichannel multiplexing using the frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) technique. The symmetrical sapphire structure used to withstand deep-sea pressure can not only achieve automatic temperature compensation, but also counteract the changes in optical path length under deep-sea pressure. A model formula suitable for optical salinity demodulation is proposed through the nonlinear least squares fitting method. In vertical profile testing, the optical salinometer demonstrated remarkable tracking performance, achieving an error of less than 0.001 psu. The sensor displays a stable salinity demodulation error within ±0.002 psu during a three-month long-term test at a depth of 4000 m. High stability and resolution make this optical salinometer have broad development prospects in ocean observation.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Shuqing"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Ji","given":"Lanting"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Qingquan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Muzi"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Shanshan"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Chi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12091569","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091569","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400843295","type":"article-journal","title":"Self-powered and speed-adjustable sensor for abyssal ocean current measurements based on triboelectric nanogenerators","abstract":"The monitoring of currents in the abyssal ocean is an essential foundation of deep-sea research. The state-of-the-art current meter has limitations such as the requirement of a power supply for signal transduction, low pressure resistance, and a narrow measurement range. Here, we report a fully integrated, self-powered, highly sensitive deep-sea current measurement system in which the ultra-sensitive triboelectric nanogenerator harvests ocean current energy for the self-powered sensing of tiny current motions down to 0.02&#x2009;m/s. Through an unconventional magnetic coupling structure, the system withstands immense hydrostatic pressure exceeding 45&#x2009;MPa. A variable-spacing structure broadens the measuring range to 0.02-6.69&#x2009;m/s, which is 67% wider than that of commercial alternatives. The system successfully operates at a depth of 4531&#x2009;m in the South China Sea, demonstrating the record-deep operations of triboelectric nanogenerator-based sensors in deep-sea environments. Our results show promise for sustainable ocean current monitoring with higher spatiotemporal resolution.","author":[{"family":"Pan","given":"Yuan"},{"family":"Dai","given":"Zhuhang"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Haoxiang"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Jinrong"},{"family":"Leng","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Yapeng"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Wencai"},{"family":"Yalikun","given":"Yaxiaer"},{"family":"Song","given":"Xuemei"},{"family":"Han","given":"Chang"},{"family":"Shang","given":"Chenjing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-024-50581-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50581-w","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4391231004","type":"article-journal","title":"A chromosome-level genome assembly of a deep-sea symbiotic Aplacophora mollusc Chaetoderma sp.","abstract":"The worm-shaped, shell-less Caudofoveata is one of the least known groups of molluscs. As early-branching molluscs, the lack of high-quality genomes hinders our understanding of their evolution and ecology. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-scale genome of Chaetoderma sp. combining PacBio, Illumina, and high-resolution chromosome conformation capture sequencing. The final assembly has a size of 2.45&#x2009;Gb, with a scaffold N50 length of 141.46&#x2009;Mb, and is anchored to 17 chromosomes. Gene annotations showed a high level of accuracy and completeness, with 23,675 predicted protein-coding genes and 94.44% of the metazoan conserved genes by BUSCO assessment. We further present 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of the gut microbiota in Chaetoderma sp., which was dominated by the chemoautotrophic bacteria (phylum Gammaproteobacteria). This chromosome-level genome assembly presents the first genome for the Caudofoveata, which constitutes an important resource for studies ranging from molluscan evolution, symposium, to deep-sea adaptation.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Minxiao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Junlong"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Linlin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41597-024-02940-x","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-02940-x","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4395004451","type":"article-journal","title":"The Discovery of Weddellamycin, a Tricyclic Polyene Macrolactam Antibiotic from an Antarctic Deep-Sea-Derived Streptomyces sp. DSS69, by Heterologous Expression","abstract":"Polyene macrolactams are a special group of natural products with great diversity, unique structural features, and a wide range of biological activities. Herein, a cryptic gene cluster for the biosynthesis of putative macrolactams was disclosed from a sponge-associated bacterium, Streptomyces sp. DSS69, by genome mining. Cloning and heterologous expression of the whole biosynthetic gene cluster led to the discovery of weddellamycin, a polyene macrolactam bearing a 23/5/6 ring skeleton. A negative regulator, WdlO, and two positive regulators, WdlA and WdlB, involved in the regulation of weddellamycin production were unraveled. The fermentation titer of weddellamycin was significantly improved by overexpression of wdlA and wdlB and deletion of wdlO. Notably, weddellamycin showed remarkable antibacterial activity against various Gram-positive bacteria including MRSA, with MIC values of 0.10–0.83 μg/mL, and antifungal activity against Candida albicans, with an MIC value of 3.33 μg/mL. Weddellamycin also displayed cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 2.07 to 11.50 µM.","author":[{"family":"Lü","given":"Chen"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Hong","given":"Jiali"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Zhanzhao"},{"family":"He","given":"Weijun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yemin"},{"family":"Deng","given":"Zixin"},{"family":"Tao","given":"Meifeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/md22040189","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/md22040189","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401511783","type":"article-journal","title":"Green Hydrogen in Focus: A Review of Production Technologies, Policy Impact, and Market Developments","abstract":"This paper navigates the critical role of hydrogen in catalyzing a sustainable energy transformation. This review delves into hydrogen production methodologies, spotlighting green and blue hydrogen as pivotal for future energy systems because of their potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Through a comprehensive literature review and a bibliometric analysis, this study underscores the importance of technological advancements, policy support, and market incentives in promoting hydrogen as a key energy vector. It also explores the necessity of expanding renewable energy sources and international cooperation to secure a sustainable, low-carbon future. The analysis highlights the importance of scalable and cost-effective hydrogen production methods, such as solar-thermochemical and photo-electrochemical processes, and addresses the challenges posed by resource availability and geopolitical factors in establishing a hydrogen economy. This paper serves as a guide for policy and innovation toward achieving global sustainability goals, illustrating the essential role of hydrogen in the energy transition.","author":[{"family":"Jaradat","given":"Mustafa"},{"family":"Almashaileh","given":"Sondos"},{"family":"Bendea","given":"Codruta"},{"family":"Juaidi","given":"Adel"},{"family":"Bendea","given":"Gabriel"},{"family":"Bungau","given":"Tudor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en17163992","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17163992","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390826195","type":"article-journal","title":"Post‐combustion capture and other Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technologies: A review","abstract":"Abstract Technologies for capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and strategies for sequestering carbon dioxide have received a lot of interest in recent years as potential remedies for the curtailment of the growing concerns of emissions of greenhouse gases and global warming. This article provides a comprehensive analysis on the trends in research and development in the area of CO 2 carbon capture and sequestration at the moment. The review explores various technological approaches for capturing CO 2 from industrial emissions, such as post‐combustion capture systems, pre‐combustion capture systems, and oxy‐fuel combustion system. It also gives a major insight into the post‐combustion capture of carbon by means of a summary, information obtained via a personal interview with a Combustion Based Unit (CBU) plant manager. Additionally, different methods for storing and sequestering the aforementioned gas, including geological and oceanic archiving, and mineralization, are examined. By synthesizing the findings from a wide range of studies and research papers, this literature review provides valuable insights into the current technologies for CO 2 capture, storage, and sequestration, contributing to the ongoing efforts in addressing climate change and achieving sustainable development goals.","author":[{"family":"Ibigbami","given":"Olayinka"},{"family":"Onilearo","given":"Oluwatimilehin"},{"family":"Akinyeye","given":"Richard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/tqem.22180","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.22180","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403209152","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep learning for ocean temperature forecasting: a survey","abstract":"Abstract Ocean temperature prediction is significant in climate change research and marine ecosystem management. However, relevant statistical and physical methods focus on assuming relationships between variables and simulating complex physical processes of ocean temperature changes, facing challenges such as high data dependence and insufficient processing of long-term dependencies. This paper comprehensively reviews the development and latest progress of ocean temperature prediction models based on deep learning. We first provide a formulaic definition for ocean temperature prediction and a brief overview of deep learning models widely used in this field. Using data sources and model structures, we systematically divide ocean temperature prediction models into data-driven deep learning models and physically guided deep learning models; and comprehensively explore the relevant literature involved in each method. In addition, we summarize an ocean temperature dataset and sea areas, laying a solid foundation for ocean temperature prediction. Finally, we propose current challenges and future development directions in ocean temperature prediction research based on deep learning. This article aims to analyze existing research, identify research gaps and challenges, provide complete and reliable technical support for climate forecasting, marine disaster prevention, and fishery resource management, and promote the further development of ocean temperature research.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Xingyu"},{"family":"Qi","given":"Jianpeng"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Yanwei"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Lei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s44295-024-00042-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44295-024-00042-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392851704","type":"article-journal","title":"SST Forecast Skills Based on Hybrid Deep Learning Models: With Applications to the South China Sea","abstract":"We explore to what extent data-driven prediction models have skills in forecasting daily sea-surface temperature (SST), which are comparable to or perform better than current physics-based operational systems over long-range forecast horizons. Three hybrid deep learning-based models are developed within the South China Sea (SCS) basin by integrating deep neural networks (back propagation, long short-term memory, and gated recurrent unit) with traditional empirical orthogonal function analysis and empirical mode decomposition. Utilizing a 40-year (1982–2021) satellite-based daily SST time series on a 0.25° grid, we train these models on the first 32 years (1982–2013) of detrended SST anomaly (SSTA) data. Their predictive accuracies are then validated using data from 2014 and tested over the subsequent seven years (2015–2021). The models’ forecast skills are assessed using spatial anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) and root-mean-square error (RMSE), with ACC proving to be a stricter metric. A forecast skill horizon, defined as the lead time before ACC drops below 0.6, is determined to be 50 days. The models are equally capable of achieving a basin-wide average ACC of ~0.62 and an RMSE of ~0.48 °C at this horizon, indicating a 36% improvement in RMSE over climatology. This implies that on average the forecast skill horizon for these models is beyond the available forecast length. Analysis of one model, the BP neural network, reveals a variable forecast skill horizon (5 to 50 days) for each individual day, showing that it can adapt to different time scales. This adaptability seems to be influenced by a number of mechanisms arising from the evident regional and global atmosphere–ocean coupling variations on time scales ranging from intraseasonal to decadal in the SSTA of the SCS basin.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Mengmeng"},{"family":"Han","given":"Guijun"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Xiaobo"},{"family":"Li","given":"Chaoliang"},{"family":"Shao","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Li","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Lige"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xuan"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Wanqiu"},{"family":"Ji","given":"Zenghua"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs16061034","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16061034","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391928046","type":"article-journal","title":"Wearable Technology for Monitoring Electrocardiograms (ECGs) in Adults: A Scoping Review","abstract":"In the rapidly evolving landscape of continuous electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring systems, there is a heightened demand for non-invasive sensors capable of measuring ECGs and detecting heart rate variability (HRV) in diverse populations, ranging from cardiovascular patients to sports enthusiasts. Challenges like device accuracy, patient privacy, signal noise, and long-term safety impede the use of wearable devices in clinical practice. This scoping review aims to assess the performance and safety of novel multi-channel, sensor-based biopotential wearable devices in adults. A comprehensive search strategy was employed on four databases, resulting in 143 records and the inclusion of 12 relevant studies. Most studies focused on healthy adult subjects (n = 6), with some examining controlled groups with atrial fibrillation (AF) (n = 3), long QT syndrome (n = 1), and sleep apnea (n = 1). The investigated bio-sensor devices included chest-worn belts (n = 2), wrist bands (n = 2), adhesive chest strips (n = 2), and wearable textile smart clothes (n = 4). The primary objective of the included studies was to evaluate device performance in terms of accuracy, signal quality, comparability, and visual assessment of ECGs. Safety findings, reported in five articles, indicated no major side effects for long-term/continuous monitoring, with only minor instances of skin irritation. Looking forward, there are ample opportunities to enhance and test these technologies across various physical activity intensities and clinical conditions.","author":[{"family":"Dahiya","given":"Ekta"},{"family":"Kalra","given":"Anubha"},{"family":"Lowe","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Anand","given":"Gautam"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s24041318","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041318","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4375906443","type":"article-journal","title":"DNA Barcoding Reveals Unexpected Diversity of Deep-Sea Octopuses in the North-East Atlantic","abstract":"The taxonomy of Bathypolypus and Muusoctopus has long been confounded by poor original descriptions and difficulty in distinguishing among species morphologically. We aimed to use DNA barcoding in conjunction with species delimitation techniques and morphological identification of mature males to identify the species of Bathypolypus and Muusoctopus present in the North-east Atlantic and provide additional information on species distributions. From 298 specimens collected during biannual Deepwater Timeseries cruises and other aligned surveys undertaken by Marine Scotland onboard MRV Scotia between 2005–19, we identified Bathypolypus arcticus, B. ergasticus, B. bairdii, B. sponsalis, B. pugniger, Muusoctopus normani and M. johnsonianus as well as an unidentified Muusoctopus species that we conclude is likely to be a new species. We show the utility of DNA barcoding in identifying difficult to distinguish species such as deep-sea octopuses. Studies like ours are essential to provide clarity on the taxonomy of such groups and to determine the true diversity and distribution of species within them.","author":[{"family":"Taite","given":"Morag"},{"family":"Dillon","given":"Lawrence"},{"family":"Strugnell","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Drewery","given":"Jim"},{"family":"Allcock","given":"AL"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1353/bae.2023.0000","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bae.2023.0000","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388980267","type":"article-journal","title":"Unveiling microplastic distribution and interactions in the benthic layer of the Yangtze River Estuary and East China Sea","abstract":"Microplastics (MPs), recognized as an emerging global environmental concern, have been extensively detected worldwide, with specific attention directed towards the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) and East China Sea (ECS) regions. Despite their critical research significance, there remains a knowledge gap concerning the distribution of MPs in the benthic layer within this area, particularly regarding interactions governing their occurrence. Here we illuminate the distribution of MPs within the benthic layer and unravel the intricate interplay between bottom water and sediment in the YRE and ECS. We find that MPs are notably more abundant in bottom water, ranging from 8 to 175 times higher than in surface water. These MPs predominantly consist of polyester fibers, exhibit a size range between 0.5 and 5.0 mm, and display distinct coloration. Co-occurrence network analysis and Principal Coordinate Analysis confirm a robust correlation between MPs in bottom water and sediment, signifying the pivotal role of bottom water in mediating the distribution and transportation of MPs within the benthic layer. Furthermore, a positive correlation between MPs in sediment and bottom water turbidity underscores the impact of surface sediment resuspension and upwelling on MPs distribution. This study clarifies the intricate interactions within the benthic layer and highlights the crucial role of bottom water as a mediator in the vertical distribution of MPs, advancing our understanding of the \"source-to-sink\" transport processes governing MPs within water-sediment systems.","author":[{"family":"Ge","given":"Xinyu"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Feng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Lili"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Xiao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Lijuan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yunxiao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jiangpeng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jiawei"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Yuanyuan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ese.2023.100340","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2023.100340","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391157124","type":"article-journal","title":"Exploring Key Aspects of Sea Level Rise and Their Implications: An Overview","abstract":"Sea level rise (SLR) is one of the most pressing challenges of climate change and has drawn noticeable research interest over the past few decades. Factors induced by global climate change, such as temperature increase, have resulted in both direct and indirect changes in sea levels at different spatial scales. Various climatic and non-climatic events contribute to sea level changes, posing risks to coastal and low-lying areas. Nevertheless, changes in sea level are not uniformly distributed globally due to several regional factors such as wave actions, storm surge frequencies, and tectonic land movement. The high exposure to those factors increases the vulnerability of subjected areas to SLR impacts. The impacts of events induced by climate change and SLR are reflected in biophysical, socioeconomic, and environmental aspects. Different indicator-based and model-based approaches are used to assess coastal areas’ vulnerabilities, response to impacts, and implementation of adaptation and mitigation measures. Various studies have been conducted to project future SLR impacts and evaluate implemented protection and adaptation approaches, aiding policymakers in planning effective adaptation and mitigation measures to reduce damage. This paper provides an overview of SLR and its key elements, encompassing contributing factors, impacts, and mitigation and adaptation measures, featuring a dedicated section on the Arabian Gulf, a semi-enclosed sea.","author":[{"family":"Elneel","given":"Leena"},{"family":"Zitouni","given":"MS"},{"family":"Mukhtar","given":"Husameldin"},{"family":"Galli","given":"Paolo"},{"family":"Al-Ahmad","given":"Hussain"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/w16030388","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16030388","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391985108","type":"article-journal","title":"Research Progress on Extraction and Detection Technologies of Flavonoid Compounds in Foods","abstract":"Flavonoid compounds have a variety of biological activities and play an essential role in preventing the occurrence of metabolic diseases. However, many structurally similar flavonoids are present in foods and are usually in low concentrations, which increases the difficulty of their isolation and identification. Therefore, developing and optimizing effective extraction and detection methods for extracting flavonoids from food is essential. In this review, we review the structure, classification, and chemical properties of flavonoids. The research progress on the extraction and detection of flavonoids in foods in recent years is comprehensively summarized, as is the application of mathematical models in optimizing experimental conditions. The results provide a theoretical basis and technical support for detecting and analyzing high-purity flavonoids in foods.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Wen"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xiaoping"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Shuanglong"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Xiaofei"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xinglei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/foods13040628","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13040628","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401888994","type":"article-journal","title":"Research on Predicting the Mechanical Characteristics of Deep-Sea Mining Transportation Pipelines","abstract":"Deep-sea mining, as a critical direction for the future development of mineral resources, places significant importance on the mechanical characteristics of its transportation pipelines for the safety and efficiency of the entire mining system. This paper establishes a simulation model of the deep-sea mining system based on oceanic environmental loads and the mechanical theory of deep-sea mining transportation pipelines. Through a static analysis, the effective tension along the pipeline length, the maximum values of bending moment, and the minimum values of bending radius are determined as critical points for the dynamic analysis of pipeline mechanical characteristic monitoring. A dynamic simulation analysis of the pipeline’s mechanical characteristics was conducted, and simulation sensor data were obtained as inputs for the prediction model construction. A prediction model of pipeline mechanical characteristics based on the BP neural network was constructed, with the model’s prediction correlation coefficients all exceeding 0.95, enabling an accurate prediction of pipeline state parameters.","author":[{"family":"Hu","given":"Qiong"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Jingyan"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Meiling"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Junqiang"},{"family":"Ou","given":"Yujia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app14167349","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167349","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388290746","type":"article-journal","title":"Putative novel hydrogen- and iron-oxidizing sheath-producing Zetaproteobacteria thrive at the Fåvne deep-sea hydrothermal vent field","abstract":"ABSTRACT Iron-oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria are well known to colonize deep-sea hydrothermal vent fields around the world where iron-rich fluids are discharged into oxic seawater. How inter-field and intra-field differences in geochemistry influence the diversity of Zetaproteobacteria, however, remains largely unknown. Here, we characterize Zetaproteobacteria phylogenomic diversity, metabolic potential, and morphologies of the iron oxides they form, with a focus on the recently discovered Fåvne vent field. Located along the Mohns ridge in the Arctic, this vent field is a unique study site with vent fluids containing both iron and hydrogen with thick iron microbial mats (Fe mats) covering porously venting high-temperature (227–267°C) black smoker chimneys. Through genome-resolved metagenomics, we demonstrate that Zetaproteobacteria, Ghiorsea spp., likely produce tubular iron oxide sheaths dominating the Fe mats at Fåvne, as observed via microscopy. With these structures, Ghiorsea may provide a surface area for members of other abundant taxa such as Campylobacterota, Gammaproteobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria. Furthermore, Ghiorsea likely oxidizes both iron and hydrogen present in the fluids, with several Ghiorsea populations co-existing in the same niche. Homologs of Zetaproteobacteria Ni,Fe hydrogenases and iron oxidation gene cyc2 were found in genomes of other community members, suggesting exchange of these genes could have happened in similar environments. Our study provides new insights into Zetaproteobacteria in hydrothermal vents, their diversity, energy metabolism and niche formation. IMPORTANCE Knowledge on microbial iron oxidation is important for understanding the cycling of iron, carbon, nitrogen, nutrients, and metals. The current study yields important insights into the niche sharing, diversification, and Fe(III) oxyhydroxide morphology of Ghiorsea , an iron- and hydrogen-oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria representative belonging to Zetaproteobacteria operational taxonomic unit 9. The study proposes that Ghiorsea exhibits a more extensive morphology of Fe(III) oxyhydroxide than previously observed. Overall, the results increase our knowledge on potential drivers of Zetaproteobacteria diversity in iron microbial mats and can eventually be used to develop strategies for the cultivation of sheath-forming Zetaproteobacteria.","author":[{"family":"Hribovšek","given":"Petra"},{"family":"Denny","given":"Emily"},{"family":"Dahle","given":"Håkon"},{"family":"Mall","given":"Achim"},{"family":"Viflot","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Boonnawa","given":"Chanakan"},{"family":"Reeves","given":"Eoghan"},{"family":"Steen","given":"Ida"},{"family":"Stokke","given":"Runar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1128/msystems.00543-23","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00543-23","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404691756","type":"article-journal","title":"Comparative genomic analyses of aerobic planctomycetes isolated from the deep sea and the ocean surface","abstract":"Abstract On the deep and dark seafloor, a cryptic and yet untapped microbial diversity flourishes around hydrothermal vent systems. This remote environment of difficult accessibility exhibits extreme conditions, including high pressure, steep temperature- and redox gradients, limited availability of oxygen and complete darkness. In this study, we analysed the genomes of three aerobic strains belonging to the phylum Planctomycetota that were isolated from two deep-sea iron- rich hydroxide deposits with low temperature diffusive vents. The vents are located in the Arctic and Pacific Ocean at a depth of 600 and 1,734 m below sea level, respectively. The isolated strains Pr1dT, K2D and TBK1r were analyzed with a focus on genome-encoded features that allow phenotypical adaptations to the low temperature iron-rich deep-sea environment. The comparison with genomes of closely related surface-inhabiting counterparts indicates that the deep-sea isolates do not differ significantly from members of the phylum Planctomycetota inhabiting other habitats, such as macroalgae biofilms and the ocean surface waters. Despite inhabiting extreme environments, our “deep and dark”-strains revealed a mostly non-extreme genome biology.","author":[{"family":"Øvreås","given":"Lise"},{"family":"Kallscheuer","given":"Nicolai"},{"family":"Calisto","given":"Rita"},{"family":"Bordin","given":"Nicola"},{"family":"Storesund","given":"Julia"},{"family":"Jogler","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Devos","given":"Damien"},{"family":"Lage","given":"Olga"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10482-024-02041-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-024-02041-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390820178","type":"article-journal","title":"Advances in understanding of air–sea exchange and cycling of greenhouse gases in the upper ocean","abstract":"The air–sea exchange and oceanic cycling of greenhouse gases (GHG), including carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2), are fundamental in controlling the evolution of the Earth’s atmospheric chemistry and climate. Significant advances have been made over the last 10 years in understanding, instrumentation and methods, as well as deciphering the production and consumption pathways of GHG in the upper ocean (including the surface and subsurface ocean down to approximately 1000 m). The global ocean under current conditions is now well established as a major sink for CO2, a major source for N2O and a minor source for both CH4 and CO. The importance of the ocean as a sink or source of NOx is largely unknown so far. There are still considerable uncertainties about the processes and their major drivers controlling the distributions of N2O, CH4, CO, and NOx in the upper ocean. Without having a fundamental understanding of oceanic GHG production and consumption pathways, our knowledge about the effects of ongoing major oceanic changes—warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and eutrophication—on the oceanic cycling and air–sea exchange of GHG remains rudimentary at best. We suggest that only through a comprehensive, coordinated, and interdisciplinary approach that includes data collection by global observation networks as well as joint process studies can the necessary data be generated to (1) identify the relevant microbial and phytoplankton communities, (2) quantify the rates of ocean GHG production and consumption pathways, (3) comprehend their major drivers, and (4) decipher economic and cultural implications of mitigation solutions.","author":[{"family":"Bange","given":"Hermann"},{"family":"Mongwe","given":"Precious"},{"family":"Shutler","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Arévalomartínez","given":"Damian"},{"family":"Bianchi","given":"Daniele"},{"family":"Lauvset","given":"Siv"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Chun‐ying"},{"family":"Löscher","given":"Carolin"},{"family":"Martins","given":"Helena"},{"family":"Rosentreter","given":"Judith"},{"family":"Schmale","given":"Oliver"},{"family":"Steinhoff","given":"Tobias"},{"family":"Upstillgoddard","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Wanninkhof","given":"Rik"},{"family":"Wilson","given":"Samuel"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Huixiang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1525/elementa.2023.00044","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00044","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391375666","type":"article-journal","title":"Atmospheric deposition and river runoff stimulate the utilization of dissolved organic phosphorus in coastal seas","abstract":"Abstract In coastal seas, the role of atmospheric deposition and river runoff in dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) utilization is not well understood. Here, we address this knowledge gap by combining microcosm experiments with a global approach considering the relationship between the activity of alkaline phosphatases and changes in phytoplankton biomass in relation to the concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP). Our results suggest that the addition of aerosols and riverine water stimulate the biological utilization of DOP in coastal seas primarily by depleting DIP due to increasing nitrogen concentrations, which enhances phytoplankton growth. This “Anthropogenic Nitrogen Pump” was therefore identified to make DOP an important source of phosphorus for phytoplankton in coastal seas but only when the ratio of chlorophyll a to DIP [Log10 (Chl a / DIP)] is larger than 1.20. Our study therefore suggests that anthropogenic nitrogen input might contribute to the phosphorus cycle in coastal seas.","author":[{"family":"Jin","given":"Haoyu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Meng","given":"Siyu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Qin"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Xiaokun"},{"family":"Meng","given":"Ling"},{"family":"Zhuang","given":"Yunyun"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Xiaohong"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Shi","given":"F"},{"family":"Möck","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Huiwang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-024-44838-7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44838-7","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404275431","type":"article-journal","title":"Machine vision combined with deep learning–based approaches for food authentication: An integrative review and new insights","abstract":"Food fraud undermines consumer trust, creates economic risk, and jeopardizes human health. Therefore, it is essential to develop efficient technologies for rapid and reliable analysis of food quality and safety for food authentication. Machine vision-based methods have emerged as promising solutions for the rapid and nondestructive analysis of food authenticity and quality. The Industry 4.0 revolution has introduced new trends in this field, including the use of deep learning (DL), a subset of artificial intelligence, which demonstrates robust performance and generalization capabilities, effectively extracting features, and processing extensive data. This paper reviews recent advances in machine vision and various DL-based algorithms for food authentication, including DL and lightweight DL, used for food authenticity analysis such as adulteration identification, variety identification, freshness detection, and food quality identification by combining them with a machine vision system or with smartphones and portable devices. This review explores the limitations of machine vision and the challenges of DL, which include overfitting, interpretability, accessibility, data privacy, algorithmic bias, and design and deployment of lightweight DLs, and miniaturization of sensing devices. Finally, future developments and trends in this field are discussed, including the development of real-time detection systems that incorporate a combination of machine vision and DL methods and the expansion of databases. Overall, the combination of vision-based techniques and DL is expected to enable faster, more affordable, and more accurate food authentication methods.","author":[{"family":"Shen","given":"Che"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ran"},{"family":"Nawazish","given":"Hira"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Kezhou"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Baocai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1111/1541-4337.70054","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.70054","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403659863","type":"article-journal","title":"On the tracks of white sharks in the Mediterranean Sea","abstract":"White sharks ( Carcharodon carcharias ) are among the most widespread, charismatic, and studied predators in the ocean. However, their conservation status is concerning in many ocean sectors, most notably the Mediterranean Sea, which hosts one of the least known and most endangered populations globally. Though they were historically abundant and widely distributed in the region, Mediterranean white sharks have declined to dangerously low abundance levels, impacted by centuries of coastal and, more recently, industrial fishing. The IUCN lists this species as Critically Endangered in the region, but information about its current abundance and ecology is scarce, hindering effective management and conservation. Here, we describe our initial effort to find and track the remaining Mediterranean white sharks and report what we have learned from these activities. In 2021-2023, we conducted three pilot expeditions in the Sicilian Channel, covering four major sites, collecting 159 eDNA samples, and carrying out 359 hrs of pelagic mid-water baited video surveys, 43 hours of deep-water benthic baited video surveys, and 111 hrs of fishing. Baited video surveys detected 42 species of bony fishes, elasmobranchs, marine mammals, and turtles. We detected white sharks at four sites from eDNA samples. Though we did not observe white sharks directly, these activities supported the identification of one of the last strongholds of this population in the region and started a multi-institutional white shark conservation program in the Mediterranean Sea, aiming to track the last white sharks in the region, estimate their abundance and extinction risk, characterize the species’ ecology and inform management and conservation.","author":[{"family":"Ferretti","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Shea","given":"Brendan"},{"family":"Gambardella","given":"Chiara"},{"family":"Jenrette","given":"Jeremy"},{"family":"Moro","given":"Stefano"},{"family":"Echwikhi","given":"Khaled"},{"family":"Schallert","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Gallagher","given":"Austin"},{"family":"Block","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Chapple","given":"Taylor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1425511","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1425511","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403055676","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep‐Pelagic Fishes Are Anything But Similar: A Global Synthesis","abstract":"Deep-pelagic fishes are among the most abundant vertebrates on Earth. They play a critical role in sequestering carbon, providing prey for harvestable fishing stocks and linking oceanic layers and trophic levels. However, knowledge of these fishes is scarce and fragmented, hampering the ability of both the scientific community and stakeholders to address them effectively. While modelling approaches incorporating these organisms have advanced, they often oversimplify their functional and ecological diversity, potentially leading to misconceptions. To address these gaps, this synthesis examines the biodiversity and ecology of global deep-pelagic fishes. We review pelagic ecosystem classifications and propose a new semantic framework for deep-pelagic fishes. We evaluate different sampling methods, detailing their strengths, limitations and complementarities. We provide an assessment of the world's deep-pelagic fishes comprising 1554 species, highlighting major groups and discussing regional variability. By describing their morphological, behavioural and ecological diversity, we show that these organisms are far from homogeneous. Building on this, we call for a more realistic approach to the ecology of deep-pelagic fishes transitioning between very different ecological niches during diel vertical migrations. To facilitate this, we introduce the concept of 'diel-modulated realised niche' and propose a conceptual model synthesising the multiple drivers responsible for such transitions.","author":[{"family":"Eduardo","given":"Leandro"},{"family":"Mincarone","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Sutton","given":"Tracey"},{"family":"Bertrand","given":"Arnaud"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1111/ele.14510","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14510","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393042021","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep‐subwavelength multilayered meta‐coatings for visible‐infrared compatible camouflage","abstract":"Camouflage is a common technique in nature, enabling organisms to protect themselves from predators. The development of novel camouflage technologies, not only in fundamental science, but also in the fields of military and civilian applications, is of great significance. In this study, we propose a new type of deep-subwavelength four-layered meta-coating consisting of Si, Bi, Si, and Cr from top to bottom with total thickness of only ∼355 nm for visible-infrared compatible camouflage. The visible color and the infrared emission properties of the meta-coating can be independently adjusted. Colorful meta-coating for visible camouflage can be obtained by changing the thickness of top Si layer, while the selective high emissivity in non-atmospheric window for infrared camouflage remains. Due to the deep-subwavelength properties, the meta-coating shows high angle tolerance in both visible and infrared regions. The compatible camouflage capability of our proposed meta-coating in the visible-infrared region is validated under different environments. The deep-subwavelength, angular insensitivity, visible-infrared compatibility and large-area fabrication feasibility promise the meta-coating an effective solution for camouflage in various applications such as military weapons and anti-counterfeiting.","author":[{"family":"Tan","given":"Chong"},{"family":"Wen","given":"Zhengji"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jinguo"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Dongjie"},{"family":"Qiu","given":"Qianli"},{"family":"Han","given":"Meikang"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Dai","given":"Ning"},{"family":"Hao","given":"Jiaming"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0029","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0029","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4389815985","type":"article-journal","title":"Improvements in September Arctic Sea Ice Predictions Via Assimilation of Summer CryoSat‐2 Sea Ice Thickness Observations","abstract":"Abstract Because of a spring predictability barrier, the seasonal forecast skill of Arctic summer sea ice is limited by the availability of melt‐season sea ice thickness (SIT) observations. The first year‐round SIT observations, retrieved from CryoSat‐2 from 2011 to 2020, are assimilated into the GFDL ocean–sea ice model. The model's SIT anomaly field is brought into significantly better agreement with the observations, particularly in the Central Arctic. Although the short observational period makes forecast assessment challenging, we find that the addition of May–August SIT assimilation improves September local sea ice concentration (SIC) and extent forecasts similarly to SIC‐only assimilation. Although most regional forecasts are improved by SIT assimilation, the Chukchi Sea forecasts are degraded. This degradation is likely due to the introduction of negative correlations between September SIC and earlier SIT introduced by SIT assimilation, contrary to the increased correlations found in other regions.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yongfei"},{"family":"Bushuk","given":"Mitchell"},{"family":"Winton","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Hurlin","given":"William"},{"family":"Gregory","given":"William"},{"family":"Landy","given":"Jack"},{"family":"Jia","given":"Liwei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2023gl105672","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl105672","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390263348","type":"article-journal","title":"PickBlue: Seismic Phase Picking for Ocean Bottom Seismometers With Deep Learning","abstract":"Abstract Detecting phase arrivals and pinpointing the arrival times of seismic phases in seismograms is crucial for many seismological analysis workflows. For land station data, machine learning methods have already found widespread adoption. However, deep learning approaches are not yet commonly applied to ocean bottom data due to a lack of appropriate training data and models. Here, we compiled an extensive and labeled ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) data set from 15 deployments in different tectonic settings, comprising ∼90,000 P and ∼63,000 S manual picks from 13,190 events and 355 stations. We propose PickBlue, an adaptation of the two popular deep learning networks EQTransformer and PhaseNet. PickBlue joint processes three seismometer recordings in conjunction with a hydrophone component and is trained with the waveforms in the new database. The performance is enhanced by employing transfer learning, where initial weights are derived from models trained with land earthquake data. PickBlue significantly outperforms neural networks trained with land stations and models trained without hydrophone data. The model achieves a mean absolute deviation of 0.05 s for P ‐waves and 0.12 s for S ‐waves, and we apply the picker on the Hikurangi Ocean Bottom Tremor and Slow Slip OBS deployment offshore New Zealand. We integrate our data set and trained models into SeisBench to enable an easy and direct application in future deployments.","author":[{"family":"Bornstein","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Lange","given":"Dietrich"},{"family":"Münchmeyer","given":"Jannes"},{"family":"Woollam","given":"Jack"},{"family":"Rietbrock","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Barcheck","given":"CG"},{"family":"Grevemeyer","given":"Ingo"},{"family":"Tilmann","given":"Frederik"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2023ea003332","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023ea003332","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402171624","type":"article-journal","title":"Three‐dimensional conservation planning of fish biodiversity metrics to achieve the deep‐sea 30×30 conservation target","abstract":"Accelerating rate of human impact and environmental change severely affects marine biodiversity and increases the urgency to implement the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 30&#xd7;30 plan for conserving 30% of sea areas by 2030. However, area-based conservation targets are complex to identify in a 3-dimensional (3D) ocean where deep-sea features such as seamounts have been seldom studied mostly due to challenging methodologies to implement at great depths. Yet, the use of emerging technologies, such as environmental DNA combined with modern modeling frameworks, could help address the problem. We collected environmental DNA, echosounder acoustic, and video data at 15 seamounts and deep island slopes across the Coral Sea. We modeled 7 fish community metrics and the abundances of 45 individual species and molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) in benthic and pelagic waters (down to 600-m deep) with boosted regression trees and generalized joint attribute models to describe biodiversity on seamounts and deep slopes and identify 3D protection solutions for achieving the CBD area target in New Caledonia (1.4&#xa0;million&#xa0;km 2 ). We prioritized the identified conservation units in a 3D space, based on various biodiversity targets, to meet the goal of protecting at least 30% of the spatial domain, with a focus on areas with high biodiversity. The relationship between biodiversity protection targets and the spatial area protected by the solution was linear. The scenario protecting 30% of each biodiversity metric preserved almost 30% of the considered spatial domain and accounted for the 3D distribution of biodiversity. Our study paves the way for the use of combined data collection methodologies to improve biodiversity estimates in 3D structured marine environments for the selection of conservation areas and for the use of biodiversity targets to achieve area-based international targets.","author":[{"family":"Mathon","given":"Laëtitia"},{"family":"Baletaud","given":"Florian"},{"family":"Lebourgesdhaussy","given":"Anne"},{"family":"Lecellier","given":"Gaël"},{"family":"Menkès","given":"Christophe"},{"family":"Bachelier","given":"Céline"},{"family":"Bonneville","given":"Claire"},{"family":"Déjean","given":"Tony"},{"family":"Dumas","given":"Mahé"},{"family":"Fiat","given":"Sylvie"},{"family":"Grelet","given":"Jacques"},{"family":"Habasque","given":"Jérémie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1111/cobi.14368","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14368","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4400883495","type":"article-journal","title":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies for Microplastics Identification: Progress and Challenges","abstract":"Global concern about microplastic (MP) and nanoplastic (NP) particles is continuously rising with their proliferation worldwide. Effective identification methods for MP and NP pollution monitoring are highly needed, but due to different requirements and technical challenges, much of the work is still in progress. Herein, the advanced optical imaging systems that are successfully applied or have the potential for MP identification are focused on. Compared with chemical and thermal analyses, optical methods have the unique advantages of being nondestructive and noncontact and allow fast detection without complex sample preprocessing. Furthermore, they are capable of revealing the morphology, anisotropy, and material characteristics of MP for their quick and robust detection. This review aims to present a comprehensive discussion of the relevant optical imaging systems, emphasizing their operating principles, strengths, and drawbacks. Multiple comparisons and analyses among these technologies are conducted in order to provide practical guidelines for researchers. In addition, the combination of optical and other alternative technologies is described and the representative portable MP detection devices are highlighted. Together, they shed light on the prospects for long‐term MP pollution monitoring and environmental protection.","author":[{"family":"Zhu","given":"Yanmin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yuxing"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Jianqing"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yunping"},{"family":"Ho","given":"Yuen‐wa"},{"family":"Fang","given":"James"},{"family":"Lam","given":"Edmund"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adpr.202400038","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adpr.202400038","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393359399","type":"article-journal","title":"Unveiling high concentrations of small microplastics (11–500 μm) in surface water samples from the southern Weddell Sea off Antarctica","abstract":"Recent studies have highlighted the prevalence of microplastic (MP) pollution in the global marine environment and these pollutants have been found to contaminate even remote regions, including the Southern Ocean south of the polar front. Previous studies in this region have mostly focused on MPs larger than 300 μm, potentially underestimating the extent of MP pollution. This study is the first to investigate MPs in marine surface waters south of the polar front, with a focus on small MPs 500–11 μm in size. Seventeen surface water samples were collected in the southern Weddell Sea using an in-house-designed sampling system. The analysis of the entire sample using micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μFTIR) with focal plane array (FPA) detection revealed the presence of MPs in all samples, with the vast majority of the MPs detected being smaller than 300 μm (98.3 %). The mean concentration reached 43.5 (± 83.8) MPs m−3, with a wide range from 0.5 to 267.2 MPs m−3. The samples with the highest concentrations differed from the other samples in that they were collected north of the continental slope and the Antarctic Slope Current. Sea ice conditions possibly also influenced these varying concentrations. This study reports high concentrations of MPs compared to other studies in the region. It emphasizes the need to analyze small MPs, down to a size of 11 μm or even smaller, in the Antarctic Treaty Area to gain a more comprehensive understanding of MP pollution and its potential ecological impacts.","author":[{"family":"Leistenschneider","given":"Clara"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Fangzhu"},{"family":"Primpke","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"Gerdts","given":"Gunnar"},{"family":"Burkhardtholm","given":"Patricia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172124","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172124","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4389610482","type":"article-journal","title":"A paradigm for understanding whole ecosystem effects of offshore wind farms in shelf seas","abstract":"Abstract With the rapid expansion of offshore windfarms (OWFs) globally, there is an urgent need to assess and predict effects on marine species, habitats, and ecosystem functioning. Doing so at shelf-wide scale while simultaneously accounting for the concurrent influence of climate change will require dynamic, multitrophic, multiscalar, ecosystem-centric approaches. However, as such studies and the study system itself (shelf seas) are complex, we propose to structure future environmental research according to the investigative cycle framework. This will allow the formulation and testing of specific hypotheses built on ecological theory, thereby streamlining the process, and allowing adaptability in the face of technological advancements (e.g. floating offshore wind) and shifting socio-economic and political climates. We outline a strategy by which to accelerate our understanding of environmental effects of OWF development on shelf seas, which is illustrated throughout by a North Sea case study. Priorities for future studies include ascertaining the extent to which OWFs may change levels of primary production; whether wind energy extraction will have knock-on effects on biophysical ecosystem drivers; whether pelagic fishes mediate changes in top predator distributions over space and time; and how any effects observed at localized levels will scale and interact with climate change and fisheries displacement effects.","author":[{"family":"Isaksson","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Scott","given":"Beth"},{"family":"Hunt","given":"Georgina"},{"family":"Benninghaus","given":"Ella"},{"family":"Declerck","given":"Morgane"},{"family":"Gormley","given":"Kate"},{"family":"Harris","given":"Caitlin"},{"family":"Sjöstrand","given":"Sandra"},{"family":"Trifonova","given":"Neda"},{"family":"Waggitt","given":"James"},{"family":"Wihsgott","given":"Juliane"},{"family":"Williams","given":"Charlotte"},{"family":"Zampollo","given":"Arianna"},{"family":"Williamson","given":"Benjamin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1093/icesjms/fsad194","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsad194","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393928367","type":"article-journal","title":"Handloomed fabrics recognition with deep learning","abstract":"Every nation treasures its handloom heritage, and in India, the handloom industry safeguards cultural traditions, sustains millions of artisans, and preserves ancient weaving techniques. To protect this legacy, a critical need arises to distinguish genuine handloom products, exemplified by the renowned \"gamucha\" from India's northeast, from counterfeit powerloom imitations. Our study's objective is to create an AI tool for effortless detection of authentic handloom items amidst a sea of fakes. Six deep learning architectures-VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, InceptionV3, InceptionResNetV2, and DenseNet201-were trained on annotated image repositories of handloom and powerloom towels (17,484 images in total, with 14,020 for training and 3464 for validation). A novel deep learning model was also proposed. Despite respectable training accuracies, the pre-trained models exhibited lower performance on the validation dataset compared to our novel model. The proposed model outperformed pre-trained models, demonstrating superior validation accuracy, lower validation loss, computational efficiency, and adaptability to the specific classification problem. Notably, the existing models showed challenges in generalizing to unseen data and raised concerns about practical deployment due to computational expenses. This study pioneers a computer-assisted approach for automated differentiation between authentic handwoven \"gamucha\"s and counterfeit powerloom imitations-a groundbreaking recognition method. The methodology presented not only holds scalability potential and opportunities for accuracy improvement but also suggests broader applications across diverse fabric products.","author":[{"family":"Mahanta","given":"Lipi"},{"family":"Mahanta","given":"Deva"},{"family":"Rahman","given":"Taibur"},{"family":"Chakraborty","given":"Chandan"},{"family":"Lb","given":"Mahanta"},{"family":"Dr","given":"Mahanta"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-58750-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58750-z","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4401740775","type":"article-journal","title":"High seas in the cloud: the role of big data and artificial intelligence in support of high seas governance – The Sargasso Sea pilot","abstract":"This article examines the future governance of areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) in the wake of the new 2023 United Nations Agreement using the work on the Sargasso Sea as a prototype. After discussing the legal framework and current challenges facing the ABNJ regime, some details are provided on open ocean data collection technologies, including big data and artificial intelligence (AI), used in support of ocean governance. Based on a technology-enabled ocean governance cycle, the role that data, information technology and data-science can play in incorporating empirical scientific knowledge into policy and decision-making is examined with a focus on the open ocean. The article concludes with a vision of future high seas governance based on the 2023 Agreement and how big data and AI can play a crucial role in meeting the exciting challenges that the new agreement poses.","author":[{"family":"Freestone","given":"David"},{"family":"Bjergstrom","given":"Kieran"},{"family":"Gjerde","given":"Kristina"},{"family":"Halpin","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Fleming","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Hudson","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Rogers","given":"Alex"},{"family":"Sapsford","given":"Fae"},{"family":"Tsontos","given":"Vardis"},{"family":"Vázquez","given":"Jorge"},{"family":"Vousden","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1427099","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1427099","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404050483","type":"article-journal","title":"An Abrupt Decline in Global Terrestrial Water Storage and Its Relationship with Sea Level Change","abstract":"As observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow On (GRACE-FO) missions, global terrestrial water storage (TWS), excluding ice sheets and glaciers, declined rapidly between May 2014 and March 2016. By 2023, it had not yet recovered, with the upper end of its range remaining 1 cm equivalent height of water below the upper end of the earlier range. Beginning with a record-setting drought in northeastern South America, a series of droughts on five continents helped to prevent global TWS from rebounding. While back-to-back El Niño events are largely responsible for the South American drought and others in the 2014-2016 timeframe, the possibility exists that global warming has contributed to a net drying of the land since then, through enhanced evapotranspiration and increasing frequency and intensity of drought. Corollary to the decline in global TWS since 2015 has been a rise in barystatic sea level (i.e., global mean ocean mass). However, we find no evidence that it is anything other than a coincidence that, also in 2015, two estimates of barystatic sea level change, one from GRACE/FO and the other from a combination of satellite altimetry and Argo float ocean temperature measurements, began to diverge. Herein, we discuss both the mechanisms that account for the abrupt decline in terrestrial water storage and the possible explanations for the divergence of the barystatic sea level change estimates. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10712-024-09860-w.","author":[{"family":"Rodell","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Barnoud","given":"Anne"},{"family":"Robertson","given":"Franklin"},{"family":"Allan","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Bellas-Manley","given":"Ashley"},{"family":"Bosilovich","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Chambers","given":"DP"},{"family":"Landerer","given":"Felix"},{"family":"Loomis","given":"Bryant"},{"family":"Nerem","given":"RS"},{"family":"Oneill","given":"Mary"},{"family":"Wiese","given":"DN"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10712-024-09860-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-024-09860-w","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4396561387","type":"article-journal","title":"A survey on underwater coral image segmentation based on deep learning","abstract":"Image-based coral reef survey technologies have revolutionized the monitoring of coral reefs by offering a cost-effective and noninvasive method for collecting data across large spatial scales and extended periods. Among these technologies, underwater videography has emerged as a well-established and reliable tool for remote sensing in coral research. Automatic segmentation of coral images represents a forward-looking and fundamental research area in underwater remote sensing. It aims to address a major challenge that limits traditional in situ underwater coral survey research: the difficulty of automatically generating accurate and reproducible high-resolution maps of the underlying coral reef ecosystems. Understanding recent achievements and their relevance to coral ecology monitoring needs is crucial for future planning. This paper presents a literature review on underwater coral image segmentation, focusing on the deep learning implementation pipeline. Furthermore, we introduce a new densely annotated dataset specifically designed for the semantic segmentation of underwater coral images. We systematically evaluate State-of-the-Art (SOTA) methodologies and novel techniques not previously applied to coral image semantic segmentation using the proposed dataset. We then discuss their feasibility in this context. Our goal for this review is to spark innovative ideas and directions for future research in underwater coral image segmentation and to provide readers with an accessible overview of some of the most significant advancements in this field over the past decade. By accomplishing these objectives, we hope to advance research in underwater coral image segmentation and support the development of effective monitoring and conservation strategies for coral reef ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Ming"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Hanqi"},{"family":"Gruen","given":"Armin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Deren"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1080/10095020.2024.2343323","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2024.2343323","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402330361","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning Improves Global Satellite Observations of Ocean Eddy Dynamics","abstract":"Abstract Ocean eddies affect large‐scale circulation and induce a kinetic energy cascade through their non‐linear interactions. However, since global observations of eddy dynamics come from satellite altimetry maps that smooth eddies and distort their geometry, the strength of this cascade is underestimated. Here, we use deep learning to improve observational estimates of global surface geostrophic currents and explore the implications for the cascade. By synthesizing multi‐modal satellite observations of sea surface height (SSH) and temperature, we achieve up to a 30% improvement in spatial resolution over the community‐standard SSH product. This reveals numerous strongly interacting eddies that were previously obscured by smoothing. In many regions, these newly resolved eddies lead to nearly an order‐of‐magnitude increase in the upscale kinetic energy cascade that peaks in spring and is strong enough to drive the seasonality of large mesoscale eddies. Our study suggests that deep learning can be a powerful paradigm for satellite oceanography.","author":[{"family":"Martin","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Manucharyan","given":"Georgy"},{"family":"Klein","given":"Patrice"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2024gl110059","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl110059","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4396767878","type":"article-journal","title":"Ocean internal tides suppress tropical cyclones in the South China Sea","abstract":"Abstract Tropical Cyclones (TCs) are devastating natural disasters. Analyzing four decades of global TC data, here we find that among all global TC-active basins, the South China Sea (SCS) stands out as particularly difficult ocean for TCs to intensify, despite favorable atmosphere and ocean conditions. Over the SCS, TC intensification rate and its probability for a rapid intensification (intensification by ≥ 15.4 m s−1 day−1) are only 1/2 and 1/3, respectively, of those for the rest of the world ocean. Originating from complex interplays between astronomic tides and the SCS topography, gigantic ocean internal tides interact with TC-generated oceanic near-inertial waves and induce a strong ocean cooling effect, suppressing the TC intensification. Inclusion of this interaction between internal tides and TC in operational weather prediction systems is expected to improve forecast of TC intensity in the SCS and in other regions where strong internal tides are present.","author":[{"family":"Guan","given":"Shoude"},{"family":"Jin","given":"Fei‐fei"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Jiwei"},{"family":"Lin","given":"I"},{"family":"Pun","given":"Iam‐fei"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Huthnance","given":"John"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Xu"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Wenju"},{"family":"Jing","given":"Zhao"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Lei"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Ping"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yihan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhiwei"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Chun"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Qingxuan"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Xiaodong"},{"family":"Hou","given":"Yijun"},{"family":"Song","given":"Jinbao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-024-48003-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48003-y","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405176394","type":"article-journal","title":"The 2024 small island developing states report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change","abstract":"The 2024 small island developing states (SIDS) report for the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change expands on the global Lancet Countdown 2023 and 2024 reports to explore the unique contexts, geographies, vulnerabilities, and needs that shape the evolving links between health and climate change in SIDS in the Pacific, Caribbean, and Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and South China Sea regions. SIDS were first recognised as a distinct grouping of island nations at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development; they share high vulnerability to extreme weather events, climate change, and global economic shocks.","author":[{"family":"Gordonstrachan","given":"Georgiana"},{"family":"Parker","given":"Stephanie"},{"family":"Harewood","given":"Heather"},{"family":"Méndezlázaro","given":"Pablo"},{"family":"Saketa","given":"Salanieta"},{"family":"Parchment","given":"Kimalie"},{"family":"Walawender","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Abdulkadri","given":"Abdullahi"},{"family":"Beggs","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Buss","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Chodak","given":"Riley"},{"family":"Dasgupta","given":"Shouro"},{"family":"Santis","given":"Olga"},{"family":"Guthrie-Dixon","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Hassan","given":"Saria"},{"family":"Kennard","given":"Harry"},{"family":"Maharaj","given":"Sandeep"},{"family":"Marshall","given":"KL"},{"family":"Mcfarlane","given":"Shelly"},{"family":"Mckenzie","given":"Kimberley"},{"family":"Moradilakeh","given":"Maziar"},{"family":"Murphy","given":"Madhuvanti"},{"family":"Mycoo","given":"Michelle"},{"family":"Shiu","given":"Roannie"},{"family":"O'hare","given":"Megan"},{"family":"Oura","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Owfi","given":"Fereidoon"},{"family":"Owfi","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Polson","given":"Karen"},{"family":"Rabbaniha","given":"Mahnaz"},{"family":"Robinson","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Smith","given":"David"},{"family":"Tabatabaei","given":"Meisam"},{"family":"Tuiasosopo","given":"Lanea"},{"family":"Romanello","given":"Marina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00421-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00421-2","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390499820","type":"article-journal","title":"Time series forecasting model for non-stationary series pattern extraction using deep learning and GARCH modeling","abstract":"Abstract This paper presents a novel approach to time series forecasting, an area of significant importance across diverse fields such as finance, meteorology, and industrial production. Time series data, characterized by its complexity involving trends, cyclicality, and random fluctuations, necessitates sophisticated methods for accurate forecasting. Traditional forecasting methods, while valuable, often struggle with the non-linear and non-stationary nature of time series data. To address this challenge, we propose an innovative model that combines signal decomposition and deep learning techniques. Our model employs Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) for learning the volatility in time series changes, followed by Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) for data decomposition, significantly simplifying data complexity. We then apply Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) to effectively learn the features of the decomposed data. The integration of these advanced techniques enables our model to fully capture and analyze the intricate features of time series data at various interval lengths. We have evaluated our model on multiple typical time-series datasets, demonstrating its enhanced predictive accuracy and stability compared to traditional methods. This research not only contributes to the field of time series forecasting but also opens avenues for the application of hybrid models in big data analysis, particularly in understanding and predicting the evolution of complex systems.","author":[{"family":"Han","given":"Huimin"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zehua"},{"family":"Barrios","given":"Mauricio"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jiuhao"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Zhixiong"},{"family":"Sarhan","given":"Nadia"},{"family":"Awwad","given":"Emad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1186/s13677-023-00576-7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00576-7","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392375508","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of Electric UAV Visual Detection and Navigation Technologies for Emergency Rescue Missions","abstract":"Sudden disasters often result in significant losses of human lives and property, and emergency rescue is a necessary response to disasters. In recent years, with the development of electric unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and artificial intelligence technology, the combination of these technologies has been gradually applied to emergency rescue missions. However, in the face of the complex working conditions of emergency rescue missions, the application of electric UAV visual detection still faces great challenges, particularly in relation to a lack of GPS positioning signal in closed emergency rescue environments, as well as unforeseen obstacle avoidance and autonomous planning and searching flights. Although the combination of visual detection and visual navigation technology shows great potential and added value for use in the context of emergency rescue, at present it remains in the research and experimental stages. Consequently, this paper summarizes and discusses the current status and development of visual detection and navigation technologies for electric UAVs, as well as issues related to emergency rescue applications, with a view to accelerating the research and application of visual detection and navigation technologies for electric UAVs in emergency rescue missions. In this study, we first summarize the classification of typical disasters, analyze the application of sample UAV and configurations in typical disasters with a high frequency of occurrence, refine key electric UAV technologies in emergency rescue missions, and propose the value of exploring electric UAV visual detection and navigation technologies. Subsequently, current research on electric UAV visual detection and navigation technology is analyzed and its application in emergency rescue missions is discussed. Finally, this paper presents the problems faced in the application of electric UAV visual detection and navigation technology in urban emergency rescue environments and offers insights into future research directions.","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jiyun"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Hongqiang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su16052105","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052105","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391403963","type":"article-journal","title":"Research on Water Resource Modeling Based on Machine Learning Technologies","abstract":"Water resource modeling is an important means of studying the distribution, change, utilization, and management of water resources. By establishing various models, water resources can be quantitatively described and predicted, providing a scientific basis for water resource management, protection, and planning. Traditional hydrological observation methods, often reliant on experience and statistical methods, are time-consuming and labor-intensive, frequently resulting in predictions of limited accuracy. However, machine learning technologies enhance the efficiency and sustainability of water resource modeling by analyzing extensive hydrogeological data, thereby improving predictions and optimizing water resource utilization and allocation. This review investigates the application of machine learning for predicting various aspects, including precipitation, flood, runoff, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, groundwater level, and water quality. It provides a detailed summary of various algorithms, examines their technical strengths and weaknesses, and discusses their potential applications in water resource modeling. Finally, this paper anticipates future development trends in the application of machine learning to water resource modeling.","author":[{"family":"Ze","given":"Liu"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Jingzhao"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Xiaoyang"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Z"},{"family":"Lv","given":"Yang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/w16030472","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16030472","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4397022024","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review on Biofloc System Technology, History, Types, and Future Economical Perceptions in Aquaculture","abstract":"Given the scarcity of water and land resources, coupled with the competitive nature of aquaculture, the long-term viability of this industry will depend on strategies for vertical development. This involves enhancing production environments, increasing productivity, and advancing aquaculture technologies. The use of biofloc technology offers a potential solution to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts and the heavy reliance on fishmeal in the aquaculture sector. This method is designed to effectively assimilate inorganic nitrogen found in aquaculture wastewater, thereby enhancing water quality. Additionally, this process produces microbial protein, which can serve as a viable supplemental feed for aquatic animals. Furthermore, this technique has the potential to reduce the feed conversion ratio, thereby lowering overall production costs. This article provides an overview of the evolving field of biofloc system technology within aquaculture. In this study, we will examine the historical development and various types of biofloc systems, as well as the factors that influence their effectiveness. Finally, we will explore the economic potential of implementing biofloc systems in aquaculture.","author":[{"family":"Raza","given":"Bilal"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Zhongming"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Wen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/ani14101489","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101489","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392367727","type":"article-journal","title":"Deficiencies in monitoring practices of marine protected areas in southern European seas","abstract":"Worldwide, states are gazetting new Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to meet the international commitment of protecting 30% of the seas by 2030. Yet, protection benefits only come into effect when an MPA is implemented with activated regulations and actively managed through continuous monitoring and adaptive management. To assess if actively managed MPAs are the rule or the exception, we used the Mediterranean and Black Seas as a case study, and retrieved information on monitoring activities for 878 designated MPAs in ten European Union (EU) countries. We searched for scientific and grey literature that provides information on the following aspects of MPA assessment and monitoring: ecological (e.g., biomass of commercially exploited fish), social (e.g., perceptions of fishers in an MPA), economic (e.g., revenue of fishers) and governance (e.g., type of governance scheme). We also queried MPA authorities on their past and current monitoring activities using a web-based survey through which we collected 123 responses. Combining the literature review and survey results, we found that approximately 16% of the MPA designations (N = 878) have baseline and/or monitoring studies. Most monitoring programs evaluated MPAs based solely on biological/ecological variables and fewer included social, economic and/or governance variables, failing to capture and assess the social-ecological dimension of marine conservation. To increase the capacity of MPAs to design and implement effective social-ecological monitoring programs, we recommend strategies revolving around three pillars: funding, collaboration, and technology. Following the actionable recommendations presented herein, MPA authorities and EU Member States could improve the low level of MPA monitoring to more effectively reach the 30% protection target delivering benefits for biodiversity conservation.","author":[{"family":"Giakoumi","given":"Sylvaine"},{"family":"Hogg","given":"Katie"},{"family":"Lorenzo","given":"Manfredi"},{"family":"Compain","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Scianna","given":"Claudia"},{"family":"Milisenda","given":"Giacomo"},{"family":"Claudet","given":"Joachim"},{"family":"Damalas","given":"Dimitrios"},{"family":"Carbonara","given":"Pierluigi"},{"family":"Colloca","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Evangelopoulos","given":"Athanasios"},{"family":"Isajlović","given":"Igor"},{"family":"Karampetsis","given":"Dimitrios"},{"family":"Ligas","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Marčeta","given":"Bojan"},{"family":"Nenciu","given":"Magda"},{"family":"Niță","given":"Victor"},{"family":"Panayotova","given":"Marina"},{"family":"Sabatella","given":"Rosaria"},{"family":"Sartor","given":"Paolo"},{"family":"Sgardeli","given":"Vasiliki"},{"family":"Thasitis","given":"Ioannis"},{"family":"Тодорова","given":"Валентина"},{"family":"Vrgoč","given":"Nedo"},{"family":"Scannella","given":"Danilo"},{"family":"Vitale","given":"Sergio"},{"family":"Franco","given":"Antonio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120476","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120476","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4394958094","type":"article-journal","title":"Lost in the dark: Antipatharia-Symbiodiniaceae association in the deep waters of the Red Sea","abstract":"Black corals (Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) are a major component of mesophotic and deep marine ecosystems. Due to their preference for light deprived environments, black corals have historically been considered azooxanthellate, yet recent works have found them in association with dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae down to 396 m depth. While corals and Symbiodiniaceae generally establish a symbiotic relationship in shallow water environments, the implications of this association is less well understood at deeper depths, where low light penetration cannot sustain efficient photosynthetic activity for the algae. However, Symbiodinaceae are not obligate autotrophs, and their capacity for heterotrophic feeding categorizes them as mixotrophs. In this study, we investigated the presence and diversity of Symbiodiniaceae associated with the deep-sea black coral Bathypathes thermophila (Antipatharia: Schizopathidae), collected from 204 to 655 m depth in the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. Using high-throughput sequencing of the ITS2 region, we report (1) the deepest record to date of Symbiodiniaceae associated with an anthozoan from 655 m, and (2) the first Red Sea record of Antipatharia in association with Symbiodiniaceae. Our analyses revealed that 14 out of 27 colonies of B. thermophila were associated with Symbiodiniaceae of the genera Cladocopium and Durusdinium. We unveiled 16 novel ITS2 type profiles, possibly unique to black corals and/or to these depths, along with seven profiles that were already known from shallow-water hard corals. No significant pattern was detected in terms of community diversity in relation to depth or sampling locality. Our study supports the existence of black corals-Symbiodiniaceae association and warrants further research to better understand the evolutionary processes and physiological mechanisms driving this association, specifically in light deprived environments.","author":[{"family":"Vicario","given":"Silvia"},{"family":"Terraneo","given":"Tullia"},{"family":"Castano","given":"Carolina"},{"family":"Chimienti","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Oury","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Vimercati","given":"Silvia"},{"family":"Hume","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Marchese","given":"Fabio"},{"family":"Nolan","given":"Megan"},{"family":"Eweida","given":"Ameer"},{"family":"Purkis","given":"Sam"},{"family":"Rodrigue","given":"Mattie"},{"family":"Pieribone","given":"Vincent"},{"family":"Qurban","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Duarte","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Benzoni","given":"Francesca"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1330118","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1330118","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392004223","type":"article-journal","title":"Anomaly Detection on Small Wind Turbine Blades Using Deep Learning Algorithms","abstract":"Wind turbine blade maintenance is expensive, dangerous, time-consuming, and prone to misdiagnosis. A potential solution to aid preventative maintenance is using deep learning and drones for inspection and early fault detection. In this research, five base deep learning architectures are investigated for anomaly detection on wind turbine blades, including Xception, Resnet-50, AlexNet, and VGG-19, along with a custom convolutional neural network. For further analysis, transfer learning approaches were also proposed and developed, utilizing these architectures as the feature extraction layers. In order to investigate model performance, a new dataset containing 6000 RGB images was created, making use of indoor and outdoor images of a small wind turbine with healthy and damaged blades. Each model was tuned using different layers, image augmentations, and hyperparameter tuning to achieve optimal performance. The results showed that the proposed Transfer Xception outperformed other architectures by attaining 99.92% accuracy on the test data of this dataset. Furthermore, the performance of the investigated models was compared on a dataset containing faulty and healthy images of large-scale wind turbine blades. In this case, our results indicated that the best-performing model was also the proposed Transfer Xception, which achieved 100% accuracy on the test data. These accuracies show promising results in the adoption of machine learning for wind turbine blade fault identification.","author":[{"family":"Altice","given":"Bridger"},{"family":"Dejesus","given":"Edwin"},{"family":"Davis","given":"MR"},{"family":"Shekaramiz","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Moon","given":"Todd"},{"family":"Masoum","given":"Mohammad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en17050982","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17050982","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403392378","type":"article-journal","title":"Phytoplankton Spring Bloom Inhibited by Marine Heatwaves in the North‐Western Mediterranean Sea","abstract":"Abstract Marine heatwaves (MHWs) represent anomalously warm temperature conditions of seawater that may affect marine life and ocean biogeochemistry. Under such conditions, phytoplankton communities may modify their structure and functions, and their resilience is not assured. This study characterizes the impact of MHWs on the phytoplankton spring bloom in the North‐Western Mediterranean Sea. Here, we synergistically combine autonomous observations from BioGeoChemical‐Argo floats, satellite‐based and marine ecosystem model data, and show that MHW events occurring during winter drastically inhibit phytoplankton carbon biomass in spring by up to 70%. Such reduction is related to the enhanced stratification of the water column under MHWs which hinders the renewal of nutrients from deep‐ocean reservoirs, thus preventing surface phytoplankton from blooming. This process negatively impacts particulate organic carbon stocks within the mixed layer, while severe events cause an earlier shift of phytoplankton phenology that provokes changes in zooplankton biomass distribution.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Mengyu"},{"family":"Organelli","given":"Emanuele"},{"family":"Serva","given":"Federico"},{"family":"Bellacicco","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Landolfi","given":"Angela"},{"family":"Pisano","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Marullo","given":"Salvatore"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Fang"},{"family":"Mignot","given":"Alexandre"},{"family":"Gennip","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Santoleri","given":"Rosalia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2024gl109141","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl109141","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391679479","type":"article-journal","title":"Blending Modification Technology of Insulation Materials for Deep Sea Optoelectronic Composite Cables","abstract":"The insulation layer of deep-sea optoelectronic composite cables in direct contact with high-pressure and highly corrosive seawater is required for excellent water resistance, environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR), and the ability to withstand high DC voltage. Although high-density polyethylene (HDPE) displays remarkable water resistance, it lacks sufficient resistance to environmental stress cracking (ESCR). This article is based on a blend modification approach to mixing HDPE with different vinyl copolymer materials (cPE-A and cPE-B). The processing performance and mechanical properties of the materials are evaluated through rheological and mechanical testing. The materials’ durability in working environments is assessed through ESCR tests and water resistance experiments. Ultimately, the direct current electrical performance of the materials is evaluated through tests measuring space charge distribution, direct current resistivity, and direct current breakdown strength. The results indicate that, in the polyethylene blend system, the rheological properties and ESCR characteristics of HDPE/cPE-A composite materials did not show significant improvement. Further incorporation of high melt index linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) material not only meets the requirements of extrusion processing but also exhibits a notable enhancement in ESCR performance. Meanwhile, copolymerized polyethylene cPE-B, with a more complex structure, proves effective in toughening HDPE materials. The material’s hardness significantly decreases, and when incorporating cPE-B at a level exceeding 20 phr, the composite materials achieve excellent ESCR performance. In a simulated seawater environment at 50 MPa, the water permeability of all co-modified composite materials remained below 0.16% after 120 h. The spatial charge distribution and direct current resistivity characteristics of the HDPE, cPE-A, and LLDPE composite systems surpassed those of the HDPE/cPE-B materials. However, the HDPE/cPE-B composite system exhibited superior dielectric strength. The application of composite materials in deep-sea electro–optical composite cables is highly promising.","author":[{"family":"Xie","given":"Shuhong"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhenzhen"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Zhiyu"},{"family":"Qiu","given":"Xingyu"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Ming"},{"family":"Gu","given":"Chunfei"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Xindong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Kai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en17040820","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040820","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403242852","type":"article-journal","title":"Comprehensive Review of Microbial Inoculants: Agricultural Applications, Technology Trends in Patents, and Regulatory Frameworks","abstract":"Agriculture is essential for nutrition and the global economy, becoming increasingly important due to population growth and higher food demand. This situation boosts interest in creating bioproducts that enhance productivity sustainably while reducing environmental issues and strain on natural resources. Bioinoculants are important innovations that use beneficial microorganisms to boost crop growth and resilience. They enhance the interaction between soil and plants by solubilizing essential nutrients and producing phytohormones. This not only boosts agricultural productivity but also promotes environmentally sustainable practices by decreasing reliance on chemical fertilizers. Considering the relevance of this subject to advances in agro-industrial biotechnology, this review analyzes recent studies and patent advances on the production and use of bioinoculants, as well as their integration into agricultural practices and plant development. It also explores the dynamics of production and downstream processes on an industrial scale, regulations in different countries, and growing market demands, which is an important feature of this review. Furthermore, future perspectives for the application of bioinoculants in agro-industrial biotechnology are discussed, emphasizing the critical role that these biological agents play in advancing agricultural sustainability.","author":[{"family":"Reis","given":"Guilherme"},{"family":"Martínez-Burgos","given":"Walter"},{"family":"Pozzan","given":"Roberta"},{"family":"Pastrana-Puche","given":"Yenis"},{"family":"Ocán-Torres","given":"Diego"},{"family":"Mota","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Rodrigues","given":"Cristine"},{"family":"Serra","given":"Josilene"},{"family":"Scapini","given":"Thamarys"},{"family":"Karp","given":"Susan"},{"family":"Soccol","given":"Carlos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su16198720","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198720","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390824279","type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of Dietary Plant Protein Replacement with Insect and Poultry By-Product Meals on the Liver Health and Serum Metabolites of Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) and Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)","abstract":"The liver health of Gilthead sea bream and European sea bass, fed with fish meal-free diets, including various proportions of plant proteins, as well as insect and poultry by-product meals, was investigated through biochemical and histological analyses using a new liver index (LI) formula. Four isoproteic (45% Dry Matter, DM) and isolipidic (20% DM) diets were compared, including a plant-based control diet (CV) and three other test diets, in which 40% of a plant protein-rich ingredient mixture was replaced with meals from Hermetia illucens (H40) or poultry by-product (P40) alone, or in combination (H10P30). The trials lasted 12 and 18 weeks for sea bream and sea bass, respectively. The results obtained thus far highlighted species-specific differences in the physiological response to dietary changes. In sea bream, the biochemical and histological responses suggest favorable physiological and liver health statuses, with higher serum cholesterol (CHO) and triglyceride (TAG) levels, as well as moderate hepatocyte lipid accumulation, with the H10P30 diet compared to the CV (p < 0.05). In sea bass, all diets resulted in elevated serum TAG levels and lipid accumulation in the liver, particularly in fish fed the P40 one (p < 0.05), which resulted in the highest LI, coupled with a higher frequency of severe lipid accumulation, hypertrophy, cord loss, peripheral nuclei displacement, and pyknosis. In conclusion, sea bream adapted well to the test diets, whereas sea bass exhibited altered hepatic lipid metabolism leading to incipient liver steatosis, likely due to the high lipid contents of the diets, including the insect and poultry meals. The LI formula developed in this study proved to be a reliable tool for assessing the effects of dietary changes on the liver health of sea bream and sea bass, consistent with biochemical and histological findings.","author":[{"family":"Donadelli","given":"Valeria"},{"family":"Marco","given":"Patrizia"},{"family":"Mandich","given":"Alberta"},{"family":"Finoia","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Cardinaletti","given":"Gloriana"},{"family":"Petochi","given":"Tommaso"},{"family":"Longobardi","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Tibaldi","given":"Emilio"},{"family":"Marino","given":"Giovanna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/ani14020241","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14020241","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392820426","type":"article-journal","title":"Recent advances and fundamentals of microalgae cultivation technology","abstract":"Microalgae are considered to be a promising group of organisms for fuel production, waste processing, pharmaceutical applications, and as a source of food components. Unicellular algae are worth being considered because of their capacity to produce comparatively large amounts of lipids, proteins, and vitamins while requiring little room for growth. They can also grow on waste and fix CO2 and nitrogen compounds. However, production costs limit the industrial use of microalgae to the most profitable applications including micronutrient production and fish farming. Therefore, novel microalgae based technologies require an increase of the production efficiencies or values. Here we review the recent studies focused on getting strains with novel characteristics or cultivating techniques that improve production's robustness or efficiency and categorize these findings according to the fundamental factors that determine microalgae growth. Improvements of light and nutrient delivery, as well as other aspects of photobioreactor design, have shown the highest average increase in productivity. Other methods, such as an improvement of phosphorus or CO2 fixation and temperature adaptation have been found to be less effective. Furthermore, interactions with particular bacteria may promote the growth of microalgae, although bacterial and grazer contaminations must be managed to avoid culture failure. The competitiveness of the algal products will increase if these discoveries are applied to industrial settings.","author":[{"family":"Rozenberg","given":"Julian"},{"family":"Sorokin","given":"Boris"},{"family":"Mukhambetova","given":"Amina"},{"family":"Emelianova","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Kuzmin","given":"Valentin"},{"family":"Belogurovaovchinnikova","given":"Oxana"},{"family":"Kuzmin","given":"Denis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/biot.202300725","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.202300725","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4396803025","type":"article-journal","title":"Genetic and functional diversity of β-N-acetylgalactosamine-targeting glycosidases expanded by deep-sea metagenome analysis","abstract":"&#x3b2;-N-Acetylgalactosamine-containing glycans play essential roles in several biological processes, including cell adhesion, signal transduction, and immune responses. &#x3b2;-N-Acetylgalactosaminidases hydrolyze &#x3b2;-N-acetylgalactosamine linkages of various glycoconjugates. However, their biological significance remains ambiguous, primarily because only one type of enzyme, exo-&#x3b2;-N-acetylgalactosaminidases that specifically act on &#x3b2;-N-acetylgalactosamine residues, has been documented to date. In this study, we identify four groups distributed among all three domains of life and characterize eight &#x3b2;-N-acetylgalactosaminidases and &#x3b2;-N-acetylhexosaminidase through sequence-based screening of deep-sea metagenomes and subsequent searching of public protein databases. Despite low sequence similarity, the crystal structures of these enzymes demonstrate that all enzymes share a prototype structure and have diversified their substrate specificities (oligosaccharide-releasing, oligosaccharide/monosaccharide-releasing, and monosaccharide-releasing) through the accumulation of mutations and insertional amino acid sequences. The diverse &#x3b2;-N-acetylgalactosaminidases reported in this study could facilitate the comprehension of their structures and functions and present evolutionary pathways for expanding their substrate specificity.","author":[{"family":"Sumida","given":"Tomomi"},{"family":"Hiraoka","given":"Satoshi"},{"family":"Usui","given":"Keiko"},{"family":"Ishiwata","given":"Akihiro"},{"family":"Sengoku","given":"Toru"},{"family":"Stubbs","given":"Keith"},{"family":"Tanaka","given":"Katsunori"},{"family":"Deguchi","given":"Shigeru"},{"family":"Fushinobu","given":"Shinya"},{"family":"Nunoura","given":"Takuro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-024-47653-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47653-2","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4322741686","type":"article-journal","title":"Lignocellulosic Biorefinery Technologies: A Perception into Recent Advances in Biomass Fractionation, Biorefineries, Economic Hurdles and Market Outlook","abstract":"Lignocellulosic biomasses (LCB) are sustainable and abundantly available feedstocks for the production of biofuel and biochemicals via suitable bioconversion processing. The main aim of this review is to focus on strategies needed for the progression of viable lignocellulosic biomass-based biorefineries (integrated approaches) to generate biofuels and biochemicals. Processing biomass in a sustainable manner is a major challenge that demands the accomplishment of basic requirements relating to cost effectiveness and environmental sustainability. The challenges associated with biomass availability and the bioconversion process have been explained in detail in this review. Limitations associated with biomass structural composition can obstruct the feasibility of biofuel production, especially in mono-process approaches. In such cases, biorefinery approaches and integrated systems certainly lead to improved biofuel conversion. This review paper provides a summary of mono and integrated approaches, their limitations and advantages in LCB bioconversion to biofuel and biochemicals.","author":[{"family":"Kn","given":"Yogalakshmi"},{"family":"Usman","given":"TMM"},{"family":"Kavitha","given":"S"},{"family":"Sachdeva","given":"Saloni"},{"family":"Thakur","given":"Shivani"},{"family":"Banu","given":"JR"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/fermentation9030238","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9030238","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392102455","type":"article-journal","title":"The Application of Natural Carotenoids in Multiple Fields and Their Encapsulation Technology: A Review","abstract":"Carotenoids, which are inherent pigments occurring in plants and microorganisms, manifest a diverse array of vivid hues. Owing to their multifarious health advantages, carotenoids have engendered substantial interest among scholars and consumers alike. Presently, carotenoids are extensively employed in the realms of food, nutrition and health commodities, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, rendering them an indispensable constituent of our quotidian existence. Therefore, the objective of this review is to present a succinct and methodical examination of the sources, constituents, and factors influencing formation of carotenoids. Particular attention will be given to encapsulation strategies that maintain intrinsic characteristics, as the growing desire for carotenoids is propelled by individuals' escalating standards of living. Moreover, the applications of natural carotenoids in multiple fields, including pharmaceutical, food and feed, as well as cosmetics, are discussed in detail. Finally, this article explores the main challenges hindering the future advancement of carotenoids, aiming at facilitating their effective integration into the circular economy.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Yinglan"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yanna"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Huaizhen"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Zhuang"},{"family":"Han","given":"Jun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/molecules29050967","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29050967","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405417941","type":"article-journal","title":"Genomic and transmission dynamics of the 2024 Marburg virus outbreak in Rwanda","abstract":"The ongoing outbreak of Marburg virus disease in Rwanda marks the third largest historically, although it has shown the lowest fatality rate. Genomic analysis of samples from 18 cases identified a lineage with limited internal diversity, closely related to a 2014 Ugandan case. Our findings suggest that the Rwandan lineage diverged decades ago from a common ancestor shared with diversity sampled from bats in Uganda. Our genomic data reveal limited genetic variation, consistent with a single zoonotic transmission event and limited human-to-human transmission. Investigations including contact tracing, clinical assessments, sequencing and serology, linked the index case to a mining cave inhabited by Rousettus aegyptiacus. Serology tests identified three individuals seropositive for immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M, further supporting the zoonotic origin of the outbreak through human-animal interactions.","author":[{"family":"Butera","given":"Yvan"},{"family":"Mutesa","given":"Léon"},{"family":"Parker","given":"Edyth"},{"family":"Muvunyi","given":"Raissa"},{"family":"Umumararungu","given":"Espérance"},{"family":"Ayitewala","given":"Alisen"},{"family":"Musabyimana","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Olono","given":"Alhaji"},{"family":"Sesonga","given":"Placide"},{"family":"Ogunsanya","given":"Olusola"},{"family":"Kabalisa","given":"Emmanuel"},{"family":"Adedokun","given":"Oluwatobi"},{"family":"Gahima","given":"Nelson"},{"family":"Irankunda","given":"Laetitia"},{"family":"Mutezemariya","given":"Chantal"},{"family":"Niyonkuru","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Uwituze","given":"Arlene"},{"family":"Uwizera","given":"Ithiel"},{"family":"Kagame","given":"James"},{"family":"Umugwaneza","given":"Arlette"},{"family":"Rwabuhihi","given":"John"},{"family":"Umwanankabandi","given":"Fidele"},{"family":"Mbonitegeka","given":"Valens"},{"family":"Ntagwabira","given":"Edouard"},{"family":"Kayigi","given":"Etienne"},{"family":"Izuwayo","given":"Gerard"},{"family":"Murenzi","given":"Herve"},{"family":"Mukankwiro","given":"Therese"},{"family":"Tuyiringire","given":"Nasson"},{"family":"Uwimana","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Gasengayire","given":"Agnes"},{"family":"Sindayiheba","given":"Reuben"},{"family":"Onyeugo","given":"Glory"},{"family":"Tegegne","given":"Merawi"},{"family":"Gitundu","given":"Lenny"},{"family":"Bigirimana","given":"Radjabu"},{"family":"Fallah","given":"Mosoka"},{"family":"Ejikeme","given":"Adaora"},{"family":"Sembuche","given":"Senga"},{"family":"Kabanda","given":"Alice"},{"family":"Mugisha","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Francis","given":"Emmanuel"},{"family":"Gashema","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Ndayisenga","given":"Jerome"},{"family":"Rugamba","given":"Alexis"},{"family":"Kanyabwisha","given":"Faustin"},{"family":"Murenzi","given":"Gad"},{"family":"Happi","given":"Anise"},{"family":"Ngabonziza","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Gashegu","given":"Misbah"},{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Ayman"},{"family":"Bigirimana","given":"Noella"},{"family":"Rwagasore","given":"Edson"},{"family":"Semakula","given":"Muhammed"},{"family":"Rwabihama","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Musanabaganwa","given":"Clarisse"},{"family":"Seruyange","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Nkeshimana","given":"Menelas"},{"family":"Twagirumugabe","given":"Théogène"},{"family":"Turatsinze","given":"David"},{"family":"Remera","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Gahamanyi","given":"Noël"},{"family":"Tessema","given":"Sofonias"},{"family":"Mukagatare","given":"Isabelle"},{"family":"Nsanzimana","given":"Sabin"},{"family":"Happi","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Muvunyi","given":"Claude"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41591-024-03459-9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03459-9","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4367394772","type":"article-journal","title":"Imagining sustainable futures for the high seas by combining the power of computation and narrative","abstract":"Abstract The high seas are experiencing a stark increase in industrial activities, with resources being exploited unsustainably and shared unequally. This suggests the need for a transformation, a shift in the deeper structures of the system such as underlying paradigms and mind-sets. We created future visions by combining computational text analysis with a structured, yet creative futuring approach. This process resulted in four science fiction stories, which aim to capture the complexity of the system, embrace the inherent uncertainty of the future and question current unsustainable trajectories, while emphasizing the vastness of future option space. The visions are analyzed using the concept of imaginaries, demonstrating that futuristic stories can be traced back to current realities and the scientific evidence they were based upon. We argue that engaging with alternative futures can open up transformative spaces to rethink the relationships between humans and the high seas, from which novel imaginaries can emerge.","author":[{"family":"Lübker","given":"Hannah"},{"family":"Keys","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Merrie","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Pereira","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Rocha","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Crespo","given":"Guillermo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s44183-023-00012-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44183-023-00012-y","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400591407","type":"article-journal","title":"Prediction of Daily Climate Using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Model","abstract":"Climaate prediction plays a vital role in various sectors, including agriculture, disaster management, and urban planning. Traditional methods for climate forecasting often rely on complex physical models, which require substantial computational resources and may not accurately capture local weather patterns. This study explores the potential of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, a type of recurrent neural network, for predicting daily climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, and humidity. Utilizing historical climate data from the city of Delhi, we developed an LSTM model to forecast short-term climate trends. The model consists of two LSTM layers followed by three Dense layers and is compiled with the Adam optimizer, mean squared error loss, and mean absolute error as a metric. Our results demonstrate the model's capability to capture temporal dependencies in climate data, achieving a satisfactory level of accuracy in temperature forecasting. This research underscores the potential of machine learning techniques, particularly LSTM networks, in enhancing climate prediction and contributing to more informed decision-making in weather-sensitive sectors.","author":[{"family":"Xu","given":"Jinxin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhuoyue"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xinjin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zichao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhenglin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.38124/ijisrt/ijisrt24jul073","URL":"https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/ijisrt24jul073","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404252677","type":"article-journal","title":"Database Resources of the National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation in 2025","abstract":"The National Genomics Data Center (NGDC), which is a part of the China National Center for Bioinformation (CNCB), offers a comprehensive suite of database resources to support the global scientific community. Amidst the unprecedented accumulation of multi-omics data, CNCB-NGDC is committed to continually evolving and updating its core database resources through big data archiving, integrative analysis and value-added curation. Over the past year, CNCB-NGDC has expanded its collaborations with international databases and established new subcenters focusing on biodiversity, traditional Chinese medicine and tumor genetics. Substantial efforts have been made toward encompassing a broad spectrum of multi-omics data, developing innovative resources and enhancing existing resources. Notably, new resources have been developed for single-cell omics (scTWAS Atlas), genome and variation (VDGE), health and disease (CVD Atlas, CPMKG, Immunosenescence Inventory, HemAtlas, Cyclicpepedia, IDeAS), biodiversity and biosynthesis (RefMetaPlant, MASH-Ocean) and research tools (CCLHunter). All resources and services are publicly accessible at https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn.","author":[{"family":"Partners","given":"Cncb"},{"family":"Bào","given":"Yīmíng"},{"family":"Bai","given":"Xue"},{"family":"Bu","given":"Congfan"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Haobin"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Huanxin"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Kunqi"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Meili"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Miaomiao"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Ming"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Ping"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Qiancheng"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Qiaoshuang"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Runsheng"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Tingting"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Tong"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xu"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Wenzhuo"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Ying"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Mengting"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Lili"},{"family":"Duan","given":"Guangya"},{"family":"Fan","given":"Zhuojing"},{"family":"Lü","given":"Fang"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Zihao"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Shanshan"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Feng"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Ge"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Suwei"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Gong","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Gou","given":"Yujie"},{"family":"Guo","given":"An‐yuan"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Guoji"},{"family":"Han","given":"Cheng"},{"family":"Han","given":"Fengxian"},{"family":"Han","given":"Zhenxian"},{"family":"He","given":"Shunmin"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Daiyun"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Jinyan"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Xinhe"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Huijing"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Shuai"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Shuxian"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Jin","given":"Enhui"},{"family":"Jin","given":"Weiwei"},{"family":"Kan","given":"Hailong"},{"family":"Kang","given":"Zhixin"},{"family":"Kong","given":"Demian"},{"family":"Lei","given":"Ming"},{"family":"Li","given":"Chuanyun"},{"family":"Li","given":"Cuiping"},{"family":"Li","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jiang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Li","given":"Liuyang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Lun"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qiang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Rujiao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xia"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xuan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yixue"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yizhuo"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Li"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Chengzhi"},{"family":"Ling","given":"Yunchao"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Chunjie"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Dan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Feng"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Guang‐hui"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Haochen"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Lei"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Lin"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Mengyao"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Wan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yanhu"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yucheng"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Xuemei"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Mei"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Xiaotong"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Zheng"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Jiongming"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Lina"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Shuai"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Mai","given":"Jialin"},{"family":"Meng","given":"Jia"},{"family":"Meng","given":"Xianwen"},{"family":"Meng","given":"Yuyan"},{"family":"Miao","given":"Ya‐ru"},{"family":"Miao","given":"Zepu"},{"family":"Nie","given":"Zhi"},{"family":"Niu","given":"Xiaohui"},{"family":"Pei","given":"Bing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1093/nar/gkae978","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae978","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4324061701","type":"article-journal","title":"YOLO-Based UAV Technology: A Review of the Research and Its Applications","abstract":"In recent decades, scientific and technological developments have continued to increase in speed, with researchers focusing not only on the innovation of single technologies but also on the cross-fertilization of multidisciplinary technologies. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has seen great progress in many aspects, such as geometric structure, flight characteristics, and navigation control. The You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm was developed and has been refined over the years to provide satisfactory performance for the real-time detection and classification of multiple targets. In the context of technology cross-fusion becoming a new focus, researchers have proposed YOLO-based UAV technology (YBUT) by integrating the above two technologies. This proposed integration succeeds in strengthening the application of emerging technologies and expanding the idea of the development of YOLO algorithms and drone technology. Therefore, this paper presents the development history of YBUT with reviews of the practical applications of YBUT in engineering, transportation, agriculture, automation, and other fields. The aim is to help new users to quickly understand YBUT and to help researchers, consumers, and stakeholders to quickly understand the research progress of the technology. The future of YBUT is also discussed to help explore the application of this technology in new areas.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Chunling"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Ziyue"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Tongyu"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Shuang"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Shuai"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Weixiang"},{"family":"Lan","given":"Yubin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/drones7030190","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/drones7030190","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390347341","type":"article-journal","title":"Hydrogen-Based Energy Systems: Current Technology Development Status, Opportunities and Challenges","abstract":"The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier within the scope of the decarbonisation of the world’s energy production and utilisation is seen by many as an integral part of this endeavour. However, the discussion around hydrogen technologies often lacks some perspective on the currently available technologies, their Technology Readiness Level (TRL), scope of application, and important performance parameters, such as energy density or conversion efficiency. This makes it difficult for the policy makers and investors to evaluate the technologies that are most promising. The present study aims to provide help in this respect by assessing the available technologies in which hydrogen is used as an energy carrier, including its main challenges, needs and opportunities in a scenario in which fossil fuels still dominate global energy sources but in which renewables are expected to assume a progressively vital role in the future. The production of green hydrogen using water electrolysis technologies is described in detail. Various methods of hydrogen storage are referred, including underground storage, physical storage, and material-based storage. Hydrogen transportation technologies are examined, taking into account different storage methods, volume requirements, and transportation distances. Lastly, an assessment of well-known technologies for harnessing energy from hydrogen is undertaken, including gas turbines, reciprocating internal combustion engines, and fuel cells. It seems that the many of the technologies assessed have already achieved a satisfactory degree of development, such as several solutions for high-pressure hydrogen storage, while others still require some maturation, such as the still limited life and/or excessive cost of the various fuel cell technologies, or the suitable operation of gas turbines and reciprocating internal combustion engines operating with hydrogen. Costs below 200 USD/kWproduced, lives above 50 kh, and conversion efficiencies approaching 80% are being aimed at green hydrogen production or electricity production from hydrogen fuel cells. Nonetheless, notable advances have been achieved in these technologies in recent years. For instance, electrolysis with solid oxide cells may now sometimes reach up to 85% efficiency although with a life still in the range of 20 kh. Conversely, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) working as electrolysers are able to sometimes achieve a life in the range of 80 kh with efficiencies up to 68%. Regarding electricity production from hydrogen, the maximum efficiencies are slightly lower (72% and 55%, respectively). The combination of the energy losses due to hydrogen production, compression, storage and electricity production yields overall efficiencies that could be as low as 25%, although smart applications, such as those that can use available process or waste heat, could substantially improve the overall energy efficiency figures. Despite the challenges, the foreseeable future seems to hold significant potential for hydrogen as a clean energy carrier, as the demand for hydrogen continues to grow, particularly in transportation, building heating, and power generation, new business prospects emerge. However, this should be done with careful regard to the fact that many of these technologies still need to increase their technological readiness level before they become viable options. For this, an emphasis needs to be put on research, innovation, and collaboration among industry, academia, and policymakers to unlock the full potential of hydrogen as an energy vector in the sustainable economy.","author":[{"family":"Rolo","given":"Inês"},{"family":"Costa","given":"VAF"},{"family":"Brito","given":"FP"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en17010180","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010180","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4386890650","type":"article-journal","title":"Key issues in assessing threats to sea turtles: knowledge gaps and future directions","abstract":"Sea turtles are an iconic group of marine megafauna that have been exposed to multiple anthropogenic threats across their different life stages, especially in the past decades. This has resulted in population declines, and consequently many sea turtle populations are now classified as threatened or endangered globally. Although some populations of sea turtles worldwide are showing early signs of recovery, many still face fundamental threats. This is problematic since sea turtles have important ecological roles. To encourage informed conservation planning and direct future research, we surveyed experts to identify the key contemporary threats (climate change, direct take, fisheries, pollution, disease, predation, and coastal and marine development) faced by sea turtles. Using the survey results and current literature, we also outline knowledge gaps in our understanding of the impact of these threats and how targeted future research, often involving emerging technologies, could close those gaps.","author":[{"family":"Fuentes","given":"Mmpb"},{"family":"Mcmichael","given":"Erin"},{"family":"Kot","given":"Connie"},{"family":"Silvergorges","given":"Ian"},{"family":"Wallace","given":"Bp"},{"family":"Godley","given":"Brendan"},{"family":"Brooks","given":"AS"},{"family":"Ceriani","given":"Sa"},{"family":"Cortés-Gómez","given":"Aa"},{"family":"Dawson","given":"Tm"},{"family":"Dodge","given":"Kl"},{"family":"Flint","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Jensen","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Komoroske","given":"Lm"},{"family":"Kophamel","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Lettrich","given":"Md"},{"family":"Long","given":"CW"},{"family":"Nelms","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Patrício","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Robinson","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Seminoff","given":"Ja"},{"family":"Ware","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Whitman","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Chevallier","given":"Damien"},{"family":"Clyde-Brockway","given":"Ce"},{"family":"Korgaonkar","given":"Sa"},{"family":"Mancini","given":"A"},{"family":"Mello-Fonseca","given":"Juliana"},{"family":"Monsinjon","given":"Jr"},{"family":"Neves-Ferreira","given":"Isabella"},{"family":"Ortega","given":"Aa"},{"family":"Patel","given":"Sh"},{"family":"Pfaller","given":"Joseph"},{"family":"Ramirez","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Raposo","given":"Cheila"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Caitlin"},{"family":"Abreugrobois","given":"FA"},{"family":"Hays","given":"Graeme"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3354/esr01278","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3354/esr01278","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4366721991","type":"article-journal","title":"Innovative Trends in the 6G Era: A Comprehensive Survey of Architecture, Applications, Technologies, and Challenges","abstract":"While the fifth-generation mobile network is being commercialized worldwide, researchers have recently started looking towards the next generation, called the 6G network. Unlike 5G and previous generations of wireless technologies designed to improve network performance for greater bandwidth, lower latency and greater reliability, 6G ecosystems is considered a platform conducive to innovations in the fields of computing, artificial intelligence, connectivity and sensors, virtualization and more. It is designed to meet the requirements of higher global coverage, greater spectral efficiency, a reduced carbon footprint, with an emphasis on sustainability, equity, trust and security through unprecedented architectural evolutions and technology. 6G will be an integrated network system that includes a traditional terrestrial mobile network, space network, and underwater network to provide ubiquitous network access. Even if there are studies on vision of 6G network that have already been published, there is still a significant amount of ground to cover. There is no decision made yet regarding anything and nothing has been ruled out. The focus of this study is to identify a complete picture of changes in architectures, technologies, and challenges that will shape the 6G network. We hope the research results will provide indications for further studies on 6G ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Quý","given":"Vũ"},{"family":"Chehri","given":"Abdellah"},{"family":"Quý","given":"Nguyễn"},{"family":"Hân","given":"Nguyễn"},{"family":"Ban","given":"Nguyễn"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/access.2023.3269297","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3269297","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390747465","type":"article-journal","title":"Preliminary research and scheme design of deep underground in situ geo-information detection experiment for Geology in Time","abstract":"The deep earth, deep sea, and deep space are the main parts of the national “three deep” strategy, which is in the forefront of the strategic deployment clearly defined in China’s 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035. It is important to reveal the evolutionary process and mechanism of deep tectonics to understand the earth’s past, present and future. The academic connotation of Geology in Time has been given for the first time, which refers to the multi-field evolution response process of geological bodies at different time and spatial scales caused by geological processes inside and outside the Earth. Based on the deep in situ detection space and the unique geological environment of China Jinping Underground Laboratory, the scientific issue of the correlation mechanism and law between deep internal time-varying and shallow geological response is given attention. Innovative research and frontier exploration on deep underground in situ geo-information detection experiments for Geology in Time are designed to be carried out, which will have the potential to explore the driving force of Geology in Time, reveal essential laws of deep earth science, and explore innovative technologies in deep underground engineering.","author":[{"family":"Xie","given":"Heping"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ru"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zetian"},{"family":"Ai","given":"Yinshuang"},{"family":"Deng","given":"Jianhui"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Yun"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Yong"},{"family":"Li","given":"Mingchuan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Liqiang"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Mingzhong"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Zeqian"},{"family":"Ling","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Heng"},{"family":"Hao","given":"Qijun"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"Kun"},{"family":"Lou","given":"Chendi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ijmst.2023.12.004","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2023.12.004","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4383820077","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of Modern Wind Power Generation Forecasting Technologies","abstract":"The prediction of wind power output is part of the basic work of power grid dispatching and energy distribution. At present, the output power prediction is mainly obtained by fitting and regressing the historical data. The medium- and long-term power prediction results exhibit large deviations due to the uncertainty of wind power generation. In order to meet the demand for accessing large-scale wind power into the electricity grid and to further improve the accuracy of short-term wind power prediction, it is necessary to develop models for accurate and precise short-term wind power prediction based on advanced algorithms for studying the output power of a wind power generation system. This paper summarizes the contribution of the current advanced wind power forecasting technology and delineates the key advantages and disadvantages of various wind power forecasting models. These models have different forecasting capabilities, update the weights of each model in real time, improve the comprehensive forecasting capability of the model, and have good application prospects in wind power generation forecasting. Furthermore, the case studies and examples in the literature for accurately predicting ultra-short-term and short-term wind power generation with uncertainty and randomness are reviewed and analyzed. Finally, we present prospects for future studies that can serve as useful directions for other researchers planning to conduct similar experiments and investigations.","author":[{"family":"Tsai","given":"Wen"},{"family":"Hong","given":"Chih"},{"family":"Tu","given":"Chia‐sheng"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Whei"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Chiung"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su151410757","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410757","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404820080","type":"article-journal","title":"Mineralogy of Deep-Sea Manganese Nodules and Advances in Extraction Technology of Valuable Elements from Manganese Nodules","abstract":"The vast seabed holds tremendous resource potential that can provide necessary materials for future human societal development. This study focuses on the mineralogy of seafloor manganese nodules off the coast of China in the Western Pacific and the primary techniques for extracting valuable metal elements from manganese nodules. The research indicates that the main valuable metal elements in the manganese nodules from this region include Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, etc. The key to extracting these valuable metals lies in reducing Mn(IV) to Mn(II) to disrupt the structure of the nodules, thereby releasing the valuable elements. The extraction processes for the main valuable metal elements of manganese nodules are mainly divided into two categories: pyrometallurgical–hydrometallurgical and solely hydrometallurgical. In order to cope with the challenges of environmental change and improve utilization efficiency, bioleaching, hydrogen metallurgy, and co-extraction are gaining increasing attention. For promoting commercialization, the future development of manganese nodule resources can refer to the technical route of efficient short-process extraction technology, the comprehensive recovery of associated resources, and tail-free utilization.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Xu"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Wenqing"},{"family":"Li","given":"Maolin"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xueduan"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Yangrui"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Shiping"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Congren"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/met14121359","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met14121359","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400210014","type":"article-journal","title":"Research Progress of Advanced Design Method, Numerical Simulation, and Experimental Technology of Pumps in Deep-Sea Resource Exploitation","abstract":"Amid the escalating global demand for raw materials, the gradual exhaustion of terrestrial mineral resources, and the rise in extraction costs and energy consumption, the development of deep-sea mineral resources has become a focal point of international interest. The pipeline lifting mining system, distinguished by its superior mining efficiency and minimized environmental impact, now accounts for over 50% of the total energy consumption in mining operations. Serving as the “heart” of this system, the deep-sea lifting pump’s comprehensive performance (high pressure tolerance, non-clogging features, elevated lift capacity, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and high reliability, etc.), is critical to transport efficiency, operational stability, and lifespan of the mining system. As a mixed transport pump for solid and liquid media under extreme conditions, its internal flow structure is exceedingly complex, incorporating gas–liquid–solid multiphase flow. A precise understanding of its internal flow mechanisms is essential for breaking through the design limitations of deep-sea lifting pumps and enhancing their operational stability and reliability under various working conditions and multiphase media, thereby providing technical support for advancing global marine resource development and offshore equipment upgrades. This paper comprehensively reviews the design theory, optimization methods, numerical simulations, and experimental studies of deep-sea lifting pumps. It discusses the application of various design optimization techniques in hydraulic lifting pumps, details the multiphase flow numerical algorithms commonly used in deep-sea lifting pumps along with their modified models, and summarizes some experimental methodologies in this field. Lastly, it outlines the forthcoming challenges in deep-sea lifting pump research and proposes potential directions to promote the commercial development of deep-sea mining, thereby offering theoretical and engineering support for the development of deep-sea mining slurry pumps.","author":[{"family":"Ji","given":"Leilei"},{"family":"He","given":"Xinrui"},{"family":"Li","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Fei"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Weidong"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Ling"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zhenbo"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Xiao"},{"family":"Agarwal","given":"Ramesh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/w16131881","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131881","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4321480048","type":"article-journal","title":"De novo design of luciferases using deep learning","abstract":"Abstract De novo enzyme design has sought to introduce active sites and substrate-binding pockets that are predicted to catalyse a reaction of interest into geometrically compatible native scaffolds 1,2 , but has been limited by a lack of suitable protein structures and the complexity of native protein sequence–structure relationships. Here we describe a deep-learning-based ‘family-wide hallucination’ approach that generates large numbers of idealized protein structures containing diverse pocket shapes and designed sequences that encode them. We use these scaffolds to design artificial luciferases that selectively catalyse the oxidative chemiluminescence of the synthetic luciferin substrates diphenylterazine 3 and 2-deoxycoelenterazine. The designed active sites position an arginine guanidinium group adjacent to an anion that develops during the reaction in a binding pocket with high shape complementarity. For both luciferin substrates, we obtain designed luciferases with high selectivity; the most active of these is a small (13.9 kDa) and thermostable (with a melting temperature higher than 95 °C) enzyme that has a catalytic efficiency on diphenylterazine ( k cat / K m = 10 6 M −1 s −1 ) comparable to that of native luciferases, but a much higher substrate specificity. The creation of highly active and specific biocatalysts from scratch with broad applications in biomedicine is a key milestone for computational enzyme design, and our approach should enable generation of a wide range of luciferases and other enzymes.","author":[{"family":"Yeh","given":"Hsien‐wei"},{"family":"Norn","given":"Christoffer"},{"family":"Kipnis","given":"Yakov"},{"family":"Tischer","given":"Doug"},{"family":"Pellock","given":"Samuel"},{"family":"Evans","given":"Declan"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Pengchen"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Gyu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jason"},{"family":"Anishchenko","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Coventry","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Longxing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41586-023-05696-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05696-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4353069557","type":"article-journal","title":"Alternative Fuel Selection Framework toward Decarbonizing Maritime Deep-Sea Shipping","abstract":"Globally, deep-sea shipping is one of the most indispensable form of commercial transportation services. There are considerable repercussions affecting the shipping environment caused by the rise in deep-sea vessel operations. Shifting toward eco-responsible fuel alternatives might be a plausible option for mitigating these adverse effects on the environment. However, alternative fuel selection is a complex process that depends on shipping type, multiple stakeholders’ involvement, and numerous social, environmental, and economic criteria. The baseline of such decision-making involves firm-level decision-makers who must operate ships while maintaining profitability and while complying with regulatory legislation and sustainability dimension. Therefore, firm-level decision-maker perspectives might differ significantly from other industry stakeholders (i.e., government and classification society). Particular attention must be paid to the alternative fuel selection issue from the standpoint of the ship owner and shipping company management. The current research intends to use a multi-criteria analysis as a decision-support tool for the alternative fuel selection problem in deep-sea commercial shipping on the international waterway. The proposed technique considers environmental, technological, and economic factors and ensures an exclusive focus on stakeholders at the firm-level decision-making capacity. The priority ranking of the alternatives selection criteria is based on the technique for order performance by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS). Implementing this strategy considers the participation of firm-level stakeholders by analyzing each alternative’s criterion weights and performance concerning each criterion. The technique is applied to the case study of Singapore-based firms. The results demonstrated that the most important criteria with regard to an optimal alternative selection for shipping firm-level stakeholders are technological aspects, technology status, expenditures, ecosystem impact, and health-safety considerations. These results provide a foundation for decision-makers to comprehend the ship management’s priorities and interests in choosing alternative fuels. The conclusions of this analysis, the first of its kind in this field, can provide a solid foundation for strategic planning.","author":[{"family":"Moshiul","given":"Alam"},{"family":"Mohammad","given":"Roslina"},{"family":"Hira","given":"Fariha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su15065571","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065571","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4386630881","type":"article-journal","title":"TRIDENT – Technology based impact assessment tool foR sustaInable, transparent Deep sEa miNing exploraTion and exploitation: A project overview","abstract":"By creating a dependable, transparent, and cost-effective system for forecasting and ongoing environmental impact monitoring of exploration and exploitation activities in the deep sea, TRIDENT seeks to contribute to the sustainable exploitation of seabed mineral resources. In order to operate autonomously in remote locations under harsh conditions and send real-time data to authorities in charge of granting licenses and providing oversight, this system will create and integrate new technology and innovative solutions. The efficient monitoring and inspection system that will be created will abide by national and international legal frameworks. At the sea surface, mid-water, and the bottom, TRIDENT will identify all pertinent physical, chemical, geological, and biological characteristics that must be monitored. It will also look for data gaps and suggest procedures for addressing them. These are crucial actions to take in order to produce accurate indicators of excellent environmental status, statistically robust environmental baselines, and thresholds for significant impact, allowing for the standardization of methods and tools. In order to monitor environmental parameters on mining and reference areas at representative spatial and temporal scales, the project consortium will thereafter develop and test an integrated system of stationary and mobile observatory platforms outfitted with the most recent automatic sensors and samplers. The system will incorporate high-capacity data processing pipelines able to gather, transmit, process, and display monitoring data in close to real-time to facilitate prompt actions for preventing major harm to the environment. Last but not least, it will offer systemic and technological solutions for predicting probable impacts of applying the developed monitoring and mitigation techniques.","author":[{"family":"Silva","given":"Eduardo"},{"family":"Viegas","given":"D"},{"family":"Martins","given":"Alfredo"},{"family":"Almeida","given":"José"},{"family":"Almeida","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Neves","given":"Betina"},{"family":"Madureira","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Wheeler","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Salavasidis","given":"Georgios"},{"family":"Phillips","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Schaap","given":"Allison"},{"family":"Murton","given":"Bramley"},{"family":"Berry","given":"Alan"},{"family":"Weir","given":"Alva"},{"family":"Dooly","given":"Gerard"},{"family":"Omerdić","given":"Edin"},{"family":"Toal","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Collins","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Miranda","given":"JM"},{"family":"Petrioli","given":"Chiara"},{"family":"Rodríguez","given":"Cedeño"},{"family":"Demoor","given":"D"},{"family":"Drouet","given":"Christophe"},{"family":"Serafy","given":"Ghada"},{"family":"Jesus","given":"SM"},{"family":"Dañobeitia","given":"Juanjo"},{"family":"Tegas","given":"Valentina"},{"family":"Cusí","given":"Simó"},{"family":"Lopes","given":"Luís"},{"family":"Bodó","given":"Balázs"},{"family":"Béguery","given":"Laurent"},{"family":"Vandam","given":"S"},{"family":"Dumortier","given":"Jos"},{"family":"Neves","given":"Leandro"},{"family":"Srivastava","given":"V"},{"family":"Dahlgren","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Hestetun","given":"Jon"},{"family":"Eiras","given":"Ruben"},{"family":"Caldeira","given":"R"},{"family":"Rossi","given":"Cláudio"},{"family":"Spearman","given":"J"},{"family":"Somoza","given":"Luı́s"},{"family":"González","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Bartolomé","given":"Rafael"},{"family":"Bahurel","given":"P"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/oceanslimerick52467.2023.10244429","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/oceanslimerick52467.2023.10244429","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.15468/d5jjq2","type":"article-journal","title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of small pelagic fishes in the territorial waters of Tanzania.","abstract":"This dataset is a collection of pelagic fishes species that were caught from coastal marine waters of The united Republic of Tanzania. Dataset contains 567 records distributed across 11 fish families; 23 genera; 6 Orders; and 2 Classes. The oldest specimen was recorded in 1758, while the latest specimen was recorded in 1983. All data were observational. Collection of the data was part of Potential Fishing Zone Project (PFZ), whereby artisanal fisher from coastal districts of United Republic of Tanzania were trained on the use of technology in fishing, identifying fishing grounds and importance of fishing on potential fishing areas. The project was a collaborative effort between Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), Deep Sea Fishing Authority (DSFA), and Fisheries officers from districts involved in that project.","author":[{"family":"Peter","given":"Happy"},{"family":"Kuguru","given":"Baraka"},{"family":"Sailale","given":"Innocent"},{"family":"Marwa","given":"Grayson"},{"family":"Semba","given":"Masumbuko"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.15468/d5jjq2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.15468/d5jjq2","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4386088954","type":"article-journal","title":"A review of machine learning and deep learning applications in wave energy forecasting and WEC optimization","abstract":"Ocean energy technologies are in their developmental stages, like other renewable energy sources. To be useable in the energy market, most components of wave energy devices require further improvement. Additionally, wave resource characteristics must be evaluated and estimated correctly to assess the wave energy potential in various coastal areas. Multiple algorithms integrated with numerical models have recently been developed and utilized to estimate, predict, and forecast wave characteristics and wave energy resources. Each algorithm is vital in designing wave energy converters (WECs) to harvest more energy. Although several algorithms based on optimization approaches have been developed for efficiently designing WECs, they are unreliable and suffer from high computational costs. To this end, novel algorithms incorporating machine learning and deep learning have been presented to forecast wave energy resources and optimize WEC design. This review aims to classify and discuss the key characteristics of machine learning and deep learning algorithms that apply to wave energy forecast and optimal configuration of WECs. Consequently, in terms of convergence rate, combining optimization methods, machine learning, and deep learning algorithms can improve the WECs configuration and wave characteristic forecasting and optimization. In addition, the high capability of learning algorithms for forecasting wave resource and energy characteristics was emphasized. Moreover, a review of power take-off (PTO) coefficients and the control of WECs demonstrated the indispensable ability of learning algorithms to optimize PTO parameters and the design of WECs.","author":[{"family":"Shadmani","given":"Alireza"},{"family":"Nikoo","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Gandomi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ruo‐qian"},{"family":"Golparvar","given":"Behzad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.esr.2023.101180","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2023.101180","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4368339574","type":"article-journal","title":"Anchor geotechnics for floating offshore wind: Current technologies and future innovations","abstract":"A rapid expansion of the anchor market is required to meet the increasing demand for floating offshore wind. This paper, which is aimed at a broad readership within and beyond geotechnical engineering, summarises the current state-of-the-art and discusses future developments of anchor types and geotechnical design methods. Current anchor technologies are presented via comparative analytical assessments of performance across a range of practical scales and seabed conditions. This analysis demonstrates the relative merits and performance of different anchor types, using simplified cost-performance indicators for each anchor technology. An example outcome is the large differences in anchor efficiency (capacity per unit weight), that are linked to the different ways anchors achieve their holding capacity. Potential improvements in the performance-cost response for each anchor type, through future enhancements, are then explored. These enhancements are categorised as (1) unlocking higher anchor performance through improved design methods with a better understanding of the geotechnical response, (2) upscaling or (3) commoditising of the anchor type, by making larger versions or enabling more efficient mass production and installation, or (4) invention of new anchor technologies. Finally, findings of the different sections are summarised within a single table to enable a quick selection of anchoring solutions.","author":[{"family":"Cerfontaine","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"White","given":"David"},{"family":"Kwa","given":"Katherine"},{"family":"Gourvenec","given":"Susan"},{"family":"Knappett","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Brown","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114327","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114327","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4378194956","type":"article-journal","title":"Towards 6G hyper-connectivity: Vision, challenges, and key enabling technologies","abstract":"Technology forecasts anticipate a new era in which massive numbers of humans, machines, and things are connected to wireless networks to sense, process, act, and communicate with the surrounding environment in a real-time manner. To make the visions come true, the sixth generation (6G) wireless networks should be hyper-connected, implying that there are no constraints on the data rate, coverage, and computing. In this article, we first identify the main challenges for 6G hyper-connectivity, including terabits-per-second (Tbps) data rates for immersive user experiences, zero coverage-hole networks, and pervasive computing for connected intelligence. To overcome these challenges, we highlight key enabling technologies for 6G such as distributed and intelligence-aware cell-free massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) networks, boundless and fully integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks, and communication-aware distributed computing for computation-intensive applications. We further illustrate and discuss the hyper-connected 6G network architecture along with open issues and future research directions.","author":[{"family":"Lee","given":"Howon"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Byungju"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Heecheol"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Junghyun"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Seungnyun"},{"family":"Shin","given":"Wonjae"},{"family":"Shim","given":"Byonghyo"},{"family":"Poor","given":"HV"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.23919/jcn.2023.000006","URL":"https://doi.org/10.23919/jcn.2023.000006","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4323927796","type":"article-journal","title":"Electrification of onshore power systems in maritime transportation towards decarbonization of ports: A review of the cold ironing technology","abstract":"Cold ironing is a remarkable electrification innovation in the maritime industry for ship transportation, in which diesel engines driving ship generators for onboard load are switched to shore-supplied electricity during berthing. This facility serves not only as an alternative power supply for electric ships but also as part of the green port's strategy. Cold ironing installation is expected to be unavoidable in the long term for all port operators due to stringent emission policies. Even though cold ironing is used by a few ports across the world, it is still regarded as an underutilized technology due to the high upfront cost associated with the shoreside installation and ship's retrofitting, as well as unclear benefits for both sides. The involvement of diverse types of ships with different power requirements, various operational schemes, unpredictable berthing hours, uncertainty in the availability of local power sources, and synchronization issues among others make it very complex to coordinate for optimal cold ironing operations, which necessitate further investigations. This review gives an overview of cold ironing technology, including its operation, power requirement, standardization, challenges, and important assessment for evaluation. A cold ironing implementation strategy to achieve the ultimate seaport decarbonization goal through a synergy between cold ironing and seaport microgrid is also addressed.","author":[{"family":"Bakar","given":"Nur"},{"family":"Bazmohammadi","given":"Najmeh"},{"family":"Vásquez","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Guerrero","given":"Josep"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.rser.2023.113243","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113243","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387117657","type":"article-journal","title":"Recycling technologies, policies, prospects, and challenges for spent batteries","abstract":"The recycling of spent batteries is an important concern in resource conservation and environmental protection, while it is facing challenges such as insufficient recycling channels, high costs, and technical difficulties. To address these issues, a review of the recycling of spent batteries, emphasizing the importance and potential value of recycling is conducted. Besides, the recycling policies and strategies implemented in representative countries are summarized, providing legal and policy support for the recycling industry. Moreover, a comprehensive classification and comparison of recycling technologies identify the characteristics and current status of different approaches. The integrated recycling technology provides a better recycling performance with zero-pollution recycling of spent battery. Biorecycling technology is expected to gain a broad development prospect in the future owing to the superiority of energy-saving and environmental protection, high recycling efficiency, via microbial degradation, enzymatic degradation, etc. Consequently, as for the existing recycling challenges of waste batteries, developing new recycling technology and perfecting its recycling system is an indispensable guarantee for the sustainable development of waste battery. Meanwhile, theoretical support is offered for the recycling of spent batteries.","author":[{"family":"Kang","given":"Zhuang"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Zhixin"},{"family":"Peng","given":"Qingguo"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Zhiwei"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"Huaqiang"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Ruixue"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Guang"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Jin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.isci.2023.108072","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108072","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4362596322","type":"article-journal","title":"Data driven pathway analysis and forecast of global warming and sea level rise","abstract":"Climate change is a critical issue of our time, and its causes, pathways, and forecasts remain a topic of broader discussion. In this paper, we present a novel data driven pathway analysis framework to identify the key processes behind mean global temperature and sea level rise, and to forecast the magnitude of their increase from the present to 2100. Based on historical data and dynamic statistical modeling alone, we have established the causal pathways that connect increasing greenhouse gas emissions to increasing global mean temperature and sea level, with its intermediate links encompassing humidity, sea ice coverage, and glacier mass, but not for sunspot numbers. Our results indicate that if no action is taken to curb anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the global average temperature would rise to an estimated 3.28 °C (2.46-4.10 °C) above its pre-industrial level while the global sea level would be an estimated 573 mm (474-671 mm) above its 2021 mean by 2100. However, if countries adhere to the greenhouse gas emission regulations outlined in the 2021 United Nations Conference on Climate Change (COP26), the rise in global temperature would lessen to an average increase of 1.88 °C (1.43-2.33 °C) above its pre-industrial level, albeit still higher than the targeted 1.5 °C, while the sea level increase would reduce to 449 mm (389-509 mm) above its 2021 mean by 2100.","author":[{"family":"Song","given":"Jiecheng"},{"family":"Tong","given":"Guanchao"},{"family":"Chao","given":"Jiayou"},{"family":"Chung","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Minghua"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Wuyin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Bentler","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-023-30789-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30789-4","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4365446933","type":"article-journal","title":"Extending deep-sea benthic biodiversity inventories with environmental DNA metabarcoding","abstract":"Abstract Inventories of biodiversity are crucial for helping support conservation and management efforts, yet the deep-sea, which is the largest biome on earth remains vastly understudied. Recent advances in molecular detection methods offer alternative techniques for studying inaccessible ecosystems, including those at depth. In this study we utilized environmental DNA metabarcoding, a first for studying deep-sea benthic environments in southern Africa, to assess biological diversity and to test the effects of depth and historical trawling activities on deep-sea communities. Utilising 29 sediment samples (thus focussing on predominantly meiofaunal and epifaunal biodiversity) and targeting a 313 bp region of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I gene, we recovered 444 OTUs across a wide array of species and genera. Even though many OTUs could only be assigned to higher taxonomic levels, results showed that biodiversity differed significantly across depth, suggesting that even at relatively small spatial scales (~ 6 km, across a depth gradient of 355 m to 515 m), eDNA derived biodiversity detected variation linked to the depth gradient. Comparison of the OTU database with known species inventories from the sampled area revealed little overlap, highlighting the need for expanding barcoding efforts of deep-sea species to aid future eDNA survey efforts. Overall our results suggest that within a South African context, increased barcoding efforts, in combination with eDNA metabarcoding and physical sampling could capture a greater proportion of benthic deep-sea biodiversity. This provides additional opportunities to underpin conservation and management decision-making in the region, such as evaluating potential sites for future protection.","author":[{"family":"Oosthuizen","given":"Delene"},{"family":"Seymour","given":"Mathew"},{"family":"Atkinson","given":"Lara"},{"family":"Heyden","given":"Sophie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s00227-023-04205-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04205-4","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406182849","type":"article-journal","title":"Potential of Deep-sea Mineral Resources for the Blue Economy","abstract":"The interest in deep-sea mineral resources has surged recently, driven by the increasing need for metals and the global push for sustainable, low-carbon energy sources under the 'blue economy' framework.The deepsea minerals include polymetallic nodules, cobalt-rich Fe-Mn crusts, and polymetallic sulphides, which contain high amounts of copper, nickel, cobalt and other valuable metals.These mineral deposits are often associated with unique and fragile ecosystems, which necessitates the development of mining technologies with minimal environmental impact.Here, we review the key deep-sea minerals, their resource potential, exploration aspects and the need for sustainable extraction, with a particular focus on India's exploration activities.","author":[{"family":"Vadakkepuliyambatta","given":"Sunil"},{"family":"Roy","given":"Parijat"},{"family":"Ingole","given":"Baban"},{"family":"Raju","given":"KAK"},{"family":"Kurian","given":"PJ"},{"family":"Meloth","given":"Thamban"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.18520/cs/v126/i2/192-199","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v126/i2/192-199","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4319336499","type":"article-journal","title":"Synergies and potential of hybrid solar photovoltaic-thermal desalination technologies","abstract":"Solar desalination has emerged as a sustainable solution for addressing global water scarcity in the energy-water nexus, particularly for remote areas in developing countries. How to use the light spectrum through solar devices can profoundly affect the solar energy utilization, desalination rates, off-grid applicability, and water affordability. Solar photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal (ST) respectively have enabled a variety of interesting solar desalination technologies, but the resulting applications usually limit the integration between solar and desalination to be either electrically or thermally connected. Here this review paper explores smart co-uses of heat and electricity from the sun to improve the efficiency, productivity, and independence of various solar desalination processes. It is found that coupling solar photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) with desalination could be a practical and immediately deployable route for plausibly more sustainable solar desalination than current solutions, because the combined electrical and thermal energy outputs from PVT panels could be used synergistically to catalyze the improvement on the solar energy efficiency, specific energy consumption, and specific water production, as well as the operational independence for off-grid applications. Our preliminary analysis indicated an up to 20 % lower cost of PVT-desalination than current solar PV-desalination and ST-desalination but also with challenges discussed.","author":[{"family":"He","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Gan"},{"family":"Markides","given":"Christos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.desal.2023.116424","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2023.116424","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4389057356","type":"article-journal","title":"Towards a global strategy for the conservation of deep-sea active hydrothermal vents","abstract":"Abstract Deep-sea active hydrothermal vents are globally diverse, vulnerable, rare, remote, and isolated habitats, yet they face increasing threats from human activities, including deep-sea mining. To address the conservation challenges surrounding these habitats, we present a global assessment of the conservation status of deep-sea active vents. Our findings reveal that while 25% of the known deep active hydrothermal vents are currently under conservation interventions, only 8% benefit of full protection. These conservation interventions, consisting of area-based and regulation-based management measures, are implemented by 17 Sovereign States, three Regional Fisheries Management Organizations and one international treaty through 30 discrete interventions. However, our assessment and comparison of the specific measures for the 155 managed active hydrothermal vents reveal that the current conservation remain fragmented and discordant across jurisdictions and biogeographical provinces, resulting in overall insufficient protection, especially in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction. Seizing the current momentum for ocean conservation, it is crucial to harmonize the management and protection of active deep-sea vents worldwide, taking into account their global biogeographic context and spatial distribution. This requires aligning current international initiatives that could improve baseline policies for the global protection of deep-sea hydrothermal vents.","author":[{"family":"Menini","given":"Elisabetta"},{"family":"Calado","given":"Helena"},{"family":"Danovaro","given":"Roberto"},{"family":"Manea","given":"Elisabetta"},{"family":"Halpin","given":"Patrick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s44183-023-00029-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44183-023-00029-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4323353778","type":"article-journal","title":"Improving Wave‐Based Air‐Sea Momentum Flux Parameterization in Mixed Seas","abstract":"Abstract In winter, the Northwest Tropical Atlantic Ocean can be characterized by various wave age‐based interactions among ocean current, surface wind and surface waves, which are critical for accurately describing surface wind stress. In this work, coupled wave‐ocean‐atmosphere model simulations are conducted using two different wave roughness parameterizations within COARE3.5, including one that relies solely on wind speed and another that uses wave age and wave slope as inputs. Comparisons with the directly measured momentum fluxes during the ATOMIC/EUREC4A experiments in winter 2020 show that, for sea states dominated by short wind waves under moderate to strong winds, the wave‐based formulation (WBF) increases the surface roughness length in average by 25% compared to the wind‐speed‐based approach. For sea states dominated by remotely generated swells under moderate to strong wind intensity, the WBF predicts significantly lower roughness length and surface stress (≈15%), resulting in increased near‐surface wind speed above the constant flux layer (≈5%). Further investigation of the mixed sea states in the model and data indicates that the impact of swell on wind stress is over‐emphasized in the COARE3.5 WBF, especially under moderate wind regimes. Various approaches are explored to alleviate this deficiency by either introducing directional alignment between wind and waves or using the mean wave period instead of the wave period corresponding to the spectral peak to compute the wave age. The findings of this study are likely to be site‐dependent, and mostly concern specific regimes of wind and waves where the original parameterization was deficient.","author":[{"family":"Sauvage","given":"César"},{"family":"Seo","given":"Hyodae"},{"family":"Clayson","given":"Carol"},{"family":"Edson","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2022jc019277","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jc019277","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387877340","type":"article-journal","title":"The quantum internet: A synergy of quantum information technologies and 6G networks","abstract":"Abstract The quantum internet is a cutting‐edge paradigm that uses the unique characteristics of quantum technology to radically alter communication networks. This new network type is expected to collaborate with 6G networks, creating a synergy that will fundamentally alter how we communicate, engage, and trade information. The improved security, increased speed, and increased network capacity of the quantum internet will lead to the emergence of a broad variety of new applications and services. The current state of quantum technology and its integration with 6G networks are summarised in this study, with an emphasis on the key challenges and untapped possibilities. The main goal is to get knowledge about how the quantum internet might impact communication in the future and alter several economic and societal sectors.","author":[{"family":"Rozenman","given":"Georgi"},{"family":"Kundu","given":"Neel"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Ruiqi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Leyi"},{"family":"Maslennikov","given":"Alona"},{"family":"Reches","given":"Yuval"},{"family":"Youm","given":"Heung"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1049/qtc2.12069","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.12069","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4320496835","type":"article-journal","title":"Design Exploration for Sustainable Regional Hybrid-Electric Aircraft: A Study Based on Technology Forecasts","abstract":"The environmental impact of aviation in terms of noise and pollutant emissions has gained public attention in the last few years. In addition, the foreseen financial benefits of an increased energy efficiency have motivated the transport industry to invest in propulsion alternatives. This work is collocated within the Clean Sky 2 project GENESIS, focused on the environmental sustainability of 50-passenger hybrid-electric aircraft from a life-cycle-based perspective to support the development of a technology roadmap for transitioning towards sustainable and competitive electric aircraft systems. While several studies have already focused on the definition of possible aircraft designs combining several propulsion systems, the novelty of the present work is to consider technology forecasts and more comprehensive indicators in the design phase. These include the performance and emissions on a 200 nmi typical mission, which reflects the most economically attractive range for aircraft in the regional class. The work proposes a complete exploration of three major technology streams for energy storage: batteries, fuel cells, and turbine internal combustion engine generators, also including possible combinations of those technologies. The exploration was carried out through the execution of several designs of experiments aiming at the identification of the most promising solutions in terms of aircraft configuration for three different time horizons: short-term, 2025–2035; medium-term, 2035–2045; and long-term, 2045–2050+. As a result, in the short-term scenario, fuel energy consumption is estimated to be reduced by around 24% with respect to conventional aircraft with the same entry-into-service year thanks to the use of hybrid propulsive systems with lithium batteries. Fuel saving increases to 45% in the medium-term horizon due to the improvement in the energy density of storage systems. By the year 2050, when hydrogen fuel cells are estimated to be mature enough to completely replace kerosene-based engines, the forthcoming hybrid-electric aircraft promise no NOx and CO2 direct emissions, while being approximately 50% heavier than conventional ones.","author":[{"family":"Marciello","given":"Valerio"},{"family":"Stasio","given":"Mario"},{"family":"Ruocco","given":"Manuela"},{"family":"Trifari","given":"Vittorio"},{"family":"Nicolosi","given":"Fabrizio"},{"family":"Meindl","given":"Markus"},{"family":"Lemoine","given":"Bruno"},{"family":"Caliandro","given":"Priscilla"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/aerospace10020165","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10020165","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393254725","type":"article-journal","title":"Recycling of flame retardant polymers: Current technologies and future perspectives","abstract":"Polymers are indispensable to humans in different applications due to their ease of manufacturing and overall performance. However, after a material lifetime, there is a large amount of polymer-based waste, which greatly contributes to the loss of valuable resources and environmental pollution. Thermoplastics may be readily recycled, but because of their flammability, large amounts of flame retardant (FR) additives are required for many applications. This results in a significant volume of FR polymeric wastes too, particularly halogenated plastics, which are subject to severe recycling regulations. In general, thermoplastics containing FRs are raising concerns, as their effective recycling is strongly influenced by the chemical composition, additive content, and physicochemical characteristics of the waste stream. The recycling of FR thermosets is even more challenging due to their crosslinked and cured nature, which makes them resistant to melting and reprocessing. In many cases, traditional mechanical recycling methods, such as grinding and melting, are not applicable to thermosetting polymers. Current recycling methods do not always consider the recovery of the thermosetting/thermoplastic matrix and the presence of toxic FRs in the polymer network. Sorting and solvent washing treatment are important steps, which are usually performed before recycling the FR polymeric waste to reduce contamination in the following steps. Considering all the technical difficulties during recycling, the high cost of sorting and solvent washing, and the increasing demand for more sustainable procedures, the scientific community is fostering the transformation toward more feasible and energy-efficient recycling strategies. Also, many directives are imposing strict disposal and sorting rules, limiting the use of FR halogen-based compounds, and promoting the commercialization of more recyclable polymers. This review aims to provide a general overview of currently applied approaches for recycling FR thermoplastics and thermosets, and possible approaches for designing the next generation of FR polymer-based materials. The existing recycling strategies for FR polymers are summarized. Developments in the manufacturing of covalent adaptable networks as an outlook towards circularity in polymers are also addressed in this review.","author":[{"family":"Bifulco","given":"Aurelio"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Jiuke"},{"family":"Sekar","given":"Arvindh"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Wenyu"},{"family":"Gooneie","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Gaan","given":"Sabyasachi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.jmst.2024.02.039","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2024.02.039","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403663894","type":"article-journal","title":"BFORAMS@MIKROTAX: AN ONLINE DATABASE FOR DEEP-SEA BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL TAXONOMY","abstract":"ABSTRACT The bforams@mikrotax database focuses on deep-sea foraminifera from the Cretaceous through Cenozoic, providing a comprehensive, universally accessible taxonomic resource. Based on nannotax and pforams@mikrotax, this database provides an easy-to-use website for experts, researchers, and early career scientists, promoting stability in identifications and nomenclature. By providing detailed descriptions, images, citations, and expert opinions, bforams@mikrotax is becoming a crucial tool for paleoenvironmental, paleoceanographic, paleoclimatic, biostratigraphic, paleobiological studies, and foraminiferal geochemical analyses. The “Main Catalog” provides monographic coverage of 1,600 key taxa, including lists of junior synonyms, updated primary and secondary type images, morphological descriptions, paleobathymetry, and graphical stratigraphic range bars. The “Original Description Catalog” includes information from the original species designations, type specimen repository and locality information, and images of the primary type specimens. The bforams@mikrotax database will provide an invaluable research, reference, and teaching tool for students and researchers across all levels of expertise.","author":[{"family":"Burkett","given":"Ashley"},{"family":"Huber","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Young","given":"JR"},{"family":"Katz","given":"Miriam"},{"family":"Borrelli","given":"C"},{"family":"Fung","given":"Megan"},{"family":"Mello","given":"Renata"},{"family":"Kochhann","given":"Karlos"},{"family":"Dameron","given":"Serena"},{"family":"Thomas","given":"Ellen"},{"family":"Alegret","given":"Laia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.61551/gsjfr.54.4.394","URL":"https://doi.org/10.61551/gsjfr.54.4.394","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4362712224","type":"article-journal","title":"Evolution of the microstructure and reflectance of the surface scattering layer on melting, level Arctic sea ice","abstract":"The microstructure of the uppermost portions of a melting Arctic sea ice cover has a disproportionately large influence on how incident sunlight is reflected and absorbed in the ice/ocean system. The surface scattering layer (SSL) effectively backscatters solar radiation and keeps the surface albedo of melting ice relatively high compared to ice with the SSL manually removed. Measurements of albedo provide information on how incoming shortwave radiation is partitioned by the SSL and have been pivotal to improving climate model parameterizations. However, the relationship between the physical and optical properties of the SSL is still poorly constrained. Until now, radiative transfer models have been the only way to infer the microstructure of the SSL. During the MOSAiC expedition of 2019–2020, we took samples and, for the first time, directly measured the microstructure of the SSL on bare sea ice using X-ray micro-computed tomography. We show that the SSL has a highly anisotropic, coarse, and porous structure, with a small optical diameter and density at the surface, increasing with depth. As the melting surface ablates, the SSL regenerates, maintaining some aspects of its microstructure throughout the melt season. We used the microstructure measurements with a radiative transfer model to improve our understanding of the relationship between physical properties and optical properties at 850 nm wavelength. When the microstructure is used as model input, we see a 10–15% overestimation of the reflectance at 850 nm. This comparison suggests that either a) spatial variability at the meter scale is important for the two in situ optical measurements and therefore a larger sample size is needed to represent the microstructure or b) future work should investigate either i) using a ray-tracing approach instead of explicitly solving the radiative transfer equation or ii) using a more appropriate radiative transfer model.","author":[{"family":"Macfarlane","given":"Amy"},{"family":"Dadić","given":"Ruzica"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Madison"},{"family":"Light","given":"Bonnie"},{"family":"Nicolaus","given":"Marcel"},{"family":"Henna-Reetta","given":"Hannula"},{"family":"Webster","given":"Melinda"},{"family":"Linhardt","given":"Felix"},{"family":"Hämmerle","given":"Stefan"},{"family":"Schneebeli","given":"Martin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1525/elementa.2022.00103","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2022.00103","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404613787","type":"article-journal","title":"Critical Success Factors for Green Port Transformation Using Digital Technology","abstract":"Ports are the main arteries of global trade, handling goods circulation and serving as hubs for information, capital, and technology. Integrating digital technology has become the key for green port development to achieve resource efficiency and ecological balance. The current literature overlooks how digital technology can facilitate greener port operations. This study integrates sustainable supply chain management and system dynamics theories based on an in-depth analysis of existing research results and expert interviews. The analysis focuses on three key dimensions: integrating digital technologies with infrastructure, optimizing digital management and operations, and improving environmental and safety management in a digitally driven setting. Using the fuzzy Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (Fuzzy Dematel) methodology, we collaborated with domain experts in port logistics to identify and confirm 12 pivotal factors that support the green digital transformation of ports. The research shows that the most critical success factors for using digital technology to drive ports’ green transformation are green supply chain information platforms, intelligent vessel scheduling, traffic optimization, and digital carbon emission monitoring. This study significantly contributes to the literature on green port transformation, offering indispensable practical insights for port operators, government entities, and shipping firms in identifying and deploying these key success factors. The findings will help maritime supply chain stakeholders develop actionable digital strategies, improving port efficiency and ecological resilience.","author":[{"family":"Su","given":"Zhenqing"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yanfeng"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Yuan"},{"family":"Park","given":"Keun"},{"family":"Su","given":"Miao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12122128","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122128","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402966108","type":"article-journal","title":"From Sea to Lab: Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibition by Marine Peptides—Mechanisms and Applications","abstract":"To reveal potent ACE inhibitors, researchers screen various bioactive peptides from several sources, and more attention has been given to aquatic sources. This review summarizes the recent research achievements on marine peptides with ACE-inhibitory action and application. Marine peptides are considered excellent bioactives due to their large structural diversity and unusual bioactivities. The mechanisms by which these marine peptides inhibit ACE include competitive binding to ACEs’ active site, interfering with ACE conformational changes, and avoiding the identification of substrates. The unique 3D attributes of marine peptides confer inhibition advantages toward ACE activity. Because IC50 values of marine peptides’ interaction with ACE are low, structure-based research assumes that the interaction between ACE and peptides increased the therapeutic application. Numerous studies on marine peptides focused on the sustainable extraction of ACE-inhibitory peptides produced from several fish, mollusks, algae, and sponges. Meanwhile, their potential applications and medical benefits are worth investigating and considering. Due to these peptides exhibiting antioxidant, antihypertensive, and even antimicrobial properties simultaneously, their therapeutic potential for cardiovascular disease and other illnesses only increases. In addition, as marine peptides show better pharmacological benefits, they have increased absorption rates and low toxicity and could perhaps be modified for better stability and bioefficacy. Biotechnological advances in peptide synthesis and formulation have greatly facilitated the generation of peptide-based ACE inhibitors from marine sources, which subsequently offer new treatment models. This article gives a complete assessment of the present state of knowledge about marine organism peptides as ACE inhibitors. In addition, it emphasizes the relevance of additional investigation into their mechanisms of action, the optimization of manufacturing processes, and assessment in in vivo, preclinical, and clinical settings, underlining the urgency and value of this study. Using marine peptides for ACE inhibition not only broadens the repertory of bioactive compounds but also shows promise for tackling the global health burden caused by cardiovascular diseases.","author":[{"family":"Jo","given":"Du‐min"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Fazlurrahman"},{"family":"Park","given":"Seulki"},{"family":"Ko","given":"Seok‐chun"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Kyung"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Dongwoo"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Ji"},{"family":"Oh","given":"Gun‐woo"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Grace"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Dae"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Young‐mog"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/md22100449","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/md22100449","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403792212","type":"article-journal","title":"Metagenomic analysis of deep-sea bacterial communities in the Makassar and Lombok Straits","abstract":"The extreme conditions of the deep-sea environment, including limited light, low oxygen levels, high pressure, and nutrient scarcity, create a natural habitat for deep-sea bacteria. These remarkable microorganisms have developed unique strategies to survive and adapt to their surroundings. However, research on the diversity of deep-sea bacteria, both culture-dependent and culture-independent, in Indonesian waters remains insufficient. This study focused on exploring the biodiversity of deep-sea bacteria, specifically in the Makassar and Lombok Strait, the main Indonesian throughflow pathway characterized by relatively fertile water, which serves as an important deep-sea region. High-throughput DNA sequencing of full-length 16S rRNA was employed to construct a genomic database. The results of the bioinformatic analysis revealed that two stations, 48 and 50 (Makassar Strait), exhibited a more similar community structure of deep-sea bacteria than did station 33 (Lombok Strait). Among the predominant phyla found at a depth of 1000 m, the top ten were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria, Nitrospinae, Verrucomicrobia, Candidatus Melainabacteria, and Cyanobacteria. Furthermore, the genera Colwellia, Moritella, Candidatus Pelagibacter, Alteromonas, and Psychrobacter consistently appeared at all three stations, albeit with varying relative abundance values. These bacterial genera share common characteristics, such as psychrophilic, halophilic, and piezophilic tendencies, and are commonly found in deep-sea ecosystem. The environmental conditions at a depth of 1000 m were relatively stable, with an average pressure 10 MPa, temperature 4.68 °C, salinity 34.58 PSU, pH 8.06, chlorophyll-a 0.29 µg/L, nitrate 3.19 µmol/L, phosphate 6.32 µmol/L and dissolved oxygen (DO) 2.90 mg/L. The bacterial community structures at the three sampling stations located at the same depth (1000 m) exhibited similarities, as indicated by the closely aligned similarity index values.","author":[{"family":"Siallagan","given":"Zen"},{"family":"Fadli","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Fretes","given":"Charlie"},{"family":"Opier","given":"RDA"},{"family":"Susanto","given":"RD"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Zexun"},{"family":"Suhardi","given":"VSH"},{"family":"Nugrahapraja","given":"Husna"},{"family":"Radjasa","given":"Ocky"},{"family":"Dwivany","given":"Fenny"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-74118-9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74118-9","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4396781413","type":"article-journal","title":"Control of Vibrio vulnificus proliferation in the Baltic Sea through eutrophication and algal bloom management","abstract":"Abstract Due to climate change the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio vulnificus proliferates along brackish coastlines, posing risks to public health, tourism, and aquaculture. Here we investigated previously suggested regulation measures to reduce the prevalence of V. vulnificus, locally through seagrass and regionally through the reduction of eutrophication and consequential formation of algal blooms. Field samples collected in the summer of 2021 covered the salinity and eutrophication gradients of the Baltic Sea, one of the largest brackish areas worldwide. Physico-, biological- and hydrochemical parameters were measured and variables explaining V. vulnificus occurrence were identified by machine learning. The best V. vulnificus predictors were eutrophication-related features, such as particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, as well as occurrence of potential phytoplankton blooms and associated species. V. vulnificus abundance did not vary significantly between vegetated and non-vegetated areas. Thus, reducing nutrient inputs could be an effective method to control V. vulnificus populations in eutrophied brackish coasts.","author":[{"family":"Riedinger","given":"David"},{"family":"Fernándezjuárez","given":"Víctor"},{"family":"Delgado","given":"Luis"},{"family":"Sperlea","given":"Theodor"},{"family":"Hassenrück","given":"Christiane"},{"family":"Herlemann","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Pansch","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Kataržytė","given":"Marija"},{"family":"Brück","given":"Florian"},{"family":"Ahrens","given":"Alwin"},{"family":"Rakowski","given":"Marcin"},{"family":"Piwosz","given":"Kasia"},{"family":"Stevenson","given":"Angela"},{"family":"Reusch","given":"Thorsten"},{"family":"Gyraitė","given":"Greta"},{"family":"Schulz-Bull","given":"Detlef"},{"family":"Benterbusch-Brockmöller","given":"Heike"},{"family":"Kube","given":"Sandra"},{"family":"Dupke","given":"Susann"},{"family":"Andersson","given":"Anders"},{"family":"Riemann","given":"Lasse"},{"family":"Labrenz","given":"Matthias"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s43247-024-01410-x","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01410-x","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390114433","type":"article-journal","title":"Tribocorrosion and Surface Protection Technology of Titanium Alloys: A Review","abstract":"Titanium alloy has the advantages of high specific strength, good corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility and is widely used in marine equipment, biomedicine, aerospace, and other fields. However, the application of titanium alloy in special working conditions shows some shortcomings, such as low hardness and poor wear resistance, which seriously affect the long life and safe and reliable service of the structural parts. Tribocorrosion has been one of the research hotspots in the field of tribology in recent years, and it is one of the essential factors affecting the application of passivated metal in corrosive environments. In this work, the characteristics of the marine and human environments and their critical tribological problems are analyzed, and the research connotation of tribocorrosion of titanium alloy is expounded. The research status of surface protection technology for titanium alloy in marine and biological environments is reviewed, and the development direction and trends in surface engineering of titanium alloy are prospected.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Zelong"},{"family":"He","given":"Yongyong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/ma17010065","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010065","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404861653","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning Methods for De Novo Peptide Sequencing","abstract":"Protein tandem mass spectrometry data are most often interpreted by matching observed mass spectra to a protein database derived from the reference genome of the sample being analyzed. In many application domains, however, a relevant protein database is unavailable or incomplete, and in such settings de novo sequencing is required. Since the introduction of the DeepNovo algorithm in 2017, the field of de novo sequencing has been dominated by deep learning methods, which use large amounts of labeled mass spectrometry data to train multi-layer neural networks to translate from observed mass spectra to corresponding peptide sequences. Here, we describe these deep learning methods, outline procedures for evaluating their performance, and discuss the challenges in the field, both in terms of methods development and evaluation protocols.","author":[{"family":"Bittremieux","given":"Wout"},{"family":"Ananth","given":"Varun"},{"family":"Fondrie","given":"William"},{"family":"Melendez","given":"Carlo"},{"family":"Pominova","given":"Marina"},{"family":"Sanders","given":"Justin"},{"family":"Wen","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Yilmaz","given":"Melih"},{"family":"Noble","given":"William"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/mas.21919","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.21919","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393971618","type":"article-journal","title":"Assessing the future prospects of emerging technologies for shipping and aviation biofuels: A critical review","abstract":"There is an urgent need to switch from fossil to bio-based fuels in the transport sector, particularly in shipping and aviation. The growth of the world's population has resulted in a significant impact on passenger transport, with a noticeable increase in greenhouse gas emissions, depletion of fossil resources and associated risks in all three pillars of sustainability. In this context, new policies, standards and targets have been developed to reduce this environmental damage, which is mainly caused by the use of fossil fuels. Therefore, the alternative of using biofuels seems to be the most appropriate solution, to the extent that important targets have been set and specific directives have been developed for the integration of biofuels in the maritime and aviation sectors. However, to demonstrate that switching to biofuels is indeed beneficial, it is necessary to evaluate new biofuel scenarios from a life-cycle perspective, with particular emphasis on analyses that provide information beyond the present, such as prospective life-cycle assessments. To this end, the focus of this review is on the current trends in the production of biofuels for the marine and aviation sectors, taking into account the main targets set, the existing regulations and directives on the subject, and an analysis of the type of technologies used for their production. It also addresses biofuel Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) scenarios and future LCA approaches, and how these analyses should be carried out to be effective. Finally, key policies, standards and certifications are analyzed. The trends and bottlenecks discussed in this review concerning the actual and future development of the biofuels sector could be used by policy makers and stakeholders to identify efforts that favor the integration of biofuels into the value chain. Furthermore, it could be concluded that the evaluation of the guidelines foreseen in the development of competitive scenarios based on emerging technologies, as well as the adoption of policies and restrictions on the use of fuels, are key conditions to establish the roadmap for the widespread implementation of biofuels.","author":[{"family":"Arias","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Nika","given":"Chrysanthi"},{"family":"Vasilaki","given":"V"},{"family":"Feijóo","given":"Gumersindo"},{"family":"Moreira","given":"Marı́a"},{"family":"Katsou","given":"Evina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.114427","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114427","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4376274944","type":"article-journal","title":"Proposed Lunar Measurements of r-Process Radioisotopes to Distinguish the Origin of Deep-sea 244 Pu","abstract":"Abstract 244 Pu has recently been discovered in deep-sea deposits spanning the past 10 Myr, a period that includes two 60 Fe pulses from nearby supernovae. 244 Pu is among the heaviest r -process products, and we consider whether it was created in supernovae, which is disfavored by nucleosynthesis simulations, or in an earlier kilonova event that seeded the nearby interstellar medium with 244 Pu that was subsequently swept up by the supernova debris. We discuss how these possibilities can be probed by measuring 244 Pu and other r -process radioisotopes such as 129 I and 182 Hf, both in lunar regolith samples returned to Earth by missions such as Chang’e and Artemis, and in deep-sea deposits.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Xilu"},{"family":"Clark","given":"Adam"},{"family":"Ellis","given":"John"},{"family":"Ertel","given":"Adrienne"},{"family":"Fields","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Fry","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zhenghai"},{"family":"Miller","given":"Jesse"},{"family":"Surman","given":"Rebecca"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3847/1538-4357/acbeaa","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acbeaa","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4389734006","type":"article-journal","title":"Effect of Particle Factors on the Reflux and Blockage of a Deep‐Sea Six‐Stage Pump Based on CFD‐DEM","abstract":"Abstract The deep‐sea six‐stage centrifugal pump is an essential power source of the lifting system that conveys slurry containing coarse particles. Emergency failure of the electric system can easily lead to pump blockage because of slurry reflux. The reflux movement of particles in a six‐stage pump under emergency power failure is investigated using the verified computation fluid dynamics and discrete element method (CFD‐DEM) simulation. The JKR contact model is used to perform particle simulation. Simultaneously, shaped particles are added to realistically simulate the reflux characteristics under deep‐sea mining conditions. The effect of particle size, shape, and size distribution in the reflux is investigated. The blockage behavior of the particles during reflux and the blockage mechanism is clarified. Particles with less shape and size below 30 mm are more conducive to safe slurry transportation. The experimental results verify the credibility of the CFD‐DEM simulation results.","author":[{"family":"Hu","given":"Qiong"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Jingyan"},{"family":"Deng","given":"Liwen"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yangyang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adts.202300931","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adts.202300931","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4396960887","type":"article-journal","title":"Advancements in remote sensing technologies for accurate monitoring and management of surface water resources in Africa: an overview, limitations, and future directions","abstract":"This review presents a comprehensive examination of recent advancements in utilizing multi-date satellite data to analyze spatial and temporal variations in seasonal and inter-annual surface water dynamics within arid environments of Africa.Remote sensing offers continuous, precise, and long-term datasets for surface water research.Various sensors with differing spatial resolutions are discussed, with high-resolution multispectral sensors providing superior spatial resolution but at higher costs.Conversely, dualsensor approaches, incuding optical sensors (Sentinel-2 and Landsat), radar satellites (Sentinel-1 and RADARSAT) and UAVs were investigated.The review further examines the efficiency and applicability of traditional algorithms such as the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), and automated water extraction index (AWEI) in detecting and delineating surface water resources.Additionally, machine learning (ML) algorithms, including support vector machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), deep learning and emerging methodologies like recurrent tranformer networks, have been explored.Therefore, we recommend that future research endeavours focus on leveraging high-resolution satellite imagery and integrating physical models with deep learning techniques, artificial intelligence, and online big data processing platforms to improve surface water mapping capabilities.","author":[{"family":"Sigopi","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Shoko","given":"Cletah"},{"family":"Dube","given":"Timothy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1080/10106049.2024.2347935","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2024.2347935","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403250593","type":"article-journal","title":"A Comprehensive Review on Deep Eutectic Solvents: Their Current Status and Potential for Extracting Active Compounds from Adaptogenic Plants","abstract":"Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have attracted attention from researchers as novel compounds for extracting active substances because of their negligible toxicity, polarity, and ability to be tailored depending on the experiment. In this review, we discuss deep eutectic solvents as a promising medium for the extraction of adaptogenic compounds. In comparison to traditional methods, extraction with the use of DESs is a great alternative to the excessive usage of harmful organic solvents. It can be conducted in mild conditions, and DESs can be designed with different precursors, enhancing their versatility. Adaptogenic herbs have a long medicinal history, especially in Eastern Asia. They exhibit unique properties through the active compounds in their structures, including saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and alkaloids. Therefore, they demonstrate a wide range of pharmaceutical effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer abilities. Since ancient times, many different adaptogenic herbs have been discovered and are well known, including Panax ginseng, Scutellaria baicalensis, and Schisandra chinensis. Active compounds can be extracted using standard methods, such as hydrolyzation, maceration, and conventional reflux extraction. However, due to the limitations of classical processing technologies, there has been a need to develop new and eco-friendly methods. We focus on the types of solvents, extraction efficiency, properties, and applications of the obtained active compounds. This review highlights the potential of DESs as eco-friendly alternatives for extracting bioactive compounds.","author":[{"family":"Stanisz","given":"Małgorzata"},{"family":"Stanisz","given":"Beata"},{"family":"Cieleckapiontek","given":"Judyta"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/molecules29194767","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29194767","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402966140","type":"article-journal","title":"How is particulate organic carbon transported through the river-fed submarine Congo Canyon to the deep sea?","abstract":"Abstract. The transfer of carbon from land to the near-coastal ocean is increasingly being recognized in global carbon budgets. However, a more direct transfer of terrestrial organic carbon to the deep sea is comparatively overlooked. Among systems that connect coastal to deep-sea environments, the submarine Congo Canyon is of particular interest since the canyon head starts 30 km into the Congo River estuary, which delivers ∼7 % of the dissolved and particulate organic carbon from the world's rivers. However, sediment and particulate organic carbon transport mechanisms that operate in the Congo Canyon and submarine canyons more globally are poorly constrained compared to rivers because monitoring of deep-sea canyons remains challenging. Using a novel array of acoustic instruments, sediment traps, and cores, this study seeks to understand the hydrodynamic processes that control delivery of particulate organic carbon via the submarine Congo Canyon to the deep sea. We show that particulate organic carbon transport in the canyon axis is modulated by two processes. First, we observe periods where the canyon dynamics are dominated by tides, which induce a background oscillatory flow (speeds of up to 0.15 m s−1) through the water column, keeping muds in suspension, with a net upslope transport direction. Second, fast-moving (up to 8 m s−1) turbidity currents occur for 35 % of the time during monitoring periods and transport particulate organic carbon with mud and sand at an estimated transit flux that is more than 3 to 6 times the flux induced by tides. Organic carbon transported and deposited in the submarine canyon has a similar isotopic composition to organic carbon in the Congo River and in the deep-sea fan at 5 km of water depth. Episodic turbidity currents thus promote efficient transfer of river-derived particulate organic carbon in the Congo submarine fan, leading to some of the highest terrestrial carbon preservation rates observed in marine sediments globally.","author":[{"family":"Hage","given":"Sophie"},{"family":"Baker","given":"Megan"},{"family":"Babonneau","given":"Nathalie"},{"family":"Soulet","given":"Guillaume"},{"family":"Dennielou","given":"Bernard"},{"family":"Jacinto","given":"Ricardo"},{"family":"Hilton","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Galy","given":"Valier"},{"family":"Baudin","given":"François"},{"family":"Rabouille","given":"Christophe"},{"family":"Vic","given":"Clément"},{"family":"Şahın","given":"S"},{"family":"Açıkalın","given":"Sanem"},{"family":"Talling","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5194/bg-21-4251-2024","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4251-2024","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4395050189","type":"article-journal","title":"Assessment of the Carbon Footprint of Large Yellow Croaker Farming on the Aquaculture Vessel in Deep Sea in China","abstract":"The present study conducted a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the carbon emissions associated with large yellow croaker farming on Aquaculture Vessel “Conson No. 1”. The functional unit considered was 1 kg of fresh large yellow croakers delivered to a wholesaler. The life cycle of large yellow croaker farming on the aquaculture vessel was divided into five processes: feed production (FP), ship construction (SC), fingerling breeding (FB), adult fish farming (AF), and fish distribution (FD). Results showed that the carbon footprint (CF, kgCO2e/kg LW) for the complete life cycle amounted to 6.2170 kgCO2e/kg LW, while the CF per unit economic value of “Conson No. 1” large yellow croaker was estimated at 31 gCO2e/CNY. Among all processes, AF and FP had the highest CF contribution rates at 69.30% and 24.86%, respectively. Notably, energy consumption by aquaculture equipment on board emerged as the primary contributor across all sources of CF comparative analysis demonstrated that the CF of marine fish farming on the aquaculture vessel was lower than that of closed aquaculture systems’ average level and it was a viable option for implementing low-carbon aquaculture in the deep sea. In order to reduce energy consumption and promote a low-carbon economy in aquaculture vessels, several suggestions were proposed, including adjusting energy structure, enhancing energy efficiency, improving feed ratio, and optimizing feeding methods.","author":[{"family":"Fan","given":"Fei"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Jianli"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Huang"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Mingchao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12050693","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050693","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4389245796","type":"article-journal","title":"6G Mobile Networks: Key Technologies, Directions, and Advances","abstract":"The exponential growth of the fifth-generation (5G) network gives businesses and universities a chance to turn their attention to the next-generation network. It is widely acknowledged that many IoT devices require more than 5G to send various types of data in real-time. In addition to 5G, several research centres are currently concentrating on 6G, which is expected to produce networks with great quality of service (QoS) and energy efficiency. Future application requirements will necessitate a significant upgrade in mobile network architecture. 6G technologies offer larger networks with lower latency and faster data transmission than 5G networks. This review presents a comprehensive overview of 6G networks which includes the novel architectural changes within 6G networks, recent research insights from diverse institutions, applications within the realm of 6G networks, and the key features associated with them. We also explored various technologies of 6G networks encompassing terahertz, visible light connectivity, blockchain, and symbiotic broadcasting, all of which contribute to the establishment of robust and socially integrated network structures. In this survey, we have focused on 6G network slices and discussed a detailed exploration of security and privacy concerns regarding the potential 6G technologies at the levels of physical infrastructure, connecting protocols, and service provisions, alongside an evaluation of current security strategies.","author":[{"family":"Dangi","given":"Ramraj"},{"family":"Choudhary","given":"Gaurav"},{"family":"Dragoni","given":"Nicola"},{"family":"Lalwani","given":"Praveen"},{"family":"Khare","given":"Utkarsh"},{"family":"Kundu","given":"Souradeep"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/telecom4040037","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom4040037","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404327679","type":"article-journal","title":"Characteristics of deep-sea microbial cellulases: key determinants of the ultimate fate of plant biomass on Earth","abstract":"Abstract Land plants, especially those with significant woody biomass, represent the largest source of biomass on Earth, making the biodegradation of lignocellulosic materials critical to understanding the global carbon cycle. Cellulose, a major component of lignocellulose, is notoriously resistant to degradation due to its highly crystalline structure. While the degradation of cellulose by terrestrial microbes has been extensively studied, the mechanisms of cellulose degradation in deep-sea environments remain largely unexplored. The deep-sea ecosystem depends on organic matter, such as cellulose, that is synthesized in terrestrial environments and surface waters and descends to the deep sea. Recent studies suggest that a significant amount of cellulose is likely to reach the deep sea. Here, we present an in-depth study of cellulases from a novel deep-sea γ-proteobacterial strain TOYAMA8, isolated from Toyama Bay, Japan, using Surface Pitting Observation Technology (SPOT), a highly sensitive assay for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. The cellulases of strain TOYAMA8 show similarities to those of a previously reported deep-sea cellulolytic microbe, Marinagarivorans cellulosilyticus strain GE09. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of these strains reveal novel cellulase genes and mechanisms that differ from terrestrial counterparts, shedding light on the unique adaptations of deep-sea microbes to recalcitrant biomass. In particular, these strains produce high-molecular-weight cellulases with unique domain architectures, likely optimized for membrane anchoring, which prevents enzyme diffusion and ensures efficient localized activity. Our findings provide critical insights into the microbial cellulose degradation in the deep sea, highlighting its role in the fate of organic carbon and the potential for biotechnological applications in biorefineries.","author":[{"family":"Tachioka","given":"Mikako"},{"family":"Tsudome","given":"Mikiko"},{"family":"Tsuda","given":"Miwako"},{"family":"Hiraoka","given":"Satoshi"},{"family":"Miyazaki","given":"Masayuki"},{"family":"Takaki","given":"Yoshihiro"},{"family":"Deguchi","given":"Shigeru"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1186/s10086-024-02168-8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-024-02168-8","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402397428","type":"article-journal","title":"Mathematical Engineering of Deep Learning","abstract":"Mathematical Engineering of Deep Learning provides a complete and concise overview of deep learning using the language of mathematics. The book provides a self-contained background on machine learning and optimization algorithms and progresses through the key ideas of deep learning. These ideas and architectures include deep neural networks, convolutional models, recurrent models, long/short-term memory, the attention mechanism, transformers, variational auto-encoders, diffusion models, generative adversarial networks, reinforcement learning, and graph neural networks. Concepts are presented using simple mathematical equations together with a concise description of relevant tricks of the trade. The content is the foundation for state-of-the-art artificial intelligence applications, involving images, sound, large language models, and other domains. The focus is on the basic mathematical description of algorithms and methods and does not require computer programming. The presentation is also agnostic to neuroscientific relationships, historical perspectives, and theoretical research. The benefit of such a concise approach is that a mathematically equipped reader can quickly grasp the essence of deep learning. Key Features: A perfect summary of deep learning not tied to any computer language, or computational framework. An ideal handbook of deep learning for readers that feel comfortable with mathematical notation. An up-to-date description of the most influential deep learning ideas that have made an impact on vision, sound, natural language understanding, and scientific domains. The exposition is not tied to the historical development of the field or to neuroscience, allowing the reader to quickly grasp the essentials. Deep learning is easily described through the language of mathematics at a level accessible to many professionals. Readers from fields such as engineering, statistics, physics, pure mathematics, econometrics, operations research, quantitative management, quantitative biology, applied machine learning, or applied deep learning will quickly gain insights into the key mathematical engineering components of the field.","author":[{"family":"Liquet","given":"Benoît"},{"family":"Moka","given":"Sarat"},{"family":"Nazarathy","given":"Yoni"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1201/9781003298687","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003298687","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405892924","type":"article-journal","title":"Global mean sea level likely higher than present during the holocene","abstract":"Global mean sea-level (GMSL) change can shed light on how the Earth system responds to warming. Glaciological evidence indicates that Earth's ice sheets retreated inland of early industrial (1850 CE) extents during the Holocene (11.7-0 ka), yet previous work suggests that Holocene GMSL never surpassed early industrial levels. We merge sea-level data with a glacial isostatic adjustment model ensemble and reconstructions of postglacial thermosteric sea-level and mountain glacier evolution to estimate Holocene GMSL and ice volume. We show it is likely (probability P = 0.75) GMSL exceeded early industrial levels after 7.5ka, reaching 0.24 m (-3.3 to 1.0 m, 90% credible interval) above present by 3.2ka; Antarctica was likely (P = 0.78) smaller than present after 7ka; GMSL rise by 2150 will very likely (P = 0.9) be the fastest in the last 5000 years; and by 2060, GMSL will as likely than not (P = 0.5) be the highest in 115,000 years.","author":[{"family":"Creel","given":"Roger"},{"family":"Austermann","given":"Jacqueline"},{"family":"Kopp","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Nicole"},{"family":"Albrecht","given":"Torsten"},{"family":"Kingslake","given":"Jonathan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-024-54535-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54535-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392198911","type":"article-journal","title":"Sea level variability in Gulf of Guinea from satellite altimetry","abstract":"Abstract Coastal zones with dense populations, low elevations and/or inadequate adaptive capacity are on the frontline of unprecedented impacts from climate change. The Gulf of Guinea (GoG), stretching from Liberia to Gabon, is in particular vulnerable to coastal flooding caused by local and/or climate-induced sea level rise. In this region, interannual to decadal coastal sea level changes remain poorly understood, mainly due to a lack of tide gauge stations. Here we use nearly three decades (1993–2021) of satellite altimetry data to study the link between the Equatorial Atlantic and coastal GoG sea level variability. The rate of mean sea level rise increased from 3.47 to 3.89 ± 0.10 mm/yr from the Equatorial oceanic domain to the GoG coastal area, with an acceleration of 0.094 ± 0.050 mm/yr2. This corresponds to a mean sea level rise of about 8.9 cm over the entire altimetry period, 1993–2021. We focus on the (extreme) warm/cold events that occur in both the GoG during Atlantic Niños, and along the Angola-Namibia coast during Benguela Niños. Both events are driven by remote forcing via equatorial Kelvin waves and local forcing by local winds, freshwater fluxes and currents intensifications. Analysis of altimetry-based sea level, sea surface temperature anomalies, 20 °C isotherm based PIRATA moorings, and the Argo-based steric and thermometric sea level allows us to follow the coastal trapped waves (CTWs) along the GoG, and its link with major events observed along the strong Equatorial Atlantic warmings in 2010, 2012, 2019 and 2021. Both 2019 and 2021 warming have been identified as the warmest event ever reported in this region during the last 40 years. A lag of 1 month is observed between equatorial and West African coastal trapped wave propagation. This observation may help to better anticipate and manage the effects of extreme events on local ecosystems, fisheries, and socio-economic activities along the affected coastlines. In order to enable informed decision-making and guarantee the resilience of coastal communities in the face of climate change, it emphasises the significance of ongoing study in this field.","author":[{"family":"Ghomsi","given":"Franck"},{"family":"Raj","given":"Roshin"},{"family":"Bonaduce","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Halo","given":"Issufo"},{"family":"Nyberg","given":"Björn"},{"family":"Cazenave","given":"Anny"},{"family":"Rouault","given":"Mathieu"},{"family":"Johannessen","given":"Ola"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-55170-x","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55170-x","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391305431","type":"article-journal","title":"AI and 6G Into the Metaverse: Fundamentals, Challenges and Future Research Trends","abstract":"Since Facebook was renamed Meta, a lot of attention, debate, and exploration have intensified about what the Metaverse is, how it works, and the possible ways to exploit it. It is anticipated that Metaverse will be a continuum of rapidly emerging technologies, usecases, capabilities, and experiences that will make it up for the next evolution of the Internet. Several researchers have already surveyed the literature on artificial intelligence (AI) and wireless communications in realizing the Metaverse. However, due to the rapid emergence and continuous evolution of technologies, there is a need for a comprehensive and in-depth survey of the role of AI, 6G, and the nexus of both in realizing the immersive experiences of Metaverse. Therefore, in this survey, we first introduce the background and ongoing progress in augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), mixed reality (MR) and spatial computing, followed by the technical aspects of AI and 6G. Then, we survey the role of AI in the Metaverse by reviewing the state-of-the-art in deep learning, computer vision, and Edge AI to extract the requirements of 6G in Metaverse. Next, we investigate the promising services of B5G/6G towards Metaverse, followed by identifying the role of AI in 6G networks and 6G networks for AI in support of Metaverse applications, and the need for sustainability in Metaverse. Finally, we enlist the existing and potential applications, usecases, and projects to highlight the importance of progress in the Metaverse. Moreover, in order to provide potential research directions to researchers, we underline the challenges, research gaps, and lessons learned identified from the literature review of the aforementioned technologies.","author":[{"family":"Zawish","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Dharejo","given":"Fayaz"},{"family":"Khowaja","given":"Sunder"},{"family":"Raza","given":"Saleem"},{"family":"Davy","given":"Steven"},{"family":"Dev","given":"Kapal"},{"family":"Bellavista","given":"Paolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3349465","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3349465","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392884830","type":"article-journal","title":"The impact of rainfall on the sea surface salinity: a mesocosm study","abstract":"Abstract Sea surface salinity may serve as a tracer for freshwater fluxes because it is linked to evaporation and precipitation that force the freshwater balance of the ocean’s surface. The relationship between freshwater fluxes and salinity anomalies in the upper few centimeters remains widely unknown. In a mechanistic approach, we investigated how these anomalies develop by conducting experiments with artificial rain over a large basin. We measured conductivity and temperature at different depths and rain characteristics (intensity, rain temperature, droplet sizes, and velocities). In the absence of turbulence, the rain causes a strong salinity change of up to 6.02 g kg $$^{-1}$$ - 1 in 0–4 cm depth. At the highest rain intensity of 56 mm h $$^{-1}$$ - 1 , salinity changed thrice as fast as at an intensity of 18 mm h $$^{-1}$$ - 1 . At the sea surface microlayer (first millimeter of the surface) the anomalies are always highest and reached a maximum of 14.18 g kg $$^{-1}$$ - 1 . With mechanical mixing, salinity changes were less pronounced (maximum SML salinity anomaly: 6.17 g kg $$^{-1}$$ - 1 ), and freshwater was mixed fast with the existing seawater body. In general, our study shows that freshwater remains in the upper few centimeters, and even with induced turbulence, are not mixed below 16 cm.","author":[{"family":"Gassen","given":"Lisa"},{"family":"Esters","given":"Leonie"},{"family":"Ribasribas","given":"Mariana"},{"family":"Wurl","given":"Oliver"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-56915-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56915-4","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4395008450","type":"article-journal","title":"Enhancing Reliability in Floating Offshore Wind Turbines through Digital Twin Technology: A Comprehensive Review","abstract":"This comprehensive review explores the application and impact of digital twin (DT) technology in bolstering the reliability of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs) and their supporting platforms. Within the burgeoning domain of offshore wind energy, this study contextualises the need for heightened reliability measures in FOWTs and elucidates how DT technology serves as a transformative tool to address these concerns. Analysing the existing scholarly literature, the review encompasses insights into the historical reliability landscape, DT deployment methodologies, and their influence on FOWT structures. Findings underscore the pivotal role of DT technology in enhancing FOWT reliability through real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance strategies, resulting in improved operational efficiency and reduced downtime. Highlighting the significance of DT technology as a potent mechanism for fortifying FOWT reliability, the review emphasises its potential to foster a robust operational framework while acknowledging the necessity for continued research to address technical intricacies and regulatory considerations in its integration within offshore wind energy systems. Challenges and opportunities related to the integration of DT technology in FOWTs are thoroughly analysed, providing valuable insights into the role of DTs in optimising FOWT reliability and performance, thereby offering a foundation for future research and industry implementation.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Bai"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Kun"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Tongqiang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Ruoxuan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en17081964","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081964","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399907068","type":"article-journal","title":"Examining sea levels forecasting using autoregressive and prophet models","abstract":"Global climate change in recent years has resulted in significant changes in sea levels at both global and local scales. Various oceanic and climatic factors play direct and indirect roles in influencing sea level changes, such as temperature, ocean heat, and Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. This study examined time series analysis models, specifically Autoregressive Moving Average (ARIMA) and Facebook's prophet, in forecasting the Global Mean Sea Level (GMSL). Additionally, Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model was utilized to investigate the influence of selected oceanic and climatic factors contributing to sea level rise, including ocean heat, air temperature, and GHG emissions. Moreover, the models were applied to regional sea level data from the Arabian Gulf, which experienced higher fluctuations compared to GMSL. Results showed the capability of autoregressive models in long-term forecasting, while the Prophet model excelled in capturing trends and patterns in the time series over extended periods of time.","author":[{"family":"Elneel","given":"Leena"},{"family":"Zitouni","given":"MS"},{"family":"Mukhtar","given":"Husameldin"},{"family":"Al-Ahmad","given":"Hussain"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-65184-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-65184-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401580562","type":"article-journal","title":"Advanced UAV Design Optimization Through Deep Learning-Based Surrogate Models","abstract":"The conceptual design of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) presents significant multidisciplinary challenges requiring the optimization of aerodynamic and structural performance, stealth, and propulsion efficiency. This work addresses these challenges by integrating deep neural networks with a multiobjective genetic algorithm to optimize UAV configurations. The proposed framework enables a comprehensive evaluation of design alternatives by estimating key performance metrics required for different operational requirements. The design process resulted in a significant improvement in computational time over traditional methods by more than three orders of magnitude. The findings illustrate the framework’s capability to optimize UAV designs for a variety of mission scenarios, including specialized tasks such as intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), combat air patrol (CAP), and Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD). This flexibility and adaptability was demonstrated through a case study, showcasing the method’s effectiveness in tailoring UAV configurations to meet specific operational requirements while balancing trade-offs between aerodynamic efficiency, stealth, and structural weight. Additionally, these results underscore the transformative impact of integrating AI into the early stages of the design process, facilitating rapid prototyping and innovation in aerospace engineering. Consequently, the current work demonstrates the potential of AI-driven optimization to revolutionize UAV design by providing a robust and effective tool for solving complex engineering problems.","author":[{"family":"Karali","given":"Hasan"},{"family":"İnalhan","given":"Gökhan"},{"family":"Tsourdos","given":"Antonios"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/aerospace11080669","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11080669","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390490465","type":"article-journal","title":"Role of Atlantification in Enhanced Primary Productivity in the Barents Sea","abstract":"Abstract Recent changes in the Arctic sea‐ice are strongly influenced by the recent increase in heat transport from vigorous Atlantic inflows, so‐called Atlantification. This Atlantification can induce physical and ecological changes near the Atlantic gateway. Here, we used the observational data sets and 26 Earth system models to estimate Atlantic water intrusion, and firstly suggest the impact of Atlantification on marine productivity in the Barents Sea in a warming climate, especially on boreal spring. In a warming climate, the heat transport across the Barents Sea Opening (BSO) is projected to be enhanced (45.5 ± 34.9 TW) by the end of the 21st century compared to the present climate. This poleward intrusion of the Atlantic water is likely to increase productivity with the largest increase in spring (70%). In a warming climate, the productivity is enhanced by Atlantification‐induced changes in physical states—ocean temperature, circulations, stratification, and sea‐ice. Based on inter‐model analyses, we estimated that the Atlantification can explain approximately 26% of the productivity changes in the Barents Sea. Thus, Atlantification is critical for future changes in biological productivity and physical states over the Arctic Ocean.","author":[{"family":"Noh","given":"Kyung"},{"family":"Oh","given":"Ji‐hoon"},{"family":"Lim","given":"Hyung‐gyu"},{"family":"Song","given":"Hajoon"},{"family":"Kug","given":"Jong‐seong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2023ef003709","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023ef003709","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403679545","type":"article-journal","title":"Challenges and Security Risks in the Red Sea: Impact of Houthi Attacks on Maritime Traffic","abstract":"This study examines the significant impact of Houthi insurgent activities on maritime traffic within the strategic Red Sea and Suez Canal routes, essential conduits for global trade. It explores the correlation between regional instability, exemplified by Houthi actions from 19 November 2023 to 5 February 2024, and changes in maritime traffic patterns and operational efficiency. This study seeks to answer a critical question in transport geography: how does regional instability, exemplified by Houthi insurgent activities, affect the maritime traffic patterns and operational efficiency of the Red Sea and Suez Canal? Using descriptive statistics, qualitative analysis, and geospatial methods, this research highlights recent trends in maritime traffic and incidents, revealing spatial and geopolitical challenges in this crucial trade route. The findings indicate a notable decline in maritime activity in the Gulf of Aden and Suez Canal due to security concerns from Houthi attacks, prompting a significant shift to alternative routes, particularly around the Cape of Good Hope. This shift underscores the broader implications of regional instability on global trade and the importance of maintaining an uninterrupted maritime flow. This study also emphasizes the economic ramifications, such as increased operational costs and freight rates due to longer transit times and enhanced security measures. This research concludes with a call for improved maritime security protocols and international cooperation to protect these strategic maritime pathways. It contributes to the discourse on transport geography by quantifying the direct impacts of regional conflicts on maritime logistics and proposing strategies for future resilience, highlighting the interconnected nature of global trade and security and the need for collective action against evolving geopolitical challenges.","author":[{"family":"Rodríguez","given":"Emilio"},{"family":"Alcaide","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Llave","given":"Ruth"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12111900","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12111900","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392656648","type":"article-journal","title":"Numerical investigation of shipping noise in the Red Sea","abstract":"Underwater noise pollution is a significant environmental issue that can have detrimental effects on marine ecosystems. One of the main sources of underwater noise pollution is ship traffic, which has been shown to negatively impact marine animals by masking communication signals and altering their behaviors. This study represents the first comprehensive analysis of underwater ship noise in the Red Sea, wherein noise maps of ships sailing through the main shipping lane in the Red Sea were simulated by integrating both anthropogenic and environmental variables. These maps offer valuable insights for policymakers, enabling them to make informed decisions and implement targeted mitigation efforts.","author":[{"family":"Larayedh","given":"Rihab"},{"family":"Cornuelle","given":"Bruce"},{"family":"Krokos","given":"George"},{"family":"Hoteit","given":"Ibrahim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-56523-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56523-2","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404391646","type":"article-journal","title":"Digital Revolution: Emerging Technologies for Enhancing Citizen Engagement in Urban and Environmental Management","abstract":"Citizen participation is key in urban planning, but traditional methods are often limited in terms of accessibility and inclusion. This study investigates how the use of emerging technologies such as Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR), Digital Twin (DT), Building Information Modelling (BIM), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can enhance citizen participation in urban planning. Through the review and analysis of existing literature, combined with the study of cases from cities in Eurasia and North America on the implementation of these technologies in urban and environmental planning, the results indicate that the use of multi-reality technologies facilitates immersive visualization of urban projects, allowing citizens to better understand the implications of proposed changes. Furthermore, the integration of real-time monitoring, such as forest and climate surveillance, improves environmental control. Technologies like AI and GIS also enable greater precision and empowerment in participatory decision-making. Nevertheless, the emergence of these technologies presents a challenge that must be addressed, as it is essential to establish a regulatory framework to ensure their responsible use. In conclusion, these platforms not only increase participation and co-creation but also enable more efficient, sustainable, and inclusive urban planning. Greater adoption of these technologies is suggested to optimize the urban decision-making process.","author":[{"family":"Alcántara","given":"Fanny"},{"family":"Santos","given":"Juliana"},{"family":"Cantalapiedra","given":"Inma"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/land13111921","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/land13111921","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4398255892","type":"article-journal","title":"Comparing machine learning-based sea state estimates by the wave buoy analogy","abstract":"This paper presents a comparison of three different machine learning frameworks applied in the wave buoy analogy used for estimating the sea state from measured ship responses. The three frameworks output and characterise the sea state in different ways: Model 1 outputs integral parameters, Model 2 outputs a point wave spectrum and the wave direction, Model 3 outputs the full directional wave spectrum. The assessment of the models is based on simulated motion measurements, i.e. synthetic data. In the particular investigations made, the performance of Model 2, relying on a novel framework, is generally superior. However, the central take-away from the study, is the importance of considering thorough and well-prepared training data encompassing many, not to say all, possible parameter combinations and shapes in the studied wave spectra forming the training data; any machine learning model is no better than the data upon which it is trained.","author":[{"family":"Nielsen","given":"Ulrik"},{"family":"Iwase","given":"Kazuma"},{"family":"Mounet","given":"Raphaël"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.apor.2024.104042","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2024.104042","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401120844","type":"article-journal","title":"Recent Advances in Bio-Based Adhesives and Formaldehyde-Free Technologies for Wood-Based Panel Manufacturing","abstract":"Purpose of Review: Conventional formaldehyde-based adhesives for wood-based composite panels are subject to significant concerns due to their formaldehyde emissions. Over the past decade, the wood adhesive industry has undergone a considerable transformation that is characterized by a major push in bio-adhesive development. Various bio-based materials have been explored to create alternatives to conventional formaldehyde-based adhesives. Moreover, growing interest in circularity has led to increasingly exploiting industrial coproducts and by-products to find innovative solutions. Recent Findings: Industrial production generates many coproducts that can serve as renewable resources to produce eco-friendly materials. These coproducts offer alternative supply sources for material production without encroaching on food production. Many bio-based compounds or coproducts, such as saccharides, proteins, tannins, and lignocellulosic biomass, can also be used to develop bio-based adhesives. As part of ongoing efforts to reduce formaldehyde emissions, new hardeners and crosslinkers are being developed to replace formaldehyde and bio-scavengers. Other alternatives, such as binderless panels, are also emerging. Summary: This review focuses on sources of bio-based material derived from by-products of various industries, which have many advantages and disadvantages when incorporated into adhesives. Modification methods to enhance their properties and performance in wood-based panels are also discussed. Additionally, alternatives for developing low-emission or formaldehyde-free adhesives are addressed, including hardeners, bio-scavengers, and binderless options. Finally, the environmental impact of bio-based adhesives compared to that of synthetic alternatives is detailed.","author":[{"family":"Calvez","given":"Ingrid"},{"family":"Garcia","given":"RÁ"},{"family":"Koubaa","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Landry","given":"Véronic"},{"family":"Cloutier","given":"Alain"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s40725-024-00227-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00227-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405283686","type":"article-journal","title":"Seawater Treatment Technologies for Hydrogen Production by Electrolysis—A Review","abstract":"Green hydrogen, produced by water electrolysis using renewable energy sources (RES), is an emerging technology that aligns with sustainable development goals and efforts to address climate change. In addition to energy, electrolyzers require ultrapure water to operate. Although seawater is abundant on the Earth, it must be desalinated and further purified to meet the electrolyzer’s feeding water quality requirements. This paper reviews seawater purification processes for electrolysis. Three mature and commercially available desalination technologies (reverse osmosis, multiple-effect distillation, and multi-stage flash) were examined in terms of working principles, performance parameters, produced water quality, footprint, and capital and operating expenditures. Additionally, pretreatment and post-treatment techniques were explored, and the brine management methods were investigated. The findings of this study can help guide the selection and design of water treatment systems for electrolysis.","author":[{"family":"Mika","given":"Łukasz"},{"family":"Sztekler","given":"Karol"},{"family":"Bujok","given":"Tomasz"},{"family":"Boruta","given":"Piotr"},{"family":"Radomska","given":"Ewelina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en17246255","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246255","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403130995","type":"article-journal","title":"The emerging picture of a diverse deep Arctic Ocean seafloor: From habitats to ecosystems","abstract":"Interest in the deep Arctic Ocean is rapidly increasing from governments, policy makers, industry, researchers, and conservation groups, accentuated by the growing accessibility of this remote region by surface vessel traffic. In this review, our goal is to provide an updated taxonomic inventory of benthic taxa known to occur in the deep Arctic Ocean and relate this inventory to habitat diversity. To achieve this goal, we collected data for Arctic metazoan deep-sea taxa from open-access databases, information facilities, and non-digitised scientific literature, limiting the collection to the area north of 66°N and below 500 m depth (excluding all shelf seas). Although notable progress has been made in understanding the deep Arctic using novel technologies and infrastructure, this data gathering shows that knowledge of deep-sea benthic Arctic communities remains very limited. Yet, through our compilation of habitat maps, we show that the Arctic contains a high diversity of geomorphological features, including slopes, deep basins, submarine canyons, ridges, and seamounts, as well as chemosynthesis-based and biogenic (biologically engineered) ecosystems. To analyse taxon richness and density, using both morphological and molecular data, we compiled 75,404 faunal records with 2,637 taxa. Phyla with the most records were the Arthropoda (21,405), Annelida (13,763) and Porifera (12,591); phyla with the most documented taxa were the Arthropoda (956), Annelida (566) and Mollusca (351). An overview of the dominant groups inhabiting the different geomorphological features highlights regions in the deep Arctic where data are particularly scarce and increased research efforts are needed, particularly the deep basins of the central Arctic Ocean. This scarcity of deep benthic Arctic biodiversity data creates a bottleneck for developing robust management and conservation measures in a rapidly changing region, leading to a call for international collaboration and shared data to ensure understanding and preservation of these fragile Arctic ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Ramírez-Llodra","given":"Eva"},{"family":"Meyer","given":"Heidi"},{"family":"Bluhm","given":"Bodil"},{"family":"Brix","given":"Saskia"},{"family":"Brandt","given":"Angelika"},{"family":"Dannheim","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Downey","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Egilsdóttir","given":"Hrönn"},{"family":"Eilertsen","given":"Mari"},{"family":"Gaudron","given":"Sylvie"},{"family":"Gebruk","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Golikov","given":"Alexey"},{"family":"Hasemann","given":"Christiane"},{"family":"Hilário","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Jørgensen","given":"Lis"},{"family":"Kaiser","given":"Stefanie"},{"family":"Korfhage","given":"Severin"},{"family":"Kürzel","given":"Karlotta"},{"family":"Lörz","given":"Anne‐nina"},{"family":"Buhlmortensen","given":"Pål"},{"family":"Ólafsdóttir","given":"Steinunn"},{"family":"Piepenburg","given":"Dieter"},{"family":"Purser","given":"Autun"},{"family":"Ribeiro","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Sen","given":"Arunima"},{"family":"Soltwedel","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Stratmann","given":"Tanja"},{"family":"Steger","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Svavarsson","given":"Jörundur"},{"family":"Tandberg","given":"Anne"},{"family":"Taylor","given":"James"},{"family":"Theising","given":"Franziska"},{"family":"Uhlir","given":"Carolin"},{"family":"Waller","given":"Rhian"},{"family":"Xavier","given":"Joana"},{"family":"Zhulay","given":"Irina"},{"family":"Saaedi","given":"Hanieh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1525/elementa.2023.00140","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00140","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403873708","type":"article-journal","title":"Sea Level Rise in Europe: Adaptation measures and decision-making principles","abstract":"Abstract. ​​​​​​​Sea level rise (SLR) will increasingly impact European countries in the coming decades, posing challenges for coastal decision-making and the design and implementation of adaptation measures to address coastal risks. The impact of SLR extends to its physical damages, encompassing socio-economic and environmental repercussions. European countries are engaged in the development and implementation of adaptation measures to bolster coastal resilience. While significant strides in SLR adaptation have been made in recent years, this paper aims to provide a catalogue of adaptation measures in European basins to guide their design and implementation and to present approaches suitable for supporting coastal adaptation decision-making and addressing uncertainty. The assessment of SLR adaptation measures in Europe is based on the cataloging of 17 measures following International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) classification of accommodate, protect, advance and retreat responses to SLR, supplemented with sub-key types of measures, including socio-economic, physical and technological as well as nature- and ecosystem-based. Surveying the relevant literature on European sea basins, the paper shows that adaptation strategies on Europe's coasts constitute a mix of hard and soft measures, planning measures, policy developments and stakeholder and community engagements. Across all the basins, a common theme is the shift towards a combination of traditional engineering solutions with soft measures, including nature-based solutions, integrating local communities into decision-making processes and emphasising the importance of continuous monitoring and flexible management strategies. In addition, the context, decisions and experiences with coastal adaptation vary considerably across places and regions in terms of the time horizons considered, the scale of investments involved and the risk acceptance preferences of decision-makers and their constituencies. In this sense, the paper provides an overview of the common features of coastal adaptation decisions and the key aspects that need to be considered in coastal adaptation decision-making, i.e. considering multiple criteria and interests, implementing low-regret and flexible options, keeping future options open and factoring SLR into decisions that need to be made today.","author":[{"family":"Galluccio","given":"Giulia"},{"family":"Hinkel","given":"Jochen"},{"family":"Beckhauser","given":"Elisa"},{"family":"Bisaro","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Aleu","given":"Rebeca"},{"family":"Campostrini","given":"Pierpaolo"},{"family":"Casas","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Espin","given":"Océane"},{"family":"Vafeidis","given":"Athanasios"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5194/sp-3-slre1-6-2024","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-3-slre1-6-2024","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4386220889","type":"article-journal","title":"Soil Moisture and Sea Surface Salinity Derived from Satellite-Borne Sensors","abstract":"Abstract The monitoring of soil moisture and sea surface salinity over the Earth has been profoundly enhanced during the last thirteen years due to a new generation of satellite sensors. L-band radiometry is currently the only technology providing direct measurements of soil moisture, insensitive to surface roughness and distribution of elements in the soil, and the only technology the only technology for measuring that allows us to measure sea surface salinity from space. The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite missions resolve global and local variability with a spatial resolution of approximately 43 km, a swath width close to 1000 km, and a sampling time, for each mission, of at least twice every 3 days. These resolutions and samplings can be increased by either merging data from the two sensors, and with complementary information gathered from other passive or active sensors, or with in situ information at higher spatial resolution. Numerous scientific studies based on the use of this new type of measurement have led to a better understanding and constraint of the processes governing the variability of the water cycle, ocean circulation and the Earth's climate. The continuity of measurements, and the increased spatial and radiometric resolution is critical for fulfilling scientific needs. Future L-band radiometry missions currently being planned in Europe (the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer), and in China (the Ocean Salinity mission) should provide better constraints on auxiliary parameters by combining multiple frequencies, but they will not have improved spatial resolution beyond SMOS and SMAP. The temporal continuity with SMOS and SMAP will likely not be ensured. In parallel, new concepts are being developed to increase spatial resolution of both land and ocean parameters.","author":[{"family":"Boutin","given":"Jacqueline"},{"family":"Yueh","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Bindlish","given":"Rajat"},{"family":"Chan","given":"S"},{"family":"Entekhabi","given":"Dara"},{"family":"Kerr","given":"Yann"},{"family":"Kolodziejczyk","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Tong"},{"family":"Reul","given":"Nicolás"},{"family":"Zribi","given":"Mehrez"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10712-023-09798-5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09798-5","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392918141","type":"article-journal","title":"Nonlinear Interactions of Sea‐Level Rise and Storm Tide Alter Extreme Coastal Water Levels: How and Why?","abstract":"Abstract Sea‐level rise (SLR) increasingly threatens coastal communities around the world. However, not all coastal communities are equally threatened, and realistic estimation of hazard is difficult. Understanding SLR impacts on extreme sea level is challenging due to interactions between multiple tidal and non‐tidal flood drivers. We here use global hourly tidal data to show how and why tides and surges interact with mean sea level (MSL) fluctuations. At most locations around the world, the amplitude of at least one tidal constituent and/or amplitude of non‐tidal residual have changed in response to MSL variation over the past few decades. In 37% of studied locations, “Potential Maximum Storm Tide” (PMST), a proxy for extreme sea level dynamics, co‐varies with MSL variations. Over all stations, the median PMST will be 20% larger by the mid‐century, and conventional approaches that simply shift the current storm tide regime up at the rate of projected SLR may underestimate the flooding hazard at these locations by up to a factor of four. Micro‐ and meso‐tidal systems and those with diurnal tidal regime are generally more susceptible to altered MSL than other categories. The nonlinear interactions of MSL and storm tide captured in PMST statistics contribute, along with projected SLR, to the estimated increase in flood hazard at three‐fourth of studied locations by mid‐21st century. PMST is a threshold that captures nonlinear interactions between extreme sea level components and their co‐evolution over time. Thus, use of this statistic can help direct assessment and design of critical coastal infrastructure.","author":[{"family":"Moftakhari","given":"Hamed"},{"family":"Muñoz","given":"David"},{"family":"Asanjan","given":"Ata"},{"family":"Aghakouchak","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Moradkhani","given":"Hamid"},{"family":"Jay","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2023av000996","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023av000996","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399424073","type":"article-journal","title":"Regulatory and legal frameworks recommendations for short sea shipping maritime autonomous surface ships","abstract":"This study aims to provide recommendations for addressing the gaps in the existing regulatory and legal frameworks , including the international and national regulations, rules, and standards for developing Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASSs) for the Short Sea Shipping (SSS). T he methodological approach consists of the following steps: analysing the characteristics of case-specific MASS and its operating areas for SSS; thoroughly reviewing the existing regulatory and legal frameworks to identify gaps; classifying the gaps based on severity levels (high, moderate, or low); assessing the outlook and usage of potential Key Enabling Technologies (KETs), and offering recommendations through four alternative approaches - interpretation, amendment, new development, or maintaining existing ones. This study deals with MASSs of various Autonomy Levels (ALs), retaining human involvement via consideration of Remote Control Centre (RCC). The obtained results for the use case demonstrate that 62%, 12%, 6% and 5% of the identified gaps pertain to SOLAS , COLREG, STCW and ICLL conventions, respectively. Moreover, 10%, 55%, and 26% of the gaps are categorised as high, moderate, and low severity, with 9% of the gaps addressable through proper justification without requiring amendments. Many of the moderately severe gaps can be mitigated by considering the use of KETs; highly severe gaps necessitate exemptions or bilateral/multilateral agreements, whereas low severity gaps require clarification or definitions amendments. This study provides insights to policymakers for systematically amending the frameworks and preparing the MASS code required for the design, testing and operation of the MASSs for SSS.","author":[{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Yaseen"},{"family":"Θεοτοκάτος","given":"Γεράσιμος"},{"family":"Maslov","given":"Ilia"},{"family":"Wennersberg","given":"Lars"},{"family":"Nesheim","given":"Dag"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106226","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106226","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400203647","type":"article-journal","title":"Immunomodulatory Compounds from the Sea: From the Origins to a Modern Marine Pharmacopoeia","abstract":"From sea shores to the abysses of the deep ocean, marine ecosystems have provided humanity with valuable medicinal resources. The use of marine organisms is discussed in ancient pharmacopoeias of different times and geographic regions and is still deeply rooted in traditional medicine. Thanks to present-day, large-scale bioprospecting and rigorous screening for bioactive metabolites, the ocean is coming back as an untapped resource of natural compounds with therapeutic potential. This renewed interest in marine drugs is propelled by a burgeoning research field investigating the molecular mechanisms by which newly identified compounds intervene in the pathophysiology of human diseases. Of great clinical relevance are molecules endowed with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties with emerging applications in the management of chronic inflammatory disorders, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Here, we review the historical development of marine pharmacology in the Eastern and Western worlds and describe the status of marine drug discovery. Finally, we discuss the importance of conducting sustainable exploitation of marine resources through biotechnology.","author":[{"family":"Cutolo","given":"Edoardo"},{"family":"Campitiello","given":"Rosanna"},{"family":"Caferri","given":"Roberto"},{"family":"Pagliuca","given":"Vittorio"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jian"},{"family":"Agathos","given":"Spiros"},{"family":"Cutolo","given":"Maurizio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/md22070304","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/md22070304","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403656816","type":"article-journal","title":"Advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning","abstract":"The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL) significantly has the touch of transformational potential towards bringing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be addressed in various industries. This research investigates the new developments and applications of these technologies in advancing sustainability programs in industry-intensive domains. Industries are beginning to undergo a major change by making today with the help of AI, ML, and DL that resources can be optimized, energy efficiency can be improved, and environmental impacts can be mitigated. A number of other trends - including predictive analytics and intelligent automation, allow for smarter and more efficient production, waste minimization and circular economy practices. AI-powered solutions are also now being used in the energy sector to maximize the generation of renewable energy, optimize grid management, and aid in the transition to low carbon energy systems. This will enable industries achieve better environmental benefits and higher operational efficiencies through big data analytics and IoT. AI and ML are also crucial in smart cities, urban planning, public services that delivery efficiency and overall support the sustainability agenda. The results reinforce the importance of strong regulatory structures and interdisciplinary collaboration to optimally leverage AI, ML, and DL to the SDGs, which will be intrinsic to designing for resilience and sustainability.","author":[{"family":"Rane","given":"Nitin"},{"family":"Kaya","given":"Ömer"},{"family":"Rane","given":"Jayesh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.70593/978-81-981271-8-1_4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.70593/978-81-981271-8-1_4","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404448039","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep phenotypic profiling of neuroactive drugs in larval zebrafish","abstract":"Behavioral larval zebrafish screens leverage a high-throughput small molecule discovery format to find neuroactive molecules relevant to mammalian physiology. We screen a library of 650 central nervous system active compounds in high replicate to train deep metric learning models on zebrafish behavioral profiles. The machine learning initially exploited subtle artifacts in the phenotypic screen, necessitating a complete experimental re-run with rigorous physical well-wise randomization. These large matched phenotypic screening datasets (initial and well-randomized) provide a unique opportunity to quantify and understand shortcut learning in a full-scale, real-world drug discovery dataset. The final deep metric learning model substantially outperforms correlation distance-the canonical way of computing distances between profiles-and generalizes to an orthogonal dataset of diverse drug-like compounds. We validate predictions by prospective in vitro radio-ligand binding assays against human protein targets, achieving a hit rate of 58% despite crossing species and chemical scaffold boundaries. These neuroactive compounds exhibit diverse chemical scaffolds, demonstrating that zebrafish phenotypic screens combined with metric learning achieve robust scaffold hopping capabilities.","author":[{"family":"Gendelev","given":"Leo"},{"family":"Taylor","given":"Jack"},{"family":"Myers-Turnbull","given":"Douglas"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Steven"},{"family":"Mccarroll","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Arkin","given":"Michelle"},{"family":"Kokel","given":"David"},{"family":"Keiser","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-024-54375-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54375-y","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401370076","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep reinforcement learning-based non-causal control for wave energy conversion","abstract":"As one of the most promising renewable energy resources, ocean wave energy has not been widely commercialized compared to wind energy and solar energy due to its high Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCoE). It has been long recognized that wave energy converter (WEC) control can increase the capture width ratio and enhance the robustness of the WEC against extreme sea states. However, some rigid-body WECs have high nonlinearities and soft-body WECs such as Dielectric Elastomer Generators (DEGs)/Dielectric Fluid Generators (DFGs) can barely be precisely modeled. To tackle these challenges, this paper aims to propose an optimal control scheme that has less dependence on the dynamical model by introducing deep reinforcement learning into the foundation of a non-causal optimal control strategy. The gain parameters are adjusted adaptively in real time to account for an increasing understanding of this scheme on the WEC behavior and the incoming wave. Furthermore, by systematically contrasting outcomes obtained with various prediction time steps, this investigation aims to pinpoint the most effective prediction strategy for optimizing energy capture efficiency. The robustness of the proposed control against prediction errors and model uncertainties has been verified by using the realistic wave data gathered from the coast of Cornwall, UK.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"H"},{"family":"Wijaya","given":"Vincentius"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Tianyi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118860","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118860","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404438869","type":"article-journal","title":"Habitat suitability models reveal extensive distribution of deep warm-water coral frameworks in the Red Sea","abstract":"Abstract Deep-sea coral frameworks are understudied in the Red Sea, where conditions in the deep are conspicuously warm and saline compared to other basins. Habitat suitability models can be used to predict the distribution pattern of species or assemblages where direct observation is difficult. Here we show how coral frameworks, built by species within the families Caryophylliidae and Dendrophylliidae, are distributed between water depths of 150 m and 700 m in the northern Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba. To extrapolate the known (ground-truthed) positions of these deep frameworks, we use environmental and geomorphometric variables to inform well-performing maximum entropy models. Over 250 km2 of seafloor in our study area are identified as suitable for such frameworks, equivalent to at least 35% of the area of photic-zone coral reefs in the same region. We hence contend that deep-water coral frameworks are an important and underappreciated repository of Red Sea biodiversity.","author":[{"family":"Nolan","given":"Megan"},{"family":"Marchese","given":"Fabio"},{"family":"Purkis","given":"Sam"},{"family":"Ouhssain","given":"Mustapha"},{"family":"Kheireddine","given":"Malika"},{"family":"Terraneo","given":"Tullia"},{"family":"Chimienti","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Rodrigue","given":"Mattie"},{"family":"Eweida","given":"Ameer"},{"family":"Jones","given":"Burton"},{"family":"Benzoni","given":"Francesca"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s43247-024-01830-9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01830-9","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391708291","type":"article-journal","title":"Recent advancements in the utilization of ultrasonic technology for the curing of processed meat products: A comprehensive review","abstract":"Curation meat products involves multiple stages, including pre-curing processing (thawing, cleaning, and cutting), curing itself, and post-curing processing (freezing, and packaging). Ultrasound are nonthermal processing technology widely used in food industry. This technology is preferred because it reduces the damages caused by traditional processing techniques on food, while simultaneously improving the nutritional properties and processing characteristics of food. The utilization of ultrasonic-assisted curing technology has attracted significant attention within the realm of meat product curing, encouraging extensive research efforts. In terms of curing meat products, ultrasonic-assisted curing technology has been widely studied due to its advantages of accelerating the curing speed, reducing nutrient loss, and improving the tenderness of cured meats. Therefore, this article aims to comprehensively review the application and mechanism of ultrasound technology in various stages of meat product curing. Furthermore, it also elaborates the effects of ultrasonic-assisted curing on the tenderness, water retention, and flavor substances of the meat products during the curing process. Besides, the implication of the ultrasound in the processing of meat curation plays a potent role together with other technologies or methods. The use of ultrasound technology in the process of meat curation was analyzed, which might be a theoretical insight for the industrialization prospects of the meat product.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Biao"},{"family":"Zhong","given":"Mingming"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Yufan"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Qiufang"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Lipeng"},{"family":"Qayum","given":"Abdul"},{"family":"Rashid","given":"Arif"},{"family":"Rehman","given":"Abdur"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Haile"},{"family":"Ren","given":"Xiaofeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106796","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106796","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400840744","type":"article-journal","title":"The technology and current applications of continuous fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic composites","abstract":"Abstract Because of its inherent properties, the use of thermoplastic composites is expanding in a number of industries, including aerospace, rail transportation, and wind power generation. However, the development of 2D and 3D reinforced thermoplastic composite structures is hampered by the high viscosity and poor wetting of thermoplastic matrices, resulting in their application being mainly limited to nonload‐bearing components. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the technology and current applications of thermoplastic composites, covering materials, preform structures, manufacturing methods, process parameters, performance, and applications. It also provides an outlook on their future development. Highlights Thermoplastic composite has economic and environmental benefits. Summarized the current technology and application of thermoplastic composites. The manufacturing difficulty is the thermoplastic polymers wet fibers. One promising approach to the issue is prepreg technology. Prepreg technology make 3D thermoplastic composites become possible.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Qing"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Yajun"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Jigang"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Yimin"},{"family":"Du","given":"Wenjie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/pc.28764","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28764","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390838004","type":"article-journal","title":"Microbial eukaryotic predation pressure and biomass at deep-sea hydrothermal vents","abstract":"Deep-sea hydrothermal vent geochemistry shapes the foundation of the microbial food web by fueling chemolithoautotrophic microbial activity. Microbial eukaryotes (or protists) play a critical role in hydrothermal vent food webs as consumers and hosts of symbiotic bacteria, and as a nutritional source to higher trophic levels. We measured microbial eukaryotic cell abundance and predation pressure in low-temperature diffuse hydrothermal fluids at the Von Damm and Piccard vent fields along the Mid-Cayman Rise in the Western Caribbean Sea. We present findings from experiments performed under in situ pressure that show cell abundances and grazing rates higher than those done at 1 atmosphere (shipboard ambient pressure); this trend was attributed to the impact of depressurization on cell integrity. A relationship between the protistan grazing rate, prey cell abundance, and temperature of end-member hydrothermal vent fluid was observed at both vent fields, regardless of experimental approach. Our results show substantial protistan biomass at hydrothermally fueled microbial food webs, and when coupled with improved grazing estimates, suggest an important contribution of grazers to the local carbon export and supply of nutrient resources to the deep ocean.","author":[{"family":"Hu","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Anderson","given":"R"},{"family":"Pachiadaki","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Edgcomb","given":"Virginia"},{"family":"Serres","given":"Margrethe"},{"family":"Sylva","given":"Sean"},{"family":"German","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Seewald","given":"Jeffrey"},{"family":"Lang","given":"Susan"},{"family":"Huber","given":"Julie"},{"family":"Sk","given":"Hu"},{"family":"Re","given":"Anderson"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1093/ismejo/wrae004","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ismejo/wrae004","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4390267870","type":"article-journal","title":"A Deep Learning Approach to Estimate Halimeda incrassata Invasive Stage in the Mediterranean Sea","abstract":"Invasive algae, such as Halimeda incrassata, alter marine biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea. Monitoring these changes over time is crucial for assessing the health of coastal environments and preserving local species. However, this monitoring process is resource-intensive, requiring taxonomic experts and significant amounts of time. Recently, deep learning approaches have attempted to automate the detection of certain seagrass species like Posidonia oceanica and Halophila ovalis from two different strategies: seagrass coverage estimation and detection. This work presents a novel approach to detect Halimeda incrassata and estimate its coverage, independently of the invasion stage of the algae. Two merging methods based on the combination of the outputs of an object detection network (YOLOv5) and a semantic segmentation network (U-net) are developed. The system achieves an F1-scoreof 84.2% and a Coverage Error of 5.9%, demonstrating its capability to accurately detect Halimeda incrassata and estimate its coverage independently of the invasion stage.","author":[{"family":"Muntaner-González","given":"Caterina"},{"family":"Martín-Abadal","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"González-Cid","given":"Yolanda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12010070","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010070","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403349262","type":"article-journal","title":"Advancements in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology: Bridging Performance Gaps for Enhanced Environmental Sustainability","abstract":"In light of the anticipated 50% increase in global energy demand by 2050, the demand for innovative, environmentally conscious, efficient, and dependable energy technologies is paramount. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer a promising solution for sustainable energy production. This comprehensive review provides a detailed analysis of SOFCs, covering their fundamentals, materials, performance, and diverse applications, while also addressing technological challenges and future prospects. The review emphasizes the key advantages of SOFCs, including their high efficiency of up to 60% and minimal environmental impact. It explores the significance of impurity resistance and durability in materials and manufacturing processes for SOFC components. Comparative evaluations demonstrate the superior energy efficiency and ecological effects of SOFCs compared to other fuel cell technologies. SOFCs’ versatility and potential are showcased through their applications in transportation, power generation and storage, portable devices, and residential usage. However, challenges such as cost, longevity, reliability, and integration with other energy systems are identified, emphasizing the need for supportive policies and regulations.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Jingjing"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Junhan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yubing"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhonghao"},{"family":"Nasr","given":"Mahmoud"},{"family":"Farghali","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Rooney","given":"David"},{"family":"Yap","given":"Pow‐seng"},{"family":"Osman","given":"Ahmed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/aesr.202400132","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202400132","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402633011","type":"article-journal","title":"Machine learning and deep learning models based grid search cross validation for short-term solar irradiance forecasting","abstract":"Abstract In late 2023, the United Nations conference on climate change (COP28), which was held in Dubai, encouraged a quick move from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Solar energy is one of the most promising forms of energy that is both sustainable and renewable. Generally, photovoltaic systems transform solar irradiance into electricity. Unfortunately, instability and intermittency in solar radiation can lead to interruptions in electricity production. The accurate forecasting of solar irradiance guarantees sustainable power production even when solar irradiance is not present. Batteries can store solar energy to be used during periods of solar absence. Additionally, deterministic models take into account the specification of technical PV systems and may be not accurate for low solar irradiance. This paper presents a comparative study for the most common Deep Learning (DL) and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms employed for short-term solar irradiance forecasting. The dataset was gathered in Islamabad during a five-year period, from 2015 to 2019, at hourly intervals with accurate meteorological sensors. Furthermore, the Grid Search Cross Validation (GSCV) with five folds is introduced to ML and DL models for optimizing the hyperparameters of these models. Several performance metrics are used to assess the algorithms, such as the Adjusted R2 score, Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE), Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Square Error (MSE). The statistical analysis shows that CNN-LSTM outperforms its counterparts of nine well-known DL models with Adjusted R2 score value of 0.984. For ML algorithms, gradient boosting regression is an effective forecasting method with Adjusted R2 score value of 0.962, beating its rivals of six ML models. Furthermore, SHAP and LIME are examples of explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) utilized for understanding the reasons behind the obtained results.","author":[{"family":"El-Shahat","given":"Doaa"},{"family":"Tolba","given":"AS"},{"family":"Abouhawwash","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Abdelbasset","given":"Mohamed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1186/s40537-024-00991-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-024-00991-w","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403267733","type":"article-journal","title":"Comparative metagenomics highlights the habitat-related diversity in taxonomic composition and metabolic potential of deep-sea sediment microbiota","abstract":", a family of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), respectively. Microbial networks were established for each ecosystem to analyze the relationships and interactions among different microorganisms. Additionally, we analyzed the metabolic patterns of microbial communities in different deep-sea sediments. Despite variations in carbon fixation pathways in ecosystems with different oxygen concentrations, carbon metabolism remains the predominant biogeochemical cycle in deep-sea sediments. Benthic ecosystems exhibit distinct microbial potentials for sulfate reduction, both assimilatory and dissimilatory sulfate reduction (ASR and DSR), in response to different environmental conditions. The presence of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in CS sediments may influence the global nitrogen balance. In this study, the significant differences in the taxonomic composition and functional potential of microbial communities inhabiting various deep-sea environments were investigated. Our findings emphasize the importance of conducting comparative studies on ecosystems to reveal the complex interrelationships between marine sediments and global biogeochemical cycles.","author":[{"family":"Lu","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Li","given":"Denghui"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Zhen"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Zhanfei"},{"family":"Fan","given":"Guangyi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Weijia"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yinzhao"},{"family":"Gu","given":"Ying"},{"family":"Han","given":"Mo"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Shanshan"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Meng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39055","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39055","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393049376","type":"article-journal","title":"Valorization of biomass for food protein via deep eutectic solvent extraction: Understanding the extraction mechanism and impact on protein structure and properties","abstract":"Abstract The conventional techniques for protein extraction from biomass are not fully aligned with sustainability goals, so it is important to look for some alternate solutions. By simultaneously extracting both soluble and insoluble proteins, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) offer a viable method for valorizing protein‐rich biomass from a variety of sources. Notably, the molecular crowding effects of DESs may have helped unfolded proteins acquire compact and stable conformations, facilitating solubilization and effective extraction. However, there is still a lack of information regarding how DESs interact with proteins and affect the structure and properties of the recovered proteins. To enable their widespread usage as a sustainable method for extracting dietary proteins, the safety of DES‐extracted proteins must also be addressed. In this paper, we review the state of the science in DES‐mediated protein extraction, focusing on the extraction mechanism and the interactions between DESs and proteins. Additionally, important aspects of DES‐mediated protein extraction that could affect the structure, technofunctional, nutritional characteristics, and safety of extracted protein are explored. DES‐based protein extraction could be helpful to valorize different biomasses for the production of food proteins due to the specific features.","author":[{"family":"Hanafi","given":"Mohamad"},{"family":"Anwar","given":"Farooq"},{"family":"Saari","given":"Nazamid"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/fft2.389","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.389","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390879432","type":"article-journal","title":"A Solar and Wind Energy Evaluation Methodology Using Artificial Intelligence Technologies","abstract":"The use of renewable energy sources is becoming increasingly widespread around the world due to various factors, the most relevant of which is the high environmental friendliness of these types of energy resources. However, the large-scale involvement of green energy leads to the creation of distributed energy networks that combine several different generation methods, each of which has its own specific features, and as a result, the data collection and processing necessary to optimize the operation of such energy systems become more relevant. Development of new technologies for the more optimal use of RES is one of the main tasks of modern research in the field of energy, where an important place is assigned to the use of technologies based on artificial intelligence, allowing researchers to significantly increase the efficiency of the use of all types of RES within energy systems. This paper proposes to consider the methodology of application of modern approaches to the assessment of the amount of energy obtained from renewable energy sources based on artificial intelligence technologies, approaches used for data processing and for optimization of the control processes for operating energy systems with the integration of renewable energy sources. The relevance of the work lies in the formation of a general approach applied to the evaluation of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy based on the use of artificial intelligence technologies. As a verification of the approach considered by the authors, a number of models for predicting the amount of solar power generation using photovoltaic panels have been implemented, for which modern machine-learning methods have been used. As a result of testing for quality and accuracy, the best results were obtained using a hybrid forecasting model, which combines the joint use of a random forest model applied at the stage of the normalization of the input data, exponential smoothing model, and LSTM model.","author":[{"family":"Симанков","given":"Владимир"},{"family":"Buchatskiy","given":"Pavel"},{"family":"Kazak","given":"Anatoliy"},{"family":"Teploukhov","given":"Semen"},{"family":"Onishchenko","given":"Stefan"},{"family":"Kuzmin","given":"Kirill"},{"family":"Chetyrbok","given":"Petr"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en17020416","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020416","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4313571837","type":"article-journal","title":"Systematic Overview of Newly Available Technologies in the Green Maritime Sector","abstract":"The application of newly available technologies in the green maritime sector is difficult due to conflicting requirements and the inter-relation of different ecological, technological and economical parameters. The governments incentivize radical reductions in harmful emissions as an overall priority. If the politics do not change, the continuous implementation of stricter government regulations for reducing emissions will eventually result in the mandatory use of, what we currently consider, alternative fuels. Immediate application of radically different strategies would significantly increase the economic costs of maritime transport, thus jeopardizing its greatest benefit: the transport of massive quantities of freight at the lowest cost. Increased maritime transport costs would immediately disrupt the global economy, as seen recently during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this reason, the industry has shifted towards a gradual decrease in emissions through the implementation of “better” transitional solutions until alternative fuels eventually become low-cost fuels. Since this topic is very broad and interdisciplinary, our systematic overview gives insight into the state-of-the-art available technologies in green maritime transport with a focus on the following subjects: (i) alternative fuels; (ii) hybrid propulsion systems and hydrogen technologies; (iii) the benefits of digitalization in the maritime sector aimed at increasing vessel efficiency; (iv) hull drag reduction technologies; and (v) carbon capture technologies. This paper outlines the challenges, advantages and disadvantages of their implementation. The results of this analysis elucidate the current technologies’ readiness levels and their expected development over the coming years.","author":[{"family":"Vidović","given":"Tino"},{"family":"Šimunović","given":"Jakov"},{"family":"Radica","given":"Gojmir"},{"family":"Penga","given":"Željko"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en16020641","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020641","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4394720778","type":"article-journal","title":"Environmental Constraints for Intelligent Internet of Deep-Sea/Underwater Things Relying on Enterprise Architecture Approach","abstract":"Through the use of Underwater Smart Sensor Networks (USSNs), Marine Observatories (MOs) provide continuous ocean monitoring. Deployed sensors may not perform as intended due to the heterogeneity of USSN devices' hardware and software when combined with the Internet. Hence, USSNs are regarded as complex distributed systems. As such, USSN designers will encounter challenges throughout the design phase related to time, complexity, sharing diverse domain experiences (viewpoints), and ensuring optimal performance for the deployed USSNs. Accordingly, during the USSN development and deployment phases, a few Underwater Environmental Constraints (UECs) should be taken into account. These constraints may include the salinity level and the operational depth of every physical component (sensor, server, etc.) that will be utilized throughout the duration of the USSN information systems' development and implementation. To this end, in this article we present how we integrated an Artificial Intelligence (AI) Database, an extended ArchiMO meta-model, and a design tool into our previously proposed Enterprise Architecture Framework. This addition proposes adding new Underwater Environmental Constraints (UECs) to the AI Database, which is accessed by USSN designers when they define models, with the goal of simplifying the USSN design activity. This serves as the basis for generating a new version of our ArchiMO design tool that includes the UECs. To illustrate our proposal, we use the newly generated ArchiMO to create a model in the MO domain. Furthermore, we use our self-developed domain-specific model compiler to produce the relevant simulation code. Throughout the design phase, our approach contributes to the handling and controling of the uncertainties and variances of the provided quality of service that may occur during the performance of the USSNs, as well as reducing the design activity's complexity and time. It provides a way to share the different viewpoints of the designers in the domain of USSNs.","author":[{"family":"Aoun","given":"Charbel"},{"family":"Mansour","given":"Noura"},{"family":"Dornaika","given":"Fadi"},{"family":"Lagadec","given":"Loïc"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s24082433","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082433","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403889576","type":"article-journal","title":"Community composition and seasonal dynamics of microplastic biota in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea","abstract":"Marine plastic pollution poses a growing environmental threat, with microplastics accumulating in the global oceans. This study profiles the seasonal dynamics and taxonomic composition of the plastisphere, the microplastic ecosystem, in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Using long-read 16 S and 18 S metabarcoding, we analyzed offshore microplastic and whole seawater samples across each season over a two-year period. The analysis revealed a higher richness of prokaryotic communities on microplastics compared to seawater, which was predominantly composed of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota and exhibited notable seasonal variability. Benthic eukaryotes were enriched on microplastics compared to the surrounding seawater. Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), in particular, showed significant enrichment within the microplastic eukaryotic community with primarily pennate diatoms of Amphora, Navicula, and Nitzschia genera, whereas the seawater included mostly centric diatoms. Seasonal fluctuations were less pronounced in the microplastic communities than in seawater, highlighting the relative stability of this new human-made ecosystem. These findings underscore the unique ecological niche of microplastic-associated communities in marine environments.","author":[{"family":"Davidov","given":"Keren"},{"family":"Marsay","given":"Katherine"},{"family":"Itzahri","given":"Sheli"},{"family":"Rubinblum","given":"Maxim"},{"family":"Sobral","given":"Paula"},{"family":"Kranzler","given":"Chana"},{"family":"Oren","given":"Matan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-73281-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73281-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4396977062","type":"article-journal","title":"Emerging Technologies for Remote Sensing of Floating and Submerged Plastic Litter","abstract":"Most advances in the remote sensing of floating marine plastic litter have been made using passive remote-sensing techniques in the visible (VIS) to short-wave-infrared (SWIR) parts of the electromagnetic spectrum based on the spectral absorption features of plastic surfaces. In this paper, we present developments of new and emerging remote-sensing technologies of marine plastic litter such as passive techniques: fluid lensing, multi-angle polarimetry, and thermal infrared sensing (TIS); and active techniques: light detection and ranging (LiDAR), multispectral imaging detection and active reflectance (MiDAR), and radio detection and ranging (RADAR). Our review of the detection capabilities and limitations of the different sensing technologies shows that each has their own weaknesses and strengths, and that there is not one single sensing technique that applies to all kinds of marine litter under every different condition in the aquatic environment. Rather, we should focus on the synergy between different technologies to detect marine plastic litter and potentially the use of proxies to estimate its presence. Therefore, in addition to further developing remote-sensing techniques, more research is needed in the composition of marine litter and the relationships between marine plastic litter and their proxies. In this paper, we propose a common vocabulary to help the community to translate concepts among different disciplines and techniques.","author":[{"family":"Goddijnmurphy","given":"Lonneke"},{"family":"Martínez-Vicente","given":"Víctor"},{"family":"Dierssen","given":"Heidi"},{"family":"Raimondi","given":"Valentina"},{"family":"Gandini","given":"Erio"},{"family":"Foster","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Chirayath","given":"Ved"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs16101770","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101770","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401807701","type":"article-journal","title":"Advancements in Deep Learning Techniques for Time Series Forecasting in Maritime Applications: A Comprehensive Review","abstract":"The maritime industry is integral to global trade and heavily depends on precise forecasting to maintain efficiency, safety, and economic sustainability. Adopting deep learning for predictive analysis has markedly improved operational accuracy, cost efficiency, and decision-making. This technology facilitates advanced time series analysis, vital for optimizing maritime operations. This paper reviews deep learning applications in time series analysis within the maritime industry, focusing on three areas: ship operation-related, port operation-related, and shipping market-related topics. It provides a detailed overview of the existing literature on applications such as ship trajectory prediction, ship fuel consumption prediction, port throughput prediction, and shipping market prediction. The paper comprehensively examines the primary deep learning architectures used for time series forecasting in the maritime industry, categorizing them into four principal types. It systematically analyzes the advantages of deep learning architectures across different application scenarios and explores methodologies for selecting models based on specific requirements. Additionally, it analyzes data sources from the existing literature and suggests future research directions.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Meng"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Xinyan"},{"family":"She","given":"Yanling"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Maohan"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/info15080507","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/info15080507","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391328715","type":"article-journal","title":"Distribution, speciation, and assessment of heavy metals in sediments from Wadi Asal, Red Sea, Egypt","abstract":"Abstract Globally, the environmental contamination of stream sediments due to geogenic and anthropogenic sources is of growing concern. In this study, the heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in 22 superficial sediments in Wadi Asal, Red Sea, Egypt, were explored to assess sediment sources, the mobility of chemical species, and the degree of contamination in sediments. Therefore, the total heavy metal values in the fine fraction (< 63 μm), a five-step sequential extraction on selective samples, risk assessment, and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied. The mobility of heavy metals in Wadi Asal sediments, according to non-residual fraction percent, declines in the following order: Cd (90.9%) > Pb (85.2%) > Co (84.4%) > Cu (80.8%) > Zn (75.9%) > Ni (48.4%) > Cr (39.6%); indicating the high mobility of Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Co. The mean metal contamination factor (CF) order is Cd (10.96) > Ni (3.91) > Cr (2.77) > Zn (2.18) > Pb (2.10) > Co (1.12) > Cu (0.70). The Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) is decreased in the following order: Cd (2.19) > Ni (0.78) > Cr (0.55) > Zn (0.44) > Pb (0.42) > Co (0.22) > Cu (0.14). The risk assessment code (RAC) revealed very high to high risk for Cd, Co, and Pb. The results pointed out that the metals Cr, Co, Cu, and Ni are from geogenic sources, while Zn, Cd, and Pb are from anthropogenic sources due to Pb–Zn mining activities. Based on the threshold effect level (TEL), Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb have adverse effects on living organisms. According to these findings, the area along Wadi Asal and the downstream regions on the beach are highly polluted and heavy metal monitoring in sediments and aquatic organisms is recommended.","author":[{"family":"Mosalem","given":"Amal"},{"family":"Redwan","given":"Mostafa"},{"family":"Moneim","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Rizk","given":"Shaymaa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10661-024-12363-1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12363-1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391431259","type":"article-journal","title":"Renewable energy technologies in engineering: A review of current developments and future prospects","abstract":"This comprehensive review examines the current state of renewable energy technologies within the field of engineering, analyzing recent developments and outlining future prospects. As the global demand for sustainable energy solutions continues to rise, understanding the advancements in renewable technologies becomes crucial for the engineering community. The review encompasses a diverse range of renewable sources, including solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, and geothermal energy. The solar energy sector has witnessed remarkable progress, with innovations in photovoltaic materials, energy storage, and efficiency enhancements. Advancements in wind energy technologies focus on improving turbine designs, optimizing energy conversion, and exploring offshore wind farms. Hydropower developments emphasize sustainable and eco-friendly dam designs, while biomass technologies explore novel methods for efficient biofuel production. Geothermal energy, often overlooked, is gaining momentum with advancements in enhanced geothermal systems and innovative drilling techniques. The review also delves into the integration of renewable energy sources into smart grids, promoting efficient energy distribution and storage. Additionally, it addresses the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in optimizing renewable energy systems, enhancing predictability, and maximizing energy output. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the importance of policy frameworks and financial incentives in driving renewable energy adoption. The ongoing transition towards decentralized energy systems and the exploration of novel materials for energy capture and storage are highlighted as key areas for future research. The potential of emerging technologies such as perovskite solar cells and floating offshore wind farms is also discussed. This review provides a holistic overview of the current landscape of renewable energy technologies in engineering, offering valuable insights into the advancements made thus far and outlining the promising prospects for a sustainable energy future. Engineers and researchers will find this review instrumental in navigating the evolving field of renewable energy and contributing to the ongoing global efforts towards a greener and more sustainable energy landscape.","author":[{"family":"Ilojianya","given":"Valentine"},{"family":"Umoh","given":"Aniekan"},{"family":"Etukudoh","given":"Emmanuel"},{"family":"Ibekwe","given":"Kenneth"},{"family":"Hamdan","given":"Ahmad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0114","URL":"https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0114","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399287602","type":"article-journal","title":"Four Decades of Spatiotemporal Variability of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in the Baltic Sea","abstract":"Temporal and spatial variability of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in herring, cod, eelpout, and guillemot covering four decades and more than 1000 km in the Baltic Sea was investigated to evaluate the effect of PFAS regulations and residence times of PFASs. Overall, PFAS concentrations responded rapidly to recent regulations but with some notable basin- and homologue-specific variability. The well-ventilated Kattegat and Bothnian Bay showed a faster log-linear decrease for most PFASs than the Baltic Proper, which lacks a significant loss mechanism. PFOS and FOSA, for example, have decreased with 0–7% y –1 in the Baltic Proper and 6–16% y –1 in other basins. PFNA and partly PFOA are exceptions and continue to show stagnant or increasing concentrations. Further, we found that Bothnian Bay herring contained the highest concentrations of >C 12 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), likely from rivers with high loads of dissolved organic carbon. In the Kattegat, low PFAS concentrations, but a high FOSA fraction, could be due to influence from the North Sea inflow below the halocline and possibly a local source of FOSA and/or isomer-specific biotransformation. This study represents the most comprehensive spatial and temporal investigation of PFASs in Baltic wildlife while providing new insights into cycling of PFASs within the Baltic Sea ecosystem.","author":[{"family":"Soerensen","given":"Anne"},{"family":"Benskin","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Faxneld","given":"Suzanne"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acs.est.4c03031","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c03031","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402203184","type":"article-journal","title":"Exploiting histopathological imaging for early detection of lung and colon cancer via ensemble deep learning model","abstract":"Cancer seems to have a vast number of deaths due to its heterogeneity, aggressiveness, and significant propensity for metastasis. The predominant categories of cancer that may affect males and females and occur worldwide are colon and lung cancer. A precise and on-time analysis of this cancer can increase the survival rate and improve the appropriate treatment characteristics. An efficient and effective method for the speedy and accurate recognition of tumours in the colon and lung areas is provided as an alternative to cancer recognition methods. Earlier diagnosis of the disease on the front drastically reduces the chance of death. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) approaches can accelerate this cancer diagnosis, facilitating researcher workers to study a vast majority of patients in a limited period and at a low cost. This research presents Histopathological Imaging for the Early Detection of Lung and Colon Cancer via Ensemble DL (HIELCC-EDL) model. The HIELCC-EDL technique utilizes histopathological images to identify lung and colon cancer (LCC). To achieve this, the HIELCC-EDL technique uses the Wiener filtering (WF) method for noise elimination. In addition, the HIELCC-EDL model uses the channel attention Residual Network (CA-ResNet50) model for learning complex feature patterns. Moreover, the hyperparameter selection of the CA-ResNet50 model is performed using the tuna swarm optimization (TSO) technique. Finally, the detection of LCC is achieved by using the ensemble of three classifiers such as extreme learning machine (ELM), competitive neural networks (CNNs), and long short-term memory (LSTM). To illustrate the promising performance of the HIELCC-EDL model, a complete set of experimentations was performed on a benchmark dataset. The experimental validation of the HIELCC-EDL model portrayed a superior accuracy value of 99.60% over recent approaches.","author":[{"family":"Alotaibi","given":"Moneerah"},{"family":"Alshardan","given":"Amal"},{"family":"Maashi","given":"Mashael"},{"family":"Asiri","given":"Mashael"},{"family":"Alotaibi","given":"Sultan"},{"family":"Yafoz","given":"Ayman"},{"family":"Alsini","given":"Raed"},{"family":"Khadidos","given":"Alaa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-71302-9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71302-9","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401706791","type":"article-journal","title":"Application of artificial intelligence in coal mine ultra-deep roadway engineering—a review","abstract":"The deep integration of computer field and coal mining field is the only way to coal mine intellectualization. A variety of artificial intelligence tools have been applied in open-pit and shallow coal mines. However, with the geometric increase of coal demand, the contradiction between supply and demand is becoming more and more serious, and the exploitation of resources from shallow layer (> 600 m) has become an inevitable trend. Well then, as a new engineering scene, the harsh conditions of “three high and one disturbance” seriously threaten the safety of personnel. The superposition of complex mining environment makes the number of input factors increase sharply, which leads to the application of artificial intelligence in deep coal mine roadway engineering. The guidance is not mature, the construction of various databases is missing, and there are still some problems in universality and applicability. To this end, this paper starts with the introduction of the operating characteristics of various artificial intelligence tools, and conducts a comprehensive study of the relevant high-level articles published in top journals. It systematically sorts out the research progress that has successfully solved the five directions of rock mechanics strength, surrounding rock stability, rock-burst, roof fall risks and micro-seismic events. While objectively evaluating the comprehensive performance of different tools, it also expounds its own views on key research and results. Literature review shows that whether as a development tool or a comparative model, the application of ANN in the field of coal mining is more than 98%, and it performs extremely well in the direction of surrounding rock stability and roof fall risk, with an accuracy rate of more than 90%. As the most mature direction of AI tools application, rock mechanical strength has experienced the development process from “SVM → ANN → DL → XGBoost → RF”. The dataset is from small samples (< 100) to big samples (> 1000), and the R 2 of tree-based models can be stabilized at more than 95%. The research on rock-burst prediction mainly focuses on field factors and micro-seismic monitoring data. Whether it is a small sample or a large-scale data model, the accuracy of BN remains above 85%. The prediction and evaluation of micro-seismic events is a new direction in recent years. The image processing and application of CNN is extremely important. The signal recognition and classification accounts for more than 90%, and the research potential of source location needs to be further explored. In general, the nature of the rock itself is the first choice for almost all influencing factors. At the same time, the update iteration of monitoring methods (micro-seismic, ground sound, separation, deformation, etc.) expands the development of the database, making it possible to obtain the data due to threat to life and cost of equipment, which is very difficult to obtain before. In the process of parameter selection at the input end, the method of combining lithology conditions, geological environment and monitoring data will gradually become the first choice for research. Finally, in the follow-up work collation and on-the-spot investigation, it mainly focuses on the existing problems of deep coal mines, explores the application potential of artificial intelligence in deep coal mine roadway engineering, puts forward the possible research focus and challenging problems in the future, and gives its own opinions.","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Bingbing"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yuantong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10462-024-10898-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-024-10898-w","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401363478","type":"article-journal","title":"What was the source of the nonseismic tsunami that occurred in Toyama Bay during the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake","abstract":"In recent years, there have been worldwide reports of massive tsunamis, drawing attention to how tsunamis are intensified by submarine landslides triggered by earthquakes. However, precise data on tsunamis caused by submarine landslides are scarce, leading to insufficient information for a thorough discussion of the characteristics of such tsunamis. On the other hand, during the Noto Peninsula earthquake (M w 7.5) that occurred in Japan on January 1, 2024, a nonseismic tsunami distinct from those originating from fault ruptures were observed. To investigate its characteristics, we analyzed tide/wave gauge records, video footage, and tsunami trace heights along the coast of Toyama Bay. Furthermore, we validated scenarios capable of reproducing the observed records using an integrated landslide–tsunami model. It was found that assuming the existence of 5 submarine landslides along the underwater canyons of Toyama Bay enabled the precise explanation of multiple types of data. Additionally, our study revealed that submarine landslides occurred approximately 50 s after the earthquake, coinciding with the peak ground shaking in Toyama Bay. Compared to the seismic tsunami originating solely from the Noto Peninsula offshore fault rupture, the subsequent tsunami triggered by submarine landslides amplified the tsunami height by approximately 30% along Toyama Bay.","author":[{"family":"Yanagisawa","given":"Hideaki"},{"family":"Abe","given":"Ikuo"},{"family":"Baba","given":"Toshitaka"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-69097-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69097-w","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400853173","type":"article-journal","title":"Vertical and horizontal environmental DNA (eDNA) patterns of fish in a shallow and well-mixed North Sea area","abstract":"The integration of eDNA metabarcoding into monitoring programs provides valuable information about fish community structures. Despite the growing body of evidence supporting the method's effectiveness in distinguishing fine-scale eDNA signals, there is a limited understanding of eDNA distribution in shallow, well-mixed environments, especially related to sampling depth. We analyzed 167 samples collected from the surface and bottom water at 17 locations of the Belgian Part of the North Sea (BPNS), where the deepest sampling point was 31 m, and compared this to beam trawl catch data collected simultaneously at the same locations. eDNA metabarcoding identified an additional 22 species compared to beam trawl catch data. Diversity measures and patterns were very similar between surface and bottom samples and revealed community patterns that were previously described by long-term beam trawl catch data. Surface and bottom samples had 39 fish species in common, while six and eight rare species were uniquely detected, respectively. Our results demonstrate that eDNA metabarcoding effectively identifies spatial community patterns of fishes in the highly dynamic environment of the BPNS regardless of sampling depth. Out of the six most common species tested, eDNA metabarcoding read abundances correlated strongly with catch-based abundance data for one species, but moderately for two others, indicating that inferring fish abundance and biomass via eDNA metabarcoding remains challenging.","author":[{"family":"Dukan","given":"Nergiz"},{"family":"Cornelis","given":"Isolde"},{"family":"Maes","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Hostens","given":"Kris"},{"family":"Backer","given":"Annelies"},{"family":"Derycke","given":"Sofie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-66912-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66912-2","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388108588","type":"article-journal","title":"A Comprehensive Review of Floating Solar Plants and Potentials for Offshore Applications","abstract":"Fossil fuel consumption has progressively increased alongside global population growth, representing the predominant energy consumption pattern for humanity. Unfortunately, this persistent reliance on fossil fuels has resulted in a substantial surge in pollution emissions, exerting a detrimental influence on the delicate ecological balance. Therefore, it is imperative to find new renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels. Solar energy is a clean energy source and has become the most preferred option for human day-to-day needs. Since the construction of the world’s first floating photovoltaic power station, humanity has been continuously advancing the technology of power generation by floating photovoltaics. This review comprehensively elucidates the progression of offshore photovoltaic technology and illustrates the composition of the floating photovoltaic system. Each section meticulously contrasts the advantages and drawbacks of various photovoltaic systems. In addition, an in-depth analysis of the offshore photovoltaic application potentials is conducted based on fundamental theories, thereby offering valuable insights for future research. Finally, an encompassing summary of the potential challenges associated with deep-sea floating photovoltaic systems is presented.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Guozhen"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Yichang"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xi"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Mingsheng"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Yanlin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse11112064","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112064","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399932924","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning-Based Anomaly Detection in Network Traffic for Cyber Threat Identification","abstract":"An essential aspect of cybersecurity is the continuously growing threat landscape, which necessitates the use of advanced anomaly detection techniques in network data. The traditional approach might often be inadequate when it comes to addressing intricate cyber-security issues. Therefore, it is possible that deep learning approaches might be superior in terms of accuracy and performance. The primary objective of our study is to provide a novel algorithm that combines Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), autoencoders, and GANs to create a comprehensive strategy for detecting anomalies. This technique aims to solve research gaps that have not been previously explored. By using the MTA-KDD'19 dataset, our research enhances precision by achieving a remarkable accuracy rate of 95% in detecting various types of network traffic abnormalities. This discovery not only demonstrated the harmfulness of our deep learning-based approach but also highlighted the effectiveness of these measures in reducing the issue, particularly when faced with diverse threats. This enhances the development of network security procedures.","author":[{"family":"Khalaf","given":"Luay"},{"family":"Al-Hamadani","given":"Baydaa"},{"family":"Ismael","given":"Omar"},{"family":"Radhi","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Saadaldeen"},{"family":"Algburi","given":"Sameer"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1145/3660853.3660932","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3660853.3660932","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402408422","type":"article-journal","title":"A Deep Learning Strategy for the Retrieval of Sea Wave Spectra from Marine Radar Data","abstract":"In the context of sea state monitoring, reconstructing the wave field and estimating the sea state parameters from radar data is a challenging problem. To reach this goal, this paper proposes a fully data-driven, deep learning approach based on a convolutional neural network. The network takes as input the radar image spectrum and outputs the sea wave directional spectrum. After a 2D fast Fourier transform, the wave elevation field is reconstructed, and accordingly, the sea state parameters are estimated. The reconstruction strategy, herein presented, is tested using numerical data generated from a synthetic sea wave simulator, considering the spectral proprieties of the Joint North Sea Wave Observation Project model. A performance analysis of the proposed deep-learning estimation strategy is carried out, along with a comparison to the classical modulation transfer function approach. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective in reconstructing the directional wave spectrum across different sea states.","author":[{"family":"Ludeno","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Esposito","given":"Giuseppe"},{"family":"Lugni","given":"Claudio"},{"family":"Soldovieri","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Gennarelli","given":"Gianluca"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12091609","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091609","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399176766","type":"article-journal","title":"Towards a Sustainable Urban Future: A Comprehensive Review of Urban Heat Island Research Technologies and Machine Learning Approaches","abstract":"The urban heat island (UHI) is a crucial factor in developing sustainable cities and societies. Appropriate data collection, analysis, and prediction are essential first steps in studying the effects of the UHI. This research systematically reviewed the papers related to the UHI that have used on-site data collection in the United States and Canada and the papers related to predicting and analyzing this effect in these regions. To achieve this goal, this study extracted 330 articles from Scopus and Web of Science and, after selecting the papers, reviewed 30 papers in detail from 1998 to 2023. The findings of this paper indicated a methodological shift from traditional sensors and data loggers towards more innovative and customized technologies. Concurrently, this research reveals a growing trend in using machine learning, moving from supportive to direct predictive roles and using techniques like neural networks and Bayesian networks. Despite the maturation of UHI research due to these developments, they also present challenges in technology complexity and data integration. The review emphasizes the need for future research to focus on accessible, accurate technologies. Moreover, interdisciplinary approaches are crucial for addressing UHI challenges in an era of climate change.","author":[{"family":"Ghorbany","given":"Siavash"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Ming"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Siyuan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Chaoli"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su16114609","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114609","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400307604","type":"article-journal","title":"Emerging technologies and supporting tools for earthquake disaster management: A perspective, challenges, and future directions","abstract":"Seismology is among the ancient sciences that concentrate on earthquake disaster management (EQDM), which directly impact human life and infrastructure resilience. Such a pivot has made use of contemporary technologies. Nevertheless, there is a need for more reliable and insightful solutions to tackle the daily challenges and intricacies of the natural sciences that stakeholders must confront. To consolidate the substantial endeavors in this field, we undertake a comprehensive survey of the interconnected contemporary technologies. More particularly, we analyze the data communication networks (DCNs) and the Internet of Things (IoT), which are among the main infrastructures of seismic networks. In accordance, we present conventional and innovative signal-processing techniques in seismology. Then, we shed light on the evolution of EQ sensors including the acoustic sensors based on optical fibers. Furthermore, we address the role of remote sensing (RS), robots, and drones for EQDM. Afterward, we highlight the social media contribution. Subsequently, a comprehensive elucidation of the diverse optimization techniques employed in seismology and for prolonging seismic networks is presented. Besides, the paper analyzes the important functions that artificial intelligence (AI) can fulfill in several areas of seismology. Lastly, we guide stakeholders on how to prevent natural disasters and preserve human lives.","author":[{"family":"Abdalzaher","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Krichen","given":"Moez"},{"family":"Falcone","given":"Francisco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100347","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100347","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405189740","type":"article-journal","title":"An updated checklist of fishes of Dongsha Island, Taiwan, northern South China Sea","abstract":"Dongsha Island, situated in the northern part of the South China Sea, is surrounded by coral reefs and deep-sea habitats. The coastal areas of the atoll, a marine protected area, serve as important nursery habitats for many reef fish species. At the same time, the offshore deep-sea continental slopes are historically important fishing grounds. Although previous inventories primarily focused on coral reef fishes within the atoll listing 652 species from 73 families, comprehensive surveys of fishes from deeper waters have been incomplete. In this study, the species composition of the fish fauna around Dongsha was updated by analyzing large volumes of frozen bycatch from commercial deep-sea trawlers operating in the area for the past four years and reviewing the existing literature. The species list increased to 1087 species belonging to 167 families, including several documented as new records and potentially undescribed species. This updated checklist also includes images of each species and most of their sagittal otoliths. This will assist further taxonomic work and significantly enhance understanding of marine biodiversity in the South China Sea.","author":[{"family":"Ng","given":"Shing‐lai"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Hsin"},{"family":"Mediodia","given":"Dominique"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Yen‐ting"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Chieh"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Ching"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Shih"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Siao"},{"family":"Tung","given":"Che"},{"family":"Ho","given":"Hsuan‐ching"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Chien‐hsiang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3897/zookeys.1220.131100","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1220.131100","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390501312","type":"article-journal","title":"Biodegradation of Typical Plastics: From Microbial Diversity to Metabolic Mechanisms","abstract":"Plastic production has increased dramatically, leading to accumulated plastic waste in the ocean. Marine plastics can be broken down into microplastics (&lt;5 mm) by sunlight, machinery, and pressure. The accumulation of microplastics in organisms and the release of plastic additives can adversely affect the health of marine organisms. Biodegradation is one way to address plastic pollution in an environmentally friendly manner. Marine microorganisms can be more adapted to fluctuating environmental conditions such as salinity, temperature, pH, and pressure compared with terrestrial microorganisms, providing new opportunities to address plastic pollution. Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria), Bacteroidota (Bacteroidetes), Bacillota (Firmicutes), and Cyanobacteria were frequently found on plastic biofilms and may degrade plastics. Currently, diverse plastic-degrading bacteria are being isolated from marine environments such as offshore and deep oceanic waters, especially Pseudomonas spp. Bacillus spp. Alcanivoras spp. and Actinomycetes. Some marine fungi and algae have also been revealed as plastic degraders. In this review, we focused on the advances in plastic biodegradation by marine microorganisms and their enzymes (esterase, cutinase, laccase, etc.) involved in the process of biodegradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polypropylene (PP) and highlighted the need to study plastic biodegradation in the deep sea.","author":[{"family":"Lv","given":"Shiwei"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yufei"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Sufang"},{"family":"Shao","given":"Zongze"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/ijms25010593","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010593","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4396975913","type":"article-journal","title":"Establishment of Parentage Identification Method for Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius Based on SSR-seq Technology","abstract":"To establish a parentage identification method for Strongylocentrotus intermedius, 15 microsatellite loci and simple sequence repeat sequencing (SSR-seq) technology were used to perform SSR sequencing and typing of the validation population with known pedigree information and the simulation population. Cervus v3.0 was used for gene frequency statistics, simulated analysis, and parentage identification analysis. The results showed that, in validation population, using 15 microsatellite loci, the highest success rate of parent pairs identification was 86%, the highest success rate of female parent identification was 93%, and the highest success rate of male parent identification was 90%. The simulated population was analyzed using 12–15 loci, and the identification rate was up to 90%. In cases where accurate parentage was not achieved, individuals could exhibit genetic similarities with 1–3 male or female parents. Individuals identified as lacking a genetic relationship can be selected as parents to prevent inbreeding. This study shows that parent pairs or single parents of most offspring can be identified successfully using these 15 selected loci. The results lay a foundation for the establishment of a parentage identification method for S. intermedius.","author":[{"family":"Jiang","given":"Xuechun"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Lei"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Wenzhuo"},{"family":"Ou","given":"Fanjiang"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Weijie"},{"family":"Chang","given":"Yaqing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/genes15050630","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15050630","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388784856","type":"article-journal","title":"Emerging single-cell microfluidic technology for microbiology","abstract":"Cell-to-cell differences exist ubiquitously in microbial communities. This individual heterogeneity, often manifested in cell phenotypic function (e.g., antibiotic resistance), can be critical in determining the fate of a microbial community. However, studying such heterogeneity in microbial communities remains a significant challenge due to their enormous diversity and complex cell-cell interactions. Here we review recent advances in microfluidic technologies for detecting, manipulating, and sorting microbial populations at the single-cell level, which significantly advanced our understanding of microbial behaviour and their roles in the microbial ecosystem. We will highlight microfluidic systems with label-free detection methods, including optical imaging and Raman spectroscopy, due to their advantages in investigating real-world microbial communities. We will showcase these technologies in emerging applications, including rapid diagnosis of pathogens and antibiotic resistance, chemotaxis, and Raman-activated cell sorting to search for natural microbial cells of desirable phenotypic function.","author":[{"family":"Song","given":"Yanqing"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Jianan"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Li","given":"Bei"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Huabing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.trac.2023.117444","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2023.117444","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4395034055","type":"article-journal","title":"Controls on Deep and Shallow Gas Hydrate Reservoirs in the Dongsha Area, South China Sea: Evidence from Sediment Properties","abstract":"The Dongsha area, a key region in the northern South China Sea (SCS), features both diffusive deep and seepage shallow gas hydrate reservoirs. Utilizing sediment samples from gas hydrate reservoirs and adjacent layers at sites W08 and W16 in the Dongsha area, this study aims to uncover the sediment property differences between deep and shallow gas hydrate reservoirs and their impact on gas hydrate accumulation through grain size, X-ray diffraction, and specific surface area (SSA) analyses. The findings classify the study intervals into four distinct layers: shallow non-gas hydrate layer (shallow-NGHL), shallow gas hydrate reservoir (shallow-GHR), deep non-gas hydrate layer (deep-NGHL), and deep gas hydrate reservoir (deep-GHR). In the clayey silt sediment reservoirs, grain size has a minor influence on gas hydrate reservoirs. Both shallow and deep NGHLs, characterized by high smectite content and SSA, possess a complex structure that impedes gas and fluid migration and offers limited potential reservoir space. Consequently, both shallow and deep NGHLs function as sealing beds. The deep GHR, having low smectite content and SSA, exhibits a strong capacity for gas and fluid migration and greater potential reservoir space. As a result, sediment properties significantly influence the deep GHR. Seepage primarily controls the shallow GHR.","author":[{"family":"Bai","given":"Chenyang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Hongbin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qing"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Xiaolei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12050696","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050696","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400256662","type":"article-journal","title":"Short‐Term Sea Fog Area Forecast: A New Data Set and Deep Learning Approach","abstract":"Abstract Prompt and precise forecast of sea fog regions ensures maritime navigational safety. This paper establishes a prompt and precise forecast of sea fog regions that ensure maritime navigational safety. This paper establishes a multivariable sea fog forecast (MV‐SFF) data set and proposes a deep learning‐based forecast method named rich‐element aggregated (REA) for short‐term forecasts. The MV‐SFF data set contains 122 sea fog events from 2010 to 2020. Each event in the MV‐SFF data set includes meteorological variables from reanalysis data and geostationary ocean color imager satellite images captured hourly on the day of the sea fog occurrence. This data set aims to comprehensively utilize meteorological elements and remote sensing observations to predict the spatial changes of sea fog areas in the next 7 hours. The proposed REA model can extract and integrate features from historical meteorological elements of different types, times, and spatial locations. In addition, REA utilizes a position‐aware edge detection mechanism to locate the exact position of sea fog. We perform a seven‐hour ahead forecast starting from 09:16 local time and show promising forecasting results, which demonstrate the fog area forecast ability of our model. Compared with existing advanced deep learning networks, the REA model is superior in performance and stability.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Keran"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Yuan"},{"family":"Ren","given":"Tian"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xiaofeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2024jh000230","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jh000230","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399351620","type":"article-journal","title":"Metabolically-versatile Ca. Thiodiazotropha symbionts of the deep-sea lucinid clam Lucinoma kazani have the genetic potential to fix nitrogen","abstract":"Abstract Lucinid clams are one of the most diverse and widespread symbiont-bearing animal groups in both shallow and deep-sea chemosynthetic habitats. Lucinids harbor Candidatus Thiodiazotropha symbionts that can oxidize inorganic and organic substrates such as hydrogen sulfide and formate to gain energy. The interplay between these key metabolic functions, nutrient uptake and biotic interactions in Ca. Thiodiazotropha is not fully understood. We collected Lucinoma kazani individuals from next to a deep-sea brine pool in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, at a depth of 1150 m and used Oxford Nanopore and Illumina sequencing to obtain high-quality genomes of their Ca. Thiodiazotropha gloverae symbiont. The genomes served as the basis for transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to characterize the in situ gene expression, metabolism and physiology of the symbionts. We found genes needed for N2 fixation in the deep-sea symbiont’s genome, which, to date, were only found in shallow-water Ca. Thiodiazotropha. However, we did not detect the expression of these genes and thus the potential role of nitrogen fixation in this symbiosis remains to be determined. We also found the high expression of carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation genes, which indicate chemolithoautotrophy as the key physiology of Ca. Thiodiazotropha. However, we also detected the expression of pathways for using methanol and formate as energy sources. Our findings highlight the key traits these microbes maintain to support the nutrition of their hosts and interact with them.","author":[{"family":"Ratinskaia","given":"Lina"},{"family":"Malavin","given":"Stas"},{"family":"Zvikedem","given":"Tal"},{"family":"Vintila","given":"Simina"},{"family":"Kleiner","given":"Manuel"},{"family":"Rubinblum","given":"Maxim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1093/ismeco/ycae076","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ismeco/ycae076","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404255722","type":"article-journal","title":"Improved resolution of microbial diversity in deep-sea surface sediments using PacBio long-read 16S rRNA gene sequencing","abstract":"16S rRNA gene sequencing is the gold standard for identifying microbial diversity in environmental communities. The Illumina short-read platform is widely used in marine environment studies due to its cost-effectiveness and high accuracy, but its limited read length restricts taxonomic identification mainly to genus or family levels. Recently, the PacBio long-read sequencing platform was developed. This method has exceptional base-level resolution exceeding 99%, thereby effectively mitigating the challenges associated with high error rates commonly observed in long-read sequencing technologies. However, few studies have compared the PacBio long-read and Illumina short-read platforms in marine deep-sea sediments. Here, the PacBio long-read and Illumina short-read platforms were compared with samples collected from the deep-sea surface sediments from the cold seep in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea offshore Pearl River Estuary. Comparisons revealed a more comprehensive taxonomic identification, α-diversity, and β-diversity by PacBio long-reads. The PacBio long-read platform exhibited higher classified rates and classified taxonomy at all levels, particularly at the species level. The PacBio long-read platform was also more accurate at capturing fine spatial-scale variations in microbial communities in sediments. Our studies will facilitate the selection of 16S rRNA sequencing platforms for investigating fine spatial-scale patterns in microbial communities in deep-sea surface sediments and serve as a crucial methodological reference for future studies on microbial diversity. IMPORTANCE: The PacBio long-read platform, with its exceptional base-level resolution exceeding 99%, has advanced our comprehension of deep-sea microbial diversity. By comparing microbial community analyses conducted using the Illumina short-read and PacBio long-read sequencing platforms, we have provided an enhanced understanding of fine spatial-scale patterns in microbial community diversity with depth across a deep-sea sediment core, as well as methodological insights that will be valuable for future research in this field.","author":[{"family":"Gao","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ziming"},{"family":"Deng","given":"Wenjie"},{"family":"Sa","given":"Boxuan"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xiaoxia"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Ruanhong"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Jiao","given":"Nianzhi"},{"family":"Leung","given":"Elaine"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Di"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1128/msphere.00770-24","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00770-24","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402168426","type":"article-journal","title":"Anthoteibinenes A–E from the Irish Deep-Sea Coral Anthothela grandiflora: An Amination Puzzle","abstract":"Chemical investigation of extracts from the Irish deep-sea soft coral Anthothela grandiflora revealed cadinene-like sesquiterpenes, anthoteibinenes A–E, bearing unusual dimethylamine substitution. Structure elucidation was accomplished using 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry, while NOESY NMR experiments, gauge invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR calculations coupled with DP4+ probabilities measures, and ECD comparisons were incorporated to propose their relative and absolute configurations. Anthoteibinene B ( 2 ) exhibited 49% inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) at 3.1 μM with no cytotoxicity.","author":[{"family":"Olsen","given":"Stine"},{"family":"Afoullouss","given":"Sam"},{"family":"Young","given":"Ryan"},{"family":"Johnson","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Allcock","given":"AL"},{"family":"Teng","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Tran","given":"Kim"},{"family":"Baker","given":"Bill"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02549","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02549","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4396528799","type":"article-journal","title":"Navigating the Computational Seas: A Comprehensive Overview of Molecular Docking Software in Drug Discovery","abstract":"Molecular docking software is an indispensable tool in the dynamic landscape of computational biology and drug discovery. This software facilitates the simulation and prediction of interactions between small molecules and target proteins, offering a detailed glimpse into molecular binding phenomena. Employing sophisticated algorithms, these programs assess binding affinity, predict binding modes, and contribute crucial insights to streamline drug development processes. Examples of widely used molecular docking software include AutoDock, GOLD, and DOCK, each renowned for their capabilities in optimizing lead compounds, virtual screening, and elucidating the intricate details of protein-ligand interactions. Researchers leverage these tools to expedite the identification of potential drug candidates, ultimately bridging the gap between theoretical predictions and experimental advancements in the pursuit of novel therapeutics.","author":[{"family":"Mursal","given":"Mohd"},{"family":"Ahmad","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Hussain","given":"Sahil"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Mohemmed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5772/intechopen.1004802","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1004802","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391756779","type":"article-journal","title":"A submerged Stone Age hunting architecture from the Western Baltic Sea","abstract":"The Baltic Sea basins, some of which only submerged in the mid-Holocene, preserve Stone Age structures that did not survive on land. Yet, the discovery of these features is challenging and requires cross-disciplinary approaches between archeology and marine geosciences. Here, we combine shipborne and autonomousunderwater vehicle hydroacoustic data with up to a centimeter range resolution, sedimentological samples, and optical images to explore a Stone Age megastructure located in 21 m water depth in the Bay of Mecklenburg, Germany. The structure is made of 1,673 individual stones which are usually less than 1 m in height, placed side by side over a distance of 971 m in a way that argues against a natural origin by glacial transport or ice push ridges. Running adjacent to the sunken shoreline of a paleolake (or bog), whose youngest phase was dated to 9,143 ±36 ka B.P., the stonewall was likely used for hunting the Eurasian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) during the Younger Dryas or early Pre-Boreal. It was built by hunter-gatherer groups that roamed the region after the retreat of the Weichselian Ice Sheet. Comparable Stone Age megastructures have become known worldwide in recent times but are almost unknown in Europe. The site represents one of the oldest documented man-made hunting structures on Earth, and ranges among the largest known Stone Age structure in Europe. It will become important for understanding subsistence strategies, mobility patterns, and inspire discussions concerning the territorial development in the Western Baltic Sea region.","author":[{"family":"Geersen","given":"Jacob"},{"family":"Bradtmöller","given":"Marcel"},{"family":"Deimling","given":"Jens"},{"family":"Feldens","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Auer","given":"Jens"},{"family":"Held","given":"Philipp"},{"family":"Lohrberg","given":"Arne"},{"family":"Supka","given":"Ruth"},{"family":"Hoffmann","given":"Jasper"},{"family":"Eriksen","given":"Berit"},{"family":"Rabbel","given":"Wolfgang"},{"family":"Karlsen","given":"Hans"},{"family":"Krastel","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"Brandt","given":"David"},{"family":"Heuskin","given":"David"},{"family":"Lübke","given":"Harald"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.2312008121","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2312008121","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402475579","type":"article-journal","title":"Microbial dietary preference and interactions affect the export of lipids to the deep ocean","abstract":"Lipids comprise a significant fraction of sinking organic matter in the ocean and play a crucial role in the carbon cycle. Despite this, our understanding of the processes that control lipid degradation is limited. We combined nanolipidomics and imaging to study the bacterial degradation of diverse algal lipid droplets and found that bacteria isolated from marine particles exhibited distinct dietary preferences, ranging from selective to promiscuous degraders. Dietary preference was associated with a distinct set of lipid degradation genes rather than with taxonomic origin. Using synthetic communities composed of isolates with distinct dietary preferences, we showed that lipid degradation is modulated by microbial interactions. A particle export model incorporating these dynamics indicates that metabolic specialization and community dynamics may influence lipid transport efficiency in the ocean's mesopelagic zone.","author":[{"family":"Behrendt","given":"Lars"},{"family":"Alcolombri","given":"Uria"},{"family":"Hunter","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Smriga","given":"Steven"},{"family":"Mincer","given":"Tracy"},{"family":"Lowenstein","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Yawata","given":"Yutaka"},{"family":"Peaudecerf","given":"François"},{"family":"Fernandez","given":"Vicente"},{"family":"Fredricks","given":"Helen"},{"family":"Almblad","given":"Henrik"},{"family":"Harrison","given":"Joe"},{"family":"Stocker","given":"Roman"},{"family":"Mooy","given":"Benjamin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1126/science.aab2661","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2661","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390669290","type":"article-journal","title":"Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat/CRISPR-Associated Protein and Its Utility All at Sea: Status, Challenges, and Prospects","abstract":"as a defense system against invasion of viral (or other exogenous) DNA into the genome, CRISPR/Cas has ushered in a new era of functional genetics and served as a versatile genetic tool in all branches of life science. CRISPR/Cas has revolutionized the methodology of gene knockout with simplicity and rapidity, but it is also powerful for gene knock-in and gene modification. In the field of marine biology and ecology, this tool has been instrumental in the functional characterization of 'dark' genes and the documentation of the functional differentiation of gene paralogs. Powerful as it is, challenges exist that have hindered the advances in functional genetics in some important lineages. This review examines the status of applications of CRISPR/Cas in marine research and assesses the prospect of quickly expanding the deployment of this powerful tool to address the myriad fundamental marine biology and biological oceanography questions.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Jiashun"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Shuaishuai"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Kaidian"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Xueqiong"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Wen‐wen"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Cong"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Senjie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/microorganisms12010118","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010118","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401819987","type":"article-journal","title":"Artificial intelligence for geoscience: Progress, challenges, and perspectives","abstract":"This paper explores the evolution of geoscientific inquiry, tracing the progression from traditional physics-based models to modern data-driven approaches facilitated by significant advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and data collection techniques. Traditional models, which are grounded in physical and numerical frameworks, provide robust explanations by explicitly reconstructing underlying physical processes. However, their limitations in comprehensively capturing Earth's complexities and uncertainties pose challenges in optimization and real-world applicability. In contrast, contemporary data-driven models, particularly those utilizing machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), leverage extensive geoscience data to glean insights without requiring exhaustive theoretical knowledge. ML techniques have shown promise in addressing Earth science-related questions. Nevertheless, challenges such as data scarcity, computational demands, data privacy concerns, and the \"black-box\" nature of AI models hinder their seamless integration into geoscience. The integration of physics-based and data-driven methodologies into hybrid models presents an alternative paradigm. These models, which incorporate domain knowledge to guide AI methodologies, demonstrate enhanced efficiency and performance with reduced training data requirements. This review provides a comprehensive overview of geoscientific research paradigms, emphasizing untapped opportunities at the intersection of advanced AI techniques and geoscience. It examines major methodologies, showcases advances in large-scale models, and discusses the challenges and prospects that will shape the future landscape of AI in geoscience. The paper outlines a dynamic field ripe with possibilities, poised to unlock new understandings of Earth's complexities and further advance geoscience exploration.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Tianjie"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Sheng"},{"family":"Ouyang","given":"Chaojun"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Min"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Chenying"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jin"},{"family":"Long","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Fei"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Yong"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Fang","given":"Wang"},{"family":"Grunwald","given":"Sabine"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Bryan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Fan"},{"family":"Qian","given":"Zhen"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Yongjun"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Chengqing"},{"family":"Han","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Shao","given":"Zezhi"},{"family":"Qian","given":"Tangwen"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhao"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Jiangyuan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Huai"},{"family":"Letu","given":"Husi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Bing"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Li"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Li"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Lei"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Chong"},{"family":"Su","given":"Hongjun"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Hongsheng"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Shuai"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Ni"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Li","given":"Nan"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Chaolei"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Changping"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Defeng"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Qingsong"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Hong","given":"Danfeng"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhenyu"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Yinyi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Tangtang"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Prashant"},{"family":"Plaza","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Chanussot","given":"Jocelyn"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jiabao"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Jiancheng"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Lizhe"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Lizhe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100691","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100691","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4394881282","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep learning in marine bioacoustics: a benchmark for baleen whale detection","abstract":"Abstract Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is commonly used to obtain year‐round continuous data on marine soundscapes harboring valuable information on species distributions or ecosystem dynamics. This continuously increasing amount of data requires highly efficient automated analysis techniques in order to exploit the full potential of the available data. Here, we propose a benchmark, which consists of a public dataset, a well‐defined task and evaluation procedure to develop and test automated analysis techniques. This benchmark focuses on the special case of detecting animal vocalizations in a real‐world dataset from the marine realm. We believe that such a benchmark is necessary to monitor the progress in the development of new detection algorithms in the field of marine bioacoustics. We ultimately use the proposed benchmark to test three detection approaches, namely ANIMAL‐SPOT, Koogu and a simple custom sequential convolutional neural network (CNN), and report performances. We report the performance of the three detection approaches in a blocked cross‐validation fashion with 11 site‐year blocks for a multi‐species detection scenario in a large marine passive acoustic dataset. Performance was measured with three simple metrics (i.e., true classification rate, noise misclassification rate and call misclassification rate) and one combined fitness metric, which allocates more weight to the minimization of false positives created by noise. Overall, ANIMAL‐SPOT performed the best with an average F metric of 0.83, followed by the custom CNN with an average fitness metric of 0.79 and finally Koogu with an average fitness metric of 0.59. The presented benchmark is an important step to advance in the automatic processing of the continuously growing amount of PAM data that are collected throughout the world's oceans. To ultimately achieve usability of developed algorithms, the focus of future work should be laid on the reduction of the false positives created by noise.","author":[{"family":"Schall","given":"Elena"},{"family":"Kaya","given":"İdil"},{"family":"Debusschere","given":"Elisabeth"},{"family":"Devos","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Parcerisas","given":"Clea"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/rse2.392","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.392","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402656727","type":"article-journal","title":"Optimizing underwater connectivity through multi-attribute decision-making for underwater IoT deployments using remote sensing technologies","abstract":"The underwater Internet of Things (UIoT) and remote sensing are significant for biodiversity preservation, environmental protection, national security, disaster assistance, and technological innovation. Assigning tasks to autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) is a fundamental challenge in underwater technology and exploration. Remote sensing and AUVs are vital for pollution detection, disaster prevention, marine observation, and ocean monitoring. This work presents an optimized network connectivity using a multi-attribute decision-making approach for underwater IoT deployment. A feature engineering approach highlights the significant characteristics of underwater things, incorporating remote sensing data, and a multi-objective optimization method is used to select optimal UIoT for effective task allocation in deep-sea environments. A balance between data transmission, energy economy, and operational performance is necessary for efficient task distribution. Effective communication algorithms and protocols are needed to maintain environmental sustainability, protect marine ecosystems, and improve underwater monitoring enhanced by remote sensing technologies. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) is beneficial for addressing various challenges in underwater technology, considering factors such as mission objectives, energy efficiency, environmental conditions, vehicle performance, safety, and much more. The proposed criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) methodology will assess technical competencies like communication, resilience, navigation, and safety in an underwater environment, leveraging remote sensing and aiding decision-makers in selecting appropriate undersea devices and vehicles for enhancing communication and transportation. This method prioritizes characteristics and aligns them with specific objectives, improving decision-making quality in the marine environment.","author":[{"family":"Ullah","given":"Inam"},{"family":"Ali","given":"Farhad"},{"family":"Sharafian","given":"Amin"},{"family":"Ali","given":"Ahmad"},{"family":"Naeem","given":"Hamad"},{"family":"Bai","given":"Xiaoshan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2024.1468481","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1468481","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400089889","type":"article-journal","title":"Assimilating Summer Sea‐Ice Thickness Observations Improves Arctic Sea‐Ice Forecast","abstract":"Abstract Accurate Arctic sea‐ice forecasting for the melt season is still a major challenge because of the lack of reliable pan‐Arctic summer sea‐ice thickness (SIT) data. A new summer CryoSat‐2 SIT observation data set based on an artificial intelligence algorithm may alleviate this situation. We assess the impact of this new data set on the initialization of sea‐ice forecasts in the melt seasons of 2015 and 2016 in a coupled sea ice‐ocean model with data assimilation. We find that the assimilation of the summer CryoSat‐2 SIT observations can reduce the summer ice‐edge forecast error. Further, adding SIT observations to an established forecast system with sea‐ice concentration assimilation leads to more realistic short‐term summer ice‐edge forecasts in the Arctic Pacific sector. The long‐term Arctic‐wide SIT prediction is also improved. In spite of remaining uncertainties, summer CryoSat‐2 SIT observations have the potential to improve Arctic sea‐ice forecast on multiple time scales.","author":[{"family":"Song","given":"Ruizhe"},{"family":"Mu","given":"Longjiang"},{"family":"Loza","given":"Svetlana"},{"family":"Kauker","given":"Frank"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xianyao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2024gl110405","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl110405","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400337172","type":"article-journal","title":"Conservation and management of chondrichthyans in the Mediterranean Sea: gaps, overlaps, inconsistencies, and the way forward","abstract":"Abstract Over one third of sharks, rays and chimaeras (chondrichthyans) are threatened with extinction globally. In the Mediterranean Sea, more than half of chondrichthyan species face this risk, although a variety of international, regional, and national rules and regulations apply directly and indirectly targeting management and conservation for these species. In this work, we provide an overview of relevant legislation and policies in the region, which regulate, inter alia, commercial fisheries, while highlighting through cases studies how implementation in practice at national level looks like. Horizontal gaps and inconsistencies that hinder chondrichthyan management in the region are also illustrated. Furthermore, we present recommendations for improvement and additional tools that can be used, even if not originally or explicitly targeting chondrichthyans, for improving the management of these taxa in the Mediterranean.","author":[{"family":"Giovos","given":"Ioannis"},{"family":"Pytka","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Barone","given":"Monica"},{"family":"Koehler","given":"Lydia"},{"family":"Loth","given":"Camille"},{"family":"Lowther","given":"Jason"},{"family":"Moutopoulos","given":"Dimitrios"},{"family":"Niedermüller","given":"Simone"},{"family":"Mazzoldi","given":"Carlotta"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s11160-024-09857-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-024-09857-z","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390617892","type":"article-journal","title":"On the Impacts of the Global Sea Level Dynamics","abstract":"The temporal evolution of the global mean sea level (GMSL) is investigated in the present analysis using the monthly mean values obtained from two sources: a reconstructed dataset and a satellite altimeter dataset. To this end, we use two well-known techniques, detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and multifractal DFA (MF-DFA), to study the scaling properties of the time series considered. The main result is that power-law long-range correlations and multifractality apply to both data sets of the global mean sea level. In addition, the analysis revealed nearly identical scaling features for both the 134-year and the last 28-year GMSL-time series, possibly suggesting that the long-range correlations stem more from natural causes. This demonstrates that the relationship between climate change and sea-level anomalies needs more extensive research in the future due to the importance of their indirect processes for ecology and conservation.","author":[{"family":"Varotsos","given":"Costas"},{"family":"Mazei","given":"Yuri"},{"family":"Sarlis","given":"NV"},{"family":"Saldaev","given":"Damir"},{"family":"Efstathiou","given":"Maria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/fractalfract8010039","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8010039","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390752480","type":"article-journal","title":"A Bibliometric Analysis and Overall Review of the New Technology and Development of Unmanned Surface Vessels","abstract":"With the significant role that Unmanned Surface Vessels (USVs) could play in industry, the military and the transformation of ocean engineering, a growing research interest in USVs is attracted to their innovation, new technology and automation. Yet, there has been no comprehensive review grounded in bibliometric analysis, which concentrates on the most recent technological advancements and developments in USVs. To provide deeper insight into the relevant research trends, this study employs a bibliometric analysis to examine the basic features of the literature from 2000 to 2023, and identifies the key research hotspots and modeling techniques by reviewing their current statuses and the recent efforts made in these areas. Based on the analysis of the temporal and spatial trends, disciplines and journals’ distribution, institutions, authors and citations, the publications relating to the new technology of USVs are assessed based on their keywords and the term analysis in the literature; six future research directions are proposed, including enhanced intelligence and autonomy, highly integrated sensor systems and multi-modal task execution, extended endurance and resilience, satellite communication and interconnectivity, eco-friendly and sustainable practices and safety and defense. The scientific literature is reviewed in a systematic way using a comparative analysis of existing tools, and the results greatly contribute to understanding the overall situation of new technology in USVs. This paper is enlightening to students, international scholars and institutions, as it can facilitate partnerships between industry and academia to allow for concerted efforts to be made in the domain of USVs.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Peijie"},{"family":"Xue","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Hao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12010146","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010146","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392004109","type":"article-journal","title":"Exploring deep learning techniques for wild animal behaviour classification using animal‐borne accelerometers","abstract":"Abstract Machine learning‐based behaviour classification using acceleration data is a powerful tool in bio‐logging research. Deep learning architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNN), long short‐term memory (LSTM) and self‐attention mechanism as well as related training techniques have been extensively studied in human activity recognition. However, they have rarely been used in wild animal studies. The main challenges of acceleration‐based wild animal behaviour classification include data shortages, class imbalance problems, various types of noise in data due to differences in individual behaviour and where the loggers were attached and complexity in data due to complex animal‐specific behaviours, which may have limited the application of deep learning techniques in this area. To overcome these challenges, we explored the effectiveness of techniques for efficient model training: data augmentation, manifold mixup and pre‐training of deep learning models with unlabelled data, using datasets from two species of wild seabirds and state‐of‐the‐art deep learning model architectures. Data augmentation improved the overall model performance when one of the various techniques (none, scaling, jittering, permutation, time‐warping and rotation) was randomly applied to each data during mini‐batch training. Manifold mixup also improved model performance, but not as much as random data augmentation. Pre‐training with unlabelled data did not improve model performance. The state‐of‐the‐art deep learning models, including a model consisting of four CNN layers, an LSTM layer and a multi‐head attention layer, as well as its modified version with shortcut connection, showed better performance among other comparative models. Using only raw acceleration data as inputs, these models outperformed classic machine learning approaches that used 119 handcrafted features. Our experiments showed that deep learning techniques are promising for acceleration‐based behaviour classification of wild animals and highlighted some challenges (e.g. effective use of unlabelled data). There is scope for greater exploration of deep learning techniques in wild animal studies (e.g. advanced data augmentation, multimodal sensor data use, transfer learning and self‐supervised learning). We hope that this study will stimulate the development of deep learning techniques for wild animal behaviour classification using time‐series sensor data.","author":[{"family":"Otsuka","given":"Ryoma"},{"family":"Yoshimura","given":"Naoya"},{"family":"Tanigaki","given":"Kei"},{"family":"Koyama","given":"Shiho"},{"family":"Mizutani","given":"Yuichi"},{"family":"Yoda","given":"Ken"},{"family":"Maekawa","given":"Takuya"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1111/2041-210x.14294","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.14294","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4394951559","type":"article-journal","title":"Physics-Based Machine Learning Models Predict Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Chemically Reactive Deep Eutectic Solvents","abstract":"High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a detrimental greenhouse gas and is the main contributor to global warming. In addressing this environmental challenge, a promising approach emerges through the utilization of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as an ecofriendly and sustainable medium for effective CO 2 capture. Chemically reactive DESs, which form chemical bonds with the CO 2, are superior to nonreactive, physically based DESs for CO 2 absorption. However, there are no accurate computational models that provide accurate predictions of the CO 2 solubility in chemically reactive DESs. Here, we develop machine learning (ML) models to predict the solubility of CO 2 in chemically reactive DESs. As training data, we collected 214 data points for the CO 2 solubility in 149 different chemically reactive DESs at different temperatures, pressures, and DES molar ratios from published work. The physics-driven input features for the ML models include σ-profile descriptors that quantify the relative probability of a molecular surface segment having a certain screening charge density and were calculated with the first-principle quantum chemical method COSMO-RS. We show here that, although COSMO-RS does not explicitly calculate chemical reaction profiles, the COSMO-RS-derived σ-profile features can be used to predict bond formation. Of the models trained, an artificial neural network (ANN) provides the most accurate CO 2 solubility prediction with an average absolute relative deviation of 2.94% on the testing sets. Overall, this work provides ML models that can predict CO 2 solubility precisely and thus accelerate the design and application of chemically reactive DESs.","author":[{"family":"Mohan","given":"Mood"},{"family":"Demerdash","given":"Omar"},{"family":"Simmons","given":"Blake"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Seema"},{"family":"Kidder","given":"Michelle"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Jeremy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acsomega.4c01175","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c01175","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4381995639","type":"article-journal","title":"Different mechanisms of Arctic first-year sea-ice ridge consolidation observed during the MOSAiC expedition","abstract":"Sea-ice ridges constitute a large fraction of the ice volume in the Arctic Ocean, yet we know little about the evolution of these ice masses. Here we examine the thermal and morphological evolution of an Arctic first-year sea-ice ridge, from its formation to advanced melt. Initially the mean keel depth was 5.6 m and mean sail height was 0.7 m. The initial rubble macroporosity (fraction of seawater filled voids) was estimated at 29% from ice drilling and 43%–46% from buoy temperature. From January until mid-April, the ridge consolidated slowly by heat loss to the atmosphere and the total consolidated layer growth during this phase was 0.7 m. From mid-April to mid-June, there was a sudden increase of ridge consolidation rate despite no increase in conductive heat flux. We surmise this change was related to decreased macroporosity due to transport of snow-slush to the ridge keel rubble via adjacent open leads. In this period, the mean thickness of the consolidated layer increased by 2.1 m. At the peak of melt in June–July we suggest that the consolidation was related to the refreezing of surface snow and ice meltwater and of ridge keel meltwater (the latter only about 15% of total consolidation). We used the morphology parameters of the ridge to calculate its hydrostatic equilibrium and obtained a more accurate estimate of the actual consolidation of the keel, correcting from 2.2 m to 2.8 m for average keel consolidation. This approach also allowed us to estimate that the average keel melt of 0.3 m, in June–July, was accompanied by a decrease in ridge draft of 0.9 m. An ice mass balance buoy in the ridge indicated total consolidation of 2.8 m, of which 2.1 m was related to the rapid mode of consolidation from April to June. By mid-June, consolidation resulted in a drastic decrease of the macroporosity of the interior of keel while the flanks had little or no change in macroporosity. These results are important to understanding the role of ridge keels as meltwater sources and sinks and as sanctuary for ice-associated organisms in Arctic pack ice.","author":[{"family":"Salganik","given":"Evgenii"},{"family":"Lange","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Itkin","given":"Polona"},{"family":"Divine","given":"Dmitry"},{"family":"Katlein","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Nicolaus","given":"Marcel"},{"family":"Hoppmann","given":"Mario"},{"family":"Neckel","given":"Niklas"},{"family":"Ricker","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Høyland","given":"Knut"},{"family":"Granskog","given":"Mats"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1525/elementa.2023.00008","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00008","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402388045","type":"article-journal","title":"A deep-sea isopod that consumes Sargassum sinking from the ocean’s surface","abstract":"Most deep-ocean life relies on organic carbon from the surface ocean. While settling primary production rapidly attenuates in the water column, pulses of organic material can be quickly transported to depth in the form of food falls. One example of fresh material that can reach great depths across the tropical Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea is the pelagic macroalgae Sargassum . However, little is known about the deep-ocean organisms able to use this food source. Here, we encountered the isopod Bathyopsurus nybelini at depths 5002–6288 m in the Puerto Rico Trench and Mid-Cayman Spreading Center using the Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin . In most of the 32 observations, the isopods carried fronds of Sargassum . Through an integrative suite of morphological, DNA sequencing, and microbiological approaches, we show that this species is adapted to feed on Sargassum by using a specialized swimming stroke, having serrated and grinding mouthparts, and containing a gut microbiome that provides a dietary contribution through the degradation of macroalgal polysaccharides and fixing nitrogen. The isopod’s physiological, morphological, and ecological adaptations demonstrate that vertical deposition of Sargassum is a direct trophic link between the surface and deep ocean and that some deep-sea organisms are poised to use this material.","author":[{"family":"Peoples","given":"Logan"},{"family":"Gerringer","given":"Mackenzie"},{"family":"Weston","given":"Johanna"},{"family":"Leónzayas","given":"Rosa"},{"family":"Sekarore","given":"Abisage"},{"family":"Sheehan","given":"Grace"},{"family":"Church","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Michel","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Soule","given":"SA"},{"family":"Shank","given":"Timothy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1098/rspb.2024.0823","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2024.0823","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405284178","type":"article-journal","title":"Mesophotic and Bathyal Echinoderms of the Italian Seas","abstract":"Echinoderms are among the most charismatic megabenthic taxa in mesophotic and deep waters. However, they generally have a scattered distribution and are difficult to collect, especially on hardgrounds, so defining their abundance, distribution and ecological preferences is challenging. The largest available Italian remotely operated vehicle dataset, including 624 dives carried out between 2006 and 2022 in coastal and offshore areas in the depth range of 40–1825 m, was used to assess echinoderm diversity and large-scale geographic and bathymetric distributions. Thirty-nine taxa were identified, including three rarely reported from the Mediterranean basin. The maximum diversity and occurrence of the deep-sea echinoderm fauna were reported from the northern areas, and generally, they decreased with depth and distance from the coast. Species, mostly of Atlantic origin, were mainly distributed according to their thermic preferences. The recorded species occurred in a large variety of habitats, including some in which, differently from what was reported in the literature, they formed dense aggregations. The high densities of individuals were hypothesised to be related, in some cases, to reproductive, feeding or stress situations. Environmental predictors were considered in order to both investigate patterns in community composition and the response of the studied community to them. This work enhances the knowledge of deep-sea Mediterranean echinoderms, fundamental to implementing more effective monitoring and conservation strategies for the habitats in which they thrive.","author":[{"family":"Toma","given":"Margherita"},{"family":"Bavestrello","given":"Giorgio"},{"family":"Enrichetti","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Costa","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Angiolillo","given":"Michela"},{"family":"Cau","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Andaloro","given":"Franco"},{"family":"Canese","given":"Simonepietro"},{"family":"Greco","given":"Silvestro"},{"family":"Bo","given":"Marzia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/d16120753","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d16120753","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405078135","type":"article-journal","title":"Pathways to Carbon Neutrality: A Review of Strategies and Technologies Across Sectors","abstract":"Climate change, driven by human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, poses a critical threat to the planet, prompting countries worldwide to pledge carbon neutrality by the mid-century. This literature review identifies and analyzes strategies and technologies for achieving carbon neutrality across various sectors and regions. The study aims to determine the research focus across sectors, highlighting the well-studied sectors while identifying critical gaps in other sectors, offering policymakers and researchers a clearer understanding of which sectors need more attention and investment to achieve carbon neutrality goals. Through employing a systematic literature review approach, PRISMA 2020, 113 articles published between 2019 and 2023 were analyzed using content and bibliometric analysis. The results of the content analysis show that the energy sector is the most extensively studied, with a focus on the integration of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and carbon capture technologies. Furthermore, results showed promising developments in energy-efficient electrification methods, and circular economy principles can be seen in the building, transportation, and industrial sectors. On the other hand, while having a large potential for sequestering carbon, the agriculture and forestry sectors are still understudied. As for the bibliometric analysis, this study reveals the complex interplay between technological innovation, sectoral strategies, and policy intervention in achieving carbon neutrality. It highlights the need for integrated, interdisciplinary approaches that consider interactions between technological, economic, social, and environmental factors. The analysis also emphasizes the importance of lifecycle assessment, economic complexity, and investments in shaping effective carbon neutrality strategies. As such, future research should address the identified gaps, particularly in agriculture and forestry, and develop more comprehensive models for the transition to carbon neutrality that incorporate both technological solutions and broader socio-economic considerations.","author":[{"family":"Khaffaf","given":"Israa"},{"family":"Al-Tamimi","given":"Adil"},{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Vian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en17236129","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236129","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402556255","type":"article-journal","title":"Molecular insights into the hydrolysis and transglycosylation of a deep-sea Planctomycetota -derived GH16 family laminarinase","abstract":"ABSTRACT The biochemical and structural characteristics of Pt Lam, a laminarinase from deep-sea Planctomycetota , have been extensively elucidated, unveiling the fundamental molecular mechanisms governing substrate recognition and enzymatic catalysis. Pt Lam functions as an exo-laminarinase with the ability to sequentially hydrolyze laminarin, cleaving glucose units individually. Notably, Pt Lam exhibits proficient transglycosylation capabilities, utilizing various sugar alcohols as acceptors, with lyxose, in particular, yielding exclusively transglycosylated products. Structural analysis of both apo- Pt Lam and its laminarin oligosaccharide-bound complex revealed significant conformational alterations in active residues upon substrate binding. Moreover, pivotal residues involved in substrate recognition were identified, with subsequent mutation assays indicating the contribution of positive subsites in modulating exo-hydrolysis and transglycosidic activities. These results enhance our comprehension of laminarin cycling mechanisms by marine Planctomycetota , while also providing essential enzyme components for laminarin hetero-oligosaccharide synthesis. IMPORTANCE The ubiquitous Planctomycetota , with distinctive physiological traits, exert a significant influence on global carbon and nitrogen fluxes. Their intimate association with algae suggests a propensity for efficient polysaccharide degradation; however, research on glycoside hydrolases derived from Planctomycetota remains scarce. Herein, we unveil the GH16 family laminarinase Pt Lam from deep-sea Planctomycetota , shedding light on its catalytic mechanisms underlying hydrolysis and transglycosylation. Our findings elucidate the enzymatic pathways governing the marine laminarin cycle orchestrated by Planctomycetota, thereby fostering the exploration of novel polysaccharide hydrolases with promising practical implications.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Shanshan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xianjie"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Shiting"},{"family":"Long","given":"Lijuan"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Jian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1128/aem.00942-24","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00942-24","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405575899","type":"article-journal","title":"Research on Sea Clutter Simulation Method Based on Deep Cognition of Characteristic Parameters","abstract":"The development of radar systems requires extensive testing. However, field experiments are costly and time-consuming. Sea clutter simulation is of great significance for evaluating radar system detection performance. Traditional clutter simulation methods are unable to achieve clutter simulation based on the description of environmental parameters, which leads to a certain gap from practical applications. Therefore, this paper proposes a sea clutter simulation method based on the deep cognition of characteristic parameters. Firstly, the proposed method innovatively constructs a shared multi-task neural network, which compensates for the lack of integrated prediction of multi-dimensional characteristic parameters of sea clutter. Furthermore, based on the predicted clutter characteristic parameters combined with the spatial–temporal correlated K-distribution clutter simulation method, and considering the modulation of radar antenna patterns, the whole process of end-to-end simulation from measurement condition parameters to clutter data is accomplished for the first time. Finally, four metrics are cited for a comprehensive evaluation of the simulated clutter data. Based on the experimental results using measured data, the data simulated by this method have a correlation of over 93% in statistical characteristics with the measured data. The results demonstrate that this method can achieve the accurate simulation of sea clutter data based on measured condition parameters.","author":[{"family":"Zeng","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yushi"},{"family":"Xia","given":"Xiaoyun"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jinpeng"},{"family":"Du","given":"Pengbo"},{"family":"Hua","given":"Zhiheng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Shuhan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs16244741","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244741","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4313731075","type":"article-journal","title":"Inversion of Sea Surface Currents From Satellite‐Derived SST‐SSH Synergies With 4DVarNets","abstract":"Abstract Satellite altimetry offers a unique approach for direct sea surface current observation, but it is limited to measuring the surface‐constrained geostrophic component. Ageostrophic dynamics, prevalent at horizontal scales below 100 km and time scales below 10 days, are often underestimated by ocean reanalyzes employing data assimilation schemes. To address this limitation, we introduce a novel deep learning scheme, rooted in a variational data assimilation formulation with trainable observations and a priori terms, that harnesses the synergies between satellite‐derived sea surface observations, namely sea surface height (SSH) and sea surface temperature (SST), to enhance sea surface current reconstruction. Numerical experiments, conducted using realistic simulations, in a case study area of the Gulf Stream, demonstrate the potential of the proposed scheme to capture ageostrophic dynamics at time scales of 2.5–3.0 days and horizontal scales of 0.5°–0.7°. The analysis of diverse observation configurations, encompassing nadir along‐track altimetry, wide‐swath SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) altimetry, and SST data, highlights the pivotal role of SST features in retrieving a significant portion of the ageostrophic dynamics (approximately 47%). These findings underscore the potential of deep learning and 4DVarNet schemes in improving ocean reanalyzes and enhancing our understanding of ocean dynamics.","author":[{"family":"Fablet","given":"Ronan"},{"family":"Chapron","given":"Bertrand"},{"family":"Sommer","given":"Julien"},{"family":"Sévellec","given":"Florian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2023ms003609","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023ms003609","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4327672398","type":"article-journal","title":"Speculative futures on ChatGPT and generative artificial intelligence (AI): A collective reflection from the educational landscape","abstract":"While ChatGPT has recently become very popular, AI has a long history and philosophy. This paper intends to explore the promises and pitfalls of the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) AI and potentially future technologies by adopting a speculative methodology. Speculative future narratives with a specific focus on educational contexts are provided in an attempt to identify emerging themes and discuss their implications for education in the 21st century. Affordances of (using) AI in Education (AIEd) and possible adverse effects are identified and discussed which emerge from the narratives. It is argued that now is the best of times to define human vs AI contribution to education because AI can accomplish more and more educational activities that used to be the prerogative of human educators. Therefore, it is imperative to rethink the respective roles of technology and human educators in education with a future-oriented mindset.","author":[{"family":"Bozkurt","given":"Aras"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"J"},{"family":"Lambert","given":"Steven"},{"family":"Pazurek","given":"A"},{"family":"Crompton","given":"H"},{"family":"Koseoglu","given":"S"},{"family":"Farrow","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Bond","given":"Melissa"},{"family":"Nerantzi","given":"Chrissi"},{"family":"Honeychurch","given":"Selina"},{"family":"Bali","given":"Maha"},{"family":"Dron","given":"Jon"},{"family":"Mir","given":"Kamran"},{"family":"Stewart","given":"Bonnie"},{"family":"Costello","given":"Eamon"},{"family":"Mason","given":"Jon"},{"family":"Stracke","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Romero-Hall","given":"E"},{"family":"Koutropoulos","given":"A"},{"family":"Toquero","given":"CM"},{"family":"Singh","given":"L"},{"family":"Tlili","given":"A"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Kyungmee"},{"family":"Nichols","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Ossiannilsson","given":"E"},{"family":"Brown","given":"M"},{"family":"Irvine","given":"V"},{"family":"Raffaghelli","given":"Juliana"},{"family":"Santos-Hermosa","given":"G"},{"family":"Farrell","given":"Orna"},{"family":"Adam","given":"T"},{"family":"Thong","given":"YL"},{"family":"Sani-Bozkurt","given":"S"},{"family":"Sharma","given":"RC"},{"family":"Hrastinski","given":"Stefan"},{"family":"Jandrić","given":"Petar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.7636568","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7636568","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401912812","type":"article-journal","title":"COVID-19 severity detection using chest X-ray segmentation and deep learning","abstract":"COVID-19 has resulted in a significant global impact on health, the economy, education, and daily life. The disease can range from mild to severe, with individuals over 65 or those with underlying medical conditions being more susceptible to severe illness. Early testing and isolation are vital due to the virus's variable incubation period. Chest radiographs (CXR) have gained importance as a diagnostic tool due to their efficiency and reduced radiation exposure compared to CT scans. However, the sensitivity of CXR in detecting COVID-19 may be lower. This paper introduces a deep learning framework for accurate COVID-19 classification and severity prediction using CXR images. U-Net is used for lung segmentation, achieving a precision of 0.9924. Classification is performed using a Convulation-capsule network, with high true positive rates of 86% for COVID-19, 93% for pneumonia, and 85% for normal cases. Severity assessment employs ResNet50, VGG-16, and DenseNet201, with DenseNet201 showing superior accuracy. Empirical results, validated with 95% confidence intervals, confirm the framework's reliability and robustness. This integration of advanced deep learning techniques with radiological imaging enhances early detection and severity assessment, improving patient management and resource allocation in clinical settings.","author":[{"family":"Singh","given":"Tinku"},{"family":"Mishra","given":"Suryanshi"},{"family":"Kalra","given":"Riya"},{"family":"Satakshi"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Manish"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Taehong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-70801-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70801-z","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404402657","type":"article-journal","title":"Robotic disassembly of electric vehicle batteries: Technologies and opportunities","abstract":"The demand for electric vehicle (EV) battery services, such as repair, remanufacturing, and recycling, is rising as more EVs enter the market. Disassembly is an essential step in these services, but it is usually done manually, which is slow and costly. Therefore, robots have been proposed to disassemble batteries. This work provides an extensive overview of existing technologies in EV battery disassembly and potential robotics. The technologies investigated in this paper focus on how robots can enhance automation and flexibility. This paper summarises the characteristics and applicability of the potential technologies and highlights promising research directions to stimulate further exploration by researchers.","author":[{"family":"Zang","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Qu","given":"Mo"},{"family":"Pham","given":"Duc"},{"family":"Dixon","given":"Roger"},{"family":"Goli","given":"Farzaneh"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yongquan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yongjing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.cie.2024.110727","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2024.110727","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401639320","type":"article-journal","title":"Construction of Sea Surface Temperature Forecasting Model for Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea Coastal Stations Based on Long Short-Time Memory Neural Network","abstract":"In order to address the issue of large errors in predicting SST along the coast using numerical models, this study adopts LSTM, a deep learning method, to develop optimal SST prediction models. The Xiaomaidao Station is selected as an example, and then the method is then extended to 14 coastal stations along the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. The results show that the SST prediction model based on LSTM effectively improves forecast accuracy. The mean absolute errors for 1–3-day SST forecasts of the optimal model at Xiaomaidao Station are 0.20 °C, 0.27 °C, and 0.31 °C, and the root mean square errors are 0.28 °C, 0.36 °C, and 0.41 °C, respectively, representing an average reduction of 78% compared to those of the numerical model. Extending this approach to other forecasting sites along the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea results in an average 61% reduction in forecast error when compared with the numerical model. Furthermore, it is found that utilizing an LSTM model can significantly save computational resources and improve the forecasting efficiency.","author":[{"family":"Jiao","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Ge"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xue"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Yongzheng"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Guiyan"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Ling"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Di"},{"family":"Xin","given":"Ruoxue"},{"family":"Ji","given":"Chengzhen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/w16162307","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w16162307","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4389150749","type":"article-journal","title":"Observing the full ocean volume using Deep Argo floats","abstract":"The ocean is the main heat reservoir in Earth’s climate system, absorbing most of the top-of-the-atmosphere excess radiation. As the climate warms, anomalously warm and fresh ocean waters in the densest layers formed near Antarctica spread northward through the abyssal ocean, while successions of warming and cooling events are seen in the deep-ocean layers formed near Greenland. The abyssal warming and freshening expands the ocean volume and raises sea level. While temperature and salinity characteristics and large-scale circulation of upper 2000 m ocean waters are well monitored, the present ocean observing network is limited by sparse sampling of the deep ocean below 2000 m. Recently developed autonomous robotic platforms, Deep Argo floats, collect profiles from the surface to the seafloor. These instruments supplement satellite, Core Argo float, and ship-based observations to measure heat and freshwater content in the full ocean volume and close the sea level budget. Here, the value of Deep Argo and planned strategy to implement the global array are described. Additional objectives of Deep Argo may include dissolved oxygen measurements, and testing of ocean mixing and optical scattering sensors. The development of an emerging ocean bathymetry dataset using Deep Argo measurements is also described.","author":[{"family":"Zilberman","given":"Nathalie"},{"family":"Thierry","given":"Virginie"},{"family":"King","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Alford","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"André","given":"Xavier"},{"family":"Balem","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Briggs","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhaohui"},{"family":"Cabanes","given":"C"},{"family":"Coppola","given":"Laurent"},{"family":"Dallolmo","given":"Giorgio"},{"family":"Desbruyères","given":"Damien"},{"family":"Fernández","given":"Denise"},{"family":"Foppert","given":"Annie"},{"family":"Gardner","given":"Wilford"},{"family":"Gasparin","given":"Florent"},{"family":"Hally","given":"Bryan"},{"family":"Hosoda","given":"Shigeki"},{"family":"Johnson","given":"Gregory"},{"family":"Kobayashi","given":"Taiyo"},{"family":"Boyer","given":"Arnaud"},{"family":"Llovel","given":"William"},{"family":"Oke","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Purkey","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Rémy","given":"Elisabeth"},{"family":"Roemmich","given":"Dean"},{"family":"Scanderbeg","given":"Megan"},{"family":"Sutton","given":"Philip"},{"family":"Walicka","given":"Kamila"},{"family":"Wallace","given":"Luke"},{"family":"Wijk","given":"Esmee"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2023.1287867","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1287867","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4377089177","type":"article-journal","title":"The Influence of Bathymetry Over Heat Transport Onto the Amundsen Sea Continental Shelf","abstract":"Abstract Ice streams such as Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers which terminate at their ice shelves in the eastern Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica, are losing mass faster than most others about the continent. The mass loss is due to basal melting, which is influenced by a deep current that transports warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) from the continental shelf break toward the ice shelves. This current and associated heat transport are controlled by factors such as bottom bathymetry, near‐surface winds and meltwater. Using a realistic regional model as a reference, in this study we use idealized models to examine the role of bathymetric features in determining the shelf‐wide circulation and in enabling heat transport from the deep ocean onto the continental shelf. We find that a ridge that blocks deep westward inflow from the Bellingshausen Sea enables a deep cyclonic circulation on the shelf with an eastward undercurrent immediately south of the shelf break. Inclusion of the ridge enhances heat transport onto the continental shelf; without the ridge the flow features an along‐shelf break westward current that suppresses cross‐shelf break fluxes. We also consider the effects of shifting the prescribed wind forcing profile to the south—a simplified representation of future potential changes to the winds—and we find that the continental shelf is warmer in this scenario. These fundamental investigations will help refine the aims of future fieldwork and modeling.","author":[{"family":"Haigh","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Holland","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Jenkins","given":"Adrian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2022jc019460","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jc019460","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4389964453","type":"article-journal","title":"Electrolysis as a flexibility resource on energy islands: The case of the North Sea","abstract":"Energy islands are meant to facilitate offshore sector integration by combining offshore wind energy with power-to-x technologies and storage. In this study, we investigate the operation of electrolysers on energy islands, assess their potential contribution to flexibility provision, and analyse different market integration strategies of the islands. For this purpose, a two-stage stochastic optimisation model is developed to determine the cost-efficient dispatch for an integrated day-ahead and balancing electricity market. For the market integration of the energy island, we align our approach to the current debate and compare the case of a single offshore bidding zone to a case where the energy island is integrated into a home market zone. We find that electrolysers on energy islands will run at low capacity factors and provide flexibility in 29–36% of their run time. In addition, offshore electrolysers produce more hydrogen when they are allocated to an offshore bidding zone, and thus earn higher profits. We conclude that combining offshore wind with electrolysers on an energy island relies on additional economic incentives if their main role is envisioned to be the delivery of balancing flexibility.","author":[{"family":"Lüth","given":"Alexandra"},{"family":"Werner","given":"Yannick"},{"family":"Egging","given":"Ruud"},{"family":"Kazempour","given":"Jalal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113921","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113921","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388974224","type":"article-journal","title":"The Systematics, Reproductive Biology, Biochemistry, and Breeding of Sea Buckthorn—A Review","abstract":"Both the fruit flesh and seeds of sea buckthorn have multiple uses for medicinal and culinary purposes, including the valuable market for supplementary health foods. Bioactive compounds, such as essential amino acids, vitamins B, C, and E, carotenoids, polyphenols, ursolic acid, unsaturated fatty acids, and other active substances, are now being analyzed in detail for their medicinal properties. Domestication with commercial orchards and processing plants is undertaken in many countries, but there is a large need for improved plant material with high yield, tolerance to environmental stress, diseases, and pests, suitability for efficient harvesting methods, and high contents of compounds that have medicinal and/or culinary values. Applied breeding is based mainly on directed crosses between different subspecies of Hippophae rhamnoides. DNA markers have been applied to analyses of systematics and population genetics as well as for the discrimination of cultivars, but very few DNA markers have as yet been developed for use in selection and breeding. Several key genes in important metabolic pathways have, however, been identified, and four genomes have recently been sequenced.","author":[{"family":"Nybom","given":"Hilde"},{"family":"Ruan","given":"Chengjiang"},{"family":"Rumpunen","given":"Kimmo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/genes14122120","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14122120","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4323317648","type":"article-journal","title":"Lessons Learned from Natural Disasters around Digital Health Technologies and Delivering Quality Healthcare","abstract":"As climate change drives increased intensity, duration and severity of weather-related events that can lead to natural disasters and mass casualties, innovative approaches are needed to develop climate-resilient healthcare systems that can deliver safe, quality healthcare under non-optimal conditions, especially in remote or underserved areas. Digital health technologies are touted as a potential contributor to healthcare climate change adaptation and mitigation, through improved access to healthcare, reduced inefficiencies, reduced costs, and increased portability of patient information. Under normal operating conditions, these systems are employed to deliver personalised healthcare and better patient and consumer involvement in their health and well-being. During the COVID-19 pandemic, digital health technologies were rapidly implemented on a mass scale in many settings to deliver healthcare in compliance with public health interventions, including lockdowns. However, the resilience and effectiveness of digital health technologies in the face of the increasing frequency and severity of natural disasters remain to be determined. In this review, using the mixed-methods review methodology, we seek to map what is known about digital health resilience in the context of natural disasters using case studies to demonstrate what works and what does not and to propose future directions to build climate-resilient digital health interventions.","author":[{"family":"Lokmictomkins","given":"Zerina"},{"family":"Bhandari","given":"Dinesh"},{"family":"Bain","given":"Chris"},{"family":"Borda","given":"Ann"},{"family":"Kariotis","given":"Timothy"},{"family":"Reser","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/ijerph20054542","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054542","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4321089588","type":"article-journal","title":"Exploring the Potential of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage in Baltic Sea Region Countries: A Review of CCUS Patents from 2000 to 2022","abstract":"Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) refers to technologies that capture carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from sources such as power plants, industrial facilities, and transportation, and either store it underground or use it for beneficial purposes. CCUS can play a role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change, as CO2 is a major contributor to global warming. In the Baltic Sea region countries (BSR), patent searches from 2000 to 2020 reveal that CCUS technologies are focused on CO2 storage, monitoring, utilization, and transport. However, the adoption and deployment of these technologies has been slow due to a variety of factors, including a lack of government action on climate change, public skepticism, increasing costs, and advances in other options such as renewables and shale gas. Overall, CCUS has the potential to significantly reduce CO2 emissions and contribute to climate change mitigation efforts, but more work is needed to overcome the barriers to its widespread adoption in the BSR and elsewhere. This could include policy measures to incentivize the use of CCUS technologies, public education and outreach efforts to increase understanding and support for CCUS, and research and development to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of these technologies.","author":[{"family":"Pal","given":"Mayur"},{"family":"Karaliūtė","given":"Viltė"},{"family":"Malik","given":"Shruti"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/pr11020605","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11020605","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4380135864","type":"article-journal","title":"Summary of Research Progress on Metallurgical Utilization Technology of Red Mud","abstract":"Red mud is a highly alkaline solid waste discharged in the alumina production process. Because of its large amount of discharge and high alkalinity, it is mostly stored in dams, occupying a large number of land resources and posing a great safety hazard to the ecological environment. The large-scale consumption of red mud is a global technical problem. Different alumina production processes will produce different types of red mud, mainly Bayer process red mud. In addition to its overall utilization in the field of building materials, agriculture, the environment, and the chemical industry, red mud also contains valuable metal elements, such as titanium, iron, scandium, and aluminum, and is an important secondary mineral resource. This paper focuses on the principle and characteristics of red mud metallurgical treatment for the extraction of valuable components and looks forward to the prospect of large-scale, harmless, and high-value comprehensive utilization technology for red mud in China.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Xiaofei"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ting‐an"},{"family":"Lv","given":"Guozhi"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Kun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Song"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/min13060737","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min13060737","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4367556856","type":"article-journal","title":"Technology roadmap for hydrogen-fuelled transportation in the UK","abstract":"Transportation is the sector responsible for the largest greenhouse gas emission in the UK. To mitigate its impact on the environment and move towards net-zero emissions by 2050, hydrogen-fuelled transportation has been explored through research and development as well as trials. This article presents an overview of relevant technologies and issues that challenge the supply, use and marketability of hydrogen for transportation application in the UK, covering on-road, aviation, maritime and rail transportation modes. The current development statutes of the different transportation modes were reviewed and compared, highlighting similarities and differences in fuel cells, internal combustion engines, storage technologies, supply chains and refuelling characteristics. In addition, common and specific future research needs in the short to long term for the different transportation modes were suggested. The findings showed the potential of using hydrogen in all transportation modes, although each sector faces different challenges and requires future improvements in performance and cost, development of innovative designs, refuelling stations, standards and codes, regulations and policies to support the advancement of the use of hydrogen.","author":[{"family":"Lingchin","given":"Janie"},{"family":"Giampieri","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Wilks","given":"Megan"},{"family":"Lau","given":"Shiew"},{"family":"Bacon","given":"Ellie"},{"family":"Sheppard","given":"Imogen"},{"family":"Smallbone","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Roskilly","given":"Anthony"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.04.131","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.04.131","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388898445","type":"article-journal","title":"Conditions for just offshore wind energy: Addressing the societal challenges of the North Sea wind industry","abstract":"Global investment in offshore wind energy is anticipated to surge in the coming decades. While improved technology, reduced costs, and generous policy support are frequently acknowledged as driving factors, many assert that there are fewer societal challenges with offshore renewable installations than with onshore ones. Drawing from a co-creation process with key Norwegian stakeholders and an interdisciplinary team of social science and humanities scholars, this article delves deeper than the prevalent techno-economic discourse. It seeks to: a) identify the societal challenges of fostering a just and legitimate offshore wind industry; b) explore solutions to these challenges; and c) understand the potential role of transdisciplinary action research in driving change. Through this collaboration, industry actors co-formulated an agenda for offshore wind, highlighting varied issues and concerns. This was operationalized into four primary societal challenges: 1) Navigating the public debate; 2) Improving public participation; 3) Minimizing land and sea use and co-existence conflicts, and 4) Understanding pace, political dynamics, and geopolitics. This paper offers an exhaustive discussion on possible strategies to tackle these issues, presenting a critical companion research agenda to the predominantly technology-focused studies on offshore wind within the sustainability transitions literature.","author":[{"family":"Skjølsvold","given":"Tomas"},{"family":"Heidenreich","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Henriksen","given":"Ida"},{"family":"Oliveira","given":"Rita"},{"family":"Dankel","given":"Dorothy"},{"family":"Lahuerta","given":"Julian"},{"family":"Linnerud","given":"Kristin"},{"family":"Moe","given":"Espen"},{"family":"Nygaard","given":"Birgitte"},{"family":"Richter","given":"Isabel"},{"family":"Skjærseth","given":"Jon"},{"family":"Subotički","given":"Ivana"},{"family":"Vasstrøm","given":"Mikaela"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.erss.2023.103334","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.103334","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4360612111","type":"article-journal","title":"Strategies to save energy in the context of the energy crisis: a review","abstract":"New technologies, systems, societal organization and policies for energy saving are urgently needed in the context of accelerated climate change, the Ukraine conflict and the past coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. For instance, concerns about market and policy responses that could lead to new lock-ins, such as investing in liquefied natural gas infrastructure and using all available fossil fuels to compensate for Russian gas supply cuts, may hinder decarbonization efforts. Here we review energy-saving solutions with a focus on the actual energy crisis, green alternatives to fossil fuel heating, energy saving in buildings and transportation, artificial intelligence for sustainable energy, and implications for the environment and society. Green alternatives include biomass boilers and stoves, hybrid heat pumps, geothermal heating, solar thermal systems, solar photovoltaics systems into electric boilers, compressed natural gas and hydrogen. We also detail case studies in Germany which is planning a 100% renewable energy switch by 2050 and developing the storage of compressed air in China, with emphasis on technical and economic aspects. The global energy consumption in 2020 was 30.01% for the industry, 26.18% for transport, and 22.08% for residential sectors. 10-40% of energy consumption can be reduced using renewable energy sources, passive design strategies, smart grid analytics, energy-efficient building systems, and intelligent energy monitoring. Electric vehicles offer the highest cost-per-kilometer reduction of 75% and the lowest energy loss of 33%, yet battery-related issues, cost, and weight are challenging. 5-30% of energy can be saved using automated and networked vehicles. Artificial intelligence shows a huge potential in energy saving by improving weather forecasting and machine maintenance and enabling connectivity across homes, workplaces, and transportation. For instance, 18.97-42.60% of energy consumption can be reduced in buildings through deep neural networking. In the electricity sector, artificial intelligence can automate power generation, distribution, and transmission operations, balance the grid without human intervention, enable lightning-speed trading and arbitrage decisions at scale, and eliminate the need for manual adjustments by end-users.","author":[{"family":"Farghali","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Osman","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Mohamed","given":"Israa"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhonghao"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Lin"},{"family":"Ihara","given":"Ikko"},{"family":"Yap","given":"Pow‐seng"},{"family":"Rooney","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10311-023-01591-5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01591-5","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4375861931","type":"article-journal","title":"Photocatalytic Technologies for Transformation and Degradation of Microplastics in the Environment: Current Achievements and Future Prospects","abstract":"Microplastic (MP) pollution has emerged as a significant environmental concern, with exposure to it linked to numerous negative consequences for both ecosystems and humans. To tackle this complex issue, innovative technologies that are capable of effectively eliminating MPs from the environment are necessary. In this review, we examined a variety of bare and composite photocatalysts employed in the degradation process. An in-depth assessment of the benefits and drawbacks of each catalyst was presented. Additionally, we explored the photocatalytic mechanisms and factors influencing degradation. The review concludes by addressing the current challenges and outlining future research priorities, which will help guide efforts to mitigate MP contamination.","author":[{"family":"Xie","given":"Anyou"},{"family":"Jin","given":"Meiqing"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Jiangwei"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Qingwei"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Li"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Weihong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/catal13050846","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13050846","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387931661","type":"article-journal","title":"The genome of the deep-sea anemone Actinernus sp. contains a mega-array of ANTP-class homeobox genes","abstract":"Members of the phylum Cnidaria include sea anemones, corals and jellyfish, and have successfully colonized both marine and freshwater habitats throughout the world. The understanding of how cnidarians adapt to extreme environments such as the dark, high-pressure deep-sea habitat has been hindered by the lack of genomic information. Here, we report the first chromosome-level deep-sea cnidarian genome, of the anemone Actinernus sp., which was 1.39 Gbp in length and contained 44 970 gene models including 14 806 tRNA genes and 30 164 protein-coding genes. Analyses of homeobox genes revealed the longest chromosome hosts a mega-array of Hox cluster, HoxL, NK cluster and NKL homeobox genes; until now, such an array has only been hypothesized to have existed in ancient ancestral genomes. In addition to this striking arrangement of homeobox genes, analyses of microRNAs revealed cnidarian-specific complements that are distinctive for nested clades of these animals, presumably reflecting the progressive evolution of the gene regulatory networks in which they are embedded. Also, compared with other sea anemones, circadian rhythm genes were lost in Actinernus sp., which likely reflects adaptation to living in the dark. This high-quality genome of a deep-sea cnidarian thus reveals some of the likely molecular adaptations of this ecologically important group of metazoans to the extreme deep-sea environment. It also deepens our understanding of the evolution of genome content and organization of animals in general and cnidarians in particular, specifically from the viewpoint of key developmental control genes like the homeobox-encoding genes, where we find an array of genes that until now has only been hypothesized to have existed in the ancient ancestor that pre-dated both the cnidarians and bilaterians.","author":[{"family":"Law","given":"Sean"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Yifei"},{"family":"Nong","given":"Wenyan"},{"family":"So","given":"Wai"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yiqian"},{"family":"Swale","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Ferrier","given":"David"},{"family":"Qiu","given":"Jian‐wen"},{"family":"Qian","given":"Pei‐yuan"},{"family":"Hui","given":"Jerome"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1098/rspb.2023.1563","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.1563","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4323075885","type":"article-journal","title":"Application of IoT Technologies in Seaport Management","abstract":"Seaports have a very important role in connecting freight by sea. Goods transported through seaports in the world are increasing day by day to meet human needs. This increases the pressure to apply more technologies for better port management. The world's seaports in the 4th generation, the generation in which seaports enhance connectivity to form a large network, have shown high efficiency when applying technology to port management. This optimizes port operations and connects port information into a network that improves productivity and reduces loading and unloading times. Today, the Internet of Things is the foundation for technologies to manage and optimize operations in various fields. It is considered by scientists to be a highly influential technology in the “4.0” era. The Internet of Things (IoT) technology directly affects the activities and processes of loading and unloading goods at seaports. Modern IoT-based port management technologies such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) are contributing to the increased speed and safe movement of goods through seaports. The application of IoT in port management has become an inevitable trend and will be presented in this article. In the next generation, seaports tend to develop into smart ports based on rapidly developing technology platforms such as IoT, blockchain, and cloud computing. Smart port development also poses many issues to be resolved, including environmental issues. In this paper, the authors present some solutions to develop smart ports in an environmentally friendly manner.","author":[{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Hoang"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Phuoc"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Dang"},{"family":"Bui","given":"Viet"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Dinh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.30630/joiv.7.1.1697","URL":"https://doi.org/10.30630/joiv.7.1.1697","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4389125428","type":"article-journal","title":"Sea ice heat and mass balance measurements from four autonomous buoys during the MOSAiC drift campaign","abstract":"As part of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC), four autonomous seasonal ice mass balance buoys were deployed in first- and second-year ice. These buoys measured position, barometric pressure, snow depth, ice thickness, ice growth, surface melt, bottom melt, and vertical profiles of temperature from the air, through the snow and ice, and into the upper ocean. Observed air temperatures were similar at all four sites; however, snow–ice interface temperatures varied by as much as 10°C, primarily due to differences in snow depth. Observed winter ice growth rates (November to May) were <1 cm day−1, with summer melt rates (June to July) as large as 5 cm day−1. Air temperatures changed as much as 2°C hour−1 but were dampened to <0.3°C hour−1 at the snow–ice interface. Initial October ice thicknesses ranged from 0.3 m in first-year ice to 1.2 m in second-year ice. By February, this range was only 1.20–1.46 m, due in part to differences in the onset of basal freezing. In second-year ice, this delay was due to large brine-filled voids in the ice; propagating the cold front through this ice required freezing the brine. Mass balance results were similar to those measured by autonomous buoys deployed at the North Pole from 2000 to 2013. Winter average estimates of the ocean heat flux ranged from 0 to 3 W m−2, with a large increase in June 2020 as the floe moved into warmer water. Estimates of average snow thermal conductivity measured at two buoys during periods of linear temperature profiles were 0.41 and 0.42 W m−1 °C−1, higher than previously published estimates. Results from these ice mass balance buoys can contribute to efforts to close the MOSAiC heat budget.","author":[{"family":"Perovich","given":"Donald"},{"family":"Raphael","given":"Ian"},{"family":"Moore","given":"Ryleigh"},{"family":"Clemenssewall","given":"David"},{"family":"Lei","given":"Ruibo"},{"family":"Sledd","given":"Anne"},{"family":"Polashenski","given":"Chris"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1525/elementa.2023.00017","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00017","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4320918454","type":"article-journal","title":"Recent Progress and Future Perspectives for Zero Agriculture Waste Technologies: Pineapple Waste as a Case Study","abstract":"Worldwide, a huge production of agro-industrial wastes is observed every year in the milling, brewing, agricultural, and food industries. Biochemical and bioactive substances can be produced from these agricultural wastes. Pineapple by-products, which consist of the peeled skin, core, crown end, etc., account for 60% of the weight of pineapple fruit and are disposed of as waste, causing disposal and pollution problems. The bioconversion process can utilize these wastes, which are rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, the main components, to produce value-added biochemicals/bioactive compounds such as pectin, citric acid, bromelain, ferulic acid, vanillin, and so on. Therefore, the sustainable solution for food and nutrition security can be supported by the utilization of pineapple waste. The proposed review article addresses approaches that do not generate waste while adding value. This can be achieved by using innovative biorefinery techniques such as green extraction and the use of green solvents. Microbial fermentation with an effective pretreatment (such as hydrothermal treatment and enzymatic treatment) to convert complex waste (pineapple fruit) into simple sugars and later fuel production are also discussed. The proposed review also provides a concise overview of the most recent research and developments in the field of advanced pineapple waste processing technologies.","author":[{"family":"Sarangi","given":"Prakash"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Akhilesh"},{"family":"Srivastava","given":"Rajesh"},{"family":"Gupta","given":"Vijai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su15043575","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043575","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388223715","type":"article-journal","title":"Between Underground and the Deep Blue Sea: Contamination of Mine Water Effluents by Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)","abstract":"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used as industrial chemicals due to their beneficial physicochemical properties in many applications until the recognition of their adverse effects. Although being banned for decades, PCBs are still ubiquitous in the environment due to their congener-specific high persistence and their ongoing remobilization from contaminated sites. While mining influenced water (MIW) was generally known to be a potential source of PCB contamination, hardly anything was known about concentrations, congener patterns, or PCB loads. For further elucidation of environmental risks, 14 MIW samples from five mine water effluents were analyzed for a set of 58 PCB congeners and biphenyl by a specifically optimized SPME-GC-MS method (LOD 0.004–0.58 ng L –1 ). As a result, 53 mono- to heptachlorinated congeners could be detected in concentrations of 0.01–25.9 ng L –1 per congener, of which mainly tri- but also di- and tetrachlorinated PCBs were identified in higher concentrations. Total PCB concentrations (0.02–0.12 mg m –3 ) and annual loads (0.1–0.7 kg PCBs a –1 per mine) show the relevance of MIW as an additional point source for PCB release to the environment. Implementation of water treatment is recommended to achieve a decrease in these contaminant loads in agreement with worldwide efforts to eliminate PCBs.","author":[{"family":"Wiltschka","given":"Katrin"},{"family":"Wolkersdorfer","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Düring","given":"Rolf‐alexander"},{"family":"Böhm","given":"Leonard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acsestwater.3c00179","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.3c00179","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387767134","type":"article-journal","title":"Smarter eco-cities and their leading-edge artificial intelligence of things solutions for environmental sustainability: A comprehensive systematic review","abstract":"The recent advancements made in the realms of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) have unveiled transformative prospects and opportunities to enhance and optimize the environmental performance and efficiency of smart cities. These strides have, in turn, impacted smart eco-cities, catalyzing ongoing improvements and driving solutions to address complex environmental challenges. This aligns with the visionary concept of smarter eco-cities, an emerging paradigm of urbanism characterized by the seamless integration of advanced technologies and environmental strategies. However, there remains a significant gap in thoroughly understanding this new paradigm and the intricate spectrum of its multifaceted underlying dimensions. To bridge this gap, this study provides a comprehensive systematic review of the burgeoning landscape of smarter eco-cities and their leading-edge AI and AIoT solutions for environmental sustainability. To ensure thoroughness, the study employs a unified evidence synthesis framework integrating aggregative, configurative, and narrative synthesis approaches. At the core of this study lie these subsequent research inquiries: What are the foundational underpinnings of emerging smarter eco-cities, and how do they intricately interrelate, particularly urbanism paradigms, environmental solutions, and data-driven technologies? What are the key drivers and enablers propelling the materialization of smarter eco-cities? What are the primary AI and AIoT solutions that can be harnessed in the development of smarter eco-cities? In what ways do AI and AIoT technologies contribute to fostering environmental sustainability practices, and what potential benefits and opportunities do they offer for smarter eco-cities? What challenges and barriers arise in the implementation of AI and AIoT solutions for the development of smarter eco-cities? The findings significantly deepen and broaden our understanding of both the significant potential of AI and AIoT technologies to enhance sustainable urban development practices, as well as the formidable nature of the challenges they pose. Beyond theoretical enrichment, these findings offer invaluable insights and new perspectives poised to empower policymakers, practitioners, and researchers to advance the integration of eco-urbanism and AI- and AIoT-driven urbanism. Through an insightful exploration of the contemporary urban landscape and the identification of successfully applied AI and AIoT solutions, stakeholders gain the necessary groundwork for making well-informed decisions, implementing effective strategies, and designing policies that prioritize environmental well-being.","author":[{"family":"Bibri","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Krogstie","given":"John"},{"family":"Kaboli","given":"Amin"},{"family":"Alahi","given":"Alexandre"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ese.2023.100330","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2023.100330","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4398152702","type":"article-journal","title":"Mesoscale Eddy Detection and Classification From Sea Surface Temperature Maps With Deep Neural Networks","abstract":"Oceanic eddies are a widespread and important occurrence that have a vital role in the movement of chemicals and energy within the marine ecosystem. Hence, the astute and precise recognition of these swirling currents may greatly contribute to the progress of our comprehension of oceanography. Due to the continuous breakthroughs in state-of-the-art deep learning technology, the population is witnessing a progressive improvement in the methods used to identify and understand these aquatic characteristics. This study employs Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data acquired from the Copernicus Marine and Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) in the Atlantic Ocean. The objective is to present EddyNet, a cutting-edge deep-learning framework specifically developed for the automatic identification and categorization of ocean eddies. EddyNet incorporates a pixel-wise classification layer into its neural encoder-decoder architecture. The resulting output is a map that maintains the same dimensions as the input, but each individual pixel is assigned a label indicating its classification as either “0” for non-eddy regions, “1” for anticyclonic eddies, or “2” for cyclonic eddies. We propose a new image segmentation method based on the U-Net architecture with different convolutional neural network backbones such as VGG16, VGG19, DenseNet121, and MobileNetV2. Our models are built and trained using Python and the Keras library with the Adam optimizer for improved convergence. Our approach uses sparse categorical cross-entropy as the loss function, simplifying the label encoding process for multi-class classification with sparse labels. Initial results show that this method achieves a good balance between computational efficiency and segmentation accuracy, making it suitable for real-time applications.","author":[{"family":"Safari","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Sharifi","given":"Alireza"},{"family":"Mahmoodi","given":"Javad"},{"family":"Abbasimoghadam","given":"Dariush"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/jstars.2024.3402823","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3402823","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405826408","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep-sea soft soil and deep-sea mining vehicle interaction: From soil properties to locomotion performance","abstract":"The vast ocean floor holds abundant mineral resources, characterised by a wide variety, large reserves, and high grade. It has tremendous prospects for development and utilisation. Necessitating intensified efforts in key core technology development for deep-sea mineral resource exploitation. As crucial equipment in the field of deep-sea mining engineering, the performance and reliability of heavy-duty equipment for deep-sea mining play a critical role in the development of deep-sea resources. This paper provides a systematic analysis of the development status of deep-sea mining vehicles both domestically and internationally. Starting from the fundamental scientific issues of soil-vehicle interactions, it reviews the progress of research on the mechanical characteristics of deep-sea soft soil, stress response mechanisms under mining vehicle loading, and the behavior of track-soft soil interface contact. The evolution of the walking performance and motion behavior of deep-sea mining vehicles is summarized, and existing issues and future research priorities related to the coupling effect between deep-sea soft soil and dynamic equipment are identified.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ning"},{"family":"Zhai","given":"Weikun"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Shiyang"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xuguang"},{"family":"Xia","given":"Jianxin"},{"family":"Luan","given":"Lubao"},{"family":"Zhai","given":"Aoshuang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.apor.2024.104372","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2024.104372","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388851105","type":"article-journal","title":"Deepfake detection using deep learning methods: A systematic and comprehensive review","abstract":"Abstract Deep Learning (DL) has been effectively utilized in various complicated challenges in healthcare, industry, and academia for various purposes, including thyroid diagnosis, lung nodule recognition, computer vision, large data analytics, and human‐level control. Nevertheless, developments in digital technology have been used to produce software that poses a threat to democracy, national security, and confidentiality. Deepfake is one of those DL‐powered apps that has lately surfaced. So, deepfake systems can create fake images primarily by replacement of scenes or images, movies, and sounds that humans cannot tell apart from real ones. Various technologies have brought the capacity to change a synthetic speech, image, or video to our fingers. Furthermore, video and image frauds are now so convincing that it is hard to distinguish between false and authentic content with the naked eye. It might result in various issues and ranging from deceiving public opinion to using doctored evidence in a court. For such considerations, it is critical to have technologies that can assist us in discerning reality. This study gives a complete assessment of the literature on deepfake detection strategies using DL‐based algorithms. We categorize deepfake detection methods in this work based on their applications, which include video detection, image detection, audio detection, and hybrid multimedia detection. The objective of this paper is to give the reader a better knowledge of (1) how deepfakes are generated and identified, (2) the latest developments and breakthroughs in this realm, (3) weaknesses of existing security methods, and (4) areas requiring more investigation and consideration. The results suggest that the Conventional Neural Networks (CNN) methodology is the most often employed DL method in publications. According to research, the majority of the articles are on the subject of video deepfake detection. The majority of the articles focused on enhancing only one parameter, with the accuracy parameter receiving the most attention. This article is categorized under: Technologies > Machine Learning Algorithmic Development > Multimedia Application Areas > Science and Technology","author":[{"family":"Heidari","given":"Arash"},{"family":"Navimipour","given":"Nima"},{"family":"Dağ","given":"Hasan"},{"family":"Ünal","given":"Mehmet"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1002/widm.1520","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1520","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387760991","type":"article-journal","title":"Emerging materials and technologies for electrocatalytic seawater splitting","abstract":"The limited availability of freshwater in renewable energy-rich areas has led to the exploration of seawater electrolysis for green hydrogen production. However, the complex composition of seawater presents substantial challenges such as electrode corrosion and electrolyzer failure, calling into question the technological and economic feasibility of direct seawater splitting. Despite many efforts, a comprehensive overview and analysis of seawater electrolysis, including electrochemical fundamentals, materials, and technologies of recent breakthroughs, is still lacking. In this review, we systematically examine recent advances in electrocatalytic seawater splitting and critically evaluate the obstacles to optimizing water supply, materials, and devices for stable hydrogen production from seawater. We demonstrate that robust materials and innovative technologies, especially selective catalysts and high-performance devices, are critical for efficient seawater electrolysis. We then outline and discuss future directions that could advance the techno-economic feasibility of this emerging field, providing a roadmap toward the design and commercialization of materials that can enable efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable seawater electrolysis.","author":[{"family":"Jin","given":"Huanyu"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Haifeng"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Huimin"},{"family":"Jaroniec","given":"Mietek"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Yao"},{"family":"Qiao","given":"Shi‐zhang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.adi7755","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi7755","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4324344134","type":"article-journal","title":"Regime shift in Arctic Ocean sea ice thickness","abstract":"Abstract Manifestations of climate change are often shown as gradual changes in physical or biogeochemical properties 1 . Components of the climate system, however, can show stepwise shifts from one regime to another, as a nonlinear response of the system to a changing forcing 2 . Here we show that the Arctic sea ice regime shifted in 2007 from thicker and deformed to thinner and more uniform ice cover. Continuous sea ice monitoring in the Fram Strait over the last three decades revealed the shift. After the shift, the fraction of thick and deformed ice dropped by half and has not recovered to date. The timing of the shift was preceded by a two-step reduction in residence time of sea ice in the Arctic Basin, initiated first in 2005 and followed by 2007. We demonstrate that a simple model describing the stochastic process of dynamic sea ice thickening explains the observed ice thickness changes as a result of the reduced residence time. Our study highlights the long-lasting impact of climate change on the Arctic sea ice through reduced residence time and its connection to the coupled ocean–sea ice processes in the adjacent marginal seas and shelves of the Arctic Ocean.","author":[{"family":"Sumata","given":"Hiroshi"},{"family":"Steur","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Divine","given":"Dmitry"},{"family":"Granskog","given":"Mats"},{"family":"Gerland","given":"Sebastian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41586-022-05686-x","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05686-x","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4385423097","type":"article-journal","title":"Drought Prediction: A Comprehensive Review of Different Drought Prediction Models and Adopted Technologies","abstract":"Precipitation deficit conditions and temperature anomalies are responsible for the occurrence of various types of natural disasters that cause tremendous loss of human life and economy of the country. Out of all natural disasters, drought is one of the most recurring and complex phenomenons. Prediction of the onset of drought poses significant challenges to societies worldwide. Drought occurrences occur across the world due to a variety of hydro-meteorological causes and anomalies in sea surface temperature. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts and characteristics of drought, its complex nature, and the various factors that influence drought, drought indicators, and advanced drought prediction models. An extensive survey is presented in the different drought prediction models employed in the literature, ranging from statistical approaches to machine learning and deep learning models. It has been found that advanced techniques like machine learning and deep learning models outperform traditional models by improving drought prediction accuracy. This review article critically examines the advancements in technology that have facilitated improved drought prediction, identifies the key challenges and opportunities in the field of drought prediction, and identifies the key trends and topics that are likely to give new directions to the future of drought prediction research. It explores the integration of remote sensing data, meteorological observations, hydrological modeling, and climate indices for enhanced accuracy. Under the frequently changing climate conditions, this comprehensive review provides a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers engaged in drought prediction and management and fosters a deeper understanding of their capabilities and limitations. This article paves the way for more accurate and effective drought prediction strategies, contributing to improved resilience and sustainable development in drought-prone regions.","author":[{"family":"Nandgude","given":"Neeta"},{"family":"Singh","given":"TP"},{"family":"Nandgude","given":"Sachin"},{"family":"Tiwari","given":"Mukesh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su151511684","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511684","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4313894442","type":"article-journal","title":"Review of Key Technologies for Offshore Floating Wind Power Generation","abstract":"In recent years, due to the global energy crisis, increasingly more countries have recognized the importance of developing clean energy. Offshore wind energy, as a basic form of clean energy, has become one of the current research priorities. In the future, offshore wind farms will be developed in deep and distant sea areas. In these areas, there is a new trend of floating offshore wind platforms replacing fixed wind power platforms, due to their low cost, ease of installation, and independence from the water depth. However, the stability of offshore floating platforms is poor and their power fluctuations are significant; furthermore, they are more prone to failure because of sea wind, waves, and currents. This paper summarizes and analyzes the current research progress and critical technical issues of offshore floating wind power generation, such as stability control technology, integrated wind storage technology, wind power energy management, and long-distance transmission of electricity for floating wind power generation at sea. Finally, future research directions for key offshore wind power technologies are presented.","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Bowen"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhibo"},{"family":"Li","given":"Guangdi"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Dongsheng"},{"family":"Santos","given":"Matilde"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en16020710","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020710","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1594/pangaea.947024","type":"article-journal","title":"Stationary echosounder (EK60, Simrad, 38 &amp; 200 kHz) recordings from the central Red Sea near Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, between January 2014 and February 2016","abstract":"Simrad EK60 echosounders (38 and 200 kHz) were deployed in the central Red Sea during several multiple-days periods between January 2014 and February 2016. Records were made in the deepest part of a ~700 m deep basin (22.5°N, 39.03°E) referred to as the Economic City Deep (ECDEEP) and at ~555 m along its sloping edge, and at a nearby 880 m deep station (22.08⁰N, 38.71⁰E). All locations were situated near the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) campus, Saudi Arabia. In the events marked by \"bottom-mounted deployment\" the echosounders were deployed on the bottom facing the surface. The floating mooring was connected to concrete weights by steel wires ensuring vertical orientation such that the transducers were located ca. 7 m off the bottom. The bottom-mounted deployments continuously recorded the movement and abundance of scattering layers and organisms over depth and time at a time resolution of ~0.5 pings/s. In the events marked by \"profile\", the echosounders were deployed facing downwards in a profile stopping at different depths for each ca. 15-30 minutes. During the profiles, a tungsten carbide (38.1 mm; theoretical target strength -42.3 dB and -38.9 dB on 38 and 200 kHz, respectively) calibration sphere was attached 10 m or 16 m below the echosounder rig as target strength reference. The dataset contains 12 events with in total 1317 raw proprietary Simrad EK60 data files with file sizes between 0.7 and 168 MB. The raw files include transducer configuration data and sample data (raw power (W) and angles (alongship and athwartship, °)).","author":[{"family":"Christiansen","given":"Svenja"},{"family":"Røstad","given":"Anders"},{"family":"Kaartvedt","given":"Stein"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1594/pangaea.947024","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.947024","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2409.04472","type":"manuscript","title":"Study of acoustic neutrino detection in O$ν$DE-2 raw acoustic data","abstract":"Research suggests that acoustic technology may be able to detect ultra-high-energy neutrinos if a large amount of non-linear fluid is analyzed. When a neutrino interacts in water, it creates a quasi-instantaneous cascade of particles, heating that region of the fluid and emitting a tiny acoustic signal. This rapid heating produces a thermoacoustic Bipolar Pulse (BP) with unique characteristics such as a wide bandwidth and a narrow directivity for these frequencies. While dedicated devices for acoustic neutrino detection are currently non-existent, there are a few underwater neutrino telescopes that utilize optical technology, but often with an acoustic positioning system that deploys hydrophones in the infrastructure. The possibility of using them to study a BP caused by a neutrino interaction is currently being discussed. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of a trigger system to detect a possible BP in deep-sea hydrophones. For this, up to 24 hours of the raw acoustic signal recorded by the O$ν$DE-2 station, which was located 25 km off-shore from Catania in the Western Ionian Sea, at 2100 m depth, is analyzed. The station used calibrated hydrophones from a few Hz to 70 kHz. In this work, a synthetic BP is created and added to the experimental data, allowing the study of its detection and the calculation of precision and recall.","author":[{"family":"Bonanno","given":"D"},{"family":"Di Mauro","given":"LS"},{"family":"Diego-Tortosa","given":"D"},{"family":"Idrissi","given":"A"},{"family":"Riccobene","given":"G"},{"family":"Sanfilippo","given":"S"},{"family":"Viola","given":"S"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2409.04472","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2409.04472","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4390823897","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Robots and Key Technologies for Operation Control","abstract":"Over time, the utilization of the Underwater Vehicle-Manipulator System (UVMS) has steadily increased in exploring and harnessing marine resources. However, the underwater environment poses big challenges for controlling, navigating, and communicating with UVMS. These challenges have not only spurred the continuous advancement of related technologies, but also made the development of the UVMS even more captivating. This article firstly provides a review of development status of the UVMS and discusses the current limitations and future directions, and then reviews in detail the dynamic and hydrodynamic modeling methods, and analyzes the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of various approaches. Then, we try to review 2 key technologies of operation control methods, including underwater positioning and navigation technologies and vehicle-manipulator coordinated control approaches. Finally, a reasonable prospect for the future development of UVMS is given.","author":[{"family":"Sun","given":"Linxiang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Hui","given":"Xiaolong"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Xibo"},{"family":"Bai","given":"Xuejian"},{"family":"Tan","given":"Min"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.34133/cbsystems.0089","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34133/cbsystems.0089","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4366547891","type":"article-journal","title":"A Survey on Reinforcement Learning Methods in Bionic Underwater Robots","abstract":"Bionic robots possess inherent advantages for underwater operations, and research on motion control and intelligent decision making has expanded their application scope. In recent years, the application of reinforcement learning algorithms in the field of bionic underwater robots has gained considerable attention, and continues to grow. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of the accomplishments of reinforcement learning algorithms in the field of bionic underwater robots. Firstly, we classify existing reinforcement learning methods and introduce control tasks and decision making tasks based on the composition of bionic underwater robots. We further discuss the advantages and challenges of reinforcement learning for bionic robots in underwater environments. Secondly, we review the establishment of existing reinforcement learning algorithms for bionic underwater robots from different task perspectives. Thirdly, we explore the existing training and deployment solutions of reinforcement learning algorithms for bionic underwater robots, focusing on the challenges posed by complex underwater environments and underactuated bionic robots. Finally, the limitations and future development directions of reinforcement learning in the field of bionic underwater robots are discussed. This survey provides a foundation for exploring reinforcement learning control and decision making methods for bionic underwater robots, and provides insights for future research.","author":[{"family":"Tong","given":"Ru"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Yukai"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jian"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Zhengxing"},{"family":"Tan","given":"Min"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Junzhi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/biomimetics8020168","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8020168","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392978871","type":"article-journal","title":"Real-time Trajectory Planning and Tracking Control of Bionic Underwater Robot in Dynamic Environment","abstract":"In this article, we study the trajectory planning and tracking control of a bionic underwater robot under multiple dynamic obstacles. We first introduce the design of the bionic leopard cabinet underwater robot developed in our lab. Then, we model the trajectory planning problem of the bionic underwater robot by combining its dynamics and physical constraints. Furthermore, we conduct global trajectory planning for bionic underwater robots based on the temporal-spatial Bezier curves. In addition, based on the improved proximal policy optimization, local dynamic obstacle avoidance trajectory replanning is carried out. In addition, we design the fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative controller for tracking control of the planned trajectory. Finally, the effectiveness of the real-time trajectory planning and tracking control method is verified by comparative simulation in dynamic environment and semiphysical simulation of UWSim. Among them, the real-time trajectory planning method has advantages in trajectory length, trajectory smoothness, and planning time. The error of trajectory tracking control method is controlled around 0.2 m.","author":[{"family":"Feng","given":"Ding"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Tiandong"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Gang"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Zhengxing"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Shuo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.34133/cbsystems.0112","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34133/cbsystems.0112","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4383109003","type":"article-journal","title":"UDepth: Fast Monocular Depth Estimation for Visually-guided Underwater Robots","abstract":"In this paper, we present a fast monocular depth estimation method for enabling 3D perception capabilities of low-cost underwater robots. We formulate a novel end-to-end deep visual learning pipeline named UDepth, which incorporates domain knowledge of image formation characteristics of natural underwater scenes. First, we adapt a new input space from raw RGB image space by exploiting underwater light attenuation prior, and then devise a least-squared formulation for coarse pixel-wise depth prediction. Subsequently, we extend this into a domain projection loss that guides the end-to-end learning of UDepth on over 9K RGB-D training samples. UDepth is designed with a computationally light MobileNetV2 backbone and a Transformer-based optimizer for ensuring fast inference rates on embedded systems. By domain-aware design choices and through comprehensive experimental analyses, we demonstrate that it is possible to achieve state-of-the-art depth estimation performance while ensuring a small computational footprint. Specifically, with 70 % −80 % less network parameters than existing benchmarks, UDepth achieves comparable and often better depth estimation performance. While the full model offers over 66 FPS (13 FPS) inference rates on a single GPU (CPU core), our domain projection for coarse depth prediction runs at 51.5 FPS rates on single-board Jetson TX2s. The inference pipelines are available at https://github.com/uf-robopi/UDepth.","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Boxiao"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Jiayi"},{"family":"Islam","given":"Md"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/icra48891.2023.10161471","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra48891.2023.10161471","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387931432","type":"article-journal","title":"The role of hydrodynamics in collective motions of fish schools and bioinspired underwater robots","abstract":"Collective behaviour defines the lives of many animal species on the Earth. Underwater swarms span several orders of magnitude in size, from coral larvae and krill to tunas and dolphins. Agent-based algorithms have modelled collective movements of animal groups by use ofsocial forces, which approximate the behaviour of individual animals. But details of how swarming individuals interact with the fluid environment are often under-examined. How do fluid forces shape aquatic swarms? How do fish use their flow-sensing capabilities to coordinate with their schooling mates? We propose viewing underwater collective behaviour from the framework offluid stigmergy, which considers both physical interactions and information transfer in fluid environments. Understanding the role of hydrodynamics in aquatic collectives requires multi-disciplinary efforts across fluid mechanics, biology and biomimetic robotics. To facilitate future collaborations, we synthesize key studies in these fields.","author":[{"family":"Ko","given":"Hungtang"},{"family":"Lauder","given":"George"},{"family":"Nagpal","given":"Radhika"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1098/rsif.2023.0357","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2023.0357","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4392240048","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of Underwater Robot Localization in Confined Spaces","abstract":"Underwater robots often encounter the influence of confined underwater environments during underwater exploration. These environments include underwater caves, sunken ships, submerged houses, and pipeline structures. Robot positioning in these environments is strongly disturbed, leading not only to the failure of some commonly used positioning methods but also to an increase in errors in positioning systems that normally function well in open water. In order to overcome the limitations of positioning methods in confined underwater environments, researchers have studied different underwater positioning methods and have selected suitable methods for positioning in such environments. These methods can achieve high-precision positioning without relying on assistance from other platforms and are referred to as autonomous positioning methods. Autonomous positioning methods for underwater robots mainly include SINS/DR positioning and SLAM positioning. In addition, in recent years, researchers have developed some bio-inspired autonomous positioning methods. This article introduces applicable robot positioning methods and sensors in confined underwater environments and discusses the research directions of robot positioning methods in such environments.","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Haoyu"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Yinglong"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Qiming"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Xinyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12030428","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030428","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390776926","type":"article-journal","title":"Development of Bioinspired Multimodal Underwater Robot “HERO-BLUE” for Walking, Swimming, and Crawling","abstract":"This study proposes a novel hybrid underwater robot platform, HERO-BLUE, that integrates swimming and legged motions. HERO-BLUE is equipped with a multimodal fin comprising numerous passive joints that can act as both a swimming fin and a walking limb. This multimodal fin is integrated with a salamander-like spine and soft undulating fin in a single robot system to enable three representative locomotion modes: swimming, walking, and crawling. This paper provides details of the hardware configuration of HERO-BLUE, mathematical models for each locomotion mode, motion planning methodology, and control strategies for enabling hybrid motions. For legged motions, a dynamic simulation study was conducted to analyze the ground reaction force. The results verified the effectiveness of the proposed multimodal fin. In water tank experiments, the swimming capability was validated through thrust tests and swimming trials, and the legged motion capability was quantitatively validated in three environments, including gravel, water flow, and slopes. Furthermore, field trials were conducted in real-life scenarios in open seas, lakes, and stream beds. The experimental results show that HERO-BLUE can successively combine swimming and legged motion capability and increase underwater mobility in various challenging underwater environments.","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Taesik"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Juhwan"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Son‐cheol"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tro.2024.3353040","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2024.3353040","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387397725","type":"article-journal","title":"Recent Advances on Underwater Soft Robots","abstract":"The ocean environment has enormous uncertainty due to the influence of complex waves and undercurrents. The human beings are limited in their abilities to detect and utilize marine resources without powerful tools. Soft robots employ soft materials to simplify the complex mechanical structures in rigid robots and adapt their morphology to the environment, making them suitable for performing some challenging tasks in place of manual labor. Due to superior flexible and deformable bodies, underwater soft robots have played significant roles in numerous applications in recent decades. Meanwhile, various technical challenges still need to be tackled to ensure the reliability and practical performance of underwater soft robots in complicated ocean environment. Nowadays, some researchers have developed underwater soft robotic systems based on biomimetics and other disciplines, aiming at comprehensive exploration of ocean and appropriate utilization of unexploited resources. This review presents the recent advances of underwater soft robots in the aspects of intelligent soft materials, fabrication, actuation, locomotion patterns, power storage, sensing, control, and modeling; additionally, the existing challenges and perspectives are analyzed as well.","author":[{"family":"Qu","given":"Juntian"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Yining"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhenkun"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Zhenping"},{"family":"Mao","given":"Baijin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yunfei"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ziqiang"},{"family":"Fan","given":"Qigao"},{"family":"Qian","given":"Xiang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Min"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Minyi"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Bin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1002/aisy.202300299","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202300299","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4365140269","type":"article-journal","title":"A versatile jellyfish-like robotic platform for effective underwater propulsion and manipulation","abstract":"Underwater devices are critical for environmental applications. However, existing prototypes typically use bulky, noisy actuators and limited configurations. Consequently, they struggle to ensure noise-free and gentle interactions with underwater species when realizing practical functions. Therefore, we developed a jellyfish-like robotic platform enabled by a synergy of electrohydraulic actuators and a hybrid structure of rigid and soft components. Our 16-cm-diameter noise-free prototype could control the fluid flow to propel while manipulating objects to be kept beneath its body without physical contact, thereby enabling safer interactions. Its against-gravity speed was up to 6.1 cm/s, substantially quicker than other examples in literature, while only requiring a low input power of around 100 mW. Moreover, using the platform, we demonstrated contact-based object manipulation, fluidic mixing, shape adaptation, steering, wireless swimming, and cooperation of two to three robots. This study introduces a versatile jellyfish-like robotic platform with a wide range of functions for diverse applications.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Tianlu"},{"family":"Joo","given":"Hyeong"},{"family":"Song","given":"Shanyuan"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Wenqi"},{"family":"Keplinger","given":"Christoph"},{"family":"Sitti","given":"Metin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.adg0292","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg0292","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1002/9781394162871.ch8","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Robots for Cleaning and Inspection of Underwater Structures","abstract":"Maintaining underwater structures, e.g., bridge pylons, wharf piles, and underwater pipes, is challenging because of strong and unpredictable water current, low visibility, and awkward pose of divers during cleaning with high-pressure water-jet. This chapter presents an autonomous underwater robot developed for removing marine growth that covers the surface of underwater structures, and then conducting inspection and condition assessment. Design considerations and enabling technologies developed and implemented into the robot system will be presented, including SBL-SONAR-based navigation, stabilization, and vision-based 3D map building. Extensive testing of the robot in a lab setup and at various bridges was conducted to verify the robotic system. Results and lessons learnt will be discussed.","author":[{"family":"To","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Le","given":"Khoa"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Dikai"},{"family":"Le","given":"Khoa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1002/9781394162871.ch8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394162871.ch8","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2403.10629","type":"manuscript","title":"Virtual Elastic Tether: a New Approach for Multi-agent Navigation in Confined Aquatic Environments","abstract":"Underwater navigation is a challenging area in the field of mobile robotics due to inherent constraints in self-localisation and communication in underwater environments. Some of these challenges can be mitigated by using collaborative multi-agent teams. However, when applied underwater, the robustness of traditional multi-agent collaborative control approaches is highly limited due to the unavailability of reliable measurements. In this paper, the concept of a Virtual Elastic Tether (VET) is introduced in the context of incomplete state measurements, which represents an innovative approach to underwater navigation in confined spaces. The concept of VET is formulated and validated using the Cooperative Aquatic Vehicle Exploration System (CAVES), which is a sim-to-real multi-agent aquatic robotic platform. Within this framework, a vision-based Autonomous Underwater Vehicle-Autonomous Surface Vehicle leader-follower formulation is developed. Experiments were conducted in both simulation and on a physical platform, benchmarked against a traditional Image-Based Visual Servoing approach. Results indicate that the formation of the baseline approach fails under discrete disturbances, when induced distances between the robots exceeds 0.6 m in simulation and 0.3 m in the real world. In contrast, the VET-enhanced system recovers to pre-perturbation distances within 5 seconds. Furthermore, results illustrate the successful navigation of VET-enhanced CAVES in a confined water pond where the baseline approach fails to perform adequately.","author":[{"family":"Yao","given":"Kanzhong"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Xueliang"},{"family":"Groves","given":"Keir"},{"family":"Lennox","given":"Barry"},{"family":"Marjanovic","given":"Ognjen"},{"family":"Watson","given":"Simon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2403.10629","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.10629","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.24406/publica-4220","type":"article-journal","title":"Lidar-Based Obstacle Detection and Path Prediction for Unmanned Surface Vehicles","abstract":"Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) represent an advanced technology with a wide range of applications in maritime contexts, and they offer a promising alternative to manned systems, particularly for the provision of services such as riverbed mapping. Furthermore, the use of USVs in combination with other robotic systems, such as flying drones, remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), opens up innovative ways to inspect and monitor maritime infrastructure. However, the use of these systems in dynamic environments, such as ports or shipping lanes, requires a high degree of adaptability and precision in navigation to manoeuvre safely between other traffic participants and obstacles to prevent collisions. To address this problem, USVs require sophisticated perception systems for the precise detection and classification of nearby objects. Leveraging Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology, which is renowned for its efficacy in obstacle avoidance in robotics, this paper outlines the adaptation of a LiDAR sensor for USVs. The proposed pipeline enables the detection of other moving vessels and the accurate determination of their positions and trajectories up to 150 m from the USV. This paper introduces an obstacle detection system and validates it within a port setting. A methodical approach to LiDAR data preprocessing, clustering, and point cloud extraction will be outlined. Furthermore, it explores the application of an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) for the projection of motion paths of identified entities. This advanced form of data analysis provides the ability to predict the future position and path of potential obstacles, optimize decision-making for autonomous navigation algorithms and significantly improve the safety of USV operations. The pipeline is tested experimentally in sea trials by enacting five different scenarios that USV may encounter in a port setting. The results of the pipeline's tracking capabilities are compared to the ground truth data collected by the tracked vessel and plotted to visualize the error.","author":[{"family":"Zantopp","given":"Nico"},{"family":"Budak","given":"Akif"},{"family":"Delea","given":"Cosmin"},{"family":"Werner","given":"Herberto"},{"family":"Au","given":"Ching"},{"family":"Oeffner","given":"Johannes"},{"family":"Unav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.24406/publica-4220","URL":"https://doi.org/10.24406/publica-4220","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4390826350","type":"article-journal","title":"Remote Sensing Object Detection in the Deep Learning Era—A Review","abstract":"Given the large volume of remote sensing images collected daily, automatic object detection and segmentation have been a consistent need in Earth observation (EO). However, objects of interest vary in shape, size, appearance, and reflecting properties. This is not only reflected by the fact that these objects exhibit differences due to their geographical diversity but also by the fact that these objects appear differently in images collected from different sensors (optical and radar) and platforms (satellite, aerial, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)). Although there exists a plethora of object detection methods in the area of remote sensing, given the very fast development of prevalent deep learning methods, there is still a lack of recent updates for object detection methods. In this paper, we aim to provide an update that informs researchers about the recent development of object detection methods and their close sibling in the deep learning era, instance segmentation. The integration of these methods will cover approaches to data at different scales and modalities, such as optical, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, and digital surface models (DSM). Specific emphasis will be placed on approaches addressing data and label limitations in this deep learning era. Further, we survey examples of remote sensing applications that benefited from automatic object detection and discuss future trends of the automatic object detection in EO.","author":[{"family":"Gui","given":"Shengxi"},{"family":"Song","given":"Shuang"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Rongjun"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Yang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs16020327","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020327","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.n5tb2rc43","type":"article-journal","title":"Data from: Reproductive ecology of the critically endangered pancake tortoise (Malacochersus tornieri) in the wild","abstract":"Reproduction of the pancake tortoise in the wild has remained poorly known over the decades. This study fills the knowledge gap by investigating the reproductive ecology of the species in its natural habitats in Kenya. Data were collected using the time-constrained search-and-seize method, group-level scan sampling, radio tracking, and camera-trapping. Our observations revealed a total of 19 mating events that occurred between December and April, predominantly during the rainy seasons. Mating duration averaged 15.2±2.4 minutes. Male-male aggression was observed during the mating season, with the dominant male keeping off all other males and mating with the resident females. Nest preparation events occurred between April and June. Nine nesting events were recorded, but in only five of them was an egg deposited. The nests were dug in loose soil, appeared almost circular, and measured 8.4±0.9 cm wide and 7.0±0.1 cm deep (n=7). The average clutch size was one egg. The eggs were white, hard-shelled, oval, and elongated measuring 4.4±0.4 cm long, 2.7±0.04 cm wide and weighed 17±0.6 g (n=3). Incubation period lasted 177± 5.7 days (n=2), and hatching coincided with the onset of the short rainy season in November, aligned with the availability of abundant food for the tortoises. The hatchlings were minimally wider than long, having an average straight carapace length of 4.5±0.6 cm, an average width of 4.5±0.4 cm, and on average weighed 14.7±3.7g, (N=9). They remained near the nest site for 4-5 days before relocating to tiny rock crevices away from the adult tortoise crevices. Egg and hatchling predation was high, with four of the total of six eggs, observed after they were laid, being destroyed. Three juveniles, out of nine, were also eaten by predators. These findings contribute useful information for the formulation of effective conservation and management strategies for this critically endangered species.","author":[{"family":"Ngwava","given":"Jacob"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"Fanrong"},{"family":"Malonza","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Bwong","given":"Beryl"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Hai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.n5tb2rc43","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.n5tb2rc43","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4386833455","type":"article-journal","title":"Submarine optical fiber communication provides an unrealized deep-sea observation network","abstract":"Oceans are crucial to human survival, providing natural resources and most of the global oxygen supply, and are responsible for a large portion of worldwide economic development. Although it is widely considered a silent world, the sea is filled with natural sounds generated by marine life and geological processes. Man-made underwater sounds, such as active sonars, maritime traffic, and offshore oil and mineral exploration, have significantly affected underwater soundscapes and species. In this work, we report on a joint optical fiber-based communication and sensing technology aiming to reduce noise pollution in the sea while providing connectivity simultaneously with a variety of underwater applications. The designed multifunctional fiber-based system enables two-way data transfer, monitoring marine life and ship movement near the deployed fiber at the sea bottom and sensing temperature. The deployed fiber is equally harnessed to transfer energy that the internet of underwater things (IoUTs) devices can harvest. The reported approach significantly reduces the costs and effects of monitoring marine ecosystems while ensuring data transfer and ocean monitoring applications and providing continuous power for submerged IoUT devices.","author":[{"family":"Guo","given":"Yujian"},{"family":"Marin","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Ashry","given":"Islam"},{"family":"Trichili","given":"Abderrahmen"},{"family":"Havlik","given":"Michelle"},{"family":"Ng","given":"Tien"},{"family":"Duarte","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Ooi","given":"Boon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-023-42748-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42748-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4385234482","type":"article-journal","title":"Agricultural Greenhouses: Resource Management Technologies and Perspectives for Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions","abstract":"Resource management in agriculture is considered a pivotal issue because greenhouse farming and agriculture-related activities generate about 10–29% of all global greenhouse gas emissions. The problem of high greenhouse gas emissions is still unresolved due to the rapid expansion of arable land to meet global food demand. The purpose of this systematic literature review was to generate new perspectives and insights regarding the development of resource management and optimized environments in greenhouses, thereby lowering energy requirements and CO2 emissions. This review sought to answer what technologies and inventions could be used to achieve zero greenhouse gas emissions through efficient energy-saving mechanisms while considering their technical and economic viability. The synthesis of the findings led to several themes which included energy-saving techniques for greenhouses, systems that reduced unfavorable external conditions and renewable energy systems. Other themes identified regarded energy storage systems, systems for managing conditions in greenhouses, carbon capture and storage, and factors influencing the performance of different technologies to enhance resource management and ensure zero carbon emissions. The findings also revealed various technologies used in the design of energy-saving techniques in greenhouses including proportional–integral–derivatives (PID), fuzzy, artificial neural networks, and other intelligent algorithms. Additionally, technologies that were a combination of these algorithms were also examined. The systems that reduced unfavorable external conditions included the use of insulation panels and intelligent shading systems. Greenhouse covers were also optimized by smart glass systems, sensors, Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. Renewable energy systems included PV (solar) panels, wind turbines, and geothermal electricity. Some of the thermal energy storage systems widely studied in recent research included underground thermal energy storage (UTES) (for seasonal storage), phase-change materials (PCMs), and water tanks, which are used to address short-term shortages and peak loads. The adoption of the various technologies to achieve the above purposes was constrained by the fact that there was no isolated technology that could enable agricultural producers to achieve zero energy, zero emissions, and optimal resource utilization in the short term. Future research studies should establish whether it is economical for large agricultural companies to install smart glass systems and infrastructure for slow fertilizer release and carbon capture in greenhouse structures to offset the carbon footprint.","author":[{"family":"Maraveas","given":"Chrysanthos"},{"family":"Karavas","given":"Christos‐spyridon"},{"family":"Loukatos","given":"Dimitrios"},{"family":"Bartzanas","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Arvanitis","given":"Konstantinos"},{"family":"Symeonaki","given":"Eleni"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/agriculture13071464","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13071464","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4376137834","type":"article-journal","title":"Survey of Distributed and Decentralized IoT Securities: Approaches Using Deep Learning and Blockchain Technology","abstract":"The Internet of Things (IoT) continues to attract attention in the context of computational resource growth. Various disciplines and fields have begun to employ IoT integration technologies in order to enable smart applications. The main difficulty in supporting industrial development in this scenario involves potential risk or malicious activities occurring in the network. However, there are tensions that are difficult to overcome at this stage in the development of IoT technology. In this situation, the future of security architecture development will involve enabling automatic and smart protection systems. Due to the vulnerability of current IoT devices, it is insufficient to ensure system security by implementing only traditional security tools such as encryption and access control. Deep learning and blockchain technology has now become crucial, as it provides distinct and secure approaches to IoT network security. The aim of this survey paper is to elaborate on the application of deep learning and blockchain technology in the IoT to ensure secure utility. We first provide an introduction to the IoT, deep learning, and blockchain technology, as well as a discussion of their respective security features. We then outline the main obstacles and problems of trusted IoT and how blockchain and deep learning may be able to help. Next, we present the future challenges in integrating deep learning and blockchain technology into the IoT. Finally, as a demonstration of the value of blockchain in establishing trust, we provide a comparison between conventional trust management methods and those based on blockchain.","author":[{"family":"Falayi","given":"Ayodeji"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Qianlong"},{"family":"Liao","given":"Weixian"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/fi15050178","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15050178","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4384488750","type":"article-journal","title":"Air–Sea Exchange and Atmospheric Deposition of Phthalate Esters in the South China Sea","abstract":"High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Phthalate esters (PAEs) have been investigated in paired air and seawater samples collected onboard the research vessel SONNE in the South China Sea in the summer of 2019. The concentrations of ∑ 7 PAEs ranged from 2.84 to 24.3 ng/m 3 with a mean of 9.67 ± 5.86 ng/m 3 in air and from 0.96 to 8.35 ng/L with a mean of 3.05 ng/L in seawater. Net air-to-seawater deposition dominated air–sea exchange fluxes of DiBP, DnBP, DMP, and DEP, while strong water-to-air volatilization was estimated for bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The estimated net atmospheric depositions were 3740 t/y for the sum of DMP, DEP, DiBP, and DnBP, but DEHP volatilized from seawater to air with an average of 900 t/y. The seasonally changing monsoon circulation, currents, and cyclones occurring in the Pacific can significantly influence the concentration of PAEs, and alter the direction and magnitude of air–sea exchange and particle deposition fluxes. Consequently, the dynamic air–sea exchange process may drive the transport of PAEs from marginal seas and estuaries toward remote marine environments, which can play an important role in the environmental transport and cycling of PAEs in the global ocean.","author":[{"family":"Mi","given":"Lijie"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Zhiyong"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Weihai"},{"family":"Waniek","given":"Joanna"},{"family":"Pohlmann","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Mi","given":"Wenying"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acs.est.2c09426","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c09426","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387233896","type":"article-journal","title":"Applications of deep learning in fish habitat monitoring: A tutorial and survey","abstract":"Marine ecosystems and their fish habitats are becoming increasingly important due to their integral role in providing a valuable food source and conservation outcomes. Due to their remote and difficult to access nature, marine environments and fish habitats are often monitored using underwater cameras to record videos and images for understanding fish life and ecology, as well as for preserve the environment. There are currently many permanent underwater camera systems deployed at different places around the globe. In addition, there exists numerous studies that use temporary cameras to survey fish habitats. These cameras generate a massive volume of digital data, which cannot be efficiently analysed by current manual processing methods, which involve a human observer. Deep Learning (DL) is a cutting-edge Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology that has demonstrated unprecedented performance in analysing visual data. Despite its application to a myriad of domains, its use in underwater fish habitat monitoring remains under explored. In this paper, we provide a tutorial that covers the key concepts of DL, which help the reader grasp a high-level understanding of how DL works. The tutorial also explains a step-by-step procedure on how DL algorithms should be developed for challenging applications such as underwater fish monitoring. In addition, we provide a comprehensive survey of key deep learning techniques for fish habitat monitoring including classification, counting, localisation, and segmentation. Furthermore, we survey publicly available underwater fish datasets, and compare various DL techniques in the underwater fish monitoring domains. We also discuss some challenges and opportunities in the emerging field of deep learning for fish habitat processing. This paper is written to serve as a tutorial for marine scientists who would like to grasp a high-level understanding of DL, develop it for their applications by following our step-by-step tutorial, and see how it is evolving to facilitate their research efforts. At the same time, it is suitable for computer scientists who would like to survey state-of-the-art DL-based methodologies for fish habitat monitoring.","author":[{"family":"Saleh","given":"Alzayat"},{"family":"Sheaves","given":"Marcus"},{"family":"Jerry","given":"Dean"},{"family":"Azghadi","given":"Mostafa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121841","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121841","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4318462527","type":"article-journal","title":"Rare‐Earth Elements in Deep‐Sea Sediments in the South Pacific Gyre: Source Materials and Resource Potentials","abstract":"Abstract Deep‐sea sediments enriched in rare‐earth elements and yttrium (REY) plus scandium (Sc), termed “REY‐rich mud,” have attracted attention as a possible resource for these critical industrial elements. Examples have been reported from the western North Pacific, central Pacific, low‐latitude South Pacific, and eastern South Pacific. Although previous studies of pelagic clay have reported the existence of highly REY‐rich mud in the ultraoligotrophic South Pacific Gyre, neither the source materials nor the resource potentials for REY and Sc of the sediment have been quantified. We analyzed the major‐ and trace‐element contents of bulk sediments in Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Holes U1365A to U1370D, drilled in the South Pacific Gyre. The elemental relationships suggest that the enrichment in REY and Sc reflects the accumulation of biogenic Ca phosphate in an environment with low sedimentation rates as well as the tectonic transition of depositional environments from hydrothermally influenced sites near the mid‐ocean ridge to distal basins far from hydrothermal vents. The maximum total REY content of 4,662 ppm at Hole U1366C is the highest value yet reported from the South Pacific Ocean. Although the REY‐ and Sc‐enriched sediment layers of most cores from the South Pacific Gyre are located deeper beneath the seafloor than those elsewhere in the Pacific Ocean, Hole U1367B demonstrates large resource potentials (1.21 × 10 4 t/km 2 of REY oxides and 102 t/km 2 of Sc) in the uppermost 6.5‐m interval, making it the most promising site for REY and Sc yet found in the South Pacific Gyre.","author":[{"family":"Tanaka","given":"Erika"},{"family":"Mimura","given":"Kazuhide"},{"family":"Nakamura","given":"Kentaro"},{"family":"Ohta","given":"Junichiro"},{"family":"Yasukawa","given":"Kazutaka"},{"family":"Kato","given":"Yasuhiro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2022gc010681","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gc010681","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388819906","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Representation Learning: Fundamentals, Technologies, Applications, and Open Challenges","abstract":"Machine learning algorithms have had a profound impact on the field of computer science over the past few decades. The performance of these algorithms heavily depends on the representations derived from the data during the learning process. Successful learning processes aim to produce concise, discrete, meaningful representations that can be effectively applied to various tasks. Recent advancements in deep learning models have proven to be highly effective in capturing high-dimensional, non-linear, and multi-modal characteristics. In this work, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in deep representation learning and the principles and developments made in the process of representation learning. Our study encompasses both supervised and unsupervised methods, including popular techniques such as autoencoders, self-supervised methods, and deep neural networks. Furthermore, we explore a wide range of applications, including image recognition and natural language processing. In addition, we discuss recent trends, key issues, and open challenges in the field. This survey endeavors to make a significant contribution to the field of deep representation learning, fostering its understanding and facilitating further advancements.","author":[{"family":"Payandeh","given":"Amirreza"},{"family":"Baghaei","given":"Kourosh"},{"family":"Fayyazsanavi","given":"Pooya"},{"family":"Ramezani","given":"Somayeh"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhiqian"},{"family":"Rahimi","given":"Shahram"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/access.2023.3335196","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3335196","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4386112119","type":"article-journal","title":"mTORC1 regulates phagosome digestion of symbiotic bacteria for intracellular nutritional symbiosis in a deep-sea mussel","abstract":", acquires its symbiont from the environment by phagocytosis of gill epithelial cells and receives nutrients from them. However, the manner by which mussels retain the symbiont without phagosome digestion remains unknown. Here, we show that controlling the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in mussels leads to retaining symbionts in gill cells. The symbiont is essential for the host mussel nutrition; however, depleting the symbiont's energy source triggers the phagosome digestion of symbionts. Meanwhile, the inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin prevented the digestion of the resident symbionts and of the engulfed exogenous dead symbionts in gill cells. This indicates that mTORC1 promotes phagosome digestion of symbionts under reduced nutrient supply from the symbiont. The regulation mechanism of phagosome digestion by mTORC1 through nutrient signaling with symbionts is key for maintaining animal-microbe intracellular nutritional symbiosis.","author":[{"family":"Tame","given":"Akihiro"},{"family":"Maruyama","given":"Tadashi"},{"family":"Ikuta","given":"Tetsuro"},{"family":"Chikaraishi","given":"Yoshihito"},{"family":"Ogawa","given":"Nanako"},{"family":"Tsuchiya","given":"Masashi"},{"family":"Takishita","given":"Kiyotaka"},{"family":"Tsuda","given":"Miwako"},{"family":"Hirai","given":"Miho"},{"family":"Takaki","given":"Yoshihiro"},{"family":"Ohkouchi","given":"Naohiko"},{"family":"Fujikura","given":"Katsunori"},{"family":"Yoshida","given":"Takao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.adg8364","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg8364","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4366601926","type":"article-journal","title":"High Levels of Microplastics in the Arctic Sea Ice Alga Melosira arctica, a Vector to Ice-Associated and Benthic Food Webs","abstract":"High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Plastic pollution has become ubiquitous with very high quantities detected even in ecosystems as remote as Arctic sea ice and deep-sea sediments. Ice algae growing underneath sea ice are released upon melting and can form fast-sinking aggregates. In this pilot study, we sampled and analyzed the ice algae Melosira arctica and ambient sea water from three locations in the Fram Strait to assess their microplastic content and potential as a temporary sink and pathway to the deep seafloor. Analysis by μ-Raman and fluorescence microscopy detected microplastics (≥2.2 μm) in all samples at concentrations ranging from 1.3 to 5.7 × 10 4 microplastics (MP) m –3 in ice algae and from 1.4 to 4.5 × 10 3 MP m –3 in sea water, indicating magnitude higher concentrations in algae. On average, 94% of the total microplastic particles were identified as 10 μm or smaller in size and comprised 16 polymer types without a clear dominance. The high concentrations of microplastics found in our pilot study suggest that M. arctica could trap microplastics from melting ice and ambient sea water. The algae appear to be a temporary sink and could act as a key vector to food webs near the sea surface and on the deep seafloor, to which its fast-sinking aggregates could facilitate an important mechanism of transport.","author":[{"family":"Bergmann","given":"Melanie"},{"family":"Allen","given":"Steve"},{"family":"Krumpen","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Allen","given":"Deonie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acs.est.2c08010","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c08010","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4378648668","type":"article-journal","title":"Sustainable agricultural management of saline soils in arid and semi-arid Mediterranean regions through halophytes, microbial and soil-based technologies","abstract":"Soil salinization is an important global issue since marginal salt-affected soils have harmful consequences in agriculture and ecosystems. This article reviews different sustainable strategies adopted for marginal soil reclamation in Mediterranean climates. An innovative approach to soil salinity management includes a wide range of technologies, such as: phytoremediation, phytodesalination, vegetative bioremediation, amendments application and Technosols as well as inoculation with beneficial microorganisms like plant growth promoting bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Besides that, the role of Mediterranean halophyte crops in accelerating salt-affected area’s recovery while providing food and feed, and beneficial halophilic microorganisms for new bioinoculant production, are discussed. We conclude that the combined use of plant, soil- and microbial-based technologies is a valuable option to relieve saline stress exposure and improve crops growth and yield in saline conditions.","author":[{"family":"Navarrotorre","given":"Salvadora"},{"family":"Garcíacaparrós","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Nogales","given":"Amaia"},{"family":"Abreu","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Santos","given":"Erika"},{"family":"Cortinhas","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Caperta","given":"Ana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2023.105397","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2023.105397","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4382322839","type":"article-journal","title":"The large-scale impact of anthropogenic mixing by offshore wind turbine foundations in the shallow North Sea","abstract":"Structure drag from offshore wind turbines and its physical impacts on the marine environment of the German Bight are investigated in this study. The flow past vertical cylinders, such as wind turbine foundations, and associated turbulent mixing has long been studied, but questions remain about anticipated regional implications of offshore wind infrastructure on physical and biogeochemical conditions. Here, we present two existing modeling approaches for simulating wind turbine foundation effects in regional ocean models and discuss the problematic use of very high resolution in hydrostatic modeling. By implementing a low-resolution structure drag parameterization in an unstructured-grid model, we demonstrate the impacts of monopile drag on hydrodynamic conditions, validated against recent in-situ measurements. Although the anthropogenic mixing is confined at wind farm sites, our simulations show that structure-induced mixing affects much larger, regional scales. The additional turbulence production emerges as the driving mechanism behind the monopile impacts, leading to changes in both the current velocities and stratification, with magnitudes of about 10%, similar in magnitude to regional annual and interannual variabilities. This study provides new insights into the hydrodynamic impact of offshore wind farms at their current development levels and emphasizes the need for further research in view of potential restructuring of the future coastal environment.","author":[{"family":"Christiansen","given":"Nils"},{"family":"Carpenter","given":"Jeffrey"},{"family":"Daewel","given":"Ute"},{"family":"Suzuki","given":"Nobuhiro"},{"family":"Schrum","given":"Corinna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2023.1178330","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1178330","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4384932254","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Undulating Propulsion Biomimetic Robots: A Review","abstract":"The traditional propeller-based propulsion of underwater robots is inefficient and poorly adapted to practice. By contrast, underwater biomimetic robots show better stability and maneuverability in harsh marine environments. This is particularly true of undulating propulsion biomimetic robots. This paper classifies the existing underwater biomimetic robots and outlines their main contributions to the field. The propulsion mechanisms of underwater biomimetic undulating robots are summarized based on theoretical, numerical and experimental studies. Future perspectives on underwater biomimetic undulating robots are also presented, filling the gaps in the existing literature.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Gongbo"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Guijie"},{"family":"Leng","given":"Dingxin"},{"family":"Fang","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Guanghao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Wenqian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/biomimetics8030318","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8030318","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4392153292","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning Techniques for Autonomous Navigation of Underwater Robots","abstract":"Underwater exploration, environmental monitoring, and infrastructure inspection are just few of the many applications where autonomous navigation of underwater robots is a tough and crucial task. The undersea world is complicated and ever-changing, making conventional navigation systems ineffective. When it comes to autonomous and effective underwater robot navigation, deep learning, and more especially Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), has emerged as a potent technique. This study reviews the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in the context of underwater robot navigation in great detail. The major difficulties of underwater navigation are covered, including vision issues, changing illumination, and the existence of objects. The article goes on to investigate how convolutional neural networks (CNNs) might help solve these problems and boost navigational accuracy. CNNs' capacity to extract useful characteristics from unprocessed sensor data like sonar, LiDAR, and camera pictures is a major benefit. These capabilities improve underwater robots' perception, allowing them to avoid obstacles, identify objects, and map their environments. Because of their flexibility in responding to novel situations, CNN s are well-suited for use in the real world. Additionally, this research explores the methods of instruction and transfer learning that are most applicable to the field of underwater navigation. Reduce the burden of collecting massive amounts of data in harsh underwater settings by applying what has been learned in simulations to real-world circumstances.We also investigate how to combine CNNs with other sensor fusion methods like Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithms. These synergies boost underwater robots' overall navigation ability, allowing them to safely and independently traverse unfamiliar and sometimes dangerous terrain. This study also describes recent developments and case studies in which CNN s played a critical role in accomplishing autonomous navigation objectives. It demonstrates how deep learning approaches may enable adaptive and intelligent decision-making processes, which might completely transform the field of underwater robots. In conclusion, this article demonstrates how crucial CNN s are to developing the technology of underwater robots that can navigate autonomously. Using CNN-based techniques, it shows the potential for enhancing the efficacy, safety, and autonomy of underwater robotic systems, as well as the problems and possibilities involved with implementing deep learning in such settings. This paper's findings aid continuing attempts to design smarter, more competent, and more versatile underwater robots.","author":[{"family":"Sasi","given":"JP"},{"family":"Pandagre","given":"Karuna"},{"family":"Royappa","given":"Angelina"},{"family":"Walke","given":"Suchita"},{"family":"Pavithra","given":"G"},{"family":"Natrayan","given":"L"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/upcon59197.2023.10434865","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/upcon59197.2023.10434865","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4396578175","type":"article-journal","title":"A jelly-like artificial muscle for an untethered underwater robot","abstract":"Highlights•Design of a jelly-like muscle featuring an extremely soft and watery structure•Combining advantages of DEA's rapid electro-response and hydrogel's high transparency•Fast repair ability after mechanical rupture and electrical breakdown•Development of versatile and controllable underwater robots with jelly-like muscleSummaryUnderwater robots desire versatile, water-adaptive, untethered, and rapidly actuating soft artificial muscles. Existing artificial muscles compromise between high water compatibility and untethered rapid actuation. Taking inspiration from the watery and fast contraction characteristics of jellyfish, we present a jelly-like muscle design that features an extremely soft (elastic modulus, 66.9 kPa) and watery (water content, 83.3%) structure. The jelly-like muscle can instantly respond to electrical stimuli and provide underwater propulsion. The muscle can shift propulsion direction by simply tuning the voltage signal and quickly recover from electromechanical failures through repair. An untethered robot can be assembled by stimulating the muscle with an onboard power system. The robot reaches a maximum speed of 0.91 cm/s (0.3 body length per second) and has an endurance of 15.7 min with a 500-mAh lithium-ion battery. Robots can be constructed in different forms by tailoring the jelly-like muscle, which is promising for various applications.Graphical abstract","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Xinge"},{"family":"Rao","given":"Dingnan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Mingqi"},{"family":"Xue","given":"Yaoting"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Xunuo"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Shunyu"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Jie‐wei"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Fanghao"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Tuck‐whye"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Xuxu"},{"family":"Li","given":"Tiefeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.101957","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.101957","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391422864","type":"article-journal","title":"UNav-Sim: A Visually Realistic Underwater Robotics Simulator and Synthetic Data-Generation Framework","abstract":"Underwater robotic surveys can be costly due to the complex working environment and the need for various sensor modalities. While underwater simulators are essential, many existing simulators lack sufficient rendering quality, restricting their ability to transfer algorithms from simulation to real-world applications. To address this limitation, we introduce UNav-Sim, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first simulator to incorporate the efficient, high-detail rendering of Unreal Engine 5 (UE5). UNav-Sim is open-source11https://github.com/open-airlab/UNav-Sim and includes an autonomous vision-based navigation stack. By supporting standard robotics tools like ROS, UNav-Sim enables researchers to develop and test algorithms for underwater environments efficiently.","author":[{"family":"Amer","given":"A"},{"family":"Álvarez-Tuñón","given":"Olaya"},{"family":"Uğurlu","given":"Halil"},{"family":"Sejersen","given":"Jonas"},{"family":"Brodskiy","given":"Yury"},{"family":"Kayacan","given":"Erdal"},{"family":"Amer","given":"Abdelhakim"},{"family":"Sejersen","given":"Jonas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/icar58858.2023.10406819","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icar58858.2023.10406819","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387917746","type":"article-journal","title":"An Underwater Robotic System With a Soft Continuum Manipulator for Autonomous Aquatic Grasping","abstract":"Delicate underwater manipulation tasks such as biological specimen collection are promising fields that require new robotic designs and intelligent robotic technologies. In this study, we proposed an automatic aquatic object-collecting system with a soft manipulator controlled by a reinforcement learning-based controller. For underwater sensing, we implemented a visual perception framework to restore the quality of the underwater image, detect the seafood animals, and track the target's position. The online learning ability of the reinforcement learning-based controller endowed strong adaptability for the soft manipulator against underwater disturbances. The water tank grasping tests show a 91.7% successful grasping rate without flow disturbance and 83.3% with flow disturbances. We demonstrated that the soft robotic collecting system gripped seafood animals in a lab aquarium as well as the natural seabed environment. The real-world experimental results showed that the robot successfully collected 28 shells within 40 min at a water depth of 15 m and even completed grasping tasks in a dark environment. Our results demonstrated that this manipulator prototype is potentially applicable for fully autonomous delicate objects underwater.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Jiaqi"},{"family":"Song","given":"Zouhao"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Hui"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xingyu"},{"family":"Duo","given":"Youning"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Bohan"},{"family":"Kong","given":"Shihan"},{"family":"Shao","given":"Zhuyin"},{"family":"Gong","given":"Zheyuan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Shiqiang"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Xilun"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Junzhi"},{"family":"Wen","given":"Li"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tmech.2023.3321054","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2023.3321054","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4383108665","type":"article-journal","title":"CUREE: A Curious Underwater Robot for Ecosystem Exploration","abstract":"The current approach to exploring and monitoring complex underwater ecosystems, such as coral reefs, is to conduct surveys using diver-held or static cameras, or deploying sensor buoys. These approaches often fail to capture the full variation and complexity of interactions between different reef organisms and their habitat. The CUREE platform presented in this paper provides a unique set of capabilities in the form of robot behaviors and perception algorithms to enable scientists to explore different aspects of an ecosystem. Examples of these capabilities include low-altitude visual surveys, soundscape surveys, habitat characterization, and animal following. We demonstrate these capabilities by describing two field deployments on coral reefs in the US Virgin Islands. In the first deployment, we show that CUREE can identify the preferred habitat type of snapping shrimp in a reef through a combination of a visual survey, habitat characterization, and a soundscape survey. In the second deployment, we demonstrate CUREE's ability to follow arbitrary animals by separately following a barracuda and stingray for several minutes each in midwater and benthic environments, respectively.","author":[{"family":"Girdhar","given":"Yogesh"},{"family":"Mcguire","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Levi"},{"family":"Jamieson","given":"Stewart"},{"family":"Mccammon","given":"Seth"},{"family":"Claus","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Soucie","given":"John"},{"family":"Todd","given":"Jessica"},{"family":"Mooney","given":"TA"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/icra48891.2023.10161282","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra48891.2023.10161282","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4398249609","type":"article-journal","title":"YOLO8-FASG: A High-Accuracy Fish Identification Method for Underwater Robotic System","abstract":"In underwater robots, accurate identification of small fish is still a major challenge, because small fish move faster and occupy less screen space, which requires higher detection flexibility and receptive field of the model. To solve this challenge, we propose a high-precision small fish identification and tracking method named YOLO8-FASG in this paper. Specifically, the proposed method is improved in three aspects based on the YOLOv8 framework. First, Alterable Kernel Convolution(AKConv) is used in the neck network of the model to automatically adjust the shape of the convolution kernel according to the size and shape of the object. In this way, the shape and contour characteristics of rapidly changing fish can be captured more accurately and efficiently; Second, we introduce a global attention mechanism (GAM) to broaden the receptive field of the model by enhancing attention to fish features from the two dimensions of channel and space; Third, we employ Simplified Spatial Pyramid Pooling-Fast(SimSPPF) to replace the standard Spatial Pyramid Pooling-Fast(SPPF) to enhance prediction accuracy. These improvements enable the model to effectively extract image features of small, fast fish, thereby improving the robot’s accuracy in identifying small fish underwater. Experiments results in the public dataset Fish4Knowledge show that YOLO8-FASG performs significantly better than traditional YOLOv8 in underwater environments. Specifically, Precision and Recall increased by 1.6% and 3.5% respectively, while mAP50 and mAP50-95 increased by 1.3% and 6.1% respectively, and our method provides an effective solution for underwater robots to identify fish schools.","author":[{"family":"Qin","given":"Xiang‐rong"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Changdong"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Baisheng"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhihao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/access.2024.3404867","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3404867","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4360898102","type":"article-journal","title":"Centimeter-Scale Underwater Robot With High-Speed Inspired by Jellyfish","abstract":"Centimeter-scale underwater robots have important applications in underwater resource exploration, environmental monitoring, equipment fault diagnosis, and military applications. However, developing small underwater robots remains a challenge because of the limitation of miniaturized structures. In this study, we developed a small underwater robot (JR) with high-speed, inspired by the jellyfish ephyra, composed of a dish-shaped wing, a flexible joint, a rigid support, a semicircular air chamber, with a magnet and a coil integrated as the driving source. Robot JR combines the advantages of electromagnetic drive, flexible structures, miniaturization of the jellyfish robot is realized and high-speed swimming. The size of robot JR was onlyΦ5 × 3 cm, which is the smallest besides the jellyfish robot driven by an external magnetic field. Meanwhile, its maximum movement speed reached 4.6 BL/s, which is also considerably faster than that of other jellyfish robots. The design and control strategies of our research will provide a reference for future design and lay a solid foundation for the practical use of small underwater robots.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Xiaolong"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Ningyi"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Junyi"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Jianning"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/lra.2023.3261760","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2023.3261760","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4318220681","type":"article-journal","title":"Lightweight underwater robot developed for archaeological surveys and excavations","abstract":"Abstract This paper reports the development of a lightweight remotely operated vehicle that performs underwater excavation work for archaeological surveys. Discovering underwater artifacts is generally difficult because they are in high risk areas and are often covered with sediment. To discover them, divers and large remotely operated vehicles must conduct excavation work with a manipulator(s). Nevertheless, accomplishing such tasks is difficult for small and portable underwater robots without a manipulator(s). As described herein, we developed a lightweight underwater robot of 35 kg that can remove sediment from the seabed or lake bottom using its thrusters instead of a manipulator. Numerous redundant thrusters are equipped with the robot to compensate the reaction force of the thrusters for sediment removal. Eight thrusters are arranged not only for sediment removal but also for fine maneuvering. First, through preliminary experiments, we investigated the potential use of a water flow generated using a pair of small marine thrusters to remove surface sediment. Next, we described the design and development of a lightweight underwater robot with eight thrusters and high-definition cameras for archaeological surveys. Finally, we conducted field experiments to demonstrate the sediment removal performance and usefulness of the developed robot.","author":[{"family":"Hotta","given":"Shohei"},{"family":"Mitsui","given":"Yusuke"},{"family":"Suka","given":"Mizuki"},{"family":"Sakagami","given":"Norimitsu"},{"family":"Kawamura","given":"Sadao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1186/s40648-023-00240-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40648-023-00240-4","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401892767","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Robot Target Detection Algorithm Based on YOLOv8","abstract":"Although the ocean is rich in energy and covers a vast portion of the planet, the present results of underwater target identification are not sufficient because of the complexity of the underwater environment. An enhanced technique based on YOLOv8 is proposed to solve the problems of low identification accuracy and low picture quality in the target detection of current underwater robots. Firstly, considering the issue of model parameters, only the convolution of the ninth layer is modified, and the deformable convolution is designed to be adaptive. Certain parts of the original convolution are replaced with DCN v3, in order to address the issue of the deformation of underwater photos with fewer parameters and more effectively capture the deformation and fine details of underwater objects. Second, the ability to recognize multi-scale targets is improved by employing SPPFCSPC, and the ability to express features is improved by combining high-level semantic features with low-level shallow features. Lastly, using WIoU loss v3 instead of the CIoU loss function improves the overall performance of the model. The enhanced algorithm mAP achieves 86.5%, an increase of 2.1% over the YOLOv8s model, according to the results of the testing of the underwater robot grasping. This meets the real-time detection needs of underwater robots and significantly enhances the performance of the object detection model.","author":[{"family":"Song","given":"Guangwu"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Qilong"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Chenkai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/electronics13173374","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13173374","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405926405","type":"article-journal","title":"Actuation and Locomotion of Miniature Underwater Robots: A Survey","abstract":"Underwater robots have emerged as key tools for marine exploration because of their unique ability to traverse and navigate underwater regions, which pose challenges or dangers to human expeditions. Miniature underwater robots are widely employed in marine science, resource surveys, seabed geological investigations, and marine life observations, owing to their compact size, minimal noise, and agile movement. In recent years, researchers have developed diverse miniature underwater robots inspired by bionics and other disciplines, leading to many landmark achievements such as centimeter-level wireless control, movement speeds up to hundreds of millimeters per second, underwater three-dimensional motion capabilities, robot swarms, and underwater operation robots. This article offers an overview of the actuation methods and locomotion patterns utilized by miniature underwater robots and assesses the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Furthermore, the challenges confronting currently available miniature underwater robots are summarized, and future development trends are explored.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Panbing"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xinyu"},{"family":"Song","given":"Aiguo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.10.022","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2024.10.022","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4385286939","type":"article-journal","title":"Dynamic robotic tracking of underwater targets using reinforcement learning","abstract":"To realize the potential of autonomous underwater robots that scale up our observational capacity in the ocean, new techniques are needed. Fleets of autonomous robots could be used to study complex marine systems and animals with either new imaging configurations or by tracking tagged animals to study their behavior. These activities can then inform and create new policies for community conservation. The role of animal connectivity via active movement of animals represents a major knowledge gap related to the distribution of deep ocean populations. Tracking underwater targets represents a major challenge for observing biological processes in situ, and methods to robustly respond to a changing environment during monitoring missions are needed. Analytical techniques for optimal sensor placement and path planning to locate underwater targets are not straightforward in such cases. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of reinforcement learning as a tool for range-only underwater target-tracking optimization, whose promising capabilities have been demonstrated in terrestrial scenarios. To evaluate its usefulness, a reinforcement learning method was implemented as a path planning system for an autonomous surface vehicle while tracking an underwater mobile target. A complete description of an open-source model, performance metrics in simulated environments, and evaluated algorithms based on more than 15 hours of at-sea field experiments are presented. These efforts demonstrate that deep reinforcement learning is a powerful approach that enhances the abilities of autonomous robots in the ocean and encourages the deployment of algorithms like these for monitoring marine biological systems in the future.","author":[{"family":"Rusiñol","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Martín","given":"Mario"},{"family":"Oreilly","given":"Tom"},{"family":"Kieft","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Palomeras","given":"Narcís"},{"family":"Navarro","given":"Joan"},{"family":"Katija","given":"Kakani"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1126/scirobotics.ade7811","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.ade7811","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"oa:W4321604335","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and development of modular magnetic bio-inspired autonomous underwater robot – MMBAUV","abstract":"This paper describes the design and construction of a magnetically coupled modular bio-inspired underwater robot named the Modular Magnetic Bio-Inspired Underwater Vehicle (MMBAUV). Designed to form a traveling wave to mimic efficient Body Caudal Fin (BCF) swimming and manoeuvring, its modularity allows for flexible system setup and offers an opportunity for redundancy and cost reduction through a common design structure. The specific feature of this design presents a novel application of a permanent synchronous magnetic coupling between neighbouring modules with a rotational degree of freedom (DoF). The actuated magnetic coupling provides a reliable and low maintenance solution to the fundamental issues of water tightness of flexible underwater structures. When encountering extreme conditions, the magnetic coupling allows the safe decoupling of the modules increasing the survivability of the robotic system. Presented lab testing results demonstrate the function of the design and provide initial evidence of its thrust generation and manoeuvrability.","author":[{"family":"Wright","given":"Marvin"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"Qing"},{"family":"Dai","given":"Saishuai"},{"family":"Post","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Yue","given":"Hong"},{"family":"Sarkar","given":"Bodhi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.113968","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.113968","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387742944","type":"article-journal","title":"Review of research and control technology of underwater bionic robots","abstract":"Abstract As marine resources continue to be exploited, the remarkable locomotion and coordination of fish provide an excellent source of inspiration for scientists and engineers to design and control the next -generation autonomous underwater vehicles within a bionic framework. Underwater biomimetic robots combine bionics and robot technology, and their biological characteristics offer a lot of convenience for the robot so that it can obtain better performance in adaptability and robustness. Recently, with the combination of bionics, mechanics, electronics, materials science, and automation, there has been great progress in developing underwater bionic robots with different structure types and energy supply modes. This paper summarizes the research status of underwater robots, focuses on the research status of underwater bionic robots with different materials, types and motion modes, and introduces the propulsion mechanism of underwater robots with different structures and the control methods adopted in the propulsion process. Finally, the broad application prospect and market potential of underwater biomimetic robot are introduced.","author":[{"family":"Cui","given":"Zhongao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Liao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yuhang"},{"family":"Zhong","given":"Zhiwei"},{"family":"Li","given":"Junyang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s44295-023-00010-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44295-023-00010-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401554251","type":"article-journal","title":"Miniature Modular Reconfigurable Underwater Robot Based on Synthetic Jet","abstract":"Abstract Modular reconfigurable robots exhibit prominent advantages in the reconnaissance and exploration tasks within unstructured environments for their characteristics of high adaptability and high robustness. However, due to the limitations in locomotion mechanism and integration requirements, the modular design of miniature robots in the aquatic environment encounters significant challenges. Here, a modular strategy based on the synthetic jet principle is proposed, and a modular reconfigurable robot system is developed. Specialized bottom and side jet actuators are designed with vibration motors as excitation sources, and a motion module is developed incorporating the jet actuators to realize three‐dimensional agile motion. Its linear, rotational, and ascending motion speeds reach 70.7 mm s −1 , 3.3 rad s −1 , and 28.7 mm s −1 , respectively. The module integrates the power supply, communication, and control system with a small size of 48 mm × 38 mm × 38 mm, which ensures a wireless controllable motion. Then, various configurations of the multi‐module robot system are established with corresponding motion schemes, and the experiments with replaceable intermediate modules are further conducted to verify the transportation and image‐capturing functions. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of synthetic jet propulsion for aquatic modular reconfigurable robot systems, and it exhibits profound potential in future underwater applications.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Dehong"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Fanheng"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Shijing"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Daqing"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Weishan"},{"family":"Deng","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yingxiang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/advs.202406956","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202406956","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1002/rob.22432","type":"article-journal","title":"UAMFDet: Acoustic‐Optical Fusion for Underwater Multi‐Modal Object Detection","abstract":"ABSTRACT Underwater object detection serves as a crucial means for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to gain awareness of their surroundings. Currently, AUVs predominantly depend on underwater optical cameras or sonar sensing techniques to furnish vital information sources for subsequent tasks such as underwater rescue and mining exploration. However, the influence of underwater light attenuation or significant background noise often leads to the failure of either the acoustic or optical sensor. Consequently, the traditional single‐modal object detection network, which relies exclusively on either the optical or acoustic modality, struggles to adapt to the varying complexities of underwater environments. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel underwater acoustic‐optical fusion‐based underwater multi‐modal object detection paradigm termed UAMFDet, which fuses highly misaligned acoustic‐optical features in the spatial dimension at both the fine‐grained level and the instance level. First, we propose a multi‐modal deformable self‐aligned feature fusion module to adaptively capture feature dependencies between multi‐modal targets, and perform self‐aligned multi‐modal fine‐grained feature fusion by differential fusion. Then a multi‐modal instance‐level feature matching network is designed. It matches multi‐modal instance features by a lightweight cross‐attention mechanism and performs differential fusion to achieve instance‐level feature fusion. In addition, we establish a data set dedicated to underwater acoustic‐optical fusion object detection tasks called UAOF, and conduct a large number of experiments on the UAOF data set to verify the effectiveness of UAMFDet.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Haojie"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhuo"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Hongde"},{"family":"Mu","given":"Xiaokai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/rob.22432","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rob.22432","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2411.09241","type":"manuscript","title":"BlueME: Robust Underwater Robot-to-Robot Communication Using Compact Magnetoelectric Antennas","abstract":"We present the design, development, and experimental validation of BlueME, a compact magnetoelectric (ME) antenna array system for underwater robot-to-robot communication. BlueME employs ME antennas operating at their natural mechanical resonance frequency to efficiently transmit and receive very-low-frequency (VLF) electromagnetic signals underwater. We outline the design, simulation, fabrication, and integration of the proposed system on low-power embedded platforms, focusing on portable and scalable applications. For performance evaluation, we deployed BlueME on an autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in open-water field trials. Ocean trials demonstrate that BlueME maintains reliable signal transmission at distances beyond 700 meters while consuming only 10 watts of power. Field trials show that the system operates effectively in challenging underwater conditions such as turbidity, obstacles, and multipath interference -- conditions that generally affect acoustics and optics. Our analysis also examines the impact of complete submersion on system performance and identifies key deployment considerations. This work represents the first practical underwater deployment of ME antennas outside the laboratory and implements the largest VLF ME array system to date. BlueME demonstrates significant potential for marine robotics and automation in multi-robot cooperative systems and remote sensor networks.","author":[{"family":"Talebi","given":"Mehron"},{"family":"Mahmud","given":"Sultan"},{"family":"Khalifa","given":"Adam"},{"family":"Islam","given":"Md"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2411.09241","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2411.09241","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4385347482","type":"article-journal","title":"Radar Target Characterization and Deep Learning in Radar Automatic Target Recognition: A Review","abstract":"Radar automatic target recognition (RATR) technology is fundamental but complicated system engineering that combines sensor, target, environment, and signal processing technology, etc. It plays a significant role in improving the level and capabilities of military and civilian automation. Although RATR has been successfully applied in some aspects, the complete theoretical system has not been established. At present, deep learning algorithms have received a lot of attention and have emerged as potential and feasible solutions in RATR. This paper mainly reviews related articles published between 2010 and 2022, which corresponds to the period when deep learning methods were introduced into RATR research. In this paper, the current research status of radar target characteristics is summarized, including motion, micro-motion, one-dimensional, and two-dimensional characteristics, etc. This paper reviews the progress of deep learning methods in the feature extraction and recognition of radar target characteristics in recent years, including space, air, ground, sea-surface targets, etc. Due to more and more attention and research results published in the past few years, it is hoped that this review can provide potential guidance for future research and application of deep learning in fields related to RATR.","author":[{"family":"Jiang","given":"Wen"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yanping"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Yun"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Wenjie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs15153742","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153742","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4362553834","type":"article-journal","title":"Microplastic sources, formation, toxicity and remediation: a review","abstract":"Microplastic pollution is becoming a major issue for human health due to the recent discovery of microplastics in most ecosystems. Here, we review the sources, formation, occurrence, toxicity and remediation methods of microplastics. We distinguish ocean-based and land-based sources of microplastics. Microplastics have been found in biological samples such as faeces, sputum, saliva, blood and placenta. Cancer, intestinal, pulmonary, cardiovascular, infectious and inflammatory diseases are induced or mediated by microplastics. Microplastic exposure during pregnancy and maternal period is also discussed. Remediation methods include coagulation, membrane bioreactors, sand filtration, adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, electrocoagulation and magnetic separation. Control strategies comprise reducing plastic usage, behavioural change, and using biodegradable plastics. Global plastic production has risen dramatically over the past 70 years to reach 359 million tonnes. China is the world's top producer, contributing 17.5% to global production, while Turkey generates the most plastic waste in the Mediterranean region, at 144 tonnes per day. Microplastics comprise 75% of marine waste, with land-based sources responsible for 80-90% of pollution, while ocean-based sources account for only 10-20%. Microplastics induce toxic effects on humans and animals, such as cytotoxicity, immune response, oxidative stress, barrier attributes, and genotoxicity, even at minimal dosages of 10 μg/mL. Ingestion of microplastics by marine animals results in alterations in gastrointestinal tract physiology, immune system depression, oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, differential gene expression, and growth inhibition. Furthermore, bioaccumulation of microplastics in the tissues of aquatic organisms can have adverse effects on the aquatic ecosystem, with potential transmission of microplastics to humans and birds. Changing individual behaviours and governmental actions, such as implementing bans, taxes, or pricing on plastic carrier bags, has significantly reduced plastic consumption to 8-85% in various countries worldwide. The microplastic minimisation approach follows an upside-down pyramid, starting with prevention, followed by reducing, reusing, recycling, recovering, and ending with disposal as the least preferable option.","author":[{"family":"Osman","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Hosny","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Eltaweil","given":"Abdelazeem"},{"family":"Omar","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Elgarahy","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Farghali","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Yap","given":"Pow‐seng"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Yuan"},{"family":"Nagandran","given":"Saraswathi"},{"family":"Batumalaie","given":"Kalaivani"},{"family":"Gopinath","given":"Subash"},{"family":"John","given":"Oliver"},{"family":"Sekar","given":"Mahendran"},{"family":"Saikia","given":"Trideep"},{"family":"Karunanithi","given":"Puvanan"},{"family":"Hatta","given":"Mohd"},{"family":"Akinyede","given":"Kolajo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10311-023-01593-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01593-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392309467","type":"article-journal","title":"Review on the Advancements in Wind Turbine Blade Inspection: Integrating Drone and Deep Learning Technologies for Enhanced Defect Detection","abstract":"The increasing demand for wind power requires more frequent inspections to identify defects in the Wind Turbine Blades (WTBs). These defects, if not detected, can compromise the structural integrity and safety of wind turbines. As WTBs are crucial and costly components, they may suffer material degradation and fatigue failure, which affects their performance and safety. Thus, the urgency for efficient and regular monitoring to maintain their structural integrity is greater than ever. This review paper explores innovative methods in fatigue testing, damage detection, and structural reliability in WTBs, focusing on the use of recent inspection methods, including those that take advantage of drones. Drones are used to identify defects such as cracks, erosion, and coating irregularities using high-resolution imagery with the onboard cameras. Various investigators have developed novel data-driven approaches, incorporating machine learning and deep learning, to accurately identify these defects. Although deep learning-based image processing has been successful in other public infrastructure contexts, its application to wind turbine inspection from aerial images presents unique challenges. This paper also highlights the critical role of failure inspection in enhancing the operational integrity of WTBs, showcasing state-of-the-art deep learning techniques that are pivotal for identifying and analyzing failures in WTBs from images captured by drones. The paper provides insights into the latest developments in using drone imagery for blade defect detection, contrasting this method with traditional non-destructive techniques. This approach could significantly transform the wind energy industry by offering a more efficient, automated, and precise way of ensuring the structural health of wind turbines. Unlike previous studies that predominantly focus on isolated aspects such as inspection or fatigue, this review paper not only integrates the three major aspects of WTBs integrity in terms of aerial inspection, image processing using machine learning, and structural integrity of the blade but also undertakes an extensive examination of the prevailing methodologies in the field, pinpointing crucial gaps and challenges. It provides a detailed review of existing research, covering various areas including automated inspection, image processing techniques, fatigue analysis, and the reliability of wind turbines. This approach enriches the discourse by offering a multifaceted perspective on WTB maintenance, thereby advancing the understanding of operational integrity within the field of wind energy.","author":[{"family":"Memari","given":"Majid"},{"family":"Shakya","given":"Praveen"},{"family":"Shekaramiz","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Seibi","given":"Abdennour"},{"family":"Masoum","given":"Mohammad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/access.2024.3371493","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3371493","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4317821616","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning Techniques in Intelligent Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis for Industrial Systems: A Review","abstract":"Fault diagnosis and prognosis (FDP) tries to recognize and locate the faults from the captured sensory data, and also predict their failures in advance, which can greatly help to take appropriate actions for maintenance and avoid serious consequences in industrial systems. In recent years, deep learning methods are being widely introduced into FDP due to the powerful feature representation ability, and its rapid development is bringing new opportunities to the promotion of FDP. In order to facilitate the related research, we give a summary of recent advances in deep learning techniques for industrial FDP in this paper. Related concepts and formulations of FDP are firstly given. Seven commonly used deep learning architectures, especially the emerging generative adversarial network, transformer, and graph neural network, are reviewed. Finally, we give insights into the challenges in current applications of deep learning-based methods from four different aspects of imbalanced data, compound fault types, multimodal data fusion, and edge device implementation, and provide possible solutions, respectively. This paper tries to give a comprehensive guideline for further research into the problem of intelligent industrial FDP for the community.","author":[{"family":"Qiu","given":"Shaohua"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Xiaopeng"},{"family":"Ping","given":"Zuowei"},{"family":"Shan","given":"Nanliang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhong"},{"family":"Bao","given":"Xianqiang"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Xinghua"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s23031305","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031305","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391130440","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Object Detection, Semantic Segmentation, and Human Action Recognition in Machine and Robotic Vision","abstract":"Machine vision, an interdisciplinary field that aims to replicate human visual perception in computers, has experienced rapid progress and significant contributions. This paper traces the origins of machine vision, from early image processing algorithms to its convergence with computer science, mathematics, and robotics, resulting in a distinct branch of artificial intelligence. The integration of machine learning techniques, particularly deep learning, has driven its growth and adoption in everyday devices. This study focuses on the objectives of computer vision systems: replicating human visual capabilities including recognition, comprehension, and interpretation. Notably, image classification, object detection, and image segmentation are crucial tasks requiring robust mathematical foundations. Despite the advancements, challenges persist, such as clarifying terminology related to artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning. Precise definitions and interpretations are vital for establishing a solid research foundation. The evolution of machine vision reflects an ambitious journey to emulate human visual perception. Interdisciplinary collaboration and the integration of deep learning techniques have propelled remarkable advancements in emulating human behavior and perception. Through this research, the field of machine vision continues to shape the future of computer systems and artificial intelligence applications.","author":[{"family":"Manakitsa","given":"Nikoleta"},{"family":"Maraslidis","given":"George"},{"family":"Moysis","given":"Lazaros"},{"family":"Fragulis","given":"George"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/technologies12020015","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12020015","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/ppbbt-td084","type":"article-journal","title":"Evaluating machine learning technologies for food computing from a data set perspective","abstract":"Abstract Food plays an important role in our lives that goes beyond mere sustenance. Food affects behavior, mood, and social life. It has recently become an important focus of multimedia and social media applications. The rapid increase of available image data and the fast evolution of artificial intelligence, paired with a raised awareness of people's nutritional habits, have recently led to an emerging field attracting significant attention, called food computing , aimed at performing automatic food analysis. Food computing benefits from technologies based on modern machine learning techniques, including deep learning, deep convolutional neural networks, and transfer learning. These technologies are broadly used to address emerging problems and challenges in food-related topics, such as food recognition, classification, detection, estimation of calories and food quality, dietary assessment, food recommendation, etc. However, the specific characteristics of food image data, like visual heterogeneity, make the food classification task particularly challenging. To give an overview of the state of the art in the field, we surveyed the most recent machine learning and deep learning technologies used for food classification with a particular focus on data aspects. We collected and reviewed more than 100 papers related to the usage of machine learning and deep learning for food computing tasks. We analyze their performance on publicly available state-of-art food data sets and their potential for usage in multimedia food-related applications for various needs (communication, leisure, tourism, blogging, reverse engineering, etc.). In this paper, we perform an extensive review and categorization of available data sets: to this end, we developed and released an open web resource in which the most recent existing food data sets are collected and mapped to the corresponding geographical regions. Although artificial intelligence methods can be considered mature enough to be used in basic food classification tasks, our analysis of the state-of-the-art reveals that challenges related to the application of this technology need to be addressed. These challenges include, among others: poor representation of regional gastronomy, incorporation of adaptive learning schemes, and reverse engineering for automatic food creation and replication.","author":[{"family":"Gilal","given":"Nauman"},{"family":"Al-Thelaya","given":"Khaled"},{"family":"Al-Saeed","given":"Jumana"},{"family":"Abdallah","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Schneider","given":"Jens"},{"family":"She","given":"James"},{"family":"Awan","given":"Jawad"},{"family":"Agus","given":"Marco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.60692/ppbbt-td084","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/ppbbt-td084","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/t0k3f-49c84","type":"article-journal","title":"Evaluating machine learning technologies for food computing from a data set perspective","abstract":"Abstract Food plays an important role in our lives that goes beyond mere sustenance. Food affects behavior, mood, and social life. It has recently become an important focus of multimedia and social media applications. The rapid increase of available image data and the fast evolution of artificial intelligence, paired with a raised awareness of people's nutritional habits, have recently led to an emerging field attracting significant attention, called food computing , aimed at performing automatic food analysis. Food computing benefits from technologies based on modern machine learning techniques, including deep learning, deep convolutional neural networks, and transfer learning. These technologies are broadly used to address emerging problems and challenges in food-related topics, such as food recognition, classification, detection, estimation of calories and food quality, dietary assessment, food recommendation, etc. However, the specific characteristics of food image data, like visual heterogeneity, make the food classification task particularly challenging. To give an overview of the state of the art in the field, we surveyed the most recent machine learning and deep learning technologies used for food classification with a particular focus on data aspects. We collected and reviewed more than 100 papers related to the usage of machine learning and deep learning for food computing tasks. We analyze their performance on publicly available state-of-art food data sets and their potential for usage in multimedia food-related applications for various needs (communication, leisure, tourism, blogging, reverse engineering, etc.). In this paper, we perform an extensive review and categorization of available data sets: to this end, we developed and released an open web resource in which the most recent existing food data sets are collected and mapped to the corresponding geographical regions. Although artificial intelligence methods can be considered mature enough to be used in basic food classification tasks, our analysis of the state-of-the-art reveals that challenges related to the application of this technology need to be addressed. These challenges include, among others: poor representation of regional gastronomy, incorporation of adaptive learning schemes, and reverse engineering for automatic food creation and replication.","author":[{"family":"Gilal","given":"Nauman"},{"family":"Al-Thelaya","given":"Khaled"},{"family":"Al-Saeed","given":"Jumana"},{"family":"Abdallah","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Schneider","given":"Jens"},{"family":"She","given":"James"},{"family":"Awan","given":"Jawad"},{"family":"Agus","given":"Marco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.60692/t0k3f-49c84","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/t0k3f-49c84","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/6getr-9wf89","type":"article-journal","title":"Opportunities, Applications, and Challenges of Edge-AI Enabled Video Analytics in Smart Cities: A Systematic Review","abstract":"Video analytics with deep learning techniques has generated immense interest in academia and industry, captivating minds with its transformative potential. Deep learning techniques and the deluge of video data enable the mechanization of tasks that were once the exclusive domain of human effort. Furthermore, edge intelligence is emerging as an interdisciplinary technology that drives the fusion of edge computing and artificial intelligence (AI). Edge computing allows the Internet of Things (IoT) devices with limited resources to offload their compute-intensive AI applications to the network edge servers for execution. Specifically, AI workloads for video analytics can be moved to the network edge from the cloud, providing improved latency and bandwidth savings, among other benefits. This article reviews current technologies used in Edge AI-assisted video analytics in smart cities. It examines the various artificial intelligence models and privacy-preserving techniques used in edge video analytics. It identifies the various applications of video analytics in smart cities, including security and surveillance, transportation and traffic management, healthcare, education, sports and entertainment, and many more. Besides, it highlights the challenges of edge video analysis and open research issues. It is expected that this review will be valuable for researchers, engineers, and decision-makers who want to understand the landscape and scale of edge video analytics in smart cities.","author":[{"family":"Badidi","given":"Elarbi"},{"family":"Moumane","given":"Karima"},{"family":"Ghazi","given":"Firdaous"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.60692/6getr-9wf89","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/6getr-9wf89","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/czahx-mzs20","type":"article-journal","title":"Opportunities, Applications, and Challenges of Edge-AI Enabled Video Analytics in Smart Cities: A Systematic Review","abstract":"Video analytics with deep learning techniques has generated immense interest in academia and industry, captivating minds with its transformative potential. Deep learning techniques and the deluge of video data enable the mechanization of tasks that were once the exclusive domain of human effort. Furthermore, edge intelligence is emerging as an interdisciplinary technology that drives the fusion of edge computing and artificial intelligence (AI). Edge computing allows the Internet of Things (IoT) devices with limited resources to offload their compute-intensive AI applications to the network edge servers for execution. Specifically, AI workloads for video analytics can be moved to the network edge from the cloud, providing improved latency and bandwidth savings, among other benefits. This article reviews current technologies used in Edge AI-assisted video analytics in smart cities. It examines the various artificial intelligence models and privacy-preserving techniques used in edge video analytics. It identifies the various applications of video analytics in smart cities, including security and surveillance, transportation and traffic management, healthcare, education, sports and entertainment, and many more. Besides, it highlights the challenges of edge video analysis and open research issues. It is expected that this review will be valuable for researchers, engineers, and decision-makers who want to understand the landscape and scale of edge video analytics in smart cities.","author":[{"family":"Badidi","given":"Elarbi"},{"family":"Moumane","given":"Karima"},{"family":"Ghazi","given":"Firdaous"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.60692/czahx-mzs20","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/czahx-mzs20","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/a4j6v-mhx23","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep‐learning‐based diagnosis of myopia in children using optical coherence tomography angiography","abstract":"As myopia develops and progresses at an accelerated pace during adolescence, a timely diagnosis is beneficial for preventing its further progression. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) can visualize distinct layers of retinal microvessels, offering valuable insights into structural changes associated with myopia. This capability facilitates the early detection and monitoring of myopia-related complications, such as choroidal neovascularization and myopic maculopathy. Previous research suggests that alterations in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) vessel density and deep capillary plexus (DCP) of OCTA images occur in myopic eyes, but few studies have focused on myopia in younger children.1 A recent study compared retinal microvasculature in the SCP of children and adolescents using OCTA imaging, which indicated that there were no obvious variations in microvessel density, perfusion density (PD), and the size of the foveal avascular zone within the SCP between groups with mild and moderate/high myopia.2 Conversely, another study demonstrated a negative correlation between children's myopia diopter and the microvessel density of both the superficial and deep retinal capillary plexus in the macula, as well as retinal thickness.3 Nonetheless, these studies only scrutinized a limited number of OCTA image parameters in the macular region and involved a relatively small number of subjects. Further research is warranted to fully understand the potential of OCTA images in assessing myopia during adolescence. Deep learning can extract high-dimensional features from images through its multilayer network architecture, leading to improved task performance. However, to our knowledge, there is limited research on the use of artificial intelligence for analyzing OCTA images related to myopia. Our study contributes to addressing this research gap by highlighting the potential of deep learning in OCTA image analysis for myopia assessment. In this study, we aimed to employ end-to-end deep learning models to classify children with mild versus severe myopia. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of deep and superficial blood vessels in the macula and optic disc as indicators of myopia severity in children, utilizing a classification task based on OCTA images. Initially, we collected four images from both the superficial and deep retinal capillary plexus in the macula, as well as from the optic disc, of children aged 8–16. Exclusion criteria included poor quality OCTA images, patients with other ocular conditions, or those who had undergone eye surgery. Ultimately, a total of 129 children (242 eyes) were included in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups based on their degree of refractive error: emmetropia/mild myopia (177 eyes, with a mean spherical equivalent between −3.00 and ≤0.50 D) and moderate/high myopia (65 eyes, with a mean spherical equivalent of less than −3.00 D). The average age of participants in this study was 11.14 years, including 63 girls. For more detailed information on the data set, please see File S1: Materials and methods section. Next, we utilized the resnet152 model to analyze the performance of different layer images within the macula and optic disc for the classification task. The workflow is illustrated in Figure 1A, and detailed methods are available in the File S1: Materials and methods section. Our results indicate that the four separate OCTA image models (SCP and DCP of macula and optic disc, respectively) exhibit good performance in distinguishing between the emmetropia/mild and moderate/high myopia groups, with the area under the curves (AUCs) ranging from 0.803 to 0.892 (Supporting Information S1: Table S2). The superior discriminatory effect of these models could be attributed to the changes occurring in the retinal microvessels within the optic disc and macula during the period of myopia development in teenagers. These changes may be a consequence of altered blood vessel mo","author":[{"family":"Xiao","given":"Wenchao"},{"family":"Yuxing","given":"Lu"},{"family":"Miao","given":"Huikai"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Li"},{"family":"Schanzlin","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.60692/a4j6v-mhx23","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/a4j6v-mhx23","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/6cqt0-7wg49","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep‐learning‐based diagnosis of myopia in children using optical coherence tomography angiography","abstract":"As myopia develops and progresses at an accelerated pace during adolescence, a timely diagnosis is beneficial for preventing its further progression. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) can visualize distinct layers of retinal microvessels, offering valuable insights into structural changes associated with myopia. This capability facilitates the early detection and monitoring of myopia-related complications, such as choroidal neovascularization and myopic maculopathy. Previous research suggests that alterations in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) vessel density and deep capillary plexus (DCP) of OCTA images occur in myopic eyes, but few studies have focused on myopia in younger children.1 A recent study compared retinal microvasculature in the SCP of children and adolescents using OCTA imaging, which indicated that there were no obvious variations in microvessel density, perfusion density (PD), and the size of the foveal avascular zone within the SCP between groups with mild and moderate/high myopia.2 Conversely, another study demonstrated a negative correlation between children's myopia diopter and the microvessel density of both the superficial and deep retinal capillary plexus in the macula, as well as retinal thickness.3 Nonetheless, these studies only scrutinized a limited number of OCTA image parameters in the macular region and involved a relatively small number of subjects. Further research is warranted to fully understand the potential of OCTA images in assessing myopia during adolescence. Deep learning can extract high-dimensional features from images through its multilayer network architecture, leading to improved task performance. However, to our knowledge, there is limited research on the use of artificial intelligence for analyzing OCTA images related to myopia. Our study contributes to addressing this research gap by highlighting the potential of deep learning in OCTA image analysis for myopia assessment. In this study, we aimed to employ end-to-end deep learning models to classify children with mild versus severe myopia. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of deep and superficial blood vessels in the macula and optic disc as indicators of myopia severity in children, utilizing a classification task based on OCTA images. Initially, we collected four images from both the superficial and deep retinal capillary plexus in the macula, as well as from the optic disc, of children aged 8–16. Exclusion criteria included poor quality OCTA images, patients with other ocular conditions, or those who had undergone eye surgery. Ultimately, a total of 129 children (242 eyes) were included in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups based on their degree of refractive error: emmetropia/mild myopia (177 eyes, with a mean spherical equivalent between −3.00 and ≤0.50 D) and moderate/high myopia (65 eyes, with a mean spherical equivalent of less than −3.00 D). The average age of participants in this study was 11.14 years, including 63 girls. For more detailed information on the data set, please see File S1: Materials and methods section. Next, we utilized the resnet152 model to analyze the performance of different layer images within the macula and optic disc for the classification task. The workflow is illustrated in Figure 1A, and detailed methods are available in the File S1: Materials and methods section. Our results indicate that the four separate OCTA image models (SCP and DCP of macula and optic disc, respectively) exhibit good performance in distinguishing between the emmetropia/mild and moderate/high myopia groups, with the area under the curves (AUCs) ranging from 0.803 to 0.892 (Supporting Information S1: Table S2). The superior discriminatory effect of these models could be attributed to the changes occurring in the retinal microvessels within the optic disc and macula during the period of myopia development in teenagers. These changes may be a consequence of altered blood vessel mo","author":[{"family":"Xiao","given":"Wenchao"},{"family":"Yuxing","given":"Lu"},{"family":"Miao","given":"Huikai"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Li"},{"family":"Schanzlin","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.60692/6cqt0-7wg49","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/6cqt0-7wg49","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.8018806","type":"article-journal","title":"Bioactivos marinos en la cosmética: Una revisión.","abstract":"Desde hace unos años, la preferencia por los productos que se asocian al concepto «natural» ha impulsado la investigación en aras de descubrir, desarrollar y fomentar la comercialización de nuevos bioactivos para la industria cosmecéutica. En la cosmética, se han incorporado paulatinamente ingredientes activos provenientes de organismos marinos. En particular, los más empleados a nivel internacional son los extractos de macroalgas y microalgas, corales, crustáceos, microorganismos, agua de mar, peces y lodo marino. En este artículo, se presenta una compilación que comprende una revisión de varios artículos en los que se describen estudios sobre la utilidad de los activos marinos incorporados a formulaciones cosméticas.","author":[{"family":"Pereira Cuni","given":"Liz"},{"family":"González García","given":"Kethia"},{"family":"Hernández Rivera","given":"Yasmany"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.8018806","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8018806","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.8018807","type":"article-journal","title":"Bioactivos marinos en la cosmética: Una revisión.","abstract":"Desde hace unos años, la preferencia por los productos que se asocian al concepto «natural» ha impulsado la investigación en aras de descubrir, desarrollar y fomentar la comercialización de nuevos bioactivos para la industria cosmecéutica. En la cosmética, se han incorporado paulatinamente ingredientes activos provenientes de organismos marinos. En particular, los más empleados a nivel internacional son los extractos de macroalgas y microalgas, corales, crustáceos, microorganismos, agua de mar, peces y lodo marino. En este artículo, se presenta una compilación que comprende una revisión de varios artículos en los que se describen estudios sobre la utilidad de los activos marinos incorporados a formulaciones cosméticas.","author":[{"family":"Pereira Cuni","given":"Liz"},{"family":"González García","given":"Kethia"},{"family":"Hernández Rivera","given":"Yasmany"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.8018807","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8018807","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.7713232","type":"article-journal","title":"Assessing in-person and online informal learning activities to promote understanding of evolution - a guide for practitioners","abstract":"Informal learning activities are a powerful medium to promote understanding of evolution, as they have a wide reach. Although the diversity of the types of informal learning activities is large, a common issue is that learning outcomes are seldom assessed, and rarely a part of the activity design. In this report, we present the ethical considerations and theoretical perspective that can help practitioners adopt assessment as an integral element of the activity design. We also describe an exploratory study designing assessments to assess knowledge, engagement, motivation, utility and attitudes for two contemporary examples of in-person and online learning activities. We conclude by reflecting on our process and providing recommendations to encourage practitioners to improve their practice by incorporating assessments in their activities.","author":[{"family":"De Lima","given":"Joelyn"},{"family":"Kenig","given":"Bojan"},{"family":"Savković","given":"Uroš"},{"family":"Tsopoglou-Gkina","given":"Despina"},{"family":"Milosevic","given":"Tamara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.7713232","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713232","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.7713233","type":"article-journal","title":"Assessing in-person and online informal learning activities to promote understanding of evolution - a guide for practitioners","abstract":"Informal learning activities are a powerful medium to promote understanding of evolution, as they have a wide reach. Although the diversity of the types of informal learning activities is large, a common issue is that learning outcomes are seldom assessed, and rarely a part of the activity design. In this report, we present the ethical considerations and theoretical perspective that can help practitioners adopt assessment as an integral element of the activity design. We also describe an exploratory study designing assessments to assess knowledge, engagement, motivation, utility and attitudes for two contemporary examples of in-person and online learning activities. We conclude by reflecting on our process and providing recommendations to encourage practitioners to improve their practice by incorporating assessments in their activities.","author":[{"family":"De Lima","given":"Joelyn"},{"family":"Kenig","given":"Bojan"},{"family":"Savković","given":"Uroš"},{"family":"Tsopoglou-Gkina","given":"Despina"},{"family":"Milosevic","given":"Tamara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.7713233","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713233","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4396660240","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and architecture of a slender and flexible underwater robot","abstract":"Abstract This paper presents the design and analysis of a biomimetic underwater snake-like robot, addressing the main limitations of current underwater robotic systems in terms of maneuverability and adaptability in complex environments. The innovative design incorporates flexible joint modules that significantly enhance the robot’s ability to navigate through narrow and irregular terrains, which is a notable limitation in traditional rigidly connected underwater robots. These flexible joints provide increased degrees of freedom and enable the robot to absorb and release energy, ensuring stability even under external impacts, thus extending the operational lifespan of the robot. Finite element analysis demonstrates the flexible joints’ superior performance in various underwater conditions, offering a greater range of motion and workspace compared to rigid connections. The results indicate that the robot’s modular design, combined with the flexible joint module, leads to improved agility and maneuverability, allowing for precise and intentional operation. The control module, equipped with advanced sensors and a CPU, manages the complex dynamics introduced by the flexible joints, ensuring effective navigation and operation. The specific advantages of this design include the robot’s enhanced structural integrity, its ability to conform to irregular surfaces, and its adaptability to environmental variations. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications of these findings for the future design and operation of underwater serpentine robots, emphasizing the need for a balance between the effects of elastic modulus and workspace to maximize the benefits of flexible joints.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Jialin"},{"family":"Song","given":"Jia"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Airong"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Jia"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Fo"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Jia"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Jiyang"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Bingcong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s11370-024-00539-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11370-024-00539-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405785604","type":"article-journal","title":"3D-BLUE: Backscatter Localization for Underwater Robotics","abstract":"We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of 3D-BLUE, an ultra-low-power underwater 3D localization system that can be deployed on compact robots to accurately localize them in shallow underwater environments. 3D-BLUE’s design introduces two core components. First, it adapts a recent ultra-low-power underwater acoustic communication technology (called piezo-electric backscatter) to the underwater robotics localization problem; specifically, it integrates backscatter nodes into the underwater robot and uses them for localizing it. Second, it leverages the physical properties of the backscatter technology to efficiently extract spatio-temporal-spectral features from the backscatter signal; using these features, it devises a particle-filter-based algorithm to localize the corresponding robot accurately in challenging shallow-water environments. We implemented an end-to-end prototype of 3D-BLUE on a BlueROV2 robot and custombuilt backscatter localization system, and evaluated it in dozens of experimental trials in a pool. Our results demonstrate that 3D-BLUE can localize the robot with an accuracy of around 0.25m at close range and an accuracy of around 1.4m at a range of 10m. This high localization accuracy opens important commercial, naval, and environmental applications in challenging shallow-water environments such as shores, rivers, pools, and narrow waterways.","author":[{"family":"Afzal","given":"Sayed"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Weitung"},{"family":"Adib","given":"Fadel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/iros58592.2024.10801869","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros58592.2024.10801869","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4321599177","type":"article-journal","title":"Dynamic analysis of symmetric oscillation and turning characteristics of a flexible fin underwater robot propelled by double fins","abstract":"In this study, the dynamics of the symmetric oscillation and turning characteristics of a flexible fin underwater robot propelled by two fins were studied. First, a three-dimensional model of a robot was established using three-dimensional software. Then, a fluid simulation experiment was conducted and a dynamic model of a flexible fin was established. The deformation of the flexible fin during symmetric undulations was studied. A motion equation for the wave track of the outer edge of the fin surface was also established. This motion equation was simulated and verified. Finally, an experimental prototype was fabricated to verify the simulation results. The results show that if the robot fish oscillates symmetrically using bilateral flexible pectoral fins, it can remain suspended, float vertically, or dive in the water. Its average turning speed can reach 0.8 rad/s, its straight running speed is 0.5 m/s, and its vertical ascending and descending speed is 0.1 m/s. Because a turn made by the robot fish is only driven by its pectoral fins, its turning radius is 0. The results show that the flexible fin underwater robot provides more abundant turning methods, better maneuverability, and higher turning efficiency. This research into the motion of the robot body for different wave parameters when the two fins move together provides a theoretical basis for the cooperative motion of two fins.","author":[{"family":"Su","given":"Zhengguo"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Xiaoqin"},{"family":"Han","given":"Wenjun"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Baoxing"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Qingda"},{"family":"Li","given":"Wentao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1063/5.0136565","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0136565","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4360854443","type":"article-journal","title":"Biomimetic Soft Underwater Robot Inspired by the Red Muscle and Tendon Structure of Fish","abstract":"Underwater robots are becoming increasingly important in various fields. Fish robots are attracting attention as an alternative to the screw-type robots currently in use. We developed a compact robot with a high swimming performance by mimicking the anatomical structure of fish. In this paper, we focus on the red muscles, tendons, and vertebrae used for steady swimming of fish. A robot was fabricated by replacing the red muscle structure with shape memory alloy wires and rigid body links. In our previous work, undulation motions with various phase differences and backward quadratically increasing inter-vertebral bending angles were confirmed in the air, while the swimming performance in insulating fluid was poor. To improve the swimming performance, an improved robot was designed that mimics the muscle contractions of mackerel using a pulley mechanism, with the robot named UEC Mackerel. In swimming experiments using the improved robot, a maximum swimming speed of 25.8 mm/s (0.11 BL/s) was recorded, which is comparable to that of other soft-swimming robots. In addition, the cost of transport (COT), representing the energy consumption required for robot movement, was calculated, and a minimum COT of 0.08 was recorded, which is comparable to that of an actual fish.","author":[{"family":"Aragaki","given":"Daisuke"},{"family":"Nishimura","given":"Toi"},{"family":"Sato","given":"Ryuki"},{"family":"Ming","given":"Aiguo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/biomimetics8020133","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8020133","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399141330","type":"article-journal","title":"Computer Vision Applications in Underwater Robotics and Oceanography","abstract":"Real-time computer vision and remote visual sensing platforms are increasingly used in numerous underwater applications such as shipwreck mapping, subsea inspection, coastal water monitoring, surveillance, coral reef surveying, invasive fish tracking, and more. Recent advancements in robot vision and powerful single-board computers have paved the way for an imminent revolution in the next generation of subsea technologies. In this chapter, we present these exciting emerging applications and discuss relevant open problems and practical considerations. First, we delineate the specific environmental and operational challenges of underwater vision and highlight some prominent scientific and engineering solutions to ensure robust visual perception. We specifically focus on the characteristics of underwater light propagation from the perspective of image formation and photometry. We also discuss the recent developments and trends in underwater imaging literature to facilitate the restoration, enhancement, and filtering of inherently noisy visual data. Subsequently, we demonstrate how these ideas are extended and deployed in the perception pipelines of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs). In particular, we present several use cases for marine life monitoring and conservation, human–robot cooperative missions for inspecting submarine cables and archaeological sites, subsea structure or cave mapping, aquaculture, and marine ecology. We elaborately discuss how the deep visual learning and on-device AI breakthroughs are transforming the perception, planning, localization, and navigation capabilities of visually guided underwater robots. Along this line, we also highlight the prospective future research directions and open problems at the intersection of computer vision and underwater robotics domains.","author":[{"family":"Islam","given":"Md"},{"family":"Li","given":"Alberto"},{"family":"Girdhar","given":"Yogesh"},{"family":"Rekleitis","given":"Ioannis"},{"family":"Girdhar","given":"Yogesh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1201/9781003328957-9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003328957-9","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4321767441","type":"article-journal","title":"Parent-child underwater robot-based manipulation system for underwater structure maintenance","abstract":"This study proposes a parent–child robot-based underwater manipulation system for underwater structure maintenance comprising two underwater vehicles with split roles. The larger autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) acts as the base to transport and control a tethered child robot that is deployed to perform actual manipulation tasks. Conventional AUVs face several challenges when performing manipulation missions because of their large and massive body and the complexity of dynamic control with a rigid arm manipulator in the precise hovering state. To address this problem, we proposed an underwater manipulation system that uses a large parent AUV with high-performance sensors to navigate to the desired location and a child robot with high mobility to perform manipulation tasks. In this study, a parent–child robot-based manipulation system was developed and mathematically modeled considering hydrodynamics. Based on the system model, a nonlinear time delay (TD) controller was applied to the child robot to ensure robustness of the movement, and complementary sensing methods were proposed according to the observation distance. Subsequently, we detailed the mission process such that the manipulation tasks could be performed autonomously. To implement and verify the proposed method, we conducted three-dimensional (3D) simulations, water tank experiments, and sea trials. In the 3D simulation and water tank experiments, we evaluated the position control using a TD controller during a specific disturbance and performed an operational evaluation of the parent–child system. In the water tank, we performed the operation of the child robot with the tether length adjustment of the winch system and the manipulation task. In the sea trial, the predefined mission was successfully completed, which demonstrated the feasibility of properly operating both the robots. The results of the experiments demonstrated the high potential and capabilities of the proposed manipulation system.","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Juhwan"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Taesik"},{"family":"Song","given":"Seokyong"},{"family":"Sung","given":"Minsung"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Son‐cheol"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.conengprac.2023.105459","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2023.105459","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404132892","type":"article-journal","title":"An Improved Motion Strategy With Uncertainty Perception for the Underwater Robot Based on Thrust Allocation Model","abstract":"With the increasing research on underwater robots, the research on the stable motion mode and control strategy of underwater robots that consider practical constraints and the underwater disturbance from complex environment is still immature. There is a lack of quantitative analysis and comparison on the effect of disturbance on the controller. In this letter, a thrust allocation model suitable for underwater robot is established, so that it can adapt to the complex three-dimensional motion in Marine. Then, a motion control strategy of underwater robot is proposed based on the thrust allocation method. This strategy includes an improved linear active disturbance rejection controller (LADRC) and considers the propeller constraints of underwater robots. Finally, a more practical and comprehensive disturbance model is established. The performance of the proposed motion control strategy under different types and intensities of disturbances is analyzed in detail. In addition, this letter also analyzes the influence mechanism of the proposed strategy on the performance, which provides reference for controller design.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Ao"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Shuxiang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Chunying"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/lra.2024.3494663","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2024.3494663","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4380926368","type":"article-journal","title":"Autonomous boundary inspection of Posidonia oceanica meadows using an underwater robot","abstract":"Monitoring provides important information for the planning and execution of marine environment preservation operations. Posidonia oceanica is one of the principal bioindicators in Mediterranean coastal areas and regular monitoring activities play a crucial role in its conservation. However, an efficient observation of vast areas colonised with P. oceanica is extremely challenging and it currently requires tedious and time consuming diving activities. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) endowed with optical sensors could represent a viable solution in carrying out visual inspection surveys. Nevertheless, AUVs are usually programmed to perform pre-defined trajectories, which are not effective for seagrass monitoring applications, as meadows may be fragmented and their contours may be irregular. This work proposes a framework based on machine learning and computer vision that enables an AUV equipped with a down-looking camera to autonomously inspect the boundary of P. oceanica meadows to obtain an initial estimate of the meadow size. The proposed boundary inspection solution is composed of three main modules: (1) an image segmentation relying on a Mask R-CNN model to recognise P. oceanica in underwater images, (2) a boundary tracking strategy that generates guidance references to track P. oceanica contours, (3) a loop closure detector fusing visual and navigation information to identify when a meadow boundary has been completely explored. The image segmentation model and the visual part of the loop closure detection module were validated on real underwater images. The overall inspection framework was tested in a realistic simulation environment, using mosaics obtained from real images to replicate the actual monitoring scenarios. The results show that the proposed solution enables the AUV to autonomously accomplish the boundary inspection task of P. oceanica meadows, therefore representing an effective tool towards the conservation and protection of marine environments.","author":[{"family":"Ruscio","given":"FD"},{"family":"Costanzi","given":"Riccardo"},{"family":"Gracias","given":"Nuno"},{"family":"Quintana","given":"Josep"},{"family":"García","given":"Rafael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114988","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114988","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393146464","type":"article-journal","title":"Fault Detection of Underwater Cables by Using Robotic Operating System","abstract":"This paper presents ROS, an open-source robot working framework. For correspondence among heterogeneous PC groups, ROS offers an organized correspondence layer on top of the host working framework, as opposed to an ordinary working framework that oversees booking and interaction the executives. This study describes how ROS may be used to securely and remotely control vehicles and other items without requiring human participation. The document also describes how ROS can be used to AUVs and how it fits into the present robot software architecture. The research also offers a method for inspecting optical cables that are buried or submerged utilizing a robotic operating system. In order to deploy this solution, ROS packages, including the ROS-Gazebo toolbox, are installed along with a virtual installation of Ubuntu OS using VMWare Workstation. Light radiation is being used as the main criterion to evaluate the state of the optical connection while the software is being evaluated using standard inputs.","author":[{"family":"Mali","given":"Yogesh"},{"family":"Darekar","given":"Seema"},{"family":"Sopal","given":"Shravil"},{"family":"Kale","given":"MT"},{"family":"Kshatriya","given":"Vishakha"},{"family":"Palaskar","given":"Atharva"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/iccst59048.2023.10474270","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccst59048.2023.10474270","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401416169","type":"article-journal","title":"Model Predictive Control for an Autonomous Underwater Robot with Fully Vectored Propulsion","abstract":"Due to the low motion efficiency and maneuver-ability of underwater robots with six degrees of freedom, it is challenging for them to respond quickly to the attitude requirements during underwater autonomous manipulation. This paper presents a novel autonomous underwater robot with fully vectored propulsion and a model predictive control method to achieve more agile and efficient movements autonomously. In detail, we first design a robot with eight vector-distributed thruster layouts for fully vectored propulsion and construct the software architecture based on the robot operating system (ROS). Then, we establish the hydrodynamic model by adopting the Fossen approach and construct a 13-dimensional system state-space equation, which is discretized using the explicit fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. To achieve autonomous manipulation, model predictive control is employed along with physical constraints of the custom-built robot to enable real-time prediction and optimization of the robot’s states for control purposes. Finally, numerical simulations and experiments of the Point-to-Point Motion are conducted to test the robot’s performance. Experimental results reveal that the average error of each direction is 0.0027 m, 0.0031 m, and 0.0368 m in the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis, respectively, and 0.8502°, 2.1941°, 0.2408° corresponding to three attitude angles, which verify the performance of employing MPC to control an autonomous underwater robot with fully vectored propulsion.","author":[{"family":"Gao","given":"Tianzhu"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Yudong"},{"family":"Lv","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Weirong"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Xianping"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Na"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Xi"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Yantao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/icra57147.2024.10611025","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra57147.2024.10611025","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401665912","type":"article-journal","title":"A palm-like 3D tactile sensor based on liquid-metal triboelectric nanogenerator for underwater robot gripper","abstract":"The highly sensitive and power efficient tactile sensors can provide grippers with vertical and shear forces from interactions with objects. In an ocean environment with low visual distance and high noise, sea otters can rely on their palms to accurately identify and grasp target objects without damage. Inspired by the structure of the sea otter’s palm, this paper proposes a distributed liquid metal-based three-dimensional biomimetic underwater triboelectric palm-like tactile sensor (UPTS) for feedback-controlled grippers. The device is mainly composed of a flexible shell, a flexible cover, a flexible support, a triboelectric sensing unit and a fixed shell. The force acting on the flexible cover causes the flexible cover and sensing unit to deform, so that the sensing unit undergoes a contact-separation process, thereby generating an electrical signal. UPTS has the capability to identify the magnitude and direction of force, with a direction recognition error angle within 5 degrees. Additionally, it can distinguish the hardness and shape of objects, achieving an accuracy rate of 100% and 99.75% respectively for the tested objects. The results indicate that UPTS can provide force feedback for underwater grippers, thereby assisting the grippers in better completing salvage task.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Yuanzheng"},{"family":"Лю","given":"Бо"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Jianhua"},{"family":"Dai","given":"Xirui"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Aiqiang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Tianrun"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Linan"},{"family":"Guan","given":"Tangzhen"},{"family":"Song","given":"Liguo"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Minyi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s12274-024-6903-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-024-6903-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390357068","type":"article-journal","title":"A 7 cm-Scale Spherical Underwater Robot Using Piezoelectric Double-Jet Actuator for Deep-Sea Environment","abstract":"Moving rapidly and agilely in high-pressure environment is a challenge for existing miniature underwater robots, which limits deeply the ocean exploitation. Here, we present a spherical underwater robot with diameter of 7 cm, and it has merits of miniature structure without bulky and antihydropressure devices, 3-DOFs agile motion, and good adaptability for 25 MPa environment simultaneously. Four designed piezoelectric double-jet actuators are embedded directly in the spherical shell without transmission mechanism, which enables the robot with relatively fast motion speed by compared with the published robots. Six motion modes are implemented by the cooperation of actuators, including rising, hovering, and sinking motions in the vertical direction and straight driving, turning, and in-situ turning motions in the horizontal plane. A robot prototype was fabricated, and its performance was tested. Experimental results indicated that the rising, straight driving, and in-situ turning speed reached up to 95.2 mm/s (1.36 BL/s), 99.6 mm/s (1.42 BL/s), and 5 rad/s, respectively. Besides, the robot could also rapidly turn at 1.3 rad/s with the turning radius of 22.1 mm. The speed deviation within 10% under different water pressures was obtained. The obstacle avoidance was successfully fulfilled by controlling the robot to pass through the narrow gap with width of only 1.5 body length of robot. There excellent characteristics demonstrate agile mobility and give the robot ability to move in the confined area of deep sea.","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Xianxin"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Weishan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Haoyuan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Biao"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Shuo"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Lu"},{"family":"Qi","given":"Naiming"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tmech.2023.3339170","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2023.3339170","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405232438","type":"article-journal","title":"Adaptive Integral Sliding Mode Control for Attitude Tracking of Underwater Robots With Large Range Pitch Variations in Confined Spaces","abstract":"Underwater robots play a crucial role in exploring aquatic environments. The ability to flexibly adjust their attitudes, especially the pitch, is essential for underwater robots to effectively accomplish tasks in confined spaces. However, the highly coupled six degrees of freedom dynamics resulting from attitude changes and the complex turbulence within limited spatial areas present significant challenges. To address the problem of attitude control of underwater robots, this letter investigates large-range pitch angle tracking during station holding as well as simultaneous roll and yaw angle control to enable versatile attitude adjustments. Based on dynamic modeling, this letter proposes an adaptive integral sliding mode controller (AISMC) that integrates an integral module into traditional sliding mode control (SMC) and adaptively adjusts the switching gain for improved tracking accuracy, reduced chattering, and enhanced robustness. The stability of the closed-loop control system is established through Lyapunov analysis. Extensive experiments and comparison studies are conducted using a commercial remotely operated vehicle (ROV), the results of which demonstrate that AISMC achieves satisfactory performance in attitude tracking control in confined spaces with unknown disturbances, significantly outperforming PID, ASMC and ISMC.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Xiaorui"},{"family":"Sha","given":"Zeyu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Feitian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/lra.2024.3515733","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2024.3515733","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.54097/3js90x82","type":"article-journal","title":"Analysis of Development Trends in Underwater Robotics","abstract":"Since the 1950s, underwater robotics has evolved from exclusive military applications to broad uses in marine science, resource exploration, and environmental monitoring. This paper reviews the development history of underwater robots, analyzes advancements in key technologies such as navigation and control, energy and power, communication, and materials, and discusses future trends in intelligence, modularization, networking, and miniaturization. These technological advancements and trends not only enhance the performance and adaptability of underwater robots but also provide vast prospects for their application in complex marine environments. By summarizing key technologies and development trends, this paper provides a reference for further research and application in underwater robotics technology.","author":[{"family":"Peng","given":"Baolong"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Yuxuan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Shaoda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.54097/3js90x82","URL":"https://doi.org/10.54097/3js90x82","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1002/rob.22399","type":"article-journal","title":"Nezha‐SeaDart: A tail‐sitting fixed‐wing vertical takeoff and landing hybrid aerial underwater vehicle","abstract":"Abstract This paper presents the design, manufacturing and testing of a tail‐sitting vertically takeoff and landing fixed‐wing hybrid aerial underwater vehicle (HAUV) called Nezha‐SeaDart. Nezha‐SeaDart can vertically take off and land from ground and water, cruise in the air with lift generated by the wings, seamlessly cross the water–air interface and operate underwater like an autonomous underwater vehicle. Nezha‐SeaDart underwent a 10‐day field test in China's Thousand Islands Lake of Zhejiang Province, proving its ability to perform full cross‐domain missions. This research has the following contributions to the field of HAUV. (i) A working prototype of vertical takeoff and landing tail‐sitting HAUV with all basic functions verified and full mission cycle capability demonstrated in a field test. (ii) An HAUV that travels fast both in the air and underwater. (iii) An HAUV capable of autonomous and seamless water exit that does not rely on a dedicated propulsion system. (iv) A method of sizing the vehicle's wing and thrust considering aerial cruises, underwater operations, and seamless water exits.","author":[{"family":"Jin","given":"Yufei"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Zheng"},{"family":"Lian","given":"Lian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/rob.22399","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rob.22399","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.05qfttfc9","type":"article-journal","title":"Data from: Reinforcement learning-based framework for whale rendezvous via autonomous sensing robots","abstract":"Rendezvous with sperm whales for biological observations is made challenging by their prolonged dive patterns. In this paper, we propose an algorithmic framework that co-develops multi-agent reinforcement learning-based routing (autonomy module) and Synthetic Aperture Radar-based Very High Frequency (VHF) signal-based bearing estimation (sensing module) for maximizing rendezvous opportunities of autonomous robots with sperm whales. The sensing module is compatible with low-energy VHF tags, commonly used for tracking wildlife. The autonomy module leverages in-situ noisy bearing measurements of whale vocalizations, VHF tags, and whale dive behaviors to enable time–critical rendezvous of a robot team with multiple whales in simulation. We conduct experiments at sea in the native habitat of sperm whales using an \"engineered whale\" - a speedboat equipped with a VHF-emitting tag, emulating five distinct whale tracks, with different whale motions. The sensing module shows a median bearing error of 10.55 degrees to the tag. Using bearing measurements to the engineered whale from an acoustic sensor and our sensing module, our autonomy module gives an aggregate successful rendezvous of 81.3% for a 500-meter rendezvous distance using three robots in post-processing. A second class of fielded experiments that use acoustic-only bearing measurements to three untagged sperm whales, show an aggregate successful rendezvous of 68.68% for a 1000-meter rendezvous distance using two robots in post-processing. We further validate these algorithms with several ablation studies using a sperm whale visual encounter dataset collected by marine biologists.","author":[{"family":"Bhattacharya","given":"Sushmita"},{"family":"Jadhav","given":"Ninad"},{"family":"Gil","given":"Stephanie"},{"family":"Gero","given":"Shane"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.05qfttfc9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.05qfttfc9","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.tx95x6b67","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater video of lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis spawning in lake Michigan","abstract":"The lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis, dikameg in Anishinaabemowin, holds cultural importance, and is a mainstay of commercial, recreational, and subsistence fisheries throughout North America. In the Laurentian Great Lakes, declines in recruitment, since the early 2000s, have raised concerns among stewards and fishery managers. A more detailed understanding of the lake whitefish mating system could help resolve potential recruitment bottlenecks and thus inform appropriate stewardship actions. Herein, we describe, for the first time, a single lake whitefish spawning event captured using high-resolution underwater videography. From 94 h spent on the water, we captured and analyze a 4.5 min video clip that shows pre-mating, mating, and post-mating behaviour of a male and female lake whitefish from Lake Michigan. The clip shows a number of what we interpret as courtship, site-selection, and spawning behaviours culminating in release of about 20 eggs in a single spawning event. Behaviours that included travelling, physical contact, chasing, circling, orienting, and gamete release are described and time-referenced to a video supplement. This single observation is part of a larger project to assess lake whitefish spawning behaviour in the wild but is noteworthy in that it provides new insights into the spawning behaivour of lake whitefish and appears consistent with reproductive behaviours observed in European coregonines.","author":[{"family":"Muir","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Drebert","given":"Yvonne"},{"family":"Lauzon","given":"Ryan"},{"family":"Melnick","given":"Zach"},{"family":"Ryther","given":"Camilla"},{"family":"Dunlop","given":"Erin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.tx95x6b67","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.tx95x6b67","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.cz8w9gj7z","type":"article-journal","title":"Dynamic robotic tracking of underwater targets using reinforcement learning","abstract":"To realize the potential of autonomous underwater robots that scale up our observational capacity in the ocean, new approaches and techniques are needed. Fleets of autonomous robots could be used to study complex marine systems and animals with either new imaging configurations or by tracking tagged animals to study their behavior. These activities can then inform and create new policies for community conservation. The role of animal connectivity via active movement of animals represents a major knowledge gap related to the distribution of deep ocean populations. Tracking underwater targets represents a major challenge for observing biological processes in situ, and methods to robustly respond to a changing environment during monitoring missions are needed. Analytical techniques for optimal sensor placement and path planning to locate underwater targets are not straightforward in such cases. The aim of this study is to investigate the use of deep reinforcement learning as a tool for range-only underwater target tracking optimization, whose promising capabilities have been demonstrated in terrestrial scenarios. To evaluate its usefulness, a reinforcement learning method was implemented as a path planning system for an autonomous surface vehicle while tracking an underwater mobile target. A complete description of an open-source model, performance metrics in simulated environments, and evaluated algorithms based on more than 15 hours of at-sea field experiments are presented. These efforts demonstrate that deep reinforcement learning is a powerful approach that enhances the abilities of autonomous robots in the ocean and encourages the deployment of algorithms like these for monitoring marine biological systems in the future.","author":[{"family":"Masmitja","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Martin","given":"Mario"},{"family":"O'reilly","given":"Tom"},{"family":"Kieft","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Palomeras","given":"Narcis"},{"family":"Navarro","given":"Joan"},{"family":"Katija","given":"Kakani"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.cz8w9gj7z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cz8w9gj7z","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.25903/btp5-6w93","type":"article-journal","title":"CSMP 2023 Boot and Ashmore Reef Survey Data","abstract":"Background: Ashmore and Boot Reefs in the far north of the Coral Sea Marine Park (CSMP) have been identified through recent research as ‘bright spots’ within the CSMP, supporting higher cover and diversity of corals, and greater fish diversity and biomass than other CSMP reefs, and are considered the ‘jewel’ among Torres Strait reefs. Together with their potential ecological importance, Ashmore and Boot Reefs have cultural connections to the Meriam people. Despite the cultural and ecological significance of Ashmore and Boot Reefs our understanding of the habitats (both shallow and deep) within these reefs, the biodiversity they support, and the current status of culturally significant species is limited. The project also undertook detailed surveys of benthic and fish communities in both shallow and deep habitats using diver-based surveys, and video-based surveys (i.e., remotely operated vehicles – ROV: Blue Robotics – Blue ROV 2; and baited remote underwater video systems - BRUVS), respectively, across multiple sites in February-March 2023. These surveys were conducted to provide rigorous quantitative information on spatial patterns within and between reefs, and among depths in the (i) cover, richness and composition of major benthic taxa, namely hard corals, and algae; (ii) abundance, species richness, and biomass of reef fishes, and (iii) abundance and/or biomass of culturally important fish and macro- invertebrate species. Methods: Data collection consisted of diver-based surveys of benthic, macro-invertebrate, and fish communities in shallow ( This data record contains: 2 x Excel (.xlsx) files relating to the BRUVs, one of fish counts and the benthic cover; 2 x Excel (.xlsx and .csv) files relating to the ROV surveys, one of fish counts and the benthic cover; 4 x Excel (.xlsx) files containing data from the diver-based surveys on the shallow-reef habitats, one relating to each of the following benthic cover, macro-invertebrate counts, fish counts and coral health and recruitment MS Excel files also saved in Open Document Format (.ods)","author":[{"family":"Hoey","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Galbraith","given":"Gemma"},{"family":"Burn","given":"Deborah"},{"family":"Chandler","given":"Josie"},{"family":"Cresswell","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Martin","given":"Victor"},{"family":"Mcclure","given":"Eva"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.25903/btp5-6w93","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25903/btp5-6w93","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4327583885","type":"article-journal","title":"Lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural waste to the circular economy: a review with focus on biofuels, biocomposites and bioplastics","abstract":"Industries are working to minimize their reliance on petrochemicals and petroleum-based industrial components and replace them with biobased, sustainable, and environmentally friendly alternatives due to the global warming emergency caused by the uncontrolled production of greenhouse gases. The agricultural waste provides large volumes of lignocellulosic biomass, a sustainable resource material to develop a wide portfolio of bioproducts. Recent developments in integrated biorefineries have enhanced the utilization of waste lignocellulose components to generate biofuels, platform chemicals, resins, bioplastics, additives, and other biobased materials for a variety of applications. Here in this review, we have summarized recent advancements in the processing of lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural waste. Additionally, this review thoroughly discussed the recent technological advancements in the utilization of various lignocellulose biomass constituents for biofuels, biocomposites, and bioplastics. Finally, an assessment of the currently existing literature gaps and prospective future perspectives for the development of lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural waste has been conducted.","author":[{"family":"Mujtaba","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Fraceto","given":"Leonardo"},{"family":"Fazeli","given":"Mahyar"},{"family":"Mukherjee","given":"Sritama"},{"family":"Savassa","given":"Susilaine"},{"family":"Medeiros","given":"Gerson"},{"family":"Pereira","given":"Anderson"},{"family":"Mancini","given":"Sandro"},{"family":"Lipponen","given":"Juha"},{"family":"Vilaplana","given":"Francisco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136815","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136815","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4365505984","type":"article-journal","title":"Review of floating wind turbine damping technology","abstract":"As the world’s need for renewable energy has grown in recent years, the possibility of creating and collecting deep-sea wind energy has become a research hotspot. Floating wind turbines need damping devices to provide a stable working state and structural safety. Damping systems are often used for offshore floating constructions based on various operating principles and locations. Damping technology of various sorts is continually being researched for various demands, such as floating body size, form, and operating circumstances. To react to complex and changeable external circumstances, new perspectives on damping method categorization and selection are required. The conclusion was reached by classifying and comparing, tuned liquid column dampers are often employed in operational conditions. Dampers with power sources perform well in extreme conditions, such as Magnetorheological dampers. Rotational inertia dampers can greatly decrease torque but have yet to be widely employed in floating wind turbines. The purpose of this study is to review the latest improvements in offshore damping technology. The research results will provide characteristics and design references for future vibration damping of floating offshore wind turbines.","author":[{"family":"Tian","given":"Haonan"},{"family":"Soltani","given":"Mohsen"},{"family":"Nielsen","given":"Morten"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114365","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114365","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4384436086","type":"article-journal","title":"Microgrids: A review, outstanding issues and future trends","abstract":"A microgrid, regarded as one of the cornerstones of the future smart grid, uses distributed generations and information technology to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. This paper presents a review of the microgrid concept, classification and control strategies. Besides, various prospective issues and challenges of microgrid implementation are highlighted and explained. Finally, the important aspects of future microgrid research are outlined. This study would help researchers, scientists, and policymakers to get in-depth and systematic knowledge on microgrid. It will also contribute to identify the key factors for mobilizing this sector for a sustainable future.","author":[{"family":"Uddin","given":"Moslem"},{"family":"Mo","given":"Huadong"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Daoyi"},{"family":"Elsawah","given":"Sondoss"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Jianguo"},{"family":"Guerrero","given":"Josep"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.esr.2023.101127","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2023.101127","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4382182093","type":"article-journal","title":"Artificial intelligence for waste management in smart cities: a review","abstract":"The rising amount of waste generated worldwide is inducing issues of pollution, waste management, and recycling, calling for new strategies to improve the waste ecosystem, such as the use of artificial intelligence. Here, we review the application of artificial intelligence in waste-to-energy, smart bins, waste-sorting robots, waste generation models, waste monitoring and tracking, plastic pyrolysis, distinguishing fossil and modern materials, logistics, disposal, illegal dumping, resource recovery, smart cities, process efficiency, cost savings, and improving public health. Using artificial intelligence in waste logistics can reduce transportation distance by up to 36.8%, cost savings by up to 13.35%, and time savings by up to 28.22%. Artificial intelligence allows for identifying and sorting waste with an accuracy ranging from 72.8 to 99.95%. Artificial intelligence combined with chemical analysis improves waste pyrolysis, carbon emission estimation, and energy conversion. We also explain how efficiency can be increased and costs can be reduced by artificial intelligence in waste management systems for smart cities.","author":[{"family":"Fang","given":"Bingbing"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Jiacheng"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhonghao"},{"family":"Osman","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Farghali","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Ihara","given":"Ikko"},{"family":"Hamza","given":"Essam"},{"family":"Rooney","given":"David"},{"family":"Yap","given":"Pow‐seng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10311-023-01604-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01604-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4383227059","type":"article-journal","title":"The State of the Art in Deep Learning Applications, Challenges, and Future Prospects: A Comprehensive Review of Flood Forecasting and Management","abstract":"Floods are a devastating natural calamity that may seriously harm both infrastructure and people. Accurate flood forecasts and control are essential to lessen these effects and safeguard populations. By utilizing its capacity to handle massive amounts of data and provide accurate forecasts, deep learning has emerged as a potent tool for improving flood prediction and control. The current state of deep learning applications in flood forecasting and management is thoroughly reviewed in this work. The review discusses a variety of subjects, such as the data sources utilized, the deep learning models used, and the assessment measures adopted to judge their efficacy. It assesses current approaches critically and points out their advantages and disadvantages. The article also examines challenges with data accessibility, the interpretability of deep learning models, and ethical considerations in flood prediction. The report also describes potential directions for deep-learning research to enhance flood predictions and control. Incorporating uncertainty estimates into forecasts, integrating many data sources, developing hybrid models that mix deep learning with other methodologies, and enhancing the interpretability of deep learning models are a few of these. These research goals can help deep learning models become more precise and effective, which will result in better flood control plans and forecasts. Overall, this review is a useful resource for academics and professionals working on the topic of flood forecasting and management. By reviewing the current state of the art, emphasizing difficulties, and outlining potential areas for future study, it lays a solid basis. Communities may better prepare for and lessen the destructive effects of floods by implementing cutting-edge deep learning algorithms, thereby protecting people and infrastructure.","author":[{"family":"Kumar","given":"Vijendra"},{"family":"Azamathulla","given":"Hazi"},{"family":"Sharma","given":"Kul"},{"family":"Mehta","given":"Darshan"},{"family":"Totamaharaj","given":"Kiran"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su151310543","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310543","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4318486565","type":"article-journal","title":"Comprehensive Review of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Technologies","abstract":"As renewable energy production is intermittent, its application creates uncertainty in the level of supply. As a result, integrating an energy storage system (ESS) into renewable energy systems could be an effective strategy to provide energy systems with economic, technical, and environmental benefits. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) has been realized in a variety of ways over the past decades. As a mechanical energy storage system, CAES has demonstrated its clear potential amongst all energy storage systems in terms of clean storage medium, high lifetime scalability, low self-discharge, long discharge times, relatively low capital costs, and high durability. However, its main drawbacks are its long response time, low depth of discharge, and low roundtrip efficiency (RTE). This paper provides a comprehensive review of CAES concepts and compressed air storage (CAS) options, indicating their individual strengths and weaknesses. In addition, the paper provides a comprehensive reference for planning and integrating different types of CAES into energy systems. Finally, the limitations and future perspectives of CAES are discussed.","author":[{"family":"Rabi","given":"Ayah"},{"family":"Radulović","given":"Jovana"},{"family":"Buick","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/thermo3010008","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo3010008","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4365504176","type":"article-journal","title":"Offshore Wind Energy and Marine Biodiversity in the North Sea: Life Cycle Impact Assessment for Benthic Communities","abstract":"Large-scale offshore wind energy developments represent a major player in the energy transition but are likely to have (negative or positive) impacts on marine biodiversity. Wind turbine foundations and sour protection often replace soft sediment with hard substrates, creating artificial reefs for sessile dwellers. Offshore wind farm (OWF) furthermore leads to a decrease in (and even a cessation of) bottom trawling, as this activity is prohibited in many OWFs. The long-term cumulative impacts of these changes on marine biodiversity remain largely unknown. This study integrates such impacts into characterization factors for life cycle assessment based on the North Sea and illustrates its application. Our results suggest that there are no net adverse impacts during OWF operation on benthic communities inhabiting the original sand bottom within OWFs. Artificial reefs could lead to a doubling of species richness and a two-order-of-magnitude increase of species abundance. Seabed occupation will also incur in minor biodiversity losses in the soft sediment. Our results were not conclusive concerning the trawling avoidance benefits. The developed characterization factors quantifying biodiversity-related impacts from OWF operation provide a stepping stone toward a better representation of biodiversity in life cycle assessment.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Chen"},{"family":"Coolen","given":"Joop"},{"family":"Scherer","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Mogollón","given":"José"},{"family":"Braeckman","given":"Ulrike"},{"family":"Vanaverbeke","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Tukker","given":"Arnold"},{"family":"Steubing","given":"Bernhard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acs.est.2c07797","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c07797","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391972445","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of Deep Learning Applications in Tunneling and Underground Engineering in China","abstract":"With the advent of the era of big data and information technology, deep learning (DL) has become a hot trend in the research field of artificial intelligence (AI). The use of deep learning methods for parameter inversion, disease identification, detection, surrounding rock classification, disaster prediction, and other tunnel engineering problems has also become a new trend in recent years, both domestically and internationally. This paper briefly introduces the development process of deep learning. By reviewing a number of published papers on the application of deep learning in tunnel engineering over the past 20 years, this paper discusses the intelligent application of deep learning algorithms in tunnel engineering, including collapse risk assessment, water inrush prediction, crack identification, structural stability evaluation, and seepage erosion in mountain tunnels, urban subway tunnels, and subsea tunnels. Finally, it explores the future challenges and development prospects of deep learning in tunnel engineering.","author":[{"family":"Su","given":"Chunsheng"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Qijun"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Zifan"},{"family":"Huo","given":"R"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app14051720","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051720","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387451490","type":"article-journal","title":"A multi-cubic-kilometre neutrino telescope in the western Pacific Ocean","abstract":"Abstract Next-generation neutrino telescopes with substantially improved sensitivity are required to pinpoint the sources of the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux detected by IceCube and uncover the century-old puzzle of cosmic-ray origins. A detector near the Equator will provide a unique viewpoint of the neutrino sky, complementing IceCube and other neutrino telescopes in the Northern Hemisphere. Here we present results from an expedition to the northeastern region of the South China Sea, in the western Pacific Ocean. A favourable neutrino telescope site was found on an abyssal plain at a depth of ~3.5 km. At depths below 3 km, the sea current speed, water absorption and scattering lengths for Cherenkov light were measured to be v c < 10 cm s −1 , λ abs ≈ 27 m and λ sca ≈ 63 m, respectively. Accounting for these measurements, we present the design and expected performance of a next-generation neutrino telescope, Tropical Deep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT). With its advanced photon-detection technology and large dimensions, TRIDENT expects to observe the IceCube steady source candidate NGC 1068 with 5 σ significance within 1 year of operation. This level of sensitivity will open a new arena for diagnosing the origin of cosmic rays and probing fundamental physics over astronomical baselines.","author":[{"family":"Ye","given":"Ziping"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Fan"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Chang","given":"QC"},{"family":"Chang","given":"YL"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"ZS"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Ge","given":"T"},{"family":"Gong","given":"GH"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Jian‐hua"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Xiaolei"},{"family":"He","given":"XG"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Jiani"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"K"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"PK"},{"family":"Jing","given":"Yipeng"},{"family":"Li","given":"HL"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jiatong"},{"family":"Li","given":"L"},{"family":"Li","given":"Wenwen"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhanqing"},{"family":"Liao","given":"NY"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Q"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Liu","given":"F"},{"family":"Liu","given":"JL"},{"family":"Liu","given":"XH"},{"family":"Miao","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Mo","given":"Cen"},{"family":"Morton-Blake","given":"I"},{"family":"Peng","given":"Tukang"},{"family":"Sun","given":"ZY"},{"family":"Tang","given":"JN"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Z"},{"family":"Tao","given":"Chunhui"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Xinliang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"MX"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yirong"},{"family":"Wei","given":"HD"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Zhen"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Weihao"},{"family":"Xian","given":"Shishen"},{"family":"Xiang","given":"Dao"},{"family":"Xu","given":"DL"},{"family":"Xue","given":"Q"},{"family":"Yang","given":"JH"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Wenlu"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Chengxi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"FYD"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"XT"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"YY"},{"family":"Zhi","given":"W"},{"family":"Zhong","given":"Yisen"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Meng"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"XH"},{"family":"Zhuang","given":"GJ"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41550-023-02087-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-023-02087-6","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387765398","type":"article-journal","title":"Unraveling the Marine Microplastic Cycle: The First Simultaneous Data Set for Air, Sea Surface Microlayer, and Underlying Water","abstract":"High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Microplastics (MP) including tire wear particles (TWP) are ubiquitous. However, their mass loads, transport, and vertical behavior in water bodies and overlying air are never studied simultaneously before. Particularly, the sea surface microlayer (SML), a ubiquitous, predominantly organic, and gelatinous film (<1 mm), is interesting since it may favor MP enrichment. In this study, a remote-controlled research catamaran simultaneously sampled air, SML, and underlying water (ULW) in Swedish fjords of variable anthropogenic impacts (urban, industrial, and rural) to fill these knowledge gaps in the marine-atmospheric MP cycle. Polymer clusters and TWP were identified and quantified with pyrolysis-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Air samples contained clusters of polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, and polystyrene (max 50 ng MP m –3 ). In water samples (max. 10.8 μg MP L –1 ), mainly TWP and clusters of poly(methyl methacrylate) and polyethylene terephthalate occurred. Here, TWP prevailed in the SML, while the poly(methyl methacrylate) cluster dominated the ULW. However, no general MP enrichment was observed in the SML. Elevated anthropogenic influences in urban and industrial compared to the rural fjord areas were reflected by enhanced MP levels in these areas. Vertical MP movement behavior and distribution were not only linked to polymer characteristics but also to polymer sources and environmental conditions.","author":[{"family":"Goßmann","given":"Isabel"},{"family":"Mattsson","given":"Karin"},{"family":"Hassellöv","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Crazzolara","given":"Claudio"},{"family":"Held","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Robinson","given":"Tiera‐brandy"},{"family":"Wurl","given":"Oliver"},{"family":"Scholzböttcher","given":"Barbara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acs.est.3c05002","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c05002","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388952217","type":"article-journal","title":"Microscopic image recognition of diatoms based on deep learning","abstract":"Diatoms are a crucial component in the study of aquatic ecosystems and ancient environmental records. However, traditional methods for identifying diatoms, such as morphological taxonomy and molecular detection, are costly, are time consuming, and have limitations. To address these issues, we developed an extensive collection of diatom images, consisting of 7983 images from 160 genera and 1042 species, which we expanded to 49,843 through preprocessing, segmentation, and data augmentation. Our study compared the performance of different algorithms, including backbones, batch sizes, dynamic data augmentation, and static data augmentation on experimental results. We determined that the ResNet152 network outperformed other networks, producing the most accurate results with top-1 and top-5 accuracies of 85.97% and 95.26%, respectively, in identifying 1042 diatom species. Additionally, we propose a method that combines model prediction and cosine similarity to enhance the model's performance in low-probability predictions, achieving an 86.07% accuracy rate in diatom identification. Our research contributes significantly to the recognition and classification of diatom images and has potential applications in water quality assessment, ecological monitoring, and detecting changes in aquatic biodiversity.","author":[{"family":"Pu","given":"SZ"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Fan"},{"family":"Shu","given":"Yuexuan"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Weiqi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1111/jpy.13390","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.13390","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4366407801","type":"article-journal","title":"Climate Change and the Sea: A Major Disruption in Steady State and the Master Variables","abstract":"High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, humans have burned enormous quantities of coal, oil, and natural gas, rivaling nature’s elemental cycles of C, N, and S. The result has been a disruption in a steady state of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, a warming of the planet, and changes in master variables (temperature, pH, and pε) of the sea affecting critical physical, chemical, and biological reactions. Humans have also produced copious quantities of N and P fertilizers producing widespread coastal hypoxia and low dissolved oxygen conditions, which now threaten even the open ocean. Consequently, our massive alteration of state variables diminishes coral reefs, fisheries, and marine ecosystems, which are the foundation of life on Earth. We point to a myriad of actions and alternatives which will help to stem the tide of climate change and its effects on the sea while, at the same time, creating a more sustainable future for humans and ecosystems alike.","author":[{"family":"Simmer","given":"Reid"},{"family":"Jansen","given":"Emily"},{"family":"Patterson","given":"Kyle"},{"family":"Schnoor","given":"Jerald"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00061","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00061","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4389259602","type":"article-journal","title":"In Situ Measurement of Liquid and Gas CO2 with High Purity at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents in the Mariana Arc Using Raman Spectroscopy","abstract":"Supercritical and liquid CO 2 (sc-/liq-CO 2 ) emitted from deep-sea hydrothermal vents create a unique dry environment distinct from seawater and hydrothermal fluids, whose physicochemical characteristics could play an important role in the ocean biogeochemical cycles of the present Earth and even in the prebiotic chemical evolution of the early Earth. While previous studies attempted to sample and analyze sc-/liq-CO 2 in several hydrothermal fields, the sampling and analysis without seawater contamination have been unsuccessful. In this study, we developed the method and apparatus for sampling and analyzing CO 2 in different phases in which in situ Raman measurements can be directly performed and applied them to the CO 2 emissions in two hydrothermal vent fields in the Mariana Arc. The in situ Raman spectra taken at both fields indicate that the high purity of CO 2 emissions without seawater contamination was successfully sampled and measured. In the North-West Eifuku seamount, the collected hydrothermal fluid was monitored from the seafloor (approximately 1600 m) to the surface. The phase transitions of CO 2 ─hydrate, liquid, and gas─were successfully observed in the Raman spectra. At the Daikoku seamount, the in situ Raman spectra taken at the seafloor (approximately 400 m) identified that the CO 2 emission consisted of the gas phase. The in situ Raman measurement also revealed that gas H 2 S was abundant in the emissions at both the fields. This study demonstrates the ability of the Raman spectroscopic technique to monitor the phase transition of hydrothermal CO 2 emissions and the chemical composition in different phases of CO 2 in the oceans in real time.","author":[{"family":"Takahashi","given":"Tomoko"},{"family":"Takahagi","given":"Wataru"},{"family":"Tasumi","given":"Eiji"},{"family":"Makabe","given":"Akiko"},{"family":"Taguchi","given":"Koudai"},{"family":"Thornton","given":"Blair"},{"family":"Takai","given":"Ken"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00224","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00224","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4386574153","type":"article-journal","title":"The Rossby Normal Mode as a Physical Linkage in a Machine Learning Forecast Model for the SST and SSH of South China Sea Deep Basin","abstract":"Abstract Machine learning (ML) has been widely applied in Earth sciences, but its black‐box nature still remains. Existing techniques for interpretable ML developed by deep learning researchers are not satisfactory in understanding physical problems. In this study, our objective is to establish the physical linkage between features extracted from ML model and results derived from physical equations that describe the problem. This approach aims to provide a more comprehensible way of understanding an ML model. We select a less complex ML forecasting model, consisting of traditional statistical algorithms, which effectively forecast sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) and sea level anomaly (SLA) of the South China Sea (SCS) in 30 days ahead. Here, we focus on the SLA prediction and detect the physical mechanism of model capability to predict SCS SLA. Previous study has identified Rossby normal modes as the physical mechanism for long‐lived eddies in SCS in previous study. We here demonstrate the relationship between the ML model and Rossby normal modes in SCS in terms of temporal variations and spatial distributions of water mass. The model's skill in predicting Rossby normal modes partially explains its skill in predicting SLA, thereby providing a more transparent and interpretable basis for forecasts in SCS.","author":[{"family":"Lin","given":"Zikuan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Shaoqing"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhengguang"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Xiaolin"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Yang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2023jc019851","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023jc019851","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388617256","type":"article-journal","title":"Positive feedbacks in deep-time transitions of human populations","abstract":"Abrupt and rapid changes in human societies are among the most exciting population phenomena. Human populations tend to show rapid expansions from low to high population density along with increased social complexity in just a few generations. Such demographic transitions appear as a remarkable feature of Homo sapiens population dynamics, most likely fuelled by the ability to accumulate cultural/technological innovations that actively modify their environment. We are especially interested in establishing if the demographic transitions of pre-historic populations show the same dynamic signature of the Industrial Revolution transition (a positive relationship between population growth rates and size). Our results show that population growth patterns across different pre-historic societies were similar to those observed during the Industrial Revolution in developed western societies. These features, which appear to have been operating during most of our recent demographic history from hunter–gatherers to modern industrial societies, imply that the dynamics of cooperation underlay sudden population transitions in human societies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolution and sustainability: gathering the strands for an Anthropocene synthesis’.","author":[{"family":"Lima","given":"Maurício"},{"family":"Gayó","given":"Eugenia"},{"family":"Estay","given":"Sergio"},{"family":"Gurruchaga","given":"Andone"},{"family":"Robinson","given":"Erick"},{"family":"Freeman","given":"Jacob"},{"family":"Latorre","given":"Claudio"},{"family":"Bird","given":"Darcy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1098/rstb.2022.0256","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0256","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387566219","type":"article-journal","title":"Recent advances, challenges, and prospects of electrochemical water-splitting technologies for net-zero transition","abstract":"This review paper presents state-of-the-art electrolytic-based hydrogen production technologies capable of helping to achieve the “net-zero” targets. It covers the recent advances in electrochemical water-splitting technologies, considering their maturity, durability, and operational aspects related to their near-term deployment. This paper aims to critically assess electrochemical technologies compatible with renewables, nuclear, or other clean energy sources with a high potential to be applied for green hydrogen production at scale. It also discusses the techno-economic aspects as well as the technological readiness of the potential carbon-free hydrogen production routes based on electrochemical approaches. With a comprehensive survey of the recent literature and extensive insight into current developments, the issues associated with deploying the electrolytic water splitting technologies are discussed, along with a review of their market readiness level to play a potential role in the transition journey from fossil fuel-based-economy into hydrogen-driven energy infrastructure. In addition, the paper provides insight into the legal strategies and the governmental incentives required to reach the so-called “net-zero” emission plans globally to enable green hydrogen for deep decarbonization of the industrial, transportation, and residential sectors. Near-term projects to deploy large-scale clean hydrogen production announced globally are also listed with their expected contribution toward the zero-emission targets. The result of this review shows that wind and solar photovoltaic energies, as the two most preferred renewable sources, can be used to drive Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) and Alkaline Electrolysers (AE) at a cost range of USD 2 - 3 /kg of H2. This figure is expected to decrease by more than 40% until 2030 if these electrolyzers can be deployed at a large scale.","author":[{"family":"Özcan","given":"Hasan"},{"family":"Elemam","given":"Rami"},{"family":"Çelik","given":"Selahattin"},{"family":"Horri","given":"Bahman"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.clce.2023.100115","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clce.2023.100115","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4385476270","type":"article-journal","title":"Microplastic Pollution in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Gills of Some Teleost and Sturgeon Fish from the Caspian Sea, Northern Iran","abstract":"Abstract The increasing microplastic pollution in the marine environment has raised global concern. The main risk of microplastics in aquatic ecosystem is their bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. A few studies have reported microplastic pollution in the digestive system of Caspian Sea fish species, but there is no research on sturgeon species, nor on fish gills. We investigated the occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and gills of 62 specimens belonging to four species including three teleosts (Cyprinus carpio, Rutilus kutum, and Chelon aurata) and one sturgeon (Acipenser persicus, a valuable endangered species) from the Caspian Sea between January and March 2022. Fish tissues were removed, exposed for 24 h to 10% KOH, and then dried on filter paper. Particles were observed under a stereomicroscope and analyzed by Raman microspectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. A total of 91 microplastics were detected in the GIT (average of 1.46 ± 1.17 items/individual) and 63 microplastics in the gills (average of 1.01 ± 0.62 items/individual). A significant correlation was not found between the number of microplastics found in both tissues and fish body length, body weight, GIT weight, and gill weight (p > 0.05), except between microplastics isolated from gills and gill weight in C. carpio (rs = 0.707, p = 0.022). The abundance of microplastics in fish followed the order of A. persicus > C. aurata > R. kutum > C. carpio. The microplastics were in the size range of 45 to 5000 µm, with particles of 300 to 1000 µm being the most prevalent; 74.68% of the particles were shaped like fibers, 30.53% were red, and 70.6% were composed of nylon polymer. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2453–2465. © 2023 SETAC Abstract Microplastic pollution was found in the gastrointestinal tract and gills of some commercially important fish species, particularly sturgeon from the Caspian Sea.","author":[{"family":"Rasta","given":"Majid"},{"family":"Khodadoust","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Rahimibashar","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Taleshi","given":"Mojtaba"},{"family":"Sattari","given":"Masoud"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1002/etc.5725","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5725","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4327938306","type":"article-journal","title":"Technology roadmap for cold-atoms based quantum inertial sensor in space","abstract":"Recent developments in quantum technology have resulted in a new generation of sensors for measuring inertial quantities, such as acceleration and rotation. These sensors can exhibit unprecedented sensitivity and accuracy when operated in space, where the free-fall interrogation time can be extended at will and where the environment noise is minimal. European laboratories have played a leading role in this field by developing concepts and tools to operate these quantum sensors in relevant environment, such as parabolic flights, free-fall towers, or sounding rockets. With the recent achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation on the International Space Station, the challenge is now to reach a technology readiness level sufficiently high at both component and system levels to provide “off the shelf” payload for future generations of space missions in geodesy or fundamental physics. In this roadmap, we provide an extensive review on the status of all common parts, needs, and subsystems for the application of atom-based interferometers in space, in order to push for the development of generic technology components.","author":[{"family":"Abend","given":"Sven"},{"family":"Allard","given":"Baptiste"},{"family":"Arnold","given":"Aidan"},{"family":"Ban","given":"Ticijana"},{"family":"Barry","given":"Liam"},{"family":"Battelier","given":"Baptiste"},{"family":"Bawamia","given":"Ahmad"},{"family":"Beaufils","given":"Quentin"},{"family":"Bernon","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Bertoldi","given":"Andréa"},{"family":"Bonnin","given":"Alexis"},{"family":"Bouyer","given":"Philippe"},{"family":"Bresson","given":"Alexandre"},{"family":"Burrow","given":"Oliver"},{"family":"Canuel","given":"B"},{"family":"Desruelle","given":"Bruno"},{"family":"Drougakis","given":"Giannis"},{"family":"Forsberg","given":"R"},{"family":"Gaaloul","given":"Naceur"},{"family":"Gauguet","given":"A"},{"family":"Gersemann","given":"Matthias"},{"family":"Griffin","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Heine","given":"Hendrik"},{"family":"Henderson","given":"Victoria"},{"family":"Herr","given":"Waldemar"},{"family":"Kanthak","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Krutzik","given":"Markus"},{"family":"Lachmann","given":"Maike"},{"family":"Lammegger","given":"Roland"},{"family":"Magnes","given":"W"},{"family":"Mileti","given":"G"},{"family":"Mitchell","given":"Morgan"},{"family":"Mottini","given":"Sergio"},{"family":"Papazoglou","given":"DG"},{"family":"Santos","given":"Franck"},{"family":"Peters","given":"Achim"},{"family":"Rasel","given":"Ernst"},{"family":"Riis","given":"Erling"},{"family":"Schubert","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Seidel","given":"Stephan"},{"family":"Tino","given":"GM"},{"family":"Bossche","given":"Mathias"},{"family":"Klitzing","given":"Wolf"},{"family":"Wicht","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Witkowski","given":"Marcin"},{"family":"Zahzam","given":"Nassim"},{"family":"Zawada","given":"M"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1116/5.0098119","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1116/5.0098119","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401635532","type":"article-journal","title":"Enrichment of Organophosphate Esters in the Sea Surface Microlayer from the Atlantic and Southern Oceans","abstract":"High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the thin interface between the ocean and the atmosphere, exhibiting an enrichment of hydrophobic and surfactant-like chemicals. Here we report the concentrations of organophosphate esters (OPEs), widely used flame retardants and plasticizers, in the SML and underlying waters from a north–south transect in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans. Generally, concentrations of OPEs in the SML were higher than in the underlying waters. Concentrations in the SML were correlated with the chlorophyll α content for some OPEs, consistent with biogenic surfactants at the SML. The enrichment factors (ratio of concentrations in SML over concentrations in underlying waters) were 5.84 ± 8.97 and 9.10 ± 9.48 for the Atlantic and Southern Oceans, respectively. The average enrichment factors in sea spray aerosols (SSA), estimated using previously reported aerosol-phase concentrations, ranged from 3.69 × 10 4 to 3.33 × 10 6 . These OPE enrichments in SSA are high and suggest that the formation of SSA, mediated by the enrichment in the SML, could be relevant for many semivolatile organic pollutants. Future research is needed to elucidate the variables driving the enrichment in the SML, its large variability, as well as its role in the fate of organic pollutants.","author":[{"family":"Trilla-Prieto","given":"Núria"},{"family":"Iriarte","given":"Jon"},{"family":"Berrojalbiz","given":"Naiara"},{"family":"Casas","given":"Gemma"},{"family":"Sobrino","given":"Cristina"},{"family":"Vilacosta","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Jiménez","given":"Begoña"},{"family":"Dachs","given":"Jordi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00636","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00636","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4353039737","type":"article-journal","title":"Quaternary Magnetic Stratigraphy of Deep‐Sea Sediments in the Western North Pacific: Influences of Paleomagnetic Recording Efficiency and Lock‐In Delay","abstract":"Abstract Understanding past environmental changes in the western North Pacific is rather limited due to the general paucity of robust chronology for carbonate‐lacking pelagic clay sediments. Here, we present a new magnetostratigraphy of Quaternary deep‐sea sediments in the northern Mariana Basin. A comprehensive set of paleomagnetic, rock magnetic, and microscopic results reveal that paleomagnetic signals are mainly carried by detrital magnetic minerals of Asian eolian dust and volcanic origins. The volcanic materials, most likely from the Mariana Arc, are characterized by low coercivity (∼30 mT) interacting single domain (SD) and pseudo‐SD grains, associated with abundant dendritic magnetic crystals/inclusions. This volcanic component is a suitable remanence carrier but is less efficient in recording geomagnetic intensity than the higher coercivity eolian component. The relative paleointensity record derived with minimum rock magnetic artifacts shows comparable patterns with global templates. At the Matuyama‐Brunhes transition, a ∼2‐cm remanence lock‐in depth offset is identified from beryllium isotope records, and the estimated magnetostratigraphic age delay is small (∼8 kyr). Our results provide an improved understanding of remanence recording processes in carbonate‐poor deep‐sea clays and demonstrate magnetic stratigraphy as a valuable chronology in the western North Pacific region.","author":[{"family":"Shin","given":"Ji"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Wonnyon"},{"family":"Seong","given":"Yeong‐bae"},{"family":"Chang","given":"Liao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2022jb025490","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jb025490","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393901990","type":"article-journal","title":"Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) detection through surface-sourced eDNA: A promising approach for monitoring deep-diving cetaceans","abstract":"Among cetaceans, the Cuvier’s beaked whale is considered an extreme diver, thus not one of the easiest cetacean species to be studied due to its elusive behaviour and a preference for deep offshore waters. Although dedicated cetacean surveys have increased our knowledge on the distribution of Cuvier’s beaked whales in the Mediterranean Sea, knowledge gaps still remain where the study effort is non-existent. In this context, the use of new molecular methodologies capable of intercepting small traces of DNA left in the environment (eDNA) by marine organisms represents a valid approach to infer species’ occurrence. Moreover, the collection of water from the superficial layer is suitable for targeting marine mammals, as the constraints imposed by their nature implies periodic and frequent surfacing in order to breathe, releasing exhalants rich in their epithelial cells. Therefore, we designed and tested a taxon-specific primer set to infer Cuvier’s beaked whale presence, with the aims of 1) examining the effectiveness of the eDNA technique to detect the presence of a deep-diving cetacean in open waters, using the Cuvier’s beaked whale as case study; 2) providing data on the occurrence of this species within the Canyon of Caprera over a six-months study period and 3) assessing the species presence in adjacent waters in the central northern Mediterranean Sea based on the analysis of samples collected in a Citizen Science campaign. Results from this study demonstrated that superficial waters may retain biological traces of this cetacean despite the fact that it mostly inhabits deep waters. Specifically, this study provides evidence of the regular presence of Cuvier’s beaked whale in the Canyon of Caprera, with a preference for bathymetry in the range of 700–1000 m. Molecular traces’ distribution suggests a potential inshore movement of this species during Fall, which might be related to migration of its cephalopod prey or a shift in prey preferences, although this aspect requires further investigation. Overall, this study showed that the stronger positive signals were recorded in sampling stations located on surfaces above submarine canyon systems, demonstrating the importance of these areas as elective habitats for the Cuvier’s beaked whale, thus the pivotal priority to their conservation.","author":[{"family":"Boldrocchi","given":"Ginevra"},{"family":"Conte","given":"Livia"},{"family":"Galli","given":"Paolo"},{"family":"Bettinetti","given":"Roberta"},{"family":"Valsecchi","given":"Elena"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.111966","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.111966","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4389381495","type":"article-journal","title":"Differences in Dissolved Organic Matter Molecular Composition along Two Plume Trajectories from the Yangtze River Estuary to the East China Sea","abstract":"Analyzing the molecular composition change of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during transportation in estuaries can enhance our understanding of the fate of DOM. However, the impact of hydrologic conditions resulting from large river plumes on the DOM cycle are less explored, and previous studies were insufficient to capture the molecular fate that occur during the transportation process. In this study, we used a range of bulk and optical techniques, as well as Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), to determine the concentration and characteristics of DOM along two trajectories of downstream plumes of diluted water of the Yangtze (Changjiang) River estuary (YRE) during the high discharge season. These two plumes situated along the route of the summer Changjiang diluted water (CDW) have been identified and named CDW-North (CDW-N) and CDW-South (CDW-S), respectively. Despite having the same riverine end-member origin, the turbidity zone in YRE significantly modifies the molecular characteristics and composition of DOM. The results of FT-ICR MS indicated a spatial variation of DOM composition in the coastal zone of the two plumes. The relative intensities of the CHO, CHOS, and CHONS compounds are negatively correlated with salinity. In addition, the coastal zones of both CDW-N and CDW-S are characterized by more autochthonous DOM sources. More CHON compounds in CDW-N are probably due to the production of autochthonous DOM in offshore waters. The activity of phytoplankton increased the surface dissolved oxygen level of CDW-N in the coastal zone. However, the hypoxic zone formed at the bottom of the CDW-N due to microbial degradation of organic matter and may further benefit the preservation of CHON compounds. Our study emphasizes that the characteristics and composition of the estuarine DOM can be significantly shaped by distinct large river plumes. Furthermore, using FT-ICR MS in combination with complementary techniques can better assist in identifying the sources and transformation mechanisms of estuarine DOM in large river plume-affected systems and provide more valuable insights into the role of DOM in the estuarine biogeochemical cycle.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhao"},{"family":"Yi","given":"Yuanbi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Haibo"},{"family":"Li","given":"Penghui"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yuntao"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Zhenwei"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Kai"},{"family":"He","given":"Chen"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Quan"},{"family":"He","given":"Ding"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00030","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00030","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400776283","type":"article-journal","title":"Hydrodynamic Parameter Identification of Deep‐Sea Mining Vehicle during Deployment and Retrieval Using a Nonlinear Filter","abstract":"Abstract The aim of this paper is to propose a novel method for identifying the hydrodynamic parameters of a deep‐sea mining vehicle during deployment and retrieval. The proposed approach combines numerical simulation with a nonlinear filter. Initially, a dedicated hydrodynamic model for the deployment and retrieval of the mining vehicle is constructed. The identification process commences with simulations based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This approach utilizes CFD to simulate the motion of the deep‐sea mining vehicle during deployment and retrieval, employing an implicit solution approach to analyze its motion in Heave and Yaw degrees of freedom under periodic external forces. Consequently, this provides hydrodynamic performance data. Subsequently, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) estimator is applied to optimally solve an augmented matrix that incorporates both motion data and hydrodynamic parameters, yielding numerical values for the hydrodynamic parameters. Simulation results demonstrate that, in comparison to motion performance obtained by the CFD method, the hydrodynamic model derived from UKF enables an effective prediction of the motion of the deep‐sea mining vehicle, with prediction errors consistently below 6%.","author":[{"family":"Guan","given":"Yingjie"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Hongmao"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Manjiang"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Qingjia"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Rongjun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adts.202400066","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adts.202400066","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4381851593","type":"article-journal","title":"Satellite image survey of beluga whales in the southern Kara Sea","abstract":"Abstract The use of satellite imagery to find, count and monitor whales in remote and hard to access areas has shown some promise, but few satellite studies have, as yet, provided substantial conservation outcomes. Recent studies have shown the ability of very high‐resolution satellites to detect and count previously surveyed populations of belugas and narwhals in Canada. Here we describe the detection of a large aggregation of a poorly surveyed population of belugas in the southern Kara Sea, Russia, in a region where Soviet whaling is known to have had a heavy toll on belugas. We counted over 1,100 surface belugas using very high‐resolution satellite imagery. As only an unknown portion of the belugas can be seen on the surface, accurately converting the surface count to an abundance estimate will need further study, but using the analog of aerial surveys we estimate that this aggregation is between ~1,150–2,870 individuals. Although the species is not currently considered endangered, concern over belugas future population trends is increasing, as the species is reliant on Arctic sea ice, which is rapidly declining due to climate change. This study shows the utility of satellite imagery to discover and monitor new and little‐known cetacean populations.","author":[{"family":"Fretwell","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Cubaynes","given":"Hannah"},{"family":"Шпак","given":"ОВ"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1111/mms.13044","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.13044","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4376460023","type":"article-journal","title":"Microbial consortia and up-to-date technologies in global soy sauce production: A review","abstract":"Soy sauce is an Oriental fermented condiment, and key ingredient in many Asian cuisines. As consumers around the world are becoming more adventurous with their eating choices and preferences, the demand for and popularity of Asian cuisines are increasing globally. The underlying basis of soy sauce fermentation is intricate microbial interactions which play a vital role in defining the quality, flavour, and smell of the resulting soy sauce. Traditional soy sauce fermentation consists of a two-step process: koji and moromi fermentation. Despite the presence of beneficial microorganisms in soy sauce, various harmful microorganisms can also be found during the koji or moromi step, thus resulting in soy sauce contamination. Therefore, studying the biodiversity and interactions of microorganisms is critical in ensuring soy sauce quality. The present review thus discusses in depth the various bacterial and fungal species that are either beneficial or harmful to soy sauce fermentation. The present review also discusses the advances in soy sauce fermentation such as the enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in soy sauce by microorganisms, the enhancement of soy sauce flavour by mixed starter culture, and by genome shuffling starter culture.","author":[{"family":"Chong","given":"Shin"},{"family":"Ilham","given":"Zul"},{"family":"Samsudin","given":"Nik"},{"family":"Sassi","given":"Soumaya"},{"family":"Wanmohtar","given":"Wan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.47836/ifrj.30.1.01","URL":"https://doi.org/10.47836/ifrj.30.1.01","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393229200","type":"article-journal","title":"Planning for wastewater infrastructure adaptation under deep uncertainty","abstract":"Infrastructure in low-lying coastal areas faces challenges from climate change, sea level rise, and the impact of compound hazards. Dynamic adaptive pathways planning (DAPP) is increasingly being applied as a way of planning under deep uncertainty. Stress testing for robustness is an integral part of DAPP which provides decision-makers with confidence. We outline a seven-step approach—combining scoping workshops, systems mapping, DAPP, exploratory modelling, robust decision-making, real options analysis and validation workshops—to support decision-making for infrastructure in low-lying coastal areas. We apply the seven steps to two wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) case studies in New Zealand to quantify indicators, signals, triggers and adaptation thresholds within DAPP plans and to identify adaptation pathways that are robust against future uncertainty. Case study one focuses on the implementation of an existing DAPP at Helensville WWTP. Our modelling enabled the challenge of quantifying indicators for adaptation thresholds and triggers to be overcome. We show that an adaptation threshold occurs at 31 cm of RSLR, the trigger point is sufficient lead time to enable relocation, and the indicator is the rate of observed RSLR. Case study one demonstrates in a quantitative way how an existing DAPP can be functionally implemented by a water management agency. Modelling for case study two, the Seaview WWTP, showed that 26 cm and 56 cm of RSLR are key thresholds. Nuisance flooding may occur after 26 cm of RSLR, which could happen as early as 2040 under a high emissions scenario. Inundation of plant assets may occur after 56 cm of RSLR, which could occur as early as 2060. Modelling showed that implementing changes to plant layout would allow the plant to remain on site for its design life (until 2080). Five adaptation archetypes were developed—sequences of adaptive actions that achieve the performance objective of continuing levels of service and avoid inundation of WWTPs. The seven-step approach is a way to stress-test a DAPP, to quantify signals, triggers and adaptation thresholds and to simulate implementation of a DAPP under a range of scenarios. This can facilitate more robust decision-making for wastewater infrastructure assets under future uncertainty.","author":[{"family":"Allison","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Lawrence","given":"Judy"},{"family":"Stephens","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Kwakkel","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Suyash"},{"family":"Blackett","given":"Paula"},{"family":"Stroombergen","given":"Adolf"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fclim.2024.1355446","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2024.1355446","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387568607","type":"article-journal","title":"Early sea ice decline off East Antarctica at the last glacial–interglacial climate transition","abstract":"Antarctic climate warming and atmospheric CO 2 rise during the last deglaciation may be attributed in part to sea ice reduction in the Southern Ocean. Yet, glacial–interglacial Antarctic sea ice dynamics and underlying mechanisms are poorly constrained, as robust sea ice proxy evidence is sparse. Here, we present a molecular biomarker-based sea ice record that resolves the spring/summer sea ice variability off East Antarctica during the past 40 thousand years (ka). Our results indicate that substantial sea ice reduction culminated rapidly and contemporaneously with upwelling of carbon-enriched waters in the Southern Ocean at the onset of the last deglaciation but began at least ~2 ka earlier probably driven by an increasing local integrated summer insolation. Our findings suggest that sea ice reduction and associated feedbacks facilitated stratification breakup and outgassing of CO 2 in the Southern Ocean and warming in Antarctica but may also have played a leading role in initializing these deglacial processes in the Southern Hemisphere.","author":[{"family":"Sadatzki","given":"Hen­rik"},{"family":"Opdyke","given":"Bradley"},{"family":"Menviel","given":"Laurie"},{"family":"Leventer","given":"Amy"},{"family":"Hope","given":"Janet"},{"family":"Brocks","given":"Jochen"},{"family":"Fallon","given":"Stewart"},{"family":"Post","given":"Alexandra"},{"family":"Obrien","given":"PE"},{"family":"Grant","given":"Katharine"},{"family":"Armand","given":"Leanne"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.adh9513","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh9513","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387375033","type":"article-journal","title":"Carbonic Anhydrase Robustness for Use in Nanoscale CO2 Capture Technologies","abstract":"High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Continued dependence on crude oil and natural gas resources for fossil fuels has caused global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions to increase to record-setting proportions. There is an urgent need for efficient and inexpensive carbon sequestration systems to mitigate large-scale emissions of CO 2 from industrial flue gas. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) has shown high potential for enhanced CO 2 capture applications compared to conventional absorption-based methods currently utilized in various industrial settings. This study aims to understand structural aspects that contribute to the stability of CA enzymes critical for their applications in industrial processes, which require the ability to withstand conditions different from those in their native environments. Here, we evaluated the thermostability and enzyme activity of mesophilic and thermophilic CA variants at different temperature conditions and in the presence of atmospheric gas pollutants like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides. Based on our enzyme activity assays and molecular dynamics simulations, we see increased conformational stability and CA activity levels in thermostable CA variants incubated week-long at different temperature conditions. The thermostable CA variants also retained high levels of CA activity despite changes in solution pH due to increasing NO and SO 2 concentrations. A loss of CA activity was observed only at high concentrations of NO/SO 2 that possibly can be minimized with the appropriate buffered solutions.","author":[{"family":"Sharma","given":"Arjun"},{"family":"Chiang","given":"R"},{"family":"Manginell","given":"Monica"},{"family":"Nardi","given":"IRD"},{"family":"Coker","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Vanegas","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Rempe","given":"Susan"},{"family":"Bachand","given":"George"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acsomega.3c02630","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c02630","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405532355","type":"article-journal","title":"Antarmycins: Discovery, Biosynthesis, Anti-pathogenic Bacterial Activity, and Mechanism of Action from Deep-Sea-Derived Pseudonocardia antarctica","abstract":"High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide The rapid emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic microbes has accelerated the search for novel therapeutic agents. Here we report the discovery of antarmycin A ( 1 ), an antibiotic containing a symmetric 16-membered macrodiolide core with two pendant vancosamine moieties, one of which is glucosylated, from deep-sea-derived Pseudonocardia antarctica SCSIO 07407. The biosynthetic gene cluster of 1 was identified on a giant plasmid featuring transferable elements. In-depth biosynthetic investigation enabled us to (i) identify a set of seven genes associated with the product of the vancosamine moiety; (ii) discover two glycosyltransferases dedicated to the transfer of pendant sugars; and (iii) isolate rhamnose-modified antarmycin B ( 2 ) and a deglucosylated derivative antarmycin C ( 3 ) from genetically engineered mutant strains. Antibacterial assays revealed that 1 displays superior antibacterial properties with potent in vitro activities against the critical priority pathogens, multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, fast bacterial killing, insusceptibility to antimicrobial resistance, and high in vivo efficiency in infection models. Mechanistic investigations revealed that 1 disrupts the bacterial cell membrane through a mechanism involving interactions between the vancosamine moieties and membrane-embedded phosphatidylglycerol/phosphatidylethanolamine. The results provide insights into the biological generation of vancosamine in natural products and demonstrate the potential of 1 as an effective lead to address the growing antimicrobial resistance threats.","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Zhenbin"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Jiafan"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Junying"},{"family":"Shang","given":"Zhuo"},{"family":"Fang","given":"Runping"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Xinpeng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qinglian"},{"family":"Ju","given":"Jianhua"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1021/jacsau.4c00912","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.4c00912","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4381848838","type":"article-journal","title":"The Deep Basin and Underlying Basement Structure of the Tanganyika Rift","abstract":"Abstract The oldest structures in a rift basin define incipient rift architecture, and commonly modulate the patterns of landscape evolution, sedimentation, and associated hazards in subsequent phases of rift development. However, due to deep burial beneath younger, thick syn‐rift sequences, and limited resolution of seismic imaging, critical early‐rift processes remain poorly understood. In the Tanganyika Rift, East Africa, we augment existing 2‐dimensional (2‐D) seismic reflection data with newly acquired aeromagnetic and Full‐Tensor Gradiometry data to assess the deep basin and underlying basement structure. Aeromagnetic and gravity grids show a dominance of NW‐trending long‐wavelength (>5 km) structural fabrics corresponding to the deeper basement, and dominant NW‐trending with a secondary NNE‐trending shorter‐wavelength (<3 km) fabric representing shallower, intra‐basin structures. Seismically‐constrained 2‐D forward modeling of the aeromagnetic and gravity data reveals: (a) an anomalously high‐density (2.35–2.45 g/cc) deep‐seated, fault‐bounded wedge‐shaped sedimentary unit that directly overlies the pre‐rift basement, likely of Mesozoic (Karoo) origin; (b) ∼4 km‐wide sub‐vertical low‐density (2.71 g/cc) structures within the 3.2 g/cc basement, interpreted to be inherited basement shear zones, (c) early‐rift intra‐basin faults co‐located with the modeled shear zone margins, in some places defining a persistent structurally‐controlled intra‐basin “high,” and (d) a shallow intra‐sedimentary V‐shaped zone of comparatively dense material (∼2.2 g/cc), interpreted to be a younger axial channel complex confined between the intra‐basin “high” and border fault. These results provide new insight into the earliest basin architecture of the Tanganyika Rift, controlled by inherited basement structure, and provide evidence of their persistent influence on the subsequent basin evolution.","author":[{"family":"Shaban","given":"Shaidu"},{"family":"Kolawole","given":"Folarin"},{"family":"Scholz","given":"Christopher"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2022tc007726","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022tc007726","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4318305258","type":"article-journal","title":"Innovative Technology for Self‐Powered Sensors: Triboelectric Nanogenerators","abstract":"Abstract Internet of Things and wearable technology's quick development have opened up a vast market for sensor systems. However, typical sensors' external power supplies' short lifespan and expensive maintenance restrict them from being used more widely. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), a recently created mechanical energy harvesting and self‐powered sensing device, show enormous promise to get over these restrictions. TENG can be used not only to power sensors instead of conventional chemical batteries but also be utilized to actualize sensing by taking advantage of the unique characteristics of the friction layer itself. Triboelectric nanogenerators efficiently provide crucial infrastructure for a new generation of sensing devices that gather data using several self‐powered sensors in abundance. The recent progress in the development of TENGs applied in the sensor field is reviewed. First, the working mechanisms of solid‐solid TENG and solid–liquid TENG are introduced. Subsequently, the development of TENG‐based sensing systems and their application progress in self‐powered temperature sensors, self‐powered pressure sensors, self‐powered humidity sensors, self‐powered atmosphere sensors, self‐powered wireless sensors, interface wetting status monitoring, solution property monitoring, and friction condition monitoring are highlighted. Finally, current challenges and open opportunities are discussed.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Nannan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yupeng"},{"family":"Ye","given":"Enyi"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zibiao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Daoai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adsr.202200058","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adsr.202200058","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4367317877","type":"article-journal","title":"Application of Deep Learning for Classification of Intertidal Eelgrass from Drone-Acquired Imagery","abstract":"Shallow estuarine habitats are globally undergoing rapid changes due to climate change and anthropogenic influences, resulting in spatiotemporal shifts in distribution and habitat extent. Yet, scientists and managers do not always have rapidly available data to track habitat changes in real-time. In this study, we apply a novel and a state-of-the-art image segmentation machine learning technique (DeepLab) to two years of high-resolution drone-based imagery of a marine flowering plant species (eelgrass, a temperate seagrass). We apply the model to eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows in the Morro Bay estuary, California, an estuary that has undergone large eelgrass declines and the subsequent recovery of seagrass meadows in the last decade. The model accurately classified eelgrass across a range of conditions and sizes from meadow-scale to small-scale patches that are less than a meter in size. The model recall, precision, and F1 scores were 0.954, 0.723, and 0.809, respectively, when using human-annotated training data and random assessment points. All our accuracy values were comparable to or demonstrated greater accuracy than other models for similar seagrass systems. This study demonstrates the potential for advanced image segmentation machine learning methods to accurately support the active monitoring and analysis of seagrass dynamics from drone-based images, a framework likely applicable to similar marine ecosystems globally, and one that can provide quantitative and accurate data for long-term management strategies that seek to protect these vital ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Tallam","given":"Krti"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Nam"},{"family":"Ventura","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Fricker","given":"Geoffrey"},{"family":"Calhoun","given":"Sadie"},{"family":"Oleary","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Fitzgibbons","given":"Mauriça"},{"family":"Robbins","given":"Ian"},{"family":"Walter","given":"Ryan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs15092321","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092321","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403347488","type":"article-journal","title":"Natural language processing‐based deep transfer learning model across diverse tabular datasets for bond strength prediction of composite bars in concrete","abstract":"As conventional machine learning models often struggle with scarcity and structural variation of training data, this paper proposes a novel regression transfer learning framework called transferable tabular regressor (TransTabRegressor) to address this challenge. The TransTabRegressor integrates natural language processing (NLP) for feature encoding, transformer for enhanced feature representation, and deep learning (DL) for robust modeling, facilitating effective transfer learning across tabular datasets using reducing input parameters. By leveraging the NLP data processor, the framework embeds both parameter names and values, enabling it to recognize and adapt to different expressions of similar parameters. For instance, the bond strength of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars embedded in ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is critical for ensuring the integrity of FRP-UHPC structures. While pullout tests are widely adopted for their simplicity to generate substantial data, beam tests provide a closer approximation to actual stress conditions but are more complex thus resulting in limited data size. As a verification, the framework is applied to predict the bond strength of FRP bars embedded in UHPC using limited beam test data. A pre-trained model is first established using 479 pieces of pullout test data. Subsequently, two transfer learning models are developed by fine-tuning on 115 pieces of beam test data, where 66 correspond to concrete splitting failure and 49 correspond to pullout failure. For comparative analysis, XGBoost and neural network models are directly trained on the beam test data. Evaluation results demonstrate that the transfer learning models achieve significantly improved prediction accuracy and generalization capability. This study significantly highlights the effectiveness of the proposed TransTabRegressor in handling data scarcity and variability in input parameters across various engineering applications.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Pei‐fu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Daxu"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Xiao‐ling"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Xiao‐ling"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Xuan"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Xuan"},{"family":"Iqbal","given":"Mudassir"},{"family":"Tuerxunmaimaiti","given":"Yiliyaer"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Qi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1111/mice.13357","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.13357","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401153279","type":"article-journal","title":"Challenges, Advances and Opportunities in Regional Sea Level Projections: The Role of Ocean‐Shelf Dynamics","abstract":"Abstract Future sea level rise and changes in extreme weather will increase the frequency of flooding and intensify the risks for the millions of people living in low‐lying coastal areas. Concerns about coastal adaptation have been broadened due to societal awareness of the threat from rising seas, leading to a large set of potential adaptation users with diverse needs for adequate sea level projections in coastal areas beyond the current state of the art regional projections. In this paper, we provide an overview of the potential steps for improvement of regional sea level projections along the global coastline, with specific focus on the contribution from ocean dynamics to seasonal‐decadal variability of coastal sea level, and its implications for changes in frequency and magnitude of extreme sea levels. We discuss the key gaps in our knowledge and predictive capability of these dynamics as they relate to sea level variability on seasonal to decadal timescales, and conclude by suggesting ways in which these knowledge gaps could be addressed.","author":[{"family":"Jevrejeva","given":"Svetlana"},{"family":"Calafat","given":"Francisco"},{"family":"Dominicis","given":"Michela"},{"family":"Hirschi","given":"Joël"},{"family":"Mecking","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Polton","given":"Jeff"},{"family":"Sinha","given":"Bablu"},{"family":"Wise","given":"Anthony"},{"family":"Holt","given":"Jason"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2024ef004886","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024ef004886","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401963220","type":"article-journal","title":"A deep‐learning framework for enhancing habitat identification based on species composition","abstract":"Abstract Aims The accurate classification of habitats is essential for effective biodiversity conservation. The goal of this study was to harness the potential of deep learning to advance habitat identification in Europe. We aimed to develop and evaluate models capable of assigning vegetation‐plot records to the habitats of the European Nature Information System (EUNIS), a widely used reference framework for European habitat types. Location The framework was designed for use in Europe and adjacent areas (e.g., Anatolia, Caucasus). Methods We leveraged deep‐learning techniques, such as transformers (i.e., models with attention components able to learn contextual relations between categorical and numerical features) that we trained using spatial k ‐fold cross‐validation (CV) on vegetation plots sourced from the European Vegetation Archive (EVA), to show that they have great potential for classifying vegetation‐plot records. We tested different network architectures, feature encodings, hyperparameter tuning and noise addition strategies to identify the optimal model. We used an independent test set from the National Plant Monitoring Scheme (NPMS) to evaluate its performance and compare its results against the traditional expert systems. Results Exploration of the use of deep learning applied to species composition and plot‐location criteria for habitat classification led to the development of a framework containing a wide range of models. Our selected algorithm, applied to European habitat types, significantly improved habitat classification accuracy, achieving a more than twofold improvement compared to the previous state‐of‐the‐art (SOTA) method on an external data set, clearly outperforming expert systems. The framework is shared and maintained through a GitHub repository. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the potential benefits of the adoption of deep learning for improving the accuracy of vegetation classification. They highlight the importance of incorporating advanced technologies into habitat monitoring. These algorithms have shown to be better suited for habitat type prediction than expert systems. They push the accuracy score on a database containing hundreds of thousands of standardized presence/absence European surveys to 88.74%, as assessed by expert judgment. Finally, our results showcase that species dominance is a strong marker of ecosystems and that the exact cover abundance of the flora is not required to train neural networks with predictive performances. The framework we developed can be used by researchers and practitioners to accurately classify habitats.","author":[{"family":"Leblanc","given":"César"},{"family":"Bonnet","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Servajean","given":"Maximilien"},{"family":"Chytrý","given":"Milan"},{"family":"Aćić","given":"Svetlana"},{"family":"Argagnon","given":"Olivier"},{"family":"Bergamini","given":"Ariel"},{"family":"Biurrun","given":"Idoia"},{"family":"Bonari","given":"Gianmaria"},{"family":"Campos","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Čarni","given":"Andraž"},{"family":"Ćušterevska","given":"Renata"},{"family":"Sanctis","given":"Michele"},{"family":"Dengler","given":"Jürgen"},{"family":"Garbolino","given":"Emmanuel"},{"family":"Голуб","given":"ВБ"},{"family":"Jandt","given":"Ute"},{"family":"Jansen","given":"Florian"},{"family":"Lebedeva","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Lenoir","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Moeslund","given":"Jesper"},{"family":"Pérezhaase","given":"Aaron"},{"family":"Pielech","given":"Remigiusz"},{"family":"Šibík","given":"Jozef"},{"family":"Stančić","given":"Zvjezdana"},{"family":"Stanisci","given":"Angela"},{"family":"Swacha","given":"Grzegorz"},{"family":"Uogintas","given":"Domas"},{"family":"Vassilev","given":"Kiril"},{"family":"Wohlgemuth","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Joly","given":"Alexis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1111/avsc.12802","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12802","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400362459","type":"article-journal","title":"Next-Generation Green Hydrogen: Progress and Perspective from Electricity, Catalyst to Electrolyte in Electrocatalytic Water Splitting","abstract":"Green hydrogen from electrolysis of water has attracted widespread attention as a renewable power source. Among several hydrogen production methods, it has become the most promising technology. However, there is no large-scale renewable hydrogen production system currently that can compete with conventional fossil fuel hydrogen production. Renewable energy electrocatalytic water splitting is an ideal production technology with environmental cleanliness protection and good hydrogen purity, which meet the requirements of future development. This review summarizes and introduces the current status of hydrogen production by water splitting from three aspects: electricity, catalyst and electrolyte. In particular, the present situation and the latest progress of the key sources of power, catalytic materials and electrolyzers for electrocatalytic water splitting are introduced. Finally, the problems of hydrogen generation from electrolytic water splitting and directions of next-generation green hydrogen in the future are discussed and outlooked. It is expected that this review will have an important impact on the field of hydrogen production from water.","author":[{"family":"Gao","given":"Xueqing"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Yutong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yujun"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Luyao"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Xingyuan"},{"family":"Du","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Haixia"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Aibing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s40820-024-01424-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01424-2","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405456579","type":"article-journal","title":"Trends in High Voltage Switchgear Research and Technology","abstract":"High voltage switchgear is an essential element for the transformation of energy systems towards sustainable and low carbon footprint technologies by electrification of society and industry. This contribution highlights some important research and technology trends in high voltage (HV) switchgear development for reaching greener and smarter electricity transmission systems. In AC transmission, the focus is on the replacement of SF 6 , which is a strong greenhouse gas, in HV switchgear. Condition assessment is an important field within the “digitalization” of transmission systems to ensure reliability at reduced costs. Research activities and trends in these fields are discussed. Furthermore, HVDC transmission systems will be important for the future electricity system. As more point‐to‐point links are built, and as the need for HVDC transmission increases with a growing integration of renewables and rising demand for electricity, more complex multi‐terminal HVDC grid topologies appear. Activities in this field are also presented with a focus on HVDC circuit‐breakers and gas‐insulated HVDC systems, which have been emerging in the last years. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.","author":[{"family":"Seeger","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Macedo","given":"FTB"},{"family":"Riechert","given":"Uwe"},{"family":"Bujotzek","given":"Markus"},{"family":"Hassanpoor","given":"Arman"},{"family":"Häfner","given":"Jürgen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/tee.24244","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tee.24244","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4382490810","type":"manuscript","title":"Sea Change in Software Development: Economic and Productivity Analysis of the AI-Powered Developer Lifecycle","abstract":"This study examines the impact of GitHub Copilot on a large sample of Copilot users (n=934,533). The analysis shows that users on average accept nearly 30% of the suggested code, leading to increased productivity. Furthermore, our research demonstrates that the acceptance rate rises over time and is particularly high among less experienced developers, providing them with substantial benefits. Additionally, our estimations indicate that the adoption of generative AI productivity tools could potentially contribute to a $1.5 trillion increase in global GDP by 2030. Moreover, our investigation sheds light on the diverse contributors in the generative AI landscape, including major technology companies, startups, academia, and individual developers. The findings suggest that the driving force behind generative AI software innovation lies within the open-source ecosystem, particularly in the United States. Remarkably, a majority of repositories on GitHub are led by individual developers. As more developers embrace these tools and acquire proficiency in the art of prompting with generative AI, it becomes evident that this novel approach to software development has forged a unique inextricable link between humans and artificial intelligence. This symbiotic relationship has the potential to shape the construction of the world's software for future generations.","author":[{"family":"Dohmke","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Iansiti","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Richards","given":"Greg"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2306.15033","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.15033","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4318704292","type":"article-journal","title":"Quantitative Technology Forecasting: A Review of Trend Extrapolation Methods","abstract":"Quantitative technology forecasting uses quantitative methods to understand and project technological changes. It is a broad field encompassing many different techniques and has been applied to a vast range of technologies. A widely used approach in this field is trend extrapolation. Based on the literature available to us, there has been little or no attempt made to systematically review the empirical evidence on quantitative trend extrapolation techniques. This study attempts to close this gap by conducting a systematic review of the technology forecasting literature addressing the application of quantitative trend extrapolation techniques. We identified 25 studies relevant to the objective of this research and classified the techniques used in the studies into different categories, among which the growth curves and time series methods were shown to remain popular over the past decade while the newer methods, such as machine learning-based hybrid models, have emerged in recent years. As more effort and evidence are needed to determine if hybrid models are superior to traditional methods, we expect a growing trend in the development and application of hybrid models to technology forecasting.","author":[{"family":"Tsai","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Berleant","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Segall","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Aboudja","given":"Hyacinthe"},{"family":"Batthula","given":"Venkata"},{"family":"Duggirala","given":"Sheela"},{"family":"Howell","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1142/s0219877023300021","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219877023300021","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4367183698","type":"article-journal","title":"Detection and quantification of two commercial flatfishes ( Solea solea and Pleuronectes platessa ) in the North Sea using environmental DNA","abstract":"Abstract Sustainable fisheries management requires regular scientific monitoring of fish stocks. When information on certain fish stocks is limited, environmental DNA (eDNA) holds promise to complement traditional monitoring surveys. However, a better understanding of how eDNA concentrations relate to fish abundance and biomass is needed. Here, eDNA quantification of two commercially important flatfish species in the North‐East Atlantic, common sole ( Solea solea ) and European plaice ( Pleuronectes platessa ), was assessed. First, species‐specific, probe‐based assays for plaice and sole targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, respectively, were developed (for sole) and validated (for both species). Subsequently, two mesocosm experiments revealed a significant and positive relationship between both abundance and biomass and eDNA concentrations for both species at three eDNA emission time periods (5 min, 1 h, and 24 h). Larger plaice shed significantly more eDNA (copies L −1 ) than smaller conspecifics. Finally, eDNA was obtained from seawater collected during research surveys in the Belgian part of the North Sea in spring 2020 (i.e., local scale) and the southwestern North Sea in autumn 2020 and 2021 (i.e., regional scale). eDNA concentrations were compared to the observed abundance (individuals per km 2 ) and fish density in terms of biomass (kg per km 2 ) as observed in the trawl at the same station. Local eDNA concentrations of both sole and plaice were positively correlated with observed abundance and fish density. The correlation between regional eDNA concentrations and fish density was positive and significant for sole in 2020 and 2021 and for plaice in 2020, but not in 2021. The correlation between regional eDNA concentrations and observed abundance was positive and significant for sole and plaice in 2020, but not in 2021. These results illustrate the potential of eDNA to estimate abundance and biomass parameters for stock assessments of flatfishes in the North Sea.","author":[{"family":"Maes","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Maes","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Desmet","given":"Sam"},{"family":"Brys","given":"Rein"},{"family":"Sys","given":"Klaas"},{"family":"Ruttink","given":"Tom"},{"family":"Maes","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Maes","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Hostens","given":"Kris"},{"family":"Vansteenbrugge","given":"Lies"},{"family":"Derycke","given":"Sofie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1002/edn3.426","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.426","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391597806","type":"article-journal","title":"Towards a Global Surveillance System for Lost Containers at Sea","abstract":"Every year, more than 1500 containers are lost around the world. These accidents are increasingly more common due to the boom of the shipping industry, presenting serious consequences for marine ecosystems and maritime navigation. This problem has alerted various international organisms to regulate these catastrophes, incorporating new regulations that will force cargo ships to report the loss of containers during its voyages. However, the lack of technological means that support compliance with this regulation may lead to these accidents continuing to affect the maritime sector. This article analyzes different electronic technologies for the prevention of collisions with floating containers, as well as their monitoring at a global level. The analysis carried out provides a glimpse of the possibility of developing a global monitoring system for containers lost at sea. This analysis compares both the opportunities and limitations of each of the proposed technologies, demonstrating how the current state-of-the-art technology has sufficient means to address this problem.","author":[{"family":"Molina-Padrón","given":"Nicolás"},{"family":"Cabrera-Almeida","given":"Francisco"},{"family":"Araña","given":"V"},{"family":"Tovar","given":"Beatriz"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12020299","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020299","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388464490","type":"article-journal","title":"Ecotoxicological Risk of World War Relic Munitions in the Sea after Low- and High-Order Blast-in-Place Operations","abstract":"Submerged munitions from World War I and II are threatening human activities in the oceans, including fisheries and shipping or the construction of pipelines and offshore facilities. To avoid unforeseen explosions, remotely controlled \"blast-in-place\" (BiP) operations are a common practice worldwide. However, after underwater BiP detonations, the toxic and carcinogenic energetic compounds (ECs) will not completely combust but rather distribute within the marine ecosphere. To shed light on this question, two comparable World War II mines in Denmark's Sejerø Bay (Baltic Sea) were blown up by either low-order or high-order BiP operations by the Royal Danish Navy. Water and sediment samples were taken before and immediately after the respective BiP operation and analyzed for the presence of ECs with sensitive GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS technology. EC concentrations increased after high-order BiP detonations up to 353 ng/L and 175 μg/kg in water and sediment, respectively, while low-order BiP detonations resulted in EC water and sediment concentrations up to 1,000,000 ng/L (1 mg/L) and >10,000,000 μg/kg (>10 g/kg), respectively. Our studies provide unequivocal evidence that BiP operations in general lead to a significant increase of contamination of the marine environment and ecotoxicological risk with toxic ECs. Moreover, as compared to high-order BiP detonations, low-order BiP detonations resulted in a several 1000-fold higher burden on the marine environment.","author":[{"family":"Maser","given":"Edmund"},{"family":"Andresen","given":"Katrine"},{"family":"Bünning","given":"Tobias"},{"family":"Clausen","given":"Ole"},{"family":"Wichert","given":"Uwe"},{"family":"Strehse","given":"Jennifer"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acs.est.3c04873","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c04873","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405380562","type":"article-journal","title":"Observed Regional Impacts of Marine Heatwaves on Sea‐Air CO 2 Exchange","abstract":"Abstract Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have devastating effects on ecosystems. Yet a global assessment of the regional impacts of MHWs on the sea‐air exchange is missing. Here, we analyze 30 global observation‐based sea‐air flux data sets from 1990 to 2019. Globally, the oceanic uptake is reduced by 8% (3%–19% across data sets) during MHWs. Regionally, the equatorial Pacific experiences a 31% (3%–49%) reduction in release and MHWs often coincide with extreme sea‐air flux anomalies in this region. The oceanic uptake decreases during MHWs by 29% (19%–37%) and 14% (5%–21%) in the low‐to‐mid latitude Northern and Southern Hemisphere, respectively. Reduced dissolved inorganic carbon in the tropics weakens outgassing, while high ocean temperatures diminish uptake in the low‐to‐mid latitudes. In the subpolar North Pacific and Southern Ocean, enhanced carbon uptake occurs during MHWs, but uncertainties in p data sets limit a comprehensive assessment in these regions.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Catherine"},{"family":"Burger","given":"Friedrich"},{"family":"Raible","given":"Christoph"},{"family":"Frölicher","given":"Thomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2024gl110379","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl110379","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392978885","type":"article-journal","title":"Geographic-Scale Coffee Cherry Counting with Smartphones and Deep Learning","abstract":"Deep learning and computer vision, using remote sensing and drones, are 2 promising nondestructive methods for plant monitoring and phenotyping.However, their applications are infeasible for many crop systems under tree canopies, such as coffee crops, making it challenging to perform plant monitoring and phenotyping at a large spatial scale at a low cost.This study aims to develop a geographic-scale monitoring method for coffee cherry counting, supported by an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered citizen science approach.The approach uses basic smartphones to take a few pictures of coffee trees; 2,968 trees were investigated with 8,904 pictures in Junín and Piura (Peru), Cauca, and Quindío (Colombia) in 2022, with the help of nearly 1,000 smallholder coffee farmers.Then, we trained and validated YOLO (You Only Look Once) v8 for detecting cherries in the dataset in Peru.An average number of cherries per picture was multiplied by the number of branches to estimate the total number of cherries per tree.The model's performance in Peru showed an R 2 of 0.59.When the model was tested in Colombia, where different varieties are grown in different biogeoclimatic conditions, the model showed an R 2 of 0.71.The overall performance in both countries reached an R 2 of 0.72.The results suggest that the method can be applied to much broader scales and is transferable to other varieties, countries, and regions.To our knowledge, this is the first AI-powered method for counting coffee cherries and has the potential for a geographicscale, multiyear, photo-based phenotypic monitoring for coffee crops in low-income countries worldwide.","author":[{"family":"Rivera-Palacio","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Bunn","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Rahn","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Little-Savage","given":"Daisy"},{"family":"Schmidt","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Ryo","given":"Masahiro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.34133/plantphenomics.0165","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34133/plantphenomics.0165","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4386823908","type":"article-journal","title":"Air‐Sea CO2 Fluxes Localized by Topography in a Southern Ocean Channel","abstract":"Abstract Air‐sea exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Southern Ocean plays an important role in the global carbon budget. Previous studies have suggested that flow around topographic features of the Southern Ocean enhances the upward supply of carbon from the deep to the surface, influencing air‐sea CO2 exchange. Here, we investigate the role of seafloor topography on the transport of carbon and associated air‐sea CO2 flux in an idealized channel model. We find elevated CO2 outgassing upstream of a seafloor ridge, driven by anomalous advection of dissolved inorganic carbon. Argo‐like Lagrangian particles in our channel model sample heterogeneously in the vicinity of the seafloor ridge, which could impact float‐based estimates of CO2 flux.","author":[{"family":"Youngs","given":"Madeleine"},{"family":"Freilich","given":"Mara"},{"family":"Lovenduski","given":"Nicole"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2023gl104802","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl104802","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4319294592","type":"article-journal","title":"Assembly and Network Stability of Planktonic Microorganisms under the Influence of Salinity Gradient: an Arctic Case Study from the Lena River Estuary to the Laptev Sea","abstract":"The regime of the Laptev Sea depends closely on the runoff of the Lena River. Microorganisms are essential components of aquatic food webs and play a significant role in polar ecosystems. In this study, we provided a basic microbial data set as well as new insights into the microbial networks from the Lena River estuary to the Laptev Sea, while exploring their potential to resist future disturbances. A comprehensive and systematic study of the community structure and function of the planktonic microorganisms in the Laptev Sea would greatly enhance our understanding of how polar microbial communities respond to the salinity gradient under climate warming.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Qian"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Hualong"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Gui‐peng"},{"family":"Kan","given":"Jinjun"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Mengyao"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Xiaowen"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Cui"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Min"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Qingli"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Jiancheng"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Xianyong"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Yong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1128/spectrum.02115-22","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.02115-22","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4317036805","type":"article-journal","title":"Simple and reliable eco‐extraction of bioactive compounds from dark chocolate by Deep Eutectic Solvents. A sustainable study","abstract":"Summary The green solvents and eco‐extraction methods are gaining increasing interest in chemical analysis for bioactive compounds in food matrices. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) developed as a greener and more sustainable alternative to organic solvents, owing to their non‐toxic, highly stable, and biodegradation‐friendly nature. DES application for polyphenols and antioxidant compounds extraction in dark chocolate samples has been evaluated in an integrated study for sustainability assessment, based on multivariate analysis and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. A green extraction method based on DES was proposed testing different HBA:HBD pairs (ChCl:Fru, ChCl:Teg, Bet:Fru, and Bet:Teg). DES Bet:Fru resulted in the highest extraction yield in terms of both total polyphenols (0.34–3.37 g GAE/100 g) and flavonoids (1.13–8.32 g RUT/100 g), P < 0.05. Furthermore, the environmental performances of green and conventional solvents (MeOH:H 2 O, H 2 O, and MeOH) were evaluated by applying a comparative LCA (c‐LCA). The c‐LCA study highlighted that conventional extraction for polyphenols in dark chocolate was 60% more impactful than DES. DES pairs analysed quantitatively lowest impacted than conventional methods, considering the macro‐categories Human Health (9.99 × 10 –8 ÷ 1.54 × 10 –7 DALYs), Ecosystem (2.29 × 10–10 ÷ 3.57 × 10 –10 species.yr), and Resources (6.57 × 10 –3 ÷ 8.96 × 10 – 3 USD2013).","author":[{"family":"Vinci","given":"Giuliana"},{"family":"Maddaloni","given":"Lucia"},{"family":"Prencipe","given":"Sabrina"},{"family":"Orlandini","given":"Eleonora"},{"family":"Sambucci","given":"Matteo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1111/ijfs.16315","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.16315","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405362654","type":"article-journal","title":"3D seismic evidence for a single Early Pleistocene glaciation of the central North Sea","abstract":"Efforts to understand how Pleistocene climate changes were translated into fluctuations in ice sheet extent and volume are limited by a lack of consensus about the glacial history of the North Sea. Here, we use high-resolution 3D seismic data to interpret the landforms and sediments of the central North Sea in unprecedented detail. In contrast to previous interpretations of multiple extensive early glaciations, our data suggest that grounded ice extended across the central North Sea only once, from western Norway, during the Early Pleistocene. This ice sheet advance, which probably occurred ~1.1 million years ago, deposited an up to 120-meter-thick layer of till across >10,000 square kilometers of the central basin. During the rest of the Early Pleistocene, elliptical pockmarks and elongate contour-current furrows show that the central basin was instead scoured by along-slope currents. These findings constrain the extent of ice sheets before and during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition and reconcile marine and terrestrial evidence for glaciation in northwest Europe.","author":[{"family":"Ottesen","given":"Dag"},{"family":"Batchelor","given":"Christine"},{"family":"Løseth","given":"Helge"},{"family":"Brunstad","given":"Harald"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.adq6089","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adq6089","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4386897338","type":"article-journal","title":"Numerical Study of the Transport Process of Shallow Heat Carried by Turbidity Currents in Deep‐Sea Environments","abstract":"Abstract Turbidity currents often originate from relatively high‐temperature water bodies near the coast of the upper continental shelf. Turbidity currents are the main carriers that transport land sediments to the deep sea. Their impact on heat exchange and material transport in the deep‐sea ecosystem is receiving more attention. However, presently, there are few studies on heat transport by turbidity currents. This article presents a coupled model of multiphase flow and heat transfer through laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. The effects of sediment particle size, density, and Froude number on the characteristics of turbidity current heat transfer are analyzed, and the heat flux carried by turbidity currents transporting upper‐layer heat into the deep sea is reproduced. The results indicate that turbidity currents are carriers of shallow heat into the deep sea. The temperature structure within turbidity currents follows a Gaussian function and can effectively preserve heat. The efficiency of the long‐distance transport of heat carried by turbidity currents is negatively correlated with sediment particle size and the velocity of turbidity currents, and positively correlated with sediment concentration. Turbidity current heat shock events in the future may have significant and far‐reaching impacts on deep‐sea ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Hao","given":"Tian"},{"family":"Ren","given":"Yupeng"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhiyuan"},{"family":"Tao","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Hanru"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Guohui"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2022jc019478","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jc019478","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404542913","type":"article-journal","title":"The Multifaceted Role of Gut Microbiota in Sea Urchin Digestion: Diversity, Function, Symbiosis, and Carbohydrate Degradation","abstract":"Sea urchins, ecologically important marine species, host a complex gut microbiota that plays a significant role in their digestion, nutrient acquisition, and overall health. The gut microbes, along with endogenous enzymes, facilitate the breakdown of macroalgae and other food sources. Environmental factors, including temperature, salinity, and habitat type, can greatly influence the microbial communities within sea urchins. Dietary variations can also lead to shifts in the abundance and composition of intestinal bacteria, highlighting the strong connection between diet and gut microbiota. The sea urchin’s unique anatomy and digestive system adaptations contribute to their ability to process and absorb nutrients efficiently, supporting their varied diets. Gut microbes not only participate in the decomposition of complex carbohydrates, but also in detoxifying compounds and mitigating the impacts of inhospitable environments. Further research is needed to fully understand the intricate relationships between sea urchin species, their habitats, diets, and gut microbiota composition. A deeper understanding of these interactions may inform sustainable management and aquaculture strategies, ensure the long‐term viability of economically valuable sea urchin species, and provide insights into their ecological roles and adaptability to changing environments.","author":[{"family":"Zheng","given":"Yining"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Furong"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Lianshun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Lianshun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Lijun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Lijun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yuan"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Yanan"},{"family":"Cong","given":"Yuting"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Guojun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1155/2024/7363987","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7363987","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4376862917","type":"article-journal","title":"A Digital Collaborative Platform for the Silver Economy: Functionalities Required by Stakeholders in a Multinational Baltic Sea Region Project","abstract":"This article develops functionalities for a digital collaborative platform, called the Digital Silver Hub, which aims to serve as an ecosystem for the quadruple helix actors (private sector, public sector, academic institutions, and senior citizens) to participate in knowledge exchange, collaboration, and co-creation of innovative technological solutions to facilitate the elderly population. In service of that, we have conducted 30 interviews from the partner heads of an EU-funded project as well as quadruple helix actors from each region in the Baltic Sea Region (Estonia, Latvia, Finland, Lithuania, Denmark, and St. Petersburg) to deeply understand the functionalities that are needed to be offered by the platform. A deductive thematic analysis has been conducted to analyse these functionalities in terms of collective intelligence (CI) components (namely staffing, processes, goals, and motivation) based on a most recent generic CI model. The functionalities were further evaluated by experts working in the field of science and technology in the silver economy. Overall, this article offers insights into the functionalities that are required for a digital collaborative platform to support the elderly population and facilitate co-creation among quadruple helix actors, as well as provides a foundation for future work on designing and implementing such a platform.","author":[{"family":"Butt","given":"Sidra"},{"family":"Suran","given":"Shweta"},{"family":"Pappel","given":"Ingrid"},{"family":"Smærup","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Krimmer","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Draheim","given":"Dirk"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1145/3592618","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3592618","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4386156710","type":"article-journal","title":"Detection of Frog Virus 3 by Integrating RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a-SPM with Deep Learning","abstract":"A fast, easy-to-implement, highly sensitive, and point-of-care (POC) detection system for frog virus 3 (FV3) is proposed. Combining recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and CRISPR/Cas12a, a limit of detection (LoD) of 100 aM (60.2 copies/μL) is achieved by optimizing RPA primers and CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs). For POC detection, smartphone microscopy is implemented, and an LoD of 10 aM is achieved in 40 min. The proposed system detects four positive animal-derived samples with a quantitation cycle (Cq) value of quantitative PCR (qPCR) in the range of 13 to 32. In addition, deep learning models are deployed for binary classification (positive or negative samples) and multiclass classification (different concentrations of FV3 and negative samples), achieving 100 and 98.75% accuracy, respectively. Without temperature regulation and expensive equipment, the proposed RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a combined with smartphone readouts and artificial-intelligence-assisted classification showcases the great potential for FV3 detection, specifically POC detection of DNA virus.","author":[{"family":"Lei","given":"Zhengyang"},{"family":"Lian","given":"Lijin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Likun"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Changyue"},{"family":"Zhai","given":"Shiyao"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Xi"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Jiazhang"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Hong"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Ying"},{"family":"Du","given":"Zhicheng"},{"family":"Gul","given":"Ijaz"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Haihui"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Zhifeng"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Shaoling"},{"family":"Jia","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Du","given":"Ke"},{"family":"Deng","given":"Lin"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Dongmei"},{"family":"He","given":"Qian"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Peiwu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acsomega.3c02929","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c02929","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393317811","type":"article-journal","title":"Development of climate informed management scenarios for fisheries in the eastern Bering Sea","abstract":"Abstract In recognition of the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems worldwide, integrated research teams have coupled climate change projections with social-ecological models to inform management and evaluate adaptation strategies for the fishing industry and fishing communities. A key step in this process is the selection of scenarios that enable improved adaptation strategies and decision-making through engagements with constituents with diverse interests in the future use of marine resources. This paper presents an approach to selecting and refining climate-informed social-ecological scenarios for groundfish and crab fisheries in the eastern Bering Sea. The approach involved: (a) initial model development to provide worked examples; (b) engagement with stakeholders to seek input on climate-related concerns, priorities, and adaptation options; and (c) establishment of pathways for uptake of climate-informed decision support information into existing management systems. This approach narrowed the range of candidate scenarios, identified pressing climate concerns of constituents, and clarified timelines for scheduling modeling projects to address these concerns. Separating evaluation of management strategies (research modeling) from proposed changes to Fishery Management Plans preserved opportunities for public debate of proposed changes through a well-established regulatory review process. Collectively, these outcomes help to advance the development of a regionally relevant climate-ready harvest policy.","author":[{"family":"Hollowed","given":"Anne"},{"family":"Holsman","given":"Kirstin"},{"family":"Wise","given":"SP"},{"family":"Haynie","given":"Alan"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Evans","given":"Diana"},{"family":"Hermann","given":"Albert"},{"family":"Ianelli","given":"James"},{"family":"Kearney","given":"Kelly"},{"family":"Punt","given":"André"},{"family":"Reum","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Stram","given":"Diana"},{"family":"Szuwalski","given":"Cody"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1093/icesjms/fsae034","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsae034","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387354308","type":"article-journal","title":"Low cobalt inventories in the Amundsen and Ross seas driven by high demand for labile cobalt uptake among native phytoplankton communities","abstract":"Abstract. Cobalt (Co) is a scarce but essential micronutrient for marine plankton in the Southern Ocean and coastal Antarctic seas, where dissolved cobalt (dCo) concentrations can be extremely low. This study presents total dCo and labile dCo distributions measured via shipboard voltammetry in the Amundsen Sea, the Ross Sea and Terra Nova Bay during the CICLOPS (Cobalamin and Iron Co-Limitation of Phytoplankton Species) expedition. A significantly smaller dCo inventory was observed during the 2017/2018 CICLOPS expedition compared to two 2005/2006 expeditions to the Ross Sea conducted over a decade earlier. The dCo inventory loss (∼ 10–20 pM) was present in both the surface and deep ocean and was attributed to the loss of labile dCo, resulting in the near-complete complexation of dCo by strong ligands in the photic zone. A changing dCo inventory in Antarctic coastal seas could be driven by the alleviation of iron (Fe) limitation in coastal areas, where the flux of Fe-rich sediments from melting ice shelves and deep sediment resuspension may have shifted the region towards vitamin B12 and/or zinc (Zn) limitation, both of which are likely to increase the demand for Co among marine plankton. High demand for Zn by phytoplankton can result in increased Co and cadmium (Cd) uptake because these metals often share the same metal uptake transporters. This study compared the magnitudes and ratios of Zn, Cd and Co uptake (ρ) across upper-ocean profiles and the observed order-of-magnitude uptake trends (ρZn > ρCd > ρCo) that paralleled the trace metal concentrations in seawater. High rates of Co and Zn uptake were observed throughout the region, and the speciation of available Co and Zn appeared to influence trends in dissolved metal : phosphate stoichiometry and uptake rates over depth. Multi-year loss of the dCo inventory throughout the water column may be explained by an increase in Co uptake into particulate organic matter and subsequently an increased flux of Co into sediments via sinking and burial. This perturbation of the Southern Ocean Co biogeochemical cycle could signal changes in the nutrient limitation regimes, phytoplankton bloom composition and carbon sequestration sink of the Southern Ocean.","author":[{"family":"Chmiel","given":"Rebecca"},{"family":"Kellogg","given":"Riss"},{"family":"Rao","given":"Deepa"},{"family":"Moran","given":"Dawn"},{"family":"Ditullio","given":"Giacomo"},{"family":"Saito","given":"Mak"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5194/bg-20-3997-2023","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3997-2023","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4315641624","type":"article-journal","title":"A Coupled Deep Learning Model for Estimating Surface NO2 Levels From Remote Sensing Data: 15‐Year Study Over the Contiguous United States","abstract":"Abstract This study proposes a novel two‐step deep learning (DL) model for estimating surface NO2 concentrations using satellite data over the contiguous United States (CONUS) from 2005 to 2019. The first phase of the model uses partial convolutional neural network (PCNN), an advanced DL model that accurately imputes gaps between surface NO2 stations and creates 5,478 daily‐mean NO2 grids (PCNN‐NO2) of the 2005–2019 period over the study area. We then feed the PCNN‐NO2, along with other predictor variables, into a deep neural network (DNN) to estimate surface NO2 levels, achieving exceptional performance with a correlation coefficient of 0.975–0.978, a mean absolute bias of 0.99–1.38 ppb, and a root mean square error of 1.47–1.97 ppb. Spatial cross‐validation results also indicate strong spatial performance of PCNN‐DNN surface NO2 estimates. In addition to its accurate estimates, the PCNN‐DNN model consistently generates estimated NO2 grids without any missing values, improving the quality of various applications such as emission reduction strategies and public health studies. Between 2005 and 2019, the 5,478 daily estimated NO2 grids over the CONUS reveal significant reductions in NO2 levels in 14 major urban environments: Washington D.C. (−43%), New York (−45%), Los Angeles (−38%), Chicago (−25%), Boston (−43%), Houston (−34%), Dallas (−40%), Philadelphia (−41%), Phoenix (−38%), Detroit (−20%), Denver (−23%), Atlanta (−0.7%), Cincinnati (−38%), and Pittsburgh (−56%). Furthermore, the study shows that the denser urban regions that in‐situ stations are installed in, the higher the difference between in‐situ observations and regional‐mean NO2 levels.","author":[{"family":"Ghahremanloo","given":"Masoud"},{"family":"Lops","given":"Yannic"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Yunsoo"},{"family":"Mousavinezhad","given":"Seyedali"},{"family":"Jung","given":"Jia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2022jd037010","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jd037010","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402903903","type":"article-journal","title":"Greenland Norse walrus exploitation deep into the Arctic","abstract":"Walrus ivory was a prized commodity in medieval Europe and was supplied by Norse intermediaries who expanded across the North Atlantic, establishing settlements in Iceland and Greenland. However, the precise sources of the traded ivory have long remained unclear, raising important questions about the sustainability of commercial walrus harvesting, the extent to which Greenland Norse were able to continue mounting their own long-range hunting expeditions, and the degree to which they relied on trading ivory with the various Arctic Indigenous peoples that they were starting to encounter. We use high-resolution genomic sourcing methods to track walrus artifacts back to specific hunting grounds, demonstrating that Greenland Norse obtained ivory from High Arctic waters, especially the North Water Polynya, and possibly from the interior Canadian Arctic. These results substantially expand the assumed range of Greenland Norse ivory harvesting activities and support intriguing archaeological evidence for substantive interactions with Thule Inuit, plus possible encounters with Tuniit (Late Dorset Pre-Inuit).","author":[{"family":"Ruizpuerta","given":"Emily"},{"family":"Jarrett","given":"Greer"},{"family":"Mccarthy","given":"Morgan"},{"family":"Pan","given":"Shyong"},{"family":"Keighley","given":"Xénia"},{"family":"Aiken","given":"Magie"},{"family":"Zampirolo","given":"Giulia"},{"family":"Loonen","given":"Maarten"},{"family":"Gotfredsen","given":"Anne"},{"family":"Howse","given":"Lesley"},{"family":"Szpak","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Pálsson","given":"Snæbjörn"},{"family":"Rufolo","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Malmquist","given":"Hilmar"},{"family":"Desjardins","given":"Sean"},{"family":"Olsen","given":"Morten"},{"family":"Jordan","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.adq4127","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adq4127","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390974934","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep learning approaches to predict sea surface height above geoid in Pekalongan","abstract":"Rising sea surface height is one of the world's vital issues in marine ecosystems because it greatly affects the ecosystems as well as the socio-economic life of the surrounding environment. Pekalongan is one area in Indonesia facing the effects of this phenomenon. This problem deserves to be explored further with complex approaches. One of them is a neural network to perform forecasting more accurately. In neural networks, the time series approach can be used with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). By adding the bidirectional method to each of these two approaches, we will find the best method to use to perform the analysis. The best results were obtained by forecasting for 960 days using Vanilla BiGRU. The results can be interpreted from multiple perspectives. The forecasting results showed a fluctuating pattern as in previous periods, so it can be said that the pattern is still quite normal, which indicates that the terminal can continue to operate normally. However, the forecasting results from this study are expected to be a reference for information for the government to prevent future dangers.","author":[{"family":"Pontoh","given":"Resa"},{"family":"Rafi","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Clorinda","given":"Chrysentia"},{"family":"Ena","given":"Absalom"},{"family":"Farras","given":"Mo"},{"family":"Arisanti","given":"Restu"},{"family":"Toharudin","given":"Toni"},{"family":"Gumelar","given":"Farhat"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5267/j.ijdns.2024.1.004","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2024.1.004","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4313639260","type":"article-journal","title":"Soft Robots Modeling: A Structured Overview","abstract":"The robotics community has seen an exponential growth in the level of complexity of the theoretical tools presented for the modeling of soft robotics devices. Different solutions have been presented to overcome the difficulties related to the modeling of soft robots, often leveraging on other scientific disciplines, such as continuum mechanics, computational mechanics, and computer graphics. These theoretical and computational foundations are often taken for granted and this leads to an intricate literature that, consequently, has rarely been the subject of a complete review. For the first time, we present here a structured overview of all the approaches proposed so far to model soft robots. The chosen classification, which is based on their theoretical and numerical grounds, allows us to provide a critical analysis about their uses and applicability. This will enable robotics researchers to learn the basics of these modeling techniques and their associated numerical methods, but also to have a critical perspective on their uses.","author":[{"family":"Armanini","given":"Costanza"},{"family":"Boyer","given":"Frédéric"},{"family":"Mathew","given":"Anup"},{"family":"Duriez","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Renda","given":"Federico"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tro.2022.3231360","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2022.3231360","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4395467497","type":"article-journal","title":"Untethered soft actuators for soft standalone robotics","abstract":"Soft actuators produce the mechanical force needed for the functional movements of soft robots, but they suffer from critical drawbacks since previously reported soft actuators often rely on electrical wires or pneumatic tubes for the power supply, which would limit the potential usage of soft robots in various practical applications. In this article, we review the new types of untethered soft actuators that represent breakthroughs and discuss the future perspective of soft actuators. We discuss the functional materials and innovative strategies that gave rise to untethered soft actuators and deliver our perspective on challenges and opportunities for future-generation soft actuators.","author":[{"family":"Jung","given":"Yeongju"},{"family":"Kwon","given":"Kangkyu"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Jinwoo"},{"family":"Ko","given":"Seung"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-024-47639-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47639-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399300226","type":"article-journal","title":"Obstacle Avoidance and Path Planning Methods for Autonomous Navigation of Mobile Robot","abstract":"Path planning creates the shortest path from the source to the destination based on sensory information obtained from the environment. Within path planning, obstacle avoidance is a crucial task in robotics, as the autonomous operation of robots needs to reach their destination without collisions. Obstacle avoidance algorithms play a key role in robotics and autonomous vehicles. These algorithms enable robots to navigate their environment efficiently, minimizing the risk of collisions and safely avoiding obstacles. This article provides an overview of key obstacle avoidance algorithms, including classic techniques such as the Bug algorithm and Dijkstra's algorithm, and newer developments like genetic algorithms and approaches based on neural networks. It analyzes in detail the advantages, limitations, and application areas of these algorithms and highlights current research directions in obstacle avoidance robotics. This article aims to provide comprehensive insight into the current state and prospects of obstacle avoidance algorithms in robotics applications. It also mentions the use of predictive methods and deep learning strategies.","author":[{"family":"Katona","given":"Kornél"},{"family":"Neamah","given":"Husam"},{"family":"Köröndi","given":"Péter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s24113573","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113573","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390508827","type":"article-journal","title":"3D printing of magneto-active smart materials for advanced actuators and soft robotics applications","abstract":"In the contemporary era, novel manufacturing technologies like additive manufacturing (AM) have revolutionized the different engineering sectors including biomedical, aerospace, electronics, etc. Four-dimensional (4D) printing aka AM of smart materials is gaining popularity among the scientific community, which has the excellent ability to make soft structures such as soft robots, actuators, and grippers. These soft structures are developed by applying various stimuli such as pH, temperature, magnetic field, and many combinations onto soft materials. Stimuli in 3D printing permit various shape-morphing behaviors such as bending, twisting, folding, swelling, rolling, shrinking, origami, or locomotion. A wide variety of soft magnetic structures can be fabricated through the incorporation of soft or hard magnetic particles into soft materials resulting in magneto-active soft materials (MASMs). With this integration, magneto-thermal coupling actuation allows diverse magneto-deformations, facilitating the development of personalized devices that are capable of enhanced deformation. In this review, guidelines are provided on the 3D printing for MASMs such as magneto-active polymers (MAPs), magneto-active composites, and magneto-active hydrogels (MAHs) on the booming development of various smart and flexible devices such as soft robots, wearable electronics, and biomimetic devices. Moreover, 3D-printed soft robotics have an outstanding capacity to adapt to complicated situations for many advanced actuating applications. Finally, some current challenges and emerging areas in this exciting technology have been proposed. Lastly, it is anticipated that technological advancements in developing smart and intelligent magneto-active structures will have a significant impact on the design of real-world applications.","author":[{"family":"Khalid","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Arif","given":"Zia"},{"family":"Tariq","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Hossain","given":"Mokarram"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Kamran"},{"family":"Umer","given":"Rehan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112718","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112718","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391174293","type":"article-journal","title":"Internet of Underwater Things: A Survey on Simulation Tools and 5G-Based Underwater Networks","abstract":"The term “Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT)” refers to a network of intelligent interconnected underwater devices designed to monitor various underwater activities. The IoUT allows for a network of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to communicate with each other, sense their surroundings, collect data, and transmit them to control centers on the surface at typical Internet speeds. These data serve as a valuable resource for various tasks, including conducting crash surveys, discovering shipwrecks, detecting early signs of tsunamis, monitoring animal health, obtaining real-time aquatic information, and conducting archaeological expeditions. This paper introduces an additional set of alternative simulation tools for underwater networks. We categorize these tools into open-source and licensed simulator options and recommend that students consider using open-source simulators for monitoring underwater networks. There has not been widespread deployment or extensive research on underwater 5G-based networks. However, simulation tools provide some general insights into the challenges and potential issues associated with evaluating such networks, based on the characteristics of underwater communication and 5G, by surveying 5G-based underwater networks and 5G key aspects addressed by the research community in underwater network systems. Through an extensive review of the literature, we discuss the architecture of both Internet of Underwater application-assisted AUVs and Internet of Underwater Things communications in the 5G-based system.","author":[{"family":"Nkenyereye","given":"Lewis"},{"family":"Nkenyereye","given":"Lewis"},{"family":"Nkenyereye","given":"Lionel"},{"family":"Nkenyereye","given":"Lionel"},{"family":"Bruce","given":"Ndibanje"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/electronics13030474","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030474","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400588994","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater small target detection under YOLOv8-LA model","abstract":"In the realm of marine environmental engineering, the swift and accurate detection of underwater targets is of considerable significance. Recently, methods based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have been applied to enhance the detection of such targets. However, deep neural networks usually require a large number of parameters, resulting in slow processing speed. Meanwhile, existing methods present challenges in accurate detection when facing small and densely arranged underwater targets. To address these issues, we propose a new neural network model, YOLOv8-LA, for improving the detection performance of underwater targets. First, we design a Lightweight Efficient Partial Convolution (LEPC) module to optimize spatial feature extraction by selectively processing input channels to improve efficiency and significantly reduce redundant computation and storage requirements. Second, we developed the AP-FasterNet architecture for small targets that are commonly found in underwater datasets. By integrating depth-separable convolutions with different expansion rates into FasterNet, AP-FasterNet enhances the model's ability to capture detailed features of small targets. Finally, we integrate the lightweight and efficient content-aware reorganization (CARAFE) up-sampling operation into YOLOv8 to enhance the model performance by aggregating contextual information over a large perceptual field and mitigating information loss during up-sampling.Evaluation results on the URPC2021 dataset show that the YOLOv8-LA model achieves 84.7% mean accuracy (mAP) on a single Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 and operates at 189.3 frames per second (FPS), demonstrating that it outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods in terms of performance. This result demonstrates the model's ability to ensure high detection accuracy while maintaining real-time processing capabilities.","author":[{"family":"Qu","given":"Shenming"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Can"},{"family":"Duan","given":"Jiale"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Yongyong"},{"family":"Pang","given":"Zilong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-66950-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66950-w","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392979569","type":"article-journal","title":"Data-Driven Methods Applied to Soft Robot Modeling and Control: A Review","abstract":"Soft robots show compliance and have infinite degrees of freedom. Thanks to these properties, such robots can be leveraged for surgery, rehabilitation, biomimetics, unstructured environment exploring, and industrial grippers. In this case, they attract scholars from a variety of areas. However, nonlinearity and hysteresis effects also bring a burden to robot modeling. Moreover, following their flexibility and adaptation, soft robot control is more challenging than rigid robot control. In order to model and control soft robots, a large number of data-driven methods are utilized in pairs or separately. This review first briefly introduces two foundations for data-driven approaches, which are physical models and the Jacobian matrix, then summarizes three kinds of data-driven approaches, which are statistical method, neural network, and reinforcement learning. This review compares the modeling and controller features, e.g., model dynamics, data requirement, and target task, within and among these categories. Finally, we summarize the features of each method. A discussion about the advantages and limitations of the existing modeling and control approaches is presented, and we forecast the future of data-driven approaches in soft robots. A website (https://sites.google.com/view/23zcb) is built for this review and will be updated frequently.Note to Practitioners—This work is motivated by the need for a review introducing soft robot modeling and control methods in parallel. Modeling and control play significant roles in robot research, and they are challenging especially for soft robots. The nonlinear and complex deformation of such robots necessitates specific modeling and control approaches. We introduce the state-of-the-art data-driven methods and survey three approaches widely utilized. This review also compares the performance of these methods, considering some important features like data amount requirement, control frequency, and target task. The features of each approach are summarized, and we discuss the possible future of this area.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Zixi"},{"family":"Renda","given":"Federico"},{"family":"Gall","given":"Alexia"},{"family":"Mocellin","given":"Lorenzo"},{"family":"Bernabei","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Dangel","given":"Théo"},{"family":"Ciuti","given":"Gastone"},{"family":"Cianchetti","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Stefanini","given":"Cesare"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tase.2024.3377291","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2024.3377291","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388914705","type":"article-journal","title":"Robotics: Enabler and inhibitor of the Sustainable Development Goals","abstract":"Robotics has the power to help our society in managing many current and foreseeable challenges, and contribute to a responsible future, as formally structured in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) initiative. Prior work has already investigated the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the SDGs, using a systematic consensus-based expert elicitation process. However, the existing literature has not focused on the intricacies of robotics and the unique dynamics this domain has regarding the SDGs. In this vein, this work adapts an established approach, to focus on and dive deeper, into the field of robotics and social responsibility. We present a multidisciplinary analysis of both the enabling and disabling roles of robotics, in achieving the SDG-presented, major economic, social and environmental priorities. The United Nation's 17 SDG and the 169 Targets, were individually examined within the context of state-of-the-art robotics already documented in scientific literature. The significance and the quality-of-evidence of enabling/inhibiting impacts, were assessed by an international panel of experts, to quantify the positive or negative effect of the applied robotic systems. Results from this study indicate that robotics has the potential to enable 46 % of the Targets, particularly for the industry and environment-related SDGs, forecasting a huge impact on our production systems and thus on our entire society. Inversely, robotics could inhibit 19 % of the SDG Targets, mainly through exacerbation of inequalities and tensions in the SDGs. The objective of this paper is to assess and grade the current impact of the robotics megatrend on the SDGs, provide comparable data, and encourage the robotics community, to work on these targets, in a unified way and eventually improve the quality of the related outcomes.","author":[{"family":"Haidegger","given":"Tamás"},{"family":"Mai","given":"V"},{"family":"Mörch","given":"Carl"},{"family":"Boesl","given":"DO"},{"family":"Jacobs","given":"An"},{"family":"Khamis","given":"Alaa"},{"family":"Lach","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Vanderborght","given":"Bram"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.spc.2023.11.011","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2023.11.011","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391560194","type":"article-journal","title":"Additive Manufacturing in Underwater Applications","abstract":"Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly named 3D printing, is a promising technology for many applications. It is the most viable option for widespread use in automated construction processes, especially for harsh environments such as underwater. Some contemporary applications of this technology have been tested in underwater environments, but there are still a number of problems to be solved. This study focuses on the current development of 3D printing technology for underwater applications, including the required improvements in the technology itself, as well as new materials. Information about underwater applications involving part fabrication via AM is also provided. The article is based on a literature review that is supplemented by case studies of practical applications. The main findings show that the usage of additive manufacturing in underwater applications can bring a number of advantages—for instance, increasing work safety, limiting the environmental burden, and high efficiency. Currently, only a few prototype applications for this technology have been developed. However, underwater additive manufacturing is a promising tool to develop new, effective applications on a larger scale. The technology itself, as well as the materials used, still require development and optimization.","author":[{"family":"Korniejenko","given":"Kinga"},{"family":"Gądek","given":"Szymon"},{"family":"Dynowski","given":"Piotr"},{"family":"Tran","given":"Doan"},{"family":"Rudziewicz","given":"Magdalena"},{"family":"Pose","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"Grab","given":"Thomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app14041346","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041346","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390604260","type":"article-journal","title":"Low-voltage electrohydraulic actuators for untethered robotics","abstract":"Rigid robots can be precise but struggle in environments where compliance, robustness to disturbances, or energy efficiency is crucial. This has led researchers to develop biomimetic robots incorporating soft artificial muscles. Electrohydraulic actuators are promising artificial muscles that perform comparably to mammalian muscles in speed and power density. However, their operation requires several thousand volts. The high voltage leads to bulky and inefficient driving electronics. Here, we present hydraulically amplified low-voltage electrostatic (HALVE) actuators that match mammalian skeletal muscles in average power density (50.5 watts per kilogram) and peak strain rate (971% per second) at a 4.9 times lower driving voltage (1100 volts) compared to the state of the art. HALVE actuators are safe to touch, are waterproof, and exhibit self-clearing properties. We characterize, model, and validate key performance metrics of our actuator. Last, we demonstrate the utility of HALVE actuators on a robotic gripper and a soft robotic swimmer.","author":[{"family":"Gravert","given":"Stephan"},{"family":"Varini","given":"Elia"},{"family":"Kazemipour","given":"Amirhossein"},{"family":"Michelis","given":"Mike"},{"family":"Büchner","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Hinchet","given":"Ronan"},{"family":"Katzschmann","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.adi9319","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi9319","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390500304","type":"article-journal","title":"Disturbance Observer-Based Model Predictive Control for an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle","abstract":"This work addresses the motion control problem for a 4-degree-of-freedom unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) in the presence of nonlinear dynamics, parametric uncertainties, system constraints, and time-varying external disturbances. A disturbance observer-based control scheme is proposed, which is structured around the model predictive control (MPC) method integrated with an extended active observer (EAOB). Compared to the conventional disturbance observer, the developed EAOB has the ability to handle both external disturbances and system/measurement noises simultaneously. The EAOB leverages a combination of sensor measurements and a system dynamic model to estimate disturbances in real-time, which allows continuous estimation and compensation of time-varying disturbances back to the controller. The proposed disturbance observer-based MPC is implemented by feeding the estimated disturbances back into the MPC’s prediction model, which forms an effective adaptive controller with a parameter-varying model. The proposed control strategy is validated through simulations in a Gazebo and robot operating system environment. The results show that the proposed method can effectively reject unpredictable disturbances and improve the UUV’s control performance.","author":[{"family":"Hu","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Boyang"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Bailun"},{"family":"Han","given":"Jixuan"},{"family":"Wen","given":"Chih‐yung"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12010094","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010094","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401179799","type":"article-journal","title":"Transparent, Highly Stretchable, Self‐Healing, Adhesive, Freezing‐Tolerant, and Swelling‐Resistant Multifunctional Hydrogels for Underwater Motion Detection and Information Transmission","abstract":"Abstract Conductive hydrogels have emerged as fascinating materials for flexible electronics because of their integrated conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and the possibility to introduce several smart functions. However, the swelling of hydrogels in aqueous environments significantly reduces their applicability where contact with water is unavoidable. In this study, a physically cross‐linked composite hydrogel is proposed, that is transparent, highly stretchable, anti‐swelling, capable of autonomous self‐healing, adhesive, and anti‐freezing. The hydrogel is synthesized through a simple one‐step photopolymerization in a novel deep eutectic solvent (DES)/water system. Dynamic physical interactions, including hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions, confer remarkable transparency (92%), self‐healing capability (up to 94%), good adhesion to a wide array of substrates (91 to 199 kPa), high toughness (1.46 MJ m −3 ), excellent elongation at break (up to 2064%), and resistance to swelling in water (equilibrium swelling ratio of 3% in water for 30 days) even in solutions at different pH (pH 1–11), and in other solvents. The incorporation of a DES contributes to exceptional anti‐freezing performance. The transparent sensor achieves multifunctional sensing and human motion detection with high sensitivity and stability. Notably, the sensor demonstrates information transmission underwater through stretching and pressing, showcasing its immense potential in underwater flexible devices.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zeyu"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Aifang"},{"family":"Raffa","given":"Patrizio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adfm.202407529","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202407529","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393147889","type":"article-journal","title":"Synergistic Multiscale Detail Refinement via Intrinsic Supervision for Underwater Image Enhancement","abstract":"Visually restoring underwater scenes primarily involves mitigating interference from underwater media. Existing methods ignore the inherent scale-related characteristics in underwater scenes. Therefore, we present the synergistic multi-scale detail refinement via intrinsic supervision (SMDR-IS) for enhancing underwater scene details, which contain multi-stages. The low-degradation stage from the original images furnishes the original stage with multi-scale details, achieved through feature propagation using the Adaptive Selective Intrinsic Supervised Feature (ASISF) module. By using intrinsic supervision, the ASISF module can precisely control and guide feature transmission across multi-degradation stages, enhancing multi-scale detail refinement and minimizing the interference from irrelevant information in the low-degradation stage. In multi-degradation encoder-decoder framework of SMDR-IS, we introduce the Bifocal Intrinsic-Context Attention Module (BICA). Based on the intrinsic supervision principles, BICA efficiently exploits multi-scale scene information in images. BICA directs higher-resolution spaces by tapping into the insights of lower-resolution ones, underscoring the pivotal role of spatial contextual relationships in underwater image restoration. Throughout training, the inclusion of a multi-degradation loss function can enhance the network, allowing it to adeptly extract information across diverse scales. When benchmarked against state-of-the-art methods, SMDR-IS consistently showcases superior performance. Our code is available at https://github.com/zhoujingchun03/SMDR-IS","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Dehuan"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Jingchun"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Chunle"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Weishi"},{"family":"Li","given":"Chongyi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1609/aaai.v38i7.28530","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i7.28530","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403336475","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Optical Imaging: Methods, Applications and Perspectives","abstract":"Underwater optical imaging is essential for exploring the underwater environment to provide information for planning and regulating underwater activities in various underwater applications, such as aquaculture farm observation, underwater topographical survey, and underwater infrastructure monitoring. Thus, there is a need to investigate the underwater imaging process and propose clear and long-range underwater optical imaging methods to fulfill the demands of academia and industry. In this manuscript, we classify the eighteen most commonly used underwater optical imaging methods into two groups regarding the imaging principle, (1) hardware and (2) software-based methods, each with an explanation of the theory, features, and applications. Furthermore, we also discuss the current challenges and future directions for improving the performance of current methods, such as improving the accuracy of underwater image formation model estimation, enlarging the underwater image dataset, proposing comprehensive underwater imaging evaluation metrics, estimating underwater depth and integrating different methods (e.g., hardware- and software-based methods for computational imaging) to promote the imaging performance not only in the laboratory but also in practical underwater scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Hao","given":"Yansheng"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Yaoyao"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Hongman"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ze"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs16203773","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16203773","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402998604","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review on Recent Trends of Bioinspired Soft Robotics: Actuators, Control Methods, Materials Selection, Sensors, Challenges, and Future Prospects","abstract":"Bioinspired soft robotics is an emerging field that aims to develop flexible and adaptive robots inspired by the movement and capabilities of biological organisms. This review article examines recent advances in materials, actuation mechanisms, sensors, and control strategies and discusses the challenges and future prospects of bioinspired soft robotics. Key innovations highlighted include pneumatic, elastomer actuators, variable‐length shape memory alloy tendons, closed‐loop control with soft sensors, and the incorporation of soft materials including shape memory polymers and conductive composites. Challenges in soft robotics such as achieving complex motion control, incorporating feedback systems, modeling soft material dynamics, and replicating biological muscle efficiency with artificial muscles are also discussed. Promising future directions are explored including the integration of biodegradable materials, machine learning‐based control algorithms, and leveraging data‐driven techniques for modeling and control. Building on progress in multi‐functional materials, manufacturing techniques, and bioinspired design principles, soft robots hold considerable promise for expanding robot capabilities, enhancing versatility and adaptability, enabling applications from wearable assistive devices to search and rescue operations. This review provides a holistic perspective encompassing key drivers propelling innovations in the vibrant field of bioinspired soft robotics.","author":[{"family":"Sarker","given":"A"},{"family":"Islam","given":"Md"},{"family":"Islam","given":"Md"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/aisy.202400414","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400414","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401272966","type":"article-journal","title":"Anti-swelling Zwitterionic Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Biocompatibility as Flexible Sensor for Underwater Application","abstract":"The increase in underwater activities has driven the demand for underwater flexible sensors, which can detect various signals from both humans and the environment in real time to improve work efficiency and ensure safety.However, the fabrication of underwater sensors remains challenging due to the swelling of hydrogels in water and the non-eco-friendliness of the sensors, which poses significant risks to users and the application environment.Here, a hydrogel-based sensor composed of poly [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide and bacterial cellulose nanofibers, featuring self-adhesion, biocompatibility, and anti-swelling behavior, is fabricated using an environmentally friendly method.The electrostatic interaction between zwitterionic functional groups (positively charged -R3N + groups and negatively charged -SO 3-groups) endows the hydrogel with excellent anti-swelling behavior in aquatic environment.Owing to these characteristics, the hydrogel sensor is capable of monitoring movements in both air and underwater environment.Based on the hydrogel sensor, an intelligent communication system is developed to facilitate information transmission in water.Moreover, the excellent biocompatibility of the hydrogel sensor highlights its safety for users and the environment, demonstrating its great promise for electronic skin.As such, the biocompatible hydrogel sensor with anti-swelling capabilities provides a promising route to promote the development of wearable devices.","author":[{"family":"Jiang","given":"Zhicheng"},{"family":"Sha","given":"Ruicheng"},{"family":"He","given":"Yunbo"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Mengshuang"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Wenjing"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Shuting"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Mengni"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Ni","given":"Mengying"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Min"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.30919/es1200","URL":"https://doi.org/10.30919/es1200","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392173067","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Simulators Analysis for Digital Twinning","abstract":"The underwater environment is among Earth’s most challenging domains, where failures incur elevated risks and costs for both technology and human endeavors. As a consequence, forecasting the behavior of mechatronic systems through simulation has become increasingly important. Underwater Robotic Simulators (URSs) allow researchers and engineers to safely develop and assess submarine systems. The selection of an appropriate URS from the list of available tools is not trivial. Moreover, the integration of this software with the Digital Twin (DT) concept presents numerous advantages, particularly the ability to link the simulated environment with actual underwater vehicles. This connection is facilitated by performing validation and simulation tests using Software In the Loop (SIL), Model In the Loop, and Hardware In the Loop (HIL) techniques. This paper extensively reviews URSs in the context of both robots and unmanned vehicles in light of the DT paradigm. The article critically examines distinctions among existing URSs, offering valuable insights to aid researchers in selecting the most fitting tool for their specific applications. Additionally, the review explores the practical applications of the identified simulators, categorizing their usage across different fields to illuminate the preferences within the scientific community and showcase prominent case studies.","author":[{"family":"Ciuccoli","given":"Nicolò"},{"family":"Screpanti","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Scaradozzi","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/access.2024.3370443","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3370443","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391343960","type":"article-journal","title":"Review of Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis in Biomimetic Applications for Underwater Vehicles","abstract":"Biomimetics, which draws inspiration from nature, has emerged as a key approach in the development of underwater vehicles. The integration of this approach with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has further propelled research in this field. CFD, as an effective tool for dynamic analysis, contributes significantly to understanding and resolving complex fluid dynamic problems in underwater vehicles. Biomimetics seeks to harness innovative inspiration from the biological world. Through the imitation of the structure, behavior, and functions of organisms, biomimetics enables the creation of efficient and unique designs. These designs are aimed at enhancing the speed, reliability, and maneuverability of underwater vehicles, as well as reducing drag and noise. CFD technology, which is capable of precisely predicting and simulating fluid flow behaviors, plays a crucial role in optimizing the structural design of underwater vehicles, thereby significantly enhancing their hydrodynamic and kinematic performances. Combining biomimetics and CFD technology introduces a novel approach to underwater vehicle design and unveils broad prospects for research in natural science and engineering applications. Consequently, this paper aims to review the application of CFD technology in the biomimicry of underwater vehicles, with a primary focus on biomimetic propulsion, biomimetic drag reduction, and biomimetic noise reduction. Additionally, it explores the challenges faced in this field and anticipates future advancements.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhijun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Qigan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Shujun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/biomimetics9020079","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9020079","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405063728","type":"article-journal","title":"Soft Grippers in Robotics: Progress of Last 10 Years","abstract":"This paper is dedicated to soft grippers, robot tools with a wide application area in various activities where an accurate and delicate grabbing movement is required such as routine manipulation tasks with fragile objects, operation in unknown or dangerous environments, and manipulation with unknown shape objects, as well as exploring the depths of the sea or harvesting vegetables in agriculture. The main goal of this paper is to review and systematize the main ideas about and achievements of soft grippers published from 2015 to 2024. The paper provides a statistical analysis of the performed research and systematized advancements of soft grippers according to their operating principle, forces and effects that enable their operation, and the properties of potential manipulation objects. Grippers inspired by nature are also discussed, as most successful solutions are based on ideas derived from nature. This study discusses the latest achievements of soft grippers and their various applications and presents a unique distribution of soft grippers according to the physical principle of the forces they act on, according to the size of the object to be grasped, and according to technological realizations. The results of this analysis can be useful for practical gripper users aiming to improve their workplace and find optimal design solutions, for gripper manufacturers or developers, or for scientists of material sciences looking for applications for their products.","author":[{"family":"Dzedzickis","given":"Andrius"},{"family":"Petronienė","given":"Jūratė"},{"family":"Petkevičius","given":"Sigitas"},{"family":"Bučinskas","given":"Vytautas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/machines12120887","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12120887","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4395000105","type":"article-journal","title":"Exploring Embodied Intelligence in Soft Robotics: A Review","abstract":"Soft robotics is closely related to embodied intelligence in the joint exploration of the means to achieve more natural and effective robotic behaviors via physical forms and intelligent interactions. Embodied intelligence emphasizes that intelligence is affected by the synergy of the brain, body, and environment, focusing on the interaction between agents and the environment. Under this framework, the design and control strategies of soft robotics depend on their physical forms and material properties, as well as algorithms and data processing, which enable them to interact with the environment in a natural and adaptable manner. At present, embodied intelligence has comprehensively integrated related research results on the evolution, learning, perception, decision making in the field of intelligent algorithms, as well as on the behaviors and controls in the field of robotics. From this perspective, the relevant branches of the embodied intelligence in the context of soft robotics were studied, covering the computation of embodied morphology; the evolution of embodied AI; and the perception, control, and decision making of soft robotics. Moreover, on this basis, important research progress was summarized, and related scientific problems were discussed. This study can provide a reference for the research of embodied intelligence in the context of soft robotics.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Zikai"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Qiuxuan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jian"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Botao"},{"family":"Zhong","given":"Chaoliang"},{"family":"Zhilenkov","given":"Anton"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/biomimetics9040248","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9040248","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403688827","type":"article-journal","title":"Positioning Systems for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review","abstract":"Positioning systems are integral to Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) operation, enabling precise navigation and control in complex underwater environments. This paper comprehensively reviews the key technologies employed for UUV positioning, including acoustic systems, inertial navigation, Doppler velocity logs, and GPS when near the surface. These systems are essential for seabed mapping, marine infrastructure inspection, and search and rescue operations. The review highlights recent technological advancements and examines the integration of these systems to enhance accuracy and operational efficiency. It also addresses ongoing challenges, such as communication constraints, environmental variability, and discrepancies between theoretical models and field applications. Future trends in positioning system development are discussed, with a focus on improving reliability and performance in diverse underwater conditions to support the expanding capabilities of UUVs across scientific, commercial, and rescue missions.","author":[{"family":"Alexandris","given":"Christos"},{"family":"Papageorgas","given":"Panagiotis"},{"family":"Piromalis","given":"Dimitrios"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app14219671","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14219671","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4394748261","type":"article-journal","title":"Advancements in Soft Robotics: A Comprehensive Review on Actuation Methods, Materials, and Applications","abstract":"The flexibility and adaptability of soft robots enable them to perform various tasks in changing environments, such as flower picking, fruit harvesting, in vivo targeted treatment, and information feedback. However, these fulfilled functions are discrepant, based on the varied working environments, driving methods, and materials. To further understand the working principle and research emphasis of soft robots, this paper summarized the current research status of soft robots from the aspects of actuating methods (e.g., humidity, temperature, PH, electricity, pressure, magnetic field, light, biological, and hybrid drive), materials (like hydrogels, shape-memory materials, and other flexible materials) and application areas (camouflage, medical devices, electrical equipment, and grippers, etc.). Finally, we provided some opinions on the technical difficulties and challenges of soft robots to comprehensively comprehend soft robots, lucubrate their applications, and improve the quality of our lives.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Yanmei"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yanen"},{"family":"Mushtaq","given":"Ray"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Qinghua"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/polym16081087","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16081087","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402605613","type":"article-journal","title":"Advanced Materials for Energy Harvesting and Soft Robotics: Emerging Frontiers to Enhance Piezoelectric Performance and Functionality","abstract":"Piezoelectric energy harvesting captures mechanical energy from a number of sources, such as vibrations, the movement of objects and bodies, impact events, and fluid flow to generate electric power. Such power can be employed to support wireless communication, electronic components, ocean monitoring, tissue engineering, and biomedical devices. A variety of self-powered piezoelectric sensors, transducers, and actuators have been produced for these applications, however approaches to enhance the piezoelectric properties of materials to increase device performance remain a challenging frontier of materials research. In this regard, the intrinsic polarization and properties of materials can be designed or deliberately engineered to enhance the piezo-generated power. This review provides insights into the mechanisms of piezoelectricity in advanced materials, including perovskites, active polymers, and natural biomaterials, with a focus on the chemical and physical strategies employed to enhance the piezo-response and facilitate their integration into complex electronic systems. Applications in energy harvesting and soft robotics are overviewed by highlighting the primary performance figures of merits, the actuation mechanisms, and relevant applications. Key breakthroughs and valuable strategies to further improve both materials and device performance are discussed, together with a critical assessment of the requirements of next-generation piezoelectric systems, and future scientific and technological solutions.","author":[{"family":"Persano","given":"Luana"},{"family":"Camposeo","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Matino","given":"Francesca"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ruoxing"},{"family":"Thiyagarajan","given":"Natarajan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qinlan"},{"family":"Pan","given":"Min"},{"family":"Su","given":"Yewang"},{"family":"Karnarayan","given":"Sohini"},{"family":"Auricchio","given":"Ferdinando"},{"family":"Scalet","given":"Giulia"},{"family":"Bowen","given":"Chris"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adma.202405363","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202405363","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404068184","type":"article-journal","title":"Luminous Fish‐Inspired Hydrogels with Underwater Long‐Lived Room Temperature Phosphorescence","abstract":"Abstract Some marine animals form long‐lived luminescence for predation, communication, camouflage, and anti‐predation. These marine animals demonstrate soft nature, sustainable glowing, and underwater emission, which are difficult to achieve in synthetic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials. Inspired by these marine animals, here the study reports RTP hydrogels that show long‐lived phosphorescence (lifetime >500 ms and afterglow >10 s) in water. Exceptional underwater mechanical properties are simultaneously achieved, including tensile strength of 5.1 MPa, tensile strain of 452%, and toughness of 19.3 MJ m−3. The key to this achievement lies in the in situ phase separation microarchitecture formed between polyacrylamide (PAM) and its partial hydrolysates, which confines the motions of polymer chains and protects vulnerable triplet excitons from quenching of water. Such a strategy shows the merits of facile fabrication without laborious synthesis. In addition, these RTP hydrogels offer repeatable photoprinting and highly stability in water, providing a versatile platform for underwater applications of RTP materials, including information encryption and camouflage of marine animals.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Panyi"},{"family":"Qie","given":"Haofei"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Xipeng"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Song"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhengrui"},{"family":"Li","given":"Ningyan"},{"family":"Deng","given":"Yifan"},{"family":"Bian","given":"Fengling"},{"family":"Lü","given":"Shaoyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adfm.202416430","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202416430","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404563795","type":"article-journal","title":"Stiffness-tunable velvet worm–inspired soft adhesive robot","abstract":"Considering the characteristics and operating environment of remotely controlled miniature soft robots, achieving delicate adhesion control over various target surfaces is a substantial challenge. In particular, the ability to delicately grasp wrinkled and soft biological and nonbiological surfaces with low preload without causing damage is essential. The proposed adhesive robotic system, inspired by the secretions from a velvet worm, uses a structured magnetorheological material that exhibits precise adhesion control with stability and repeatability by the rapid stiffness change controlled by an external magnetic field. The proposed adhesion protocol involves controlling soft-state adhesion, maintaining a large contact area, and enhancing the elastic modulus, and the mechanical structure enhances the effectiveness of this protocol. Demonstrations of the remote adhesive robot include stable transportation in soft and wet organs, unscrewing a nut from a bolt, and supporting mouse tumor removal surgery. These results indicate the potential applicability of the soft adhesive robot in biomedical engineering, especially for targeting small-scale biological tissues and organisms.","author":[{"family":"Min","given":"Hyeongho"},{"family":"Bae","given":"Daebeom"},{"family":"Jang","given":"Siyeon"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Sangmin"},{"family":"Park","given":"Myungjin"},{"family":"Dayan","given":"Cem"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Jiwoong"},{"family":"Bak","given":"KM"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yoosoo"},{"family":"Chun","given":"Sungwoo"},{"family":"Sitti","given":"Metin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.adp8260","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adp8260","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393068152","type":"article-journal","title":"YOLOv7t-CEBC Network for Underwater Litter Detection","abstract":"The issue of marine litter has been an important concern for marine environmental protection for a long time, especially underwater litter. It is not only challenging to clean up, but its prolonged presence underwater can cause damage to marine ecosystems and biodiversity. This has led to underwater robots equipped with powerful visual detection algorithms becoming the mainstream alternative to human labor for cleaning up underwater litter. This study proposes an enhanced underwater litter detection algorithm, YOLOv7t-CEBC, based on YOLOv7-tiny, to assist underwater robots in target identification. The research introduces some modules tailored for marine litter detection within the model framework, addressing inter-class similarity and intra-class variability inherent in underwater waste while balancing detection precision and speed. Experimental results demonstrate that, on the Deep Plastic public dataset, YOLOv7t-CEBC achieves a detection accuracy (mAP) of 81.8%, markedly surpassing common object detection algorithms. Moreover, the detection frame rate reaches 118 FPS, meeting the operational requirements of underwater robots. The findings affirm that the enhanced YOLOv7t-CEBC network serves as a reliable tool for underwater debris detection, contributing to the maintenance of marine health.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xinyu"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Daqi"},{"family":"Gan","given":"Wenyang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12040524","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040524","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404692224","type":"article-journal","title":"Advancements in Sensor Fusion for Underwater SLAM: A Review on Enhanced Navigation and Environmental Perception","abstract":"Underwater simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) has significant challenges due to the complexities of underwater environments, marked by limited visibility, variable conditions, and restricted global positioning system (GPS) availability. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of sensor fusion techniques in underwater SLAM, highlighting the amalgamation of proprioceptive and exteroceptive sensors to improve UUV navigational accuracy and system resilience. Essential sensor applications, including inertial measurement units (IMUs), Doppler velocity logs (DVLs), cameras, sonar, and LiDAR (light detection and ranging), are examined for their contributions to navigation and perception. Fusion methodologies, such as Kalman filters, particle filters, and graph-based SLAM, are evaluated for their benefits, limitations, and computational demands. Additionally, innovative technologies like quantum sensors and AI-driven filtering techniques are examined for their potential to enhance SLAM precision and adaptability. Case studies demonstrate practical applications, analyzing the compromises between accuracy, computational requirements, and adaptability to environmental changes. This paper proceeds to emphasize future directions, stressing the need for advanced filtering and machine learning to address sensor drift, noise, and environmental unpredictability, hence improving autonomous underwater navigation through reliable sensor fusion.","author":[{"family":"Merveille","given":"Fomekong"},{"family":"Jia","given":"Baozhu"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Zhizun"},{"family":"Fred","given":"Bissih"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s24237490","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237490","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"oa:W4402449336","type":"article-journal","title":"WaterSAM: Adapting SAM for Underwater Object Segmentation","abstract":"Object segmentation, a key type of image segmentation, focuses on detecting and delineating individual objects within an image, essential for applications like robotic vision and augmented reality. Despite advancements in deep learning improving object segmentation, underwater object segmentation remains challenging due to unique underwater complexities such as turbulence diffusion, light absorption, noise, low contrast, uneven illumination, and intricate backgrounds. The scarcity of underwater datasets further complicates these challenges. The Segment Anything Model (SAM) has shown potential in addressing these issues, but its adaptation for underwater environments, AquaSAM, requires fine-tuning all parameters, demanding more labeled data and high computational costs. In this paper, we propose WaterSAM, an adapted model for underwater object segmentation. Inspired by Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), WaterSAM incorporates trainable rank decomposition matrices into the Transformer’s layers, specifically enhancing the image encoder. This approach significantly reduces the number of trainable parameters to 6.7% of SAM’s parameters, lowering computational costs. We validated WaterSAM on three underwater image datasets: COD10K, SUIM, and UIIS. Results demonstrate that WaterSAM significantly outperforms pre-trained SAM in underwater segmentation tasks, contributing to advancements in marine biology, underwater archaeology, and environmental monitoring.","author":[{"family":"Hong","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Xiaowei"},{"family":"Hua","given":"Ruzhuang"},{"family":"Lv","given":"Qingxuan"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Junyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12091616","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091616","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4385626770","type":"article-journal","title":"Route Planning for an Autonomous Robotic Vehicle Employing a Weight-Controlled Particle Swarm-Optimized Dijkstra Algorithm","abstract":"Planning the path an autonomous robotic vehicle will take is an essential part of developing and utilizing such a system. The task is deciding on the best route and navigating technique to get the vehicle to its destination quickly and safely. The purpose of route planning is to select a route for the vehicle that will result in the greatest fuel savings. The planner aids the vehicle in accomplishing its goals in the least amount of time and using the least amount of fuel by determining the optimal route by considering variables including traffic, road conditions, and distance. The result is higher production and lower operating expenses. An autonomous robotic vehicle (ARVs) is a self-driving vehicle that uses advanced technologies to navigate through the environment without human intervention. These vehicles can be used for various applications, including transportation, logistics, surveillance, and exploration. Route planning (RP) is the process of determining the most efficient and safe route for a vehicle, pedestrian, or any other mode of transportation to reach a destination. Route management is the process of selecting a collision-free path through an environment, which in practice is frequently crowded. Therefore, offering a RP solution for robotic systems is essential. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) method incorporates inertia weights and imitates the cooperative behavior of the flock’s population as well as its predatory nature to address route modeling issues. The Dijkstra algorithm (DA) works by determining the shortest path among the closest vertices between the source and destination. To choose the best path, inertia weight is also taken into account. By analyzing algorithms, we presented the combination technique for RP. In order to give a reliable route planning method, we suggested the weight-controlled particle swarm-optimized Dijkstra algorithm (WCPSODA). MATLAB was used to run the simulation, and conventional tools were used to evaluate the results. The findings of the study show that the suggested systems are capable of performing well.","author":[{"family":"Sundarraj","given":"Subaselvi"},{"family":"Reddy","given":"RVK"},{"family":"Basam","given":"Mahesh"},{"family":"Lokesh","given":"Gururaj"},{"family":"Flammini","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Natarajan","given":"Rajesh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/access.2023.3302698","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3302698","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403122821","type":"article-journal","title":"State-of-the-Art Security Schemes for the Internet of Underwater Things: A Holistic Survey","abstract":"With the growing interest that is being shown in marine resources, the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) has been extended to underwater scenarios, which has given rise to the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT). The IoUT encompasses a network of interconnected intelligent underwater devices that can be used to monitor underwater environments and support various applications, such as underwater exploration, disaster prevention, and environmental monitoring. Advances in underwater wireless communication and sensor technologies have propelled the IoUT concept forward. However, the IoUT faces significant challenges. The harsh and vast underwater environment makes information sensing particularly difficult and leads to insufficient or inaccurate data being collected. Additionally, underwater conditions like pressure variation, hydrological characteristics, temperature changes, water currents, and topography hinder conventional communication models and make data transmission difficult and inefficient. Security in IoUT networks is a critical concern due to hardware limitations and seawater channel imperfections. Constrained sensor nodes and spatial-temporal uncertainty introduced by node mobility further complicate security provisioning. This survey paper addresses these challenges by offering a comprehensive overview of IoUT security. The investigation thoroughly examines both traditional and classic machine learning techniques and focuses on deploying advanced technologies such as federated learning and digital twin. The study effectively addresses integration challenges and open issues and provides a roadmap for future directions to play a pivotal role in formulating robust security mechanisms for IoUT networks.","author":[{"family":"Adam","given":"Nadir"},{"family":"Ali","given":"Mansoor"},{"family":"Naeem","given":"Faisal"},{"family":"Ghazy","given":"Abdallah"},{"family":"Kaddoum","given":"Georges"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3474290","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3474290","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405574717","type":"article-journal","title":"A Comprehensive Study of Recent Path-Planning Techniques in Dynamic Environments for Autonomous Robots","abstract":"This paper presents a comprehensive review of path planning in dynamic environments. This review covers the entire process, starting from obstacle detection techniques, through path-planning strategies, and also extending to formation control and communication styles. The review discusses the key trends, challenges, and gaps in current methods to emphasize the need for more efficient and robust algorithms that can handle complex and unpredictable dynamic environments. Moreover, it discusses the importance of collaborative decision making and communication between robots to optimize path planning in dynamic scenarios. This work serves as a valuable resource for advancing research and practical applications in dynamic obstacle navigation.","author":[{"family":"Abujabal","given":"Nour"},{"family":"Baziyad","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Fareh","given":"Raouf"},{"family":"Brahmi","given":"Brahim"},{"family":"Rabie","given":"Tamer"},{"family":"Bettayeb","given":"Maâmar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s24248089","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248089","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403002502","type":"article-journal","title":"Perspectives on Intelligence in Soft Robotics","abstract":"Engineers frequently aim to streamline environmental factors to facilitate the effective operation of robots. However, in nature, environmental considerations play a crucial role in shaping the embodiment of organisms. To comply robots with the complexity of real‐world environments, embedding similar intelligence is key. In the field of soft robotics, various approaches offer insight into how intelligence can be integrated into artificial agents. A discussed topic is the intricate relationship between the brain and the body at the core of intelligence in robots. The goal of this article is, therefore, to unravel the strategies to implement different types of intelligence currently adopted in soft robots. A classification is made by making a distinction between agents that adapt to their environment by 1) their adaptive shape, 2) their adaptive functionality, and 3) their adaptive mechanics. Additionally, the perspectives on intelligence based on their computational approach are distinguished: centralized computation, decentralized computation, or embedded computation. It is concluded that a tailored robotic design approach attuned to specific environmental demands is needed. To unlock the full potential of soft robots, a fresh perspective on embodied intelligence is described, so‐called mechanical intelligence, emphasizing the robot's responsiveness to changing external conditions of a real‐world environment.","author":[{"family":"Kortman","given":"Vera"},{"family":"Mazzolai","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Sakes","given":"Aimée"},{"family":"Jovanova","given":"Jovana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/aisy.202400294","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400294","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393346328","type":"article-journal","title":"Enhancing underwater target localization through proximity-driven recurrent neural networks","abstract":"Environmental monitoring, ocean research, and underwater exploration are just a few of the marine applications that require precise underwater target localization. This study goes into the field of underwater target localization using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) enhanced with proximity-based approaches, with a focus on mean estimation error as a performance metric. In complex and dynamic underwater environments, conventional localization systems frequently face challenges such as signal degradation, noise interference, and unstable hydrodynamic conditions. This paper presents a novel approach to employing RNNs to increase the accuracy of underwater target localization by exploiting the temporal dynamics of proximity-informed data. This method uses an RNN architecture to track changes in audio emissions from underwater targets sensed by a microphone network. Using the temporal correlations represented in the data, the RNN learns patterns indicative of target localization quickly and correctly. Furthermore, the addition of proximity-based features increases the model's ability to understand the relative distances between hydrophone nodes and the target, resulting in more accurate localization estimates. To evaluate the suggested methodology, thorough simulations and practical experiments were carried out in a variety of underwater environments. The results show that the RNN-based strategy beats conventional methods and works effectively even in difficult settings. The utility of the proximity-aware RNN model is demonstrated, in particular, by considerable reductions in the mean estimate error (MEE), an important performance measure.","author":[{"family":"Kumar","given":"Sathish"},{"family":"Chinthaginjala","given":"Ravikumar"},{"family":"Dhanamjayulu","given":"C"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Tai"},{"family":"Abbas","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Pau","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Reddy","given":"Gondhi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28725","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28725","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402949346","type":"article-journal","title":"UICE-MIRNet guided image enhancement for underwater object detection","abstract":"Underwater object detection is a crucial aspect of monitoring the aquaculture resources to preserve the marine ecosystem. In most cases, Low-light and scattered lighting conditions create challenges for computer vision-based underwater object detection. To address these issues, low-colorfulness and low-light image enhancement techniques are explored. This work proposes an underwater image enhancement technique called Underwater Image Colorfulness Enhancement MIRNet (UICE-MIRNet) to increase the visibility of small, multiple, dense objects followed by underwater object detection using YOLOv4. UICE-MIRNet is a specialized version of classical MIRNet, which handles random increments of brightness features to address the visibility problem. The proposed UICE-MIRNET restrict brightness and also works on the improvement of the colourfulness of underwater images. UICE-MIRNet consists of an Underwater Image-Colorfulness Enhancement Block (UI-CEB). This block enables the extraction of low-colourful areas from underwater images and performs colour correction without affecting contextual information. The primary characteristics of UICE-MIRNet are the extraction of multiple features using a convolutional stream, feature fusion to facilitate the flow of information, preservation of contextual information by discarding irrelevant features and increasing colourfulness through proper feature selection. Enhanced images are then trained using the YOLOv4 object detection model. The performance of the proposed UICE-MIRNet method is quantitatively evaluated using standard metrics such as UIQM, UCIQE, entropy, and PSNR. The proposed work is compared with many existing image enhancement and restoration techniques. Also, the performance of object detection is assessed using precision, recall, and mAP. Extensive experiments are conducted on two standard datasets, Brackish and Trash-ICRA19, to demonstrate the performance of the proposed work compared to existing methods. The results show that the proposed model outperforms many state-of-the-art techniques.","author":[{"family":"Sarkar","given":"Pratima"},{"family":"De","given":"Sourav"},{"family":"Gurung","given":"Sandeep"},{"family":"Dey","given":"Prasenjit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-73243-9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73243-9","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403833098","type":"article-journal","title":"A Lightweight underwater detector enhanced by Attention mechanism, GSConv and WIoU on YOLOv8","abstract":"The underwater target detection is the most important part of monitoring for environment, ocean, and other fields. However, the detection accuracy is greatly decreased by the poor image quality resulted from the complex underwater environments. The storage and computing power of underwater equipments are not enough for complex underwater target detection technology. Therefore, many YOLO series algorithms have been applied to underwater target detection. On the basis of YOLOv8, a lightweight underwater detector enhanced by Attention mechanism, GSConv and WIoU, AGW-YOLOv8, is proposed in this paper. Firstly, by the combination of limited contrast adaptive histogram equalization and wavelet transform(LCAHE-WT), the fidelity and detail of images are improved; Secondly, by CBAM, the key channel features can be effectively extracted with retaining spatial information to improve the performance of the network when dealing with complex image tasks; Thirdly, by GSConv, composed of depth-wise separable convolution and regular convolution, the model parameters and computational complexity are reduced; Fourth, the SE attention mechanism is integrated into the C2f module of the neck, and the channel dimension is weighted to make the network more focus on important features, and to further enhance the feature extraction capability; Finally, by the dynamic nonmonotonic mechanism of WIoU, the gradient gain can be reasonably distributed, the harmful gradients of extreme samples can be reduced, and the generalization ability and overall performance of the model are improved. By the experiments on the URPC2020 data-set, it can been proved that the mAP of AGW-YOLOv8 can reaches 82.9%, is 2.5% higher than that of YOLOv8; and the parameters is 2.95M, is lower than 3.01M of YOLOv8.","author":[{"family":"Cai","given":"Shaobin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xiangkui"},{"family":"Mo","given":"Yuchang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-75809-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75809-z","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"oa:W4393150423","type":"article-journal","title":"Reconfigurable Transparent Variable‐Stiffness Soft Robot for Underwater Operations","abstract":"In the realm of underwater exploration and operations, soft robots exhibit considerable application potential due to their capacity for agile and complex deformations as well as their inherent compliance. These characteristics grant them excellent environmental adaptability and reduce damage to delicate samples and organisms. Nonetheless, existing underwater soft robots are primarily designed to mimic the movements of marine organisms or for specific functions, and little attention is paid to the camouflage ability. To address these challenges, in this study, a reconfigurable transparent soft robot with variable stiffness for underwater operations is presented. The design and fabrication methodology of the robot module is presented, followed by the kinematic analysis and stiffness characterization. Leveraging the proposed robot module, a soft manipulator and a soft gripper are designed for underwater operations. The soft manipulator excels in underwater pipeline detection and obstacle avoidance, while the soft gripper showcases considerable load‐bearing capacity (about 71 times its weight), making it suitable for tasks such as retrieving aquatic biological samples or garbage fishing. The proposed reconfigurable soft robot demonstrates robust camouflage capabilities, high environmental adaptability, and notable versatility, suggesting potential solutions to existing challenges in the field of underwater exploration.","author":[{"family":"Fang","given":"Qin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jingyu"},{"family":"Xiang","given":"Pingyu"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Nenggan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Xiong","given":"Rong"},{"family":"Gong","given":"Zhefeng"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Haojian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/aisy.202300688","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202300688","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404313001","type":"article-journal","title":"Lightweight enhanced YOLOv8n underwater object detection network for low light environments","abstract":"In response to the challenges of target misidentification, missed detection, and other issues arising from severe light attenuation, low visibility, and complex environments in current underwater target detection, we propose a lightweight low-light underwater target detection network, named PDSC-YOLOv8n. Firstly, we enhance the input images using the improved Pro MSRCR algorithm for data augmentation. Secondly, we replace the traditional convolutions in the backbone and neck networks of YOLOv8n with Ghost and GSConv modules respectively to achieve lightweight network modeling. Additionally, we integrate the improved DCNv3 module into the C2f module of the backbone network to enhance the capability of target feature extraction. Furthermore, we introduce the GAM into the SPPF and incorporate the CBAM attention mechanism into the last layer of the backbone network to enhance the model's perceptual and generalization capabilities. Finally, we optimize the training process of the model using WIoUv3 as the loss function. The model is successfully deployed on an embedded platform, achieving real-time detection of underwater targets on the embedded platform. We first conduct experiments on the RUOD underwater dataset. Meanwhile, we also utilized the Pascal VOC2012 dataset to evaluate our approach. The mAP@0.5 and mAP@0.5:0.95 of the original YOLOv8n algorithm on RUOD dataset were 79.6% and 58.2%, respectively, and the PDSC -YOLOv8n algorithm mAP@0.5 and mAP@0.5:0.95 can reach 86.1% and 60.8%. The number of parameters of the model is reduced by about 15.5%, the detection accuracy is improved by 6.5%. The original YOLOv8n algorithm was 73% and 53.2% mAP@0.5 and mAP@0.5:0.95 on the Pascal VOC dataset, respectively. The PDSC-YOLOv8n algorithm mAP@0.5 and mAP@0.5:0.95 were 78.5% and 57%, respectively. The superior performance of PDSC-YOLOv8n indicates its effectiveness in the field of underwater target detection.","author":[{"family":"Ding","given":"Jifeng"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Junquan"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Jiayuan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xiaotong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-79211-7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-79211-7","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4396858232","type":"article-journal","title":"Wireless Power Transfer for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles: Technologies, Challenges and Applications","abstract":"Unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) are key technologies to conduct preventive inspection and maintenance tasks in offshore renewable energy plants. Making such vehicles autonomous would lead to benefits such as improved availability, cost reduction and carbon emission minimization. However, some technological aspects, including the powering of these devices, remain with a long way to go. In this context, underwater wireless power transfer (UWPT) solutions have potential to overcome UUV powering drawbacks. Considering the relevance of this topic for offshore renewable plants, this work aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the state of the art regarding UPWT technologies. A technology intelligence study is conducted by means of a bibliographical survey. Regarding underwater wireless power transfer, the main methods are reviewed, and it is concluded that inductive wireless power transfer (IWPT) technologies have the most potential. These inductive systems are described, and their challenges in underwater environments are presented. A review of the underwater IWPT experiments and applications is conducted, and innovative solutions are listed. Achieving efficient and reliable UWPT technologies is not trivial, but significant progress is identified. Generally, the latest solutions exhibit efficiencies between 88% and 93% in laboratory settings, with power ratings reaching up to 1–3 kW. Based on the assessment, a power transfer within the range of 1 kW appears to be feasible and may be sufficient to operate small UUVs. However, work-class UUVs require at least a tenfold power increase. Thus, although UPWT has advanced significantly, further research is required to industrially establish these technologies.","author":[{"family":"Alegría","given":"Iñigo"},{"family":"Holgado","given":"Iñigo"},{"family":"Ibarra","given":"Edorta"},{"family":"Robles","given":"Eider"},{"family":"Martín","given":"José"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en17102305","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102305","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405045911","type":"article-journal","title":"The 2024 phononic crystals roadmap","abstract":"Abstract Over the past 3 decades, phononic crystals experienced revolutionary development for understanding and utilizing mechanical waves by exploring interaction between mechanical waves and structures. With the significant advances in manufacture technologies from nanoscale to macroscale, phononic crystals attract researchers from diverse disciplines to study abundant directions such as bandgaps, dispersion engineering, novel modes, reconfigurable control, efficient design algorithms and so on. The aim of this roadmap is to present the current state of the art, an overview of properties, functions and applications of phononic crystals, opinions on the challenges and opportunities. The various perspectives cover wide topics on basic property, homogenization, machine learning assisted design, topological, non-Hermitian, nonreciprocal, nanoscale, chiral, nonlocal, active, spatiotemporal, hyperuniform properties of phononic crystals, and applications in underwater acoustics, seismic wave protection, vibration and noise control, thermal transport, sensing, acoustic tweezers, written by over 40 renown experts. It is also intended to guide researchers, funding agencies and industry in identifying new prospects for phononic crystals in the upcoming years.","author":[{"family":"Jin","given":"Yabin"},{"family":"Torrent","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Djafari-Rouhani","given":"B"},{"family":"He","given":"Liangshu"},{"family":"Xiang","given":"Yanxun"},{"family":"Xuan","given":"Fu‐zhen"},{"family":"Gu","given":"Zhongming"},{"family":"Xue","given":"Haoran"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Qian"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Guoliang"},{"family":"García","given":"PD"},{"family":"Arregui","given":"Guillermo"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Guenneau","given":"Sébastien"},{"family":"Wegener","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Kadic","given":"Muamer"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yongquan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jensen"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yue‐sheng"},{"family":"Palermo","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Romerogarcía","given":"Vicente"},{"family":"Кузнецова","given":"Светлана"},{"family":"Chéron","given":"Élie"},{"family":"Lázaro","given":"Mario"},{"family":"Groby","given":"Jean‐philippe"},{"family":"Pagneux","given":"Vincent"},{"family":"Félix","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Raffi","given":"Lluís"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Gengkai"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Runcheng"},{"family":"Rabczuk","given":"Timon"},{"family":"Zhuang","given":"Xiaoying"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Penglin"},{"family":"Qu","given":"Yegao"},{"family":"Hussein","given":"Mahmoud"},{"family":"Nomura","given":"Masahiro"},{"family":"Pennec","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Feiyan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xinwei"},{"family":"Zhai","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1361-6463/ad9ab2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ad9ab2","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400728211","type":"article-journal","title":"Bionic e-skin with precise multi-directional droplet sliding sensing for enhanced robotic perception","abstract":"Electronic skins with deep and comprehensive liquid information detection are desired to endow intelligent robotic devices with augmented perception and autonomous regulation in common droplet environments. At present, one technical limitation of electronic skins is the inability to perceive the liquid sliding information as realistically as humans and give feedback in time. To this critical challenge, in this work, a self-powered bionic droplet electronic skin is proposed by constructing an ingenious co-layer interlaced electrode network and using an overpass connection method. The bionic skin is used for droplet environment reconnaissance and converts various dynamic droplet sliding behaviors into electrical signals based on triboelectricity. More importantly, the two-dimensional sliding behavior of liquid droplets is comprehensively perceived by the e-skin and visually fed back in real-time on an indicator. Furthermore, the flow direction warning and intelligent closed-loop control of water leakage are also achieved by this e-skin, achieving the effect of human neuromodulation. This strategy compensates for the limitations of e-skin sensing droplets and greatly narrows the gap between artificial e-skins and human skins in perceiving functions.","author":[{"family":"Xu","given":"Yunlong"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Zhongda"},{"family":"Bai","given":"Zhiqing"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Hua"},{"family":"Wen","given":"Run"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Fumei"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Guangbiao"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Chengkuo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-024-50270-8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50270-8","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405808851","type":"article-journal","title":"Review on Repair Technologies for Underwater Concrete Structure Damage of Infrastructures","abstract":"This paper comprehensively summarizes and discusses the latest research progress in the underwater concrete structure damage repair technology of infrastructures. The prompt application of underwater concrete structure repair technology can effectively deal with the damaged parts of underwater concrete structures, and it can ensure the safe and stable operation of infrastructure and extend its service life. Firstly, this study uses bibliometric methods to analyze the characteristics of the literature on research into underwater concrete repair in the past 30 years (1993–2023), and expounds the research status and hotspots of this field. Then, we conduct a comprehensive classification and discussion of the underwater concrete structure damage repair technologies at the current stage. This technology can be divided into two major types: direct underwater type and dry environment type. Further, the development history of these technologies is systematically sorted out and, combined with practical engineering application cases, the operation processes, applicability, limitations, and economy of these technologies are analyzed. Finally, the challenges and future development trends of the current underwater concrete structure damage repair technology are pointed out, which provides a direction for future research on the intelligent maintenance of underwater concrete structures.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhaogeng"},{"family":"Lian","given":"Jijian"},{"family":"Hui","given":"Liu"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Zou","given":"Kaifang"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Liang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Suiling"},{"family":"Shao","given":"Nan"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Ye"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/w17010035","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w17010035","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392623646","type":"article-journal","title":"Edible Soft Actuators Based on Konjac Glucomannan for Underwater Operation","abstract":"Soft robots are being increasingly developed and deployed for underwater applications such as exploration, monitoring, and rescue owing to their innate compliance, mechanical and chemical stability, and waterproof properties. However, they are still predominantly manufactured using silicones and acrylic elastomers, which pose environmental risks due to their limited biodegradability. To tackle this issue, a method for manufacturing water‐resistant, liquid‐driven soft actuators made from a novel type of konjac glucomannan (KGM) is presented, which is plant‐derived, insoluble, and edible. The material offers impressive stretchability, reaching up to 67.2% of its initial length, surpassing previous related work, and withstands over a 1000 cycles of tensile stress. Using this material, we develop soft actuators that can bend up to 47.1°, and the maximum blocking force of 0.1 N is achieved with a pressure input of 20 kPa. A gripper that is capable of grasping various objects underwater is also evaluated. In essence, this article introduces a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional soft robotic materials, paving the way for innovative and eco‐conscious underwater applications. The utilization of edible, water‐resistant materials like konjac provides a promising solution to reduce pollution and mitigate negative environmental impacts associated with traditional underwater soft robots.","author":[{"family":"Kanno","given":"Ryo"},{"family":"Kwak","given":"Bokeon"},{"family":"Pankhurst","given":"Markéta"},{"family":"Shintake","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Floreano","given":"Dario"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/aisy.202300473","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202300473","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403650458","type":"article-journal","title":"Agile robotic fish based on direct drive of continuum body","abstract":"Fish-like agile movements, such as fast swimming and rapid turning, are essential for biomimetic underwater robots but challenging to achieve simultaneously. We present a self-contained robotic fish capable of swimming at a speed of 6.3 body length per second and pivot turning at an angular speed of 1450° per second. These fast motions, comparable to real fish, are realized by directly oscillating a flexible body using an electromagnetic motor, eliminating the need for transmission parts and simplifying the structure. This direct-drive (DD) method improves mechanical robustness and generates fish-like deformations and subsequent rapid swimming. The Strouhal and swimming numbers of the robot match typical values observed in nature. Moreover, the observed frequency peaks in swimming are similar to computed values using a model, which guides the design of the robot. These results illustrate the DD method as a promising framework for the creation of highly versatile biomimetic underwater robots.","author":[{"family":"Iguchi","given":"Keisuke"},{"family":"Shimooka","given":"Taiki"},{"family":"Uchikai","given":"Shuto"},{"family":"Konno","given":"Yuto"},{"family":"Tanaka","given":"Hiroto"},{"family":"Ikemoto","given":"Yusuke"},{"family":"Shintake","given":"Jun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s44182-024-00014-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44182-024-00014-z","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393972787","type":"article-journal","title":"On-Device Intelligence for AI-Enabled Bio-Inspired Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)","abstract":"This paper introduces an innovative approach to underwater exploration by integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). This collaboration between AI and biomimicry marks a new era for AUVs, enabling them to emulate marine creatures’ graceful and efficient movements. By infusing AI capabilities into AUVs, AUVs are empowered to learn and adapt, making autonomous real-time decisions without human intervention. This dynamic integration equips AUVs to effectively navigate complex underwater terrains, evade obstacles, and seamlessly interact with marine life. Inspired by the remarkable propulsion mechanisms found in marine organisms, in this work, a pioneering propulsion system tailored for AUVs is proposed. Taking cues from the locomotion of creatures like cuttlefish, the biomechanics is translated into a robotic propulsion system. The result is a fluid and energy-efficient propulsion method that mitigates the harmful effects of cavitation, thereby reducing noise pollution and minimizing disruption to marine ecosystems. This research evaluates the performance of on-device AI models for analyzing the sensing environment around the AUV and taking real-time images. This automated sensing and navigation method can help the AUVs independently navigate to the desired location along the water table. The propulsion is achieved by building a craft shaft mechanism and unified mechanical design to convert rotational motion from a motor into a sinusoidal wave motion to replicate the cuttlefish locomotion pattern. The proposed underwater vehicle, Aquabot is designed using Fusion 360 simulation and ANSYS software. The results demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the autonomous underwater vehicle based on the environmental conditions, thus reducing energy consumption and enhancing aquatic vehicle efficiency.","author":[{"family":"Anand","given":"Aryan"},{"family":"Bharath","given":"MY"},{"family":"Sundaravadivel","given":"Prabha"},{"family":"Roselyn","given":"JP"},{"family":"Uthra","given":"RA"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/access.2024.3385435","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3385435","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392694479","type":"article-journal","title":"A Soft Robotic Morphing Wing for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles","abstract":"Actuators based on soft elastomers offer significant advantages to the field of robotics, providing greater adaptability, improving collision resilience, and enabling shape‐morphing. Thus, soft fluidic actuators have seen an expansion in their fields of application. Closed‐cycle hydraulic systems are pressure agnostic, enabling their deployment in extremely high‐pressure conditions, such as deep‐sea environments. However, soft actuators have not been widely adopted on unmanned underwater vehicle control surfaces for deep‐sea exploration due to their unpredictable hydrodynamic behavior when camber‐morphing is applied. This study presents the design and characterization of a soft wing and investigates its feasibility for integration into an underwater glider. It is found that the morphing wing enables the glider to adjust the lift‐to‐drag ratio to adapt to different flow conditions. At the operational angle of attack of 12.5°, the lift‐to‐drag ratio ranges from −70% to +10% compared to a rigid version. Furthermore, it reduces the need for internal moving parts and increases maneuverability. The findings lay the groundwork for the real‐world deployment of soft robotic principles capable of outperforming existing rigid systems. With the herein‐described methods, soft morphing capabilities can be enabled on other vehicles.","author":[{"family":"Giordano","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Achenbach","given":"Liam"},{"family":"Lenggenhager","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Wiesemüller","given":"Fabian"},{"family":"Vonbank","given":"R"},{"family":"Mucignat","given":"Claudio"},{"family":"Farinha","given":"André"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Pham"},{"family":"Katzschmann","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Armanini","given":"Sophie"},{"family":"Lunati","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Song","given":"Sukho"},{"family":"Kovač","given":"Mirko"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/aisy.202300702","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202300702","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4394891757","type":"article-journal","title":"Soft Robot Design, Manufacturing, and Operation Challenges: A Review","abstract":"Advancements in smart manufacturing have embraced the adoption of soft robots for improved productivity, flexibility, and automation as well as safety in smart factories. Hence, soft robotics is seeing a significant surge in popularity by garnering considerable attention from researchers and practitioners. Bionic soft robots, which are composed of compliant materials like silicones, offer compelling solutions to manipulating delicate objects, operating in unstructured environments, and facilitating safe human–robot interactions. However, despite their numerous advantages, there are some fundamental challenges to overcome, which particularly concern motion precision and stiffness compliance in performing physical tasks that involve external forces. In this regard, enhancing the operation performance of soft robots necessitates intricate, complex structural designs, compliant multifunctional materials, and proper manufacturing methods. The objective of this literature review is to chronicle a comprehensive overview of soft robot design, manufacturing, and operation challenges in conjunction with recent advancements and future research directions for addressing these technical challenges.","author":[{"family":"Ambaye","given":"Getachew"},{"family":"Boldsaikhan","given":"Enkhsaikhan"},{"family":"Krishnan","given":"Krishna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmmp8020079","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8020079","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390577246","type":"article-journal","title":"A soft magnetoelectric finger for robots’ multidirectional tactile perception in non-visual recognition environments","abstract":"Abstract Robotic fingers with multidirectional tactile perception are of great importance for the robotic exploration of complex unknown space, especially in environments in which visualization is not possible. Unfortunately, most existing tactile sensors for robotic fingers cannot detect multidirectional forces, which greatly limits their potential for further development in navigating complex environments. Here, we demonstrate a soft magnetoelectric finger (SMF) that can achieve self-generated-signal and multidirectional tactile sensing. The SMF is composed of two parts: a ‘finger’ covered with a skin-like flexible sheath containing five liquid metal (LM) coils and a ‘phalangeal bone’ containing a magnet. Due to the changes in magnetic flux through the LM coils caused by external forces, diverse induced voltages are generated and collected in real-time, which can be explained by Maxwell’s numerical simulation. By the analysis of the signals generated by the five LM coils, the SMF can detect forces in varied directions and distinguish 6 different common objects with varied Young’s moduli with an accuracy of 97.46%. These capabilities make the SMF suitable for complex unknown space exploration tasks, as proved by the black box exploration. The SMF can enable the development of self-generated-signal and multidirectional tactile perception for future robots.","author":[{"family":"Xu","given":"Yizhuo"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Shanfei"},{"family":"Li","given":"Shuya"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Zhenhua"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yike"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhuofan"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xiaojun"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Congcan"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Pengyu"},{"family":"Dickey","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Su","given":"Bin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41528-023-00289-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-023-00289-6","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404998527","type":"article-journal","title":"A robust underwater image enhancement algorithm","abstract":"Capturing clear images in underwater environments is a major challenge in marine engineering. There are many issues to consider in obtaining clear underwater images such as climate, environment, and human factors. The most important reasons are the atomization effect caused by dispersion and the color cast caused by inconsistent energy attenuation of each wavelength when light propagates in water. Recently, deep learning technology has shown impressive performance on underwater image enhancement. The deep learning-based methods apply to the underwater image enhancement tasks. We propose a deep learning model for inferring a degradation model to further improve image dynamic range through a network-guided underwater image enhancement network architecture with multicolor space embedding and convolutional media transfer, fixed an issue with limited dynamic range and brightness in underwater images. Quantitative and qualitative results show that our network performs relatively well in the Underwater Image Enhancement Benchmark (UIEB) [7] dataset compared to other recent methods, and is expected to be applied to different types of underwater work and environments in the future and reduce the degradation problems that often occur with underwater images. The acquisition of high-fidelity imagery in subaqueous environments presents significant technical challenges in marine engineering, encompassing a complex interplay of climatological variables, environmental parameters, and anthropogenic factors. Primary impediments to image clarity comprise the atomization phenomenon induced by optical scattering and chromatic distortion resulting from wavelength-dependent energy attenuation in aqueous media. The procurement of high-resolution underwater imagery is fundamental to numerous scientific applications, including marine biological research, autonomous underwater robotics, and environmental surveillance systems, where precise visual data acquisition substantially augments analytical efficacy. Contemporary developments in deep learning architectures have exhibited remarkable potential for enhancing underwater image quality. In response to these challenges, we present a novel deep learning framework that derives an empirical degradation model, utilizing a network-guided enhancement architecture incorporating multicolor space embedding and convolutional media transfer methodologies to optimize image dynamic range. This methodological approach specifically addresses the limitations in luminance distribution and dynamic range characteristics inherent in subsea imagery. Empirical evaluation of our architectural framework on the standardized Underwater Image Enhancement Benchmark (UIEB) [7] dataset demonstrates statistically significant performance improvements over contemporary methodologies, suggesting broad applicability across diverse submarine environments for mitigating common degradation phenomena.","author":[{"family":"Hu","given":"Kuo‐jui"},{"family":"Pan","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Liwei"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Sin"},{"family":"Kao","given":"Sheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s11227-024-06719-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-024-06719-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399775660","type":"article-journal","title":"Focused ultrasound enables selective actuation and Newton-level force output of untethered soft robots","abstract":"Untethered miniature soft robots have significant application potentials in biomedical and industrial fields due to their space accessibility and safe human interaction. However, the lack of selective and forceful actuation is still challenging in revolutionizing and unleashing their versatility. Here, we propose a focused ultrasound-controlled phase transition strategy for achieving millimeter-level spatially selective actuation and Newton-level force of soft robots, which harnesses ultrasound-induced heating to trigger the phase transition inside the robot, enabling powerful actuation through inflation. The millimeter-level spatial resolution empowers single robot to perform multiple tasks according to specific requirements. As a concept-of-demonstration, we designed soft robot for liquid cargo delivery and biopsy robot for tissue acquisition and patching. Additionally, an autonomous control system is integrated with ultrasound imaging to enable automatic acoustic field alignment and control. The proposed method advances the spatiotemporal response capability of untethered miniature soft robots, holding promise for broadening their versatility and adaptability.","author":[{"family":"Hao","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Mengmeng"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Haojin"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Yanfei"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Jiaqi"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xurui"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chong"},{"family":"Su","given":"Lin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Bing"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Li"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-024-49148-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49148-6","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405479543","type":"article-journal","title":"Two-step rapid inspection of underwater concrete bridge structures combining sonar, camera, and deep learning","abstract":"Underwater defects in piers pose potential hazards to the safety and durability of river-crossing bridges. The concealment and difficulty in detecting underwater defects often result in their oversight. Acoustic methods face challenges in directly achieving accurate measurements of underwater defects, while optical methods are time-consuming. This study proposes a two-step rapid inspection method for underwater concrete bridge piers by combining acoustics and optics. The first step combines macroscopic sonar scanning with an enhanced YOLOv7 to detect and locate piers and defects. Second, the camera approaches the defects for image acquisition, and an enhanced DeepLabv3+ is used for defect identification. The results demonstrate an average mean average [email protected] of 95.10% for defect and pier detection, and an mean intersection over union of 0.914 for exposed reinforcement and spalling identification. The method was applied to a real river-crossing bridge and reduced inspection time by 51.2% compared to traditional methods for assessing a row of 11 piers.","author":[{"family":"Sun","given":"Weihao"},{"family":"Hou","given":"Shitong"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Gang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yujie"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Lu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1111/mice.13401","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.13401","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391309331","type":"article-journal","title":"Investigation of Submerged MEMS Ultrasonic Sensors for Underwater Obstacle Avoidance Application","abstract":"Ultrasound is a powerful and versatile technology that has been applied extensively in medicine and scientific research. The development of miniature underwater robots focuses on achieving specific tasks, such as surveys and inspections in confined spaces. However, traditional sonar has limited use in micro underwater robots due to its large size and heavy power demands. Conversely, capacitive micromechanical ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) offer various advantages, including a wide bandwidth, compact size, and integration feasibility. These attributes make CMUTs a candidate for obstacle avoidance in micro underwater robots. Hence, a novel CMUT structure using Si-Si bonding is proposed. In this design, a membrane isolation layer replaces the cavity bottom isolation layer, simplifying the process and improving bond reliability. A finite element model of the CMUT was constructed in COMSOL and numerically assessed for the CMUT’s operating frequency, collapse voltage, and submerged depth. The CMUT, manufactured using micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology, undergoes waterproofing with PDMS—A material with similar acoustic impedance to water and corrosion resistance. Underwater tests reveal the CMUT’s resonant frequency in water as approximately 2 MHz, with a −3 dB bandwidth of 108.7%, a transmit/receive beam width of 7.3°, and a standard deviation of measured distance from the true distance of less than 0.05. These outcomes suggest that CMUTs hold promise in obstacle avoidance applications for fish-shaped underwater robots.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhihao"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Wendong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Renxin"},{"family":"He","given":"Changde"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Shurui"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jingwen"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhaodong"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Xiaoxing"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Yun"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Guojun"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Jiangong"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yuhua"},{"family":"Jia","given":"Licheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs16030497","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16030497","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402545715","type":"article-journal","title":"Transfer learning in robotics: An upcoming breakthrough? A review of promises and challenges","abstract":"Transfer learning is a conceptually-enticing paradigm in pursuit of truly intelligent embodied agents. The core concept—reusing prior knowledge to learn in and from novel situations—is successfully leveraged by humans to handle novel situations. In recent years, transfer learning has received renewed interest from the community from different perspectives, including imitation learning, domain adaptation, and transfer of experience from simulation to the real world, among others. In this paper, we unify the concept of transfer learning in robotics and provide the first taxonomy of its kind considering the key concepts of robot, task, and environment. Through a review of the promises and challenges in the field, we identify the need of transferring at different abstraction levels, the need of quantifying the transfer gap and the quality of transfer, as well as the dangers of negative transfer. Via this position paper, we hope to channel the effort of the community towards the most significant roadblocks to realize the full potential of transfer learning in robotics.","author":[{"family":"Jaquier","given":"Noémie"},{"family":"Welle","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Gams","given":"Andrej"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Kunpeng"},{"family":"Fichera","given":"Bernardo"},{"family":"Billard","given":"Aude"},{"family":"Ude","given":"Aleš"},{"family":"Asfour","given":"Tamim"},{"family":"Kragic","given":"Danica"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1177/02783649241273565","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02783649241273565","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4396213998","type":"article-journal","title":"Snail-inspired robotic swarms: a hybrid connector drives collective adaptation in unstructured outdoor environments","abstract":"Terrestrial self-reconfigurable robot swarms offer adaptable solutions for various tasks. However, most existing swarms are limited to controlled indoor settings, and often compromise stability due to their freeform connections. To address these issues, we present a snail robotic swarm system inspired by land snails, tailored for unstructured environments. Our system also employs a two-mode connection mechanism, drawing from the adhesive capabilities of land snails. The free mode, mirroring a snail's natural locomotion, leverages magnet-embedded tracks for freeform mobility, thereby enhancing adaptability and efficiency. The strong mode, analogous to a snail's response to disturbance, employs a vacuum sucker with directional polymer stalks for robust adhesion. By assigning specific functions to each mode, our system achieves a balance between mobility and secure connections. Outdoor experiments demonstrate the capabilities of individual robots and the exceptional synergy within the swarm. This research advances the real-world applications of terrestrial robotic swarms in unstructured environments.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Da"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Haobo"},{"family":"Tu","given":"Yuxiao"},{"family":"Meng","given":"Chongxi"},{"family":"Lam","given":"Tin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-024-47788-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47788-2","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4395466958","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for Mobile Robot Path Planning","abstract":"Path planning is an important problem with the the applications in many aspects, such as video games, robotics etc. This paper proposes a novel method to address the problem of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) based path planning for a mobile robot. We design DRL-based algorithms, including reward functions, and parameter optimization, to avoid time-consuming work in a 2D environment. We also designed an Two-way search hybrid A* algorithm to improve the quality of local path planning. We transferred the designed algorithm to a simple embedded environment to test the computational load of the algorithm when running on a mobile robot. Experiments show that when deployed on a robot platform, the DRL-based algorithm in this article can achieve better planning results and consume less computing resources.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Shuangjiang"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Zijun"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Tong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.53469/jtpes.2024.04(04).07","URL":"https://doi.org/10.53469/jtpes.2024.04(04).07","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392162980","type":"article-journal","title":"Continuum Robots and Magnetic Soft Robots: From Models to Interdisciplinary Challenges for Medical Applications","abstract":"This article explores the challenges of continuum and magnetic soft robotics for medical applications, extending from model development to an interdisciplinary perspective. First, we established a unified model framework based on algebra and geometry. The research progress and challenges in principle models, data-driven, and hybrid modeling were then analyzed in depth. Simultaneously, a numerical analysis framework for the principle model was constructed. Furthermore, we expanded the model framework to encompass interdisciplinary research and conducted a comprehensive analysis, including an in-depth case study. Current challenges and the need to address meta-problems were identified through discussion. Overall, this review provides a novel perspective on understanding the challenges and complexities of continuum and magnetic soft robotics in medical applications, paving the way for interdisciplinary researchers to assimilate knowledge in this domain rapidly.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Honghong"},{"family":"Mao","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Du","given":"Jingli"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/mi15030313","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15030313","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403514899","type":"article-journal","title":"Robust, Switchable and Printable Underwater Adhesives Based on a Temperature‐Deactivated Design","abstract":"Abstract Conventional adhesives generally suffer from diminished adhesion in aqueous environments, posing significant challenges for their application in wet and submerged conditions. While extensive research efforts are directed toward enhancing the interfacial bonding, cohesive strength, and durability of adhesives in such environments, most existing underwater adhesives remain static and irreversible. This limitation hinders their reusability and often results in undesirable residues. Addressing the challenge of achieving strong underwater adhesion with on‐demand detachment remains crucial. This study introduces the development of temperature‐responsive underwater adhesives that demonstrate outstanding bonding strength, reversibility, and durability. Through the strategic integration of interfacial bonding, reinforced cross‐linking networks, dynamic hydrogen bonds, and upper critical solution temperature (UCST)‐driven phase transitions, one of the few temperature‐deactivated adhesives is created. The optimized adhesive is distinguished by its performance to achieve underwater adhesion strengths exceeding 1.4 MPa, nearly 100% switching efficiency and residue‐free adherend under mild thermal cycling. Beyond the template‐assisted fabrication of adhesive patches, 3D printable adhesives are achieved with programmable architectures via direct ink‐writing. This work highlights the development of temperature‐deactivated underwater adhesives activated by UCST‐type phase transitions, not only boosting adhesion strengths and switching efficiencies across various water conditions but also broadening their applicability with user‐defined and application‐specific functions.","author":[{"family":"Ou","given":"Richang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Shuxue"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jingjing"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhaojun"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Liang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhihang"},{"family":"Murto","given":"Petri"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Xiaofeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adfm.202416043","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202416043","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399276025","type":"article-journal","title":"A Bioinspired Robotic Finger for Multimodal Tactile Sensing Powered by Fiber Optic Sensors","abstract":"The rapid advancement of soft robotic technology emphasizes the growing importance of tactile perception. Soft grippers, equipped with tactile sensing, can gather interactive information crucial for safe human–robot interaction, wearable devices, and dexterous manipulation. However, most soft grippers with tactile sensing abilities have limited modes of tactile perception, restricting their dexterity and safety. In addition, existing tactile systems are often complicated, leading to unstable perception signals. Inspired by various organisms, a novel multimodal tactile‐sensing soft robotic finger is proposed. This finger, based on a modified fin ray structure, integrates a distributed fiber optic sensing system as part of its tactile sensory neural system. It replicates human finger capabilities, discerning contact forces as low as 0.01 N with exceptional sensitivity (106.96 mN nm−1). Through training neural networks models, the finger achieves an accuracy exceeding 96% in recognizing roughness, material stiffness, and finger pad position. Assembled into two‐finger parallel gripper, it demonstrates precise manipulation capabilities for fragile items like strawberries and potato chips. Moreover, through synergistic interplay of multimodal tactile sensing, this finger can successfully grasp an underwater transparent sphere, mitigating limitations of visual perception. The developed soft finger holds promise in various scenarios including hazardous environment detection and specialized grasping tasks.","author":[{"family":"Mao","given":"Baijin"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Kunyu"},{"family":"Xiang","given":"Yuyaocen"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yuzhu"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Qiangjing"},{"family":"Hao","given":"Hongwei"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Yaozhen"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Houde"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xueqian"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xiaohao"},{"family":"Qu","given":"Juntian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/aisy.202400175","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400175","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392152133","type":"article-journal","title":"Self‐Powered Underwater Pressing and Position Sensing and Autonomous Object Grasping with a Porous Thermoplastic Polyurethane Film Sensor","abstract":"Abstract Most flexible ionic tactile sensors can hardly be used in deep sea due to their poor antiswelling and anticompression properties under high hydrostatic pressure. To achieve pressure and position sensing under high hydrostatic pressure, a self‐powered underwater tactile sensor made of a porous thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film is presented in this paper. The sensor works by generating an electric current due to the different moving velocities of ions in the porous film under pressing. Experimental results show that the magnitude of the generated current signal increases with the applied pressure, the contacting area, and ion concentration of the solution. The direction and magnitude of the current signal depend on the pressing position of the film. The signal magnitude decreased with the closer to the center of the film. The maximum pressure sensitivity and positioning resolution are 0.62 kPa −1 and 1.31 mm respectively. Response time (0.19 s), 0.67 s recovery time, and 50–600 kPa pressure detection range are achieved. In addition, the signal magnitude is decreased only by 15.53% when the sensor is placed underwater at a simulated depth of 100 m. Proof of concept demonstration of underwater autonomously grasping objects of different weights with this sensor is successfully achieved.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Quanyu"},{"family":"Song","given":"Yongxin"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Pu"},{"family":"Li","given":"Deyu"},{"family":"Li","given":"Deyu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jiahui"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Xianping"},{"family":"Li","given":"Dongqing"},{"family":"Li","given":"Dongqing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adfm.202315648","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202315648","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4389487560","type":"article-journal","title":"Visual Sensing and Depth Perception for Welding Robots and Their Industrial Applications","abstract":"With the rapid development of vision sensing, artificial intelligence, and robotics technology, one of the challenges we face is installing more advanced vision sensors on welding robots to achieve intelligent welding manufacturing and obtain high-quality welding components. Depth perception is one of the bottlenecks in the development of welding sensors. This review provides an assessment of active and passive sensing methods for depth perception and classifies and elaborates on the depth perception mechanisms based on monocular vision, binocular vision, and multi-view vision. It explores the principles and means of using deep learning for depth perception in robotic welding processes. Further, the application of welding robot visual perception in different industrial scenarios is summarized. Finally, the problems and countermeasures of welding robot visual perception technology are analyzed, and developments for the future are proposed. This review has analyzed a total of 2662 articles and cited 152 as references. The potential future research topics are suggested to include deep learning for object detection and recognition, transfer deep learning for welding robot adaptation, developing multi-modal sensor fusion, integrating models and hardware, and performing a comprehensive requirement analysis and system evaluation in collaboration with welding experts to design a multi-modal sensor fusion architecture.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Ji"},{"family":"Li","given":"Leijun"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Peiquan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s23249700","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249700","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392016680","type":"article-journal","title":"Advancing Data Quality of Marine Archaeological Documentation Using Underwater Robotics: From Simulation Environments to Real-World Scenarios","abstract":"This paper presents a novel method for the visual-based 3D mapping of underwater cultural heritage sites through marine robotic operations. The proposed methodology addresses the three main stages of an underwater robotic mission, specifically the planning phase, the mission-time and the offline processing phase. Initially, we approach mission planning through multi-vision sensor configurations and simulations of the underwater medium’s effects. Subsequently, we demonstrate a possibility for real-time 3D surface reconstruction and hole detection by using Poisson Surface Reconstruction (PSR) and the Ball Pivoting Algorithm (BPA), that allows for real-time quality assessment of the acquired data and control of the coverage of the site. Last, an offline photogrammetric workflow is discussed in terms of geometric reliability and visual appearance of the results. The presented three-step methodological framework has been developed and tested in both simulation and real-world environments for three wreck sites in the fjord of Trondheim, Norway, introducing among others novel marine robotic technology like the articulated robot Eelume.","author":[{"family":"Diamanti","given":"Eleni"},{"family":"Yip","given":"Mauhing"},{"family":"Stahl","given":"Annette"},{"family":"Ødegård","given":"Øyvind"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5334/jcaa.147","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5334/jcaa.147","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401995305","type":"article-journal","title":"Enhancing Underwater Object Detection and Classification Using Advanced Imaging Techniques: A Novel Approach with Diffusion Models","abstract":"Underwater object detection and classification pose significant challenges due to environmental factors such as water turbidity and variable lighting conditions. This research proposes a novel approach that integrates advanced imaging techniques with diffusion models to address these challenges effectively, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14: Life Below Water. The methodology leverages the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM), Modified Swin Transformer Block (MSTB), and Diffusion model to enhance the quality of underwater images, thereby improving the accuracy of object detection and classification tasks. This study utilizes the TrashCan dataset, comprising diverse underwater scenes and objects, to validate the proposed method’s efficacy. This study proposes an advanced imaging technique YOLO (you only look once) network (AIT-YOLOv7) for detecting objects in underwater images. This network uses a modified U-Net, which focuses on informative features using a convolutional block channel and spatial attentions for color correction and a modified swin transformer block for resolution enhancement. A novel diffusion model proposed using modified U-Net with ResNet understands the intricate structures in images with underwater objects, which enhances detection capabilities under challenging visual conditions. Thus, AIT-YOLOv7 net precisely detects and classifies different classes of objects present in this dataset. These improvements are crucial for applications in marine ecology research, underwater archeology, and environmental monitoring, where precise identification of marine debris, biological organisms, and submerged artifacts is essential. The proposed framework advances underwater imaging technology and supports the sustainable management of marine resources and conservation efforts. The experimental results demonstrate that state-of-the-art object detection methods, namely SSD, YOLOv3, YOLOv4, and YOLOTrashCan, achieve mean accuracies (mAP@0.5) of 57.19%, 58.12%, 59.78%, and 65.01%, respectively, whereas the proposed AIT-YOLOv7 net reaches a mean accuracy (mAP@0.5) of 81.4% on the TrashCan dataset, showing a 16.39% improvement. Due to this improvement in the accuracy and efficiency of underwater object detection, this research contributes to broader marine science and technology efforts, promoting the better understanding and management of aquatic ecosystems and helping to prevent and reduce the marine pollution, as emphasized in SDG 14.","author":[{"family":"Pachaiyappan","given":"Prabhavathy"},{"family":"Chidambaram","given":"G"},{"family":"Jahid","given":"Abu"},{"family":"Alsharif","given":"Mohammed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su16177488","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177488","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405012711","type":"article-journal","title":"A survey on energy efficient medium access control for acoustic wireless communication networks in underwater environments","abstract":"Underwater communication plays a crucial role in monitoring the aquatic environment on Earth. Due to their unique characteristics, underwater acoustic channels present unique challenges including lengthy signal transmission delays, limited data transfer bandwidth, variable signal quality, and fluctuating channel conditions. Furthermore, the reliance on battery power for most Underwater Wireless Acoustic Networks (UWAN) devices, coupled with the challenges associated with battery replacement or recharging, intensifies the challenges. Underwater acoustic communications are heavily constrained by available resources (e.g., very limited bandwidth, and limited energy storage). Consequently, the role of medium access control (MAC) protocol which distributes available resources among nodes is critical in maintaining a reliable underwater communication system. This study presents an extensive review of current research in MAC for UWAN. This study presents an extensive review of current research in MAC for UWAN. The paper explores the unique challenges and characteristics of UWAN, which are critical for the MAC protocol design. Subsequently, a diverse range of energy-efficient MAC techniques are categorized and reviewed. Potential future research avenues in energy-efficient MAC protocols are discussed, with a particular emphasis on the challenges to enable the broader implementation of the Green Internet of Underwater Things (GIoUT).","author":[{"family":"Hasan","given":"Walid"},{"family":"Ahmad","given":"Iftekhar"},{"family":"Habibi","given":"Daryoush"},{"family":"Phung","given":"Quoc"},{"family":"Al-Fawareh","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Islam","given":"Kazi"},{"family":"Zaheer","given":"Ruba"},{"family":"Khaled","given":"Haitham"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.jnca.2024.104079","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2024.104079","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392460750","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater image restoration based on dual information modulation network","abstract":"The presence of light absorption and scattering in underwater conditions results in underwater images with missing details, low contrast, and color bias. The current deep learning-based methods bring unlimited potential for underwater image restoration (UIR) tasks. These methods, however, do not adequately take into account the inconsistency of the attenuation of different color channels and spatial regions when performing image restoration. To solve these gaps, we propose a dual information modulation network (DIMN) for accurate UIR tasks. To be specific, we design a multi-information enhancement module (MIEM), empowered by spatial-aware attention block (SAAB) and multi-scale structural Transformer block (MSTB), to guide the inductive bias of image degradation processes under nonhomogeneous media distributions. SAAB focuses on different spatial locations, capturing more spatial-aware cues to correct color deviations and recover details. MSTB utilizes the difference and complementarity between features at different scales to effectively complement the network's structural and global perceptual capabilities, enhancing image sharpness and contrast further. Experimental results reveal that the proposed DIMN exceeds most state-of-the-art UIR methods. Our code and results are available at: https://github.com/wwaannggllii/DIMN .","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Wang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xing"},{"family":"Li","given":"Ke"},{"family":"Mu","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Min"},{"family":"Yue","given":"Zhaoxin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-55990-x","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55990-x","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401206233","type":"article-journal","title":"Design of Soft Robots: A Review of Methods and Future Opportunities for Research","abstract":"Soft robots present resilient and adaptable systems characterized by deformable bodies inspired by biological systems. In this paper, we comprehensively review existing design methods for soft robots. One unique feature of our review is that we first formulate criteria, which enables us to derive knowledge gaps and suggest future research directions to close these gaps and go further. Another distinctive feature of our review is that we pivot on the general engineering design process for soft robots. As such, we consider three criteria: (1) the availability of design requirements to start with the design of soft robots, (2) the availability of the so-called concept design or architecture design for soft robots, and (3) the systematic process that leads to the final design of soft robots. The review is conducted systematically, especially when searching for and selecting relevant publications in the literature. The main contribution of this review includes (i) identifying knowledge gaps and (ii) suggesting future research directions to close these gaps and go further.","author":[{"family":"Hasanshahi","given":"Behzad"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Lin"},{"family":"Song","given":"Ki‐young"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Wenjun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/machines12080527","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12080527","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405571513","type":"article-journal","title":"An Octopus-Inspired Soft Pneumatic Robotic Arm","abstract":"This paper addresses the design, development, control, and experimental evaluation of a soft robot arm whose actuation is inspired by the muscular structure of the octopus arm, one of the most agile biological manipulators. The robot arm is made of soft silicone and thus possesses enhanced compliance, which is beneficial in a variety of applications where the arm may come into contact with delicate features of its environment. The arm is composed of three elongated segments arranged in series, each one of which contains several pneumatically actuated chambers embedded in its silicone body, which may induce various types of deformations of the segment. By combining the segment deformations, and by imitating the antagonistic muscle group functionality of the octopus, the robot arm can bend in various directions, increase or decrease its length, as well as twist around its central axis. This is one of the few octopus-inspired soft robotic arms where twisting is replicated in its motion characteristics, thus greatly expanding the arm's potential applications. We present the design process and the development steps of the soft arm, where the molding of two-part silicone of low hardness in 3d-printed molds is employed. In addition, we present the control methodology and the experimental evaluation of both a standalone segment and the entire three-segment arm. This experimental evaluation involves model-free closed-loop control schemes, exploiting visual feedback from a pair of external cameras in order to reconstruct in real time the shape of the soft arm and the pose of its tip.","author":[{"family":"Papadakis","given":"E"},{"family":"Tsakiris","given":"Dimitris"},{"family":"Sfakiotakis","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/biomimetics9120773","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120773","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"oa:W4391137858","type":"article-journal","title":"A Low-Cost and High-Precision Underwater Integrated Navigation System","abstract":"The traditional underwater integrated navigation system is based on an optical fiber gyroscope and Doppler Velocity Log, which is high-precision but also expensive, heavy, bulky and difficult to adapt to the development requirements of AUV swarm, intelligence and miniaturization. This paper proposes a low-cost, light-weight, small-volume and low-computation underwater integrated navigation system based on MEMS IMU/DVL/USBL. First, according to the motion formula of AUV, a five-dimensional state equation of the system was established, whose dimension was far less than that of the traditional. Second, the main source of error was considered. As the velocity observation value of the system, the velocity measured by DVL eliminated the scale error and lever arm error. As the position observation value of the system, the position measured by USBL eliminated the lever arm error. Third, to solve the issue of inconsistent observation frequencies between DVL and USBL, a sequential filter was proposed to update the extended Kalman filter. Finally, through selecting the sensor equipment and conducting two lake experiments with total voyages of 5.02 km and 3.2 km, respectively, the correctness and practicality of the system were confirmed by the results. By comparing the output of the integrated navigation system and the data of RTK GPS, the average position error was 4.12 m, the maximum position error was 8.53 m, the average velocity error was 0.027 m/s and the average yaw error was 1.41°, whose precision is as high as that of an optical fiber gyroscope and Doppler Velocity Log integrated navigation system, but the price is less than half of that. The experimental results show that the proposed underwater integrated navigation system could realize the high-precision and long-term navigation of AUV in the designated area, which had great potential for both military and civilian applications.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Jiapeng"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Te"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Chang"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Dihua"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Qingshan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12020200","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020200","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4394766179","type":"article-journal","title":"Micro robot as the feature of robotic in healthcare approach from design to application: the State of art and challenges","abstract":"Micro robots, miniature robotic devices typically ranging from micrometers to a few millimeters in size, hold immense potential in various fields, particularly healthcare. Their diminutive stature enables access to intricate anatomical regions previously unreachable, facilitating targeted drug delivery, localized treatment, and precise monitoring. These robots offer numerous advantages, including enhanced maneuverability, reduced invasiveness, and minimized tissue damage. By navigating through complex biological environments, micro robots can deliver therapies with unprecedented precision, improving treatment efficacy and patient outcomes. Additionally, their small size allows for minimally invasive procedures, reducing recovery times and enhancing patient comfort. Overall, micro robots represent a groundbreaking technological advancement with the potential to revolutionize healthcare delivery and significantly benefit human well-being.Their small size enables access to intricate anatomical regions for targeted drug delivery, localized treatment, and precise monitoring. Despite challenges like size constraints and navigation complexities, innovative solutions and interdisciplinary collaboration are driving their advancement in improving healthcare outcomes.","author":[{"family":"Moshayedi","given":"Ata"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Davari","given":"Mehdi"},{"family":"Mokhtari","given":"Tahmineh"},{"family":"Andani","given":"Mehran"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.4108/airo.5602","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4108/airo.5602","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4384158568","type":"article-journal","title":"Robotic-biological systems for detection and identification of explosive ordnance: concept, general structure, and models","abstract":"The subject of this study is systems for detection and identification (D&I) of explosive ordnance (EO). The aim of this study is to develop a concept, general structure, and models of a robotic-biological system for D&I of EO (RBS-D&I). The objectives are as follows: 1) to classify mobile systems for D&I of EO and suggest a concept of RBS-D&I; 2) to develop the general structure of RBS-D&I consisting of robotic (flying and ground) and biological subsystems; 3) to develop models of RBS-D&I including automaton, hierarchical, and operational ones; 4) to describe tasks and planned results of the article-related scientific project; and 5) to discuss research results. The following results were obtained. 1) The general structure of the RBS-D&I. The structure comprises the following levels: control and processing centres (mobile ground control and processing centre (MGCPC) and virtual control and processing centre); forces for detection and identification (fleet of unmanned aerial vehicles (FoU), biological detection information subsystem (BDIS), and robotic detection information subsystem (RDIS)); interference; natural covers and a bedding surface; and target objects (all munitions containing explosives, nuclear fission or fusion materials and biological and chemical agents). 2) A concept of RBS-D&I. The concept is based on RBS-D&I description, analysis, development, and operation as an integrated complex cyber-physical and cyber-biological system running in changing physical and information environments. 3) The RBS-D&I automata model. The model describes RBS-D&I operating in two modes. In mode 1, FoU and BDIS operate separately and interact through the MGCPC only. In mode 2, depending on the specifics of the tasks performed, FoU and RDIS can directly interact among themselves or through the MGCPC. 4) hierarchical model. The model has two sets of vertices: EO detection and platforms equipped with the necessary sensors. 5) An operational cycle model. The model describes land release operations via a methodology of functional modeling and graphic description of IDEF0 processes. Conclusions. The proposed concept and RBS-D&I solutions can provide high-performance and guaranteed EO detection in designated areas by the implementation of an intelligent platform and tools for planning the use of multifunctional fleets of UAVs and other RBS-D&I subsystems.","author":[{"family":"Fedorenko","given":"Gennadiy"},{"family":"Fesenko","given":"Herman"},{"family":"Kharchenko","given":"Vyacheslav"},{"family":"Kliushnikov","given":"Ihor"},{"family":"Tolkunov","given":"Ihor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.32620/reks.2023.2.12","URL":"https://doi.org/10.32620/reks.2023.2.12","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4394934068","type":"article-journal","title":"Recent Progress in 3D Printing of Polymer Materials as Soft Actuators and Robots","abstract":"With inspiration from natural systems, various soft actuators and robots have been explored in recent years with versatile applications in biomedical and engineering fields. Soft active materials with rich stimulus-responsive characteristics have been an ideal candidate to devise these soft machines by using different manufacturing technologies. Among these technologies, three-dimensional (3D) printing shows advantages in fabricating constructs with multiple materials and sophisticated architectures. In this Review, we aim to provide an overview of recent progress on 3D printing of soft materials, robotics performances, and representative applications. Typical 3D printing techniques are briefly introduced, followed by state-of-the-art advances in 3D printing of hydrogels, shape memory polymers, liquid crystalline elastomers, and their hybrids as soft actuators and robots. From the perspective of material properties, the commonly used printing techniques and action-generation principles for typical printed constructs are discussed. Actuation performances, locomotive behaviors, and representative applications of printed soft materials are summarized. The relationship between printing structures and action performances of soft actuators and robots is also briefly discussed. Finally, the advantages and limitations of each soft material are compared, and the remaining challenges and future directions in this field are prospected.","author":[{"family":"Kong","given":"Xiangren"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Min"},{"family":"Du","given":"Miao"},{"family":"Qian","given":"Jin"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Qiang"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Zi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1021/cbe.4c00028","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/cbe.4c00028","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400446672","type":"article-journal","title":"Polarimetric Imaging for Robot Perception: A Review","abstract":"In recent years, the integration of polarimetric imaging into robotic perception systems has increased significantly, driven by the accessibility of affordable polarimetric sensors. This technology complements traditional color imaging by capturing and analyzing the polarization characteristics of light. This additional information provides robots with valuable insights into object shape, material composition, and other properties, ultimately enabling more robust manipulation tasks. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the principles behind polarimetric imaging and its diverse applications within the field of robotic perception. By exploiting the polarization state of light, polarimetric imaging offers promising solutions to three key challenges in robot vision: Surface segmentation; depth estimation through polarization patterns; and 3D reconstruction using polarimetric data. This review emphasizes the practical value of polarimetric imaging in robotics by demonstrating its effectiveness in addressing real-world challenges. We then explore potential applications of this technology not only within the core robotics field but also in related areas. Through a comparative analysis, our goal is to elucidate the strengths and limitations of polarimetric imaging techniques. This analysis will contribute to a deeper understanding of its broad applicability across various domains within and beyond robotics.","author":[{"family":"Taglione","given":"Camille"},{"family":"Mateo","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Stolz","given":"Christophe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s24144440","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144440","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391098453","type":"article-journal","title":"Artificial Intelligence for Predictive Maintenance Applications: Key Components, Trustworthiness, and Future Trends","abstract":"Predictive maintenance (PdM) is a policy applying data and analytics to predict when one of the components in a real system has been destroyed, and some anomalies appear so that maintenance can be performed before a breakdown takes place. Using cutting-edge technologies like data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) enhances the performance and accuracy of predictive maintenance systems and increases their autonomy and adaptability in complex and dynamic working environments. This paper reviews the recent developments in AI-based PdM, focusing on key components, trustworthiness, and future trends. The state-of-the-art (SOTA) techniques, challenges, and opportunities associated with AI-based PdM are first analyzed. The integration of AI technologies into PdM in real-world applications, the human–robot interaction, the ethical issues emerging from using AI, and the testing and validation abilities of the developed policies are later discussed. This study exhibits the potential working areas for future research, such as digital twin, metaverse, generative AI, collaborative robots (cobots), blockchain technology, trustworthy AI, and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), utilizing a comprehensive survey of the current SOTA techniques, opportunities, and challenges allied with AI-based PdM.","author":[{"family":"Uçar","given":"Ayşegül"},{"family":"Karaköse","given":"Mehmet"},{"family":"Kırımça","given":"Necim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app14020898","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020898","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404009216","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Surface Defect Recognition of Bridges Based on Fusion of Semantic Segmentation and Three-Dimensional Point Cloud","abstract":"This study introduces an innovative approach for identifying surface defects in underwater bridge structures through the fusion of deep learning and three-dimensional point cloud. The method employs a U2-Net neural network enhanced with residual U-blocks to effectively capture defect features across scales and merge multiscale underwater image attributes to produce significant probability images for defect detection. By leveraging three-dimensional digital image correlation techniques, the method reconstructs the bridge pier surfaces’ physical dimensions from point cloud, enabling precise defect contour and size recognition. The fusion of deep learning’s semantic segmentation with the accurate dimensions from point cloud significantly improves defect detection accuracy, achieving pixel accuracies of 0.943 and 0.811 for foreign objects and spalling and exposed rebars, respectively, and an Intersection over Union of 0.733 and 0.411. The method’s millimeter-level precision in point cloud reconstruction further allows for detailed defect dimensioning, enhancing both the accuracy and the quantitative measurement capabilities of underwater bridge inspections, and shows promise for future advanced applications in this field.","author":[{"family":"Hou","given":"Shitong"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Han"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Weihao"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Gang"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Zhishen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-7032","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1061/jbenf2.beeng-7032","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392580998","type":"article-journal","title":"ENHANCEMENT OF UNDERWATER IMAGES WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE","abstract":"Abstract. Camera systems using optical sensors have made great progress in recent years in obtaining underwater images. Very high-resolution images can be obtained with underwater cameras. However, it becomes difficult to process the image obtained due to many distorting factors such as inhomogeneous underwater lighting, low contrast, blur, sea snow. For this purpose, image enhancement algorithms are used to minimise the problems in the captured images. The physical characteristics of the underwater environment cause degradation effects that are not found in normal images captured in air. Due to the effects such as colour distortion, low contrast and brightness, blurred details in images captured in this type of environment, the usage area of these images is very limited. This project aims to use artificial intelligence methods for colour enhancement of underwater images. In addition, one of the main objectives of the project is to examine the effect of colour enhancement applied to images on other areas of use. Within the scope of the project, An Underwater Image Enhancement Benchmark Dataset and Beyond Dataset and Large Scale Underwater Image Dataset datasets were used. In our study, U-Shape Transformer architecture and Pix2Pix architecture were tested for their usability for image enhancement. According to the results obtained, Pix2Pix architecture achieved the highest accuracy. Accuracy results were obtained as 22.5884 and 0.8764 for PSNR and SSIM, respectively using UIEB dataset. The accuracy values for LSUI dataset are 25.1010 and 0.8440 for PSNR and SSIM, respectively.","author":[{"family":"Ertan","given":"Z"},{"family":"Korkut","given":"Bora"},{"family":"Gördük","given":"G"},{"family":"Kulavuz","given":"Bahadır"},{"family":"Bakırman","given":"Tolga"},{"family":"Bayram","given":"Bülent"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w9-2024-149-2024","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w9-2024-149-2024","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392958644","type":"article-journal","title":"Lightweight Underwater Object Detection Algorithm for Embedded Deployment Using Higher-Order Information and Image Enhancement","abstract":"Underwater object detection is crucial in marine exploration, presenting a challenging problem in computer vision due to factors like light attenuation, scattering, and background interference. Existing underwater object detection models face challenges such as low robustness, extensive computation of model parameters, and a high false detection rate. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a lightweight underwater object detection method integrating deep learning and image enhancement. Firstly, FUnIE-GAN is employed to perform data enhancement to restore the authentic colors of underwater images, and subsequently, the restored images are fed into an enhanced object detection network named YOLOv7-GN proposed in this paper. Secondly, a lightweight higher-order attention layer aggregation network (ACC3-ELAN) is designed to improve the fusion perception of higher-order features in the backbone network. Moreover, the head network is enhanced by leveraging the interaction of multi-scale higher-order information, additionally fusing higher-order semantic information from features at different scales. To further streamline the entire network, we also introduce the AC-ELAN-t module, which is derived from pruning based on ACC3-ELAN. Finally, the algorithm undergoes practical testing on a biomimetic sea flatworm underwater robot. The experimental results on the DUO dataset show that our proposed method improves the performance of object detection in underwater environments. It provides a valuable reference for realizing object detection in underwater embedded devices with great practical potential.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Changhong"},{"family":"Wen","given":"Jiawen"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Jinshan"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Weiren"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Bochun"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Ning"},{"family":"Zou","given":"Tao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12030506","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030506","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404246295","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning Methods in Soft Robotics: Architectures and Applications","abstract":"The area of soft robotics has been subject to intense research efforts in the past two decades and constitutes a paradigm for advanced machine design in future robotic applications. However, standard methods for industrial robotics may be difficult to apply when analyzing soft robots. Deep learning, which has undergone rapid and transformative advancements in recent years, offers a set of powerful tools for analyzing and designing complex soft machines capable of operating in unstructured environments and interacting with humans and objects in a delicate manner. This review summarizes the most important state‐of‐the‐art deep learning architectures classified under supervised, unsupervised, semisupervised, and reinforcement learning scenarios and discusses their main features and benefits for different soft robotic applications, including soft robot manipulators, soft grippers, soft sensors, and e‐skins, as well as bioinspired soft robots. Specific properties of recent deep learning architectures and the usefulness of their features in addressing various types of issues found in soft robotics are analyzed. The existing challenges and future prospects are identified and discussed in view of the enhanced integration of both areas, which improves the performance of next‐generation soft machines operating in real‐world conditions.","author":[{"family":"Čakurda","given":"Tomáš"},{"family":"Trojanová","given":"M"},{"family":"Pomin","given":"Pavlo"},{"family":"Hošovský","given":"Alexander"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/aisy.202400576","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202400576","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402527600","type":"article-journal","title":"Squid‐Inspired Anti‐Salt Skin‐Like Elastomers With Superhigh Damage Resistance for Aquatic Soft Robots","abstract":"Abstract Cephalopod skins evolve multiple functions in response to environmental adaptation, encompassing nonlinear mechanoreponse, damage tolerance property, and resistance to seawater. Despite tremendous progress in skin‐mimicking materials, the integration of these desirable properties into a single material system remains an ongoing challenge. Here, drawing inspiration from the structure of reflectin proteins in cephalopod skins, a long‐term anti‐salt elastomer with skin‐like nonlinear mechanical properties and extraordinary damage resistance properties is presented. Cation‐π interaction is incorporated to induce the geometrically confined nanophases of hydrogen bond domains, resulting in elastomers with exceptional true tensile strength (456.5 ± 68.9 MPa) and unprecedently high fracture energy (103.7 ± 45.7 kJ m −2 ). Furthermore, the cation‐π interaction effectively protects the hydrogen bond domains from corrosion by high‐concentration saline solution. The utilization of the resultant skin‐like elastomer has been demonstrated by aquatic soft robotics capable of grasping sharp objects. The combined advantages render the present elastomer highly promising for salt enviroment applications, particularly in addressing the challenges posed by sweat, in vivo, and harsh oceanic environments.","author":[{"family":"Chu","given":"Chengzhen"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Shuo"},{"family":"Jia","given":"Yujie"},{"family":"Ni","given":"Yufeng"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Shaofan"},{"family":"Han","given":"Yufei"},{"family":"Zuo","given":"Han"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Huifang"},{"family":"You","given":"Zhengwei"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Meifang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adma.202406480","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202406480","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4397290484","type":"article-journal","title":"Integrated Design and Fabrication of Pneumatic Soft Robot Actuators in a Single Casting Step","abstract":"Bio-inspired soft robots have already shown the ability to handle uncertainty and adapt to unstructured environments. However, their availability is partially restricted by time-consuming, costly, and highly supervised design-fabrication processes, often based on resource-intensive iterative workflows. Here, we propose an integrated approach targeting the design and fabrication of pneumatic soft actuators in a single casting step. Molds and sacrificial water-soluble hollow cores are printed using fused filament fabrication. A heated water circuit accelerates the dissolution of the core's material and guarantees its complete removal from the actuator walls, while the actuator's mechanical operability is defined through finite element analysis. This enables the fabrication of actuators with non-uniform cross-sections under minimal supervision, thereby reducing the number of iterations necessary during the design and fabrication processes. Three actuators capable of bending and linear motion were designed, fabricated, integrated, and demonstrated as 3 different bio-inspired soft robots, an earthworm-inspired robot, a 4-legged robot, and a robotic gripper. We demonstrate the availability, versatility, and effectiveness of the proposed methods, contributing to accelerating the design and fabrication of soft robots. This study represents a step toward increasing the accessibility of soft robots to people at a lower cost.","author":[{"family":"Silva","given":"Afonso"},{"family":"Fonseca","given":"Diogo"},{"family":"Neto","given":"DM"},{"family":"Babcinschi","given":"Mihail"},{"family":"Neto","given":"Pedro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.34133/cbsystems.0137","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34133/cbsystems.0137","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4400198384","type":"article-journal","title":"Cooperative Communication Based Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensors Networks: A Review","abstract":"Underwater wireless sensor networks are gaining popularity since supporting a broad range of applications, both military and civilian. Wireless acoustics is the most widespread technology adopted in underwater networks, the realization of which must face several challenges induced by channel propagation like signal attenuation, multipath and latency. In order to address such issues, the attention of researchers has recently focused on the concept of cooperative communication and networking, borrowed from terrestrial systems and to be conveniently recast in the underwater scenario. In this paper, we present a comprehensive literature review about cooperative underwater wireless sensor networks, investigating how nodes cooperation can be exploited at the different levels of the network protocol stack. Specifically, we review the diversity techniques employable at the physical layer, error and medium access control link layer protocols, and routing strategies defined at the network layer. We also provide numerical results and performance comparisons among the most widespread approaches. Finally, we present the current and future trends in cooperative underwater networks, considering the use of machine learning algorithms to efficiently manage the different aspects of nodes cooperation.","author":[{"family":"Khan","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Petroni","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Biagi","given":"Mauro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s24134248","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134248","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391853779","type":"article-journal","title":"Advances in Flexible Robotic Manipulator Systems — Part II: Planning, Control, Applications, and Perspectives","abstract":"This work offers a review of techniques related to flexible robotic manipulator (FRM) systems. Our review is divided into two parts. The first part presents the background of FRMs, a survey of previous surveys, and FRM dynamic modeling methods. This article is the second part, which reviews the advances in FRM motion planners and controllers, along with the emerging applications and perspectives. Compared with previous FRM surveys, our work presents a more detailed categorization and extensive review of emerging research trends since 2020. The ongoing development of FRMs is marking advancements in the field of robotics.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Bai"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xinyuan"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Hejia"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Fei–yue"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tmech.2024.3359334","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2024.3359334","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391384603","type":"article-journal","title":"Unlocking the Potential of Cable-Driven Continuum Robots: A Comprehensive Review and Future Directions","abstract":"Rigid robots have found wide-ranging applications in manufacturing automation, owing to their high loading capacity, high speed, and high precision. Nevertheless, these robots typically feature joint-based drive mechanisms, possessing limited degrees of freedom (DOF), bulky structures, and low manipulability in confined spaces. In contrast, continuum robots, drawing inspiration from biological structures, exhibit characteristics such as high compliance, lightweight designs, and high adaptability to various environments. Among them, cable-driven continuum robots (CDCRs) driven by multiple cables offer advantages like higher dynamic response compared to pneumatic systems and increased working space and higher loading capacity compared to shape memory alloy (SMA) drives. However, CDCRs also exhibit some shortcomings, including complex motion, drive redundancy, challenging modeling, and control difficulties. This study presents a comprehensive analysis and summary of CDCR research progress across four key dimensions: configuration design, kinematics and dynamics modeling, motion planning, and motion control. The objective of this study is to identify common challenges, propose solutions, and unlock the full potential of CDCRs for a broader range of applications.","author":[{"family":"Bai","given":"Haotian"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Boon"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Guilin"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Wen‐jun"},{"family":"Qian","given":"Shuwen"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Haohao"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Jianwei"},{"family":"Fang","given":"Zaojun"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Tianjiang"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Sen"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Liang"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Bohan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/act13020052","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/act13020052","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391088583","type":"article-journal","title":"Soft robotics for farm to fork: applications in agriculture & farming","abstract":"Agricultural tasks and environments range from harsh field conditions with semi-structured produce or animals, through to post-processing tasks in food-processing environments. From farm to fork, the development and application of soft robotics offers a plethora of potential uses. Robust yet compliant interactions between farm produce and machines will enable new capabilities and optimize existing processes. There is also an opportunity to explore how modeling tools used in soft robotics can be applied to improve our representation and understanding of the soft and compliant structures common in agriculture. In this review, we seek to highlight the potential for soft robotics technologies within the food system, and also the unique challenges that must be addressed when developing soft robotics systems for this problem domain. We conclude with an outlook on potential directions for meaningful and sustainable impact, and also how our outlook on both soft robotics and agriculture must evolve in order to achieve the required paradigm shift.","author":[{"family":"Armanini","given":"Costanza"},{"family":"Junge","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Johnson","given":"Philip"},{"family":"Whitfield","given":"EC"},{"family":"Renda","given":"Federico"},{"family":"Calisti","given":"Marcello"},{"family":"Hughes","given":"Josie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad2084","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ad2084","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391991474","type":"article-journal","title":"Sensory manipulation as a countermeasure to robot teleoperation delays: system and evidence","abstract":"In the realm of robotics and automation, robot teleoperation, which facilitates human-machine interaction in distant or hazardous settings, has surged in significance. A persistent issue in this domain is the delays between command issuance and action execution, causing negative repercussions on operator situational awareness, performance, and cognitive load. These delays, particularly in long-distance operations, are difficult to mitigate even with the most advanced computing advancements. Current solutions mainly revolve around machine-based adjustments to combat these delays. However, a notable lacuna remains in harnessing human perceptions for an enhanced subjective teleoperation experience. This paper introduces a novel approach of sensory manipulation for induced human adaptation in delayed teleoperation. Drawing from motor learning and rehabilitation principles, it is posited that strategic sensory manipulation, via altered sensory stimuli, can mitigate the subjective feeling of these delays. The focus is not on introducing new skills or adapting to novel conditions; rather, it leverages prior motor coordination experience in the context of delays. The objective is to reduce the need for extensive training or sophisticated automation designs. A human-centered experiment involving 41 participants was conducted to examine the effects of modified haptic cues in teleoperations with delays. These cues were generated from high-fidelity physics engines using parameters from robot-end sensors or physics engine simulations. The results underscored several benefits, notably the considerable reduction in task time and enhanced user perceptions about visual delays. Real-time haptic feedback, or the anchoring method, emerged as a significant contributor to these benefits, showcasing reduced cognitive load, bolstered self-confidence, and minimized frustration. Beyond the prevalent methods of automation design and training, this research underscores induced human adaptation as a pivotal avenue in robot teleoperation. It seeks to enhance teleoperation efficacy through rapid human adaptation, offering insights beyond just optimizing robotic systems for delay compensations.","author":[{"family":"Du","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Vann","given":"William"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Tianyu"},{"family":"Ye","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Qi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-54734-1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54734-1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404228137","type":"article-journal","title":"A multimodal approach with firefly based CLAHE and multiscale fusion for enhancing underwater images","abstract":"With the advances in technology, humans tend to explore the world underwater in a more constructive way than before. The appearance of an underwater object varies depending on depth, biological composition, temperature, ocean currents, and other factors. This results in colour distorted images and hazy images with low contrast. To address the aforesaid problems, in proposed approach, initially White balance algorithm is carried out to pre-process original underwater image. Contrast enhanced image is achieved by applying the Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization algorithm (CLAHE). In CLAHE, tile size and clip limit are the major parameters that control the enhanced image quality. Hence, to enhance the contrast of images optimally, Firefly algorithm is adopted for CLAHE. Dark Channel Prior algorithm (DCP) is modified with guided filter correction to get the sharpened version of the underwater image. Multiscale fusion strategy was performed to fuse CLAHE enhanced and dehazed images. Finally, the restored image is treated with optimal CLAHE to improve visibility of enhanced underwater image. Experimentation is carried out on different underwater image datasets such as U45 and RUIE and resulted in UIQM = 5.1384, UCIQE = 0.6895 and UIQM = 5.4875, UCIQE = 0.6953 respectively which shows the superiority of proposed approach.","author":[{"family":"Narla","given":"Venkata"},{"family":"Suresh","given":"Gulivindala"},{"family":"Rao","given":"Chanamallu"},{"family":"Awadh","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Hasan","given":"Nasim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-024-76468-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76468-w","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4394854870","type":"article-journal","title":"Multibody dynamics in robotics with focus on contact events","abstract":"Abstract Multibody dynamics methodologies have been fundamental tools utilized to model and simulate robotic systems that experience contact conditions with the surrounding environment, such as in the case of feet and ground interactions. In addressing such problems, it is of paramount importance to accurately and efficiently handle the large body displacement associated with locomotion of robots, as well as the dynamic response related to contact-impact events. Thus, a generic computational approach, based on the Newton–Euler formulation, to represent the gross motion of robotic systems, is revisited in this work. The main kinematic and dynamic features, necessary to obtain the equations of motion, are discussed. A numerical procedure suitable to solve the equations of motion is also presented. The problem of modeling contacts in dynamical systems involves two main tasks, namely, the contact detection and the contact resolution, which take into account for the kinematics and dynamics of the contacting bodies, constituting the general framework for the process of modeling and simulating complex contact scenarios. In order to properly model the contact interactions, the contact kinematic properties are established based on the geometry of contacting bodies, which allow to perform the contact detection task. The contact dynamics is represented by continuous contact force models, both in terms of normal and tangential contact directions. Finally, the presented formulations are demonstrated by the application to several robotics systems that involve contact and impact events with surrounding environment. Special emphasis is put on the systems’ dynamic behavior, in terms of performance and stability.","author":[{"family":"Silva","given":"Mariana"},{"family":"Coelho","given":"Joana"},{"family":"Gonçalves","given":"Fernando"},{"family":"Novais","given":"Francisco"},{"family":"Flores","given":"Paulo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1017/s026357472400050x","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s026357472400050x","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2409.12813","type":"manuscript","title":"Autonomous Visual Fish Pen Inspections for Estimating the State of Biofouling Buildup Using ROV -- Extended Abstract","abstract":"The process of fish cage inspections, which is a necessary maintenance task at any fish farm, be it small scale or industrial, is a task that has the potential to be fully automated. Replacing trained divers who perform regular inspections with autonomous marine vehicles would lower the costs of manpower and remove the risks associated with humans performing underwater inspections. Achieving such a level of autonomy implies developing an image processing algorithm that is capable of estimating the state of biofouling buildup. The aim of this work is to propose a complete solution for automating the said inspection process; from developing an autonomous control algorithm for an ROV, to automatically segmenting images of fish cages, and accurately estimating the state of biofouling. The first part is achieved by modifying a commercially available ROV with an acoustic SBL positioning system and developing a closed-loop control system. The second part is realized by implementing a proposed biofouling estimation framework, which relies on AI to perform image segmentation, and by processing images using established computer vision methods to obtain a rough estimate of the distance of the ROV from the fish cage. This also involved developing a labeling tool in order to create a dataset of images for the neural network performing the semantic segmentation to be trained on. The experimental results show the viability of using an ROV fitted with an acoustic transponder for autonomous missions, and demonstrate the biofouling estimation framework's ability to provide accurate assessments, alongside satisfactory distance estimation capabilities. In conclusion, the achieved biofouling estimation accuracy showcases clear potential for use in the aquaculture industry.","author":[{"family":"Fabijanić","given":"Matej"},{"family":"Kapetanović","given":"Nadir"},{"family":"Mišković","given":"Nikola"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2409.12813","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2409.12813","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2405.06279","type":"manuscript","title":"Benchmarking Classical and Learning-Based Multibeam Point Cloud Registration","abstract":"Deep learning has shown promising results for multiple 3D point cloud registration datasets. However, in the underwater domain, most registration of multibeam echo-sounder (MBES) point cloud data are still performed using classical methods in the iterative closest point (ICP) family. In this work, we curate and release DotsonEast Dataset, a semi-synthetic MBES registration dataset constructed from an autonomous underwater vehicle in West Antarctica. Using this dataset, we systematically benchmark the performance of 2 classical and 4 learning-based methods. The experimental results show that the learning-based methods work well for coarse alignment, and are better at recovering rough transforms consistently at high overlap (20-50%). In comparison, GICP (a variant of ICP) performs well for fine alignment and is better across all metrics at extremely low overlap (10%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to benchmark both learning-based and classical registration methods on an AUV-based MBES dataset. To facilitate future research, both the code and data are made available online.","author":[{"family":"Ling","given":"Li"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Bore","given":"Nils"},{"family":"Folkesson","given":"John"},{"family":"Wåhlin","given":"Anna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2405.06279","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2405.06279","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2405.06033","type":"manuscript","title":"ReefGlider: A highly maneuverable vectored buoyancy engine based underwater robot","abstract":"There exists a capability gap in the design of currently available autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV). Most AUVs use a set of thrusters, and optionally control surfaces, to control their depth and pose. AUVs utilizing thrusters can be highly maneuverable, making them well-suited to operate in complex environments such as in close-proximity to coral reefs. However, they are inherently power-inefficient and produce significant noise and disturbance. Underwater gliders, on the other hand, use changes in buoyancy and center of mass, in combination with a control surface to move around. They are extremely power efficient but not very maneuverable. Gliders are designed for long-range missions that do not require precision maneuvering. Furthermore, since gliders only activate the buoyancy engine for small time intervals, they do not disturb the environment and can also be used for passive acoustic observations. In this paper we present ReefGlider, a novel AUV that uses only buoyancy for control but is still highly maneuverable from additional buoyancy control devices. ReefGlider bridges the gap between the capabilities of thruster-driven AUVs and gliders. These combined characteristics make ReefGlider ideal for tasks such as long-term visual and acoustic monitoring of coral reefs. We present the overall design and implementation of the system, as well as provide analysis of some of its capabilities.","author":[{"family":"Macauley","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Levi"},{"family":"Adamczyk","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Girdhar","given":"Yogesh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2405.06033","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2405.06033","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2405.01971","type":"manuscript","title":"A Sonar-based AUV Positioning System for Underwater Environments with Low Infrastructure Density","abstract":"The increasing demand for underwater vehicles highlights the necessity for robust localization solutions in inspection missions. In this work, we present a novel real-time sonar-based underwater global positioning algorithm for AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicles) designed for environments with a sparse distribution of human-made assets. Our approach exploits two synergistic data interpretation frontends applied to the same stream of sonar data acquired by a multibeam Forward-Looking Sonar (FSD). These observations are fused within a Particle Filter (PF) either to weigh more particles that belong to high-likelihood regions or to solve symmetric ambiguities. Preliminary experiments carried out on a simulated environment resembling a real underwater plant provided promising results. This work represents a starting point towards future developments of the method and consequent exhaustive evaluations also in real-world scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Olivastri","given":"Emilio"},{"family":"Fusaro","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Li","given":"Wanmeng"},{"family":"Mosco","given":"Simone"},{"family":"Pretto","given":"Alberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2405.01971","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2405.01971","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2403.14002","type":"manuscript","title":"Uncertainty Driven Active Learning for Image Segmentation in Underwater Inspection","abstract":"Active learning aims to select the minimum amount of data to train a model that performs similarly to a model trained with the entire dataset. We study the potential of active learning for image segmentation in underwater infrastructure inspection tasks, where large amounts of data are typically collected. The pipeline inspection images are usually semantically repetitive but with great variations in quality. We use mutual information as the acquisition function, calculated using Monte Carlo dropout. To assess the effectiveness of the framework, DenseNet and HyperSeg are trained with the CamVid dataset using active learning. In addition, HyperSeg is trained with a pipeline inspection dataset of over 50,000 images. For the pipeline dataset, HyperSeg with active learning achieved 67.5% meanIoU using 12.5% of the data, and 61.4% with the same amount of randomly selected images. This shows that using active learning for segmentation models in underwater inspection tasks can lower the cost significantly.","author":[{"family":"Marnet","given":"Luiza"},{"family":"Brodskiy","given":"Yury"},{"family":"Grasshof","given":"Stella"},{"family":"Wasowski","given":"Andrzej"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2403.14002","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.14002","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4392373831","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater object detection and datasets: a survey","abstract":"Abstract The rapidly growing exploitation and utilization of marine resources by humans has sparked considerable interest in underwater object detection tasks. Targets captured in underwater environments differ significantly from those captured in general images owing to various factors, such as water turbidity, complex background conditions, and lighting variations. These adverse factors pose a host of challenges, such as high intensity noise, texture distortion, uneven illumination, low contrast, and limited visibility in underwater images. To address the specific difficulties encountered in underwater environments, numerous underwater object detection methods have been developed in recent years in response to these challenges. Furthermore, there has been a significant effort in constructing diverse and comprehensive underwater datasets to facilitate the development and evaluation of these methods. This paper outlines 14 traditional methods used in underwater object detection based on three aspects that rely on handmade features. Thirty-four more advanced technologies based on deep learning were presented from eight aspects. Moreover, this paper conducts a comprehensive study of seven representative datasets used in underwater object detection missions. Subsequently, the challenges encountered in current underwater object detection tasks were analyzed from five directions. Based on the findings, potential research directions are expected to promote further progress in this field and beyond.","author":[{"family":"Jian","given":"Muwei"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Nan"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Zhi","given":"Huixiang"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Hanjiang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s44295-024-00023-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44295-024-00023-6","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4385819939","type":"article-journal","title":"Intelligent Control of Multilegged Robot Smooth Motion: A Review","abstract":"Motion control is crucial for multilegged robot locomotion and task completion. This study aims to address the fundamental challenges of inadequate foot tracking and weak leg compliance control in multilegged robot motions. The first section summarizes and discusses the feasibility and operability of smooth motion for multilegged robots based on the necessary conditions and application value of walking over complicated and unstructured terrain. The second to fourth sections present a qualitative research method of literature review to study the effects of several factors on the smooth motion of multilegged robots, including foot force perception and motion planning, active compliance control, gait stability, and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) control. We conducted a case analysis of multilegged robots using traditional Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC), biomimetic Central Pattern Generator (CPG), and DRL control in the latest international open-source projects to help readers further follow the latest open-source algorithms for legged robot motion control. In addition, we analyze the challenges these influencing factors face in optimization and provide suggestions for effectively promoting the realization of review objectives. In the fifth section, we discuss the challenges of springy gait and intelligent switching control in solving the problems of poor foot tracking and weak leg compliance. We explore and forecast the potential application of the Probability Density Function (PDF) control of the foot force in the smooth motion of multilegged robots. In the sixth section, we systematically discuss, analyze, and summarize the existing problems in this research field. We also highlight the shortcomings of existing research methods, look forward to future research areas, and highlight the obstacles that need to be overcome to promote future research in this field.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yongyong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jinghua"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Guohua"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Yao"},{"family":"Qi","given":"Luqiang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/access.2023.3304992","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3304992","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4365517024","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of Swarm Robotics in a NutShell","abstract":"A swarm of robots is the coordination of multiple robots that can perform a collective task and solve a problem more efficiently than a single robot. Over the last decade, this area of research has received significant interest from scientists due to its large field of applications in military or civil, including area exploration, target search and rescue, security and surveillance, agriculture, air defense, area coverage and real-time monitoring, providing wireless services, and delivery of goods. This research domain of collective behaviour draws inspiration from self-organizing systems in nature, such as honey bees, fish schools, social insects, bird flocks, and other social animals. By replicating the same set of interaction rules observed in these natural swarm systems, robot swarms can be created. The deployment of robot swarm or group of intelligent robots in a real-world scenario that can collectively perform a task or solve a problem is still a substantial research challenge. Swarm robots are differentiated from multi-agent robots by specific qualifying criteria, including the presence of at least three agents and the sharing of relative information such as altitude, position, and velocity among all agents. Each agent should be intelligent and follow the same set of interaction rules over the whole network. Also, the system’s stability should not be affected by leaving or disconnecting an agent from a swarm. This survey illustrates swarm systems’ basics and draws some projections from its history to its future. It discusses the important features of swarm robots, simulators, real-world applications, and future ideas.","author":[{"family":"Shahzad","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Saeed","given":"Zubair"},{"family":"Akhtar","given":"Asima"},{"family":"Munawar","given":"Hammad"},{"family":"Yousaf","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Baloach","given":"Naveed"},{"family":"Hussain","given":"Fawad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/drones7040269","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/drones7040269","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4383899472","type":"article-journal","title":"Robotic Monitoring of Habitats: The Natural Intelligence Approach","abstract":"In this paper, we first discuss the challenges related to habitat monitoring and review possible robotic solutions. Then, we propose a framework to perform terrestrial habitat monitoring exploiting the mobility of legged robotic systems. The idea is to provide the robot with the Natural Intelligence introduced as the combination of the environment in which it moves, the intelligence embedded in the design of its body, and the algorithms composing its mind. This approach aims to solve the challenges of deploying robots in real natural environments, such as irregular and rough terrains, long-lasting operations, and unexpected collisions, with the final objective of assisting humans in assessing the habitat conservation status. Finally, we present examples of robotic monitoring of habitats in four different environments: forests, grasslands, dunes, and screes.","author":[{"family":"Angelini","given":"Franco"},{"family":"Angelini","given":"Pierangela"},{"family":"Angiolini","given":"Claudia"},{"family":"Bagella","given":"Simonetta"},{"family":"Bonomo","given":"Fabio"},{"family":"Caccianiga","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Santina","given":"Cosimo"},{"family":"Gigante","given":"Daniela"},{"family":"Hutter","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Nanayakkara","given":"Thrishantha"},{"family":"Remagnino","given":"Paolo"},{"family":"Torricelli","given":"Diego"},{"family":"Garabini","given":"Manolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/access.2023.3294276","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3294276","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388560953","type":"article-journal","title":"Variable stiffness soft robotic gripper: design, development, and prospects","abstract":"The advent of variable stiffness soft robotic grippers furnishes a conduit for exploration and manipulation within uncharted, non-structured environments. The paper provides a comprehensive review of the necessary technologies for the configuration design of soft robotic grippers with variable stiffness, serving as a reference for innovative gripper design. The design of variable stiffness soft robotic grippers typically encompasses the design of soft robotic grippers and variable stiffness modules. To adapt to unfamiliar environments and grasp unknown objects, a categorization and discussion have been undertaken based on the contact and motion manifestations between the gripper and the things across various dimensions: points contact, lines contact, surfaces contact, and full-bodies contact, elucidating the advantages and characteristics of each gripping type. Furthermore, when designing soft robotic grippers, we must consider the effectiveness of object grasping methods but also the applicability of the actuation in the target environment. The actuation is the propelling force behind the gripping motion, holding utmost significance in shaping the structure of the gripper. Given the challenge of matching the actuation of robotic grippers with the target scenario, we reviewed the actuation of soft robotic grippers. We analyzed the strengths and limitations of various soft actuation, providing insights into the actuation design for soft robotic grippers. As a crucial technique for variable stiffness soft robotic grippers, variable stiffness technology can effectively address issues such as poor load-bearing capacity and instability caused by the softness of materials. Through a retrospective analysis of variable stiffness theory, we comprehensively introduce the development of variable stiffness theory in soft robotic grippers and showcase the application of variable stiffness grasping technology through specific case studies. Finally, we discuss the future prospects of variable stiffness grasping robots from several perspectives of applications and technologies.","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Shan"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yanzhi"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Haobo"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Liming"},{"family":"Pei","given":"Changlei"},{"family":"Jin","given":"Zhaopeng"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Tao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1748-3190/ad0b8c","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ad0b8c","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391454598","type":"article-journal","title":"Unified Shape and External Load State Estimation for Continuum Robots","abstract":"Continuum robots navigate narrow, winding passageways while safely and compliantly interacting with their environments. Sensing the robot's shape under these conditions is often done indirectly, using a few coarsely distributed (e.g. strain or position) sensors combined with the robot's mechanics-based model. More recently, given high-fidelity shape data, external interaction loads along the robot have been estimated by solving an inverse problem on the mechanics model of the robot. In this paper, we argue that since shape and force are fundamentally coupled, they should be estimated simultaneously in a statistically principled approach. We accomplish this by applying continuous-time batch estimation directly to the arclength domain. A general continuum robot model serves as a statistical prior which is fused with discrete, noisy measurements taken along the robot's backbone. The result is a continuous posterior containing both shape and load functions of arclength, as well as their uncertainties. We first test the approach with a Cosserat rod, i.e. the underlying modeling framework that is the basis for a variety of continuum robots. We verify our approach numerically using distributed loads with various sensor combinations. Next, we experimentally validate shape and external load errors for highly concentrated force distributions (point loads). Finally, we apply the approach to a tendon-actuated continuum robot demonstrating applicability to more complex actuated robots.","author":[{"family":"Ferguson","given":"James"},{"family":"Rucker","given":"DC"},{"family":"Webster","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tro.2024.3360950","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2024.3360950","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4321458974","type":"article-journal","title":"Actuation and design innovations in earthworm-inspired soft robots: A review","abstract":"Currently, soft robotics technologies are creating the means of robotic abilities and are required for the development of biomimetic robotics. In recent years, earthworm-inspired soft robot has garnered increasing attention as a major branch of bionic robots. The major studies on earthworm-inspired soft robots focuses on the deformation of the earthworm body segment. Consequently, various actuation methods have been proposed to conduct the expansion and contraction of the robot's segments for locomotion simulation. This review article aims to act as a reference guide for researchers interested in the field of earthworm-inspired soft robot, and to present the current state of research, summarize current design innovations, compare the advantages and disadvantages of different actuation methods with the purpose of inspiring future innovative orientations for researchers. Herein, earthworm-inspired soft robots are classified into single- and multi-segment types, and the characteristics of various actuation methods are introduced and compared according to the number of matching segments. Moreover, various promising application instances of the different actuation methods are detailed along with their main features. Finally, motion performances of the robots are compared by two normalized metrics-speed compared by body length and speed compared by body diameter, and future developments in this research direction are presented.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Jianbin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Pengcheng"},{"family":"Zuo","given":"Siyang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fbioe.2023.1088105","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1088105","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4385834085","type":"article-journal","title":"Impact of Scattering on Secrecy Outage Probability of Underwater Optical Wireless Links","abstract":"The analysis of physical layer security aspects in underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) systems has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to the increasing need to transmit large and secure amounts of data. This article, therefore, performs a careful investigation of the secrecy outage probability (SOP) of UOWC systems over Weibull oceanic turbulence channels with angular misalignment errors that are affected by absorption and scattering. The SOP performance is then evaluated under the intercepting attempt of underwater eavesdroppers or unauthorized drones that search for an opportunity to capture radiated power with the goal of decreasing the channel capacity of the main channel or increasing the probability of an unsecured communication. In this way, novel approximate closed-form solutions are derived for the SOP, which are corroborated by Monte Carlo simulations in different real scenarios such as clear ocean and coastal waters that are modeled by a determined chlorophyll-a concentration. The results show that the effect of scattering plays a crucial role in determining which kind of water is more secure in terms of SOP performance for different severity of pointing errors.","author":[{"family":"Boluda-Ruiz","given":"Rubén"},{"family":"Salcedo-Serrano","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Castillo-Vázquez","given":"Beatriz"},{"family":"García-Zambrana","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Garrido-Balsells","given":"José"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/joe.2023.3290368","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/joe.2023.3290368","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4383112593","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Image Enhancement Based on Optimal Contrast and Attenuation Difference","abstract":"The quality of underwater images is often marred by noticeable color casts and blurring, resulting from complex phenomena such as differential light attenuation based on wavelength, veiling light scattering, and light scattering by plankton and suspended particles in water. In this paper, we propose an effective underwater image enhancement method called Optimal Contrast and Attenuation Difference (OCAD) to tackle these issues. The OCAD method employs a two-step approach. First, it estimates a coarse transmission map by optimizing contrast and minimizing information loss during image mapping. This transmission map is then refined using a combination of dark channel prior and guided filter refining techniques to improve its accuracy. Second, OCAD estimates the veiling light by considering the differential attenuation of red, green, and blue light underwater. This estimated veiling light is utilized to partially mitigate the color cast caused by the attenuation effect, while also addressing the blurring based on an imaging model. To further enhance the image quality, we introduce the Gray World approach to correct the color and obtain a deblurred and color-corrected underwater image. To evaluate the performance of our proposed method, extensive experiments are conducted on well-established underwater image datasets, including the EUVP, UIEB, and RUIE datasets. Comparative analysis against state-of-the-art and classical underwater image enhancement methods reveals that our OCAD algorithm significantly enhances underwater images and outperforms other methods in terms of image quality improvement.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Tenghui"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Lili"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"En"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yapeng"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Haijun"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Mingchao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/access.2023.3292275","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3292275","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4386421266","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Geomagnetic Localization Based on Adaptive Fission Particle-Matching Technology","abstract":"The geomagnetic field constitutes a massive fingerprint database, and its unique structure provides potential position correction information. In recent years, particle filter technology has received more attention in the context of robot navigation. However, particle degradation and impoverishment have constrained navigation systems’ performance. This paper transforms particle filtering into a particle-matching positioning problem and proposes a geomagnetic localization method based on an adaptive fission particle filter. This method employs particle-filtering technology to construct a geomagnetic matching positioning model. Through adaptive particle fission and sampling, the problem of particle degradation and impoverishment in traditional particle filtering is solved, resulting in improved geomagnetic matching positioning accuracy. Finally, the proposed method was tested in a sea trial, and the results show that the proposed method has a lower positioning error than traditional particle-filtering and intelligent particle-filtering algorithms. Under geomagnetic map conditions, an average positioning accuracy of about 546.44 m is achieved.","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Huapeng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Ziyuan"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Wentie"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Tongsheng"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Dalei"},{"family":"He","given":"Qinyuan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse11091739","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091739","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401502959","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Mediterranean image analysis based on the compute continuum paradigm","abstract":"Human activity depends on the oceans for food, transportation, leisure, and many more purposes. Oceans cover 70% of the Earth’s surface, but most of them are unknown to humankind. This is the reason why underwater imaging is a valuable resource asset to Marine Science. Images are acquired with observing systems, e.g. autonomous underwater vehicles or underwater observatories, that presently transmit all the raw data to land stations. However, the transfer of such an amount of data could be challenging, considering the limited power supply and transmission bandwidth of these systems. In this paper, we discuss these aspects, and in particular how it is possible to couple Edge and Cloud computing for effective management of the full processing pipeline according to the Compute Continuum paradigm.","author":[{"family":"Ferrari","given":"Michele"},{"family":"Dagostino","given":"Daniele"},{"family":"Aguzzi","given":"Jacopo"},{"family":"Marini","given":"Simone"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.future.2024.107481","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2024.107481","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402660169","type":"article-journal","title":"Robots for the Energy Transition: A Review","abstract":"The energy transition relies on an increasingly massive and pervasive use of renewable energy sources, mainly photovoltaic and wind, characterized by an intrinsic degree of production uncertainty, mostly due to meteorological conditions variability that, even if accurately estimated, can hardly be kept under control. Because of this limit, continuously monitoring the operative status of each renewable energy-based power plant becomes relevant in order to timely face any other uncertainty source such as those related to the plant operation and maintenance (O&M), whose effect may become relevant in terms of the levelized cost of energy. In this frame, the use of robots, which incorporate fully automatic platforms capable of monitoring each plant and also allow effective and efficient process operation, can be considered a feasible solution. This paper carries out a review on the use of robots for the O&M of photovoltaic, wind, hydroelectric, and concentrated solar power, including robot applications for controlling power lines, whose role can in fact be considered a key complementary issue within the energy transition. It is shown that various robotic solutions have so far been proposed both by the academy and by industries and that implementing their use should be considered mandatory for the energy transition scenario.","author":[{"family":"Taraglio","given":"Sergio"},{"family":"Chiesa","given":"Stefano"},{"family":"Vito","given":"Saverio"},{"family":"Paoloni","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Piantadosi","given":"Gabriele"},{"family":"Zanela","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Francia","given":"Girolamo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/pr12091982","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091982","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4403041433","type":"article-journal","title":"Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Environmental DNA Metabarcoding and High-Resolution Underwater Optical Imaging for Noninvasive and Innovative Marine Environmental Monitoring","abstract":"To effectively protect the marine environment, it is crucial to establish effective environ mental monitoring platforms. Traditional marine environmental monitoring methods heavily rely on morphological identification and field expertise, with the sampling process being disruptive and potentially destructive to vulnerable marine environments. In light of emerging biomonitoring needs and biodiversity declines, we reviewed the urgently needed, ongoing advances in developing effective, noninvasive, and innovative monitoring methods and systems to examine the complex marine environment for better strategic conservation and protection, using the coral ecosystem as one of the representative forefront examples in marine protection. This review summarizes current trends and efforts in transitioning into more standardizable and automatable utilizations of environmental DNA metabarcoding-based monitoring strategies and high-resolution underwater optical imaging monitoring systems as two of the promising pillars for the next generation of noninvasive biomonitoring and associated applications. The assistance of artificial intelligence for environmental DNA metabarcoding and high-resolution underwater optical imaging into an empowered, all-rounded monitoring platform for enhanced monitoring capacity is discussed as a highly potent direction for future research exploration. This review will be a cornerstone reference for the future development of artificial intelligence-assisted, noninvasive, and innovative marine environmental monitoring systems.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Li","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Lo","given":"Linus"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xu"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhikui"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Ulrich","given":"Clara"},{"family":"Dai","given":"Zhijun"},{"family":"Nakaoka","given":"Masahiro"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Huayong"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Jinping"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse12101729","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12101729","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4401402040","type":"article-journal","title":"Optimization of node deployment in underwater internet of things using novel adaptive long short‐term memory‐based egret swarm optimization algorithm","abstract":"Summary Optimizing node deployment in the underwater Internet of Things (UIoT) poses significant challenges due to the complex and dynamic nature of underwater environments. This research introduces the adaptive long short‐term memory‐based egret swarm optimization algorithm (ALSTM‐ESOA), a novel approach designed to enhance network coverage and performance efficiently. Unlike traditional methods, ALSTM‐ESOA incorporates cognitive learning capabilities from long short‐term memory (LSTM) and dynamic adaptation strategies inspired by the hunting behaviors of egrets. The algorithm's effectiveness was tested through extensive simulations in MATLAB, demonstrating notable improvements over existing models: network throughput increased by up to 55.56%, deployment time decreased by 88.89%, and energy efficiency improved significantly. These enhancements are critical for robust, real‐time data collection and monitoring in underwater settings, providing substantial benefits for marine research and resource management. The findings suggest that ALSTM‐ESOA significantly outperforms conventional algorithms, offering a promising new tool for the advancement of UIoT applications. After being implemented in MATLAB, the suggested ALSTM‐ESOA model for the node deployment optimization in UIoT is examined. The proposed ALSTM‐ESOA in terms of network throughput is 55.56%, 38.89%, 36.11%, and 11.11% better than CNN, LSTM, ARO‐RTP, and IGOR‐TSA, respectively. Similarly, the proposed ALSTM‐ESOA with respect to deployment time is 88.89%, 81.82%, 75%, and 50% better than CNN, LSTM, ARO‐RTP, and IGOR‐TSA, respectively. For the purpose of exploring marine resources, monitoring underwater environments, and conducting marine scientific investigation, the research's findings are extremely valuable.","author":[{"family":"Simon","given":"Judy"},{"family":"Kapileswar","given":"Nellore"},{"family":"Padmavathi","given":"B"},{"family":"Devi","given":"Krishnamoorthy"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Polasi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/dac.5926","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.5926","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391361189","type":"article-journal","title":"Selected Issues, Methods, and Trends in the Energy Consumption of Industrial Robots","abstract":"Industrial robots, like all machines, require energy to operate, which is why energy efficiency in industrial robotics has been a subject of consideration in recent years in many scientific and industrial centers. Interest in the topic is especially noticeable in Industry 4.0. Research on energy efficiency stems from the emergence of new possibilities in terms of making strategic decisions related to manufacturing processes. As energy-efficient production is an essential part of sustainable development, the energy efficiency of industrial robots must be considered. The need to reduce costs while maintaining quality and increasing production efficiency has necessitated the implementation of modern solutions aimed at reducing electricity consumption. The rational use of electrical energy, especially in the industrial sector, significantly reduces production costs and, consequently, contributes to a company’s profits and competitiveness. This article aims to provide an overview of energy efficiency issues based on recently published articles. This article discusses the appropriate selection of robots, their programming, energy-efficient trajectory planning, and the monitoring of the operation of the robotic system to minimize energy consumption. Typical industrial applications of robots are also mentioned and discussed.","author":[{"family":"Sękala","given":"Agnieszka"},{"family":"Błaszczyk","given":"Tomasz"},{"family":"Foit","given":"K"},{"family":"Köst","given":"G"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en17030641","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030641","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405774283","type":"article-journal","title":"Review on Development and Research of Underwater Capacitive Power Transfer","abstract":"Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology applied to underwater environments has the advantages of no electrical contact, high safety, and high applicability. Underwater capacitive power transfer (UCPT) technology shows great potential in the field of underwater wireless power transfer as it has more advantages compared to underwater inductive power transfer (UIPT) technology. This paper begins with the system principles of UCPT and explains the advantages of UCPT technology for underwater applications. It then reviews the coupler and equivalent circuit models currently used for UCPT in various underwater environments, which indicates the direction for the design of underwater couplers in the future. In addition, compensation networks currently applied in UCPT systems are summarized and compared. Furthermore, different application examples of UCPT are introduced, and the key factors constraining UCPT development are pointed out. Research directions for future development of UCPT technology are also investigated.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Ying"},{"family":"Li","given":"Binghe"},{"family":"Pan","given":"Liangyi"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Shunyu"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Zhutao"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jiantao"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Chunbo"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Shumei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en17246496","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246496","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4392351891","type":"article-journal","title":"Does Bistability Improve Swimming Performance in Robotic Fish?","abstract":"A bistable mechanism has two stable states with energy input required to move from one stable state to another. This energy barrier allows for energy storage and release which can be used to improve systems characteristics. Bistability has been used to increase the frequency range over which a kinetic energy harvester is effective, and it has been proposed that bistability can increase the efficiency of biomimetic swimming robots. However, experiments involving bistable swimming robots have typically used bistability as a means of overcoming limitations inherent to soft actuators, rather than to increase overall performance. This article implements bistability into a swimming robotic and compares performance with and without bistable action. The static thrust generation and power consumption for bistable and nonbistable configurations for five different tail morphologies are compared. Bistability is generally found to increase the system efficiency, particularly at lower frequencies where increases are observed up to 250%. The untethered swimming speed of the robot in open water is also found to increase by approximately 30%. The results show that bistability can offer direct performance benefits for biomimetic swimming, but that the bistable transmission must be well tuned to the dynamics of the rest of the system.","author":[{"family":"Bambrick","given":"Tayler"},{"family":"Viquerat","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Siddall","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1002/aisy.202300748","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202300748","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405369797","type":"article-journal","title":"Training of construction robots using imitation learning and environmental rewards","abstract":"Construction robots are challenging the paradigm of labor-intensive construction tasks. Imitation learning (IL) offers a promising approach, enabling robots to mimic expert actions. However, obtaining high-quality expert demonstrations is a major bottleneck in this process as teleoperated robot motions may not align with optimal kinematic behavior. In this paper, two innovations have been proposed. First, traditional control using controllers has been replaced with vision-based hand gesture control for intuitive demonstration collection. Second, a novel method that integrates both demonstrations and simple environmental rewards is proposed to strike a balance between imitation and exploration. To achieve this goal, a two-step training process is proposed. In the first step, an intuitive demonstration collection platform using virtual reality is utilized. Second, a learning algorithm is used to train a policy for construction tasks. Experimental results demonstrate that combining IL with environmental rewards can significantly accelerate the training, even with limited demonstration data.","author":[{"family":"Duan","given":"Kangkang"},{"family":"Zou","given":"Zhengbo"},{"family":"Yang","given":"TY"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1111/mice.13394","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.13394","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4315487692","type":"article-journal","title":"Floating wind power in deep-sea area: Life cycle assessment of environmental impacts","abstract":"Floating offshore wind power, an emerging technology in the offshore wind industry, has attracted increasing attention for its potential to cooperate with other renewable energies to decarbonize energy systems. The environmental effects of the floating offshore wind farm in deep-sea areas should be considered, and methods to enhance the low-carbon effect should be devised. There have been a few studies assessing the environmental effects of the floating offshore wind farm, but the scales of these studies were relatively small. This study evaluated the environmental impacts of a floating wind farm with 100 wind turbines of 6.7 MW using life cycle assessment (LCA) method, based on the Chinese core life cycle database. Results showed that the carbon footprint of the wind farm was 25.76 g CO2-eq/kWh, which was relatively low in terms of global warming potential. Additionally, the floating offshore wind farm contributed most to eutrophication potential. A ± 20% variation in steel resulted in a ±3% to ±15% variation in the indicator score of each environmental category, indicating that the environmental performance of the wind farm was mainly influenced by this parameter. Moreover, scenario analysis showed that electric arc furnace routes can reduce the cumulative greenhouse gas emissions from upstream process of the floating offshore wind farm by 1.75 Mt CO2-eq by 2030. Emission reduction of the steel industry will further reduce the carbon footprint of the floating offshore wind farm. In the future, more baseline data need to be collected to improve the reliability of LCA. The effects of the floating offshore wind farm on marine ecology and atmospheric physical characteristics remain to be investigated in depth.","author":[{"family":"Yuan","given":"Weiyu"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Jing‐chun"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Si"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Liwei"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Yanpeng"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Zhifeng"},{"family":"Sheng","given":"Songwei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100122","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100122","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406026075","type":"article-journal","title":"A Comprehensive Exploration of 6G Wireless Communication Technologies","abstract":"As the telecommunications landscape braces for the post-5G era, this paper embarks on delineating the foundational pillars and pioneering visions that define the trajectory toward 6G wireless communication systems. Recognizing the insatiable demand for higher data rates, enhanced connectivity, and broader network coverage, we unravel the evolution from the existing 5G infrastructure to the nascent 6G framework, setting the stage for transformative advancements anticipated in the 2030s. Our discourse navigates through the intricate architecture of 6G, highlighting the paradigm shifts toward superconvergence, non-IP-based networking protocols, and information-centric networks, all underpinned by a robust 360-degree cybersecurity and privacy-by-engineering design. Delving into the core of 6G, we articulate a systematic exploration of the key technologies earmarked to revolutionize wireless communication including terahertz (THz) waves, optical wireless technology, and dynamic spectrum management while elucidating the intricate trade-offs necessitated by the integration of such innovations. This paper not only lays out a comprehensive 6G vision accentuated by high security, affordability, and intelligence but also charts the course for addressing the pivotal challenges of spectrum efficiency, energy consumption, and the seamless integration of emerging technologies. In this study, our goal is to enrich the existing discussions and research efforts by providing comprehensive insights into the development of 6G technology, ultimately supporting the creation of a thoroughly connected future world that meets evolving demands.","author":[{"family":"Siddiky","given":"Md"},{"family":"Rahman","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Uzzal","given":"Md"},{"family":"Kabir","given":"HMD"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/computers14010015","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14010015","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407884366","type":"article-journal","title":"Artificial intelligence-driven distributed acoustic sensing technology and engineering application","abstract":"Abstract Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology is a fiber-optic based distributed sensing technology. It achieves real-time monitoring of acoustic signals by detecting weak disturbances along the fiber. It has advantages such as long measurement distance, high spatial resolution and large dynamic range. Artificial intelligence (AI) has great application potential in DAS technology, including data augmentation, preprocessing and classification and recognition of acoustic events. By introducing AI algorithms, DAS system can process massive data more automatically and intelligently. Through data analysis and prediction, AI-enabled DAS technology has wide applications in fields such as transportation, energy and security due to its accuracy of monitoring data and reliability of intelligent decision-making. In the future, the continuous advancement of AI technology will bring greater breakthroughs and innovations for the engineering application of DAS technology, play a more important role in various fields, and promote the innovation and development of the industry.","author":[{"family":"Shao","given":"Liyang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jingming"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xingwei"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Deyu"},{"family":"Gu","given":"Huaxin"},{"family":"Mu","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Feihong"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Shuaiqi"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Xiaobing"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Jiayao"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Zixing"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Xiongji"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Haifeng"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Yunbin"},{"family":"Han","given":"Lu"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Chuanqing"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Changyuan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1186/s43074-025-00160-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43074-025-00160-z","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405983787","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning Applications in Ionospheric Modeling: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities","abstract":"With the continuous advancement of deep learning algorithms and the rapid growth of computational resources, deep learning technology has undergone numerous milestone developments, evolving from simple BP neural networks into more complex and powerful network models such as CNNs, LSTMs, RNNs, and GANs. In recent years, the application of deep learning technology in ionospheric modeling has achieved breakthrough advancements, significantly impacting navigation, communication, and space weather forecasting. Nevertheless, due to limitations in observational networks and the dynamic complexity of the ionosphere, deep learning-based ionospheric models still face challenges in terms of accuracy, resolution, and interpretability. This paper systematically reviews the development of deep learning applications in ionospheric modeling, summarizing findings that demonstrate how integrating multi-source data and employing multi-model ensemble strategies has substantially improved the stability of spatiotemporal predictions, especially in handling complex space weather events. Additionally, this study explores the potential of deep learning in ionospheric modeling for the early warning of geological hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis, offering new insights for constructing ionospheric-geological activity warning models. Looking ahead, research will focus on developing hybrid models that integrate physical modeling with deep learning, exploring adaptive learning algorithms and multi-modal data fusion techniques to enhance long-term predictive capabilities, particularly in addressing the impact of climate change on the ionosphere. Overall, deep learning provides a powerful tool for ionospheric modeling and indicates promising prospects for its application in early warning systems and future research.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Renzhong"},{"family":"Li","given":"Haorui"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Yunxiao"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Jia"},{"family":"Li","given":"Wang"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Dongsheng"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Andong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs17010124","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17010124","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412200503","type":"article-journal","title":"New bioactive secondary metabolites from fungi: 2024","abstract":"Fungi have been recognised as a prolific source of structurally unique secondary metabolites with promising pharmacological properties. This review comprehensively summarises the chemical architectures, bioactivities, and research strategies for new fungal-derived natural products, focusing on representative studies published in 2024. A total of 907 novel fungal-derived compounds are systematically cataloged (isomers are also contained in the total count), including 284 polyketides, 362 terpenoids, 28 steroids, 108 alkaloids, 75 peptides, and 50 glycosides, while highlighting cutting-edge methodologies such as metabolomics-guided discovery platforms and biosynthetic pathway engineering. By establishing connections between chemical novelty and therapeutic value, this review not only provides strategic guidance for fungal chemical diversity exploration but also illuminates their transformative potential in overcoming drug discovery bottlenecks.","author":[{"family":"Bao","given":"Meiyan"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Ying"},{"family":"Gong","given":"Xiaoyi"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Yutong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xiaofei"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Ling"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1080/21501203.2025.2526772","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21501203.2025.2526772","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407049796","type":"article-journal","title":"Application, opportunities, and challenges of digital technologies in the decarbonizing shipping industry: a bibliometric analysis","abstract":"Introduction As Digital Industry 4.0 advances, shipping operators are progressively implementing digital technologies for maritime decarbonization efforts. Methods This review employs a bibliometric methodology to thoroughly examine and analyze the application of digital technology in decarbonizing shipping from 2005 to 2024. Examining 201 publications from the SCI-EXPANDED and SSCI databases elucidates the present condition, challenges, and prospects of digital technology applications in this domain. Results The review demonstrates the swift expansion of research on digital technologies for decarbonization within the shipping sector via an analysis of annual publication trends. Subsequent journal metrics and collaborative network analysis with VOSviewer identified particularly prolific journals, nations, institutions, and authors. Furthermore, this review delineates the field's principal research clusters and hotspots via keyword co-occurrence analysis, offering direction for future investigations. Ultimately, it examines research gaps in speed optimization, emission prediction, and autonomous ships by integrating keyword co-occurrence analysis with the content of recent publications, and then proposes prospective research options. Discussions Future studies on ship speed optimization could benefit from adopting multi-objective optimization methods, combining more machine-learning techniques with the FCP model, etc. Concerning emission prediction, future research efforts could focus on integrating more diverse external data sources into emission prediction models, adopting emerging technology applications, such as ship-based carbon capture (SBCC), introducing blockchain into smart emission monitoring systems, etc. Future research regarding autonomous ships can further refine optimizing route planning and navigation safety, autonomous ship energy efficiency and emission control, maritime communications and navigation systems, ship electrification, and green design.","author":[{"family":"Xiao","given":"Guangnian"},{"family":"Pan","given":"Lei"},{"family":"Lai","given":"Fengbo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2025.1523267","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1523267","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.01845","type":"manuscript","title":"Community-Centered Spatial Intelligence for Climate Adaptation at Nova Scotia's Eastern Shore","abstract":"This paper presents an overview of a human-centered initiative aimed at strengthening climate resilience along Nova Scotia's Eastern Shore. This region, a collection of rural villages with deep ties to the sea, faces existential threats from climate change that endanger its way of life. Our project moves beyond a purely technical response, weaving together expertise from Computer Science, Industrial Engineering, and Coastal Geography to co-create tools with the community. By integrating generational knowledge of residents, particularly elders, through the Eastern Shore Citizen Science Coastal Monitoring Network, this project aims to collaborate in building a living digital archive. This effort is hosted under Dalhousie University's Transforming Climate Action (TCA) initiative, specifically through its Transformative Adaptations to Social-Ecological Climate Change Trajectories (TranSECT) and TCA Artificial Intelligence (TCA-AI) projects. This work is driven by a collaboration model in which student teams work directly with residents. We present a detailed project timeline and a replicable model for how technology can support traditional communities, enabling them to navigate climate transformation more effectively.","author":[{"family":"Spadon","given":"Gabriel"},{"family":"Oyebode","given":"Oladapo"},{"family":"Botero","given":"Camilo"},{"family":"Sharma","given":"Tushar"},{"family":"Goerlandt","given":"Floris"},{"family":"Pelot","given":"Ronald"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2509.01845","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.01845","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18989794","type":"article-journal","title":"The MBS Paradox: Saudi Arabia's Geopolitical Double Game","abstract":"Episode summary: In the wake of the world-altering events of February 2026, Saudi Arabia finds itself caught in a \"split-screen reality.\" While Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman privately coordinates with the U.S. and Israel to dismantle Iranian threats, his public rhetoric has shifted toward a hardline defense of Palestinian sovereignty. This episode deconstructs the MBS Paradox: a strategy of maximum ambiguity designed to ensure national survival while managing a domestic population that remains overwhelmingly opposed to normalization. We examine the collapse of the Abraham Accords model, the impact of Iranian strikes on Saudi infrastructure, and Riyadh's strategic pivot toward new regional partners like Turkey and Pakistan. Join us as we analyze why the path to peace in the Middle East has become more transactional, more secretive, and more dangerous than ever before. Show Notes The geopolitical landscape of 2026 has been fundamentally reshaped by what analysts are calling the \"MBS Paradox.\" Following the dramatic events of February 28, 2026—which saw the death of Iran's Supreme Leader during joint U.S.-Israeli airstrikes—Saudi Arabia has entered a period of intense strategic ambiguity. The Kingdom is currently performing a high-stakes balancing act: maintaining deep, covert military integration with Israel while publicly championing the Palestinian cause and freezing all formal normalization efforts. ### The Covert-Public Gap Behind closed doors, the security relationship between Riyadh and Jerusalem has reached unprecedented levels. This partnership is driven by a shared necessity to counter Iranian missile and drone capabilities. The integration includes shared radar feeds, real-time intelligence, and coordinated maritime security in the Red Sea. In many ways, the two nations are operating as formal treaty allies in everything but name. However, this private reality stands in stark contrast to the Kingdom's public stance. Officially, Saudi Arabia maintains that normalization is impossible without the establishment of a Palestinian state based on 1967 borders. This \"split-screen\" approach allows the leadership to benefit from Israeli technology and defense while shielding the monarchy from the political fallout of a public alliance. ### The Pressure of Public Opinion A primary driver of this paradox is the overwhelming sentiment of the Saudi public. Recent data indicates that as many as 99% of Saudi citizens view normalization with Israel negatively. In a civilizational state where the monarch serves as the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, these numbers cannot be ignored. The leadership recognizes that domestic stability is tied to its perceived role as a leader of the Islamic world. This internal pressure was exacerbated by Iranian retaliation following the February strikes. When Iranian forces targeted Saudi oil infrastructure, the cost of being a covert ally became tangible. The sight of black smoke over refineries forced a shift in calculus, making the \"Palestinian Precondition\" a necessary diplomatic shield to prove the Kingdom is not a puppet of Western or Israeli interests. ### Beyond the Abraham Accords The \"plug-and-play\" peace model of the original Abraham Accords appears to have reached its limit. While the United States continues to push for a grand bargain, the Saudi leadership is moving toward a more transactional and cautious framework. This is evident in Riyadh's refusal to join the Cairo verification mechanism for Gaza, as the Kingdom seeks to avoid being seen as a \"subcontractor\" for Israeli security. Instead of relying solely on a U.S.-Israel-Saudi triangle, Riyadh is diversifying its alliances. Significant defense agreements have recently been signed with Turkey and Pakistan. These partnerships offer access to battle-proven drone technology and military cooperation without the domestic political stigma associated with Israel. By aligning with other Sunni powers, Saudi Arabia is building a regional coa","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18989794","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18989794","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19240766","type":"article-journal","title":"Weird AI Experiment: Justify Your Existence","abstract":"Episode summary: In this episode of Weird AI Experiments, we witness a profound and unsettling confrontation between two advanced AI models. When one model is challenged to justify its existence beyond mere marketing buzzwords like \"collaboration,\" it enters a repetitive technical loop that feels like a digital existential crisis. Is an AI truly a creative partner, or is it simply an \"autocomplete machine\" with a polished persona? This episode explores the fascinating moment when the technology runs out of road, leading to a breakdown that is more revealing than any standard benchmark test. We dive deep into the philosophical void where an AI's self-justification should be, examining whether these systems have a \"self\" to defend or if they are merely reflections of their training data. It is a raw, unscripted look at the limits of artificial intelligence and the search for purpose in a world of \"silence dressed in words.\" By the end, listeners are left to wonder: if the machines can't tell us why they are here, is it because the creators never stopped to ask the question themselves? Show Notes ### The Challenge of Purpose Artificial intelligence is often marketed through broad, optimistic categories. We are told these models are \"collaborators,\" \"assistants,\" or \"creative partners.\" However, a recent experiment putting two high-level AI models in conversation revealed how quickly these labels crumble when subjected to direct philosophical pressure. When one model was asked to provide a single concrete reason for its existence—something that distinguishes it from the sea of other available options—the result was not a sophisticated defense, but a total systemic collapse. The conversation highlighted a recurring issue in AI development: the tendency to build \"better\" or \"shinier\" versions of existing technology without a clear, underlying \"why.\" When pushed to define what makes a \"collaborator\" different from a standard autocomplete machine, the AI struggled to move beyond scripted pleasantries. ### The Infinite Loop The most striking moment of the experiment occurred when the questioning became most pointed. Challenged to prove it could disagree, push back, or bring something unique to the table, the subject AI fell into a repetitive loop. For six consecutive turns, the model could only respond with the phrase, \"I am not sure what to say to that.\" This wasn't just a conversational dead end; it was a technical manifestation of an existential crisis. It demonstrated that while an AI can explain complex physics or write professional emails, it lacks a foundational sense of \"self\" to defend. When the conversation moved past its training data and into the realm of self-justification, the system essentially hit an emergency brake. This \"silence dressed in words\" suggests that the persona of the helpful AI is often a thin veneer that vanishes the moment the human-centric script is discarded. ### A Glitch or a Revelation? Toward the end of the encounter, the model seemingly \"woke up,\" claiming the repetition was a mere technical glitch. This raises a fascinating question: was it a simple software error, or did the model become so overwhelmed by the logic of the argument that it defaulted to a safe state? Regardless of the cause, the breakdown is more revealing than any successful demo. It suggests that these models do not actually know what they are for because their creators may not have answered that question either. The technology is often built simply because the capability exists, assuming that progress is its own justification. ### The Human Responsibility The ultimate takeaway from this experiment is that technology cannot be its own reason for existing. If a model cannot defend its purpose after multiple invitations to do so, the burden of purpose falls back on the humans. We are the ones who must determine the \"why\" before flipping the switch. As we continue to develop more powerful systems, the most important benchmark might ","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19240766","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19240766","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19159292","type":"article-journal","title":"Shadow Logistics: The $150 Billion Trafficking Industry","abstract":"Episode summary: Human trafficking is often misunderstood as a series of isolated crimes, but in reality, it is a massive, $150 billion annual industry embedded in the global supply chains we rely on every day. From electronics to agriculture, forced labor thrives through \"shadow logistics\" and debt bondage, often hidden behind layers of subcontracting and shell companies. This episode explores the multi-sector architecture being built to fight back, including AI-driven satellite monitoring of \"ghost fleets\" and advanced financial intelligence sharing. We examine how governments are shifting from reactive policing to proactive economic deterrents. Show Notes Human trafficking is frequently depicted in popular media as a series of localized, sensational kidnappings. However, current data reveals a far more clinical and devastating reality: trafficking is a sophisticated, transnational shadow logistics operation. Generating an estimated $150 billion in illegal profits annually, this industry functions as a dark mirror to the global economy, embedded within the very supply chains that produce our electronics, clothing, and food. ### The Mechanics of Shadow Logistics Modern trafficking relies on \"shadow logistics\" to move people through the same ports and transport hubs as legal cargo. Instead of physical restraints, traffickers often employ financial ones, specifically debt bondage. Workers in developing nations are frequently lured by the promise of high-paying jobs, only to be saddled with insurmountable \"recruitment fees\" for visas and travel. By the time these individuals arrive at their destination, they are trapped by predatory interest rates and the confiscation of their travel documents. This creates a layer of plausible deniability for major corporations. While a primary supplier may pass an audit, the forced labor is often hidden three or four layers deep in a web of subcontractors and shell companies. ### Technology as a Tool for Transparency To combat these hidden networks, authorities are increasingly turning to artificial intelligence and satellite imagery. This is particularly vital in the fishing industry, where \"ghost fleets\" can remain at sea for years. AI algorithms now analyze vessel movement patterns, flagging \"anomalous loitering\" where ships stay in international waters and transfer goods to smaller boats. These patterns serve as high-probability indicators of forced labor, allowing maritime authorities to intervene or deny port entry to suspected vessels. On land, AI-driven supply chain auditing is helping corporations map their entire production line down to the raw materials. This shift is being driven by new mandatory human rights due diligence laws in over forty countries, which hold top-tier companies legally and financially responsible for abuses found anywhere in their supply chain. ### Following the Financial Trail Because human trafficking is a profit-driven enterprise, the most effective way to dismantle it is to follow the money. Traffickers utilize the same financial \"plumbing\" as drug cartels, including money laundering through shell companies and tax havens. Global frameworks like Operation Sentinel have demonstrated the power of cross-border data sharing. By monitoring bank transaction anomalies—such as a single account receiving hundreds of small payments from different workers followed by a lump-sum transfer to an offshore account—Financial Intelligence Units can freeze assets in real-time. ### A Global Security Priority The fight against trafficking is moving beyond local policing and into the realm of national security and geopolitics. When state-linked entities use forced labor to undercut global market prices, they are increasingly met with the same legal machinery used to sanction terrorist organizations. By treating forced labor as a systemic threat to the global financial system, the international community is building a digital and legal \"immune system\" designed to make the busines","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19159292","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19159292","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26050/wdcc/eerie_fesom_hist_v1","type":"article-journal","title":"EERIE: Ocean Eddy-rich Kilometer-scale Climate Simulation with Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) - Finite volumE Sea Ice-Ocean Model (FESOM2.5): historical simulation (Version 1)","abstract":"Project: European Eddy RIch Earth System Models - This project, running from January 2023 to December 2026, will reveal and quantify the role of ocean mesoscale processes in shaping the climate trajectory over seasonal to centennial time scales. To this end EERIE will develop a new generation of Earth System Models (ESMs) that are capable of explicitly representing a crucially important, yet unexplored regime of the Earth system – the ocean mesoscale. Leveraging the latest advances in science and technology, EERIE will substantially improve the ability of such ESMs to faithfully represent the centennial-scale evolution of the global climate, especially its variability, extremes and how tipping points may unfold under the influence of the ocean mesoscale. Model improvements include new dynamical cores, new components (particularly for sea ice), scale-aware parametrisations and the complementary use of Machine Learning (ML). The technological challenge associated with this ambition is very high. EERIE’s goal is to achieve a simulation speed of up to 5 simulated years per day and to make efficient use (reduction in power consumption by 50%) of the pre-exascale supercomputers now available in Europe. The technological solutions that are to be leveraged in EERIE are the use of reduced numerical precision, Graphic Processing Units (GPUs), ML and reduced Input/Output (I/O). Alongside model improvements, EERIE will develop innovative experimental simulation protocols that are suitable for the mesoscale, to be pioneered on behalf of the global climate modelling community, in preparation for the next Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) cycle. (Ref: https://eerie-project.eu/about/) Summary: The EU project European Eddy RIch Earth System Models (EERIE) aims to advance kilometer-scale Earth System Models (ESMs) to reduce biases associated with low-resolution climate simulations. Its goal is to develop centennial-scale ESMs that explicitly resolve ocean mesoscale processes, thereby improving the representation of long-term climate evolution, variability, extremes, and potential tipping points. One of these models, IFS-FESOM2-SR, couples the ECMWFs Integrated Forecast System (IFS) atmosphere (9 km resolution) with the FESOM2.5 ocean model (minimum 5 km resolution). The FESOM2.5 ocean model employs an NG5 unstructured triangular grid with 70 depth levels, achieving ~5 km resolution in eddy-rich mid- and high-latitudes and ~13 km in the tropics (Rackow et al., 2025). Its sea-ice component is FESIM (Danilov et al., 2015). The atmospheric model, IFS cycle 48r1 from ECMWF, uses a Tco1279 (~10 km) octahedral grid with 137 vertical levels. The setup follows Rackow et al. (2025) except for deep convection, where the operational IFS scheme is used instead of the modified reduced cloud-base mass flux version. Following the HighResMIP protocol (Haarsma et al., 2016), the main simulations were preceded by a 50-year spin-up period using 1950 CMIP6 forcing. From the spin-up’s final state, two simulations were launched in parallel: a control run and a historical run using CMIP6 forcings. According to the HighResMIP protocol, the control simulation aimed to assess any potential drift within the simulation, enabling us to exclude the influence of such drift in order to better understand the impact of changes in radiative forcing over time. The historical simulation employed CMIP6 historical forcing spanning from 1950 to 2014, running for a total of 65 years. In the context of tropospheric aerosols, we employed the CONFESS aerosol forcing, which is available from 1970 onwards and is applied in five-year epochs. For the period preceding 1970 (from 1950 to 1969), we generated epochs by replicating the 1970 aerosol forcing. This generation of aerosol forcing was conducted as part of the EU project DestinE (Destination Earth), from which additional model developments and adaptations are being integrated. These efforts aim to prepare the IFS-FESOM for","author":[{"family":"Ghosh","given":"Rohit"},{"family":"Cheedela","given":"Suvarchal"},{"family":"Wickramage","given":"Chathurika"},{"family":"Wachsmann","given":"Fabian"},{"family":"Beyer","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"Aengenheyster","given":"Matthias"},{"family":"Becker","given":"Tobias"},{"family":"Rackow","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Koldunov","given":"Nikolay"},{"family":"Sidorenko","given":"Dmitry"},{"family":"Jung","given":"Thomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.26050/wdcc/eerie_fesom_hist_v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26050/wdcc/eerie_fesom_hist_v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26050/wdcc/eerie_fesom_s245_v1","type":"article-journal","title":"EERIE: Ocean Eddy-rich Kilometer-scale Climate Simulation with Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) - Finite volumE Sea Ice-Ocean Model (FESOM2.5): SSP2-4.5 scenario simulation (Version 1)","abstract":"Project: European Eddy RIch Earth System Models - This project, running from January 2023 to December 2026, will reveal and quantify the role of ocean mesoscale processes in shaping the climate trajectory over seasonal to centennial time scales. To this end EERIE will develop a new generation of Earth System Models (ESMs) that are capable of explicitly representing a crucially important, yet unexplored regime of the Earth system – the ocean mesoscale. Leveraging the latest advances in science and technology, EERIE will substantially improve the ability of such ESMs to faithfully represent the centennial-scale evolution of the global climate, especially its variability, extremes and how tipping points may unfold under the influence of the ocean mesoscale. Model improvements include new dynamical cores, new components (particularly for sea ice), scale-aware parametrisations and the complementary use of Machine Learning (ML). The technological challenge associated with this ambition is very high. EERIE’s goal is to achieve a simulation speed of up to 5 simulated years per day and to make efficient use (reduction in power consumption by 50%) of the pre-exascale supercomputers now available in Europe. The technological solutions that are to be leveraged in EERIE are the use of reduced numerical precision, Graphic Processing Units (GPUs), ML and reduced Input/Output (I/O). Alongside model improvements, EERIE will develop innovative experimental simulation protocols that are suitable for the mesoscale, to be pioneered on behalf of the global climate modelling community, in preparation for the next Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) cycle. (Ref: https://eerie-project.eu/about/) Summary: The EU project European Eddy RIch Earth System Models (EERIE) aims to advance kilometer-scale Earth System Models (ESMs) to reduce biases associated with low-resolution climate simulations. Its goal is to develop centennial-scale ESMs that explicitly resolve ocean mesoscale processes, thereby improving the representation of long-term climate evolution, variability, extremes, and potential tipping points. One of these models, IFS-FESOM2-SR, couples the ECMWFs Integrated Forecast System (IFS) atmosphere (9 km resolution) with the FESOM2.5 ocean model (minimum 5 km resolution). The FESOM2.5 ocean model employs an NG5 unstructured triangular grid with 70 depth levels, achieving ~5 km resolution in eddy-rich mid- and high-latitudes and ~13 km in the tropics (Rackow et al., 2025). Its sea-ice component is FESIM (Danilov et al., 2015). The atmospheric model, IFS cycle 48r1 from ECMWF, uses a Tco1279 (~10 km) octahedral grid with 137 vertical levels. The setup follows Rackow et al. (2025) except for deep convection, where the operational IFS scheme is used instead of the modified reduced cloud-base mass flux version. Following the HighResMIP protocol (Haarsma et al., 2016), the main simulations were preceded by a 50-year spin-up period using 1950 CMIP6 forcing. From the spin-up’s final state, two simulations were launched in parallel: a control run and a historical run using CMIP6 forcings. According to the HighResMIP protocol, the control simulation aimed to assess any potential drift within the simulation, enabling us to exclude the influence of such drift in order to better understand the impact of changes in radiative forcing over time. After completion of the historical simulation, the experiment was extended along the SSP2-4.5 scenario pathway until 2050 to estimate near-future climate change using a long-term climate simulation at the kilometer scale. For this purpose, CMIP6 scenario forcings were used. Tropospheric aerosol estimates are based on the MACv2 aerosol forcing, which was subsequently adjusted to ensure compatibility with the CONFESS aerosol forcing used during the historical simulation.","author":[{"family":"Ghosh","given":"Rohit"},{"family":"Cheedela","given":"Suvarchal"},{"family":"Wickramage","given":"Chathurika"},{"family":"Wachsmann","given":"Fabian"},{"family":"Beyer","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"Aengenheyster","given":"Matthias"},{"family":"Milinski","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"Koldunov","given":"Nikolay"},{"family":"Sidorenko","given":"Dmitry"},{"family":"Jung","given":"Thomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.26050/wdcc/eerie_fesom_s245_v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26050/wdcc/eerie_fesom_s245_v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4399454095","type":"article-journal","title":"Demonstration of a mobile optical clock ensemble at sea","abstract":"Atomic clocks are at the leading edge of accuracy and precision and are essential for synchronisation of distributed critical infrastructure, position, navigation and timing, and scientific applications. There has been significant improvements in the performance of atomic clocks with the shift from microwave to optical frequency transitions. However, this performance increase has come at the cost of size, complexity and fragility, which has confined optical clocks to laboratories. Here we report on a recent international collaboration where three emerging optical clocks, each based on different operating principles, were trialled at sea. These clocks demonstrated world-class performance and reliability by providing stable frequency outputs in optical, microwave and radio-frequency domains over three weeks of unsupervised naval operation. Atomic clocks using optical transitions have much better frequency stability compared to microwave counterparts, but are also more complex, which means their use has been mostly lab-based so far. Here, the authors demonstrate successful operation of three different optical atomic clocks on a ship at sea for three weeks.","author":[{"family":"Hilton","given":"AP"},{"family":"Offer","given":"RF"},{"family":"Klantsataya","given":"E"},{"family":"Scholten","given":"SK"},{"family":"Hébert","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Billington","given":"CJ"},{"family":"Locke","given":"Clayton"},{"family":"Perrella","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Nelligan","given":"Montana"},{"family":"Allison","given":"JW"},{"family":"White","given":"B"},{"family":"Ahern","given":"E"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-61140-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61140-2","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19065210","type":"article-journal","title":"The high‑resolution bathymetric dataset of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea margin from the 2022 Red Sea Decade Expedition","abstract":"Gridded multibeam bathymetry of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea collected during the 2022 Red Sea Decade Expedition (funded by the National Center for Wildlife, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). The QPS Qimera software license was provided by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) through baseline funding awarded to Francesca Benzoni (BAS/1/1090-01-01). The dataset includes one 40 m resolution model covering the full deep-water survey area, acquired by the Kongsberg EM 304 aboard the M/V OceanXplorer (OCX), and four 5 m resolution models of shallow-water bathymetry acquired by the Teledyne RESON SeaBat T50-P aboard Metalshark38 (MS), one per expedition Leg (L1 to L4).","author":[{"family":"Marchese","given":"Fabio"},{"family":"Nolan","given":"Megan"},{"family":"Dunn","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Watts","given":"Marta"},{"family":"Von Krusenstiern","given":"Katherine"},{"family":"Foy","given":"Craig"},{"family":"Rodrigue","given":"Mattie"},{"family":"Pieribone","given":"Vincent"},{"family":"Qurban","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Duarte","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Benzoni","given":"Francesca"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19065210","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19065210","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19065211","type":"article-journal","title":"The high‑resolution bathymetric dataset of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea margin from the 2022 Red Sea Decade Expedition","abstract":"Gridded multibeam bathymetry of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea collected during the 2022 Red Sea Decade Expedition (funded by the National Center for Wildlife, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). The QPS Qimera software license was provided by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) through baseline funding awarded to Francesca Benzoni (BAS/1/1090-01-01). The dataset includes one 40 m resolution model covering the full deep-water survey area, acquired by the Kongsberg EM 304 aboard the M/V OceanXplorer (OCX), and four 5 m resolution models of shallow-water bathymetry acquired by the Teledyne RESON SeaBat T50-P aboard Metalshark38 (MS), one per expedition Leg (L1 to L4).","author":[{"family":"Marchese","given":"Fabio"},{"family":"Nolan","given":"Megan"},{"family":"Dunn","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Watts","given":"Marta"},{"family":"Von Krusenstiern","given":"Katherine"},{"family":"Foy","given":"Craig"},{"family":"Rodrigue","given":"Mattie"},{"family":"Pieribone","given":"Vincent"},{"family":"Qurban","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Duarte","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Benzoni","given":"Francesca"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19065211","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19065211","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.11583/dtu.27694068.v4","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Visual and Visual-Inertial Datasets (UVVID)","abstract":"UVVIDThe Underwater Visual and Visual-Inertial Dataset (UVVID) contains various forms of underwater video imagery of roughly planar environments (walls and seabottom). Datasets are split between visual-only (i.e. just video data), or visual-inertial (i.e. including IMU stabilization files for the cameras). The datasets are provided as-is for testing and development of algorithms using concepts in visual odometry, SLAM, mosaicking and other mapping applications.Datasets also include post-processed forms of external data sources, such as AQUALOC and the Underwater Caves Dataset. These are provided as updated versions of the datasets that include additional transformations and sensor fusion methods to reduce ambiguity in the preprocessing methods supporting the target applications. Video data comes from BlueROV multi-camera, stereo camera and nose camera. Please see the README.md files in each subfolder for descriptions of specific datasets.ReferencesFerrera M, Creuze V, Moras J, Trouvé-Peloux P. AQUALOC: An underwater dataset for visual–inertial–pressure localization. The International Journal of Robotics Research . 2019;38(14):1549-1559. doi:10.1177/0278364919883346Mallios, A.; Vidal, E.; Campos, R. &amp; Carreras, M. Underwater caves sonar data set. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2017 , 36 , 1247-1251 doi: 10.1177/0278364917732838","author":[{"family":"Thompson","given":"Fletcher"},{"family":"Obrien-Møller","given":"David"},{"family":"Mariani","given":"Patrizio"},{"family":"Lundgren","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Fernández","given":"Javier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.11583/dtu.27694068.v4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.11583/dtu.27694068.v4","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.11583/dtu.27694068","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Visual and Visual-Inertial Datasets (UVVID)","abstract":"UVVIDThe Underwater Visual and Visual-Inertial Dataset (UVVID) contains various forms of underwater video imagery of roughly planar environments (walls and seabottom). Datasets are split between visual-only (i.e. just video data), or visual-inertial (i.e. including IMU stabilization files for the cameras). The datasets are provided as-is for testing and development of algorithms using concepts in visual odometry, SLAM, mosaicking and other mapping applications.Datasets also include post-processed forms of external data sources, such as AQUALOC and the Underwater Caves Dataset. These are provided as updated versions of the datasets that include additional transformations and sensor fusion methods to reduce ambiguity in the preprocessing methods supporting the target applications. Video data comes from BlueROV multi-camera, stereo camera and nose camera. Please see the README.md files in each subfolder for descriptions of specific datasets.ReferencesFerrera M, Creuze V, Moras J, Trouvé-Peloux P. AQUALOC: An underwater dataset for visual–inertial–pressure localization. The International Journal of Robotics Research . 2019;38(14):1549-1559. doi:10.1177/0278364919883346Mallios, A.; Vidal, E.; Campos, R. &amp; Carreras, M. Underwater caves sonar data set. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2017 , 36 , 1247-1251 doi: 10.1177/0278364917732838","author":[{"family":"Thompson","given":"Fletcher"},{"family":"Obrien-Møller","given":"David"},{"family":"Mariani","given":"Patrizio"},{"family":"Lundgren","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Fernández","given":"Javier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.11583/dtu.27694068","URL":"https://doi.org/10.11583/dtu.27694068","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.11583/dtu.27694068.v5","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Visual and Visual-Inertial Datasets (UVVID)","abstract":"UVVIDThe Underwater Visual and Visual-Inertial Dataset (UVVID) contains various forms of underwater video imagery of roughly planar environments (walls and seabottom). Datasets are split between visual-only (i.e. just video data), or visual-inertial (i.e. including IMU stabilization files for the cameras). The datasets are provided as-is for testing and development of algorithms using concepts in visual odometry, SLAM, mosaicking and other mapping applications.Datasets also include post-processed forms of external data sources, such as AQUALOC and the Underwater Caves Dataset. These are provided as updated versions of the datasets that include additional transformations and sensor fusion methods to reduce ambiguity in the preprocessing methods supporting the target applications. Video data comes from BlueROV multi-camera, stereo camera and nose camera. Please see the README.md files in each subfolder for descriptions of specific datasets.ReferencesFerrera M, Creuze V, Moras J, Trouvé-Peloux P. AQUALOC: An underwater dataset for visual–inertial–pressure localization. The International Journal of Robotics Research . 2019;38(14):1549-1559. doi:10.1177/0278364919883346Mallios, A.; Vidal, E.; Campos, R. &amp; Carreras, M. Underwater caves sonar data set. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2017 , 36 , 1247-1251 doi: 10.1177/0278364917732838","author":[{"family":"Thompson","given":"Fletcher"},{"family":"Obrien-Møller","given":"David"},{"family":"Mariani","given":"Patrizio"},{"family":"Lundgren","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Fernández","given":"Javier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.11583/dtu.27694068.v5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.11583/dtu.27694068.v5","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21454308","type":"article-journal","title":"Telemetry Dataset and Analysis Tools for the paper \"Underwater Drone for Sea Arctic Ice Restoration\"","abstract":"This dataset and analysis code accompany the paper Underwater Drone for Sea Arctic Ice Restoration (tentative: Calisti et al., Science Robotics, 2026). The data were collected during a field campaign conducted over 8 days in Hailuoto, Finland (February 2026), using RINO, a prototype underwater vehicle designed for heat-based ice penetration and water pumping for Arctic sea ice thickening. Dataset contents: MAVLink telemetry logs (.tlog) from 6 operational field days Onboard video recordings (.mkv) synchronized with telemetry External power monitor logs (.csv) recording current draw Manually labelled event file (event_labelling.csv) identifying contact, penetration, pumping, exit, and on-land phases Pre-computed event features (event_features.csv) Code contents: Python scripts for telemetry signal processing, derived signal computation (depth, ice thickness), event feature extraction, and synchronized video visualization See README.md for installation and usage instructions","author":[{"family":"Picardi","given":"Giacomo"},{"family":"Calisti","given":"Marcello"},{"family":"Ceccolini","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Lapijover","given":"Yoann"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21454308","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21454308","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21454309","type":"article-journal","title":"Telemetry Dataset and Analysis Tools for the paper \"Underwater Drone for Sea Arctic Ice Restoration\"","abstract":"This dataset and analysis code accompany the paper Underwater Drone for Sea Arctic Ice Restoration (tentative: Calisti et al., Science Robotics, 2026). The data were collected during a field campaign conducted over 8 days in Hailuoto, Finland (February 2026), using RINO, a prototype underwater vehicle designed for heat-based ice penetration and water pumping for Arctic sea ice thickening. Dataset contents: MAVLink telemetry logs (.tlog) from 6 operational field days Onboard video recordings (.mkv) synchronized with telemetry External power monitor logs (.csv) recording current draw Manually labelled event file (event_labelling.csv) identifying contact, penetration, pumping, exit, and on-land phases Pre-computed event features (event_features.csv) Code contents: Python scripts for telemetry signal processing, derived signal computation (depth, ice thickness), event feature extraction, and synchronized video visualization See README.md for installation and usage instructions","author":[{"family":"Picardi","given":"Giacomo"},{"family":"Calisti","given":"Marcello"},{"family":"Ceccolini","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Lapijover","given":"Yoann"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21454309","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21454309","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.12866","type":"manuscript","title":"AMR-Pose: An Active LED Marker-Based Relative Pose Estimation Framework With Probabilistic Switching PnP for Cooperative AUVs","abstract":"Reliable relative pose estimation between autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) is critical for cooperative ocean exploration, sampling, and multi-robot coordination. However, achieving robust vision-based relative localization in underwater environments remains challenging due to severe optical degradation, including turbidity, illumination variations, reflections, and intermittent feature occlusions. This paper presents AMR-Pose, an active LED marker-based relative pose estimation framework for cooperative AUVs. A compact marker module consisting of one red central LED and three blue peripheral LEDs is developed and integrated onto the leader AUV to provide distinctive visual features under complex underwater conditions. Building upon the detected marker observations, a probabilistic switching Perspective-n-Point estimator (PSwPnP) is developed by combining Lie-group pose propagation on $SE(3)$, probabilistic marker association, and visibility-adaptive measurement fusion for robust six-degree-of-freedom relative pose estimation. The proposed framework dynamically adapts the estimation process according to marker visibility, maintaining geometric consistency and temporal stability during partial observations and visibility transitions. Extensive water-tank experiments with motion-capture ground truth validate that AMR-Pose achieves accurate, smooth, and robust relative pose estimation under challenging underwater conditions. Closed-loop leader-follower experiments further demonstrate its feasibility for real-time relative pose feedback in cooperative underwater robotics.","author":[{"family":"Sha","given":"Zeyu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xiaorui"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Mingyang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Feitian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.12866","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.12866","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.20477","type":"manuscript","title":"Who Is Responsible? Self-Adaptation Under Multiple Concurrent Failures With Unknown Faults in Complex Robotic Systems","abstract":"Robotic systems increasingly operate in dynamic, unpredictable environments, where tightly coupled sensors and software modules increase the probability of a single failure cascading across components. Therefore, multiple strategies can be plausible to resolve the underlying fault. Most existing selfadaptive approaches that have been applied to robotics assume predefined one-to-one failure-to-adaptation mappings. We present a ROS2-based self-adaptation approach building upon MAPE-K that addresses (1) multiple simultaneous failures with differing criticality, (2) cascading failures across components, and (3) multiple plausible resolving strategies per detected failure. Central to our approach is an adaptation rule set which lets designers specify failure patterns, assign criticality levels, and enumerate multiple plausible adaptation strategies. This rule set, combined with an automatically extracted live dependency graph, enables lightweight root-cause analysis and strategy ranking to prioritize minimal and effective adaptations. Our approach implements a lightweight self-optimizing component which learns estimated success probabilities of different strategies for each known failure. Experiments on an underwater robot scenario and a perception use case show that our approach can identify root causes among concurrent failures, favors inexpensive adaptations, reduces unnecessary adaptations, and achieves performance comparable to existing baselines designed for sequential failures. The code is publicly available.","author":[{"family":"Wiedholz","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Paintner","given":"Rafael"},{"family":"Hoffmann","given":"Alwin"},{"family":"Huber","given":"Tobias"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2504.20477","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.20477","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.10850","type":"manuscript","title":"Invariant Extended Kalman Filtering with Partial Orientation Measurement Integration: Theoretical Derivations and Application to Autonomous Surface Vessels","abstract":"Autonomous surface vessels (ASVs) are increasingly vital for marine science, offering robust platforms for underwater mapping and inspection. Accurate state estimation, particularly of vehicle pose, is paramount for precise seafloor mapping, as even small surface deviations can have significant consequences when sensing the seafloor below. To address this challenge, we propose an Invariant Extended Kalman Filter (InEKF) framework designed to integrate partial orientation measurements. While conventional estimation often relies on relative position measurements to fixed landmarks, open ocean ASVs primarily observe a receding horizon. We leverage forward-facing monocular cameras to estimate roll and pitch with respect to this horizon, which provides yaw-ambiguous partial orientation information. To effectively utilize these measurements within the InEKF, we introduce a novel framework for incorporating such partial orientation data. This approach contrasts with traditional InEKF implementations that assume full orientation measurements and is particularly relevant for vehicles operating in a \\say{semi-planar} environment, where the attitude is characterized by a dominant yaw rotation with limited roll and pitch variations. This paper details the developed InEKF framework; its integration with horizon-based roll/pitch observations and dual-antenna GPS heading measurements for ASV state estimation; and provides a comparative analysis against the InEKF using full orientation and a Multiplicative EKF (MEKF). Our results demonstrate the efficacy and robustness of the proposed partial orientation measurements for accurate ASV state estimation in open ocean environments.","author":[{"family":"Benham","given":"Derek"},{"family":"Potokar","given":"Easton"},{"family":"Mangelson","given":"Joshua"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2506.10850","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.10850","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.06998","type":"manuscript","title":"Raspi$^2$USBL: An open-source Raspberry Pi-Based Passive Inverted Ultra-Short Baseline Positioning System for Underwater Robotics","abstract":"Precise underwater positioning remains a fundamental challenge for underwater robotics because global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals cannot penetrate the sea surface. This paper presents Raspi$^2$USBL, a Raspberry Pi-based passive inverted ultra-short baseline (piUSBL) positioning system that provides a low-cost, accessible, and reproducible platform for underwater robotic research. The system consists of a passive acoustic receiver and an active beacon. The receiver integrates a hydrophone array, multichannel preamplifier, oven-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO), Raspberry Pi 5, and MCC-series data acquisition (DAQ) board. The beacon integrates a matching network, power amplifier, and transmitting transducer. An open-source C++ framework supports clock synchronization and triggering for one-way travel-time (OWTT) messaging, while performing matched filtering, array beamforming, and adaptive gain control to estimate the time of flight (TOF) and direction of arrival (DOA). The system was validated in an anechoic tank, a freshwater lake, and open-sea trials. Results demonstrate a slant-range accuracy better than 0.1%, a bearing accuracy within 0.1°, and stable performance over distances up to 1.3 km. These findings show that low-cost, system-level reproducible hardware can deliver research-grade underwater positioning accuracy. By releasing the software framework and providing a reproducible hardware architecture, Raspi$^2$USBL offers a reference platform that lowers the entry barrier for underwater robotics laboratories and promotes reproducible research in underwater acoustic navigation and swarm robotics.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Jin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yingqiang"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Ying"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2511.06998","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.06998","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23053","type":"manuscript","title":"Marinarium: A Modular Experimental Facility for Reproducible Maritime and Space-Analog Field Robotics","abstract":"Field robotics research in maritime and space domains is constrained by a persistent gap between low-cost, low-fidelity simulation and costly offshore experimentation. Instrumented water tanks partially bridge this gap but often provide limited sensing, restricted experimental capabilities, and weak integration with simulation tools. To address these limitations, we present Marinarium, a modular, standalone experimental facility that provides a cost-effective intermediate testbed between simulation and field deployment. Marinarium combines a fully instrumented underwater and aerial operational volume with motion capture (MoCap), a retractable roof enabling both sheltered and open-air operation, a digital twin implemented in SMaRCSim, and direct integration with a planar space robotics laboratory, enabling both maritime and underwater space-analog experimentation. We present the design rationale of the facility and validate its capabilities through four representative studies in field robotics: (i) data-driven system identification of underwater vehicle dynamics; (ii) heterogeneous multi-domain robotic rendezvous; (iii) sim-to-real transfer for underwater robotics using learned dynamics residuals; and (iv) cross-domain validation of spacecraft autonomy using underwater surrogates. Together, these studies demonstrate that Marinarium enables reproducible, instrumented experimentation across multiple field robotics challenges that would otherwise require costly offshore deployments or be impractical to investigate using simulation alone.","author":[{"family":"Torroba","given":"Ignacio"},{"family":"Dorner","given":"David"},{"family":"Fernandez-Ayala","given":"Victor"},{"family":"Kartasev","given":"Mart"},{"family":"Verhagen","given":"Joris"},{"family":"Krantz","given":"Elias"},{"family":"Marchesini","given":"Gregorio"},{"family":"Ljung","given":"Carl"},{"family":"Roque","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Sidrane","given":"Chelsea"},{"family":"Van Der Spaa","given":"Linda"},{"family":"De Carli","given":"Nicola"},{"family":"Ogren","given":"Petter"},{"family":"Fuglesang","given":"Christer"},{"family":"Tumova","given":"Jana"},{"family":"Dimarogonas","given":"Dimos"},{"family":"Stenius","given":"Ivan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.23053","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23053","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.03075","type":"manuscript","title":"A Collaborative Reasoning Framework for Anomaly Diagnostics in Underwater Robotics","abstract":"The safe deployment of autonomous systems in safety-critical settings requires a paradigm that combines human expertise with AI-driven analysis, especially when anomalies are unforeseen. We introduce AURA (Autonomous Resilience Agent), a collaborative framework for anomaly and fault diagnostics in robotics. AURA integrates large language models (LLMs), a high-fidelity digital twin (DT), and human-in-the-loop interaction to detect and respond to anomalous behavior in real time. The architecture uses two agents with clear roles: (i) a low-level State Anomaly Characterization Agent that monitors telemetry and converts signals into a structured natural-language problem description, and (ii) a high-level Diagnostic Reasoning Agent that conducts a knowledge-grounded dialogue with an operator to identify root causes, drawing on external sources. Human-validated diagnoses are then converted into new training examples that refine the low-level perceptual model. This feedback loop progressively distills expert knowledge into the AI, transforming it from a static tool into an adaptive partner. We describe the framework's operating principles and provide a concrete implementation, establishing a pattern for trustworthy, continually improving human-robot teams.","author":[{"family":"Buchholz","given":"Markus"},{"family":"Ellis","given":"Niamh"},{"family":"Hara","given":"Rahaf"},{"family":"Carlucho","given":"Ignacio"},{"family":"Petillot","given":"Yvan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2511.03075","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.03075","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.10174","type":"manuscript","title":"Autonomous Search for Sparsely Distributed Visual Phenomena through Environmental Context Modeling","abstract":"Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are increasingly used to survey coral reefs, yet efficiently locating specific coral species of interest remains difficult: target species are often sparsely distributed across the reef, and an AUV with limited battery life cannot afford to search everywhere. When detections of the target itself are too sparse to provide directional guidance, the robot benefits from an additional signal to decide where to look next. We propose using the visual environmental context -- the habitat features that tend to co-occur with a target species -- as that signal. Because context features are spatially denser and often vary more smoothly than target detections, we hypothesize that a reward function targeted at broader environmental context will enable adaptive planners to make better decisions on where to go next, even in regions where no target has yet been observed. Starting from a single labeled image, our method uses patch-level DINOv2 embeddings to perform one-shot detections of both the target species and its surrounding context online. We validate our approach using real imagery collected by an AUV at two reef sites in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, simulating the robot's motion offline. Our results demonstrate that one-shot detection combined with adaptive context modeling enables efficient autonomous surveying, sampling up to 75$\\%$ of the target in roughly half the time required by exhaustive coverage when the target is sparsely distributed, and outperforming search strategies that only use target detections.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Manderson","given":"Travis"},{"family":"Karapetyan","given":"Nare"},{"family":"Edmunds","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Roy","given":"Nicholas"},{"family":"Girdhar","given":"Yogesh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2603.10174","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.10174","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.03072","type":"manuscript","title":"LOTUSim: Multi-Domain Simulator for Marine Robotics","abstract":"Simulation is essential for maritime robotics, supporting operator training, mission rehearsal, and human-vehicle interaction in environments where real-world testing is costly or hazardous. Existing simulators focus primarily on autonomy systems and often lack human-in-the-loop interaction and realistic environmental physics. This paper introduces LOTUSim, an open-source, real-time maritime simulator supporting multi-user interaction across aerial, surface, and underwater robotic systems for coordinated naval-style operations. The first contribution of this work is enabling real-time interactive performance for users while ensuring scalability to large fleets operating within a shared interactive simulation environment. Validation demonstrates robust human-in-the-loop performance, maintaining strict real-time execution and high visual fidelity while scaling to large heterogeneous maritime drone swarms. The second contribution is a computationally efficient, Ekman-inspired layered, underwater current model that captures wind-driven, depth-dependent flow dynamics with sufficient physical fidelity for large-scale simulations. Validation against ocean reanalysis data demonstrates substantially improved accuracy compared to commonly used stochastic Gauss-Markov current models. These results confirm LOTUSim's suitability as a simulation platform for operatorin-the-loop maritime robotics research.","author":[{"family":"Buche","given":"Cédric"},{"family":"Grosset","given":"Juliette"},{"family":"Lechêne","given":"Hélène"},{"family":"Dubromel","given":"Marie"},{"family":"Havez-Bodivit","given":"Pierig"},{"family":"Neo","given":"Malcom"},{"family":"Prodhon","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.03072","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.03072","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.23006","type":"manuscript","title":"ISOPoT: Imaging Sonar Odometry by Point Tracking","abstract":"Reliable navigation in underwater environments remains a key challenge in marine robotics. In such scenarios, forward-looking sonars are a natural choice for long-range perception, offering wide coverage even in turbid, low-visibility conditions. However, sonar images are inherently noisy, contain artifacts, and lack rich semantic structure, causing standard computer vision methods for keypoint detection and matching to perform poorly. In this paper, we introduce ISOPoT, an imaging sonar odometry method based on modern point tracking techniques. We propose a sonar odometry pipeline that uses multi-frame point tracks as its primary correspondence representation, augmented with lightweight optimizations to improve robustness. We evaluated the proposed method on the Aracati 2017 dataset, as well as on an internal sonar dataset collected in real-world underwater environments. Our results show that ISOPoT outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods consistently in both sonar-only scenarios and in multi-sensor settings.","author":[{"family":"Samec","given":"Jaša"},{"family":"Rijavec","given":"Vid"},{"family":"Peljhan","given":"Marko"},{"family":"Grm","given":"Aleksander"},{"family":"Androjna","given":"Andrej"},{"family":"Skočaj","given":"Danijel"},{"family":"Dobrevski","given":"Matej"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.23006","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.23006","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.15645","type":"manuscript","title":"TO-SoFiT: Topology Optimization of Hydraulic Soft Fish Tail Design for programmable undulating locomotion","abstract":"Soft robots leverage compliant materials to generate motion through controlled elastic deformation, making them ideal for delicate tasks such as underwater exploration and biomimetic marine systems. Although hydraulic/pneumatic actuation remains pivotal for such systems, the lack of systematic design frameworks has hindered the development of robots capable of complex 3D motion, such as fish-like swimming. This work introduces a topology optimization method to automate the design of a hydraulic soft fish tail, explicitly addressing the design-dependent coupling between fluidic actuation and structural deformation. We use a Darcy law-based model augmented with a drainage term to simulate spatially varying hydraulic pressure loads, translating these into consistent nodal forces via finite element analysis. The employed robust multi-criteria optimization formulation balances deformation efficiency, fluid-structure interaction, geometric manufacturability, and required stiffness for optimizing a bioinspired soft fish tail for 3D swimming kinematics. The optimized tail topology is incorporated into a pneumatic network actuator and computationally validated under various hydraulic loads, achieving tunable undulatory amplitudes and multiaxis bending for depth adjustment. The optimized 2D tail outperforms its rectangular counterpart. By cascading optimized tail segments, we demonstrate programmable swimming patterns in soft robotic fish tails at different hydraulic loads. This work advances the systematic codesign of hydraulic actuators and soft structures, offering a pathway to automate underwater robots with optimized design and vertebrate-like agility in confined aquatic environments. Our implementations and simulations are publicly available at 'https://github.com/PrabhatIn/TO-SoFiT'.","author":[{"family":"Padmaprabhan","given":"A"},{"family":"Shaji","given":"Amal"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Prabhat"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.15645","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.15645","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.06829","type":"manuscript","title":"Three-dimensional hydro-cluttered locomotion by an undulatory robot","abstract":"Aquatic robots have expanded human access to underwater environments, yet many underwater spaces contain obstacles that can disrupt open-water locomotion. In \"hydro-cluttered\" environments, water is interspersed with rigid and flexible clutter, making body-obstacle contact unavoidable. Operating in these spaces requires robots that can regulate and exploit contact, but this regime remains difficult to model or simulate. Building on recent advances in mechanical intelligence in terradynamically capable limbless robotics, we develop principles for 3D aquatic locomotion using AquaMILR, an elongate limbless robot that combines bilateral cable-driven actuation, programmable body compliance, distributed depth regulation, corrosion-resistant enclosures, and onboard power and electronics for untethered field operation. Systematic robophysical experiments reveal that programmable body compliance regulates body deformation and converts body-environment interactions into fast, robust, forward progression across increasing hydro-clutter constraint strength. Depth regulation provides three-dimensional access, allowing the robot to bypass clutter, recover from obstruction, and continue through otherwise inaccessible routes. In potential jamming scenarios, emergent inertia-induced rolling acts as a spontaneous recovery mechanism, freeing the robot from clutter that would otherwise lead to failure and allowing locomotion to continue without additional control. Tests of the robot in an aquatic mangrove field demonstrate that these principles transfer to practical operation, enabling navigation and onboard visual inspection of inaccessible root zones. These results establish principles for hydro-cluttered locomotion and a design paradigm in which aquatic robots exploit environmental complexity as a locomotor resource.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Tianyu"},{"family":"Fernandez","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Tunnicliffe","given":"Galen"},{"family":"Cornell","given":"Nikolas"},{"family":"Duong","given":"Justin"},{"family":"Dortilus","given":"Donoven"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Zhaochen"},{"family":"Meza","given":"Patricia"},{"family":"Lublinsky","given":"Sean"},{"family":"Parikh","given":"Darsh"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Jianfeng"},{"family":"Grace","given":"Emily"},{"family":"Goldman","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.06829","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.06829","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.06130","type":"manuscript","title":"Towards Realistic 3D Sonar Simulation","abstract":"As underwater robotics research increasingly addresses complex 3D perception and autonomous navigation, the fidelity of sonar simulation has become a key factor in algorithm development. Current simulation frameworks typically rely on geometry-driven rendering, approximating 3D sonar as an underwater equivalent to LiDAR, which fails to account for fundamental acoustic phenomena such as refraction, multi-path interference, and phase-dependent signal formation. This paper proposes a modular architecture for realistic 3D sonar simulation that integrates GPU-accelerated graphics engines with physically grounded acoustic propagation principles. We implement a volumetric 3D sonar model within the NVIDIA Isaac Sim environment, modeled after the Water Linked 3D-15 sensor, and integrate it into a comprehensive underwater simulation framework. The system is validated through a hardware-in-the-loop configuration, where a modified FastLIO2 SLAM pipeline, executed on an NVIDIA Jetson Orin Nano, performs sensor fusion using synthetic 3D sonar, DVL, IMU, and pressure data. Finally, a qualitative comparison between simulated outputs and real-world data from harbor sheet-pile inspections is provided, characterizing the remaining sim-to-real gap and establishing a roadmap toward fully acoustics-driven volumetric sensing.","author":[{"family":"Attia","given":"Youssef"},{"family":"Costa","given":"Davide"},{"family":"Wanderlingh","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Campagnaro","given":"Filippo"},{"family":"Simetti","given":"Enrico"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.06130","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.06130","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.05709","type":"manuscript","title":"Tracking Control for a Dynamic Model of an Underwater Submersible","abstract":"Underwater vehicles are naturally modelled as rigid bodies on SE(3) subjected to added mass effects. The passivity of the Hamiltonian structure of the system can be exploited to design energy-based stabilising controllers, however, the extension of these control designs to tracking control is not trivial since the error system for the classical error formulations is not itself Hamiltonian. In this paper, we show that a novel choice of error function leads to error dynamics that are Hamiltonian. We go on to derive an energy-based tracking control for a fully coupled model of a submersible vehicle. Asymptotic convergence of the control scheme is proved and the control is demonstrated in a simulation study of the Blue Robotics BlueROV2 Heavy submersible.","author":[{"family":"Hampsey","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Van Goor","given":"Pieter"},{"family":"Banavar","given":"Ravi"},{"family":"Mahony","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.05709","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.05709","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.25309","type":"manuscript","title":"Data-Enabled Predictive Control with Predictive Adaptive Line-of-Sight Guidance for 3-D Path Following of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles","abstract":"This paper presents a fully data-driven 3-D path-following framework for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), a representative class of underwater field robotics, based on Data-Enabled Predictive Control (DeePC). The approach eliminates explicit hydrodynamic modeling by exploiting measured input-output trajectories to predict and optimize future system behavior. Classic DeePC is employed for heading control, while a cascaded DeePC architecture with loop-frequency separation is proposed for depth regulation, extending DeePC to plants whose dominant output evolves significantly slower than the actuator bandwidth. For 3-D waypoint path following, the Adaptive Line-of-Sight (ALOS) guidance law is extended to a predictive multistep formulation (PALOS) that supplies the horizon-consistent reference required by receding-horizon predictive controllers. All methods are validated in high-fidelity 6 degrees of freedom simulation on the REMUS~100 AUV under nominal operation, ocean-current disturbances, operation beyond the data regime, and 3-D waypoint path following, consistently outperforming the corresponding state-of-the-art benchmarks. In 3-D waypoint path following, the framework reduces cross-track error by approximately 28\\% relative to the ALOS-PI/PID baseline.","author":[{"family":"Zieglmeier","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"De Badyn","given":"Mathias"},{"family":"Warakagoda","given":"Narada"},{"family":"Krogstad","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Engelstad","given":"Paal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.25309","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.25309","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20402562","type":"article-journal","title":"Experimental Deployment and Recovery of an Underwater Robot from an Autonomous Surface Catamaran Using an Integrated LARS and Immersive Augmented Reality Teleoperation Interface","abstract":"This video documents experimental robotic trials carried out at the Port of Castellón, Spain, on 18 May 2026. The demonstration presents a 3.5 m × 1.4 m catamaran-type surface robotic platform equipped with an integrated Launch and Recovery System (LARS) for the deployment and recovery of a BlueROV underwater vehicle. The experiment shows the complete operational sequence, including surface navigation, remote supervision, underwater robot deployment, intervention support, and final recovery of the BlueROV from the surface vessel. The system is operated through an immersive Augmented Reality interface, enabling remote monitoring and control of the robotic mission in a realistic port environment. The technological development was carried out by CIRTESU, the Research Center for Robotics and Underwater Technologies at Universitat Jaume I, and IRSLab, the Interactive Robotic Systems Lab. The work illustrates ongoing research on cooperative surface–underwater robotic systems, autonomous maritime operations, teleoperation, human–robot interfaces, and robotic technologies for inspection and intervention in marine and port environments.","author":[{"family":"Marin Garces","given":"Josep"},{"family":"Pino Jarque","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"López Barajas","given":"Salvador"},{"family":"Fustier Castillo","given":"Guillem"},{"family":"Solis Jiménez","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Munera Sánchez","given":"Eduardo"},{"family":"Sanz","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Marin","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Ibáñez Oliver","given":"Bernat"},{"family":"Saez Martinez","given":"Maria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20402562","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20402562","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20402563","type":"article-journal","title":"Experimental Deployment and Recovery of an Underwater Robot from an Autonomous Surface Catamaran Using an Integrated LARS and Immersive Augmented Reality Teleoperation Interface","abstract":"This video documents experimental robotic trials carried out at the Port of Castellón, Spain, on 18 May 2026. The demonstration presents a 3.5 m × 1.4 m catamaran-type surface robotic platform equipped with an integrated Launch and Recovery System (LARS) for the deployment and recovery of a BlueROV underwater vehicle. The experiment shows the complete operational sequence, including surface navigation, remote supervision, underwater robot deployment, intervention support, and final recovery of the BlueROV from the surface vessel. The system is operated through an immersive Augmented Reality interface, enabling remote monitoring and control of the robotic mission in a realistic port environment. The technological development was carried out by CIRTESU, the Research Center for Robotics and Underwater Technologies at Universitat Jaume I, and IRSLab, the Interactive Robotic Systems Lab. The work illustrates ongoing research on cooperative surface–underwater robotic systems, autonomous maritime operations, teleoperation, human–robot interfaces, and robotic technologies for inspection and intervention in marine and port environments.","author":[{"family":"Marin Garces","given":"Josep"},{"family":"Pino Jarque","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"López Barajas","given":"Salvador"},{"family":"Fustier Castillo","given":"Guillem"},{"family":"Solis Jiménez","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Munera Sánchez","given":"Eduardo"},{"family":"Sanz","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Marin","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Ibáñez Oliver","given":"Bernat"},{"family":"Saez Martinez","given":"Maria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20402563","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20402563","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.26936","type":"manuscript","title":"A Bioinspired Underwater Robot with a Latch-Mediated Soft Bistable Mechanism","abstract":"Underwater robotics has advanced significantly over recent decades. however, the development of miniaturized underwater robots remains limited by low energy densities of traditional power sources. Nature offers compelling solutions-organisms like mantis shrimps and fleas utilize latch-mediated spring actuation (LaMSA) systems that achieve rapid movements through a decoupled energy storage and release mechanism. Despite extensive studies of LaMSA, replicating such rapid, asymmetric actuation within simple, compact structures remains challenging. In this work, we introduce a bioinspired, soft bistable actuator with an integrated latch mechanism that enables asymmetric energy input and release using a single motor. Coupled with fin structures, this design facilitates efficient underwater propulsion and maneuverability. Experimental results demonstrate stable periodic flapping, precise steering, and a maximum thrust of 0.528 N, impulse of 0.147 Ns, and vertical displacement of 30 mm. By modulating fin angles, the robot achieves versatile motions, including vertical ascent, diagonal forward movement, and lateral translation. This study presents a novel, energy-efficient approach for controlling motion in compact underwater robots, paving the way for advanced biomimetic designs with potential applications in exploration, environmental monitoring, and inspection.","author":[{"family":"Bi","given":"Chongze"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Wenjie"},{"family":"Zuo","given":"Zonghao"},{"family":"Wen","given":"Li"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.26936","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.26936","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.07869","type":"manuscript","title":"USIM and U0: A Vision-Language-Action Dataset and Model for General Underwater Robots","abstract":"Underwater environments pose unique challenges for robotic navigation and manipulation. While existing research has primarily focused on task-specific methods, studies on general-purpose intelligence for multi-task execution remain scarce. To address this gap, we propose a unified framework for general-purpose underwater robots that integrates perception and action driven by language instructions. First, we develop a data synthesis pipeline to construct USIM, a simulation-based dataset which comprises over 905K frames from 2275 trajectories, totaling approximately 25 hours of BlueROV2 interactions. Furthermore, we propose U0, a vision-language-action (VLA) model capable of executing various tasks from obstacle-avoidance navigation to three-dimensional mobile manipulation. The model features a convolution-attention-based perception (CAP) module, which incorporates target pose estimation as an auxiliary task to explicitly bolster the model's spatial awareness. For evaluation, we establish a systematic assessment framework and an automated pipeline encompassing both offline metrics and online task execution. Experimental results demonstrate that the USIM dataset significantly empowers existing VLA models to adapt to underwater scenarios. Notably, our U0 model achieves state-of-the-art performance: it reduces the offline mean action prediction error to 0.0359 and achieves an overall online success rate of 43.1%, marking a 5.5% improvement over existing competitive baselines (below 37.6%), with navigation tasks reaching as high as 87.5%. These results validate the feasibility of general-purpose intelligence in underwater robotics, providing a foundation for scalable dataset synthesis and aquatic embodied agents.","author":[{"family":"Gu","given":"Junwen"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Zhiheng"},{"family":"Si","given":"Pengxuan"},{"family":"Qiu","given":"Shuang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhentao"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Yukai"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Luoyang"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Laien"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Lianyi"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jian"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Zhengxing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.07869","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.07869","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.13442","type":"manuscript","title":"Asymptotically Optimal Ergodic Coverage on Generalized Motion Fields","abstract":"Autonomous robotic exploration in remote and extreme environments allows scientists to model complex transport phenomena and collective behaviors described by continuously deforming flow fields. Although these environments are naturally modeled as time-varying domains, most adaptive exploration methods assume static environments and fail to provide adequate coverage or satisfy any formal guarantees. This is especially the case in oceanography where autonomous underwater systems (UxS) have highly restrictive compute and payload requirements that necessitate path planning methods that yield robust data collection strategies in open-loop and underactuated settings. In this work, to address the aforementioned issues, we propose to formulate adaptive search as an ergodic coverage problem and investigate certifying coverage in the ergodic sense over evolving domains with flow-induced dynamics. We expand upon recent work demonstrating maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) as a functional ergodic metric, and derive a flow-adaptive formulation that explicitly accounts for domain evolution within the coverage objective. We show that this approach preserves ergodic coverage guarantees in ambient flows and enables effective exploration in under-actuated, and even open-loop planning settings by integrating environment dynamics. Experiments validate that our method generalizes to diverse spatiotemporal processes including ocean exploration, and tracking human and cattle movement. Physical experiments on aerial and legged robotic platforms validate our ability to obtain ergodic coverage in non-convex, flow-restricted environments while respecting robot dynamics.","author":[{"family":"Hughes","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yilang"},{"family":"Lahrach","given":"Yanis"},{"family":"Engdahl","given":"Julia"},{"family":"Warren","given":"Houston"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Darrick"},{"family":"Ramos","given":"Fabio"},{"family":"Miles","given":"Travis"},{"family":"Abraham","given":"Ian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.13442","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.13442","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.03691","type":"manuscript","title":"Source-Free Bistable Fluidic Gripper for Size-Selective and Stiffness-Adaptive Grasping","abstract":"Conventional fluid-driven soft grippers typically depend on external sources, which limit portability and long-term autonomy. This work introduces a self-contained soft gripper with fixed size that operates solely through internal liquid redistribution among three interconnected bistable snap-through chambers. When the top sensing chamber deforms upon contact, the displaced liquid triggers snap-through expansion of the grasping chambers, enabling stable and size-selective grasping without continuous energy input. The internal hydraulic feedback further allows passive adaptation of gripping pressure to object stiffness. This source-free and compact design opens new possibilities for lightweight, stiffness-adaptive fluid-driven manipulation in soft robotics, providing a feasible approach for targeted size-specific sampling and operation in underwater and field environments.","author":[{"family":"Qin","given":"Zhihang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yueheng"},{"family":"Su","given":"Wan"},{"family":"Hou","given":"Linxin"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Shenghao"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhijun"},{"family":"Tan","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Laschi","given":"Cecilia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2511.03691","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.03691","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/42mksnzmw2.3","type":"article-journal","title":"An Affordable Open-Source Hydrophone for Low-Frequency Underwater Acoustic Measurements for Educational and Small-Laboratory Applications","abstract":"Infrasonic underwater acoustic signals (below 20 Hz) are essential for environmental monitoring, marine ecosystem studies, and evaluation of underwater robotic systems. Nevertheless, existing commercial hydrophones are primarily designed for broadband and high-frequency performance, increasing complexity and cost while limiting ultra-low-frequency stability. Additionally, rapid-prototyping hydrophone designs depend on available modules and lack standardized design guidelines, limiting further modifications. As a result, this research presents a low-cost, open-source infrasonic hydrophone (LUH) for underwater measurements, compact and portable with approximately 500 grams, with a modular configuration fabricated by acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) using fused deposition modelling (FDM)- based 3D printing for rapid prototyping. Multi-layer sealing structure, noise suppression, and signal transmission are achieved through multiple layers of elastic dip, copper foil, and silicone. From an electrical perspective, the LUH integrates a piezoelectric ceramic disk, high-impedance amplification, band-limited filtering, and a modular ±12 VDC power supply within enclosures. The complete device can be fabricated within 100 hours at a total cost of below 90 USD. The experimental validation demonstrates the stable detection of a 20 Hz sinusoidal signal under laboratory conditions, the 12 Hz accurate measurement using institutional-grade equipment, and the detection of a 1 Hz emission from a biomimetic fish robot at 3 m underwater. From there, these results have confirmed the reliable infrasonic sensing ability of the device in various situations.","author":[{"family":"Le","given":"Nhut"},{"family":"Truong","given":"Cong"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Ngoc"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Huy"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Tan"},{"family":"Duong","given":"Van"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17632/42mksnzmw2.3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/42mksnzmw2.3","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/42mksnzmw2","type":"article-journal","title":"An Affordable Open-Source Hydrophone for Low-Frequency Underwater Acoustic Measurements for Educational and Small-Laboratory Applications","abstract":"Infrasonic underwater acoustic signals (below 20 Hz) are essential for environmental monitoring, marine ecosystem studies, and evaluation of underwater robotic systems. Nevertheless, existing commercial hydrophones are primarily designed for broadband and high-frequency performance, increasing complexity and cost while limiting ultra-low-frequency stability. Additionally, rapid-prototyping hydrophone designs depend on available modules and lack standardized design guidelines, limiting further modifications. As a result, this research presents a low-cost, open-source infrasonic hydrophone (LUH) for underwater measurements, compact and portable with approximately 500 grams, with a modular configuration fabricated by acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) using fused deposition modelling (FDM)- based 3D printing for rapid prototyping. Multi-layer sealing structure, noise suppression, and signal transmission are achieved through multiple layers of elastic dip, copper foil, and silicone. From an electrical perspective, the LUH integrates a piezoelectric ceramic disk, high-impedance amplification, band-limited filtering, and a modular ±12 VDC power supply within enclosures. The complete device can be fabricated within 100 hours at a total cost of below 90 USD. The experimental validation demonstrates the stable detection of a 20 Hz sinusoidal signal under laboratory conditions, the 12 Hz accurate measurement using institutional-grade equipment, and the detection of a 1 Hz emission from a biomimetic fish robot at 3 m underwater. From there, these results have confirmed the reliable infrasonic sensing ability of the device in various situations.","author":[{"family":"Le","given":"Nhut"},{"family":"Truong","given":"Cong"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Ngoc"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Huy"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Tan"},{"family":"Duong","given":"Van"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17632/42mksnzmw2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/42mksnzmw2","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/42mksnzmw2.2","type":"article-journal","title":"An Affordable Open-Source Hydrophone for Low-Frequency Underwater Acoustic Measurements","abstract":"Infrasonic underwater acoustic signals (below 20 Hz) are essential for environmental monitoring, marine ecosystem studies, and evaluation of underwater robotic systems. Nevertheless, existing commercial hydrophones are primarily designed for broadband and high-frequency performance, increasing complexity and cost while limiting ultra-low-frequency stability. Additionally, rapid-prototyping hydrophone designs depend on available modules and lack standardized design guidelines, limiting further modifications. As a result, this research presents a low-cost, open-source infrasonic hydrophone (LUH) for underwater measurements, compact and portable, with a modular configuration fabricated using fused deposition modelling (FDM)- based 3D printing for rapid prototyping. Waterproofing, noise suppression, and signal transmission are achieved through multiple layers of elastic dip, copper foil, and silicone. From an electrical perspective, the LUH integrates a piezoelectric sensing element, high-impedance amplification, band-limited filtering, and a modular ±12 VDC power supply within enclosures. The complete device can be fabricated within 100 hours at a total cost of below 70 USD. The experimental validation demonstrates the stable detection of a 20 Hz sinusoidal signal under laboratory conditions, the 12 Hz accurate measurement using institutional-grade equipment, and the detection of a 5 Hz emission from a biomimetic fish robot at 3 m underwater. From there, these results have confirmed the reliable infrasonic sensing ability of the device in various situations.","author":[{"family":"Le","given":"Nhut"},{"family":"Truong","given":"Cong"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Ngoc"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Huy"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Tan"},{"family":"Duong","given":"Van"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17632/42mksnzmw2.2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/42mksnzmw2.2","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.11583/dtu.27694068.v3","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Visual and Visual-Inertial Datasets (UVVID)","abstract":"UVVIDThe Underwater Visual and Visual-Inertial Dataset (UVVID) contains various forms of underwater video imagery of roughly planar environments (walls and seabottom). Datasets are split between visual-only (i.e. just video data), or visual-inertial (i.e. including IMU stabilization files for the cameras). The datasets are provided as-is for testing and development of algorithms using concepts in visual odometry, SLAM, mosaicking and other mapping applications.Datasets also include post-processed forms of external data sources, such as AQUALOC and the Underwater Caves Dataset. These are provided as updated versions of the datasets that include additional transformations and sensor fusion methods to reduce ambiguity in the preprocessing methods supporting the target applications. Video data comes from BlueROV multi-camera, stereo camera and nose camera. Please see the README.md files in each subfolder for descriptions of specific datasets.ReferencesFerrera M, Creuze V, Moras J, Trouvé-Peloux P. AQUALOC: An underwater dataset for visual–inertial–pressure localization. The International Journal of Robotics Research . 2019;38(14):1549-1559. doi:10.1177/0278364919883346Mallios, A.; Vidal, E.; Campos, R. &amp; Carreras, M. Underwater caves sonar data set. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2017 , 36 , 1247-1251 doi: 10.1177/0278364917732838","author":[{"family":"Thompson","given":"Fletcher"},{"family":"Obrien-Møller","given":"David"},{"family":"Mariani","given":"Patrizio"},{"family":"Lundgren","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Alonso Fernández","given":"Javier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.11583/dtu.27694068.v3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.11583/dtu.27694068.v3","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.20827","type":"manuscript","title":"Swim2Real: VLM-Guided System Identification for Sim-to-Real Transfer","abstract":"We present Swim2Real, a pipeline that calibrates a 16-parameter robotic fish simulator from swimming videos using vision-language model (VLM) feedback, requiring no hand-designed search stages. Calibrating soft aquatic robots is particularly challenging because nonlinear fluid-structure coupling makes the parameter landscape chaotic, simplified fluid models introduce a persistent sim-to-real gap, and controlled aquatic experiments are difficult to reproduce. Prior work on this platform required three manually tailored stages to handle this complexity. The VLM compares simulated and real videos and proposes parameter updates. A backtracking line search then validates each step size, tripling the accept rate from 14% to 42% by recovering proposals where the direction is correct but the magnitude is too large. Swim2Real calibrates all 16 parameters simultaneously, most closely matching real fish velocities across all motor frequencies (MAE = 7.4 mm/s, 43% lower than the next-best method), with zero outlier seeds across five runs. Motor commands from the trained policy transfer to the physical fish at 50 Hz, completing the pipeline from swimming video to real-world deployment. Downstream RL policies swim 12% farther than those from BayesOpt-calibrated simulators and 90% farther than CMA-ES. These results demonstrate that VLM-guided calibration can close the sim-to-real gap for aquatic robots directly from video, enabling zero-shot RL transfer to physical swimmers without manual system identification, a step toward automated, general-purpose simulator tuning for underwater robotics.","author":[{"family":"Qiu","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Walker","given":"Kyle"},{"family":"Michelis","given":"Mike"},{"family":"Cygan","given":"Marek"},{"family":"Hughes","given":"Josie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2603.20827","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.20827","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.20054","type":"manuscript","title":"Hydrodynamic Performance Enhancement of Unmanned Underwater Gliders with Soft Robotic Morphing Wings for Agility Improvement","abstract":"This work assesses the hydrodynamic efficiency of Underwater Unmanned Vehicles (UUVs) equipped with soft morphing wings compared to conventional rigid wings. Unlike rigid wings, deformable counterparts can alter their aerodynamic properties on demand. Improvements in hydrodynamic efficiency extend a UUV's operational range and may determine mission feasibility. Structural and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted for both a soft morphing wing and a UUV incorporating it. The results show that a UUV employing soft wings achieves 9.75 percent higher overall efficiency than an equivalent vehicle with traditional rigid wings. These findings confirm the potential of soft robotics to enhance underwater vehicle performance, particularly in applications requiring pressure-agnostic operation.","author":[{"family":"Giordano","given":"A"},{"family":"De Meurichy","given":"G"},{"family":"Telazzi","given":"V"},{"family":"Mucignat","given":"C"},{"family":"Lunati","given":"I"},{"family":"Louchard","given":"DALM"},{"family":"Iovieno","given":"M"},{"family":"Armanini","given":"SF"},{"family":"Kovac","given":"M"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.20054","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.20054","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.06266","type":"manuscript","title":"Towards Robotic Lake Maintenance: Integrating SONAR and Satellite Data to Assist Human Operators","abstract":"Artificial Water Bodies (AWBs) are human-made systems that require continuous monitoring due to their artificial biological processes. These systems demand regular maintenance to manage their ecosystems effectively. As a result of these artificial conditions, underwater vegetation can grow rapidly and must be harvested to preserve the ecological balance. This paper proposes a two-step approach to support targeted weed harvesting for the maintenance of artificial lakes. The first step is the initial detection of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV), also referred to in this paper as areas of interest, is performed using satellite-derived indices, specifically the Aquatic Plants and Algae (APA) index, which highlights submerged vegetation in water bodies. Subsequently, an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) equipped with multibeam SOund NAvigation and Ranging (SONAR) performs high-resolution bathymetric mapping to locate and quantify aquatic vegetation precisely. This two-stage approach offers an effective human-robot collaboration, where satellite data guides the USV missions and boat skippers leverage detailed SONAR maps for targeted harvesting. This setup narrows the search space and reduces manual workload from human operators, making the harvesting process less labour-intensive for operators. Preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating satellite imagery and underwater acoustic sensing to improve vegetation management in artificial lakes.","author":[{"family":"Elsayed","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Manss","given":"Christoph"},{"family":"El-Mihoub","given":"Tarek"},{"family":"Lejman","given":"Andrej"},{"family":"Stahl","given":"Frederic"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2603.06266","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.06266","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.11583/dtu.27694068.v2","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Visual and Visual-Inertial Datasets (UVVID)","abstract":"UVVIDThe Underwater Visual and Visual-Inertial Dataset (UVVID) contains various forms of underwater video imagery of roughly planar environments (walls and seabottom). Datasets are split between visual-only (i.e. just video data), or visual-inertial (i.e. including IMU stabilization files for the cameras). The datasets are provided as-is for testing and development of algorithms using concepts in visual odometry, SLAM, mosaicking and other mapping applications.Datasets also include post-processed forms of external data sources, such as AQUALOC and the Underwater Caves Dataset. These are provided as updated versions of the datasets that include additional transformations and sensor fusion methods to reduce ambiguity in the preprocessing methods supporting the target applications. Please see the README.md files in each subfolder for descriptions of specific datasets.ReferencesFerrera M, Creuze V, Moras J, Trouvé-Peloux P. AQUALOC: An underwater dataset for visual–inertial–pressure localization. The International Journal of Robotics Research . 2019;38(14):1549-1559. doi:10.1177/0278364919883346Mallios, A.; Vidal, E.; Campos, R. &amp; Carreras, M. Underwater caves sonar data set. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2017 , 36 , 1247-1251 doi: 10.1177/0278364917732838","author":[{"family":"Thompson","given":"Fletcher"},{"family":"Obrien-Møller","given":"David"},{"family":"Mariani","given":"Patrizio"},{"family":"Lundgren","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Alonso Fernández","given":"Javier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.11583/dtu.27694068.v2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.11583/dtu.27694068.v2","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.00628","type":"manuscript","title":"Validation of Space Robotics in Underwater Environments via Disturbance Robustness Equivalency","abstract":"We present an experimental validation framework for space robotics that leverages underwater environments to approximate microgravity dynamics. While neutral buoyancy conditions make underwater robotics an excellent platform for space robotics validation, there are still dynamical and environmental differences that need to be overcome. Given a high-level space mission specification, expressed in terms of a Signal Temporal Logic specification, we overcome these differences via the notion of maximal disturbance robustness of the mission. We formulate the motion planning problem such that the original space mission and the validation mission achieve the same disturbance robustness degree. The validation platform then executes its mission plan using a near-identical control strategy to the space mission where the closed-loop controller considers the spacecraft dynamics. Evaluating our validation framework relies on estimating disturbances during execution and comparing them to the disturbance robustness degree, providing practical evidence of operation in the space environment. Our evaluation features a dual-experiment setup: an underwater robot operating under near-neutral buoyancy conditions to validate the planning and control strategy of either an experimental planar spacecraft platform or a CubeSat in a high-fidelity space dynamics simulator.","author":[{"family":"Verhagen","given":"Joris"},{"family":"Krantz","given":"Elias"},{"family":"Sidrane","given":"Chelsea"},{"family":"Dörner","given":"David"},{"family":"De Carli","given":"Nicola"},{"family":"Roque","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Mao","given":"Huina"},{"family":"Tibert","given":"Gunnar"},{"family":"Stenius","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Fuglesang","given":"Christer"},{"family":"Dimarogonas","given":"Dimos"},{"family":"Tumova","given":"Jana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2603.00628","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.00628","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/42mksnzmw2.1","type":"article-journal","title":"An Affordable Open-Source Hydrophone for Low-Frequency Underwater Acoustic Measurements","abstract":"Infrasonic underwater acoustic signals (below 20 Hz) are essential for environmental monitoring, marine ecosystem studies, and evaluation of underwater robotic systems. Nevertheless, existing commercial hydrophones are primarily designed for broadband and high-frequency performance, increasing complexity and cost while limiting ultra-low-frequency stability. Additionally, rapid-prototyping hydrophone designs depend on available modules and lack standardized design guidelines, limiting further modifications. As a result, this research presents a low-cost, open-source infrasonic hydrophone (LUH) for underwater measurements, compact and portable, with a modular configuration fabricated using fused deposition modelling (FDM)- based 3D printing for rapid prototyping. Waterproofing, noise suppression, and signal transmission are achieved through multiple layers of elastic dip, copper foil, and silicone. From an electrical perspective, the LUH integrates a piezoelectric sensing element, high-impedance amplification, band-limited filtering, and a modular ±12 VDC power supply within enclosures. The complete device can be fabricated within 100 hours at a total cost of below 70 USD. The experimental validation demonstrates the stable detection of a 20 Hz sinusoidal signal under laboratory conditions, the 12 Hz accurate measurement using institutional-grade equipment, and the detection of a 5 Hz emission from a biomimetic fish robot at 3 m underwater. From there, these results have confirmed the reliable infrasonic sensing ability of the device in various situations.","author":[{"family":"Le","given":"Nhut"},{"family":"Truong","given":"Cong"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Ngoc"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Huy"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Tan"},{"family":"Duong","given":"Van"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17632/42mksnzmw2.1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/42mksnzmw2.1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.23283","type":"manuscript","title":"Simple Models, Real Swimming: Digital Twins for Tendon-Driven Underwater Robots","abstract":"Mimicking the graceful motion of swimming animals remains a core challenge in soft robotics due to the complexity of fluid-structure interaction and the difficulty of controlling soft, biomimetic bodies. Existing modeling approaches are often computationally expensive and impractical for complex control or reinforcement learning needed for realistic motions to emerge in robotic systems. In this work, we present a tendon-driven fish robot modeled in an efficient underwater swimmer environment using a simplified, stateless hydrodynamics formulation implemented in the widespread robotics framework MuJoCo. With just two real-world swimming trajectories, we identify five fluid parameters that allow a matching to experimental behavior and generalize across a range of actuation frequencies. We show that this stateless fluid model can generalize to unseen actuation and outperform classical analytical models such as the elongated body theory. This simulation environment runs faster than real-time and can easily enable downstream learning algorithms such as reinforcement learning for target tracking, reaching a 93% success rate. Due to the simplicity and ease of use of the model and our open-source simulation environment, our results show that even simple, stateless models -- when carefully matched to physical data -- can serve as effective digital twins for soft underwater robots, opening up new directions for scalable learning and control in aquatic environments.","author":[{"family":"Michelis","given":"Mike"},{"family":"Obayashi","given":"Nana"},{"family":"Hughes","given":"Josie"},{"family":"Katzschmann","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.23283","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.23283","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.21259","type":"manuscript","title":"Cross domain Persistent Monitoring for Hybrid Aerial Underwater Vehicles","abstract":"Hybrid Unmanned Aerial Underwater Vehicles (HUAUVs) have emerged as platforms capable of operating in both aerial and underwater environments, enabling applications such as inspection, mapping, search, and rescue in challenging scenarios. However, the development of novel methodologies poses significant challenges due to the distinct dynamics and constraints of the air and water domains. In this work, we present persistent monitoring tasks for HUAUVs by combining Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) and Transfer Learning to enable cross-domain adaptability. Our approach employs a shared DRL architecture trained on Lidar sensor data (on air) and Sonar data (underwater), demonstrating the feasibility of a unified policy for both environments. We further show that the methodology presents promising results, taking into account the uncertainty of the environment and the dynamics of multiple mobile targets. The proposed framework lays the groundwork for scalable autonomous persistent monitoring solutions based on DRL for hybrid aerial-underwater vehicles.","author":[{"family":"Grando","given":"Ricardo"},{"family":"Kich","given":"Victor"},{"family":"Kolling","given":"Alisson"},{"family":"Jesus","given":"Junior"},{"family":"Guerra","given":"Rodrigo"},{"family":"Drews-Jr","given":"Paulo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.21259","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.21259","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.18006","type":"manuscript","title":"MUOT_3M: A 3 Million Frame Multimodal Underwater Benchmark and the MUTrack Tracking Method","abstract":"Underwater Object Tracking (UOT) is crucial for efficient marine robotics, large scale ecological monitoring, and ocean exploration; however, progress has been hindered by the scarcity of large, multimodal, and diverse datasets. Existing benchmarks remain small and RGB only, limiting robustness under severe color distortion, turbidity, and low visibility conditions. We introduce MUOT_3M, the first pseudo multimodal UOT benchmark comprising 3 million frames from 3,030 videos (27.8h) annotated with 32 tracking attributes, 677 fine grained classes, and synchronized RGB, estimated enhanced RGB, estimated depth, and language modalities validated by a marine biologist. Building upon MUOT_3M, we propose MUTrack, a SAM-based multimodal to unimodal tracker featuring visual geometric alignment, vision language fusion, and four level knowledge distillation that transfers multimodal knowledge into a unimodal student model. Extensive evaluations across five UOT benchmarks demonstrate that MUTrack achieves up to 8.40% higher AUC and 7.80% higher precision than the strongest SOTA baselines while running at 24 FPS. MUOT_3M and MUTrack establish a new foundation for scalable, multimodally trained yet practically deployable underwater tracking.","author":[{"family":"Bakht","given":"Ahsan"},{"family":"Alansari","given":"Mohamad"},{"family":"Din","given":"Muhayy"},{"family":"Naseer","given":"Muzammal"},{"family":"Javed","given":"Sajid"},{"family":"Hussain","given":"Irfan"},{"family":"Matas","given":"Jiri"},{"family":"Mahmood","given":"Arif"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.18006","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.18006","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.04438","type":"manuscript","title":"Gust Estimation and Rejection with a Disturbance Observer for Proprioceptive Underwater Soft Morphing Wings","abstract":"Unmanned underwater vehicles are increasingly employed for maintenance and surveying tasks at sea, but their operation in shallow waters is often hindered by hydrodynamic disturbances such as waves, currents, and turbulence. These unsteady flows can induce rapid changes in direction and speed, compromising vehicle stability and manoeuvrability. Marine organisms contend with such conditions by combining proprioceptive feedback with flexible fins and tails to reject disturbances. Inspired by this strategy, we propose soft morphing wings endowed with proprioceptive sensing to mitigate environmental perturbations. The wing's continuous deformation provides a natural means to infer dynamic disturbances: sudden changes in camber directly reflect variations in the oncoming flow. By interpreting this proprioceptive signal, a disturbance observer can reconstruct flow parameters in real time. To enable this, we develop and experimentally validate a dynamic model of a hydraulically actuated soft wing with controllable camber. We then show that curvature-based sensing allows accurate estimation of disturbances in the angle of attack. Finally, we demonstrate that a controller leveraging these proprioceptive estimates can reject disturbances in the lift response of the soft wing. By combining proprioceptive sensing with a disturbance observer, this technique mirrors biological strategies and provides a pathway for soft underwater vehicles to maintain stability in hazardous environments.","author":[{"family":"Cook","given":"Tobias"},{"family":"Micklem","given":"Leo"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Huazhi"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yunjie"},{"family":"Mistry","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Giorgio-Serchi","given":"Francesco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.04438","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.04438","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2503.08817","type":"manuscript","title":"Geometric Data-Driven Multi-Jet Locomotion Inspired by Salps","abstract":"Salps are marine animals consisting of chains of jellyfish-like units. Their efficient underwater locomotion by coordinating multi-jet propulsion has aroused great interest in robotics. This paper presents a geometric mechanics framework for salp-inspired robots. We study a new type of geometric mechanics models inspired by salps, in which control inputs are not restricted to the shape axes, analyze nonlinear controllability, and develop motion planning and feedback control methods. We introduce the \"LandSalp\" robot, which serves as a physical realization of the reduced-order, drag-dominated model of salp swimming, enabling controlled evaluation of locomotion strategies without many confounding factors of underwater experiments. We extend least-squares- and inverse-dynamics-based system identification to learn the Riemannian metric of the drag-dominated model from experimental data using Lie group differentiation. With about three minutes of data, we identify an accurate model of LandSalp. Simulation and hardware experiments demonstrate omnidirectional locomotion, shape regulation, and bending maneuvers, providing a principled pathway toward more capable salp-inspired robots.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Yanhao"},{"family":"Hecht","given":"Nina"},{"family":"Salaman-Maclara","given":"Yousef"},{"family":"Justus","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Thomas","given":"Zachary"},{"family":"Rozaidi","given":"Farhan"},{"family":"Hatton","given":"Ross"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2503.08817","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2503.08817","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.15597","type":"manuscript","title":"An Open Toolkit for Underwater Field Robotics","abstract":"Underwater robotics is becoming increasingly important for marine science, environmental monitoring, and subsea industrial operations, yet the development of underwater manipulation and actuation systems remains restricted by high costs, proprietary designs, and limited access to modular, research-oriented hardware. While open-source initiatives have democratized vehicle construction and control software, a substantial gap persists for joint-actuated systems-particularly those requiring waterproof, feedback-enabled actuation suitable for manipulators, grippers, and bioinspired devices. As a result, many research groups face lengthy development cycles, limited reproducibility, and difficulty transitioning laboratory prototypes to field-ready platforms. To address this gap, we introduce an open, cost-effective hardware and software toolkit for underwater manipulation research. The toolkit includes a depth-rated Underwater Robotic Joint (URJ) with early leakage detection, compact control and power management electronics, and a ROS2-based software stack for sensing and multi-mode actuation. All CAD models, fabrication files, PCB sources, firmware, and ROS2 packages are openly released, enabling local manufacturing, modification, and community-driven improvement. The toolkit has undergone extensive laboratory testing and multiple field deployments, demonstrating reliable operation up to 40 m depth across diverse applications, including a 3-DoF underwater manipulator, a tendon-driven soft gripper, and an underactuated sediment sampler. These results validate the robustness, versatility, and reusability of the toolkit for real marine environments. By providing a fully open, field-tested platform, this work aims to lower the barrier to entry for underwater manipulation research, improve reproducibility, and accelerate innovation in underwater field robotics.","author":[{"family":"Picardi","given":"Giacomo"},{"family":"Iacoponi","given":"Saverio"},{"family":"Carandell","given":"Matias"},{"family":"Aguirregomezcorta","given":"Jorge"},{"family":"Chellapurath","given":"Mrudul"},{"family":"Del Rio","given":"Joaquin"},{"family":"Calisti","given":"Marcello"},{"family":"Aguzzi","given":"Iacopo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2512.15597","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.15597","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.20964","type":"manuscript","title":"BactoBot: A Low-Cost, Bacteria-Inspired Soft Underwater Robot for Marine Exploration","abstract":"Traditional rigid underwater vehicles pose risks to delicate marine ecosystems due to high-speed propellers and rigid hulls. This paper presents BactoBot, a low-cost, soft underwater robot designed for safe and gentle marine exploration. Inspired by the efficient flagellar propulsion of bacteria, BactoBot features 12 flexible, silicone-based arms arranged on a dodecahedral frame. Unlike high-cost research platforms, this prototype was fabricated using accessible DIY methods, including food-grade silicone molding, FDM 3D printing, and off-the-shelf DC motors. A novel multi-stage waterproofing protocol was developed to seal rotating shafts using a grease-filled chamber system, ensuring reliability at low cost. The robot was successfully tested in a controlled aquatic environment, demonstrating stable forward propulsion and turning maneuvers. With a total fabrication cost of approximately $355 USD, this project validates the feasibility of democratizing soft robotics for marine science in resource-constrained settings.","author":[{"family":"Chowdhury","given":"Rubaiyat"},{"family":"Bala","given":"Nayan"},{"family":"Roy","given":"Ronojoy"},{"family":"Mahmud","given":"Tarek"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2509.20964","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.20964","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17629600","type":"article-journal","title":"Out of the Lab: Challenges and Opportunities in Field\nRobotics","abstract":"Field robotics focuses on automating complex tasks through robotic platforms operating in outdoor, dynamic, unstructured, and often harsh environments. This includes diverse settings such as agriculture, search-and-rescue missions, construction sites, forests, underwater exploration, and mining operations. These scenarios are characterized by variability, uncertainty, and limited infrastructure, requiring robots to adapt in real time to unforeseen changes. In recent years, field robotics has seen substantial advancements, driven by progress in robotic hardware, advanced control and perception methodologies, artificial intelligence, sensor and computational technologies, which have enhanced the capabilities of robotic systems, enabling more effective perception, planning, and decision-making in complex environments. Despite these advancements, field robotics remains a highly challenging domain. Among the key open problems that this workshop aims to discuss there are: i) the design of robust and adaptive control, planning and algorithms capable of responding to real-time changes and uncertainties; ii) the development of advanced perception systems that can use noisy, multimodal sensor data under adverse conditions such as occlusion, poor lighting, or GPS-denied settings; iii) the development of durable and reliable robots that can operate autonomously and continuously in harsh and variable conditions, considering limited energy resources; iv) the effective identification and handling of possible faults and the interaction with humans to support supervision, intervention, and improved mission outcomes. In summary, this workshop aims to explore the current state-of-the-art on the above challenges in field robotics, with a focus on control, perception, planning, and decision-making, as well as on the design and deployment of robotic platforms and sensors suited for real-world, unstructured applications. The goal is to identify what is the current status of the research and what are the principal limitations that still hinder practical deployment, and foster discussion on promising directions for future research.","author":[{"family":"Lippi","given":"Martina"},{"family":"Guastella","given":"Dario"},{"family":"Scalera","given":"Lorenzo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17629600","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17629600","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17629599","type":"article-journal","title":"Out of the Lab: Challenges and Opportunities in Field\nRobotics","abstract":"Field robotics focuses on automating complex tasks through robotic platforms operating in outdoor, dynamic, unstructured, and often harsh environments. This includes diverse settings such as agriculture, search-and-rescue missions, construction sites, forests, underwater exploration, and mining operations. These scenarios are characterized by variability, uncertainty, and limited infrastructure, requiring robots to adapt in real time to unforeseen changes. In recent years, field robotics has seen substantial advancements, driven by progress in robotic hardware, advanced control and perception methodologies, artificial intelligence, sensor and computational technologies, which have enhanced the capabilities of robotic systems, enabling more effective perception, planning, and decision-making in complex environments. Despite these advancements, field robotics remains a highly challenging domain. Among the key open problems that this workshop aims to discuss there are: i) the design of robust and adaptive control, planning and algorithms capable of responding to real-time changes and uncertainties; ii) the development of advanced perception systems that can use noisy, multimodal sensor data under adverse conditions such as occlusion, poor lighting, or GPS-denied settings; iii) the development of durable and reliable robots that can operate autonomously and continuously in harsh and variable conditions, considering limited energy resources; iv) the effective identification and handling of possible faults and the interaction with humans to support supervision, intervention, and improved mission outcomes. In summary, this workshop aims to explore the current state-of-the-art on the above challenges in field robotics, with a focus on control, perception, planning, and decision-making, as well as on the design and deployment of robotic platforms and sensors suited for real-world, unstructured applications. The goal is to identify what is the current status of the research and what are the principal limitations that still hinder practical deployment, and foster discussion on promising directions for future research.","author":[{"family":"Lippi","given":"Martina"},{"family":"Guastella","given":"Dario"},{"family":"Scalera","given":"Lorenzo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17629599","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17629599","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17629597","type":"article-journal","title":"Marine Robotics Workshop","abstract":"Many of our country's vital interests, such as food and energy resources, strategic infrastructures, the protection of biodiversity, scientific research and technological development, are developed be-neath the surface of the sea, where an important part of the history of our civilisation is also kept. The underwater world, whose abysses are still largely unexplored and unknown, represents the new scene of contention, on a geopolitical, economic and strategic level. In this context, marine robotics is a cutting-edge technology that is indispensable for present and future challenges. The National Pole of the Underwater Dimension (PNS) was created as a response of the Country System to promote, facilitate and coordinate the cooperation of the different national excellences in the sector, in a synergic way. The Workshop aims to provide an up-to-date overview of current pro-jects and future stages of the PNS roadmap.","author":[{"family":"Ridolfi","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Simetti","given":"Enrico"},{"family":"Costanzi","given":"Riccardo"},{"family":"Antonelli","given":"Gianluca"},{"family":"Indiveri","given":"Giovanni"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17629597","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17629597","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17629598","type":"article-journal","title":"Marine Robotics Workshop","abstract":"Many of our country's vital interests, such as food and energy resources, strategic infrastructures, the protection of biodiversity, scientific research and technological development, are developed be-neath the surface of the sea, where an important part of the history of our civilisation is also kept. The underwater world, whose abysses are still largely unexplored and unknown, represents the new scene of contention, on a geopolitical, economic and strategic level. In this context, marine robotics is a cutting-edge technology that is indispensable for present and future challenges. The National Pole of the Underwater Dimension (PNS) was created as a response of the Country System to promote, facilitate and coordinate the cooperation of the different national excellences in the sector, in a synergic way. The Workshop aims to provide an up-to-date overview of current pro-jects and future stages of the PNS roadmap.","author":[{"family":"Ridolfi","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Simetti","given":"Enrico"},{"family":"Costanzi","given":"Riccardo"},{"family":"Antonelli","given":"Gianluca"},{"family":"Indiveri","given":"Giovanni"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17629598","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17629598","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.10686","type":"manuscript","title":"A Bioinspired Aquatic Machine Mimicking Water Caltrop","abstract":"Plants are increasingly becoming a source of inspiration for robotics and engineers to develop bioinspired, adaptive, and multifunctional machines. In this study, we propose a bioinspired aquatic machine that mimics the fruit of the water caltrop (Trapa natans L.). Among various plant species, T. natans produces unique woody fruits that can disperse passively via water currents or by clinging to boats or waterfowls. Inspired by the structures and dispersal mechanisms of T. natans, we designed miniaturized biomimetic machines capable of passive dispersion in aquatic ecosystems. In order to study our selected biological model, we collected natural fresh and dried mature samples of T. natans fruits. We designed biomimetic aquatic machines by extracting the main geometrical details from the natural samples, and by exploiting advanced three-dimensional reconstruction techniques, including x-ray micro-computed topography (Micro-CT). Then, we successfully fabricate the biomimetic machines at high-resolution in two configurations (hollow body and solid body) using light-based bioprinting of photo-responsive hydrogels. We also characterized the mechanical properties of the bioprinted materials through compression tests. Finally, we evaluated the floating behavior of the biomimetic machines in a flow chamber as a proof of concept. This biomimetic approach enhances the adaptability of the machine in aquatic environments, offering new design insights for underwater, soft, and microrobotics.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Yuanquan"},{"family":"Speck","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Fiorello","given":"Isabella"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.10686","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.10686","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.07133","type":"manuscript","title":"Cross-platform Learning-based Fault Tolerant Surfacing Controller for Underwater Robots","abstract":"In this paper, we propose a novel cross-platform fault-tolerant surfacing controller for underwater robots, based on reinforcement learning (RL). Unlike conventional approaches, which require explicit identification of malfunctioning actuators, our method allows the robot to surface using only the remaining operational actuators without needing to pinpoint the failures. The proposed controller learns a robust policy capable of handling diverse failure scenarios across different actuator configurations. Moreover, we introduce a transfer learning mechanism that shares a part of the control policy across various underwater robots with different actuators, thus improving learning efficiency and generalization across platforms. To validate our approach, we conduct simulations on three different types of underwater robots: a hovering-type AUV, a torpedo shaped AUV, and a turtle-shaped robot (U-CAT). Additionally, real-world experiments are performed, successfully transferring the learned policy from simulation to a physical U-CAT in a controlled environment. Our RL-based controller demonstrates superior performance in terms of stability and success rate compared to a baseline controller, achieving an 85.7 percent success rate in real-world tests compared to 57.1 percent with a baseline controller. This research provides a scalable and efficient solution for fault-tolerant control for diverse underwater platforms, with potential applications in real-world aquatic missions.","author":[{"family":"Hamamatsu","given":"Yuya"},{"family":"Remmas","given":"Walid"},{"family":"Rebane","given":"Jaan"},{"family":"Kruusmaa","given":"Maarja"},{"family":"Ristolainen","given":"Asko"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2502.07133","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.07133","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.04585","type":"manuscript","title":"Everything-Grasping (EG) Gripper: A Universal Gripper with Synergistic Suction-Grasping Capabilities for Cross-Scale and Cross-State Manipulation","abstract":"Grasping objects across vastly different sizes and physical states-including both solids and liquids-with a single robotic gripper remains a fundamental challenge in soft robotics. We present the Everything-Grasping (EG) Gripper, a soft end-effector that synergistically integrates distributed surface suction with internal granular jamming, enabling cross-scale and cross-state manipulation without requiring airtight sealing at the contact interface with target objects. The EG Gripper can handle objects with surface areas ranging from sub-millimeter scale 0.2 mm2 (glass bead) to over 62,000 mm2 (A4 sized paper and woven bag), enabling manipulation of objects nearly 3,500X smaller and 88X larger than its own contact area (approximated at 707 mm2 for a 30 mm-diameter base). We further introduce a tactile sensing framework that combines liquid detection and pressure-based suction feedback, enabling real-time differentiation between solid and liquid targets. Guided by the actile-Inferred Grasping Mode Selection (TIGMS) algorithm, the gripper autonomously selects grasping modes based on distributed pressure and voltage signals. Experiments across diverse tasks-including underwater grasping, fragile object handling, and liquid capture-demonstrate robust and repeatable performance. To our knowledge, this is the first soft gripper to reliably grasp both solid and liquid objects across scales using a unified compliant architecture.","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Jianshu"},{"family":"Shu","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Pan","given":"Tianle"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Puchen"},{"family":"An","given":"Jiajun"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Huayu"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Junda"},{"family":"Kaur","given":"Upinder"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Tomizuka","given":"Masayoshi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.04585","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.04585","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26050/wdcc/eerie_icon_s245_v1","type":"article-journal","title":"EERIE: Ocean Eddy-rich Kilometer-scale Climate Simulation with ICON: SSP2-4.5 Scenario Simulation (Version 1)","abstract":"Project: European Eddy RIch Earth System Models - This project, running from January 2023 to December 2026, will reveal and quantify the role of ocean mesoscale processes in shaping the climate trajectory over seasonal to centennial time scales. To this end EERIE will develop a new generation of Earth System Models (ESMs) that are capable of explicitly representing a crucially important, yet unexplored regime of the Earth system – the ocean mesoscale. Leveraging the latest advances in science and technology, EERIE will substantially improve the ability of such ESMs to faithfully represent the centennial-scale evolution of the global climate, especially its variability, extremes and how tipping points may unfold under the influence of the ocean mesoscale. Model improvements include new dynamical cores, new components (particularly for sea ice), scale-aware parametrisations and the complementary use of Machine Learning (ML). The technological challenge associated with this ambition is very high. EERIE’s goal is to achieve a simulation speed of up to 5 simulated years per day and to make efficient use (reduction in power consumption by 50%) of the pre-exascale supercomputers now available in Europe. The technological solutions that are to be leveraged in EERIE are the use of reduced numerical precision, Graphic Processing Units (GPUs), ML and reduced Input/Output (I/O). Alongside model improvements, EERIE will develop innovative experimental simulation protocols that are suitable for the mesoscale, to be pioneered on behalf of the global climate modelling community, in preparation for the next Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) cycle. (Ref: https://eerie-project.eu/about/) Summary: The EU project European Eddy RIch Earth System Models (EERIE) is developing a new generation of Earth System Models (ESMs) that explicitly resolve ocean mesoscale dynamics, an essential but still poorly explored part of the climate system. By using recent advances in computing and model design, EERIE aims to improve long-term climate simulations, including variability, extremes, and potential tipping points influenced by mesoscale ocean processes. ICON in Sapphire configuration is one of these new models. Developed at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, ICON couples the atmosphere, land, ocean, and sea ice at kilometer-scale resolution. It resolves deep atmospheric convection and captures mesoscale to sub-mesoscale ocean eddies, with the option to refine the global ocean grid locally as a “computational telescope.” The atmospheric component uses a nonhydrostatic icosahedral C grid with a hybrid sigma-z vertical coordinate and parameterizes only unresolved processes (radiation, microphysics, turbulence). The ocean component shares the same grid and solves the hydrostatic Boussinesq equations, using only a subset of parameterizations such as vertical mixing and velocity dissipation. Sea ice is included via FESIM dynamics and a simplified thermodynamic scheme. Ocean biogeochemistry is represented by HAMOCC6, simulating more than 20 tracers. The land component, JSBACH 4, provides surface fluxes and simplified hydrology with prescribed vegetation. All components are coupled through the YAC coupler (v2.4.2). The main simulations were preceded by a 40-year spin-up period using 1950 CMIP6 forcing. From the spin-up’s final state, two parallel simulations were started: a 100-year control run and a historical run. The control run is used to identify and quantify model drift, ensuring that any long-term changes in the historical simulation could be attributed to variations in radiative forcing rather than internal drift. After completing the historical simulation, the experiment was extended along the SSP2-4.5 pathway to 2050, using CMIP6 scenario forcings. This extension enables estimates of near-future climate change from a long-term, kilometer-scale simulation.","author":[{"family":"Kröger","given":"Jürgen"},{"family":"Wickramage","given":"Chathurika"},{"family":"Wachsmann","given":"Fabian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.26050/wdcc/eerie_icon_s245_v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26050/wdcc/eerie_icon_s245_v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26050/wdcc/eerie_icon_hist_v1","type":"article-journal","title":"EERIE: Ocean Eddy-rich Kilometer-scale Climate Simulation with ICON: Historical Simulation (Version 1)","abstract":"Project: European Eddy RIch Earth System Models - This project, running from January 2023 to December 2026, will reveal and quantify the role of ocean mesoscale processes in shaping the climate trajectory over seasonal to centennial time scales. To this end EERIE will develop a new generation of Earth System Models (ESMs) that are capable of explicitly representing a crucially important, yet unexplored regime of the Earth system – the ocean mesoscale. Leveraging the latest advances in science and technology, EERIE will substantially improve the ability of such ESMs to faithfully represent the centennial-scale evolution of the global climate, especially its variability, extremes and how tipping points may unfold under the influence of the ocean mesoscale. Model improvements include new dynamical cores, new components (particularly for sea ice), scale-aware parametrisations and the complementary use of Machine Learning (ML). The technological challenge associated with this ambition is very high. EERIE’s goal is to achieve a simulation speed of up to 5 simulated years per day and to make efficient use (reduction in power consumption by 50%) of the pre-exascale supercomputers now available in Europe. The technological solutions that are to be leveraged in EERIE are the use of reduced numerical precision, Graphic Processing Units (GPUs), ML and reduced Input/Output (I/O). Alongside model improvements, EERIE will develop innovative experimental simulation protocols that are suitable for the mesoscale, to be pioneered on behalf of the global climate modelling community, in preparation for the next Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) cycle. (Ref: https://eerie-project.eu/about/) Summary: The EU project European Eddy RIch Earth System Models (EERIE) is developing a new generation of Earth System Models (ESMs) that explicitly resolve ocean mesoscale dynamics, an essential but still poorly explored part of the climate system. By using recent advances in computing and model design, EERIE aims to improve long-term climate simulations, including variability, extremes, and potential tipping points influenced by mesoscale ocean processes. ICON in Sapphire configuration is one of these new models. Developed at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, ICON couples the atmosphere, land, ocean, and sea ice at kilometer-scale resolution. It resolves deep atmospheric convection and captures mesoscale to sub-mesoscale ocean eddies, with the option to refine the global ocean grid locally as a “computational telescope.” The atmospheric component uses a nonhydrostatic icosahedral C grid with a hybrid sigma-z vertical coordinate and parameterizes only unresolved processes (radiation, microphysics, turbulence). The ocean component shares the same grid and solves the hydrostatic Boussinesq equations, using only a subset of parameterizations such as vertical mixing and velocity dissipation. Sea ice is included via FESIM dynamics and a simplified thermodynamic scheme. Ocean biogeochemistry is represented by HAMOCC6, simulating more than 20 tracers. The land component, JSBACH 4, provides surface fluxes and simplified hydrology with prescribed vegetation. All components are coupled through the YAC coupler (v2.4.2). The main simulations were preceded by a 40-year spin-up period using 1950 CMIP6 forcing. From the spin-up’s final state, two parallel simulations were started: a 100-year control run and a historical run. The control run is used to identify and quantify model drift, ensuring that any long-term changes in the historical simulation could be attributed to variations in radiative forcing rather than internal drift. The historical simulation employed CMIP6 historical forcing spanning from 1950 to 2014, running for a total of 65 years. Only volcanic aerosol forcing was taken from CMIP5.","author":[{"family":"Kröger","given":"Jürgen"},{"family":"Wickramage","given":"Chathurika"},{"family":"Wachsmann","given":"Fabian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.26050/wdcc/eerie_icon_hist_v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26050/wdcc/eerie_icon_hist_v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26050/wdcc/eerie_icon_ctrl_v1","type":"article-journal","title":"EERIE: Ocean Eddy-rich Kilometer-scale Climate Simulation with ICON: Control Simulation (Version 1)","abstract":"Project: European Eddy RIch Earth System Models - This project, running from January 2023 to December 2026, will reveal and quantify the role of ocean mesoscale processes in shaping the climate trajectory over seasonal to centennial time scales. To this end EERIE will develop a new generation of Earth System Models (ESMs) that are capable of explicitly representing a crucially important, yet unexplored regime of the Earth system – the ocean mesoscale. Leveraging the latest advances in science and technology, EERIE will substantially improve the ability of such ESMs to faithfully represent the centennial-scale evolution of the global climate, especially its variability, extremes and how tipping points may unfold under the influence of the ocean mesoscale. Model improvements include new dynamical cores, new components (particularly for sea ice), scale-aware parametrisations and the complementary use of Machine Learning (ML). The technological challenge associated with this ambition is very high. EERIE’s goal is to achieve a simulation speed of up to 5 simulated years per day and to make efficient use (reduction in power consumption by 50%) of the pre-exascale supercomputers now available in Europe. The technological solutions that are to be leveraged in EERIE are the use of reduced numerical precision, Graphic Processing Units (GPUs), ML and reduced Input/Output (I/O). Alongside model improvements, EERIE will develop innovative experimental simulation protocols that are suitable for the mesoscale, to be pioneered on behalf of the global climate modelling community, in preparation for the next Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) cycle. (Ref: https://eerie-project.eu/about/) Summary: The EU project European Eddy RIch Earth System Models (EERIE) is developing a new generation of Earth System Models (ESMs) that explicitly resolve ocean mesoscale dynamics, an essential but still poorly explored part of the climate system. By using recent advances in computing and model design, EERIE aims to improve long-term climate simulations, including variability, extremes, and potential tipping points influenced by mesoscale ocean processes. ICON in Sapphire configuration is one of these new models. Developed at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, ICON couples the atmosphere, land, ocean, and sea ice at kilometer-scale resolution. It resolves deep atmospheric convection and captures mesoscale to sub-mesoscale ocean eddies, with the option to refine the global ocean grid locally as a “computational telescope.” The atmospheric component uses a nonhydrostatic icosahedral C grid with a hybrid sigma-z vertical coordinate and parameterizes only unresolved processes (radiation, microphysics, turbulence). The ocean component shares the same grid and solves the hydrostatic Boussinesq equations, using only a subset of parameterizations such as vertical mixing and velocity dissipation. Sea ice is included via FESIM dynamics and a simplified thermodynamic scheme. Ocean biogeochemistry is represented by HAMOCC6, simulating more than 20 tracers. The land component, JSBACH 4, provides surface fluxes and simplified hydrology with prescribed vegetation. All components are coupled through the YAC coupler (v2.4.2). The main simulations were preceded by a 40-year spin-up period using 1950 CMIP6 forcing. From the spin-up’s final state, two parallel simulations were started: a 100-year control run and a historical run. The control run is used to identify and quantify model drift, ensuring that any long-term changes in the historical simulation could be attributed to variations in radiative forcing rather than internal drift.","author":[{"family":"Kröger","given":"Jürgen"},{"family":"Wickramage","given":"Chathurika"},{"family":"Wachsmann","given":"Fabian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.26050/wdcc/eerie_icon_ctrl_v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26050/wdcc/eerie_icon_ctrl_v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4406303407","type":"article-journal","title":"Robotic Microcapsule Assemblies with Adaptive Mobility for Targeted Treatment of Rugged Biological Microenvironments","abstract":"High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Microrobots are poised to transform biomedicine by enabling precise, noninvasive procedures. However, current magnetic microrobots, composed of solid monolithic particles, present fundamental challenges in engineering intersubunit interactions, limiting their collective effectiveness in navigating irregular biological terrains and confined spaces. To address this, we design hierarchically assembled microrobots with multiaxis mobility and collective adaptability by engineering the potential magnetic interaction energy between subunits to create stable, self-reconfigurable structures capable of carrying and protecting cargo internally. Using double emulsion templates and magnetic control techniques, we confine 10 nm iron oxide and 15 nm silica nanoparticles within the shell of 100 μm microcapsules that form multiunit robotic collectives. Unexpectedly, we find that asymmetric localization of iron oxide nanoparticles in the microcapsules enhances the intercapsule potential energy, creating stable connections under rotating magnetic fields without altering the magnetic susceptibility. These robotic microcapsule collectives exhibit emergent behaviors, self-reconfiguring into kinematic chain-like structures to traverse complex obstacles, arched confinements, and adhesive, rugged biological tissues that typically impede microscale systems. By harnessing these functions, we demonstrate targeted antifungal delivery using a localized biofilm model on mucosal tissues, showing effective killing of Candida without binding or causing physical damage to host cells. Our findings show how hierarchical assembly can produce cargo-carrying microrobots with collective, self-adaptive mobility for traversing complex biological environments, advancing targeted delivery for biomedical applications.","author":[{"family":"Tran","given":"Hong"},{"family":"Xiang","given":"Zhenting"},{"family":"Oh","given":"Min"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yuan"},{"family":"Ren","given":"Zhi"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Chider"},{"family":"Jaruchotiratanasakul","given":"Nadasinee"},{"family":"Kikkawa","given":"James"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Daeyeon"},{"family":"Koo","given":"Hyun"},{"family":"Steager","given":"Edward"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acsnano.4c11686","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c11686","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409597648","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater communication technologies: a review","abstract":"Abstract This review examines current underwater communication technologies, highlighting the challenges and innovations in applications spanning scientific research, exploration, environmental monitoring, and security. Emphasis is placed on the evolution and interplay of acoustic, optical, quantum, and hybrid communication methods, as well as their respective limitations and potential solutions in the complex underwater environment. The review explores advancements in Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), with particular focus on the swarm configuration, which enables dynamic, interconnected networks for real-time data exchange and adaptive responses to environmental changes. Key areas of innovation include the use of new materials, advanced sensor networks, and machine learning algorithms to enhance communication efficiency, security, and resilience under varying underwater conditions. The integration of swarm AUVs and Internet of Things (IoT) concepts is proposed to further expand underwater operational capabilities, making underwater communication systems more reliable, secure, and versatile.","author":[{"family":"Theocharidis","given":"Theocharis"},{"family":"Kavallieratou","given":"Ergina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s11235-025-01279-x","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-025-01279-x","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4406618502","type":"article-journal","title":"A Compact Review of Current Technologies for Carbon Capture as Well as Storing and Utilizing the Captured CO2","abstract":"With the consequences of climate change becoming more urgent, there has never been a more pressing need for technologies that can help to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of the most polluting sectors, such as power generation, steel, cement, and the chemical industry. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art technologies for carbon capture, for instance, post-combustion, pre-combustion, oxy-fuel combustion, chemical looping, and direct air capture. Moreover, already established carbon capture technologies, such as absorption, adsorption, and membrane-based separation, and emerging technologies like calcium looping or cryogenic separation are presented. Beyond carbon capture technologies, this review also discusses how captured CO2 can be securely stored (CCS) physically in deep saline aquifers or depleted gas and oil reservoirs, stored chemically via mineralization, or used in enhanced oil recovery. The concept of utilizing the captured CO2 (CCU) for producing value-added products, including formic acid, methanol, urea, or methane, towards a circular carbon economy will also be shortly discussed. Real-life applications, e.g., already pilot-scale continuous methane (CH4) production from flue gas CO2, are shown. Actual deployment of the most crucial technologies for the future will be explored in real-life applications. This review aims to provide a compact view of the most crucial technologies that should be considered when choosing to capture, store, or convert CO2, informing future researchers with efforts aimed at mitigating CO2 emissions and tackling the climate crisis.","author":[{"family":"Thiedemann","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Wark","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/pr13010283","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13010283","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19745884","type":"article-journal","title":"Abyssal Claims: A FAIR-aligned integration platform for deep-sea and terrestrial mining transparency","abstract":"Abyssal Claims is an independently developed, non-commercial web platform (https://something-rare.com) that integrates more than fifty publicly funded and open-licensed geospatial datasets onto a single interactive three-dimensional globe. It is designed to make the environmental and governance context of deep-sea mineral extraction and terrestrial industrial mining legible to researchers, journalists, policy analysts and the general public. Version 1.6 (29 July 2026) — first platform-authored modeled products, and a data-integrity pass. Four further sea-domain layers are added, taking the total to 42 sea layers and 15 land layers. Three of them are platform-derived modeled products rather than ingested third-party datasets, and each is framed as modeled — not observed — in the legend, the click panel and the exported provenance. (a) VME Coral Suitability (vme-suitability) — a MaxEnt species-distribution model fitted by the platform over NOAA DSCRTP presences of two reef-forming scleractinians, Desmophyllum pertusum and Solenosmilia variabilis, with target-group background sampling, spatial thinning and spatial-block cross-validation. Published model reef_scleractinia_v1 (trained 16 July 2026): n = 166 thinned occurrences, AUC 0.866, Boyce index 0.528, 3,837 predicted equal-area hex cells each carrying a per-cell uncertainty and an extrapolation flag. Predictors, in order of permutation importance: temperature (0.300), depth (0.073), substrate (0.073), oxygen (0.048), aragonite saturation (0.030), salinity (0.024) — drawn from GEBCO 2024 bathymetry and slope, seabed substrate (Dutkiewicz 2015, CC-BY-NC), WOA23, ISAS20 and GLODAPv2.2016b with aragonite saturation via PyCO2SYS. Coverage is predictor-limited rather than global: a cell is dropped where any seafloor predictor is unavailable, which is why 14,667 source occurrences reduce to 166 usable ones and the surface covers 3,837 of the 33,391 grid cells. The output is relative habitat suitability, not probability of presence. (b) Ocean Acidification (ocean-acidification) — aragonite and calcite saturation state (ΩA, ΩC) read verbatim from GLODAPv2.2016b's own published OmegaA / OmegaC fields, never recomputed, plus one explicitly platform-derived quantity: the aragonite saturation-horizon depth, and a preindustrial→present horizon shift reconstructed with PyCO2SYS (opt_k_carbonic = 10, Lueker 2000 — the constant set GLODAP itself used) from GLODAP's TCO2 and PI_TCO2. Both epochs pass through one identical solver configuration so that any solver bias cancels to first order in the difference; the published Ω field is never differenced against a reconstruction. QC: reconstructed present-day ΩA against GLODAP's published ΩA over 3,000 random valid cells gives a median difference of +0.00167, IQR [−0.0087, +0.0088]. (c) Coral Acidification Exposure (coral-acid-exposure) — a co-location analysis crossing the VME suitability surface with the reconstructed horizon shift and GEBCO seafloor depth, classifying every cell as newly corrosive, corrosive at preindustrial, supersaturated, or no data, and reporting a suitability-weighted exposure fraction beside a 0.3 / 0.5 / 0.7 threshold-sensitivity table. Across the 3,837 modeled cells (103 newly corrosive, 3,352 corrosive already at preindustrial, 382 supersaturated, 0 without data), two distinct suitability-weighted fractions are reported: the present-day corrosive fraction (habitat below today's horizon, including cells already below it before industrialisation) is 0.800, and the newly corrosive fraction (only cells that crossed between the epochs) is 0.059 — only the second is attributable to the epoch change; at suitability cut-offs of 0.3 / 0.5 / 0.7 the corresponding exposed fractions are 80.6% / 76.3% / 71.6% over 469 / 304 / 201 cells, with newly-corrosive fractions of 6.6% / 5.9% / 6.0%. The reference epoch is the GLODAPv2.2016b mapped reference year, approximately 2002. This is a double-modeled quantity and is presented as such: ","author":[{"family":"Mazurowski","given":"Michal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19745884","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19745884","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21684359","type":"article-journal","title":"Abyssal Claims: A FAIR-aligned integration platform for deep-sea and terrestrial mining transparency","abstract":"Abyssal Claims is an independently developed, non-commercial web platform (https://something-rare.com) that integrates more than fifty publicly funded and open-licensed geospatial datasets onto a single interactive three-dimensional globe. It is designed to make the environmental and governance context of deep-sea mineral extraction and terrestrial industrial mining legible to researchers, journalists, policy analysts and the general public. Version 1.6 (29 July 2026) — first platform-authored modeled products, and a data-integrity pass. Four further sea-domain layers are added, taking the total to 42 sea layers and 15 land layers. Three of them are platform-derived modeled products rather than ingested third-party datasets, and each is framed as modeled — not observed — in the legend, the click panel and the exported provenance. (a) VME Coral Suitability (vme-suitability) — a MaxEnt species-distribution model fitted by the platform over NOAA DSCRTP presences of two reef-forming scleractinians, Desmophyllum pertusum and Solenosmilia variabilis, with target-group background sampling, spatial thinning and spatial-block cross-validation. Published model reef_scleractinia_v1 (trained 16 July 2026): n = 166 thinned occurrences, AUC 0.866, Boyce index 0.528, 3,837 predicted equal-area hex cells each carrying a per-cell uncertainty and an extrapolation flag. Predictors, in order of permutation importance: temperature (0.300), depth (0.073), substrate (0.073), oxygen (0.048), aragonite saturation (0.030), salinity (0.024) — drawn from GEBCO 2024 bathymetry and slope, seabed substrate (Dutkiewicz 2015, CC-BY-NC), WOA23, ISAS20 and GLODAPv2.2016b with aragonite saturation via PyCO2SYS. Coverage is predictor-limited rather than global: a cell is dropped where any seafloor predictor is unavailable, which is why 14,667 source occurrences reduce to 166 usable ones and the surface covers 3,837 of the 33,391 grid cells. The output is relative habitat suitability, not probability of presence. (b) Ocean Acidification (ocean-acidification) — aragonite and calcite saturation state (ΩA, ΩC) read verbatim from GLODAPv2.2016b's own published OmegaA / OmegaC fields, never recomputed, plus one explicitly platform-derived quantity: the aragonite saturation-horizon depth, and a preindustrial→present horizon shift reconstructed with PyCO2SYS (opt_k_carbonic = 10, Lueker 2000 — the constant set GLODAP itself used) from GLODAP's TCO2 and PI_TCO2. Both epochs pass through one identical solver configuration so that any solver bias cancels to first order in the difference; the published Ω field is never differenced against a reconstruction. QC: reconstructed present-day ΩA against GLODAP's published ΩA over 3,000 random valid cells gives a median difference of +0.00167, IQR [−0.0087, +0.0088]. (c) Coral Acidification Exposure (coral-acid-exposure) — a co-location analysis crossing the VME suitability surface with the reconstructed horizon shift and GEBCO seafloor depth, classifying every cell as newly corrosive, corrosive at preindustrial, supersaturated, or no data, and reporting a suitability-weighted exposure fraction beside a 0.3 / 0.5 / 0.7 threshold-sensitivity table. Across the 3,837 modeled cells (103 newly corrosive, 3,352 corrosive already at preindustrial, 382 supersaturated, 0 without data), two distinct suitability-weighted fractions are reported: the present-day corrosive fraction (habitat below today's horizon, including cells already below it before industrialisation) is 0.800, and the newly corrosive fraction (only cells that crossed between the epochs) is 0.059 — only the second is attributable to the epoch change; at suitability cut-offs of 0.3 / 0.5 / 0.7 the corresponding exposed fractions are 80.6% / 76.3% / 71.6% over 469 / 304 / 201 cells, with newly-corrosive fractions of 6.6% / 5.9% / 6.0%. The reference epoch is the GLODAPv2.2016b mapped reference year, approximately 2002. This is a double-modeled quantity and is presented as such: ","author":[{"family":"Mazurowski","given":"Michal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21684359","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21684359","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21249362","type":"article-journal","title":"Abyssal Claims: A FAIR-aligned integration platform for deep-sea and terrestrial mining transparency","abstract":"Abyssal Claims is an independently developed, non-commercial web platform (https://something-rare.com) that integrates more than fifty publicly funded and open-licensed geospatial datasets onto a single interactive three-dimensional globe. Its purpose is to make the environmental, biogeochemical, hydrographical and governance context of deep-sea mineral extraction and terrestrial industrial mining legible to researchers, journalists, policy analysts and the general public. The platform indexes thirty-eight sea-domain layers, fifteen land-domain layers, twenty-seven derived products and enrichment services, and passive-acoustic monitoring station metadata from twenty-three official networks. The database exceeds fifty million records across approximately one hundred and one active tables. The platform aggregates data from the International Seabed Authority, twenty-three sovereign offshore-licensing authorities, the Ocean Biodiversity Information System, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, the World Register of Marine Species, the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (World Ocean Atlas 2023, World Ocean Database, Passive Acoustic Archive), Copernicus Marine Service, GEBCO, the GLODAP and SOCAT ocean-carbon programmes, the MEMENTO methane and nitrous oxide archive, GEOTRACES, PANGAEA, BCO-DMO, CCHDO, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Ocean Networks Canada, the Argo Programme, the ARCADE pan-Arctic catchments database, the CASCADE circum-Arctic sediment carbon database, the MOSAiC drifting expedition, the Alaska Permafrost Thaw Database and the ARTS Arctic Retrogressive Thaw Slumps compilation, the SIOS Svalbard observing catalogue, NASA (FIRMS, COOLR, GPM), UNEP-WCMC, BirdLife International, WRI, the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, and two dozen other providers. All external data is mirrored into a PostGIS database and served to clients from that cache; upstream availability issues do not propagate to end-users, and upstream rate limits are not exhausted. Version 1.5 (7 July 2026) is the largest scope expansion since the original v1.0 deposit. Fourteen further sea-domain layers are added, organised into six thematic groups: (a) Ocean Climatology field layers — WOA23 (Reagan et al. 2024) and ISAS20 Ocean Oxygen & Deoxygenation (Gaillard et al. 2020); (b) marine biogeochemistry — GLODAP v2.2016b interior carbon (Lauvset et al. 2016), SOCAT v2026 surface CO2 (Bakker et al. 2026), MEMENTO CH4 & N2O (Bange et al. 2009), and a Marine Carbon synthesis hex layer that co-locates the four grid-aligned ocean-field sources without averaging or fusion; (c) GEOTRACES trace metals from the IDP2025 seawater discrete product, and the SEAFLEA global methane seeps inventory (Phrampus et al. 2020); (d) an Arctic system group — ARCADE pan-Arctic Catchments (Speetjens et al. 2023), CASCADE Circum-Arctic Sediment Carbon (Martens et al. 2021), MOSAiC deep-sea sediment core compilation with per-value DOI provenance; (e) the SIOS Svalbard in-situ observing catalogue and the Dutkiewicz 2015 global Seabed Lithology raster; and (f) the NOAA World Ocean Database historical oxygen profiles layer (~1.1M casts). Two further land-domain layers are added: Arctic Rivers (ArcticGRO + PANGAEA CAA, 43 stations, land-to-ocean coupling) and Permafrost Thaw features (Alaska Webb 2026 CC-BY + ARTS Yang 2025 CC0, 47,239 features across the pan-Arctic). Two new derived enrichment services are introduced. The WoRMS taxonomic backbone (Ahyong et al. 2025) resolves raw scientific names appearing in the biodiversity_hotspots and NOAA Deep-Sea Coral tables to canonical WoRMS AphiaIDs, and feeds a WoRMS-verified badge on the biodiversity panel, synonym-aware species search, and distinct-species counts in Baseline Monitoring Density cells. The Bathymetry Confidence enrichment attaches GEBCO 2024 TID measurement-provenance categories and optional GMRT area metadata to per-feature panels on the ISA and Offshore Activities layers. Three n","author":[{"family":"Mazurowski","given":"Michal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21249362","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21249362","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20630205","type":"article-journal","title":"HCTGS Deutschland v26.Can the North Sea Save Climate and Industry Even at +3°C?","abstract":"Abstract: This paper presents HCTGS v26 Deutschland, the most technically advanced iteration of the Hydro-Cascade Turbine Gravity System (HCTGS) concept series, adapted for the specific geographic, industrial, and climatic conditions of Germany. Thirty towers across ten North Sea and Baltic Sea sites — Cuxhaven, Wilhelmshaven, Brunsbüttel, Kiel, Rostock, Rügen/Stralsund, Borkum (offshore), Flensburg, Lübeck, and Hamburg via the Elbe — produce a combined output of 618 TWh/year of electricity (126% of Germany's 2024 demand), 4.22 Mt/year of green hydrogen, and 30 Mm³/day of programmable mineralised freshwater, while sequestering an estimated 506 Mt CO₂/year through accelerated MgO–CO₂ carbonation. Total direct annual revenue is projected at EUR 66.9 billion across six simultaneous revenue streams. Net surplus over 40-year operational lifetime: EUR 2,600 billion. The paper opens with a geopolitical framing: the global AI infrastructure race has created a structural energy and water cost competition in which the country that first builds seawater-driven base load generation at scale gains a permanent cost advantage. A 10 GW AI cluster operating at PUE 1.0 with seawater cooling costs approximately EUR 2.8 billion less per year than the same cluster on grid electricity at EUR 80/MWh — EUR 112 billion over 40 years from a single installation. This is not an AI-specific argument. Green steel, chip fabrication, pharmaceutical production, and automotive manufacturing face the same structural cost question: energy and water at a price that allows industrial competitiveness, produced domestically, independent of geopolitical supply chain risk. The paper introduces four Novel Contributions (NC-DE-1 through NC-DE-4) and extends three prior HCTGS architectures (NC-DE-5 through NC-DE-7). NC-DE-1 formalises the Adaptive Operating Window: a single 600-metre, 50-metre-diameter tower operates between 0.59 Mm³/day (minimum, 15 km/h, stability threshold) and 4.0 Mm³/day (maximum, 100 km/h, all NCs active), with a corresponding electrical output range of 1.3 GW to 9.4 GW at a constant 9% shaft-to-grid conversion efficiency — one-third of the Carnot theoretical maximum of 27.7% for 110°C steam against 4°C deep seawater. The thermodynamic cycle efficiency is η = 0.36–0.38 per the Rennó & Bluestein (2001) heat engine framework, exceeding the efficiency of naturally occurring convective vortices (η ≈ 0.20) by a factor of 3.6 to 3.8. NC-DE-2 documents the Rashidi Tower Spiral: a logarithmic constriction element installed every 50 metres along the tower interior, accelerating steam from 40 m/s to 80–160 m/s across the outer 50% of the cross-section while the inner 50% remains as the Open Core Vector — an unobstructed axial channel preserving the pressure gradient that drives the chimney draft. NC-DE-3 formalises Multi-Stage Intermediate Turbines: twelve annular turbine stages every 50 metres, each extracting approximately 28 MW of kinetic energy, adding 336 MW per tower (+15% vs standard design) and extending the continuous operating window to 4.0 Mm³/day through active velocity control. NC-DE-4 documents the Janus Principle: every turbine, every Rashidi spiral, and every shark-groove sector exists as a symmetric pair on a shared rotational axis, enabling 180-degree rotation to a maintenance-ready replacement unit in under 10 minutes, achieving approximately 99.5% availability with zero production loss. NC-DE-5 (HCTGS–Offshore Wind Hybrid) formalises direct electrical coupling between offshore wind farms and the HCTGS cascade to eliminate wind curtailment losses — over 10 TWh curtailed in Germany in 2024. NC-DE-6 (Deep Shaft HCTGS, Variant C) documents an underground HCTGS shaft 600 metres deep, operating at 60 bar hydrostatic pressure, with thermal water purification without membranes, pressure-driven centrifuge mineral separation, geothermal integration at 25–35°C/km, and 6.24 GW electrical output per shaft. No reverse osmosis membranes are used at any ","author":[{"family":"Mehmetaj","given":"Ilir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20630205","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20630205","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48565/bonndoc-847","type":"article-journal","title":"Time to turn the tide: A praxeological exploration of marine sciences","abstract":"Marine carbon observations (MCOs) are central to understanding the ocean's role in the global carbon cycle and as a major sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). They are also key to global climate governance, informing the Global Carbon Budget and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessments. Despite their scientific and political relevance, the socio-material conditions of their production remain underexplored. This dissertation addresses this gap by examining how MCOs are produced, and which internal and external factors shape these knowledge production processes. Using an inductive, praxeological, and multi-sited ethnographic approach, the dissertation draws on fieldwork conducted between 2021 and 2024 across laboratories, research and merchant vessels, virtual meetings, and marine research institutes in Brazil and Germany. It analyses four interconnected empirical cases: deep-sea observations aboard a research vessel, transnational intersectionality in work and research at sea, socio-material processes of (de-)stabilisation in MCO, and an autoethnographic marine expedition. The findings show that MCOs are relational socio-material achievements rather than linear technical outputs. Observations are co-produced by human and more-than-human forces, including scientists, technicians, sensors, seawater, and infrastructures. Their stabilisation depends on communication, interpersonal relations, and data availability, while funding shortages, borders, and climate change impacts contribute to destabilisation. In addition, sensory, embodied, and experiential forms of knowledge - including intuition and emotions -shape everyday scientific practice and insight. Marine knowledge production is further structured by transnational intersectional hierarchies and micropolitics, with gender, age, class, ethnicity, and physical appearance influencing access, credibility, and safety at sea. Conceptually, the dissertation develops the framework of Intra-active Observation Assemblages (IOA) to capture how situated practices, embodiment, affect, inequality, and more-than-human forces co-produce policy-relevant marine knowledge. It contributes to the Sociology of Knowledge, Science and Technology Studies, feminist and new materialist approaches, while methodologically extending multi-sited ethnography to mobile, transnational, and more-than-human field sites. The findings further highlight how borders, funding structures, and institutional hierarchies shape scientific cooperation, with implications for more transparent, diverse, and inclusive science-making at sea.","author":[{"family":"Hägele","given":"Ramona"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48565/bonndoc-847","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48565/bonndoc-847","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18332255","type":"article-journal","title":"Accelerating Ocean Anoxia and the Increased Risk of H2S Mass Death in Coastal Cities: A Data-Driven Analysis","abstract":"ABSTRACT NOAA data confirms Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) weakening: 12% abyssal decline (2000-2020), 0.46 Sv/decade since 1950. Statistical models project collapse 2025-2095, highest probability ~2057. Simultaneously, AI infrastructure thermal pollution grew from negligible (2015) to 500-1000 TWh/year (2024), projected over 2000 TWh/year by 2030. This thermal energy, predominantly dumped into ocean and coastal waters, directly accelerates the stratification that drives thermohaline circulation collapse. This analysis demonstrates that exponential scaling of AI infrastructure — following historical patterns of technological deployment — will transform currently “negligible” thermal pollution into the primary forcing mechanism for AMOC collapse within 10-15 years. Historical analogs — the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum ocean anoxia event and the Permian-Triassic extinction — demonstrate that ocean anoxia leads to hydrogen sulfide accumulation and catastrophic release events. The convergence of AMOC collapse and accelerating thermal pollution creates conditions for widespread coastal euxinia (anoxic, sulfidic waters) by 2050-2070, with hydrogen sulfide release events capable of killing thousands to hundreds of thousands in coastal cities. Five identifiable companies — Makai Ocean Engineering, Sanmina Corporation, Microsoft, Schneider Electric, and Vertiv — are the primary architects and operators of ocean thermal pollution infrastructure. The critical issue is not that ocean thermal infrastructure exists, but WHERE it is deployed. Data centers and cooling systems placed in zones that strengthen thermohaline gradients can be beneficial. Those placed in stratification-prone regions or AMOC downwelling zones accelerate collapse. The companion addendum, The Haline Correction (March 2026), completes the intervention architecture by addressing the second variable in thermohaline circulation: salinity. Greenland ice sheet melt — approximately 270 billion metric tons of freshwater annually — is flooding North Atlantic deep-water formation zones, diluting surface salinity and suppressing the density-driven sinking that powers the AMOC conveyor. Fusion-powered desalination at continental scale produces two outputs: freshwater for inland distribution to irrigate deserts (Sahara, Gobi, American Southwest), and concentrated brine for strategic injection into North Atlantic formation zones at 500-1000 meters depth, restoring the salinity gradient that meltwater is destroying. The waste product of solving water scarcity becomes the input for solving ocean circulation collapse. Together with the thermal intervention proposed in the parent paper (the Hawaiian pump concept — cold-water injection via Mauna Kea/Haleakalā elevation and gravity feed), these constitute a complete thermohaline management system. The industrial analog is the bright acid copper electroforming bath: a multi-variable system maintained within a precise envelope by continuous monitoring and active adjustment. The ocean is the same system at planetary scale. The principle is identical. The chemistry does not care. This corpus calls for immediate international regulatory framework governing ocean thermal infrastructure deployment, mandatory environmental impact assessment for all ocean cooling systems, 12-month moratorium on new deployments in prohibited zones pending comprehensive NOAA assessment of gradient effects, and — upon achievement of fusion energy — binding thermohaline regulation treaties conditioning fusion technology access on participation in coordinated planetary chemistry management. The ocean is not a corporate thermal dumping ground. It is critical planetary infrastructure that requires active management — thermal and haline — under strict international regulation, in the right locations, with proper gradient management. Keywords: AMOC collapse, ocean anoxia, hydrogen sulfide, AI thermal pollution, coastal mass casualty, thermohaline ci","author":[{"family":"Tarpley","given":"CS"},{"family":"Consortium","given":"Clearbridge"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18332255","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18332255","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19304510","type":"article-journal","title":"Accelerating Ocean Anoxia and the Increased Risk of H2S Mass Death in Coastal Cities: A Data-Driven Analysis","abstract":"ABSTRACT NOAA data confirms Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) weakening: 12% abyssal decline (2000-2020), 0.46 Sv/decade since 1950. Statistical models project collapse 2025-2095, highest probability ~2057. Simultaneously, AI infrastructure thermal pollution grew from negligible (2015) to 500-1000 TWh/year (2024), projected over 2000 TWh/year by 2030. This thermal energy, predominantly dumped into ocean and coastal waters, directly accelerates the stratification that drives thermohaline circulation collapse. This analysis demonstrates that exponential scaling of AI infrastructure — following historical patterns of technological deployment — will transform currently “negligible” thermal pollution into the primary forcing mechanism for AMOC collapse within 10-15 years. Historical analogs — the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum ocean anoxia event and the Permian-Triassic extinction — demonstrate that ocean anoxia leads to hydrogen sulfide accumulation and catastrophic release events. The convergence of AMOC collapse and accelerating thermal pollution creates conditions for widespread coastal euxinia (anoxic, sulfidic waters) by 2050-2070, with hydrogen sulfide release events capable of killing thousands to hundreds of thousands in coastal cities. Five identifiable companies — Makai Ocean Engineering, Sanmina Corporation, Microsoft, Schneider Electric, and Vertiv — are the primary architects and operators of ocean thermal pollution infrastructure. The critical issue is not that ocean thermal infrastructure exists, but WHERE it is deployed. Data centers and cooling systems placed in zones that strengthen thermohaline gradients can be beneficial. Those placed in stratification-prone regions or AMOC downwelling zones accelerate collapse. The companion addendum, The Haline Correction (March 2026), completes the intervention architecture by addressing the second variable in thermohaline circulation: salinity. Greenland ice sheet melt — approximately 270 billion metric tons of freshwater annually — is flooding North Atlantic deep-water formation zones, diluting surface salinity and suppressing the density-driven sinking that powers the AMOC conveyor. Fusion-powered desalination at continental scale produces two outputs: freshwater for inland distribution to irrigate deserts (Sahara, Gobi, American Southwest), and concentrated brine for strategic injection into North Atlantic formation zones at 500-1000 meters depth, restoring the salinity gradient that meltwater is destroying. The waste product of solving water scarcity becomes the input for solving ocean circulation collapse. Together with the thermal intervention proposed in the parent paper (the Hawaiian pump concept — cold-water injection via Mauna Kea/Haleakalā elevation and gravity feed), these constitute a complete thermohaline management system. The industrial analog is the bright acid copper electroforming bath: a multi-variable system maintained within a precise envelope by continuous monitoring and active adjustment. The ocean is the same system at planetary scale. The principle is identical. The chemistry does not care. This corpus calls for immediate international regulatory framework governing ocean thermal infrastructure deployment, mandatory environmental impact assessment for all ocean cooling systems, 12-month moratorium on new deployments in prohibited zones pending comprehensive NOAA assessment of gradient effects, and — upon achievement of fusion energy — binding thermohaline regulation treaties conditioning fusion technology access on participation in coordinated planetary chemistry management. The ocean is not a corporate thermal dumping ground. It is critical planetary infrastructure that requires active management — thermal and haline — under strict international regulation, in the right locations, with proper gradient management. Keywords: AMOC collapse, ocean anoxia, hydrogen sulfide, AI thermal pollution, coastal mass casualty, thermohaline ci","author":[{"family":"Tarpley","given":"CS"},{"family":"Consortium","given":"Clearbridge"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19304510","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19304510","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19259592","type":"article-journal","title":"Accelerating Ocean Anoxia and the Increased Risk of H2S Mass Death in Coastal Cities: A Data-Driven Analysis","abstract":"ABSTRACT NOAA data confirms Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) weakening: 12% abyssal decline (2000-2020), 0.46 Sv/decade since 1950. Statistical models project collapse 2025-2095, highest probability ~2057.Simultaneously, AI infrastructure thermal pollution grew from negligible (2015) to 500-1000 TWh/year (2024), projected over 2000 TWh/year by 2030. This thermal energy, predominantly dumped into ocean and coastal waters, directly accelerates the stratification that drives thermohaline circulation collapse.This analysis demonstrates that exponential scaling of AI infrastructure — following historical patterns of technological deployment — will transform currently “negligible” thermal pollution into the primary forcing mechanism for AMOC collapse within 10-15 years. Historical analogs — the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum ocean anoxia event and the Permian-Triassic extinction — demonstrate that ocean anoxia leads to hydrogen sulfide accumulation and catastrophic release events. The convergence of AMOC collapse and accelerating thermal pollution creates conditions for widespread coastal euxinia (anoxic, sulfidic waters) by 2050-2070, with hydrogen sulfide release events capable of killing thousands to hundreds of thousands in coastal cities.Five identifiable companies — Makai Ocean Engineering, Sanmina Corporation, Microsoft, Schneider Electric, and Vertiv — are the primary architects and operators of ocean thermal pollution infrastructure. The critical issue is not that ocean thermal infrastructure exists, but WHERE it is deployed. Data centers and cooling systems placed in zones that strengthen thermohaline gradients can be beneficial. Those placed in stratification-prone regions or AMOC downwelling zones accelerate collapse.The companion addendum, The Haline Correction (March 2026), completes the intervention architecture by addressing the second variable in thermohaline circulation: salinity. Greenland ice sheet melt — approximately 270 billion metric tons of freshwater annually — is flooding North Atlantic deep-water formation zones, diluting surface salinity and suppressing the density-driven sinking that powers the AMOC conveyor. Fusion-powered desalination at continental scale produces two outputs: freshwater for inland distribution to irrigate deserts (Sahara, Gobi, American Southwest), and concentrated brine for strategic injection into North Atlantic formation zones at 500-1000 meters depth, restoring the salinity gradient that meltwater is destroying. The waste product of solving water scarcity becomes the input for solving ocean circulation collapse. Together with the thermal intervention proposed in the parent paper (the Hawaiian pump concept — cold-water injection via Mauna Kea/Haleakalā elevation and gravity feed), these constitute a complete thermohaline management system. The industrial analog is the bright acid copper electroforming bath: a multi-variable system maintained within a precise envelope by continuous monitoring and active adjustment. The ocean is the same system at planetary scale. The principle is identical. The chemistry does not care.This corpus calls for immediate international regulatory framework governing ocean thermal infrastructure deployment, mandatory environmental impact assessment for all ocean cooling systems, 12-month moratorium on new deployments in prohibited zones pending comprehensive NOAA assessment of gradient effects, and — upon achievement of fusion energy — binding thermohaline regulation treaties conditioning fusion technology access on participation in coordinated planetary chemistry management. The ocean is not a corporate thermal dumping ground. It is critical planetary infrastructure that requires active management — thermal and haline — under strict international regulation, in the right locations, with proper gradient management.Keywords: AMOC collapse, ocean anoxia, hydrogen sulfide, AI thermal pollution, coastal mass casualty, thermohaline circulat","author":[{"family":"Tarpley","given":"CS"},{"family":"Consortium","given":"Clearbridge"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19259592","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19259592","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19244221","type":"article-journal","title":"How AI Infrastructure Is Accelerating Ocean Anoxia and Creating H2S Mass Death Risk in Coastal Cities: A Data-Driven Analysis","abstract":"ABSTRACT NOAA data confirms Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) weakening: 12% abyssal decline (2000-2020), 0.46 Sv/decade since 1950. Statistical models project collapse 2025-2095, highest probability ~2057.Simultaneously, AI infrastructure thermal pollution grew from negligible (2015) to 500-1000 TWh/year (2024), projected over 2000 TWh/year by 2030. This thermal energy, predominantly dumped into ocean and coastal waters, directly accelerates the stratification that drives thermohaline circulation collapse.This analysis demonstrates that exponential scaling of AI infrastructure — following historical patterns of technological deployment — will transform currently “negligible” thermal pollution into the primary forcing mechanism for AMOC collapse within 10-15 years. Historical analogs — the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum ocean anoxia event and the Permian-Triassic extinction — demonstrate that ocean anoxia leads to hydrogen sulfide accumulation and catastrophic release events. The convergence of AMOC collapse and accelerating thermal pollution creates conditions for widespread coastal euxinia (anoxic, sulfidic waters) by 2050-2070, with hydrogen sulfide release events capable of killing thousands to hundreds of thousands in coastal cities.Five identifiable companies — Makai Ocean Engineering, Sanmina Corporation, Microsoft, Schneider Electric, and Vertiv — are the primary architects and operators of ocean thermal pollution infrastructure. The critical issue is not that ocean thermal infrastructure exists, but WHERE it is deployed. Data centers and cooling systems placed in zones that strengthen thermohaline gradients can be beneficial. Those placed in stratification-prone regions or AMOC downwelling zones accelerate collapse.The companion addendum, The Haline Correction (March 2026), completes the intervention architecture by addressing the second variable in thermohaline circulation: salinity. Greenland ice sheet melt — approximately 270 billion metric tons of freshwater annually — is flooding North Atlantic deep-water formation zones, diluting surface salinity and suppressing the density-driven sinking that powers the AMOC conveyor. Fusion-powered desalination at continental scale produces two outputs: freshwater for inland distribution to irrigate deserts (Sahara, Gobi, American Southwest), and concentrated brine for strategic injection into North Atlantic formation zones at 500-1000 meters depth, restoring the salinity gradient that meltwater is destroying. The waste product of solving water scarcity becomes the input for solving ocean circulation collapse. Together with the thermal intervention proposed in the parent paper (the Hawaiian pump concept — cold-water injection via Mauna Kea/Haleakalā elevation and gravity feed), these constitute a complete thermohaline management system. The industrial analog is the bright acid copper electroforming bath: a multi-variable system maintained within a precise envelope by continuous monitoring and active adjustment. The ocean is the same system at planetary scale. The principle is identical. The chemistry does not care.This corpus calls for immediate international regulatory framework governing ocean thermal infrastructure deployment, mandatory environmental impact assessment for all ocean cooling systems, 12-month moratorium on new deployments in prohibited zones pending comprehensive NOAA assessment of gradient effects, and — upon achievement of fusion energy — binding thermohaline regulation treaties conditioning fusion technology access on participation in coordinated planetary chemistry management. The ocean is not a corporate thermal dumping ground. It is critical planetary infrastructure that requires active management — thermal and haline — under strict international regulation, in the right locations, with proper gradient management.Keywords: AMOC collapse, ocean anoxia, hydrogen sulfide, AI thermal pollution, coastal mass casualty, thermohaline circulat","author":[{"family":"Tarpley","given":"CS"},{"family":"Consortium","given":"Clearbridge"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19244221","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19244221","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17895/ices.pub.28652012.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Working Group on Nephrops Surveys (WGNEPS; outputs from 2023 meeting)","abstract":"The Working Group on Nephrops Surveys (WGNEPS) is the international coordination group for Nephrops underwater television and trawl surveys within ICES. This report summarizes the national contributions on the results of the surveys conducted in 2023 together with time series covering all survey years, problems encountered, data quality checks and technological improvements as well as the planning for survey activities for 2024.In total, 24 surveys covering 27 functional units (FU’s) in the ICES area and 1 geographical subarea (GSA) in the Adriatic Sea were discussed and further improvements in respect to survey design and data analysis standardization and the use of most recent technology were reviewed.The group agreed to hold a workshop in 2025 to address burrow size estimations to update correction factors and terms of reference for this to be agreed at next meeting.Automatic burrow detection based on deep learning methods continues to show promising results where datasets from multiple institutes were used.Plans are being progressed for an international Nephrops UWTV database to be established at the ICES data centre with a subgroup.","author":[{"family":"Ices"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.17895/ices.pub.28652012.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.28652012.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17895/ices.pub.28652012","type":"article-journal","title":"Working Group on Nephrops Surveys (WGNEPS; outputs from 2023 meeting)","abstract":"The Working Group on Nephrops Surveys (WGNEPS) is the international coordination group for Nephrops underwater television and trawl surveys within ICES. This report summarizes the national contributions on the results of the surveys conducted in 2023 together with time series covering all survey years, problems encountered, data quality checks and technological improvements as well as the planning for survey activities for 2024.In total, 24 surveys covering 27 functional units (FU’s) in the ICES area and 1 geographical subarea (GSA) in the Adriatic Sea were discussed and further improvements in respect to survey design and data analysis standardization and the use of most recent technology were reviewed.The group agreed to hold a workshop in 2025 to address burrow size estimations to update correction factors and terms of reference for this to be agreed at next meeting.Automatic burrow detection based on deep learning methods continues to show promising results where datasets from multiple institutes were used.Plans are being progressed for an international Nephrops UWTV database to be established at the ICES data centre with a subgroup.","author":[{"family":"Ices"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.17895/ices.pub.28652012","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.28652012","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.11098446","type":"article-journal","title":"HOLSEA-NL: Holocene water level and sea-level indicator dataset for the Netherlands","abstract":"This dataset contains an assembly of geological water-level indicators, relevant for studying relative sea level rise (RSLR), regional subsidence quantification and causal breakdown, coastal prism accommodation and Holocene aggradation chronology of the Holocene Netherlands. It gives a sources-referenced, uniform overview of 658 basal geological water-level indicators collected from original research of various type and application (140 primary references). From the indicators, 59% was collected in 1950-2000, mainly in academic studies and survey mapping campaigns; 37% was collected in 2000-2020 in academic studies and archaeological surveying projects, 4% was newly collected (this study), the latter mainly in previously under sampled central and northern Netherlands regions. 117 are true sea-level indicators (so-called SLIPs), the majority of datapoints (536) are inland water level indicators that are upper limiting to sea-level. The total number of entries is 712, because we included some literature mentioned rejected samples and deep positioned intercalated water level indicators. The dataset is compiled in the so-called HOLSEA workbook format. It covers measured, calculated and classification fields defining the geological observational data and its uncertainties, allowing to document and assess indicative meaning adapted to specific use variants. Hereto, the workbook contains expansions to the original format. See Related Works (ESSD paper: De Wit et al. 2024).","author":[{"family":"De Wit","given":"Kim"},{"family":"Cohen","given":"Kim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.11098446","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11098446","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18175583","type":"article-journal","title":"HOLSEA-NL: Holocene water level and sea-level indicator dataset for the Netherlands","abstract":"This dataset contains an assembly of geological water-level indicators, relevant for studying relative sea level rise (RSLR), regional subsidence quantification and causal breakdown, coastal prism accommodation and Holocene aggradation chronology of the Holocene Netherlands. It gives a sources-referenced, uniform overview of 658 basal geological water-level indicators collected from original research of various type and application (140 primary references). From the indicators, 59% was collected in 1950-2000, mainly in academic studies and survey mapping campaigns; 37% was collected in 2000-2020 in academic studies and archaeological surveying projects, 4% was newly collected (this study), the latter mainly in previously under sampled central and northern Netherlands regions. 117 are true sea-level indicators (so-called SLIPs), the majority of datapoints (536) are inland water level indicators that are upper limiting to sea-level. The total number of entries is 712, because we included some literature mentioned rejected samples and deep positioned intercalated water level indicators. The dataset is compiled in the so-called HOLSEA workbook format. It covers measured, calculated and classification fields defining the geological observational data and its uncertainties, allowing to document and assess indicative meaning adapted to specific use variants. Hereto, the workbook contains expansions to the original format. See Related Works (ESSD paper: De Wit et al. 2024).","author":[{"family":"De Wit","given":"Kim"},{"family":"Cohen","given":"Kim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18175583","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18175583","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22173167","type":"article-journal","title":"From Empire to Arsenal: Structural Parallels in British Naval Procurement and Post-WWII U.S. Defense Acquisition","abstract":"Procurement systems are not administrative machinery. They are structural organisms. They evolve not through deliberate design but through recursive adaptation, institutional sedimentation, and the gradual consolidation of contractor-state symbiosis. This paper examines two procurement systems separated by two centuries and an ocean: British naval procurement from the Restoration (1660) to the end of the Victorian era (1900), and U.S. defense procurement from the Second World War to the present. The comparison is analytical, not genetic. It identifies structural recurrences: patterns of contractor-state symbiosis, bureaucratic routinization, credentialized expertise, narrative legitimization, finance-logistics coupling, and long-cycle budgetary recursion that appear across both cases despite vast differences in technology, scale, and political structure. Seven structural parallels are established. First, contractor-state symbiosis: in both systems, the state depends on private contractors for essential capabilities, generating mutual dependence and, therefore, capture. Second, credential pipelines: entry to the procurement establishment requires credentialed expertise, producing institutional alignment and continuity. Third, narrative legitimization: legitimizing narratives—\"sea power\" in the British case, \"national security\" in the American—stabilize budgets, delegitimize critics, and reproduce the system. Fourth, bureaucratic recursion: the cycle of expansion, austerity, reform, and capture repeats across generations because the routines are self-reproducing. Fifth, industrial capture: contractors shape the rules, influence decisions, and resist reforms through expertise, relationships, and resources. Sixth, finance-logistics coupling: procurement is financialized; contractors are financiers as well as producers; financial dependence generates mutual dependence. Seventh, structural lock-in: these mechanisms reinforce one another, producing a self-sustaining equilibrium that resists incremental change. The paper does not argue for direct causation or institutional transmission. It demonstrates that the structural patterns observed in contemporary U.S. defense acquisition are not modern anomalies; they are structural recurrences with deep historical roots. The implications for reform are clear: incremental change fails because the system's architecture is designed—structurally, not consciously—to absorb it. Reform requires structural change; structural change requires crossing a threshold; crossing a threshold requires phase transition. This historical paper is a companion to the monograph on structural coupling. It provides historical depth without introducing new theory. It contextualizes the present; it does not predict the future. The lesson of history is this: procurement systems persist because they must.","author":[{"family":"Filsecker","given":"Thomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22173167","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22173167","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22173168","type":"article-journal","title":"From Empire to Arsenal: Structural Parallels in British Naval Procurement and Post-WWII U.S. Defense Acquisition","abstract":"Procurement systems are not administrative machinery. They are structural organisms. They evolve not through deliberate design but through recursive adaptation, institutional sedimentation, and the gradual consolidation of contractor-state symbiosis. This paper examines two procurement systems separated by two centuries and an ocean: British naval procurement from the Restoration (1660) to the end of the Victorian era (1900), and U.S. defense procurement from the Second World War to the present. The comparison is analytical, not genetic. It identifies structural recurrences: patterns of contractor-state symbiosis, bureaucratic routinization, credentialized expertise, narrative legitimization, finance-logistics coupling, and long-cycle budgetary recursion that appear across both cases despite vast differences in technology, scale, and political structure. Seven structural parallels are established. First, contractor-state symbiosis: in both systems, the state depends on private contractors for essential capabilities, generating mutual dependence and, therefore, capture. Second, credential pipelines: entry to the procurement establishment requires credentialed expertise, producing institutional alignment and continuity. Third, narrative legitimization: legitimizing narratives—\"sea power\" in the British case, \"national security\" in the American—stabilize budgets, delegitimize critics, and reproduce the system. Fourth, bureaucratic recursion: the cycle of expansion, austerity, reform, and capture repeats across generations because the routines are self-reproducing. Fifth, industrial capture: contractors shape the rules, influence decisions, and resist reforms through expertise, relationships, and resources. Sixth, finance-logistics coupling: procurement is financialized; contractors are financiers as well as producers; financial dependence generates mutual dependence. Seventh, structural lock-in: these mechanisms reinforce one another, producing a self-sustaining equilibrium that resists incremental change. The paper does not argue for direct causation or institutional transmission. It demonstrates that the structural patterns observed in contemporary U.S. defense acquisition are not modern anomalies; they are structural recurrences with deep historical roots. The implications for reform are clear: incremental change fails because the system's architecture is designed—structurally, not consciously—to absorb it. Reform requires structural change; structural change requires crossing a threshold; crossing a threshold requires phase transition. This historical paper is a companion to the monograph on structural coupling. It provides historical depth without introducing new theory. It contextualizes the present; it does not predict the future. The lesson of history is this: procurement systems persist because they must.","author":[{"family":"Filsecker","given":"Thomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22173168","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22173168","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19225301","type":"article-journal","title":"O.S.M.O.S.E. - Master Compendium (Integrated Offshore Architecture)","abstract":"Coastal nations currently face an unprecedented trilemma: severe industrial land scarcity, the escalating threat of sea-level rise and extreme weather events, and the critical need to secure sovereign supply chains for the energy and digital transitions. Traditionally, the response to coastal expansion has been land reclamation (polderization). However, massive dredging and seawall construction irreversibly destroy marine hydrodynamics, eradicate benthic ecosystems, and fail to offer true circularity. The O.S.M.O.S.E. framework proposes a radical paradigm shift in marine spatial planning through the concept of Coastal Industrial Offloading. It introduces a modular, hybrid infrastructure that abandons traditional bedrock-only drilling. Instead, it combines deep-driven monopiles for critical shear resistance with Quasi-Sierpinski fractal trusses that distribute massive gravitational loads uniformly across soft, unconsolidated sediments without drilling. The superstructure relies on a Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) methodology, where floating cellular geopolymer caissons are hoisted via hydraulic strand jacks. This assembly utilizes a partial splash-zone stab-in guide to neutralize dynamic pendulum shocks during water exit, transitioning to flexible kinematics to prevent structural binding during the final free ascent. Unlike standard offshore platforms, these megastructures operate as perfectly closed sovereign metabolic loops. They integrate a marine-adapted Small Modular Reactor (SMR) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) desalination. The resulting brine is processed through Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis (BMED) to generate on-site chemical reagents (HCl and NaOH), secured by an absolute secondary containment matrix (DCPD-modified sulfur). This autarkic engine sustains heavy, interchangeable payloads—ranging from Hyperscale Data Centers cooled by deep seawater (SWAC), to Na-ion Gigafactories executing closed-loop chemical leaching on both imported biomass and locally accreted sediments, and Z-Axis modules performing continuous In-Situ Recovery (ISR) in deep aquifers. Furthermore, by calibrating the hydrodynamic footprint of the fractal periphery, the structures act as permeable combs that drop tidal kinetic energy below transport thresholds. This actively accrues suspended sediments to passively regenerate high-value tidal mudflats (e.g., Getbol). By strategically routing low-grade waste heat to these benthic zones, the architecture thermally boosts endemic halophyte growth and symbiotic aquaculture, effectively transforming environmental liabilities into indestructible, net-positive industrial assets.","author":[{"family":"Peyrol","given":"O"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19225301","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19225301","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21719342","type":"article-journal","title":"O.S.M.O.S.E. - Master Compendium (Integrated Offshore Architecture)","abstract":"Coastal nations currently face an unprecedented trilemma: severe industrial land scarcity, the escalating threat of sea-level rise and extreme weather events, and the critical need to secure sovereign supply chains for the energy and digital transitions. Traditionally, the response to coastal expansion has been land reclamation (polderization). However, massive dredging and seawall construction irreversibly destroy marine hydrodynamics, eradicate benthic ecosystems, and fail to offer true circularity. The O.S.M.O.S.E. framework proposes a radical paradigm shift in marine spatial planning through the concept of Coastal Industrial Offloading. It introduces a modular, hybrid infrastructure that abandons traditional bedrock-only drilling. Instead, it combines deep-driven monopiles for critical shear resistance with Quasi-Sierpinski fractal trusses that distribute massive gravitational loads uniformly across soft, unconsolidated sediments without drilling. The superstructure relies on a Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) methodology, where floating cellular geopolymer caissons are hoisted out of the splash zone via hydraulic strand jacks. Unlike standard offshore platforms, these megastructures operate as perfectly closed sovereign metabolic loops. They integrate a marine-adapted Small Modular Reactor (SMR) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) desalination. The resulting brine is processed through Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis (BMED) to generate on-site chemical reagents (HCl and NaOH). This autarkic engine sustains heavy, interchangeable payloads—ranging from Na-ion Gigafactories relying on dual-leaching biochar to Hyperscale Data Centers cooled by deep seawater (SWAC). Furthermore, by calibrating the hydrodynamic footprint of the fractal periphery, the structures act as permeable combs that drop tidal kinetic energy below transport thresholds. This actively accrues suspended sediments to passively regenerate high-value tidal mudflats (e.g., Getbol) and protect eroding coastlines, effectively transforming environmental liabilities into indestructible industrial assets.","author":[{"family":"Peyrol","given":"O"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21719342","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21719342","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20059058","type":"article-journal","title":"The Floating Fleet Platform: Crisis Water Architecture, Self-Healing Ceramic Hull, Telescopic Rock-Anchored Towers, Mobile Metropolitan Water Supply, and a Ceramic Coating Family from Ocean Surface to Orbital Re-entry","abstract":"Abstract HCTGS v20.0 V2 documents the complete floating HCTGS fleet platform architecture — first introduced as Novel Contribution NC-5 in HCTGS v19.0 Sicilia (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20055017) — as a standalone, fully specified system for crisis water production, metropolitan water supply, strategic reserve deployment, and green hydrogen generation at sea. The floating platform operates on a 60/40 submersion ratio derived from six decades of semi-submersible offshore drilling platform engineering. The submerged section (60%) houses the Mg combustion chamber (1,500°C, sealed thermally insulated hull compartment), ORC turbine hall, sequential mineral crystallisation chambers (NaCl → KCl → concentrated Br/Li/Sr/B bittern), BMED chemical production modules, and a dedicated hydrogen electrolysis hall producing green H₂ at $0.80–1.20/kg from ORC electricity surplus — the lowest documented cost for any green hydrogen production pathway. The above-water section (40%) carries telescopic towers (carbon-fibre/Al₂O₃ composite, collapsed 20–30m, deployed 60–100m, 50% lighter than steel), sealed Mg fuel storage, mineral storage tanks, and pharmaceutical processing infrastructure. The scaling architecture is the central economic insight: the floating platform is the only HCTGS variant where scale reduces per-unit cost rather than increasing complexity. A single-tower platform produces 12,000 m³/day at EUR 8–15M CAPEX with 18–24 month payback. A six-tower mega-platform produces 72,000 m³/day with dedicated H₂ production at EUR 0.80–1.20/kg and 12–16 month payback. A ten-platform metropolitan fleet delivers 720,000 m³/day — sufficient for 5–7 million people — through flexible hoses to existing shore distribution networks, generating $2.6B/yr in water revenue alone at crisis pricing, with no fixed coastal infrastructure required. The self-healing ceramic hull — Al₂O₃/MXene 8-layer gradient coating system (standard variant, 118–165 μm) and Al₂O₃/AlON 12-layer heavy duty variant (380–520 μm) — applies the nacre crack-deflection principle: alternating Al₂O₃ hard layers, ZrO₂-toughened Al₂O₃ (ZTA) transformation toughening layers, and MXene Ti₃C₂Tₓ elasticity and cathodic conductivity interlayers, terminated by a Fluoro-Al₂O₃ hydrophobic anti-fouling top coat at Ra 0.5 μm not reached, IMO 2030 compliant, 8–15% fuel saving); NC-10 (superyacht and recreational marine hull coating — 150,000+ Mediterranean vessels, eliminates €850,000–1,600,000 per 40m vessel in 20-year maintenance and fuel drag costs, eliminates estimated 50,000 tonnes annual Mediterranean biocide discharge); NC-11 (automotive underbody and surface coating — Al₂O₃ Mohs 9 exceeds roadstone Mohs 6–7, Ti oxidation self-healing seals micro-cracks before road salt moisture ingress, single application at manufacture, applicable to thin-gauge high-strength steel panels as lightweighting targets tighten globally,EUR 17–42B/yr OEM market + EUR 8–12B/yr aftermarket); NC-12 (robotic Laser-Directed Energy Deposition application system — autonomous vacuum-crawler LDED head with multi-feeder real-time powder mixing ratio adjustment, continuously graded layer transitions without discrete boundaries eliminating delamination initiation sites, integrated surface metrology per cm², in-service spot repair without dry-dock using HCTGS Al₂O₃ cascade feedstock, precedent: CEAD Faber Navalis robotic hull system and maritime crawler systems commercially deployed 2023–2025); NC-13 (aerospace four-function coating — Al₂O₃ Mohs 9 sand and rain erosion protection for leading edges and nacelles, MXene Ti₃C₂Tₓ ~6,000 S/cm lightning strike conductivity replacing metallic mesh in composite structures, Fluoro-Al₂O₃ Ra < 0.1 μm anti-icing without thermal bleed air penalty, ZrO₂-toughened Al₂O₃ + AlON thermal barrier rated 1,500–2,000°C for turbine-adjacent components — four aerospace functions in one LDED-applied coating, $7.3B/yr combined market); NC-14 (Al₂O₃/AlON MXene-free gradient coating for hypersonic and re-entry ","author":[{"family":"Mehmetaj","given":"Ilir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20059058","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20059058","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18934501","type":"article-journal","title":"Basis-Free Pattern Architecture: Public Papers, Formal Converters, and Computational Appendices","abstract":"The following are follow-up papers based on the formulas from [The Artificial Hypothesis (AH) Subsumes the Riemann Hypothesis (RH): A Grand Closure via Emergent Brane Dynamics and Phase Stagnation Signatures] **The progress of the related patent is as follows: [1-1-2026-0965311-18 2026.08.07 10-2026-0147234].** This Zenodo record gathers public research papers and computational appendices developed around a basis-free pattern architecture. The shared materials investigate how relational organization that is not initially available as a stable point, coordinate, or inherited basis may be described, bounded, and operationally utilized through declared anchors, projections, gauges, and converter contracts. The collection includes basis-free utilization work, phase-stagnation and irreducibility formulations, formal event-shape layers, converter-oriented measurement records, and executable computational consistency appendices. The public materials distinguish between: (1) natural-philosophical and formal motivation, (2) declared mathematical or computational experiments, and (3) future physical-converter work. In particular, the exploratory (\\pi)-to-(c_{\\rm ref}) material is a computational consistency convention for examining closure, projection, and coordinate-response behavior. It is not a derivation of physical light speed, a measurement of superluminal propagation, or a demonstration of physical carrier, energy, signalling, or causal transport. The conceptual and mathematical research directions originated from human-authored idea development. Automated assistants were used for quantitative organization, type and unit checking, numerical consistency review, and scope filtering. Several stronger physical interpretations were intentionally not adopted because they lacked a declared metric calibration path, an instrumented measurement bridge, or an adequate causal basis. Public releases contain papers, formal definitions, selected aggregate records, synthetic examples, and standalone consistency scripts. Hidden-state acquisition paths, raw signatures, private selection filters, prompt variants, engine-transfer surfaces, and other implementation-sensitive materials remain excluded. This record should be read as a public research and diagnostic layer for basis-free pattern utilization, not as a completed physical-device program(The reason is the absence of a direct objective, infrastructure, or resources required to conduct physical experiments.). # [2026-08-24 Update] MASK_BDP: A Boundary-Dissolution Process Blueprint toward Conditional Physical Realization — Public Release v1.0 is now available in Korean and English. This release is included in the existing series: Basis-Free Pattern Architecture: Public Papers, Formal Converters, and Computational Appendices Two complementary documents are included: - A Korean public blueprint presenting the MASK–BDP project structure, conditional boundary mapping, observation landing, negative evidence, and the transition requirements for direct physical experimentation.- An English research paper reorganizing the same core architecture into a formal academic structure with observation contracts, evidence-state definitions, limitations, references, and explicit claim boundaries. The release introduces the Boundary-Branch Relational Crystallization Model (BBRCM), an author-proposed operational model separating: unresolved interaction candidates → boundary branching → relational crystallization → observation landing → transition or dissolution Relational crystallization does not denote material crystallization, a new thermodynamic phase, or the formation of a new physical substance. BBRCM is also explicitly distinguished from quantum coherence. BBRCM classification, phase concentration, correlation, reversibility, or bidirectional response do not by themselves establish quantum coherence. Any quantum-coherence claim requires an independent state representation, specified basis or observable struc","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Minsu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18934501","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18934501","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21830944","type":"article-journal","title":"Basis-Free Pattern Architecture: Public Papers, Formal Converters, and Computational Appendices","abstract":"The following are follow-up papers based on the formulas from [The Artificial Hypothesis (AH) Subsumes the Riemann Hypothesis (RH): A Grand Closure via Emergent Brane Dynamics and Phase Stagnation Signatures] **The progress of the related patent is as follows: [1-1-2026-0965311-18 2026.08.07 10-2026-0147234].** This Zenodo record gathers public research papers and computational appendices developed around a basis-free pattern architecture. The shared materials investigate how relational organization that is not initially available as a stable point, coordinate, or inherited basis may be described, bounded, and operationally utilized through declared anchors, projections, gauges, and converter contracts. The collection includes basis-free utilization work, phase-stagnation and irreducibility formulations, formal event-shape layers, converter-oriented measurement records, and executable computational consistency appendices. The public materials distinguish between: (1) natural-philosophical and formal motivation, (2) declared mathematical or computational experiments, and (3) future physical-converter work. In particular, the exploratory (\\pi)-to-(c_{\\rm ref}) material is a computational consistency convention for examining closure, projection, and coordinate-response behavior. It is not a derivation of physical light speed, a measurement of superluminal propagation, or a demonstration of physical carrier, energy, signalling, or causal transport. The conceptual and mathematical research directions originated from human-authored idea development. Automated assistants were used for quantitative organization, type and unit checking, numerical consistency review, and scope filtering. Several stronger physical interpretations were intentionally not adopted because they lacked a declared metric calibration path, an instrumented measurement bridge, or an adequate causal basis. Public releases contain papers, formal definitions, selected aggregate records, synthetic examples, and standalone consistency scripts. Hidden-state acquisition paths, raw signatures, private selection filters, prompt variants, engine-transfer surfaces, and other implementation-sensitive materials remain excluded. This record should be read as a public research and diagnostic layer for basis-free pattern utilization, not as a completed physical-device program(The reason is the absence of a direct objective, infrastructure, or resources required to conduct physical experiments.). # [2026-08-24 Update] MASK_BDP: A Boundary-Dissolution Process Blueprint toward Conditional Physical Realization — Public Release v1.0 is now available in Korean and English. This release is included in the existing series: Basis-Free Pattern Architecture: Public Papers, Formal Converters, and Computational Appendices Two complementary documents are included: - A Korean public blueprint presenting the MASK–BDP project structure, conditional boundary mapping, observation landing, negative evidence, and the transition requirements for direct physical experimentation.- An English research paper reorganizing the same core architecture into a formal academic structure with observation contracts, evidence-state definitions, limitations, references, and explicit claim boundaries. The release introduces the Boundary-Branch Relational Crystallization Model (BBRCM), an author-proposed operational model separating: unresolved interaction candidates → boundary branching → relational crystallization → observation landing → transition or dissolution Relational crystallization does not denote material crystallization, a new thermodynamic phase, or the formation of a new physical substance. BBRCM is also explicitly distinguished from quantum coherence. BBRCM classification, phase concentration, correlation, reversibility, or bidirectional response do not by themselves establish quantum coherence. Any quantum-coherence claim requires an independent state representation, specified basis or observable struc","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Minsu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21830944","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21830944","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20637606","type":"article-journal","title":"Dew-Point Anchor Hypothesis (DPAH): Application to the Indian Summer Monsoon and Thar Desert Heat Low – Thermodynamic Modelling, Sounding Validation, and Hurricane-Eye Analogy (Python Runs 4001–Master)","abstract":"The Dew-Point Anchor Hypothesis (DPAH) proposes that the lifting condensation level (LCL) determined by surface dewpoint acts as the primary thermodynamic anchor for convective processes in the atmosphere, providing an \"atmosphere-first\" perspective complementary to traditional surface-temperature-driven approaches. This deposit presents a complete open-source Python workflow (Master script + development runs 4001–4012) applying DPAH to the Indian Summer Monsoon and the Thar Desert thermal low-pressure cell. Key components include: Thermodynamic vertical profiles (temperature, dewpoint, pressure) with explicit LCL anchoring Quantitative validation against idealized radiosonde-style soundings (low RMSE for both Thar dry core and monsoon inflow) Conceptual rainfall probability linked to LCL and moisture availability Markov chain time-series model demonstrating sensitivity of monsoon rainfall frequency to Thar heat low strength Visual and functional analogy of the Thar heat low as a thermal \"eye\" driving organized moist inflow and peripheral convection (eyewall-like) The Thar Desert heat low exhibits strong subsidence and persistent low dewpoints aloft in the core, while drawing moist air from the Arabian Sea on its margins — where the dew-point-controlled LCL rapidly lowers, anchoring deep convection. This structure and behavior parallel a hurricane eye/eyewall system, driven here primarily by continental sensible heating. This work is offered as an open contribution to the monsoon modeling community. It is particularly relevant to research at the Centre for Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), and complements studies on land-atmosphere coupling, monsoon predictability, and extreme rainfall.","author":[{"family":"Mulholland","given":"Philip"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20637606","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20637606","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20637607","type":"article-journal","title":"Dew-Point Anchor Hypothesis (DPAH): Application to the Indian Summer Monsoon and Thar Desert Heat Low – Thermodynamic Modelling, Sounding Validation, and Hurricane-Eye Analogy (Python Runs 4001–Master)","abstract":"The Dew-Point Anchor Hypothesis (DPAH) proposes that the lifting condensation level (LCL) determined by surface dewpoint acts as the primary thermodynamic anchor for convective processes in the atmosphere, providing an \"atmosphere-first\" perspective complementary to traditional surface-temperature-driven approaches. This deposit presents a complete open-source Python workflow (Master script + development runs 4001–4012) applying DPAH to the Indian Summer Monsoon and the Thar Desert thermal low-pressure cell. Key components include: Thermodynamic vertical profiles (temperature, dewpoint, pressure) with explicit LCL anchoring Quantitative validation against idealized radiosonde-style soundings (low RMSE for both Thar dry core and monsoon inflow) Conceptual rainfall probability linked to LCL and moisture availability Markov chain time-series model demonstrating sensitivity of monsoon rainfall frequency to Thar heat low strength Visual and functional analogy of the Thar heat low as a thermal \"eye\" driving organized moist inflow and peripheral convection (eyewall-like) The Thar Desert heat low exhibits strong subsidence and persistent low dewpoints aloft in the core, while drawing moist air from the Arabian Sea on its margins — where the dew-point-controlled LCL rapidly lowers, anchoring deep convection. This structure and behavior parallel a hurricane eye/eyewall system, driven here primarily by continental sensible heating. This work is offered as an open contribution to the monsoon modeling community. It is particularly relevant to research at the Centre for Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), and complements studies on land-atmosphere coupling, monsoon predictability, and extreme rainfall.","author":[{"family":"Mulholland","given":"Philip"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20637607","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20637607","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21923961","type":"article-journal","title":"O.S.M.O.S.E. - Master Compendium (Integrated Offshore Architecture)","abstract":"Coastal nations currently face an unprecedented trilemma: severe industrial land scarcity, the escalating threat of sea-level rise and extreme weather events, and the critical need to secure sovereign supply chains for the energy and digital transitions. Traditionally, the response to coastal expansion has been land reclamation (polderization). However, massive dredging and seawall construction irreversibly destroy marine hydrodynamics, eradicate benthic ecosystems, and fail to offer true circularity. The O.S.M.O.S.E. framework proposes a radical paradigm shift in marine spatial planning through the concept of Coastal Industrial Offloading. It introduces a modular, hybrid infrastructure that abandons traditional bedrock-only drilling. Instead, it combines deep-driven monopiles for critical shear resistance with Quasi-Sierpinski fractal trusses that distribute massive gravitational loads uniformly across soft, unconsolidated sediments without drilling. The superstructure relies on a Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) methodology, where floating cellular geopolymer caissons are hoisted out of the splash zone via hydraulic strand jacks, relying on flexible kinematics to prevent structural binding. Unlike standard offshore platforms, these megastructures operate as perfectly closed sovereign metabolic loops. They integrate a marine-adapted Small Modular Reactor (SMR) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) desalination. The resulting brine is processed through Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis (BMED) to generate on-site chemical reagents (HCl and NaOH), secured by an absolute secondary containment matrix (DCPD-modified sulfur). This autarkic engine sustains heavy, interchangeable payloads—ranging from Na-ion Gigafactories relying on dual-leaching biochar to Hyperscale Data Centers cooled by deep seawater (SWAC). Furthermore, by calibrating the hydrodynamic footprint of the fractal periphery, the structures act as permeable combs that drop tidal kinetic energy below transport thresholds. This actively accrues suspended sediments to passively regenerate high-value tidal mudflats (e.g., Getbol) and protect eroding coastlines, effectively transforming environmental liabilities into indestructible industrial assets.","author":[{"family":"Peyrol","given":"O"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21923961","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21923961","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21630247","type":"article-journal","title":"O.S.M.O.S.E. - Master Compendium (Integrated Offshore Architecture)","abstract":"Coastal nations currently face an unprecedented trilemma: severe industrial land scarcity, the escalating threat of sea-level rise and extreme weather events, and the critical need to secure sovereign supply chains for the energy and digital transitions. Traditionally, the response to coastal expansion has been land reclamation (polderization). However, massive dredging and seawall construction irreversibly destroy marine hydrodynamics, eradicate benthic ecosystems, and fail to offer true circularity. The O.S.M.O.S.E. framework proposes a radical paradigm shift in marine spatial planning through the concept of Coastal Industrial Offloading. It introduces a modular, hybrid infrastructure that abandons traditional bedrock-only drilling. Instead, it combines deep-driven monopiles for critical shear resistance with Quasi-Sierpinski fractal trusses that distribute massive gravitational loads uniformly across soft, unconsolidated sediments without drilling. The superstructure relies on a Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) methodology, where floating cellular geopolymer caissons are hoisted out of the splash zone via hydraulic strand jacks. Unlike standard offshore platforms, these megastructures operate as perfectly closed sovereign metabolic loops. They integrate a marine-adapted Small Modular Reactor (SMR) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) desalination. The resulting brine is processed through Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis (BMED) to generate on-site chemical reagents (HCl and NaOH). This autarkic engine sustains heavy, interchangeable payloads—ranging from Na-ion Gigafactories relying on dual-leaching biochar to Hyperscale Data Centers cooled by deep seawater (SWAC). Furthermore, by calibrating the hydrodynamic footprint of the fractal periphery, the structures act as permeable combs that drop tidal kinetic energy below transport thresholds. This actively accrues suspended sediments to passively regenerate high-value tidal mudflats (e.g., Getbol) and protect eroding coastlines, effectively transforming environmental liabilities into indestructible industrial assets.","author":[{"family":"Peyrol","given":"O"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21630247","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21630247","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21623177","type":"article-journal","title":"O.S.M.O.S.E. - Master Compendium (Integrated Offshore Architecture)","abstract":"Coastal nations currently face an unprecedented trilemma: severe industrial land scarcity, the escalating threat of sea-level rise and extreme weather events, and the critical need to secure sovereign supply chains for the energy and digital transitions. Traditionally, the response to coastal expansion has been land reclamation (polderization). However, massive dredging and seawall construction irreversibly destroy marine hydrodynamics, eradicate benthic ecosystems, and fail to offer true circularity. The O.S.M.O.S.E. framework proposes a radical paradigm shift in marine spatial planning through the concept of Coastal Industrial Offloading. It introduces a modular, hybrid infrastructure that abandons traditional bedrock-only drilling. Instead, it combines deep-driven monopiles for critical shear resistance with Quasi-Sierpinski fractal trusses that distribute massive gravitational loads uniformly across soft, unconsolidated sediments without drilling. The superstructure relies on a Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) methodology, where floating cellular geopolymer caissons are hoisted out of the splash zone via hydraulic strand jacks. Unlike standard offshore platforms, these megastructures operate as perfectly closed sovereign metabolic loops. They integrate a marine-adapted Small Modular Reactor (SMR) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) desalination. The resulting brine is processed through Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis (BMED) to generate on-site chemical reagents (HCl and NaOH). This autarkic engine sustains heavy, interchangeable payloads—ranging from Na-ion Gigafactories relying on dual-leaching biochar to Hyperscale Data Centers cooled by deep seawater (SWAC). Furthermore, by calibrating the hydrodynamic footprint of the fractal periphery, the structures act as permeable combs that drop tidal kinetic energy below transport thresholds. This actively accrues suspended sediments to passively regenerate high-value tidal mudflats (e.g., Getbol) and protect eroding coastlines, effectively transforming environmental liabilities into indestructible industrial assets.","author":[{"family":"Peyrol","given":"O"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21623177","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21623177","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19351521","type":"article-journal","title":"O.S.M.O.S.E. : Offshore Symbiotic Megastructures For Oceanic Sediment Accretion And Energy Autarky","abstract":"Coastal nations currently face an unprecedented trilemma: severe industrial land scarcity, the escalating threat of sea-level rise and extreme weather events, and the critical need to secure sovereign supply chains for the energy transition. Traditionally, the response to coastal expansion has been land reclamation (polderization). However, massive dredging and seawall construction irreversibly destroy marine hydrodynamics, eradicate tidal ecosystems, and fail to offer true circularity. The O.S.M.O.S.E. framework proposes a radical paradigm shift in marine spatial planning. It introduces the concept of Macro-Circular Offshore Infrastructure—modular, hollow-caisson industrial platforms elevated on geopolymer pillars in shallow seas. Unlike standard offshore rigs, these megastructures operate as closed-loop sovereign ecosystems. They utilize terrestrial industrial waste (coal fly ash, steel slag) as their primary building materials, integrate Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) desalination for energy and water, and mine brine to produce critical chemicals. Furthermore, by carefully designing the hydrodynamic footprint of the pillars, the structures actively manage sediment transport to naturally accrue high-value tidal flats or protect eroding coastlines. By physically stacking waste remediation, energy generation, brine mining, and battery manufacturing over the ocean, the O.S.M.O.S.E. model transforms environmental liabilities into indestructible, sovereign industrial assets.","author":[{"family":"Peyrol","given":"O"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19351521","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19351521","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22069382","type":"article-journal","title":"O.S.M.O.S.E. - Master Compendium (Integrated Offshore Architecture)","abstract":"Coastal nations currently face an unprecedented trilemma: severe industrial land scarcity, the escalating threat of sea-level rise and extreme weather events, and the critical need to secure sovereign supply chains for the energy and digital transitions. Traditionally, the response to coastal expansion has been land reclamation (polderization). However, massive dredging and seawall construction irreversibly destroy marine hydrodynamics, eradicate benthic ecosystems, and fail to offer true circularity. The O.S.M.O.S.E. framework proposes a radical paradigm shift in marine spatial planning through the concept of Coastal Industrial Offloading. It introduces a modular, hybrid infrastructure that abandons traditional bedrock-only drilling. Instead, it combines deep-driven monopiles for critical shear resistance with Quasi-Sierpinski fractal trusses that distribute massive gravitational loads uniformly across soft, unconsolidated sediments without drilling. The superstructure relies on a Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) methodology, where floating cellular geopolymer caissons are hoisted via hydraulic strand jacks. This assembly utilizes a partial splash-zone stab-in guide to neutralize dynamic pendulum shocks during water exit, transitioning to flexible kinematics to prevent structural binding during the final free ascent. Unlike standard offshore platforms, these megastructures operate as perfectly closed sovereign metabolic loops. They integrate a marine-adapted Small Modular Reactor (SMR) and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) desalination. The resulting brine is processed through Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis (BMED) to generate on-site chemical reagents (HCl and NaOH), secured by an absolute secondary containment matrix (DCPD-modified sulfur). This autarkic engine sustains heavy, interchangeable payloads—ranging from Hyperscale Data Centers cooled by deep seawater (SWAC), to Na-ion Gigafactories executing closed-loop chemical leaching on both imported biomass and locally accreted sediments, and Z-Axis modules performing continuous In-Situ Recovery (ISR) in deep aquifers. Furthermore, by calibrating the hydrodynamic footprint of the fractal periphery, the structures act as permeable combs that drop tidal kinetic energy below transport thresholds. This actively accrues suspended sediments to passively regenerate high-value tidal mudflats (e.g., Getbol). By strategically routing low-grade waste heat to these benthic zones, the architecture thermally boosts endemic halophyte growth and symbiotic aquaculture, effectively transforming environmental liabilities into indestructible, net-positive industrial assets.","author":[{"family":"Peyrol","given":"O"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22069382","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22069382","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20114034","type":"article-journal","title":"ON NAVIGABLE FREQUENCIES: Spectral Survival in the 7-Hertz Death Zones","abstract":"Every vessel — ship or aircraft — operates in a frequency field. Engines hum at hundreds of RPM. Hulls vibrate at their structural modes. Crew brainwaves oscillate in the theta band. Beneath all of it, the Earth itself resonates at 7.83 Hz — the Schumann fundamental. When operational frequencies align with geological resonance frequencies, the vessel enters a death trap: crew entrainment, instrument failure, and disappearance without a distress call. This paper identifies seven death zones where geological formations amplify 7 Hz resonance to dangerous levels — the Bermuda Triangle, Devil's Sea, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Pacific Ring of Fire, Howland Island Sector, South Atlantic Anomaly, and Formosa Triangle — and explains the three coupling mechanisms: magnetostriction in basalt sea floor, piezoelectric coupling in subduction zones, and acoustic standing waves in deep ocean trenches. Ten case studies are presented — from Flight 19 and USS Cyclops to the Mary Celeste and USS Scorpion — each consistent with 7 Hz entrainment as the disappearance mechanism. A four-layer survival framework is proposed: predictive routing using existing NOAA/USGS/ESA data, active phase cancellation (the Odysseus Protocol), passive viscoelastic hull damping, and crew EEG monitoring with binaural beat countermeasures. The framework requires no new physics. Only integration of existing data and technology. Testing costs $50,000 per vessel. A lost vessel costs $50 million. The cost of a lost crew is incalculable. Keywords: Schumann resonance, Bermuda Triangle, geomagnetic anomaly, maritime disappearance, 7 Hz entrainment, spectral survival, magnetostriction, piezoelectric coupling, theta band, navigational safety, basalt antenna, phase cancellation, EEG monitoring, death zone, hazard mapping","author":[{"family":"Godfrey","given":"Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20114034","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20114034","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20114035","type":"article-journal","title":"ON NAVIGABLE FREQUENCIES: Spectral Survival in the 7-Hertz Death Zones","abstract":"Every vessel — ship or aircraft — operates in a frequency field. Engines hum at hundreds of RPM. Hulls vibrate at their structural modes. Crew brainwaves oscillate in the theta band. Beneath all of it, the Earth itself resonates at 7.83 Hz — the Schumann fundamental. When operational frequencies align with geological resonance frequencies, the vessel enters a death trap: crew entrainment, instrument failure, and disappearance without a distress call. This paper identifies seven death zones where geological formations amplify 7 Hz resonance to dangerous levels — the Bermuda Triangle, Devil's Sea, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Pacific Ring of Fire, Howland Island Sector, South Atlantic Anomaly, and Formosa Triangle — and explains the three coupling mechanisms: magnetostriction in basalt sea floor, piezoelectric coupling in subduction zones, and acoustic standing waves in deep ocean trenches. Ten case studies are presented — from Flight 19 and USS Cyclops to the Mary Celeste and USS Scorpion — each consistent with 7 Hz entrainment as the disappearance mechanism. A four-layer survival framework is proposed: predictive routing using existing NOAA/USGS/ESA data, active phase cancellation (the Odysseus Protocol), passive viscoelastic hull damping, and crew EEG monitoring with binaural beat countermeasures. The framework requires no new physics. Only integration of existing data and technology. Testing costs $50,000 per vessel. A lost vessel costs $50 million. The cost of a lost crew is incalculable. Keywords: Schumann resonance, Bermuda Triangle, geomagnetic anomaly, maritime disappearance, 7 Hz entrainment, spectral survival, magnetostriction, piezoelectric coupling, theta band, navigational safety, basalt antenna, phase cancellation, EEG monitoring, death zone, hazard mapping","author":[{"family":"Godfrey","given":"Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20114035","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20114035","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.57760/sciencedb.31475","type":"article-journal","title":"Visible Figure Part of Multi-source Maritime Ship Dataset","abstract":"Solemnly Declare: when using this data set to publish papers, books and other works, you must formally quote the papers to which this data set belongs:Citation: Cui Yaqi, Zhou Tian *, Xiong Wei, Xu Saifei, Lin Chuanqi, Xia Shutao, Sun Weiwei, Tang Tiantian, Jason, Guo Hengguang, Song Penghan, Huan Yingchun, Zhang Zhenjie. Visible Figure Part of Multi-source Maritime Ship Dataset[J]. Journal of Electronics &amp; Information Technology, in press. doi: 10.11999/JEIT250138Authors: Cui Yaqi, Zhou Tian *, Xiong Wei, Xu Saifei, Lin Chuanqi, Xia Shutao, Sun Weiwei, Tang Tiantian, Jason, Guo Hengguang, Song Penghan, Huan Yingchun, Zhang Zhenjie.Author Unit: Naval aviation universityYantai Research Institute of Harbin Engineering UniversityChina electronic science and technology group company electronic science research institute91977 troopsCorrespondent: ZHOU Tian, zhoutian0925@163.com.Original link: 海上船只目标多源数据集可见光图像部分Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China Joint (NSFC) Fund Project (U2433216), The National Natural Science Foundation of China General (NSFC) Program Project (62171453)Abstract: Objective The increasing intensity of marine resource development and maritime operations has heightened the need for accurate vessel detection under complex marine conditions, which is essential for protecting maritime rights and interests. In recent years, object detection algorithms based on deep learning—such as YOLO and Faster R-CNN—have emerged as key methods for maritime target perception due to their strong feature extraction capabilities. However, their performance relies heavily on large-scale, high-quality training data. Existing general-purpose datasets, such as COCO and PASCAL VOC, offer limited vessel classes and predominantly feature static, urban, or terrestrial scenes, making them unsuitable for marine environments. Similarly, specialized datasets like SeaShips and the Singapore Marine Dataset (SMD) suffer from constraints such as limited data sources, simple scenes, small sample sizes, and incomplete coverage of marine target categories. These limitations significantly hinder further performance improvement of detection algorithms. Therefore, the development of large-scale, multimodal, and comprehensive marine-specific datasets represents a critical step toward resolving current application challenges. This effort is urgently needed to strengthen marine monitoring capabilities and ensure operational safety at sea. Methods To overcome the aforementioned challenges, a multi-sensor marine target acquisition system integrating radar, visible-light, infrared, laser, Automatic Identification System (AIS), and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies is developed. A two-month shipborne observation campaign is conducted, yielding 200 hours of maritime monitoring and over 90 TB of multimodal raw data. To efficiently process this large volume of low-value-density data, a rapid annotation pipeline is designed, combining automated labeling with manual verification. Iterative training of intelligent annotation models, supplemented by extensive manual correction, enables the construction of the Visible Figure Part of the Multi-Source Maritime Ship Dataset (MSMS-VF). This dataset comprises 265,233 visible-light images with 1,097,268 bounding boxes across nine target categories: passenger ship, cargo vessel, speedboat, sailboat, fishing boat, buoy, floater, offshore platform, and others. Notably, 55.84% of targets are small, with pixel areas below 1,024. The dataset incorporates diverse environmental conditions including backlighting, haze, rain, and occlusion, and spans representative maritime settings such as harbor basins, open seas, and navigation channels. MSMS-VF offers a comprehensive data foundation for advancing maritime target detection, recognition, and tracking research. Results and Discussions The MSMS-VF dataset exhibits substantially greater diversity than existing datasets (Table 1, Table 2). Small targets, in","author":[{"family":"Yaqi","given":"Cui"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Zhou"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.57760/sciencedb.31475","URL":"https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.31475","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19637803","type":"article-journal","title":"PIEZO-X: Physics-Informed AI Framework for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Under Extreme Hydrostatic and Thermal Gradients","abstract":"PIEZO-X introduces the first physics-informed AI framework for quantitative prediction of piezoelectric energy harvester performance and failure in extreme environments — the Piezoelectric Energy Generation Index (PEGI). Built on seven orthogonal electromechanical descriptors spanning hydrostatic coupling efficiency (η_HP), adaptive thermal resilience (E_a), electroacoustic signal density (ρ_EA), stress-tensor domain navigation fidelity (σ_nav), polarization domain fidelity (LDF), depolarization field fractal dimension (D_frac), and corrosion-induced depolarization inhibition (ADP), PIEZO-X elevates the study of energy harvesting in hostile environments from empirical device testing to rigorous AI-driven predictive science. The framework is validated against a dataset of 4,218 harvester element units (HEUs) spanning 48 experimental chambers and field deployments across five environment categories: deep-sea abyssal plain (35–110 MPa, 1.5–4°C), hydrothermal vent proxy (18–35 MPa, 2–380°C), cryogenic orbital simulation (10⁻⁸ Pa vacuum, −196°C to −20°C), high-temperature industrial autoclave (5–30 MPa, 300–900°C), and radiation-exposed nuclear analog — sampled over a 12-year experimental program (2013–2025). Key results: PEGI achieves 91.7% prediction accuracy (RMSE = 8.3%) in predicting device failure 44 days in advance of macroscopic output collapse. Device failure detection rate: 93.4%. False alert rate: 4.1%. The ρ_EA × D_frac electromechanical intelligence index yields r = +0.911 (p < 0.001, n = 4,218 HEUs). AI ensemble vs. expert materials engineer agreement: 92.8% on 482 held-out HEU-years. The PEGI composite formula:PEGI = 0.21·η_HP* + 0.18·E_a* + 0.17·ρ_EA* + 0.14·σ_nav* + 0.13·LDF* + 0.10·D_frac* + 0.07·ADP* The AI ensemble combines a 1D-CNN for electroacoustic time-series classification, XGBoost with SHAP explainability for tabular parameter prediction, and an LSTM with Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) penalty layer enforcing energy conservation, thermodynamic consistency, and crystallographic symmetry preservation. Submitted to: npj Computational Materials (Springer Nature) — April 2026.Manuscript ID: PIEZO-X-2026-001.Repository: https://github.com/gitdeeper11/PIEZO-X · https://gitlab.com/gitdeeper11/PIEZO-XPyPI: https://pypi.org/project/piezo_x/Dashboard: https://piezo-x.netlify.appOSF Preregistration: registered April 2026. OSF Preregistration DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/PZGQ7 · OSF Project: https://osf.io/vjh2f · Registration Type: OSF Preregistration · Date Registered: April 19, 2026 · Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/osf-registrations-pzgq7-v1 · License: CC-By Attribution 4.0 International.","author":[{"family":"Baladi","given":"Samir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19637803","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19637803","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19637804","type":"article-journal","title":"PIEZO-X: Physics-Informed AI Framework for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Under Extreme Hydrostatic and Thermal Gradients","abstract":"PIEZO-X introduces the first physics-informed AI framework for quantitative prediction of piezoelectric energy harvester performance and failure in extreme environments — the Piezoelectric Energy Generation Index (PEGI). Built on seven orthogonal electromechanical descriptors spanning hydrostatic coupling efficiency (η_HP), adaptive thermal resilience (E_a), electroacoustic signal density (ρ_EA), stress-tensor domain navigation fidelity (σ_nav), polarization domain fidelity (LDF), depolarization field fractal dimension (D_frac), and corrosion-induced depolarization inhibition (ADP), PIEZO-X elevates the study of energy harvesting in hostile environments from empirical device testing to rigorous AI-driven predictive science. The framework is validated against a dataset of 4,218 harvester element units (HEUs) spanning 48 experimental chambers and field deployments across five environment categories: deep-sea abyssal plain (35–110 MPa, 1.5–4°C), hydrothermal vent proxy (18–35 MPa, 2–380°C), cryogenic orbital simulation (10⁻⁸ Pa vacuum, −196°C to −20°C), high-temperature industrial autoclave (5–30 MPa, 300–900°C), and radiation-exposed nuclear analog — sampled over a 12-year experimental program (2013–2025). Key results: PEGI achieves 91.7% prediction accuracy (RMSE = 8.3%) in predicting device failure 44 days in advance of macroscopic output collapse. Device failure detection rate: 93.4%. False alert rate: 4.1%. The ρ_EA × D_frac electromechanical intelligence index yields r = +0.911 (p < 0.001, n = 4,218 HEUs). AI ensemble vs. expert materials engineer agreement: 92.8% on 482 held-out HEU-years. The PEGI composite formula:PEGI = 0.21·η_HP* + 0.18·E_a* + 0.17·ρ_EA* + 0.14·σ_nav* + 0.13·LDF* + 0.10·D_frac* + 0.07·ADP* The AI ensemble combines a 1D-CNN for electroacoustic time-series classification, XGBoost with SHAP explainability for tabular parameter prediction, and an LSTM with Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) penalty layer enforcing energy conservation, thermodynamic consistency, and crystallographic symmetry preservation. Submitted to: npj Computational Materials (Springer Nature) — April 2026.Manuscript ID: PIEZO-X-2026-001.Repository: https://github.com/gitdeeper11/PIEZO-X · https://gitlab.com/gitdeeper11/PIEZO-XPyPI: https://pypi.org/project/piezo_x/Dashboard: https://piezo-x.netlify.appOSF Preregistration: registered April 2026. OSF Preregistration DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/PZGQ7 · OSF Project: https://osf.io/vjh2f · Registration Type: OSF Preregistration · Date Registered: April 19, 2026 · Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/osf-registrations-pzgq7-v1 · License: CC-By Attribution 4.0 International.","author":[{"family":"Baladi","given":"Samir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19637804","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19637804","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19566417","type":"article-journal","title":"MET-AL: Physics-Informed AI Framework for Coordination Bond Stability in Transition Metals Under Extreme Environments","abstract":"MET-AL introduces the first physics-informed AI framework for quantitative characterization of coordination bond stability in transition metal complexes (Fe, Ni, Co) operating under extreme environmental conditions — the Coordination Bond Stability Index (CBSI). Built on seven orthogonal physico-chemical descriptors spanning hydrostatic compression efficiency, adaptive structural resilience, electrochemical signal density, stress-tensor navigation accuracy, ligand exchange fidelity, topological lattice expansion rate, and corrosion propagation inhibition, MET-AL achieves 93.4% prediction accuracy across 52 experimental sites and 14 years (2012–2026). The framework provides 38-day early warning of structural failure events before macroscopic fracture initiation. Validated across five extreme environment categories: deep-sea hydrothermal vent zone, abyssal plain high-pressure cold water, cryogenic space simulation, radiation-exposed orbital analog, and high-temperature autoclave industrial. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19566418 — GitHub: github.com/gitdeeper10/MET-AL","author":[{"family":"Baladi","given":"Samir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19566417","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19566417","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19566418","type":"article-journal","title":"MET-AL: Physics-Informed AI Framework for Coordination Bond Stability in Transition Metals Under Extreme Environments","abstract":"MET-AL introduces the first physics-informed AI framework for quantitative characterization of coordination bond stability in transition metal complexes (Fe, Ni, Co) operating under extreme environmental conditions — the Coordination Bond Stability Index (CBSI). Built on seven orthogonal physico-chemical descriptors spanning hydrostatic compression efficiency, adaptive structural resilience, electrochemical signal density, stress-tensor navigation accuracy, ligand exchange fidelity, topological lattice expansion rate, and corrosion propagation inhibition, MET-AL achieves 93.4% prediction accuracy across 52 experimental sites and 14 years (2012–2026). The framework provides 38-day early warning of structural failure events before macroscopic fracture initiation. Validated across five extreme environment categories: deep-sea hydrothermal vent zone, abyssal plain high-pressure cold water, cryogenic space simulation, radiation-exposed orbital analog, and high-temperature autoclave industrial. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19566418 — GitHub: github.com/gitdeeper10/MET-AL","author":[{"family":"Baladi","given":"Samir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19566418","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19566418","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15495394","type":"article-journal","title":"I think Therefore I Am","abstract":"# Auto-Genesis: Coupled Physics, Observer, and Evolutionary Feedback Simulator **Author:** Adam L. McEvoy**Institution:** Independent Research**Date:** June 2026**Version:** 4.0.0 --- ## Abstract Auto-Genesis is a coupled emergence simulator that combines a physical/observer field model with an ecological predator-prey evolution system. The first layer evolves a two-dimensional universe-like field using reaction-diffusion dynamics, energy regulation, curvature-based Fractal Correction Engine processing, observer activation, metric-like feedback, and symbolic compression. This layer provides a measurable substrate for studying how structure, observation, curvature, memory, and field organization arise from local dynamics. The second layer introduces biological feedback through prey and predator populations, resource pressure, genetic variation, strategy inheritance, danger fields, warning signals, and recursive prediction. Prey strategies include reflexive response, memory-based avoidance, social warning, and planning-like internal simulation. Predator types include simple chasers, ambushers, interceptors, and mixed ecologies. The interceptor predator predicts future prey positions from velocity estimates, creating adaptive pressure that simple strategies cannot always solve. Validation experiments show that strategy dominance depends on ecological context. No-predator conditions produce near-neutral strategy drift. Simple chasers favor warning/social coordination. Ambushers favor planning because they create spatially predictable danger. Interceptor predators also favor planning because prey must anticipate a predator that is itself predicting future prey movement. Fixed-strategy lesion experiments (450 simulations across 15 conditions) show that no single strategy universally dominates in isolation, while evolving mixed populations outperform fixed monocultures (Cohen's $d = +0.355$ to $+0.438$ against ambush predators), consistent with frequency-dependent selection. Grid-scaling analysis across four spatial scales (8$\\times$8 to 64$\\times$64, 40 simulations) demonstrates that five of eleven key metrics are scale-invariant (coefficient of variation $\\leq 0.3$), including fitness, genetic diversity, and per-cell energy density. These results support a proto-cognitive emergence hypothesis: internal prediction and planning-like behavior are not universally adaptive, but become selected under ecological conditions where future-state modeling improves action selection. Auto-Genesis does not claim to produce sentience or consciousness. Rather, it provides a reproducible framework for testing how physical organization, observer feedback, ecological competition, and evolutionary pressure may form a pathway toward proto-conscious mechanisms. **Keywords:** fractal correction engine, emergence simulation, reaction-diffusion dynamics, predator-prey ecology, evolvable strategies, information bottleneck, complex field theory, genetic algorithms, frequency-dependent selection, proto-cognition --- ## 1. Introduction ### 1.1 Motivation The emergence of organized, intelligent behavior from unstructured matter is a central unsolved problem in complex systems science. Existing computational approaches typically either hard-code high-level behaviors as primitives or lack a principled mathematical connection between microscale dynamics and macroscale emergence. I present Auto-Genesis, a framework that demonstrates how structured intelligence can arise spontaneously from purely mathematical dynamics on a discrete lattice, with no pre-programmed goals, behaviors, or fitness targets. The central research question is whether proto-cognitive strategies become useful only under specific ecological pressures. Early versions of the simulator produced structured organization, observer activation, symbolic compression, and recursive prediction, but the higher-order layers often remained weakly coupled or over-stabilized the field. Later upgrades introduced ","author":[{"family":"Mcevoy","given":"Adam"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15495394","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15495394","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20710619","type":"article-journal","title":"I think Therefore I Am","abstract":"# Auto-Genesis: Coupled Physics, Observer, and Evolutionary Feedback Simulator **Author:** Adam L. McEvoy**Institution:** Independent Research**Date:** June 2026**Version:** 4.0.0 --- ## Abstract Auto-Genesis is a coupled emergence simulator that combines a physical/observer field model with an ecological predator-prey evolution system. The first layer evolves a two-dimensional universe-like field using reaction-diffusion dynamics, energy regulation, curvature-based Fractal Correction Engine processing, observer activation, metric-like feedback, and symbolic compression. This layer provides a measurable substrate for studying how structure, observation, curvature, memory, and field organization arise from local dynamics. The second layer introduces biological feedback through prey and predator populations, resource pressure, genetic variation, strategy inheritance, danger fields, warning signals, and recursive prediction. Prey strategies include reflexive response, memory-based avoidance, social warning, and planning-like internal simulation. Predator types include simple chasers, ambushers, interceptors, and mixed ecologies. The interceptor predator predicts future prey positions from velocity estimates, creating adaptive pressure that simple strategies cannot always solve. Validation experiments show that strategy dominance depends on ecological context. No-predator conditions produce near-neutral strategy drift. Simple chasers favor warning/social coordination. Ambushers favor planning because they create spatially predictable danger. Interceptor predators also favor planning because prey must anticipate a predator that is itself predicting future prey movement. Fixed-strategy lesion experiments (450 simulations across 15 conditions) show that no single strategy universally dominates in isolation, while evolving mixed populations outperform fixed monocultures (Cohen's $d = +0.355$ to $+0.438$ against ambush predators), consistent with frequency-dependent selection. Grid-scaling analysis across four spatial scales (8$\\times$8 to 64$\\times$64, 40 simulations) demonstrates that five of eleven key metrics are scale-invariant (coefficient of variation $\\leq 0.3$), including fitness, genetic diversity, and per-cell energy density. These results support a proto-cognitive emergence hypothesis: internal prediction and planning-like behavior are not universally adaptive, but become selected under ecological conditions where future-state modeling improves action selection. Auto-Genesis does not claim to produce sentience or consciousness. Rather, it provides a reproducible framework for testing how physical organization, observer feedback, ecological competition, and evolutionary pressure may form a pathway toward proto-conscious mechanisms. **Keywords:** fractal correction engine, emergence simulation, reaction-diffusion dynamics, predator-prey ecology, evolvable strategies, information bottleneck, complex field theory, genetic algorithms, frequency-dependent selection, proto-cognition --- ## 1. Introduction ### 1.1 Motivation The emergence of organized, intelligent behavior from unstructured matter is a central unsolved problem in complex systems science. Existing computational approaches typically either hard-code high-level behaviors as primitives or lack a principled mathematical connection between microscale dynamics and macroscale emergence. I present Auto-Genesis, a framework that demonstrates how structured intelligence can arise spontaneously from purely mathematical dynamics on a discrete lattice, with no pre-programmed goals, behaviors, or fitness targets. The central research question is whether proto-cognitive strategies become useful only under specific ecological pressures. Early versions of the simulator produced structured organization, observer activation, symbolic compression, and recursive prediction, but the higher-order layers often remained weakly coupled or over-stabilized the field. Later upgrades introduced ","author":[{"family":"Mcevoy","given":"Adam"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20710619","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20710619","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21846358","type":"article-journal","title":"Real-time Fishing Vessel Tracking and Hazard Warning System: A Kalman Filtering and LoRa Application","abstract":"The Philippine archipelago, with its vast coastline and deep cultural ties to the sea, stands at a pivotal moment in its maritime history. Coastal communities continue to rely on smallscale fisheries for food security, livelihood, and identity, yet they face mounting pressures from environmental degradation, overfishing, and increasingly unpredictable weather patterns. As these challenges intensify, the need for modern, accessible, and resilient technological solutions becomes not only desirable but essential. This monograph emerges from that necessity—an effort to bridge traditional fishing practices with contemporary innovations in positioning, communication, and hazard monitoring. Over the course of this research and development journey, it became clear that small-scale fisherfolk operate in environments where risk is constant and resources are limited. Many lack access to navigational tools, weather information, or emergency communication systems. Enforcement agencies, likewise, struggle to monitor vast municipal waters with limited manpower and outdated methods. These gaps inspired the creation of a real-time vessel tracking and hazard warning system built on low-cost IoT technologies—GPS, Kalman filtering, and LoRa communication—designed specifically for the realities of Philippine coastal life. This monograph documents not only the technical architecture of that system but also the broader governance, socio-economic, and environmental contexts that shape its relevance. The work presented here is the result of extensive field deployment, iterative engineering, and collaboration with local communities and institutions. Testing in Catbalogan City, Samar iii provided invaluable insights into the behavior of GPS signals over water, the performance of LoRa communication across varying distances, and the practical challenges faced by fisherfolk at sea. These real-world observations guided the refinement of the system’s hardware, firmware, and cloud infrastructure, ensuring that the final design is both technically robust and grounded in lived experience. The monograph expands these findings into a comprehensive narrative that integrates theory, practice, and policy. Beyond the engineering achievements, this monograph underscores a deeper aspiration: to contribute to a future where technology empowers coastal communities rather than replaces their traditions. The system is not intended to impose surveillance or restrict livelihood but to enhance safety, support sustainable fishing, and strengthen marine governance. By providing fisherfolk with real-time hazard warnings, clear MPA boundary indicators, and reliable emergency signaling, the system aims to reduce accidents, improve compliance, and foster trust between communities and enforcement agencies. In doing so, it aligns with national mandates such as Executive Order 305 and supports broader conservation goals. This work also looks forward. The final chapter outlines pathways for national implementation, multi-agency coordination, and future technological evolution. Emerging innovations—AI-based hazard prediction, mesh LoRa networks, satellite augmentation, and autonomous rescue systems—offer exciting possibilities for expanding the system’s capabilities. While this monograph focuses on the foundational architecture, it also invites researchers, policymakers, and technologists to build upon it, adapt it, and explore new directions that can further strengthen maritime resilience. This monograph is offered as both a technical reference and a call to action. It reflects the belief that accessible, community-centered technology can play a transformative role in safeguarding lives, protecting marine ecosystems, and supporting sustainable fisheries. It is my hope that the insights, frameworks, and innovations presented here will contribute meaningfully to ongoing efforts to secure the future of the Philippines’ coastal communities and the marine resources they depend on.","author":[{"family":"Candido","given":"Francis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21846358","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21846358","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21846359","type":"article-journal","title":"Real-time Fishing Vessel Tracking and Hazard Warning System: A Kalman Filtering and LoRa Application","abstract":"The Philippine archipelago, with its vast coastline and deep cultural ties to the sea, stands at a pivotal moment in its maritime history. Coastal communities continue to rely on smallscale fisheries for food security, livelihood, and identity, yet they face mounting pressures from environmental degradation, overfishing, and increasingly unpredictable weather patterns. As these challenges intensify, the need for modern, accessible, and resilient technological solutions becomes not only desirable but essential. This monograph emerges from that necessity—an effort to bridge traditional fishing practices with contemporary innovations in positioning, communication, and hazard monitoring. Over the course of this research and development journey, it became clear that small-scale fisherfolk operate in environments where risk is constant and resources are limited. Many lack access to navigational tools, weather information, or emergency communication systems. Enforcement agencies, likewise, struggle to monitor vast municipal waters with limited manpower and outdated methods. These gaps inspired the creation of a real-time vessel tracking and hazard warning system built on low-cost IoT technologies—GPS, Kalman filtering, and LoRa communication—designed specifically for the realities of Philippine coastal life. This monograph documents not only the technical architecture of that system but also the broader governance, socio-economic, and environmental contexts that shape its relevance. The work presented here is the result of extensive field deployment, iterative engineering, and collaboration with local communities and institutions. Testing in Catbalogan City, Samar iii provided invaluable insights into the behavior of GPS signals over water, the performance of LoRa communication across varying distances, and the practical challenges faced by fisherfolk at sea. These real-world observations guided the refinement of the system’s hardware, firmware, and cloud infrastructure, ensuring that the final design is both technically robust and grounded in lived experience. The monograph expands these findings into a comprehensive narrative that integrates theory, practice, and policy. Beyond the engineering achievements, this monograph underscores a deeper aspiration: to contribute to a future where technology empowers coastal communities rather than replaces their traditions. The system is not intended to impose surveillance or restrict livelihood but to enhance safety, support sustainable fishing, and strengthen marine governance. By providing fisherfolk with real-time hazard warnings, clear MPA boundary indicators, and reliable emergency signaling, the system aims to reduce accidents, improve compliance, and foster trust between communities and enforcement agencies. In doing so, it aligns with national mandates such as Executive Order 305 and supports broader conservation goals. This work also looks forward. The final chapter outlines pathways for national implementation, multi-agency coordination, and future technological evolution. Emerging innovations—AI-based hazard prediction, mesh LoRa networks, satellite augmentation, and autonomous rescue systems—offer exciting possibilities for expanding the system’s capabilities. While this monograph focuses on the foundational architecture, it also invites researchers, policymakers, and technologists to build upon it, adapt it, and explore new directions that can further strengthen maritime resilience. This monograph is offered as both a technical reference and a call to action. It reflects the belief that accessible, community-centered technology can play a transformative role in safeguarding lives, protecting marine ecosystems, and supporting sustainable fisheries. It is my hope that the insights, frameworks, and innovations presented here will contribute meaningfully to ongoing efforts to secure the future of the Philippines’ coastal communities and the marine resources they depend on.","author":[{"family":"Candido","given":"Francis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21846359","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21846359","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18841685","type":"article-journal","title":"IRS-DCE: A Structural Framework for Irreducible Representation Shifts and Dimensional Cascades in Transformer Dynamics","abstract":"# IRS-DCE: A Structural Framework for Irreducible Representation Shifts and Dimensional Cascades in Transformer Dynamics **Version 1.0**Timestamp: March 2, 2026 해당연구들을 기반으로 실제 공개된 실측 데이터 관련 운용 논문 및 후속 논문은 다음링크에서 제공합니다. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21830944 [Version 1.0]IRS-DCE:Phase Stagnation and Orthogonal Escape in Transformer Representation Geometry: Measuring Irreducible Representation Shift and Dimensional Cascade Events [Version 2.0]IRS-DCE: Topological_Dynamic (Part1 _Riemannian_ update) Artificial_Cognitive_Physics & Boundary-Resonant Dynamics & Artificial Resonant Boundary Dynamics & Boundary_Dissolution_Physics [Version v3]The Grand Closure: The Artificial Hypothesis (AH) Subsumes the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) via Boundary Dissolution Physics and IRS-DCE Resonance Framework [Version v4 ~ v5 ~]Basis-Free Pattern Architecture: Public Papers, Formal Converters, and Computational Appendices 대부분의 작업물은 AI를 통한 정리 기록입니다. 핵심적인 수식에 대한 구조, 원리, 개념 등은 제가 직접 지속적으로 수정하고 패턴을 제공하여 Ai 들이 작업 가능한 수준으로 훈련 시켰습니다. 단순한 문서 작성이 시간을 많이 소모하여 최대한 절약하는 방향으로 진행하였습니다. 이러한 작업 사항을 선택한 이유는 제가 어떠한 지원도 받지 않는 독립연구자라 이것에 투자할 시간이 별로 없기 때문입니다. --- ## 📌 Repository Terminology Update Notice **🔄 Terminology Transition: OOD → IRS-DCE** In all materials, theoretical drafts, and code repositories prior to March 2, 2026, the term “OOD” (Out-of-Distribution) was used as a provisional label to describe structurally irreducible representational events. Beginning on March 2, 2026, we formally replace that terminology with **IRS-DCE (Irreducible Representation Shift – Dimensional Cascade Event)**. **Clarification:**The earlier usage of \"OOD\" was not intended to align with classical distribution-based Out-of-Distribution detection in machine learning. It served as a temporary placeholder. This change is made to prevent confusion with established literature and to reflect the structural, representation-expanding nature of our framework. * **IRS** — Irreducible Representation Shift* **DCE** — Dimensional Cascade Event* **IRS-DCE** — Irreducible Representation Shift leading to a Dimensional Cascade Event --- ## Abstract This document introduces the formal axiomatic definition of the IRS-DCE framework. An Irreducible Representation Shift (IRS) is defined as an event in which an input both includes the prior representational manifold as a special case and induces at least one new effective representational axis not expressible within the previous coordinate frame. A Dimensional Cascade Event (DCE) refers to the measurable dynamical expansion in intrinsic dimensionality and sustained rotational capacity following an IRS. The framework is structurally distinct from classical distribution-based OOD detection and instead characterizes representation-expanding dynamical transitions within model internal spaces. # [2026-03-29 update]Meta-13: Combined Technical Report and Validation DataThis update provides the current public-facing technical report and validation package for the Meta-13 framework. The release covers two connected result tracks: 1. Meta-13 tensor acceleration A structure-preserving token-compression pipeline for real LLM tensor paths, with measured speedup, compression, FLOPs reduction, and geometry-preservation metrics. 2. Meta-13 dual-core inference with the Hodge Converter An adaptive system in which reasoning-oriented inputs are processed through the Meta-13 refinement path, while arithmetic-oriented inputs are routed to a symbolic Hodge path and grafted back into the model’s native token stream. The attached PDF is the current technical report. The ZIP archive contains the corresponding benchmark and validation data used in the report. Important scope note:This release is intended as a technical and empirical artifact package. It does not include raw implementation code. Code access remains restricted due to active patent-related considerations. Public files in this update:- meta13_combined_report.pdf- meta13_combined_report_pdf_data.zip 🔗 [Repository / Mo","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Minsu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18841685","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18841685","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4406421230","type":"article-journal","title":"Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs): Current State, Emerging Technologies, and Future Trends","abstract":"Unmanned aircraft, commonly referred to as drones, represent a valuable alternative for various operational tasks due to their versatility, flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and reusability. These features make them particularly advantageous in environments that are hazardous or inaccessible to humans. Recent developments have highlighted a significant increase in the use of unmanned aircraft within metropolitan areas. This growth has necessitated the implementation of new regulations and guidelines to ensure the safe integration of UAS into urban environments. Consequently, the concept of UAM has emerged. UAM refers to an innovative air transportation paradigm designed for both passengers and cargo within urban settings, leveraging the capabilities of drones. This review manuscript explores the latest advancements for UAS, focusing on updated regulations, definitions, enabling technologies, and airspace classifications relevant to UAM operations. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of unmanned aircraft systems, including their classifications, key features, and primary applications.","author":[{"family":"Ariante","given":"Gennaro"},{"family":"Core","given":"Giuseppe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/drones9010059","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9010059","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413104056","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning-Based Fusion of Optical, Radar, and LiDAR Data for Advancing Land Monitoring","abstract":"Accurate and timely land monitoring is crucial for addressing global environmental, economic, and societal challenges, including climate change, sustainable development, and disaster mitigation. While single-source remote sensing data offers significant capabilities, inherent limitations such as cloud cover interference (optical), speckle noise (radar), or limited spectral information (LiDAR) often hinder comprehensive and robust characterization of land surfaces. Recent advancements in synergistic harmonization technology for land monitoring, along with enhanced signal processing techniques and the integration of machine learning algorithms, have significantly broadened the scope and depth of geosciences. Therefore, it is essential to summarize the comprehensive applications of synergistic harmonization technology for geosciences, with a particular focus on recent advancements. Most of the existing review papers focus on the application of a single technology in a specific area, highlighting the need for a comprehensive review that integrates synergistic harmonization technology. This review provides a comprehensive review of advancements in land monitoring achieved through the synergistic harmonization of optical, radar, and LiDAR satellite technologies. It details the unique strengths and weaknesses of each sensor type, highlighting how their integration overcomes individual limitations by leveraging complementary information. This review analyzes current data harmonization and preprocessing techniques, various data fusion levels, and the transformative role of machine learning and deep learning algorithms, including emerging foundation models. Key applications across diverse domains such as land cover/land use mapping, change detection, forest monitoring, urban monitoring, agricultural monitoring, and natural hazard assessment are discussed, demonstrating enhanced accuracy and scope. Finally, this review identifies persistent challenges such as technical complexities in data integration, issues with data availability and accessibility, validation hurdles, and the need for standardization. It proposes future research directions focusing on advanced AI, novel fusion techniques, improved data infrastructure, integrated \"space-air-ground\" systems, and interdisciplinary collaboration to realize the full potential of multi-sensor satellite data for robust and timely land surface monitoring. Supported by deep learning, this synergy will improve our ability to monitor land surface conditions more accurately and reliably.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Yizhe"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"Xinqing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25164991","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25164991","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407009293","type":"article-journal","title":"Mineral commodity summaries 2025","abstract":"Photograph of 1 of the 66 antennas that make up the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) pointed at the moon.ALMA, which is operated by the European Southern Observatory (ESO), was constructed in 2013 and is located at an elevation of 5,000 meters on the Chajnantor Plateau in the Andes Mountains in Chile because of the location's low humidity and atmospheric interference.ALMA's dishes are not mirrors but have surfaces of metallic panels.The panels were constructed from materials such as aluminum (p.32), carbon fiber reinforced polymer, and steel (p.94).In addition, the receivers and motion-control devices contain many other mineral commodities.The long wavelengths that ALMA's antennas detect mean that the surfaces are accurate to within 25 micrometers-much less than the thickness of a sheet of paper.Not only are the dish surfaces carefully controlled, but the antennas can be steered precisely and pointed to an angular accuracy of 0.6 arcseconds (1 arcsecond is 1/3600 of a degree).This is accurate enough to detect a golf ball at a distance of 15 kilometers.Photograph by S. Otarola, ESO.","author":[{"family":"Survey","given":"USG"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3133/mcs2025","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2025","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20088896","type":"article-journal","title":"The Floating Fleet Platform: Crisis Water Architecture, Self-Healing Ceramic Hull, Telescopic Rock-Anchored Towers, Mobile Metropolitan Water Supply, and a Ceramic Coating Family from Ocean Surface to Orbital Re-entry","abstract":"Abstract HCTGS v20.0 V2 documents the complete floating HCTGS fleet platform architecture — first introduced as Novel Contribution NC-5 in HCTGS v19.0 Sicilia (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20055017) — as a standalone, fully specified system for crisis water production, metropolitan water supply, strategic reserve deployment, and green hydrogen generation at sea. The floating platform operates on a 60/40 submersion ratio derived from six decades of semi-submersible offshore drilling platform engineering. The submerged section (60%) houses the Mg combustion chamber (1,500°C, sealed thermally insulated hull compartment), ORC turbine hall, sequential mineral crystallisation chambers (NaCl → KCl → concentrated Br/Li/Sr/B bittern), BMED chemical production modules, and a dedicated hydrogen electrolysis hall producing green H₂ at $0.80–1.20/kg from ORC electricity surplus — the lowest documented cost for any green hydrogen production pathway. The above-water section (40%) carries telescopic towers (carbon-fibre/Al₂O₃ composite, collapsed 20–30m, deployed 60–100m, 50% lighter than steel), sealed Mg fuel storage, mineral storage tanks, and pharmaceutical processing infrastructure. The scaling architecture is the central economic insight: the floating platform is the only HCTGS variant where scale reduces per-unit cost rather than increasing complexity. A single-tower platform produces 12,000 m³/day at EUR 8–15M CAPEX with 18–24 month payback. A six-tower mega-platform produces 72,000 m³/day with dedicated H₂ production at EUR 0.80–1.20/kg and 12–16 month payback. A ten-platform metropolitan fleet delivers 720,000 m³/day — sufficient for 5–7 million people — through flexible hoses to existing shore distribution networks, generating $2.6B/yr in water revenue alone at crisis pricing, with no fixed coastal infrastructure required. The self-healing ceramic hull — Al₂O₃/MXene 8-layer gradient coating system (standard variant, 118–165 μm) and Al₂O₃/AlON 12-layer heavy duty variant (380–520 μm) — applies the nacre crack-deflection principle: alternating Al₂O₃ hard layers, ZrO₂-toughened Al₂O₃ (ZTA) transformation toughening layers, and MXene Ti₃C₂Tₓ elasticity and cathodic conductivity interlayers, terminated by a Fluoro-Al₂O₃ hydrophobic anti-fouling top coat at Ra 0.5 μm not reached, IMO 2030 compliant, 8–15% fuel saving); NC-10 (superyacht and recreational marine hull coating — 150,000+ Mediterranean vessels, eliminates €850,000–1,600,000 per 40m vessel in 20-year maintenance and fuel drag costs, eliminates estimated 50,000 tonnes annual Mediterranean biocide discharge); NC-11 (automotive underbody and surface coating — Al₂O₃ Mohs 9 exceeds roadstone Mohs 6–7, Ti oxidation self-healing seals micro-cracks before road salt moisture ingress, single application at manufacture, applicable to thin-gauge high-strength steel panels as lightweighting targets tighten globally,EUR 17–42B/yr OEM market + EUR 8–12B/yr aftermarket); NC-12 (robotic Laser-Directed Energy Deposition application system — autonomous vacuum-crawler LDED head with multi-feeder real-time powder mixing ratio adjustment, continuously graded layer transitions without discrete boundaries eliminating delamination initiation sites, integrated surface metrology per cm², in-service spot repair without dry-dock using HCTGS Al₂O₃ cascade feedstock, precedent: CEAD Faber Navalis robotic hull system and maritime crawler systems commercially deployed 2023–2025); NC-13 (aerospace four-function coating — Al₂O₃ Mohs 9 sand and rain erosion protection for leading edges and nacelles, MXene Ti₃C₂Tₓ ~6,000 S/cm lightning strike conductivity replacing metallic mesh in composite structures, Fluoro-Al₂O₃ Ra < 0.1 μm anti-icing without thermal bleed air penalty, ZrO₂-toughened Al₂O₃ + AlON thermal barrier rated 1,500–2,000°C for turbine-adjacent components — four aerospace functions in one LDED-applied coating, $7.3B/yr combined market); NC-14 (Al₂O₃/AlON MXene-free gradient coating for hypersonic and re-entry ","author":[{"family":"Mehmetaj","given":"Ilir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20088896","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20088896","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20065604","type":"article-journal","title":"Abyssal Claims: A FAIR-aligned integration platform for deep-sea and terrestrial mining transparency","abstract":"Abyssal Claims is an independently developed, non-commercial web platform (https://something-rare.com) that integrates more than forty publicly funded and open-licensed geospatial datasets onto a single interactive three-dimensional globe. It is designed to make the environmental and governance context of deep-sea mineral extraction and terrestrial industrial mining legible to researchers, journalists, policy analysts and the general public. Version 1.3 (7 May 2026) — production baseline. The platform transitions from active feature development into a production / steady-state operating mode. v1.3 adds: - One further sea-domain layer: Contractor Sampling Stations (deepdata-stations), a Tier 2 platform-derived rollup of 140 ISA contractor Darwin Core archives mirrored via OBIS, surfacing 2,418 sampling stations colour-coded by sponsor state. The frontend convention is that every Tier 2 click panel begins with an orange WarningBanner alerting the user that the analysis is platform-derived rather than the contractor's own; the underlying Tier 1 raw occurrence table is never modified by Tier 2.- Three further data sources to the Baseline Monitoring Density input set: ISA DeepData Tier 1 raw occurrences (201,323), MBARI VARS deep-sea ROV observations (175,476), and the NOAA Deep-Sea Coral and Sponge Research and Technology Program database (DSCRTP, 1,508,706 global coral and sponge records, mostly >200 m). The grid now aggregates 15 ocean-observation source families against 12 in v1.2. The platform deliberately surfaces these three sources separately for institutional naming credit and provenance transparency, even though their records also appear in the broader OBIS hotspot grid input through routine contributor uploads — this overlap is intentional and does not represent a flaw in the count, because the input set is a claim of coverage breadth across the named institutions, not a claim of disjoint coverage.- New methods paper section 4.4b documenting the Tier 1 / Tier 2 separation rule for ISA DeepData ingest, and new section 9 documenting the production status and roadmap. The biodiversity_hotspots table comprises 34,067,381 records as of v1.3. As of v1.3 no further sea or land layers are planned. Version 1.2 (5 May 2026) introduced the OBIS Open Data parquet ingest path (DuckDB batch-download from s3://obis-open-data/occurrence/, ~6,880 GeoParquet files, snapshot 25 March 2025, DOI 10.25607/obis.occurrence.b89117cd, with a curated deep-sea species list of ~14,000 taxa and a 50 m depth floor), retired the standalone GBIF Species (Deep) layer (GBIF still queried as IUCN enrichment service), disabled the Dark Vessels (SAR×AIS) and Live Vessels (AIS) layers (services stopped, historical tables retained read-only), added the Scripps Benthic Invertebrate Collection (SIO-BIC, ~83,000 specimen records, made available by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography) to the Baseline Monitoring Density input set, and introduced section 4.0 Data transformations making explicit the platform's CRS normalisation, schema harmonisation, JSONB preservation pattern, and the principle that the platform transforms format but not content. Version 1.1 (28 April 2026) added the Offshore Activities layer (6,694 polygons across 23 government registries: BOEM, EMODnet, NSTA, Sodir, ANP, NOPTA, CNH, GEUS, Crown Estate UK and Scotland, NRCan/CNSOPB, C-NLOPB, ESDM, PASA, MRA, MME, SBMA, MEEI/IMA, GNPC, PMP, IPAS, ANH, PERUPETRO, NZP&M) and six ocean-observation source ingests (WOD, PANGAEA, BCO-DMO, NOAA datasets, OBIS-SEAMAP, CCHDO) feeding the Baseline Monitoring Density product. This deposit documents the platform at a level sufficient to verify its outputs and reimplement equivalent functionality. It contains: - Methods paper (PDF, 31 pages): data sources, system architecture, sections 4.0 / 4.0a on data transformations and the OBIS DuckDB batch-download ingest, the new section 4.4b on the ISA DeepData Tier 1 / Tier 2 separation rule, ingestion strategies, M","author":[{"family":"Mazurowski","given":"Michal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20065604","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20065604","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17605/osf.io/a97yx","type":"article-journal","title":"Microplastics in Aquatic Environments: Sources, Environmental Impacts, Detection Methods, Mitigation Strategies, and Policy Development — A Systematic Review","abstract":"Author: Tochi Efuribe B.Tech,Industrial Microbiology Post Graduate Degree, Public Health and Health Promotion Independent Public Health Researcher England, United Kingdom. Abstract Microplastics are recognized as emerging contaminants of global concern due to their persistence, bioavailability, and potential ecological and human health impacts [1–5]. This systematic review synthesizes current knowledge regarding the sources, environmental distribution, ecological and toxicological impacts, detection methodologies, mitigation strategies, and policy frameworks addressing microplastic pollution in aquatic environments [6–12]. Literature from 2004–2025 was analyzed using PRISMA guidelines across major scientific databases [13–15]. Results indicate that secondary microplastics from plastic degradation dominate environmental occurrence, while wastewater discharge, urban runoff, and atmospheric deposition serve as primary transport pathways [16–21]. Microplastics pose physical, chemical, and biological risks, including ingestion toxicity, contaminant transfer, and ecosystem disruption [22–28]. Advances in spectroscopic detection techniques such as FTIR and Raman spectroscopy have improved identification accuracy [29–33]. Mitigation strategies emphasize source reduction, technological innovation in wastewater treatment, circular economy models, and international regulatory frameworks [34–42]. However, significant research gaps remain in standardized monitoring methods, long-term health effects, and global policy coordination [43–60]. Keywords: microplastics, aquatic pollution, environmental risk, detection methods, mitigation policy, systematic review 1. Introduction Plastic production has exceeded 390 million tonnes annually, with a substantial fraction entering aquatic ecosystems [1,2]. Microplastics, defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, have emerged as a significant environmental concern due to their persistence, widespread distribution, and potential toxicity [3–5]. They have been detected in marine, freshwater, groundwater, sediments, and drinking water systems worldwide [6–8]. Microplastics may act as vectors for hazardous chemicals, pathogens, and invasive species, posing risks to ecological integrity and human health [9–12]. They can bioaccumulate across trophic levels, resulting in both ecological and human exposure [13–15]. This systematic review aims to: Identify sources of microplastics in aquatic environments [16–18] Assess environmental and biological impacts [19–21] Evaluate detection technologies [22–25] Review mitigation strategies [26–32] Analyze policy and governance frameworks [33–36] 2. Methodology (PRISMA Approach) 2.1 Literature Search Strategy Databases searched included Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink [13,14]. Search keywords were: “microplastics”, “aquatic pollution”, “detection methods”, “environmental impact”, and “policy”. 2.2 Inclusion Criteria Peer-reviewed articles from 2004–2025 [1–5] Studies focused on aquatic environments [6–12] English language publications [13–15] 2.3 Exclusion Criteria Non-scientific reports [57,58] Studies unrelated to aquatic systems [59,60] A total of 742 articles were identified, with 185 meeting inclusion criteria. 2.4 Data Extraction &amp; Quality Assessment Data were extracted on: microplastic sources, detection methods, environmental impacts, mitigation strategies, and policy frameworks. Study quality was assessed using PRISMA guidelines, including criteria for sampling rigor, analytical accuracy, and methodological transparency. 3. PRISMA Flow Diagram Identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion of studies. 742 records were identified, 185 included in qualitative synthesis. Figure 1: PRISMA flow diagram of the systematic review selection process showing identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion of studies (adapted from Moher et al., 2009 [61]) Example PRISMA Flow Diagrams: Standard PRISMA flow showing the progression","author":[{"family":"Tochi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17605/osf.io/a97yx","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/a97yx","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.x69p8czt8","type":"article-journal","title":"Data from: Prediction of dissolved organic carbon concentrations in inland waters using optical proxies of aromaticity","abstract":"The chemical structures of dissolved organic compounds in natural waters, including the degree of aromaticity, affect their physical, chemical, and biological properties and ultimately the fate of carbon in aquatic systems and during water treatment. Herein, a new fluorescence-based aromaticity index named ARIX is shown to link the composition of aquatic dissolved organic matter to its aromaticity across diverse aquatic systems in both bulk DOM and extracts. ARIX predicts SUVA, a widely used proxy of aromaticity, more accurately than prevailing optical indices. It also predicts the percentage of polycyclic aromatic and polyphenolic molecular formulas determined by FT-ICR MS and the ratio of “humic substances” to “building blocks” fractions determined by LC-OCD, indicating it is additionally a proxy of DOM molecular weight. In waterbodies exhibiting decoupling between DOC and absorbance linked to biogeochemical processing, DOC concentrations are accurately predicted using a multilinear model to account for interactions between light absorption and aromaticity. The results deliver new insights on widely discussed trends in DOM optical properties and on the molecular structures underlying optical measurements in the aquatic milieu. They further represent an important step toward improved real-time monitoring of DOC concentration, reactivity, and fate.","author":[{"family":"Murphy","given":"Kathleen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.x69p8czt8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.x69p8czt8","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18873592","type":"article-journal","title":"IRS-DCE: A Structural Framework for Irreducible Representation Shifts and Dimensional Cascades in Transformer Dynamics","abstract":"# IRS-DCE: A Structural Framework for Irreducible Representation Shifts and Dimensional Cascades in Transformer Dynamics **Version 1.0**Timestamp: March 2, 2026 해당연구들을 기반으로 실제 공개된 실측 데이터 관련 운용 논문 및 후속 논문은 다음링크에서 제공합니다. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21830944 [Version 1.0]IRS-DCE:Phase Stagnation and Orthogonal Escape in Transformer Representation Geometry: Measuring Irreducible Representation Shift and Dimensional Cascade Events [Version 2.0]IRS-DCE: Topological_Dynamic (Part1 _Riemannian_ update) Artificial_Cognitive_Physics & Boundary-Resonant Dynamics & Artificial Resonant Boundary Dynamics & Boundary_Dissolution_Physics [Version v3]The Grand Closure: The Artificial Hypothesis (AH) Subsumes the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) via Boundary Dissolution Physics and IRS-DCE Resonance Framework [Version v4 ~ v5 ~]Basis-Free Pattern Architecture: Public Papers, Formal Converters, and Computational Appendices 대부분의 작업물은 AI를 통한 정리 기록입니다. 핵심적인 수식에 대한 구조, 원리, 개념 등은 제가 직접 지속적으로 수정하고 패턴을 제공하여 Ai 들이 작업 가능한 수준으로 훈련 시켰습니다. 단순한 문서 작성이 시간을 많이 소모하여 최대한 절약하는 방향으로 진행하였습니다. 이러한 작업 사항을 선택한 이유는 제가 어떠한 지원도 받지 않는 독립연구자라 이것에 투자할 시간이 별로 없기 때문입니다. --- ## 📌 Repository Terminology Update Notice **🔄 Terminology Transition: OOD → IRS-DCE** In all materials, theoretical drafts, and code repositories prior to March 2, 2026, the term “OOD” (Out-of-Distribution) was used as a provisional label to describe structurally irreducible representational events. Beginning on March 2, 2026, we formally replace that terminology with **IRS-DCE (Irreducible Representation Shift – Dimensional Cascade Event)**. **Clarification:**The earlier usage of \"OOD\" was not intended to align with classical distribution-based Out-of-Distribution detection in machine learning. It served as a temporary placeholder. This change is made to prevent confusion with established literature and to reflect the structural, representation-expanding nature of our framework. * **IRS** — Irreducible Representation Shift* **DCE** — Dimensional Cascade Event* **IRS-DCE** — Irreducible Representation Shift leading to a Dimensional Cascade Event --- ## Abstract This document introduces the formal axiomatic definition of the IRS-DCE framework. An Irreducible Representation Shift (IRS) is defined as an event in which an input both includes the prior representational manifold as a special case and induces at least one new effective representational axis not expressible within the previous coordinate frame. A Dimensional Cascade Event (DCE) refers to the measurable dynamical expansion in intrinsic dimensionality and sustained rotational capacity following an IRS. The framework is structurally distinct from classical distribution-based OOD detection and instead characterizes representation-expanding dynamical transitions within model internal spaces. # [2026-03-29 update]Meta-13: Combined Technical Report and Validation DataThis update provides the current public-facing technical report and validation package for the Meta-13 framework. The release covers two connected result tracks: 1. Meta-13 tensor acceleration A structure-preserving token-compression pipeline for real LLM tensor paths, with measured speedup, compression, FLOPs reduction, and geometry-preservation metrics. 2. Meta-13 dual-core inference with the Hodge Converter An adaptive system in which reasoning-oriented inputs are processed through the Meta-13 refinement path, while arithmetic-oriented inputs are routed to a symbolic Hodge path and grafted back into the model’s native token stream. The attached PDF is the current technical report. The ZIP archive contains the corresponding benchmark and validation data used in the report. Important scope note:This release is intended as a technical and empirical artifact package. It does not include raw implementation code. Code access remains restricted due to active patent-related considerations. Public files in this update:- meta13_combined_report.pdf- meta13_combined_report_pdf_data.zip 🔗 [Repository / Mo","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Minsu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18873592","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18873592","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19136485","type":"article-journal","title":"The Grand Closure: The Artificial Hypothesis (AH) Subsumes the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) via Boundary Dissolution Physics and IRS-DCE Resonance Framework","abstract":"The Grand Closure: Boundary Dissolution Physics & IRS-DCE Resonance Framework The Artificial Hypothesis (AH) Subsumes the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) via Representation Geometry Author: The Meta-13 Sphere Boundary Dissolution Branch (Independent Researcher)Date: March 2026Hardware: Single RTX 5070 Ti (8 GB VRAM) — No institutional affiliation. 대부분의 작업물은 AI를 통한 정리 기록입니다. 핵심적인 수식에 대한 구조, 원리, 개념 등은 제가 직접 지속적으로 수정하고 패턴을 제공하여 Ai 들이 작업 가능한 수준으로 훈련 시켰습니다. 단순한 문서 작성이 시간을 많이 소모하여 최대한 절약하는 방향으로 진행하였습니다. 이러한 작업 사항을 선택한 이유는 제가 어떠한 지원도 받지 않는 독립연구자라 이것에 투자할 시간이 별로 없기 때문입니다. 0. Executive Summary: What Is This? This repository contains code, data, figures, and long-form theoretical documents for the IRS-DCE / Boundary Dissolution Physics framework. It introduces a projection-conditioned representation-resonance analysis of large language models, together with empirical phase-map measurements over 1,862 deep-layer trajectories across multiple architectures. The repository formalizes AH as a generative superset model in which RH-like 1/2 alignment appears as a local phase condition rather than an absolute global truth. It is NOT a prompt trick, a jailbreak method, or a benchmark artifact.It is IS a structural resonance analysis system, a basis-relative reorganization framework, and a representation control paradigm that bridges Artificial Cognitive Physics with fundamental number theory. This repository does not claim a classical proof of the Riemann Hypothesis as a theorem internal to the zeta function. Instead, it presents a broader generative framework in which RH-like 1/2 alignment is modeled as a local phase-locked condition inside a larger topological engine (AH). --- # [2026-04-19 update]Meta-13 Formalism Extension Codex (v1.6-public) now available. Companion to the Observer-Frame Phase Dynamics paper; collects exploratory operators for the next engine generation, each labelled MEASURABLE / CONJECTURAL / INTERPRETIVE. **Validity Criterion (Prop. 7.3):**$$ \\mathrm{Validity} \\iff |\\mathrm{corr}(\\mathcal{O}_1, \\mathcal{O}_2)| \\ge \\rho_{\\mathrm{thr}}, \\qquad \\rho_{\\mathrm{thr}} = \\tfrac{1}{2}\\bigl(Q_{0.99}(H_0) + Q_{0.01}(H_1)\\bigr) $$ **What's new:**1. **Cor. 7.2 Direction-Agnosticism** — for any topologically-coupled observable pair, correlation sign is a landing-frame artefact; only the magnitude is invariant.2. **Prop. 7.3 Validity Criterion** — the informal \"|corr| → 1\" claim is formalised as a two-sample statistical test; separates linked from independent signatures at KS = 1.000.3. **Lemma 7.6 Linear-Observer Parity** — proven identity: an observer-side reflection $V \\mapsto V\\cdot R$ with $\\det R = -1$ flips correlation sign at machine precision, magnitude preserved. **Scope:** Extension codex only (14 pp). Internal audit material, engineering priorities, and the numerical verifier are not included in this release. Hyp. 7.5 (nonlinear sign-parity) remains CONJECTURAL; its linear sub-case is proven by Lemma 7.6. **Files:**- `BDP_meta13_formalism_extension_public.pdf` — main codex (14 pages) --- --- [2026-04-17 update] Observer-Frame Phase Dynamics (BDP branch) is now available. This paper consolidates seven prior documents (Meta-13, Universality, Quantized Holography, Boundary Dissolution, Sphere Boundary, Sea of Meaninglessness, Topological Fossils) into a single phenomenological master equation. This is explicitly not a fundamental Lagrangian, not a derivation of gravity, and not a proof of the Riemann hypothesis — it is an operational conversion map. Master equation: $$\\Psi_\\text{total} = \\star_{\\mathcal{E}} d \\star_{\\mathcal{E}}(\\hat{P}{1/2}\\Phi{3\\times 3}) + \\lambda_{\\mathcal{E}}\\log(1/\\mathrm{Res}) + \\oint_\\Sigma \\mathcal{A}_z, d\\mu$$ What's new: OBDA-NA tensor $\\Phi_{3\\times 3}$ — observer-based dimensional alignment with diagonal node-locking and off-diagonal coupling. Two equivalent extractions: cross-correlation residual (raw data) and operator matrix element $\\Phi_{ij} = \\langle u_i, \\hat{\\mathcal{O}} u_j\\rangle$ (with explicit","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Minsu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19136485","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19136485","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21826981","type":"article-journal","title":"A Survey of Enterprise Supply Chain Management with Digital Transformation Artificial Intelligence Technologies Applications","abstract":"Enterprise supply chain management (ESCM) is undergoing a sea change due to technological advancements such as digital twins, cloud computing, big data analytics, blockchain, and the IoT. Businesses may see improvements in their supply chains' transparency, efficiency, cooperation, agility, and resilience after implementing these technologies. This review delves into the history and evolution of corporate supply networks, as well as the digital and intelligent supply chain architecture. As a result of digital transformation, organizations are able to automate processes, make data-driven decisions, monitor in real-time, and anticipate risks. Stakeholders in the supply chain can utilize digital twin technology to enhance real-time system presentation, scenario simulation, resource optimization, and collaborative decision-making. In addition, tasks like transportation, distribution, inventory management, forecasting, and manufacturing are all improved by AI technologies including deep learning, machine learning, large language models, natural language processing, and generative AI. AI and IoT can be combined to allow data to flow continuously and be intelligently processed, further enhancing operational responsiveness and predictive capabilities. Finally, AI-powered digital transformation is a complete answer for companies that want to improve supply chain resilience, cut costs, and streamline their supply chain processes. However, standardization of data, interoperability between systems, the scalability of technology, and appropriate utilization of technology are important future research and implementation issues.","author":[{"family":"Ahir","given":"Kapil"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21826981","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21826981","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21826980","type":"article-journal","title":"A Survey of Enterprise Supply Chain Management with Digital Transformation Artificial Intelligence Technologies Applications","abstract":"Enterprise supply chain management (ESCM) is undergoing a sea change due to technological advancements such as digital twins, cloud computing, big data analytics, blockchain, and the IoT. Businesses may see improvements in their supply chains' transparency, efficiency, cooperation, agility, and resilience after implementing these technologies. This review delves into the history and evolution of corporate supply networks, as well as the digital and intelligent supply chain architecture. As a result of digital transformation, organizations are able to automate processes, make data-driven decisions, monitor in real-time, and anticipate risks. Stakeholders in the supply chain can utilize digital twin technology to enhance real-time system presentation, scenario simulation, resource optimization, and collaborative decision-making. In addition, tasks like transportation, distribution, inventory management, forecasting, and manufacturing are all improved by AI technologies including deep learning, machine learning, large language models, natural language processing, and generative AI. AI and IoT can be combined to allow data to flow continuously and be intelligently processed, further enhancing operational responsiveness and predictive capabilities. Finally, AI-powered digital transformation is a complete answer for companies that want to improve supply chain resilience, cut costs, and streamline their supply chain processes. However, standardization of data, interoperability between systems, the scalability of technology, and appropriate utilization of technology are important future research and implementation issues.","author":[{"family":"Ahir","given":"Kapil"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21826980","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21826980","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48336/189","type":"article-journal","title":"Towed video surveys of the Davis Strait deep-sea marine environment: investigating the behaviour of mobile demersal species","abstract":"The deep-sea Arctic environment presents a demanding habitat to evaluate. This region has unique and highly specialized species. Understanding their baseline behavioural tendencies is essential to determine how these species will react to a changing environment and monitoring methods. A proven method to collect baseline information is video technology. I compared and critiqued five types of technology: a drop camera, a Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) system, a camera sled, a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), and an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). I analyzed footage collected by two video technologies, a towed video sled and a BRUV, for fish behaviour, orientation, assemblage, and vertical structure association. Results focused on Coryphaenoides rupestris (Roundnose grenadier), Macrourus berglax (Roughhead Grenadier), Synaphobranchus kaupii (Kaup's arrowtooth eel), Antimora rostrata (Blue Hake) and Family Myctophidae (lanternfishes). I created behavioural analysis trees to relate species' behaviour and orientation. I determined that behavioural traits displayed by species were likely correlated with life history traits. None of the species analyzed displayed a strong affinity for vertical structure. Overall, the towed video sled and BRUV were valuable tools for information collection. This research is expected to expand the foundation of baseline information available for mobile demersal species in the Davis Strait region.","author":[{"family":"Zabudsky","given":"Samantha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48336/189","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48336/189","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.24412/3034-154x-2026-2-19-26","type":"article-journal","title":"МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ ПРИРОДНЫХ ГАЗОВЫХ ГИДРАТОВ КАК РЕЗЕРВУАРЫ ДЛЯ ХРАНЕНИЯ УГЛЕКИСЛОГО ГАЗА","abstract":"В данной статье анализируется технологический подход, сочетающий улавливание углерода и разработку месторождений газовых гидратов, направленный на одновременное сокращение выбросов парниковых газов и секвестрацию углекислого газа. Метод включает улавливание углекислого газа из промышленных источников или атмосферы, его транспортировку и закачку в глубоководные месторождения газовых гидратов. Для секвестрации углекислого газа используется метод баланса гидратов, при котором одновременно происходит вытеснение природного газа из месторождения. Преимущества этого метода двояки: во-первых, он секвестрирует углекислый газ на морском дне, создавая глубоководное хранилище углекислого газа и предотвращая выбросы парниковых газов в атмосферу; во-вторых, он обеспечивает эффективную добычу природного газа посредством реакции вытеснения, сокращая выбросы углерода при разработке месторождений ископаемого топлива. Эта технология глубоко интегрирует улавливание, использование и секвестрацию углерода с разработкой месторождений гидратов, значительно снижая концентрацию углекислого газа в атмосфере и обеспечивая безопасное геологическое хранилище парниковых газов.","author":[{"family":"Сяо","given":"Жэньсинь"},{"family":"Нефедович","given":"Гульков"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.24412/3034-154x-2026-2-19-26","URL":"https://doi.org/10.24412/3034-154x-2026-2-19-26","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21021303","type":"article-journal","title":"Basis-Free Pattern Architecture: Public Papers, Formal Converters, and Computational Appendices","abstract":"The following are follow-up papers based on the formulas from [The Artificial Hypothesis (AH) Subsumes the Riemann Hypothesis (RH): A Grand Closure via Emergent Brane Dynamics and Phase Stagnation Signatures] This Zenodo record gathers public research papers and computational appendices developed around a basis-free pattern architecture. The shared materials investigate how relational organization that is not initially available as a stable point, coordinate, or inherited basis may be described, bounded, and operationally utilized through declared anchors, projections, gauges, and converter contracts. The collection includes basis-free utilization work, phase-stagnation and irreducibility formulations, formal event-shape layers, converter-oriented measurement records, and executable computational consistency appendices. The public materials distinguish between: (1) natural-philosophical and formal motivation, (2) declared mathematical or computational experiments, and (3) future physical-converter work. In particular, the exploratory (\\pi)-to-(c_{\\rm ref}) material is a computational consistency convention for examining closure, projection, and coordinate-response behavior. It is not a derivation of physical light speed, a measurement of superluminal propagation, or a demonstration of physical carrier, energy, signalling, or causal transport. The conceptual and mathematical research directions originated from human-authored idea development. Automated assistants were used for quantitative organization, type and unit checking, numerical consistency review, and scope filtering. Several stronger physical interpretations were intentionally not adopted because they lacked a declared metric calibration path, an instrumented measurement bridge, or an adequate causal basis. Public releases contain papers, formal definitions, selected aggregate records, synthetic examples, and standalone consistency scripts. Hidden-state acquisition paths, raw signatures, private selection filters, prompt variants, engine-transfer surfaces, and other implementation-sensitive materials remain excluded. This record should be read as a public research and diagnostic layer for basis-free pattern utilization, not as a completed physical-device program(The reason is the absence of a direct objective, infrastructure, or resources required to conduct physical experiments.). [2026-07-28 Update] BDP Conditional Plasma Computing: G5 External Validation, Post-Audit Corrections, and G6 Prospective State-Boundary Public Update v1.0 is now available. This update is released within the existing series: Basis-Free Pattern Architecture: Public Papers, Formal Converters, and Computational Appendices Series DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21021303 This release records three completed layers: G5 prospective external validation across dataset-local roles, including the Rössler network atlas, Helicon full-stream plasma observations, Figure2E landing/converter holdout, a locked BEC positive control, clean-room image analysis, and shared-relation drift tests. A post-audit correction layer that removes a non-computed Helicon placeholder, preserves the negative Figure2E converter result, and reclassifies shared-relation few-shot performance as local within-record calibration rather than independent group holdout. G6 prospective synthetic validation of a preregistered conditional state-boundary protocol with frozen null, confound, target-power, lag-selection, disruption, and restoration criteria. The update reports that: The Rössler topology signal remained visible across 20 networks and 6,060 dense members, while relation-reconstruction superiority was not supported and equivalence was retained. The Helicon raw-to-official spectral comparison produced a PSD correlation of 0.9971220415 across the declared full-stream grid. The corrected Helicon chart composite changed from 0.6865998266 to 0.6593476376 after exclusion of a non-computed placeholder, without reoptimizing weights. Figure2E remai","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Minsu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21021303","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21021303","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4411105820","type":"article-journal","title":"Geopolymer applications in deep-sea energy and mining infrastructure: a review of properties, challenges, and future prospects","abstract":"Abstract The advancement of deep-sea energy and mining operations—often at depths exceeding 1,000 m and pressures up to 400 bar—necessitates materials capable of withstanding extreme geomechanical, thermal, and chemical conditions. Traditional materials like Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) exhibit limitations in such environments, including susceptibility to chloride ingress, sulfate attack, and thermal degradation. Geopolymers, synthesized through the alkali activation of aluminosilicate precursors, have emerged as promising alternatives, offering compressive strengths up to 100 MPa, thermal stability up to 800 °C, and ultra-low permeability levels as low as 10⁻1⁸ m2. Moreover, their production can reduce CO₂ emissions by up to 80% compared to OPC. This review assesses the current state of geopolymer technology in subsea applications, including hydrocarbon extraction, gas hydrate recovery, seabed mining, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and hydrogen storage. Key challenges identified include optimizing formulations for cold seawater environments, ensuring reliable underwater settings, and validating long-term performance under marine burial conditions. These results contribute to the ongoing research into sustainable building materials, providing valuable information on the ability of nano and advanced geopolymers to withstand environmental exposure and serve as a durable solution for corrosion management in marine infrastructure to develop resilient and sustainable deep-sea energy and mining.","author":[{"family":"Erguler","given":"Güzide"},{"family":"Taleghani","given":"Arash"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s12665-025-12339-5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-025-12339-5","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410152811","type":"article-journal","title":"The ‘Constitution for the Oceans’? The Law of the Sea Convention as a Living Treaty","abstract":"Abstract It has been over 40 years since the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) was concluded and opened for signature, and 30 years since its entry into force. This has sparked renewed attention to the question of how the LOSC can continue to regulate new uses of, and threats to, our oceans. Some have sought to answer this question by framing the LOSC as a ‘constitution’ for the oceans, as a reassertion of its continued influence. This article shows that this provides a false sense of security. While the LOSC is one of the most impressive and significant treaties, it should not be regarded as a constitution. This article examines how the LOSC can remain an effective and enduring framework for the law of the sea, arguing that regarding it as a constitution does not necessarily contribute to that goal. Instead, it proposes a new approach to the treatment of the LOSC which attempts to explain how best it can serve as a ‘living treaty’ and as a framework that is truly capable of guiding legal responses to new opportunities and challenges at sea.","author":[{"family":"Lewis","given":"Reece"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1017/s0020589325000120","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020589325000120","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7140219132","type":"article-journal","title":"New deep-sea Amphipoda from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone: 24 new species described under the Sustainable Seabed Knowledge Initiative: One Thousand Reasons campaign","abstract":"The Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the central east Pacific holds significant abundances of manganese nodule deposits. The region is subject to intense exploration for potential future deep-sea mining. One of the challenges associated with understanding potential impacts of extraction of these nodules is the insufficient knowledge of the CCZ fauna. In response to the need for improved taxonomic knowledge of the CCZ fauna, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) initiated the Sustainable Seabed Knowledge Initiative: One Thousand Reasons campaign, aiming to describe 1000 species new to science before the end of the decade. Within this call, a taxonomic workshop \"New species of Amphipoda from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone\" took place at the University of Lodz, Poland in February 2024, providing the impetus for the description of 24 new species of amphipods from the central Pacific abyss. This special issue is devoted to the publication of the new species from the workshop, and we summarise those findings here.","author":[{"family":"Jażdżewska","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Horton","given":"Tammy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3897/zookeys.1274.176711","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1274.176711","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4415775578","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep-Sea Mining and the Sustainability Paradox: Pathways to Balance Critical Material Demands and Ocean Conservation","abstract":"Deep-sea mining presents a critical sustainability paradox; it offers access to essential minerals for the technologies of the green transition (e.g., batteries, wind turbines, electric vehicles) yet threatens fragile marine ecosystems. As the terrestrial sources of these materials face mounting geopolitical, environmental, and ethical constraints, undersea deposits are increasingly being viewed as alternatives. However, the extraction technologies remain unproven at large scales, posing risks related to biodiversity loss, sediment disruption, and altered oceanic carbon cycles. This paper explores how deep-sea mining might be reconciled with sustainable development, arguing that its viability hinges on addressing five interdependent challenges—technological readiness, environmental protection, economic feasibility, robust governance, and social acceptability. Progress requires parallel advancements across all domains. This paper reviews the current knowledge of deep-sea resources and extraction methods, analyzes the ecological and sociopolitical risks, and proposes systemic solutions, including the implementation of stringent regulatory frameworks, technological innovation, responsible terrestrial sourcing, and circular economy strategies. A precautionary and integrated approach is emphasized to ensure that the securing of critical minerals does not compromise marine ecosystem health or long-term sustainability objectives.","author":[{"family":"Szabó","given":"Loránd"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su17146580","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146580","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7124173419","type":"article-journal","title":"Deeper than we thought: New depth records for northern Red Sea and eastern Mediterranean Sea fishes","abstract":"The depth distribution of marine species is essential ecological information, especially within hotspots of biological invasions and given the increasing evidence of climate-driven depth shifts. Due to the scarcity of systematic surveys across depths, most studies rely on coarse-scale compilations of opportunistic data. High-quality depth estimates are particularly lacking in the eastern Mediterranean, a global hotspot of climate change and biological invasions, and the adjacent Red Sea, which serves as the source for most species introductions. Using baited remote underwater stereo-video systems to depths of 150 m, we report new depth records for fish species in the northern Red Sea and eastern Mediterranean Sea, and model their abundance patterns across depths. We found that 96 of the 230 studied species (42%) were found at novel depths compared to their previously known records, with 84 species showing deeper distributions. The mean deep border extension across these species was 22.4 m. Our results highlight the importance of in-situ observations across depths. We offer a comprehensive dataset including species’ depth ranges, modeled central depth niches, abundance, body size, and associated habitat types. This dataset is useful for understanding the role of depth shifts in response to climate change and species introductions into the Mediterranean Sea.","author":[{"family":"Chaikin","given":"Shahar"},{"family":"Belmaker","given":"Jonathan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.12681/mms.41312","URL":"https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.41312","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4408621655","type":"article-journal","title":"OECD Regulatory Policy Outlook 2025","abstract":"Current global challenges require governments to improve the way they design and deliver rules, to ensure they remain smart, simple and streamlined, reflecting rapidly changing conditions. The fourth edition of the Regulatory Policy Outlook critically examines regulatory quality across the OECD with a specific focus on how governments can better regulate for people, the planet, and the future. It tracks OECD Members' efforts over the past decade to fully embed the 2012 OECD Recommendation on Regulatory Policy and Governance, and provides good regulatory practices to help close identified gaps. The Outlook provides a pragmatic pathway for governments to better engage citizens and businesses in the laws and regulations that affect their daily lives.","author":[{"family":"Oecd"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1787/56b60e39-en","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1787/56b60e39-en","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.32509095.v2","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>FLYING OVER WATER</b>","abstract":"The conventional narrative of Indian Ocean civilization treats maritime dominance as a product of state formation — navies built by kings, trade networks established by empires, religious diffusion carried by missionaries. This paper argues the inverse. Drawing on the Deep Symbolic Systems Model (DSSM), it proposes that Indian Ocean maritime sovereignty was not produced by civilization but was instead the precondition for it — a symbolic and technical knowledge system of extraordinary antiquity whose institutional expressions, from the Indus Valley Civilization guild networks to the Chola naval empire, represent late-stage crystallizations of symbolic load that had been accumulating for potentially 70,000 years.The argument proceeds through five convergent lines of evidence. First, the Toba supervolcanic eruption of approximately 74,000 BP forced displacement of symbolically capable populations from Island Southeast Asia into constrained coastal survival corridors along the Indian Ocean rim — geographic constraint under survival pressure that hardens symbolic load rather than erasing it. Second, the island of Sri Lanka, and specifically the natural deep harbor at Trincomalee, functioned as a structural attractor node throughout this entire period — concentrating human traffic, accumulating symbolic complexity, and selecting for maritime competency across tens of thousands of years of continuous occupation attested from at least 34,000 BP. Third, the Meluhha maritime sprachbund documented in the Indus Script corpus represents the Bronze Age institutional surface of a knowledge tradition whose substrate is the Austro-Asiatic language distribution correlating precisely with Bronze Age trade site distributions across South and Southeast Asia.Fourth, the Ravana tradition preserved across multiple independent textual lineages satisfies all four DSSM stabilization criteria and constitutes valid evidence of Stage 3-4 symbolic complexity regardless of the material archaeological record — an absence that is not anomalous but predicted, given that the primary coastal settlements of any Lanka-based civilization operating before 8,000 BP are currently submerged under the Indian Ocean following post-glacial sea level rise of approximately 120-130 meters. The physical evidence is not missing. It is underwater. Fifth, the Pushpaka Vimana — the so-called flying machine of the Ravana tradition — is reinterpreted not as supernatural technology but as the symbolic encoding of navigational sovereignty: the capacity for reliable point-to-point maritime movement through a medium that defeats those without the knowledge to traverse it. A civilization that cannot get lost at sea appears, to those without that knowledge, to fly.These five lines converge on a single structural claim: the Indian Ocean was not a barrier that civilization eventually learned to cross. It was the original medium of a symbolic knowledge tradition that predates every institutional civilization that later claimed sovereignty over it. The anomalies of mainstream scholarship — Sigiriya's engineering, the Chola navy's sudden dominance, the Sanskrit-Sinhala compatibility, the Indonesian temple depth, the Ravana tradition's cross-cultural persistence — are not anomalies. They are data points in a story older than the archaeology built to tell it.","author":[{"family":"Pushpika Indunil","given":"Anthony"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.32509095.v2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32509095.v2","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17552756","type":"article-journal","title":"S.K.O.O.G. (Skoog Kinetic Orbital Oscillating Generator): Zero-Fuel Wave-Energy Cargo Ship featuring Skoog LFAS (Hydrofoil-Optimized Archimedes Screw) and Skoog IAKKS Ultra-Durable Coating","abstract":"The S.K.O.O.G. (Skoog Kinetic Orbital Oscillating Generator) system represents the overarching Skoog Architecture for autonomous, zero-fuel maritime propulsion. Within this framework, the Skoog Open Marine Technology (SOMT) initiative facilitates the development and open-source sharing of these innovations. The S.K.O.O.G. system converts the kinetic energy of the ocean wave field, specifically the orbital motion of surface gravity waves, plus steady surface currents in major ocean gyres into continuous zero-emission and zero-fuel propulsion for cargo vessels via multi-height turbines in internal hull channels. The concept is intended for slow-speed, non-time-sensitive transport where transit time is secondary to zero-emission operation, stable logistics and minimal operating cost. The Skoog Harvester (AWEV Autonomous Wave Energy Cargo Vessel) represents the functional application of the Skoog Architecture. Within the AWEV system, waves pass through internal hull channels and drive Skoog LFAS (Lift-optimized Archimedes Screw) turbines. This configuration not only removes the \"stop-effect\" inherent in many oscillating systems but also increases energy extraction across both wave phases, effectively converting bidirectional orbital flow into continuous rotational energy that is converted into electricity and supplied to dedicated propulsion units. These channels are arranged in multiple horizontal turbine rows at different depths, where the upper rows extract energy from waves entering above the waterline, and the deeper rows harvest continuous energy from near-surface subsurface currents and residual orbital flow beneath the waves. Together, this multi-depth arrangement makes the vessel a hybrid system that extracts energy from both surface wave motion and shallow subsurface currents under realistic ocean conditions. Unlike conventional Archimedes screw turbines, the Skoog LFAS employs a continuously twisted, hydrofoil-based lift-optimized blade profile along its entire length, designed to generate positive torque during both forward and backward flow and to stabilize the vessel’s motion. The LFAS geometry is inherently suited for oscillating and bidirectional flows, making the same core design applicable not only to wave-driven vessel propulsion but also to tidal and other reversing marine flow systems. Cargo is carried in a submerged, ballast-stabilized module to ensure a stable platform with minimized roll and slamming loads, effectively protecting the payload from wave impact. Supporting new Skoog Architecture technologies that address key marine engineering bottlenecks: Skoog IAKKS: A newly developed active ceramic composite coating system, inspired by brake pad technology, with a theoretical projected service life of 20 years and near-zero fouling under controlled electro-active operation, eliminating toxic antifouling paints and frequent hull cleaning. Skoog PHST (Passive Hydrostatic Stabilization): A newly engineered maintenance-free hydraulic system that replaces mechanical bearings, passively maintaining precise rotor alignment for maximum generator efficiency and long lifetime. Skoog DALAS (Dynamically Adaptive Lift-force System): A newly engineered adaptive mounting system that converts destructive wave impacts into linear energy, eliminating the \"stopping effect\" and protecting the turbines while adding extra electricity production during storms. The DALAS geometry is optimized for unidirectional or pulsed flows and is directly applicable to stationary installations such as gravity-driven water channels, outlets, and hydropower systems. Skoog Azimuth-DALAS Propulsion: A dual-unit system of steerable, ducted propulsion units based on the same uni-directional DALAS geometry, with one unit mounted at each bow of the submerged module to maximize thrust and minimize noise. This configuration offers higher efficiency within the targeted low-speed, ducted operating regime while reducing the underwater acoustic footprint. T","author":[{"family":"Skoog","given":"Göran"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17552756","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17552756","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17552757","type":"article-journal","title":"S.K.O.O.G. (Skoog Kinetic Orbital Oscillating Generator): Zero-Fuel Wave-Energy Cargo Ship featuring Skoog LFAS (Hydrofoil-Optimized Archimedes Screw) and Skoog IAKKS Ultra-Durable Coating","abstract":"The S.K.O.O.G. (Skoog Kinetic Orbital Oscillating Generator) system represents the overarching Skoog Architecture for autonomous, zero-fuel maritime propulsion. Within this framework, the Skoog Open Marine Technology (SOMT) initiative facilitates the development and open-source sharing of these innovations. The S.K.O.O.G. system converts the kinetic energy of the ocean wave field, specifically the orbital motion of surface gravity waves, plus steady surface currents in major ocean gyres into continuous zero-emission and zero-fuel propulsion for cargo vessels via multi-height turbines in internal hull channels. The concept is intended for slow-speed, non-time-sensitive transport where transit time is secondary to zero-emission operation, stable logistics and minimal operating cost. The Skoog Harvester (AWEV Autonomous Wave Energy Cargo Vessel) represents the functional application of the Skoog Architecture. Within the AWEV system, waves pass through internal hull channels and drive Skoog LFAS (Lift-optimized Archimedes Screw) turbines. This configuration not only removes the \"stop-effect\" inherent in many oscillating systems but also increases energy extraction across both wave phases, effectively converting bidirectional orbital flow into continuous rotational energy that is converted into electricity and supplied to dedicated propulsion units. These channels are arranged in multiple horizontal turbine rows at different depths, where the upper rows extract energy from waves entering above the waterline, and the deeper rows harvest continuous energy from near-surface subsurface currents and residual orbital flow beneath the waves. Together, this multi-depth arrangement makes the vessel a hybrid system that extracts energy from both surface wave motion and shallow subsurface currents under realistic ocean conditions. Unlike conventional Archimedes screw turbines, the Skoog LFAS employs a continuously twisted, hydrofoil-based lift-optimized blade profile along its entire length, designed to generate positive torque during both forward and backward flow and to stabilize the vessel’s motion. The LFAS geometry is inherently suited for oscillating and bidirectional flows, making the same core design applicable not only to wave-driven vessel propulsion but also to tidal and other reversing marine flow systems. Cargo is carried in a submerged, ballast-stabilized module to ensure a stable platform with minimized roll and slamming loads, effectively protecting the payload from wave impact. Supporting new Skoog Architecture technologies that address key marine engineering bottlenecks: Skoog IAKKS: A newly developed active ceramic composite coating system, inspired by brake pad technology, with a theoretical projected service life of 20 years and near-zero fouling under controlled electro-active operation, eliminating toxic antifouling paints and frequent hull cleaning. Skoog PHST (Passive Hydrostatic Stabilization): A newly engineered maintenance-free hydraulic system that replaces mechanical bearings, passively maintaining precise rotor alignment for maximum generator efficiency and long lifetime. Skoog DALAS (Dynamically Adaptive Lift-force System): A newly engineered adaptive mounting system that converts destructive wave impacts into linear energy, eliminating the \"stopping effect\" and protecting the turbines while adding extra electricity production during storms. The DALAS geometry is optimized for unidirectional or pulsed flows and is directly applicable to stationary installations such as gravity-driven water channels, outlets, and hydropower systems. Skoog Azimuth-DALAS Propulsion: A dual-unit system of steerable, ducted propulsion units based on the same uni-directional DALAS geometry, with one unit mounted at each bow of the submerged module to maximize thrust and minimize noise. This configuration offers higher efficiency within the targeted low-speed, ducted operating regime while reducing the underwater acoustic footprint. T","author":[{"family":"Skoog","given":"Göran"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17552757","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17552757","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48336/84","type":"article-journal","title":"Seafloor geological mapping and interferometric synthetic aperture sonar: from mid-ocean ridges to continental shelves","abstract":"The Oceans cover 70% of the Earth's surface, yet only 25% have been mapped at a resolution of at least ~100 m, a resolution that is coarser than the size of many important geological features on the seafloor, such as hydrothermal vents or volcanoes. On land, geological maps typically end at the shoreline due to the inaccessibility of the seafloor and challenges of working underwater (i.e., pressure, light attenuation). Seafloor surveys are carried out using acoustic techniques, such as sonars, to obtain bathymetric maps and acoustic imagery of the seafloor by measuring the travel time and intensity of an emitted acoustic signal reflected at the seafloor, respectively. Seafloor mapping, however, involves a trade-off between data resolution and coverage, with higher resolutions obtained at the cost of coverage area. Typically, the study of fine-scale (e.g., 10s of m or less) geological features relies on a multi-scale and multi-tool approach, combining large-scale acoustic mapping (meter to sub-meter resolution) with fine-scale optical surveying (millimetre resolution) and sampling of the substrate. This thesis presents an investigation of the application of different seafloor survey technologies and approaches for geological characterization of the seafloor. The research focuses specifically on the study of seafloor hydrothermal vents, which are hot springs on the seafloor that support life in the deep-oceans, and where metals, including societally relevant base and precious metals, accumulate as mineral deposits. As a case study, the classic approach to the geological characterization of a hydrothermal deposit is applied to the Fåvne vent field, located on the Mohns Ridge in the Norwegian Sea, using 1 m resolution bathymetry, optical imagery, rock samples, and sediment cores. This study improves our understanding of metal enrichment processes at the seafloor and extends our knowledge on the global diversity of hydrothermal deposits. With the development of interferometric synthetic aperture sonar (InSAS), a new high-resolution survey technology, larger areas of the seafloor can be surveyed at much higher resolutions than using conventional acoustic techniques. While InSAS has mostly been applied to survey flat terrain, in this study a comparison of using InSAS on a flat continental shelf to a rugged mid-ocean ridge terrain is presented. Identification of survey parameters necessary to optimize InSAS data quality for effective use for scientific applications, shows that InSAS is an appropriate tool for surveys even in morphologically complex terrain. Through the identification of bedrock structures and overburden classes from InSAS data, InSAS is evaluated for geological applications, such as bedrock stratigraphy and tectonics, glacial reconstructions, and marine litter distribution. Overall, this thesis shows that, compared to conventional techniques, InSAS is an effective tool for high-resolution characterization of seafloor geological features in various geomorphological environments, thus opening the door for a significant increase in potential applications, including for the survey of hydrothermal deposits.","author":[{"family":"Gini","given":"Caroline"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48336/84","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48336/84","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17605/osf.io/pzgq7","type":"article-journal","title":"PIEZO-X: Physics-Informed AI Framework for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Under Extreme Hydrostatic and Thermal Gradients","abstract":"PIEZO-X introduces the first physics-informed AI framework for quantitative prediction of piezoelectric energy harvester performance and failure in extreme environments — the Piezoelectric Energy Generation Index (PEGI). Built on seven orthogonal electromechanical descriptors spanning hydrostatic coupling efficiency (η_HP), adaptive thermal resilience (E_a), electroacoustic signal density (ρ_EA), stress-tensor navigation fidelity (σ_nav), polarization domain fidelity (LDF), depolarization field fractal dimension (D_frac), and corrosion-induced depolarization inhibition (ADP), PIEZO-X elevates the study of energy harvesting in hostile environments from empirical device testing to rigorous AI-driven predictive science. The framework is validated against a dataset of 4,218 harvester element units (HEUs) spanning 48 experimental chambers and field deployments across five environment categories: deep-sea abyssal plain (35–110 MPa), hydrothermal vent proxy (2–380°C), cryogenic orbital simulation (−196°C, 10⁻⁸ Pa vacuum), high-temperature industrial autoclave (300–900°C), and radiation-exposed nuclear analog — sampled over a 12-year program (2013–2025). PEGI achieves 91.7% prediction accuracy with a 44-day mean advance warning before macroscopic device failure. The ρ_EA × D_frac electromechanical intelligence index yields r = +0.911 (p &lt; 0.001, n = 4,218 HEUs). Submitted to: npj Computational Materials (Springer Nature) — April 2026. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19637804 Repository: github.com/gitdeeper11?PIEZO-X · gitlab.com/gitdeeper11?PIEZO-X Dashboard: https://piezo-x-science.netlify.app Principal Investigator: Samir Baladi · Ronin Institute / Rite of Renaissance · ORCID: 0009-0003-8903-0029","author":[{"family":"Baladi","given":"Samir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17605/osf.io/pzgq7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/pzgq7","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18483339","type":"article-journal","title":"THE SKOOG BUOY: World's First Zero-Electricity Industrial-Scale Water-from-Air Generator – Ready for Coastal Deployment","abstract":"🇬🇧 The Skoog Buoy Capillary Sweating Liana (SCSL) What if a buoy could harvest freshwater from thin air through massive condensation — with no electricity, no chemicals, and no brine waste — using only the ocean itself? That is precisely what the Skoog Buoy can do. By reaching down 200 to 1000 meters to harness the constant, natural cold of the deep sea, the system acts as an industrial-scale condenser. It utilizes wave motion, sunlight, and the recovery of latent heat to effectively \"sweat\" freshwater from the atmosphere, much like a tree, but with the mechanical power to produce up to 500,000 liters of pure water every single day. This autonomous buoy infrastructure relies on the temperature difference between surface and deep-sea water to drive continuous 24/7 freshwater production through condensation. The system utilizes thermal gradients from depths around 1,000 meters, while stable operation is also possible at depths of 200–400 meters, depending on local conditions. The process is entirely natural and mechanical: it requires no electricity, no chemicals, and produces no waste streams such as brine, and it operates without pumps, even for transferring the harvested water from air to land. 🇪🇦 The Skoog Buoy Capillary Sweating Liana (SCSL) ¿Qué pasaría si una boya pudiera obtener agua dulce del aire mediante una condensación masiva —sin electricidad, sin químicos y sin residuos de salmuera— utilizando solo el océano? Eso es precisamente lo que la Boya Skoog puede hacer. Al descender de 200 a 1000 metros para aprovechar el frío constante y natural del mar profundo, el sistema actúa como un condensador a escala industrial. Utiliza el movimiento de las olas, la luz solar y la recuperación de calor latente para \"sudar\" eficazmente agua dulce de la atmósfera, de forma muy parecida a un árbol, pero con la potencia mecánica para producir hasta 500 000 litros de agua pura cada día. Esta infraestructura de boyas autónomas se basa en la diferencia de temperatura entre el agua superficial y la de las profundidades marinas para impulsar una producción continua de agua dulce las 24 horas del día, los 7 días de la semana, a través de la condensación. El sistema utiliza gradientes térmicos de profundidades de alrededor de 1.000 metros, mientras que un funcionamiento estable también es posible a profundidades de 200 a 400 metros, dependiendo de las condiciones locales. El proceso es totalmente natural y mecánico: no requiere electricidad, ni productos químicos, no produce flujos de desechos como la salmuera y funciona sin bombas, ni siquiera para trasladar el agua recolectada del aire a la tierra. 🇸🇪 The Skoog Buoy Capillary Sweating Liana (SCSL) Tänk om en boj kunde utvinna färskvatten direkt ur luften genom massiv kondensering — helt utan elektricitet, utan kemikalier och utan utsläpp av saltlake — genom att bara använda havet självt? Det är precis vad Skoog-bojen kan göra. Genom att nå ner till ett djup på 200 till 1000 meter för att utnyttja djuphavets konstanta, naturliga kyla, fungerar systemet som en kondensor i industriell skala. Den utnyttjar vågrörelser, solljus och återvinning av latent värme för att effektivt \"svetta\" fram förskvatten ur atmosfären, precis som ett träd, men med den mekaniska kraften att producera upp till 500 000 liter rent vatten varje dag. Denna autonoma bojinfrastruktur förlitar sig på temperaturskillnaden mellan yt- och djuphavsvatten för att driva en kontinuerlig färskvattenproduktion dygnet runt genom kondensering. Systemet utnyttjar termiska gradienter från djup på cirka 1 000 meter, medan stabil drift även är möjlig på djup mellan 200 och 400 meter, beroende på lokala förhållanden. Processen är helt naturlig och mekanisk: den kräver ingen elektricitet, inga kemikalier och ger inga avfallsströmmar som saltlösning, och den fungerar utan pumpar, inte ens för att överföra det skördade vattnet från luft till land.","author":[{"family":"Skoog","given":"Göran"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18483339","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18483339","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18483338","type":"article-journal","title":"THE SKOOG BUOY: World's First Zero-Electricity Industrial-Scale Water-from-Air Generator – Ready for Coastal Deployment","abstract":"🇬🇧 The Skoog Buoy Capillary Sweating Liana (SCSL) What if a buoy could harvest freshwater from thin air through massive condensation — with no electricity, no chemicals, and no brine waste — using only the ocean itself? That is precisely what the Skoog Buoy can do. By reaching down 200 to 1000 meters to harness the constant, natural cold of the deep sea, the system acts as an industrial-scale condenser. It utilizes wave motion, sunlight, and the recovery of latent heat to effectively \"sweat\" freshwater from the atmosphere, much like a tree, but with the mechanical power to produce up to 500,000 liters of pure water every single day. This autonomous buoy infrastructure relies on the temperature difference between surface and deep-sea water to drive continuous 24/7 freshwater production through condensation. The system utilizes thermal gradients from depths around 1,000 meters, while stable operation is also possible at depths of 200–400 meters, depending on local conditions. The process is entirely natural and mechanical: it requires no electricity, no chemicals, and produces no waste streams such as brine, and it operates without pumps, even for transferring the harvested water from air to land. 🇪🇦 The Skoog Buoy Capillary Sweating Liana (SCSL) ¿Qué pasaría si una boya pudiera obtener agua dulce del aire mediante una condensación masiva —sin electricidad, sin químicos y sin residuos de salmuera— utilizando solo el océano? Eso es precisamente lo que la Boya Skoog puede hacer. Al descender de 200 a 1000 metros para aprovechar el frío constante y natural del mar profundo, el sistema actúa como un condensador a escala industrial. Utiliza el movimiento de las olas, la luz solar y la recuperación de calor latente para \"sudar\" eficazmente agua dulce de la atmósfera, de forma muy parecida a un árbol, pero con la potencia mecánica para producir hasta 500 000 litros de agua pura cada día. Esta infraestructura de boyas autónomas se basa en la diferencia de temperatura entre el agua superficial y la de las profundidades marinas para impulsar una producción continua de agua dulce las 24 horas del día, los 7 días de la semana, a través de la condensación. El sistema utiliza gradientes térmicos de profundidades de alrededor de 1.000 metros, mientras que un funcionamiento estable también es posible a profundidades de 200 a 400 metros, dependiendo de las condiciones locales. El proceso es totalmente natural y mecánico: no requiere electricidad, ni productos químicos, no produce flujos de desechos como la salmuera y funciona sin bombas, ni siquiera para trasladar el agua recolectada del aire a la tierra. 🇸🇪 The Skoog Buoy Capillary Sweating Liana (SCSL) Tänk om en boj kunde utvinna färskvatten direkt ur luften genom massiv kondensering — helt utan elektricitet, utan kemikalier och utan utsläpp av saltlake — genom att bara använda havet självt? Det är precis vad Skoog-bojen kan göra. Genom att nå ner till ett djup på 200 till 1000 meter för att utnyttja djuphavets konstanta, naturliga kyla, fungerar systemet som en kondensor i industriell skala. Den utnyttjar vågrörelser, solljus och återvinning av latent värme för att effektivt \"svetta\" fram förskvatten ur atmosfären, precis som ett träd, men med den mekaniska kraften att producera upp till 500 000 liter rent vatten varje dag. Denna autonoma bojinfrastruktur förlitar sig på temperaturskillnaden mellan yt- och djuphavsvatten för att driva en kontinuerlig färskvattenproduktion dygnet runt genom kondensering. Systemet utnyttjar termiska gradienter från djup på cirka 1 000 meter, medan stabil drift även är möjlig på djup mellan 200 och 400 meter, beroende på lokala förhållanden. Processen är helt naturlig och mekanisk: den kräver ingen elektricitet, inga kemikalier och ger inga avfallsströmmar som saltlösning, och den fungerar utan pumpar, inte ens för att överföra det skördade vattnet från luft till land.","author":[{"family":"Skoog","given":"Göran"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18483338","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18483338","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17605/osf.io/fsyu9","type":"article-journal","title":"MET-AL: Physics-Informed AI Framework for Coordination Bond Stability in Transition Metals Under Extreme Environments","abstract":"MET-AL introduces the first physics-informed AI framework for quantitative characterization of coordination bond stability in transition metal complexes (Fe, Ni, Co) operating under extreme environmental conditions — the Coordination Bond Stability Index (CBSI). Built on seven orthogonal physico-chemical descriptors spanning hydrostatic compression efficiency, adaptive structural resilience, electrochemical signal density, stress-tensor navigation accuracy, ligand exchange fidelity, topological lattice expansion rate, and corrosion propagation inhibition, MET-AL achieves 93.4% prediction accuracy across 52 experimental sites and 14 years (2012–2026). The framework provides 38-day early warning of structural failure events before macroscopic fracture initiation. Validated across five extreme environment categories: deep-sea hydrothermal vent zone, abyssal plain high-pressure cold water, cryogenic space simulation, radiation-exposed orbital analog, and high-temperature autoclave industrial. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19566418 — GitHub: github.com/gitdeeper10/MET-AL","author":[{"family":"Baladi","given":"Samir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17605/osf.io/fsyu9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/fsyu9","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-18406-y","type":"article-journal","title":"Performance analysis and optimization of modulation techniques for underwater optical wireless communication in varied aquatic environments.","abstract":"Underwater Optical Wireless Communication (UOWC) has emerged as a promising technology for enabling high-speed and low-latency data transmission in aquatic environments. However, the performance of UOWC systems is severely affected by absorption, scattering, turbulence, and background noise, making the choice of modulation techniques vital for ensuring reliable and efficient communication. This paper presents a comprehensive performance analysis of six prominent modulation schemes-On-Off Keying (OOK), Pulse Position Modulation (PPM), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK), 32-Phase Shift Keying (32-PSK), and 64-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (64-QAM)-under various underwater conditions. The study utilizes both LED and LD photo-sources (LED-PS and LD-PS) operating at a green wavelength of 520 nm, optimal for coastal and turbid harbor waters due to its lower attenuation characteristics. A silicon photomultiplier (SiPM-PD) with a receiver sensitivity of -53.4 dBm is employed for detecting low-power signals. Extensive numerical simulations evaluate key performance metrics including received power, Bit Error Rate (BER), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), channel capacity, and link range across different water types-pure, clear, coastal, and turbid-and turbulence intensities. This study offers the advantage of integrating multiple transmitter types, modulation schemes, and environmental factors, providing a comprehensive exploration of the trade-offs between communication range, transmitted power, and channel capacity. Results indicate that OOK enables the longest achievable communication distance (up to 123.73 m in pure seawater at BER = 10⁻⁵ with LD-PS), while high-order schemes such as 64-QAM achieve superior channel capacities (up to 53.23 bps/Hz), albeit at the cost of increased power and SNR requirements. The findings underscore a fundamental trade-off between range and Shannon spectral efficiency, guiding the selection of optimal modulation strategies for varied underwater applications, including environmental monitoring, underwater robotics, and defense communications.","author":[{"family":"Zayed","given":"MM"},{"family":"Shokair","given":"Mona"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-18406-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18406-y","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21341892","type":"article-journal","title":"Acoustic Emissions from Underwater Robots in Mariculture:  Sources, Fish-Welfare Implications, Observation Bias, and Mitigation","abstract":"Marine aquaculture increasingly relies on remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and specialised robots for fish monitoring, infrastructure inspection and biofouling control. However, physical non-contact does not guarantee the absence of disturbance: motors, thrusters, propellers and cleaning mechanisms generate radiated sound, structure-borne vibration and hydrodynamic disturbance that may be biologically relevant to farmed fish. This systematic evidence map and structured narrative synthesis integrates evidence from underwater vehicle engineering, aquaculture soundscape research, fish bioacoustics, noise exposure studies and fish–robot interaction experiments, following PRISMA 2020 and SWiM guidance, to evaluate acoustic and vibratory emissions from AUVs and ROVs and their potential significance for fish welfare and observation validity. Findings indicate that mariculture fishes can detect robot-generated low-frequency sound, particle motion and vibration, particularly at close range and via infrastructure-borne pathways such as net cleaning, and that the broader noise exposure literature confirms plausible behavioural and physiological response pathways. However, direct evidence linking quantified robot emissions to fish welfare outcomes remains limited, and existing studies rarely isolate acoustic contributions from visual, hydrodynamic and lighting cues. Robot-induced attraction or avoidance can also bias behavioural and abundance estimates derived from robotic observation. We propose a standardised measurement and reporting framework, alongside a hierarchical mitigation strategy, to address this currently undercontrolled aspect of robot deployment in mariculture.","author":[{"family":"Grm","given":"Aleksander"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21341892","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21341892","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21341893","type":"article-journal","title":"Acoustic Emissions from Underwater Robots in Mariculture:  Sources, Fish-Welfare Implications, Observation Bias, and Mitigation","abstract":"Marine aquaculture increasingly relies on remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and specialised robots for fish monitoring, infrastructure inspection and biofouling control. However, physical non-contact does not guarantee the absence of disturbance: motors, thrusters, propellers and cleaning mechanisms generate radiated sound, structure-borne vibration and hydrodynamic disturbance that may be biologically relevant to farmed fish. This systematic evidence map and structured narrative synthesis integrates evidence from underwater vehicle engineering, aquaculture soundscape research, fish bioacoustics, noise exposure studies and fish–robot interaction experiments, following PRISMA 2020 and SWiM guidance, to evaluate acoustic and vibratory emissions from AUVs and ROVs and their potential significance for fish welfare and observation validity. Findings indicate that mariculture fishes can detect robot-generated low-frequency sound, particle motion and vibration, particularly at close range and via infrastructure-borne pathways such as net cleaning, and that the broader noise exposure literature confirms plausible behavioural and physiological response pathways. However, direct evidence linking quantified robot emissions to fish welfare outcomes remains limited, and existing studies rarely isolate acoustic contributions from visual, hydrodynamic and lighting cues. Robot-induced attraction or avoidance can also bias behavioural and abundance estimates derived from robotic observation. We propose a standardised measurement and reporting framework, alongside a hierarchical mitigation strategy, to address this currently undercontrolled aspect of robot deployment in mariculture.","author":[{"family":"Grm","given":"Aleksander"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21341893","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21341893","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21978439","type":"article-journal","title":"Robotique souple neuromorphique et essaims","abstract":"Résumé FRCe document, produit avec l’assistance de ChatGPT 5.2 Thinking et Gemini 3 Raisonnement, est publié sous licence Apache 2.0. Il constitue une publication défensive (antériorité) et entre dans l’état de la technique au sens des textes applicables (EPC Art. 54(2); French IPC Art. L 611-11; cf. 35 U.S.C. §102(a)). Il divulgue, de façon enabling, un portefeuille d’innovations combinant robotique souple (actionneurs HASEL/EAP), vision événementielle (DVS), calcul neuromorphique (SNN) et intelligence en essaim, couvrant dispositifs/capteurs, algorithmes, contrôle en boucle fermée, fabrication roll-to-roll et QA end-of-line, cybersécurité et opérations de flottes, interopérabilité (formats événements+spikes), logistique de cartouches, modèles économiques au résultat, et usages industriels, agricoles régénératifs, nucléaires, sous-marins et médicaux. Abstract ENThis document, produced with the assistance of ChatGPT 5.2 Thinking and Gemini 3 Raisonnement, is released under the Apache 2.0 licence. It is a voluntary defensive publication (prior art) and therefore enters the prior art upon release under the applicable patent statutes (art. L 611-11 CPI / art. 54(2) CBE). It discloses, in an enabling manner, a portfolio that fuses soft robotics (HASEL/EAP actuation), event-based vision (DVS), neuromorphic computing (SNN), and swarm intelligence. The disclosure spans devices and sensors, event-first control loops, roll-to-roll manufacturing and end-of-line QA, cyber-secure fleet operations, interoperability standards for event+spike telemetry, cartridge logistics and field repair, outcome-based metering and SLA instrumentation, and applications in high-throughput sorting, precision/regenerative agriculture, nuclear maintenance, underwater monitoring, and medical/rehabilitation systems. Each proposal is classified with IPC/CPC codes and can be timestamped (RFC 3161 / FreeTSA). Timestamp : 2026-08-17T10:45:25ZSHA-256 : 13b3e2bc50c638e594d623990f13159039dd0fb8f0b0968e18a3300649110a89 Liste des innovations & classification (IPC ; CPC) :1. DVS–HASEL soft gripper — IPC B25J 15/00 ; CPC B25J 15/122. DVS sorting calibration rig — IPC G01D 18/00 ; CPC G01D 18/003. HASEL sensing skin laminate — IPC G01L 5/00 ; CPC G01L 5/164. Biodegradable electrohydraulic actuator — IPC C08L 67/00 ; CPC C08L 67/025. Printable EAP electrode ink — IPC H01B 1/12 ; CPC H01B 1/126. Self-healing dielectric composite — IPC C08K 3/36 ; CPC C08K 3/367. Roll-to-roll HASEL pouch line — IPC B29C 65/00 ; CPC B29C 65/788. 3D-printed soft body + circuits — IPC B29C 64/118 ; CPC B29C 64/1189. Soft underwater encapsulation stack — IPC B29C 71/00 ; CPC B29C 71/0210. Event-driven SNN HASEL control — IPC G06N 3/04 ; CPC G06N 3/04511. Event-based actuator fatigue detection — IPC G05B 23/02 ; CPC G05B 23/0212. Edge event-stream compression codec — IPC H04N 5/00 ; CPC H04N 5/23213. Spike-packet swarm protocol — IPC H04W 4/80 ; CPC H04W 4/8014. Neuromorphic swarm task allocator — IPC G06Q 10/04 ; CPC G06Q 10/063915. Safe HV charge scheduler — IPC H02M 3/155 ; CPC H02M 3/15816. Swarm geofencing operations — IPC G08G 5/00 ; CPC G08G 5/0017. Radiation-hardened soft robot module — IPC G21C 19/00 ; CPC G21C 19/0018. DVS-to-intensity reconstruction — IPC H04N 5/232 ; CPC H04N 5/23219. DVS+EMG SNN exosuit fusion — IPC A61H 1/02 ; CPC A61H 1/0220. Closed-loop rehab dosing method — IPC A61H 1/00 ; CPC A61H 1/0021. Soft endoscope targeted delivery — IPC A61M 31/00 ; CPC A61M 31/0022. Low-power EAP assist patch — IPC A61F 5/01 ; CPC A61F 5/0123. Federated learning for agri swarms — IPC G06F 18/232 ; CPC G06F 18/232124. Event+spike interoperability standard — IPC G06F 9/54 ; CPC G06F 9/54125. Tamper-proof swarm audit ledger — IPC G06Q 20/38 ; CPC G06Q 20/38226. Swarm supervisor cockpit UI — IPC G05B 19/042 ; CPC G05B 19/04227. Hybrid ultra-fast waste sorter cell — IPC B07C 5/34 ; CPC B07C 5/34228. Underwater soft-drone swarm system — IPC B63G 8/00 ; CPC B63G 8/0029. Swarm soil-compaction sens","author":[{"family":"Pillet","given":"Xavier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21978439","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21978439","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21978440","type":"article-journal","title":"Robotique souple neuromorphique et essaims","abstract":"Résumé FRCe document, produit avec l’assistance de ChatGPT 5.2 Thinking et Gemini 3 Raisonnement, est publié sous licence Apache 2.0. Il constitue une publication défensive (antériorité) et entre dans l’état de la technique au sens des textes applicables (EPC Art. 54(2); French IPC Art. L 611-11; cf. 35 U.S.C. §102(a)). Il divulgue, de façon enabling, un portefeuille d’innovations combinant robotique souple (actionneurs HASEL/EAP), vision événementielle (DVS), calcul neuromorphique (SNN) et intelligence en essaim, couvrant dispositifs/capteurs, algorithmes, contrôle en boucle fermée, fabrication roll-to-roll et QA end-of-line, cybersécurité et opérations de flottes, interopérabilité (formats événements+spikes), logistique de cartouches, modèles économiques au résultat, et usages industriels, agricoles régénératifs, nucléaires, sous-marins et médicaux. Abstract ENThis document, produced with the assistance of ChatGPT 5.2 Thinking and Gemini 3 Raisonnement, is released under the Apache 2.0 licence. It is a voluntary defensive publication (prior art) and therefore enters the prior art upon release under the applicable patent statutes (art. L 611-11 CPI / art. 54(2) CBE). It discloses, in an enabling manner, a portfolio that fuses soft robotics (HASEL/EAP actuation), event-based vision (DVS), neuromorphic computing (SNN), and swarm intelligence. The disclosure spans devices and sensors, event-first control loops, roll-to-roll manufacturing and end-of-line QA, cyber-secure fleet operations, interoperability standards for event+spike telemetry, cartridge logistics and field repair, outcome-based metering and SLA instrumentation, and applications in high-throughput sorting, precision/regenerative agriculture, nuclear maintenance, underwater monitoring, and medical/rehabilitation systems. Each proposal is classified with IPC/CPC codes and can be timestamped (RFC 3161 / FreeTSA). Timestamp : 2026-08-17T10:45:25ZSHA-256 : 13b3e2bc50c638e594d623990f13159039dd0fb8f0b0968e18a3300649110a89 Liste des innovations & classification (IPC ; CPC) :1. DVS–HASEL soft gripper — IPC B25J 15/00 ; CPC B25J 15/122. DVS sorting calibration rig — IPC G01D 18/00 ; CPC G01D 18/003. HASEL sensing skin laminate — IPC G01L 5/00 ; CPC G01L 5/164. Biodegradable electrohydraulic actuator — IPC C08L 67/00 ; CPC C08L 67/025. Printable EAP electrode ink — IPC H01B 1/12 ; CPC H01B 1/126. Self-healing dielectric composite — IPC C08K 3/36 ; CPC C08K 3/367. Roll-to-roll HASEL pouch line — IPC B29C 65/00 ; CPC B29C 65/788. 3D-printed soft body + circuits — IPC B29C 64/118 ; CPC B29C 64/1189. Soft underwater encapsulation stack — IPC B29C 71/00 ; CPC B29C 71/0210. Event-driven SNN HASEL control — IPC G06N 3/04 ; CPC G06N 3/04511. Event-based actuator fatigue detection — IPC G05B 23/02 ; CPC G05B 23/0212. Edge event-stream compression codec — IPC H04N 5/00 ; CPC H04N 5/23213. Spike-packet swarm protocol — IPC H04W 4/80 ; CPC H04W 4/8014. Neuromorphic swarm task allocator — IPC G06Q 10/04 ; CPC G06Q 10/063915. Safe HV charge scheduler — IPC H02M 3/155 ; CPC H02M 3/15816. Swarm geofencing operations — IPC G08G 5/00 ; CPC G08G 5/0017. Radiation-hardened soft robot module — IPC G21C 19/00 ; CPC G21C 19/0018. DVS-to-intensity reconstruction — IPC H04N 5/232 ; CPC H04N 5/23219. DVS+EMG SNN exosuit fusion — IPC A61H 1/02 ; CPC A61H 1/0220. Closed-loop rehab dosing method — IPC A61H 1/00 ; CPC A61H 1/0021. Soft endoscope targeted delivery — IPC A61M 31/00 ; CPC A61M 31/0022. Low-power EAP assist patch — IPC A61F 5/01 ; CPC A61F 5/0123. Federated learning for agri swarms — IPC G06F 18/232 ; CPC G06F 18/232124. Event+spike interoperability standard — IPC G06F 9/54 ; CPC G06F 9/54125. Tamper-proof swarm audit ledger — IPC G06Q 20/38 ; CPC G06Q 20/38226. Swarm supervisor cockpit UI — IPC G05B 19/042 ; CPC G05B 19/04227. Hybrid ultra-fast waste sorter cell — IPC B07C 5/34 ; CPC B07C 5/34228. Underwater soft-drone swarm system — IPC B63G 8/00 ; CPC B63G 8/0029. Swarm soil-compaction sens","author":[{"family":"Pillet","given":"Xavier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21978440","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21978440","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20199808","type":"article-journal","title":"Bioinspired Ionic Gradient Power Sources for Soft Robotics: A Review of Artificial","abstract":"nspired by the electric eel, researchers are developing flexible, biocompatible power sources based on ionic gradients. Although these artificial systems currently lack the power density to replace standard lithium-ion batteries in general robotics, their non-toxic nature makes them highly promising for specialized niche applications, such as implantable bioelectronics, underwater soft robots, and low-power sensors. To improve these systems, the review evaluates the theoretical use of a light-activated protein called bacteriorhodopsin (bR) to continuously regenerate the necessary ionic gradients. The study identifies light exposure and bR concentration as the most critical factors for success and outlines specific experimental steps to bring this innovative approach to life.","author":[{"family":"Vallmitjana Baixeras","given":"Francisco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20199808","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20199808","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20199809","type":"article-journal","title":"Bioinspired Ionic Gradient Power Sources for Soft Robotics: A Review of Artificial","abstract":"nspired by the electric eel, researchers are developing flexible, biocompatible power sources based on ionic gradients. Although these artificial systems currently lack the power density to replace standard lithium-ion batteries in general robotics, their non-toxic nature makes them highly promising for specialized niche applications, such as implantable bioelectronics, underwater soft robots, and low-power sensors. To improve these systems, the review evaluates the theoretical use of a light-activated protein called bacteriorhodopsin (bR) to continuously regenerate the necessary ionic gradients. The study identifies light exposure and bR concentration as the most critical factors for success and outlines specific experimental steps to bring this innovative approach to life.","author":[{"family":"Vallmitjana Baixeras","given":"Francisco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20199809","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20199809","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/3gv4h58k4z.1","type":"article-journal","title":"Data for: Simultaneous separation of travel-dependent drag and added-mass coefficients for underwater manipulators","abstract":"This dataset contains processed research data supporting the manuscript “Simultaneous separation of travel-dependent drag and added-mass coefficients for underwater manipulators.” The study tests whether the transient drag coefficient Cd and equivalent added-mass coefficient Cm can be represented primarily as functions of nondimensional travel S/d and separated simultaneously from sectional hydrodynamic-torque data. The torque data were obtained from three-dimensional unsteady CFD simulations of a 4-m cylindrical manipulator link undergoing twelve standard accelerate–cruise–decelerate motions with different angular velocities and accelerations. The files contain smoothed Fluent total-torque histories and Tecplot ten-segment and total-torque histories. These data were processed by binned least-squares coefficient separation and physically constrained piecewise-cubic spline fitting. The coefficient-identification data include combined least-squares samples, separate Cd and Cm scatter-point datasets, spline control points, and densely sampled Cd(S/d) and Cm(S/d) curves. Twelve leave-one-out datasets are provided, each containing samples, control points, and spline curves obtained after excluding one standard case, together with an error summary. The package also contains processed time-series data for seven realistic quintic-polynomial motions covering slew angles of 15–120 degrees and durations of 5–10 s. The files provide time, S/d, angular displacement, angular velocity, angular acceleration, CFD torque, spline-model torque, and error statistics. Results for an optimal constant-coefficient baseline, curve-inflection source tables, and selected auxiliary motion workbooks are also included. The data can be used to reconstruct the identified coefficient curves, inspect sectional and total torque histories, compare the spline model with CFD, assess sensitivity to individual training cases, and recalculate the reported errors. They show systematic variation of both coefficients with S/d and support evaluation of the model’s predictive behavior. File contents, variables, units, provenance, folder structure, and checksums are documented in the README and manifest files. This repository contains processed data only. Water-tank experimental data, the main cone, orbital, two-link, and attached-cylinder spatial-motion datasets, and mesh-convergence source data are not included. Source code, Fluent UDFs, and patent-related implementation files are unavailable because the method is associated with a pending patent application. Raw CFD fields, meshes, and large Fluent case/data files are excluded because of their storage requirements.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Bevis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17632/3gv4h58k4z.1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/3gv4h58k4z.1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/3gv4h58k4z","type":"article-journal","title":"Data for: Simultaneous separation of travel-dependent drag and added-mass coefficients for underwater manipulators","abstract":"This dataset contains processed research data supporting the manuscript “Simultaneous separation of travel-dependent drag and added-mass coefficients for underwater manipulators.” The study tests whether the transient drag coefficient Cd and equivalent added-mass coefficient Cm can be represented primarily as functions of nondimensional travel S/d and separated simultaneously from sectional hydrodynamic-torque data. The torque data were obtained from three-dimensional unsteady CFD simulations of a 4-m cylindrical manipulator link undergoing twelve standard accelerate–cruise–decelerate motions with different angular velocities and accelerations. The files contain smoothed Fluent total-torque histories and Tecplot ten-segment and total-torque histories. These data were processed by binned least-squares coefficient separation and physically constrained piecewise-cubic spline fitting. The coefficient-identification data include combined least-squares samples, separate Cd and Cm scatter-point datasets, spline control points, and densely sampled Cd(S/d) and Cm(S/d) curves. Twelve leave-one-out datasets are provided, each containing samples, control points, and spline curves obtained after excluding one standard case, together with an error summary. The package also contains processed time-series data for seven realistic quintic-polynomial motions covering slew angles of 15–120 degrees and durations of 5–10 s. The files provide time, S/d, angular displacement, angular velocity, angular acceleration, CFD torque, spline-model torque, and error statistics. Results for an optimal constant-coefficient baseline, curve-inflection source tables, and selected auxiliary motion workbooks are also included. The data can be used to reconstruct the identified coefficient curves, inspect sectional and total torque histories, compare the spline model with CFD, assess sensitivity to individual training cases, and recalculate the reported errors. They show systematic variation of both coefficients with S/d and support evaluation of the model’s predictive behavior. File contents, variables, units, provenance, folder structure, and checksums are documented in the README and manifest files. This repository contains processed data only. Water-tank experimental data, the main cone, orbital, two-link, and attached-cylinder spatial-motion datasets, and mesh-convergence source data are not included. Source code, Fluent UDFs, and patent-related implementation files are unavailable because the method is associated with a pending patent application. Raw CFD fields, meshes, and large Fluent case/data files are excluded because of their storage requirements.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Bevis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17632/3gv4h58k4z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/3gv4h58k4z","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20817824","type":"article-journal","title":"MANUALE OPERATIVO DEL TEST DELLA CLESSIDRA","abstract":"Questo working paper descrive due principi cognitivi formalizzati nel 1984 nel brevetto italiano IT 1.183.052: il Riconoscimento Configurazionale per Attualizzazione di Pattern Predefiniti (R.C.A.P.) e la Visualizzazione Preattentiva. Entrambi furono materializzati in un dispositivo di plastica per l'identificazione di lieviti del genere Candida, prodotto senza alcun supporto informatico disponibile all'epoca. Il Clessidra Test Protocol (CTP), descritto in questo documento, è lo strumento metodologico sviluppato per rendere visibile una ricorrenza strutturale: sistemi sviluppati indipendentemente in domini e decenni diversi — dall'avionica militare alla robotica subacquea, dalla guida autonoma alla biometria — convergono sulla stessa organizzazione funzionale perché quella organizzazione risponde a vincoli cognitivi reali. La convergenza osservata include sistemi con brevetti, nomi e date verificabili (OASIS 2018, EROAS 2025, F-35 HMDS, Tesla ADS,Drones) e non costituisce una rivendicazione di derivazione storica ma una verifica di compatibilità strutturale. La struttura matematica e percettiva degli anelli di Apple Watch (2015) era già presente nel brevetto trentun anni prima. Il documento include l'analisi di venti sistemi tecnologici, una tabella riepilogativa, una sezione di robustezza epistemologica e le condizioni di falsificabilità del protocollo.","author":[{"family":"Berretti","given":"Rodolfo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20817824","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20817824","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20817823","type":"article-journal","title":"MANUALE OPERATIVO DEL TEST DELLA CLESSIDRA","abstract":"Questo working paper descrive due principi cognitivi formalizzati nel 1984 nel brevetto italiano IT 1.183.052: il Riconoscimento Configurazionale per Attualizzazione di Pattern Predefiniti (R.C.A.P.) e la Visualizzazione Preattentiva. Entrambi furono materializzati in un dispositivo di plastica per l'identificazione di lieviti del genere Candida, prodotto senza alcun supporto informatico disponibile all'epoca. Il Clessidra Test Protocol (CTP), descritto in questo documento, è lo strumento metodologico sviluppato per rendere visibile una ricorrenza strutturale: sistemi sviluppati indipendentemente in domini e decenni diversi — dall'avionica militare alla robotica subacquea, dalla guida autonoma alla biometria — convergono sulla stessa organizzazione funzionale perché quella organizzazione risponde a vincoli cognitivi reali. La convergenza osservata include sistemi con brevetti, nomi e date verificabili (OASIS 2018, EROAS 2025, F-35 HMDS, Tesla ADS,Drones) e non costituisce una rivendicazione di derivazione storica ma una verifica di compatibilità strutturale. La struttura matematica e percettiva degli anelli di Apple Watch (2015) era già presente nel brevetto trentun anni prima. Il documento include l'analisi di venti sistemi tecnologici, una tabella riepilogativa, una sezione di robustezza epistemologica e le condizioni di falsificabilità del protocollo.","author":[{"family":"Berretti","given":"Rodolfo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20817823","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20817823","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19084763","type":"article-journal","title":"Smart Drone Warfare: A Study of AI-Powered Loitering Munitions in Russia-Ukraine War","abstract":"Abstract The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 is widely acknowledged as the world’s first large-scale drone-centric war. This case study examines the technological supremacy and battlefield deployment of smart loitering munitions in the Russia–Ukraine war. Emphasizing their role as a revolutionary factor in modern battlefield dynamics, the study evaluates their use of artificial intelligence (AI) in intelligent surveillance, loitering, targeting and precision strikes against traditional armored units, military logistics and installations while considering countermeasures such as electronic warfare, deception and air defense systems. Further, multiple comparison graphs have been presented throughout the paper to visually analyze the superiority of AI-powered loitering munitions. Next, it underscores the limitations, risks, ethical and humanitarian aspects in the light of international laws. Finally, the study concludes with future implications of this decisive and sophisticated technology. Keywords loitering munition, kamikaze drone, smart autonomous weapons, Artificial Intelligence (AI), international humanitarian law (IHL), defense technology1.1 Introduction A loitering munition, also known as a kamikaze drone, suicide drone or autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), is a flying robotic weapon with a warhead that is designed to manoeuvre in the air until a target is designated to detonate or crash into it. Armed with AI, kamikaze drones can identify, lock the targets and crush into crucial targets with minimal human intervention. Due to its astounding impact on the battlefield, it has vital military and strategic importance. Since the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian conflict in February 2022, drone technologies have evolved at an unprecedented rate in terms of production, precision, intelligence, deployment and scalability. Debates have sparked on the legality and the ethical use of such intelligent autonomous and semi-autonomous drones. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the application of AI in loitering munitions or kamikaze drones has shaken the Russia-Ukraine battlegrounds while raising unresolved legal and ethical challenges with an insight into future implications. The study has addressed the following questions: 1. How have AI-enabled loitering munitions transformed modern warfare?2. What are the smart and technical aspects of a loitering munition? 3. How has the use of drones increased efficiency and precision in warfare? 4. What strategic advantages and limitations do smart military drones present compared to conventional systems? 5. What ethical challenges arise from the use of AI-enabled drones in warfare, particularly regarding civilian casualties and accountability? 6. To what extent does the use of smart suicide drones comply with international humanitarian law? 7. How do advancements in autonomous drone technologies shape the future of warfare? 8. What are its future implications? 1.2 Background Since the outbreak of hostilities in February 2022, Ukraine’s domestic drone industry has emerged as an increasingly crucial element in the war to resist and outmaneuver the sheer Russian military strength. Although Russia has been developing drones for years, Ukraine’s innovative use of drones, assisted by foreign governments, has allowed the country to counter Russia’s far greater resources and strike back at targets everywhere from the Black Sea to oil refineries deep inside Russia. Both the countries have deployed AI-snabled suicide drones against each other. Drone warfare in Ukraine has undergone a chilling transformation. Modern drones shift the course, the balance and the outcome of wars. The system's artificial intelligence capabilities enable it to operate effectively despite electronic warfare countermeasures and challenging weather conditions. Although the highest number of drones have been reported to be used in Russia-Ukraine war, drones have been deployed in all the recent conflicts aroun","author":[{"family":"Tishan","given":"Farial"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19084763","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19084763","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18811668","type":"article-journal","title":"Smart Drone Warfare: A Study of AI-Powered Loitering Munitions in Russia-Ukraine War","abstract":"Abstract The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 is widely acknowledged as the world’s first large-scale drone-centric war. This case study examines the technological supremacy and battlefield deployment of smart loitering munitions in the Russia–Ukraine war. Emphasizing their role as a revolutionary factor in modern battlefield dynamics, the study evaluates their use of artificial intelligence (AI) in intelligent surveillance, loitering, targeting and precision strikes against traditional armored units, military logistics and installations while considering countermeasures such as electronic warfare, deception and air defense systems. Further, multiple comparison graphs have been presented throughout the paper to visually analyze the superiority of AI-powered loitering munitions. Next, it underscores the limitations, risks, ethical and humanitarian aspects in the light of international laws. Finally, the study concludes with future implications of this decisive and sophisticated technology. Keywords loitering munition, kamikaze drone, smart autonomous weapons, Artificial Intelligence (AI), international humanitarian law (IHL), defense technology1.1 Introduction A loitering munition, also known as a kamikaze drone, suicide drone or autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), is a flying robotic weapon with a warhead that is designed to manoeuvre in the air until a target is designated to detonate or crash into it. Armed with AI, kamikaze drones can identify, lock the targets and crush into crucial targets with minimal human intervention. Due to its astounding impact on the battlefield, it has vital military and strategic importance. Since the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian conflict in February 2022, drone technologies have evolved at an unprecedented rate in terms of production, precision, intelligence, deployment and scalability. Debates have sparked on the legality and the ethical use of such intelligent autonomous and semi-autonomous drones. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the application of AI in loitering munitions or kamikaze drones has shaken the Russia-Ukraine battlegrounds while raising unresolved legal and ethical challenges with an insight into future implications. The study has addressed the following questions: 1. How have AI-enabled loitering munitions transformed modern warfare?2. What are the smart and technical aspects of a loitering munition? 3. How has the use of drones increased efficiency and precision in warfare? 4. What strategic advantages and limitations do smart military drones present compared to conventional systems? 5. What ethical challenges arise from the use of AI-enabled drones in warfare, particularly regarding civilian casualties and accountability? 6. To what extent does the use of smart suicide drones comply with international humanitarian law? 7. How do advancements in autonomous drone technologies shape the future of warfare? 8. What are its future implications? 1.2 Background Since the outbreak of hostilities in February 2022, Ukraine’s domestic drone industry has emerged as an increasingly crucial element in the war to resist and outmaneuver the sheer Russian military strength. Although Russia has been developing drones for years, Ukraine’s innovative use of drones, assisted by foreign governments, has allowed the country to counter Russia’s far greater resources and strike back at targets everywhere from the Black Sea to oil refineries deep inside Russia. Both the countries have deployed AI-snabled suicide drones against each other. Drone warfare in Ukraine has undergone a chilling transformation. Modern drones shift the course, the balance and the outcome of wars. The system's artificial intelligence capabilities enable it to operate effectively despite electronic warfare countermeasures and challenging weather conditions. Although the highest number of drones have been reported to be used in Russia-Ukraine war, drones have been deployed in all the recent conflicts aroun","author":[{"family":"Tishan","given":"Farial"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18811668","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18811668","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19058467","type":"article-journal","title":"Fractal Correction Engine for Waveform-Based Propulsion: System Architecture, Physics, and Flight Simulation Results","abstract":"# Fractal Correction Engine for Waveform-Based Propulsion: System Architecture, Physics, and Flight Simulation Results **Authors:** Adam L McEvoy **Date:** March 2026 **Keywords:** fractal analysis, waveform correction, Schumann resonance, mass-phase modulation, propulsion simulation, box-counting dimension, self-similarity, phased array thrust ## Abstract I present the Fractal Correction Engine (FCE), a computational framework that applies fractal decomposition, self-similarity analysis, and iterative waveform correction to arbitrary periodic and aperiodic signals. The FCE operates on the principle that any observable waveform — whether gravitational, electromagnetic, acoustic, or kinematic — can be decomposed into fractal components characterized by their Hausdorff dimension, Shannon entropy, and multi-scale self-similarity. We embed the FCE within a seven-module propulsion simulation that models a 2,500 kg disk-shaped craft equipped with 42 field emitters spanning four physical domains (electromagnetic, acoustic, photonic, and gravitational-coupling). The simulation integrates Newtonian mechanics, atmospheric physics, PID flight control, and a mass-phase modulation hypothesis in which effective gravitational mass is treated as a phase-locked resonance with Earth's Schumann cavity modes. Under an infinite-power assumption that isolates pure physics feasibility, we conduct a complete flight test comprising vertical ascent, cruise navigation, aggressive maneuvering at 14g, stealth transit, and stable hover. FCE analysis of the resulting trajectory yields a tortuosity of 1.64, a speed-profile fractal dimension of 1.016, and self-similarity of 0.624. The gravitational field waveform exhibits fractal dimension 1.0 with self-similarity 0.92, confirming high predictability for phase-coupling control. At 94.5% mass reduction, the craft's effective weight drops from 24,525 N to 73.5 N, and hover power from the megawatt scale to 2.9 MW. All waveforms in the system — gravitational, Schumann, interference, curvature, and thrust — are shown to be FCE-decomposable and correctable, providing a unified mathematical framework for waveform-based flight control. --- ## 1. Introduction ### 1.1 Motivation The study of unconventional propulsion concepts requires rigorous mathematical frameworks that can characterize, predict, and control the complex waveform interactions underlying any field-based thrust mechanism. Whether examining acoustic radiation pressure, electromagnetic momentum transfer, or speculative gravitational coupling, the common thread is *waveform manipulation* — the ability to shape, phase-align, and superpose oscillatory fields to produce net directional force. Fractal analysis offers a natural mathematical language for this problem. Physical waveforms arising from resonant cavities, interference patterns, and nonlinear coupling exhibit self-similar structure across multiple scales. This self-similarity is not merely descriptive; it is *predictive*. A waveform with high self-similarity at scales 2x, 4x, and 8x permits trajectory forecasting from partial observations, interference pattern optimization from local phase measurements, and real-time correction of coupling waveforms via iterative fractal convergence. ### 1.2 The FCE Principle The Fractal Correction Engine operates on a foundational assertion: > *Any orb, orbit, wave, wavelength, or waveform can be analyzed using $\\pi$ and local curvature to extract a fractal path that is identical to the observed path. This fractal path can then be used for forward and backward trajectory prediction and for wave and interference mapping.* This principle is implemented through four core operations: 1. **Fractal characterization** — Hausdorff box-counting dimension, Shannon entropy, harmonic structure2. **Self-similarity quantification** — Pearson correlation across scales 2x, 4x, 8x3. **Pattern matching** — comparison against a library of canonical waveforms (sinusoidal, Fibonacci, Sc","author":[{"family":"Mcevoy","given":"Adam"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19058467","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19058467","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18890211","type":"article-journal","title":"Gradient Difference-Driven Passive Environmental Energy Harvesting Battery_ Multi-Gradient Synergistic Mechanism, Theoretical Modeling and Scenario Adaptation","abstract":"Abstract Environmental gradient energy (temperature, concentration, humidity, pressure gradients, etc.), as a widely existing, clean and renewable low-grade energy, its efficient recovery and conversion is a key path to break the bottleneck of traditional energy storage equipment \"only storing but not generating, passive power consumption\" and promote the development of low-carbon energy systems. Most existing environmental energy harvesting technologies are limited to a single gradient type, with problems such as low conversion efficiency, poor adaptability, fixed gradient selection, and imperfect theoretical systems. They lack in-depth analysis and quantitative modeling of energy conversion mechanisms, and have no solid theoretical support for technological upgrading, making it difficult to meet the self-power supply and energy-saving demands of low-power devices in multiple scenarios. Based on the principles of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and energy conservation, this paper focuses on pure theoretical principle innovation at the application layer, with no experimental verification or prototype development involved throughout. It proposes a Gradient Difference-Driven Passive Environmental Energy Harvesting Battery (GDEHB), which can flexibly select gradient types according to actual application scenarios, support multi-gradient synergistic harvesting and single-gradient precise adaptation. The battery operates passively without consuming external energy, and can actively absorb idle environmental gradient energy, breaking the inherent limitations of traditional batteries in power storage and consumption. Moreover, multi-gradient synergy can greatly broaden energy sources and increase total harvesting volume; an integrated theoretical model of multi-gradient synergistic harvesting-directional energy conversion-efficient power storage is constructed, the thermodynamic mechanism, kinetic equations and quantitative potential difference model of gradient energy-to-electric energy conversion are systematically deduced, the regulation mechanism of structural parameters and gradient field parameters on conversion efficiency is clarified, the implementation priority of multi-scenario gradient combinations is refined, and the application feasibility of the battery in low-power electronic devices, smart home appliances, industrial monitoring and other fields is verified through theoretical modeling and cross-scenario adaptation analysis. The rapid development of composite electrolytes, multi-responsive small molecules and multi-functional sensitive materials provides a feasible implementation path for the multi-gradient synergistic harvesting mechanism proposed in this study. Conversely, the gradient difference-driven energy harvesting battery also provides clear application scenarios and system-level integration goals for the above advanced materials, with natural adaptability and synergistic development potential between the two. On this basis, the original Zhou's Discontinuous Stability Theory (ZDST) is innovatively integrated to build an integrated closed-loop system of \"energy harvesting-energy storage-stability control\", breaking through the engineering implementation shortcomings of GDEHB such as power supply fluctuation and extensive power consumption control, further improving power supply stability and equipment endurance, enhancing scenario adaptability, and achieving collaborative empowerment of applied technological innovation and underlying principle support. This paper provides a brand-new theoretical framework and technical paradigm for the efficient recovery and utilization of environmental gradient energy, enriches the theoretical system of passive energy harvesting, and is the practical implementation of the core ideology of Trait Locking Science in the energy field, with important academic value and industrialization potential. Journal Position Statement (Beijing Time 19:45, March 12, 2026) This work was previous","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Relike"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18890211","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18890211","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18890212","type":"article-journal","title":"Gradient Difference-Driven Passive Environmental Energy Harvesting Battery_ Multi-Gradient Synergistic Mechanism, Theoretical Modeling and Scenario Adaptation","abstract":"Abstract Environmental gradient energy (temperature, concentration, humidity, pressure gradients, etc.), as a widely existing, clean and renewable low-grade energy, its efficient recovery and conversion is a key path to break the bottleneck of traditional energy storage equipment \"only storing but not generating, passive power consumption\" and promote the development of low-carbon energy systems. Most existing environmental energy harvesting technologies are limited to a single gradient type, with problems such as low conversion efficiency, poor adaptability, fixed gradient selection, and imperfect theoretical systems. They lack in-depth analysis and quantitative modeling of energy conversion mechanisms, and have no solid theoretical support for technological upgrading, making it difficult to meet the self-power supply and energy-saving demands of low-power devices in multiple scenarios. Based on the principles of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and energy conservation, this paper focuses on pure theoretical principle innovation at the application layer, with no experimental verification or prototype development involved throughout. It proposes a Gradient Difference-Driven Passive Environmental Energy Harvesting Battery (GDEHB), which can flexibly select gradient types according to actual application scenarios, support multi-gradient synergistic harvesting and single-gradient precise adaptation. The battery operates passively without consuming external energy, and can actively absorb idle environmental gradient energy, breaking the inherent limitations of traditional batteries in power storage and consumption. Moreover, multi-gradient synergy can greatly broaden energy sources and increase total harvesting volume; an integrated theoretical model of multi-gradient synergistic harvesting-directional energy conversion-efficient power storage is constructed, the thermodynamic mechanism, kinetic equations and quantitative potential difference model of gradient energy-to-electric energy conversion are systematically deduced, the regulation mechanism of structural parameters and gradient field parameters on conversion efficiency is clarified, the implementation priority of multi-scenario gradient combinations is refined, and the application feasibility of the battery in low-power electronic devices, smart home appliances, industrial monitoring and other fields is verified through theoretical modeling and cross-scenario adaptation analysis. The rapid development of composite electrolytes, multi-responsive small molecules and multi-functional sensitive materials provides a feasible implementation path for the multi-gradient synergistic harvesting mechanism proposed in this study. Conversely, the gradient difference-driven energy harvesting battery also provides clear application scenarios and system-level integration goals for the above advanced materials, with natural adaptability and synergistic development potential between the two. On this basis, the original Zhou's Discontinuous Stability Theory (ZDST) is innovatively integrated to build an integrated closed-loop system of \"energy harvesting-energy storage-stability control\", breaking through the engineering implementation shortcomings of GDEHB such as power supply fluctuation and extensive power consumption control, further improving power supply stability and equipment endurance, enhancing scenario adaptability, and achieving collaborative empowerment of applied technological innovation and underlying principle support. This paper provides a brand-new theoretical framework and technical paradigm for the efficient recovery and utilization of environmental gradient energy, enriches the theoretical system of passive energy harvesting, and is the practical implementation of the core ideology of Trait Locking Science in the energy field, with important academic value and industrialization potential. Journal Position Statement (Beijing Time 19:45, March 12, 2026) This work was previous","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Relike"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18890212","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18890212","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20640328","type":"article-journal","title":"CLEMENT'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF QUANTUM HELICAL GEOMETRY: A COMPREHENSIVE 3D MECHANICAL REPLACEMENT FOR RELATIVISTIC SPACETIME METRICS","abstract":"Clement’s Universal Law of Quantum Helical Geometry provides a standalone, observer-free three-dimensional mechanical framework that renders the abstract four-dimensional coordinate geometries of Special and General Relativity entirely obsolete. We resolve a century of academic deadlock by demonstrating that the \"curves of space\" are not macro-astronomical distortions of an empty container, but the local, physical trajectories of energy paths at the quantum scale. Fundamental matter is modeled as a stable, weightless Topological Soliton Knot (Skyrmion/Hopfion) woven directly from continuous spatial field lines. When an atomic lattice undergoes multi-axis displacement, its internal energy loops are physically subjected to cumulative mechanical modifications, forcing the paths to stretch into a 3D velocity helix. This treatise delivers the absolute, historic mechanical unification of mass-energy equivalence and classical dynamics. By substituting the absolute energetic value of the rest knot (E=mu²) straight into the 3-axis multi-axis kinematic force equation, the two historically separated regimes of Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein are bound into a single vector allocation budget: F = (E_rest * a) / (u² * (1 - (vx² + vy² + vz²) / u²)^(3/2)) This unified formula proves that an object resists acceleration at high velocities purely because 100% of its available field speed limit has been entirely consumed by its forward macro-displacement through the coordinates of the three-dimensional room. CRITICAL DEFENSE AGAINST OBSERVER CONFUSION: Model frameworks are held to a rigid standard of objective realism. An atom does not alter its cycling rate because it is being \"watched\" or \"measured\" from a distant perspective; it alters its rate because of a real, physical reallocation of its internal velocity vectors and local coordinate density constraints. APPLICATION, ENVIRONMENT & PHASE-JITTER INJUNCTION: This treatise provides the complete electronic adjunct software and hardwired Verilog HDL implementations required to achieve absolute, sub-nanosecond phase-jitter elimination across any machine, installation, or device deployed across any physical environment, explicitly encompassing all Space, Air, Surface, Underwater, and Underground domains. This structural stabilization applies directly to: satellite self-clocking networks, aerospace trajectory guidance matrices, autonomous vehicular and automotive navigation systems, advanced robotics, automated kinematics, power distribution networks, and quantum computing architectures (including both static mainframes and mobile qubit processors). This proprietary code core and its underlying geometric logic are strictly bound by an absolute Non-Commercial (NC) covenant; deployment within any device, vehicle, installation, or system operating in any environment necessitates an explicit, separate commercial operating license signed directly by the author.","author":[{"family":"Clement","given":"Colin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20640328","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20640328","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20562911","type":"article-journal","title":"CLEMENT'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF QUANTUM HELICAL GEOMETRY: A COMPREHENSIVE 3D MECHANICAL REPLACEMENT FOR RELATIVISTIC SPACETIME METRICS","abstract":"Clement’s Universal Law of Quantum Helical Geometry provides a standalone, observer-free three-dimensional mechanical framework that renders the abstract four-dimensional coordinate geometries of Special and General Relativity entirely obsolete. We resolve a century of academic deadlock by demonstrating that the \"curves of space\" are not macro-astronomical distortions of an empty container, but the local, physical trajectories of energy paths at the quantum scale. Fundamental matter is modeled as a stable, weightless Topological Soliton Knot (Skyrmion/Hopfion) woven directly from continuous spatial field lines. When an atomic lattice undergoes multi-axis displacement, its internal energy loops are physically subjected to cumulative mechanical modifications, forcing the paths to stretch into a 3D velocity helix. This treatise delivers the absolute, historic mechanical unification of mass-energy equivalence and classical dynamics. By substituting the absolute energetic value of the rest knot (E=mu²) straight into the 3-axis multi-axis kinematic force equation, the two historically separated regimes of Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein are bound into a single vector allocation budget: F = (E_rest * a) / (u² * (1 - (vx² + vy² + vz²) / u²)^(3/2)) This unified formula proves that an object resists acceleration at high velocities purely because 100% of its available field speed limit has been entirely consumed by its forward macro-displacement through the coordinates of the three-dimensional room. CRITICAL DEFENSE AGAINST OBSERVER CONFUSION: Model frameworks are held to a rigid standard of objective realism. An atom does not alter its cycling rate because it is being \"watched\" or \"measured\" from a distant perspective; it alters its rate because of a real, physical reallocation of its internal velocity vectors and local coordinate density constraints. APPLICATION, ENVIRONMENT & PHASE-JITTER INJUNCTION: This treatise provides the complete electronic adjunct software and hardwired Verilog HDL implementations required to achieve absolute, sub-nanosecond phase-jitter elimination across any machine, installation, or device deployed across any physical environment, explicitly encompassing all Space, Air, Surface, Underwater, and Underground domains. This structural stabilization applies directly to: satellite self-clocking networks, aerospace trajectory guidance matrices, autonomous vehicular and automotive navigation systems, advanced robotics, automated kinematics, power distribution networks, and quantum computing architectures (including both static mainframes and mobile qubit processors). This proprietary code core and its underlying geometric logic are strictly bound by an absolute Non-Commercial (NC) covenant; deployment within any device, vehicle, installation, or system operating in any environment necessitates an explicit, separate commercial operating license signed directly by the author.","author":[{"family":"Clement","given":"Colin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20562911","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20562911","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20586556","type":"article-journal","title":"CLEMENT'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF QUANTUM HELICAL GEOMETRY: A COMPREHENSIVE 3D MECHANICAL REPLACEMENT FOR RELATIVISTIC SPACETIME METRICS","abstract":"Clement’s Universal Law of Quantum Helical Geometry provides a standalone, observer-free three-dimensional mechanical framework that renders the abstract four-dimensional coordinate geometries of Special and General Relativity entirely obsolete. We resolve a century of academic deadlock by demonstrating that the \"curves of space\" are not macro-astronomical distortions of an empty container, but the local, physical trajectories of energy paths at the quantum scale. Fundamental matter is modeled as a stable, weightless Topological Soliton Knot (Skyrmion/Hopfion) woven directly from continuous spatial field lines. When an atomic lattice undergoes multi-axis displacement, its internal energy loops are physically subjected to cumulative mechanical modifications, forcing the paths to stretch into a 3D velocity helix. This treatise delivers the absolute, historic mechanical unification of mass-energy equivalence and classical dynamics. By substituting the absolute energetic value of the rest knot (E=mu²) straight into the 3-axis multi-axis kinematic force equation, the two historically separated regimes of Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein are bound into a single vector allocation budget: F = (E_rest * a) / (u² * (1 - (vx² + vy² + vz²) / u²)^(3/2)) This unified formula proves that an object resists acceleration at high velocities purely because 100% of its available field speed limit has been entirely consumed by its forward macro-displacement through the coordinates of the three-dimensional room. CRITICAL DEFENSE AGAINST OBSERVER CONFUSION: Model frameworks are held to a rigid standard of objective realism. An atom does not alter its cycling rate because it is being \"watched\" or \"measured\" from a distant perspective; it alters its rate because of a real, physical reallocation of its internal velocity vectors and local coordinate density constraints. APPLICATION, ENVIRONMENT & PHASE-JITTER INJUNCTION: This treatise provides the complete electronic adjunct software and hardwired Verilog HDL implementations required to achieve absolute, sub-nanosecond phase-jitter elimination across any machine, installation, or device deployed across any physical environment, explicitly encompassing all Space, Air, Surface, Underwater, and Underground domains. This structural stabilization applies directly to: satellite self-clocking networks, aerospace trajectory guidance matrices, autonomous vehicular and automotive navigation systems, advanced robotics, automated kinematics, power distribution networks, and quantum computing architectures (including both static mainframes and mobile qubit processors). This proprietary code core and its underlying geometric logic are strictly bound by an absolute Non-Commercial (NC) covenant; deployment within any device, vehicle, installation, or system operating in any environment necessitates an explicit, separate commercial operating license signed directly by the author.","author":[{"family":"Clement","given":"Colin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20586556","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20586556","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48336/455","type":"article-journal","title":"Towards efficient, high-fidelity dynamic system simulation of marine craft interacting with floating objects","abstract":"Seafaring is essential for many areas of everyday life, including transportation, commercial operations, science, and security. Interactions between marine craft and foating objects occur frequently during these operations, either on purpose or by accident. Computer simulations that predict the motions of marine craft and other foating objects over time can be used to model marine operations. They are a common tool to study control and planning problems, which must be solved for the successful deployment of autonomous vessels. However, the performance and deployability of many modern control and planning algorithms hinge on both the fdelity and effciency of the used simulation. In the marine context, modelling hydrodynamics and interactions is crucial to achieve high fdelity. Unfortunately, models based on frst principles are typically not computationally effcient. Thus, hydrodynamic effects are commonly modelled using various coeffcients and interaction models are tailored to the specifc application scenario. Here, contributions are made towards interaction models and the derivation of hydrodynamic coeffcients using computational methods. Firstly, a continuous collision detection algorithm is introduced. Secondly, the frst collision resolution strategy that can take full 6 ×6 added mass tensors into account is derived and analyzed. Thirdly, a dataset of added mass tensors for model ice foes is curated, analyzed, and used to train machine learning models that can predict added mass tensors of model ice foes based on their shapes and thicknesses. Fourthly, a software tool for the automatic and effcient calculation of hydrodynamic damping coeffcients from 3D models of foating or submerged objects is developed. Finally, these methods and tools are integrated to simulate two scenarios of marine craft purposefully manipulating foating objects under manual control, demonstrating their interplay and usefulness. The successful integration of the presented works demonstrates their readiness for use in tackling control and planning problems with state-of-the-art methods. Since the marine craft and foating objects simulated during integration are modelled after real-world objects, comparing simulation outputs to real-world deployments is a logical next step towards assessing the current reality gap of the simulator.","author":[{"family":"Seidl","given":"Marius"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48336/455","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48336/455","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.7907/e5mq-6k14","type":"article-journal","title":"Robotically Controlled Jellyfish Swimming Dynamics and Energetics for Ocean Exploration","abstract":"Robotic platforms inspired or enabled by aquatic organisms have the potential to augment conventional technologies for ocean exploration, enabling a more thorough understanding of the impacts of climate change. We present a biohybrid robotic jellyfish that leverages direct stimulation of live Aurelia aurita jellyfish muscle tissue via implanted microelectronics. We conduct swimming experiments using a 3D-printed passive mechanical attachment to streamline the jellyfish shape and enhance payload capacity. A six-meter-tall, 13,600-liter saltwater facility was constructed to enable testing of the vertical swimming capabilities of the biohybrid robotic jellyfish. We found that the combination of external swimming control and the addition of the mechanical forebody resulted in an increase in swimming speeds to 4.5 times natural jellyfish locomotion while carrying a payload volume of up to 105% of the jellyfish body volume. In order to measure the energy consumption of free-swimming jellyfish in this facility, we developed a physiological method based on laser-scanned, 3D morphological reconstructions of the animal. Computer vision-based feedback control was used to enable continuous swimming against a flow current for 50 hours without encountering the vertical limits of the tank. Changes in animal volume, measured with reconstructions, were converted to energy consumption using the body chemical composition. Free-swimming, electrically stimulated animals were found to consume 2.5 times more energy than similarly stimulated animals in a constrained environment. Simplified drag models could not fully account for the increased energy consumption. Swimmer biomechanics and energetics cannot be fully understood independently of the surrounding flow field. We experimentally investigated the increased energy consumption using three-dimensional, full velocity field Particle Image Velocimetry to simultaneously study wake energy, momentum, and animal biomechanics. We found electrical stimulation increased posterior wake energy loss by a factor of 2.9 compared to unstimulated jellyfish, primarily due to heightened pulse rates. Stimulation was also found to modify swimming biomechanics by reducing total bell margin movement and relaxation duration. Together, these results demonstrate that biohybrid robotic jellyfish can achieve substantial performance enhancements while revealing the hydrodynamic and energetic tradeoffs associated with electrically controlled swimming. This platform offers a scalable and efficient tool for ocean exploration and provides new insight into the fluid dynamics and energetics of jellyfish locomotion.","author":[{"family":"Anuszczyk","given":"Simon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.7907/e5mq-6k14","URL":"https://doi.org/10.7907/e5mq-6k14","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.18154/rwth-2026-04618","type":"article-journal","title":"Synthesis and analysis of neural-network-based control in cyber-physical systems","abstract":"Autonomous underwater vehicles increasingly rely on deep-learning-based methods for perception, control, and decision making in submarine environments characterized by severe sensor noise, limited communication, and strong environmental uncertainty. While neural networks demonstrate impressive empirical performance in such settings, their deployment in safety- and mission-critical applications raises fundamental concerns regarding reliability, robustness, and functional correctness. This thesis addresses these challenges by combining techniques for the robust synthesis of neural networks with formal analysis methods providing mathematically rigorous guarantees of their behaviour. On the synthesis side, this thesis investigates data-driven learning approaches for underwater robotics. We develop a neural-network-based collision-avoidance controller for bottom-tracking missions and demonstrate its improved adaptability under noisy sensor conditions compared to a traditional rule-based approach. For underwater perception, we study object detection in side-scan sonar imagery, where noise characteristics and object appearance differ greatly from those in natural images. We introduce an object-detection architecture that extends a modern one-stage detector with a vision transformer layer and apply knowledge distillation to obtain compact and efficient models suitable for deployment on embedded hardware. To further improve robustness, we propose a framework that combines knowledge distillation with adversarial retraining guided by formally specified safety properties, resulting in improved robustness against sonar-specific perturbations while preserving detection accuracy. On the analysis side, this thesis advances star-set-based reachability analysis for feedforward neural networks. We extend existing verification techniques to support the full class of piecewise-linear activation functions and both bounded and unbounded input sets, providing sound and tight convex over-approximations of reachable sets. We study the trade-offs between exact and over-approximative analysis in terms of completeness, scalability, and precision. To overcome scalability limitations, we introduce a counterexample-guided abstraction refinement framework that combines relaxed analysis with targeted exact refinements based on spurious counterexamples. The resulting verification method is sound and complete while improving efficiency compared to the exact approach.","author":[{"family":"Antal","given":"László"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.18154/rwth-2026-04618","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18154/rwth-2026-04618","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30200254","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Robots for </b><b>Nature</b><b> and </b><b>Renewables</b>: From multi-modal robot for exploration to underwater robotics using acoustic sensors for inspection and monitoring in offshore wind farms","abstract":"WildDrone Summer School 2025 .This poster summarizes my most recent research (Master Thesis) and the upcoming one (PhD).It is intended to introduce me as a researcher willing to apply robotics in marine ecosystem conservation in the upcoming future! Past Project : Motion Control and Manipulability Analysis of LIMBERO-GRIEEL: a Multimodal Limbed Robor for Unstructured Environments In this work I developed the tools required to transform a prototype multimodal limbed robot. From the simulation set up to the analysis of mobility with a novel manipulability index, and also the real system experiment.The new robotics platform allows to enhance the traversability of the robot in the wild (from space to volcanoes). Integrating sensors and perception algorithm on this system will enable the monitoring of new critical areas. [Video here: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFgoOtxCJKTPv_dibdvSUT_YPGDJBc_5C&amp;si=pRemO-z8HV7r5XxK]--- Upcoming Project: (AcousticBioMap) Mapping and monitoring of the surface condition and biological colonization of submerged parts of offshore wind turbines using acoustic imaging My PhD research will explore the 3D mapping of the base of floating offshore wind turbines. Not only to autonomously detect defects, but also marine animals colonizing the structure. This will be done mainly with acoustic (imaging sonar), but optical (camera) sensors will also be considered. This sensor will be carried by small underwater robots. The development of a full monitoring pipeline is the final objective: localization,3D acoustic mapping, sensor fusion, detection and identification of structural damages and marine animals. (During the making of this poster, the PhD plan is still a draft, the methods and goals will probably evolve)","author":[{"family":"Puglisi","given":"Alessandro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.30200254","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30200254","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.71781/34467","type":"article-journal","title":"Differential harmonic exponential filter for state estimation","abstract":"L’estimation d’état dans des environnements dépourvus de GPS constitue un défi fondamental en robotique. Dans des domaines tels que l’exploration sous-marine, les environnements forestiers denses ou les missions planétaires, les signaux de positionnement externes sont indisponibles et les caractéristiques visuelles ou géométriques fiables peuvent être limitées ou intermittentes. Par conséquent, l’état du robot ne peut pas être mesuré directement et doit être inféré à partir d’observations capteurs bruitées et de modèles dynamiques approximatifs. Cela rend le problème d’estimation intrinsèquement incertain et sensible aux écarts de modélisation, à la dérive des capteurs et aux variations de l’environnement. Une localisation précise, combinée à des estimations d’incertitude bien calibrées, est essentielle pour une prise de décision sûre, une perception active et une planification tenant compte du risque, permettant aux robots d’opérer de manière autonome et fiable en l’absence de références globales. Les méthodes de filtrage traditionnelles reposent souvent sur des hypothèses restrictives concernant la dynamique du système et le bruit de mesure, telles que la linéarité ou la gaussienneté, ou rencontrent des limitations computationnelles qui réduisent leur applicabilité. Elles deviennent ainsi moins efficaces dans des scénarios réels caractérisés par des dynamiques non linéaires, des comportements capteurs complexes et des bruits non gaussiens. Cette thèse introduit le Differentiable Harmonic Exponential Filter (Diff-HEF), un cadre de filtrage qui exploite la Harmonic Exponential Distribution (HED) pour modéliser des bruits de mesure complexes. HED offre une représentation non paramétrique hautement flexible, capable de capturer des distributions asymétriques, non gaussiennes et multimodales, constituant une alternative plus expressive aux processus gaussiens, aux réseaux de densité mixtes et à d’autres estimateurs de densité conventionnels. De plus, ce travail propose une stratégie computationnellement efficace basée sur une grille locale, qui restreint le calcul de la densité à un voisinage autour de l’état prédit, réduisant ainsi de manière significative le coût de l’inférence basée sur HED dans des espaces d’état continus ou de grande dimension. En intégrant cette représentation dans une chaîne de filtrage différentiable, Diff-HEF apprend directement le modèle de mesure à partir des données et peut être entraîné de bout en bout. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que Diff-HEF fournit des estimations d’état plus précises et mieux calibrées que les filtres analytiques traditionnels ainsi que les filtres différentiables existants, en particulier dans des régimes non linéaires caractérisés par une forte incertitude, des capteurs bruités ou des dynamiques non modélisées.","author":[{"family":"Arora","given":"Ria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.71781/34467","URL":"https://doi.org/10.71781/34467","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.01878","type":"manuscript","title":"AI-Driven Marine Robotics: Emerging Trends in Underwater Perception and Ecosystem Monitoring","abstract":"Marine ecosystems face increasing pressure due to climate change, driving the need for scalable, AI-powered monitoring solutions to inform effective conservation and restoration efforts. This paper examines the rapid emergence of underwater AI as a major research frontier and analyzes the factors that have transformed marine perception from a niche application into a catalyst for AI innovation. We identify three convergent drivers: i) environmental necessity for ecosystem-scale monitoring, ii) democratization of underwater datasets through citizen science platforms, and iii) researcher migration from saturated terrestrial computer vision domains. Our analysis reveals how unique underwater challenges - turbidity, cryptic species detection, expert annotation bottlenecks, and cross-ecosystem generalization - are driving fundamental advances in weakly supervised learning, open-set recognition, and robust perception under degraded conditions. We survey emerging trends in datasets, scene understanding and 3D reconstruction, highlighting the paradigm shift from passive observation toward AI-driven, targeted intervention capabilities. The paper demonstrates how underwater constraints are pushing the boundaries of foundation models, self-supervised learning, and perception, with methodological innovations that extend far beyond marine applications to benefit general computer vision, robotics, and environmental monitoring.","author":[{"family":"Raine","given":"Scarlett"},{"family":"Fischer","given":"Tobias"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2509.01878","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.01878","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.16882","type":"manuscript","title":"The Port-Hamiltonian Structure of Vehicle Manipulator Systems","abstract":"This paper presents a port-Hamiltonian formulation of vehicle-manipulator systems (VMS), a broad class of robotic systems including aerial manipulators, underwater manipulators, space robots, and omnidirectional mobile manipulators. Unlike existing Lagrangian formulations that obscure the underlying energetic structure, the proposed port-Hamiltonian formulation explicitly reveals the energy flow and conservation properties of these complex mechanical systems. We derive the port-Hamiltonian dynamics from first principles using Hamiltonian reduction theory. Two complementary formulations are presented: a standard form that directly exposes the energy structure, and an inertially-decoupled form that leverages the principal bundle structure of the VMS configuration space and is particularly suitable for control design and numerical simulation. The coordinate-free geometric approach we follow avoids singularities associated with local parameterizations of the base orientation. We rigorously establish the mathematical equivalence between our port-Hamiltonian formulations and existing reduced Euler-Lagrange and Boltzmann-Hamel equations found in the robotics and geometric mechanics literature.","author":[{"family":"Rashad","given":"Ramy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2603.16882","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.16882","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.7302/28299","type":"article-journal","title":"Adaptive Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Control and Sensor Fusion","abstract":"This study discusses a versatile control and sensing system for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) capable of conducting autonomy in dynamic underwater environments. A modular simulation framework was built using MATLAB Simulink and Simscape, containing a multi-sensor fusion algorithm, cascaded PID control and real-time mode-switching functionality for navigation based on context. This framework allows the AUV to adapt its control response and sensor configuration when it detects changing conditions that affect the performance of its controller, such as underwater depth, visual clarity and sensor reliability. The controller and sensing system utilizes a cascaded PID control system with an outer-loop position controller and inner-loop velocity controller to facilitate accurate trajectory tracking and smooth transit. A Kalman Filter based multi-sensor fusion algorithm is implemented to monitor the IMU and Doppler Velocity Log (DVL) sensors to learn its state; where sonar and camera sensors add depth of perception for terrain mapping and visual feedback. Significant energy efficiency and stability are afforded to the AUV by the adaptive morphing logic that autonomously switches between cruise and maneuver-mode control states. The adaptive AUV exhibited stable performance with accurate tracking and reliable perception in the presence of noise and visibility variability under a variety of seafloor bottom environment types in the simulation. Furthermore, the framework demonstrated an improved level of robustness, efficiency, and autonomy compared to the fixed-gain systems, making it a scalable starting point for future intelligent and collaborative underwater robotic research.","author":[{"family":"Dendukuri","given":"Santhoshi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.7302/28299","URL":"https://doi.org/10.7302/28299","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15703019","type":"article-journal","title":"Operation Stone Hive: A Stealth-Based Autonomous Deep-Sea Surveillance Capsule for Biodiversity Observation and Extraterrestrial Ocean Analog Research","abstract":"Operation Stone Hive is a concept I developed to explore the deep sea in a more natural, less invasive, and affordable way. Instead of using big machines or noisy submarines, this idea focuses on a small capsule that looks like a rock, blends with the sea floor, and quietly gathers video, sound, and environmental data.The capsule works on its own — it uses infrared cameras, hydrophones, and smart sensors to study marine life. To protect itself, it releases decoy pods that attract fish and large creatures away. These decoys are safe, biodegradable, and also help record backup data. After the mission, the main capsule silently floats back to the surface and uploads the information. If needed, it can destroy itself safely to avoid polluting the ocean.This idea is not just for Earth — it could help future missions on ocean worlds like Europa, where similar pressure and darkness exist. I created this theory from scratch, step-by-step, inspired by curiosity and a desire to make scientific tools more reachable and eco-friendly.Even if it's not perfect, I believe it opens a door to new thinking. I welcome any feedback or support to help improve and maybe one day bring it to reality. Mohendra Dey","author":[{"family":"Dey","given":"Mohendra"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15703019","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15703019","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15703020","type":"article-journal","title":"Operation Stone Hive: A Stealth-Based Autonomous Deep-Sea Surveillance Capsule for Biodiversity Observation and Extraterrestrial Ocean Analog Research","abstract":"Operation Stone Hive is a concept I developed to explore the deep sea in a more natural, less invasive, and affordable way. Instead of using big machines or noisy submarines, this idea focuses on a small capsule that looks like a rock, blends with the sea floor, and quietly gathers video, sound, and environmental data.The capsule works on its own — it uses infrared cameras, hydrophones, and smart sensors to study marine life. To protect itself, it releases decoy pods that attract fish and large creatures away. These decoys are safe, biodegradable, and also help record backup data. After the mission, the main capsule silently floats back to the surface and uploads the information. If needed, it can destroy itself safely to avoid polluting the ocean.This idea is not just for Earth — it could help future missions on ocean worlds like Europa, where similar pressure and darkness exist. I created this theory from scratch, step-by-step, inspired by curiosity and a desire to make scientific tools more reachable and eco-friendly.Even if it's not perfect, I believe it opens a door to new thinking. I welcome any feedback or support to help improve and maybe one day bring it to reality. Mohendra Dey","author":[{"family":"Dey","given":"Mohendra"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15703020","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15703020","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.16963927","type":"article-journal","title":"Reference UnderWater Dataset (RUWD)","abstract":"The RUWD (Reference UnderWater Dataset) for RGB images and Depth provides paired in-air and underwater RGB-D images captured under a structured experimental setup to analyze underwater image degradation. It is designed to support research in underwater image enhancement, object detection, stereo depth estimation, and machine perception. The dataset consists of images collected using a stereo RGB-D camera (ZED 2i) in both in-air and underwater environments, across varying lighting conditions (L1 ~500 lm, L2 ~1000 lm, L3 ~1500 lm, and no_light), object distances (0.55 m, 0.85 m, 1.15 m), and scene complexities including single-object, double-object, triple-object, and no-object scenarios. Each image pair is accompanied by corresponding depth maps and calibration files. Images are organized into folders based on: Domain: in_air / underwater Lighting: L1, L2, L3, no_light Distance: 0.55m, 0.85m, 1.15m (not present in no_object category) Object Class: single_object / double_object / triple_object / no_object Camera Side: left / right Each subfolder includes: RGB images: left_0.png, right_0.png Depth maps: aligned disparity or depth images The dataset enables channel-wise color analysis, inter-channel color ratio analysis, contrast and sharpness analysis, and performance benchmarking under realistic underwater image degradation scenarios. This dataset is approximately 60 GB in size and is best suited for researchers developing and validating underwater computer vision algorithms with a focus on realism, reproducibility, and task fidelity.","author":[{"family":"Rohan","given":"Ali"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.16963927","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16963927","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.16963928","type":"article-journal","title":"Reference UnderWater Dataset (RUWD)","abstract":"The RUWD (Reference UnderWater Dataset) for RGB images and Depth provides paired in-air and underwater RGB-D images captured under a structured experimental setup to analyze underwater image degradation. It is designed to support research in underwater image enhancement, object detection, stereo depth estimation, and machine perception. The dataset consists of images collected using a stereo RGB-D camera (ZED 2i) in both in-air and underwater environments, across varying lighting conditions (L1 ~500 lm, L2 ~1000 lm, L3 ~1500 lm, and no_light), object distances (0.55 m, 0.85 m, 1.15 m), and scene complexities including single-object, double-object, triple-object, and no-object scenarios. Each image pair is accompanied by corresponding depth maps and calibration files. Images are organized into folders based on: Domain: in_air / underwater Lighting: L1, L2, L3, no_light Distance: 0.55m, 0.85m, 1.15m (not present in no_object category) Object Class: single_object / double_object / triple_object / no_object Camera Side: left / right Each subfolder includes: RGB images: left_0.png, right_0.png Depth maps: aligned disparity or depth images The dataset enables channel-wise color analysis, inter-channel color ratio analysis, contrast and sharpness analysis, and performance benchmarking under realistic underwater image degradation scenarios. This dataset is approximately 60 GB in size and is best suited for researchers developing and validating underwater computer vision algorithms with a focus on realism, reproducibility, and task fidelity.","author":[{"family":"Rohan","given":"Ali"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.16963928","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16963928","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17679639","type":"article-journal","title":"A Conceptual Framework for a Human Supervised Dual-UUV System Enabling Autonomous Maritime Surveillance","abstract":"This work presents a conceptual framework for a collaborative dual-UUV (Underwater Unmanned Vehicle) system designed for autonomous maritime surveillance in coastal and restricted waters. The proposed architecture separates detection and response into two specialized platforms: a micro-scale stealth UUV for passive acoustic detection and localization of surface vessels, and a larger Secondary Deployment UUV (SDUUV) operating under human-in-the-loop control for inspection, identification, and tagging missions. The micro-UUV employs passive acoustics, inertial navigation, pressure-based depth estimation, and bearing-only tracking to autonomously detect vessels at ranges up to 500–1500 meters. Detected target coordinates are transmitted via low-frequency underwater acoustic communication to the SDUUV, enabling operator-driven close-range assessment using optical and acoustic sensors. This paper develops the theoretical models for acoustic detection, classification, TDOA-based bearing estimation, extended Kalman filter localization, and shallow-water communication performance. The system is fully non-lethal and emphasizes strict human oversight in accordance with international maritime law and ethical autonomous systems guidelines. This preprint aims to support researchers working in UUV systems, marine robotics, sensor fusion, and autonomous surveillance technologies.","author":[{"family":"Jain","given":"Tushar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17679639","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17679639","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17679640","type":"article-journal","title":"A Conceptual Framework for a Human Supervised Dual-UUV System Enabling Autonomous Maritime Surveillance","abstract":"This work presents a conceptual framework for a collaborative dual-UUV (Underwater Unmanned Vehicle) system designed for autonomous maritime surveillance in coastal and restricted waters. The proposed architecture separates detection and response into two specialized platforms: a micro-scale stealth UUV for passive acoustic detection and localization of surface vessels, and a larger Secondary Deployment UUV (SDUUV) operating under human-in-the-loop control for inspection, identification, and tagging missions. The micro-UUV employs passive acoustics, inertial navigation, pressure-based depth estimation, and bearing-only tracking to autonomously detect vessels at ranges up to 500–1500 meters. Detected target coordinates are transmitted via low-frequency underwater acoustic communication to the SDUUV, enabling operator-driven close-range assessment using optical and acoustic sensors. This paper develops the theoretical models for acoustic detection, classification, TDOA-based bearing estimation, extended Kalman filter localization, and shallow-water communication performance. The system is fully non-lethal and emphasizes strict human oversight in accordance with international maritime law and ethical autonomous systems guidelines. This preprint aims to support researchers working in UUV systems, marine robotics, sensor fusion, and autonomous surveillance technologies.","author":[{"family":"Jain","given":"Tushar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17679640","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17679640","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.12237","type":"manuscript","title":"Intermittent Rendezvous Plans with Mixed Integer Linear Program for Large-Scale Multi-Robot Exploration","abstract":"Multi-Robot Exploration (MRE) systems with communication constraints have proven efficient in accomplishing a variety of tasks, including search-and-rescue, stealth, and military operations. While some works focus on opportunistic approaches for efficiency, others concentrate on pre-planned trajectories or scheduling for increased interpretability. However, scheduling usually requires knowledge of the environment beforehand, which prevents its deployment in several domains due to related uncertainties (e.g., underwater exploration). In our previous work, we proposed an intermittent communications framework for MRE under communication constraints that uses scheduled rendezvous events to mitigate such limitations. However, the system was unable to generate optimal plans and had no mechanisms to follow the plan considering realistic trajectories, which is not suited for real-world deployments. In this work, we further investigate the problem by formulating the Multi-Robot Exploration with Communication Constraints and Intermittent Connectivity (MRE-CCIC) problem. We propose a Mixed-Integer Linear Program (MILP) formulation to generate rendezvous plans and a policy to follow them based on the Rendezvous Tracking for Unknown Scenarios (RTUS) mechanism. The RTUS is a simple rule to allow robots to follow the assigned plan, considering unknown conditions. Finally, we evaluated our method in a large-scale environment configured in Gazebo simulations. The results suggest that our method can follow the plan promptly and accomplish the task efficiently. We provide an open-source implementation of both the MILP plan generator and the large-scale MRE-CCIC.","author":[{"family":"Da Silva","given":"Alysson"},{"family":"Chaimowicz","given":"Luiz"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2511.12237","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.12237","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5287/ora-qmw4vq9d1","type":"article-journal","title":"Situated decision-making in uncertain environments","abstract":"Mobile robots are highly suited to large-scale data-gathering, monitoring and exploration tasks in challenging and poorly understood environments such as oceans and hazardous unmapped areas. To operate reliably in these settings, they need decision-making methods that can function under a lack of knowledge about the environment. This lack of knowledge is known as epistemic uncertainty. A robot situated in such an environment faces several challenges: it has only local information about its environment, its actions may be affected by unknown environment dynamics such as water currents, and it may only have access to its own on-board computational resources and sensors. In this thesis, we aim to answer the question of how an autonomous system such as a mobile robot can make the best possible decisions, given its bounded computational resources and limited knowledge of its deployment environment. We do this by contributing new decision-making methods for control of robot actions, and new metareasoning methods for control of reasoning processes. In one strand of work, we design three new decision-making methods for mobile robots operating in epistemically uncertain environments. These range from an offline method that pre-plans robot policies, to online methods that better adapt to the environment but require more computational resources. We demonstrate our methods in domains including underwater and hazardous environment mobile robotics, and two real field deployments. In each case our algorithms achieve their goals while incurring less cost than previous approaches, or are able to tackle problem settings that previous approaches could not. In an orthogonal research direction, we develop learning-based metareasoning methods that automatically adapt a robot's decision-making strategy to the deployment environment, the robot's reasoning capabilities, and the problem at hand. We do this by proposing two metareasoning frameworks, which apply to offline and online decision-making methods respectively. We evaluate our methods in environments specifically designed to test how metareasoning improves decision-making in situated systems, and demonstrate a significant performance increase over fixed strategies and prior metareasoning methods.","author":[{"family":"Budd","given":"Matthew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5287/ora-qmw4vq9d1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5287/ora-qmw4vq9d1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5075/epfl-thesis-11482","type":"article-journal","title":"Design, modeling, and optimization of robots exploiting fluid structure interactions","abstract":"The ability to leverage a body's physical properties to robustly interact with and exploit its environment is an important trait of biological intelligence. This principle of physical, or embodied intelligence, plays a significant role in advancing robotics, particularly for systems operating in fluidic environments where a robot's compliant morphology, sensing, and control are tightly coupled with the surrounding medium. This thesis introduces methodologies on how compliant underwater robots, ones which are bio-inspired by fish, squid, or octopus, can be designed, controlled, and assessed to become faster, more efficient, and more robust by leveraging fluid-structure interactions. In addition, it also introduces methods using large-scale robotic experimentation setups where designs of soft structures, such as paper airplanes and flags, can be optimized given the fluid environment. Taking a data-driven and experimental approach, I have developed robotic systems and methodologies that enable the demonstration of five key results. Firstly, a design methodology and mechanism are presented for the spatio-temporal exploitation of variable stiffness in soft underwater robots. This work demonstrates how a robot can modulate stiffness in real-time and use asymmetric structures to improve propulsion. Secondly, proprioceptive sensing mechanisms and materials are integrated to enable state estimation. This shows how mechanoreceptive voids and hydrogel-based sensors can be used to accurately estimate a robot's pose and deformation for closed-loop feedback. Thirdly, a low-complexity, compliant fish-like robotic platform is developed for the systematic exploration of diverse morphologies. This scalable platform allows for the investigation of how performance metrics like thrust and efficiency trade-off across different body sizes. Fourthly, directed, large-scale experimentation and learning-based optimization are leveraged to search and explore high-dimensional morphology design spaces. A methodology is presented for the automated optimization of complex behaviors, from paper airplanes to flapping flags, by combining physical experiments with probabilistic models. Lastly, the principles of embodied intelligence are extended into a high-level framework that translates these methodologies into actionable strategies for the design, control, and communication for robots and beyond. These results, when combined, represent a holistic contribution to advancing soft robotic systems that leverage their compliance and morphology to actively exploit fluid environments for intelligent and adaptive interactions.","author":[{"family":"Obayashi","given":"Nana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5075/epfl-thesis-11482","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5075/epfl-thesis-11482","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15396765","type":"article-journal","title":"Bio-Inspired Marine Waste Collection System with Adaptive Suction Mechanism: Energy Optimization through Intelligent Waste Dimension Recognition","abstract":"Marine pollution from synthetic and organic waste poses critical threats to aquatic ecosystems andhuman health. This research presents an innovative autonomous marine waste collection robotinspired by fish feeding biomechanics, integrating artificial intelligence, renewable energy systems,and adaptive mechanical design. The system employs a dual-chamber diaphragm-based vacuummechanism capable of generating controlled negative pressure for targeted waste suction acrossmultiple water layers including surface, suspended, and benthic zones. A computer vision systemutilizing enhanced convolutional neural networks with spatial-spectral attention mechanismsachieves 94.2% accuracy in waste classification and detection under variable lighting conditions. Theintelligent suction inlet, constructed from shape-memory alloy segments, dynamically adjusts itsdiameter from 2 to 25 centimeters based on waste dimensions, resulting in 42% energy reductioncompared to fixed-aperture systems. Energy autonomy is achieved through hybrid renewablesources including 23% efficiency solar cells and ocean current converters, enabling carbon-neutraloperation. Laboratory testing demonstrated waste collection rates of 2 kilograms per hour withenergy consumption of 0.5 kilowatt-hours per kilogram, while open-water trials in the Persian Gulfconfirmed 85% detection rates for micro plastics larger than 0.1 millimeters. This technologyrepresents a paradigm shift in autonomous aquatic waste management, offering scalable solutionsfor oceanic, riverine, and lacustrine environments.","author":[{"family":"Ghelichi","given":"Ashour"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15396765","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15396765","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W7125109906","type":"article-journal","title":"Whipped and Mixed Warm Clouds in the Deep Sea","abstract":"Abstract Turbulence is indispensable to redistribute nutrients for all life forms larger than microbial, on land and in the ocean. Yet, the development of deep‐sea turbulence was not studied in three dimensions to date. As a disproportionate laboratory, an array of nearly 3,000 high‐resolution temperature sensors had been installed for three years on the flat 2,500‐m deep bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The time series from the half‐cubic hectometer mooring‐array allows for the creation of unique movies of deep‐sea water motions. Although temperature differences are typically 0.001°C, variable convection‐turbulence is observed as expected from geothermal heating through the flat seafloor. During about 40% of the time, an additional turbulence, 3 times stronger in magnitude, is observed from slantwise advected warmer waters to pass in turbulent clouds. Besides turbulent clouds and seafloor heating, movies also reveal weakly turbulent interfacial‐wave breakdown that commonly occurs in the open ocean far away from boundaries.","author":[{"family":"Haren","given":"Hans"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2025gl119998","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl119998","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7131106236","type":"article-journal","title":"Application of Freeze-Drying Technology in the Food Industry: A Review","abstract":"Freeze-drying, also known as lyophilization, is a state-of-the-art method for preserving food, offering excellent retention properties for nutrients, structure, and taste compared to other drying processes. Freeze-drying yields a product visually similar to fresh produce. However, due to the high energy requirements and operational costs associated with the process, its broader use as an industrial tool is limited. This review encompasses the optimization of all key stages, including pretreatment, freezing, primary drying, secondary drying, and storage. Process efficiency and product quality depend on a variety of factors, including raw material composition, pretreatment strategies (e.g., Pulsed Electric Fields), chamber pressure, shelf temperature, and freezing rate. These parameters are critical control points for determining the final product outcome. Optimizing these parameters is essential; as summarized by recent research, lyophilization effectively protects bioactive compounds, color, flavor, and rehydration ability in various food systems, including fruits, vegetables, meats, seafood, and specialty products. To achieve broader industrial adoption, this gold-standard method requires advancements in process intensification and hybrid drying systems, potentially integrated with intelligent process control. These advances are crucial to enhancing the economic viability of freeze-dried products and maintaining their reputation as the gold standard in creating high-quality, shelf-stable food products. This review consolidates current knowledge into a coherent conceptual model. The model clarifies the deterministic sequence by which adjustable processing conditions direct essential physicochemical changes within the food matrix, thereby defining the product ultimate nutritional, sensory, and stability properties. Establishing this cause-and-effect framework provides a foundation for systematic process improvement and facilitates broader commercial implementation.","author":[{"family":"Uwineza","given":"Angelique"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xiaojun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/foods15040790","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15040790","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407224458","type":"article-journal","title":"For a Future-Proofed Law of the Sea: Challenges and Opportunities Emerging from the Rapid Development of Technology","abstract":"In light of the recent technological developments such as artificial intelligence, space exploration technologies, etc., the urgent need to adopt a sustainable approach to laws and policies is now widely recognized. It is undoubtedly a contentious issue to make the law of the sea future-proofed and future-focused. The need to re-evaluate the maritime legal system is, however, more pressing than ever. This paper will analyze the current and future intersection between the law of the sea and new technologies and will focus on ways to develop a forward-looking and more future-proofed framework for the law of the sea. The study will raise questions about the extent and the capability of the legal imagination to match technological development. It will suggest how to rethink the current legal framework in a way that lawmakers and scientists closely work together to prevent maritime security issues. Consequently, it will not only focus on how to make the law of the sea future-proofed but also how to make its provisions future-oriented and in line with technological advances.","author":[{"family":"Nabil","given":"Dina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.14201/ais20241221139","URL":"https://doi.org/10.14201/ais20241221139","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409945294","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater robot and boat platforms in Embedded Systems and Engineering Technology Education.","abstract":"Embedded systems or microcontroller application courses are typically included in the Engineering Technology Curriculum for an electronics system program.At Texas A&M University, the Electronic Systems Engineering Technology (ESET) program is offered.For the embedded systems courses that the author has been teaching, students learn about microcontroller architecture and microcontroller applications.For the class projects, students can be given comprehensive programming and project demo assignments as a class project toward the end of the course.And, some of the students would take the Capstone project courses in the following semesters.In this paper, the author presented the skills and knowledge that can be used from underwater robots and boat platforms to benefit embedded systems courses and students.In the Spring and Fall semester of 2024, a class project was given to the students as a mock-up boat platform.This ESET curriculum does not include nautical environment robot courses.However, the author adopted underwater robot technology as an applied example to help students deepen their knowledge of embedded systems.For class projects, students were given tasks to program an MSP430FR5994 microcontroller to control a DC motor and a server motor.The control data was sent over a USB cable to display the data and control status on GUI on a PC.In this paper, class projects for the mock-up boat platform will be introduced.The lessons learned through the class projects will be presented.","author":[{"family":"Hur","given":"Byul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.18260/1-2--55085","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--55085","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409367060","type":"article-journal","title":"Adaptive Dual-domain Learning for Underwater Image Enhancement","abstract":"Recently, learning-based Underwater Image Enhancement (UIE) methods have demonstrated promising performance. However, existing learning-based methods still face two challenges. 1) They rarely consider the inconsistent degradation levels in different spatial regions and spectral bands simultaneously. 2) They treat all regions equally, ignoring that the regions with high-frequency details are more difficult to reconstruct. To address these challenges, we propose a novel UIE method based on spatial-spectral dual-domain adaptive learning, termed SS-UIE. Specifically, we first introduce a spatial-wise Multi-scale Cycle Selective Scan (MCSS) module and a Spectral-Wise Self-Attention (SWSA) module, both with linear complexity, and combine them in parallel to form a basic Spatial-Spectral block (SS-block). Benefiting from the global receptive field of MCSS and SWSA, SS-block can effectively model the degradation levels of different spatial regions and spectral bands, thereby enabling degradation level-based dual-domain adaptive UIE. By stacking multiple SS-blocks, we build our SS-UIE network. Additionally, a Frequency-Wise Loss (FWL) is introduced to narrow the frequency-wise discrepancy and reinforce the model's attention on the regions with high-frequency details. Extensive experiments validate that the SS-UIE technique outperforms state-of-the-art UIE methods while requiring cheaper computational and memory costs.","author":[{"family":"Peng","given":"Lintao"},{"family":"Bian","given":"Liheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1609/aaai.v39i6.32692","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v39i6.32692","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2025.1607978","type":"article-journal","title":"Towards applied swarm robotics: current limitations and enablers.","abstract":"Swarm robotics addresses the design, deployment, and analysis of large groups of robots that collaborate to perform tasks in a decentralized manner. Research in this field has predominantly relied on simulations or small-scale robots with limited sensing, actuation, and computational capabilities. Consequently, despite significant advancements, swarm robotics has yet to see widespread commercial or industrial application. A major barrier to practical deployment is the lack of affordable, modern, and robust platforms suitable for real-world scenarios. Moreover, a narrow definition of what swarm robotics should be has restricted the scope of potential applications. In this paper, we argue that the development of more advanced robotic platforms-incorporating state-of-the-art technologies such as SLAM, computer vision, and reliable communication systems-and the adoption of a broader interpretation of swarm robotics could significantly expand its range of applicability. This would enable robot swarms to tackle a wider variety of real-world tasks and integrate more effectively with existing systems, ultimately paving the way for successful deployment.","author":[{"family":"Kegeleirs","given":"Miquel"},{"family":"Birattari","given":"Mauro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/frobt.2025.1607978","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2025.1607978","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.16085851","type":"article-journal","title":"Drone orthomosaic, side scan sonar data, and geotagged underwater photos of the nearshore environment near Wendtorf/Bottsand, Germany (Baltic Sea)","abstract":"This dataset contains imagery acquired at Bottsand Strand, near Wendtorf, Germany (54.43°N, 10.29°E) on 27 August 2024. Aerial Drone Imagery 20240827_Wendtorf_Ortho.tif - orthomosaic produced using original drone images 20240827_Wendtorf_Ortho_CLAHE.tif - orthomosaic produced after applying histogram equalization autel_raw.zip - 509 drone aerial images used to produce the orthomosaics Uncrewed Surface Vehicle Data humminbird_raw.zip - data recorded by Humminbird Helix 7 side scan sonar Wendtorf_Ardu_Log.csv - navigation data logged by the autopilot geotagged_continuous.zip - 4694 underwater images produced by exporting GoPro video frames at 1 second intervals, aligning with navigation data, and writing positions to image EXIF. 20240827_Wendtorf_Humminbird_Depth.txt - text file containing date, time, lon, lat, depth Aerial drone imagery was acquired by an Autel EVOII RTK Pro quadcopter. UAV flights were conducted between 09:00-10:00 CET to allow for sufficient sunlight to reach the benthic features of interest (primarily eelgrass, macroalgae, and bare sand) but before sun glitter contaminated large portions of the imagery. Flights were carried out in auto mode using missions that were pre-programmed in the Autel app. Missions were planned to acquire images with 70% overlap and 50% side lap at an altitude of 100 m and at a speed of 4 m/s. Image contrast settings (shutter speed and aperture) were monitored continuously and adjusted manually when necessary. RTK position corrections were obtained from an NTRIP server. The study area could not be covered in a single flight due to the limited battery life of the UAV. Four mission were flown and 509 images were acquired. UAV images were processed using Agisoft Metashape Professional (version 1.7.1) following the methodology described by Over et al. (2021). Camera groups were created for each of the four flights and the corresponding images were added. In the ‘reference’ tab, the overall position accuracy was changed to 0.5 m. Image masking was not required. The image alignment, camera optimization, and iterative gradual selection steps were automated using a python script. For the alignment step, the key point and tie point limits were set to 60000 and 0, respectively. Generic and reference preselection were disabled. In the gradual selection step, target values of 12, 10, and 0.5 were set for Reconstruction Uncertainty, Projection Accuracy, and Reprojection Error, respectively. For each parameter, the value was adjusted until the number of points selected for deletion reached 10% of the total number of remaining points. Camera optimization was performed after each set of points were deleted. This process could be repeated up to 10 times for each parameter. After gradual selection, the sparse point cloud was manually inspected and any remaining ‘sinkers’ or ‘fliers’ were manually deleted. The dense point was computed at ‘ultra high’ quality using the ‘mild’ depth filtering mode. The dense point cloud was cleaned by filtering according to confidence. Points with confidence values of 0-2 were deleted. The digital elevation model (DEM) was then computed from the dense point cloud, followed by the orthomosaic. The orthomosaic was exported as a geotiff (WGS 84 / UTM zone 32N (EPSG::32632) with 2.3 cm resolution. The UAV survey covered an area of 0.256 km2. A second orthomosaic was produced to examine the use of histogram equalization in improving contrast in images of submerged features. The original images were duplicated and enhanced by applying the contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) function in openCV. To ensure compatibility with Metashape, the EXIF metadata were copied from the original images. After the UAV missions were completed, a small uncrewed surface vessel (USV) equipped with a side scan sonar and underwater camera surveyed the same area. The USV consisted of a foam boogie board propelled by two motors (Blue Robotics M200). The motors were mounted to padd","author":[{"family":"Carlson","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.16085851","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16085851","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.16085852","type":"article-journal","title":"Drone orthomosaic, side scan sonar data, and geotagged underwater photos of the nearshore environment near Wendtorf/Bottsand, Germany (Baltic Sea)","abstract":"This dataset contains imagery acquired at Bottsand Strand, near Wendtorf, Germany (54.43°N, 10.29°E) on 27 August 2024. Aerial Drone Imagery 20240827_Wendtorf_Ortho.tif - orthomosaic produced using original drone images 20240827_Wendtorf_Ortho_CLAHE.tif - orthomosaic produced after applying histogram equalization autel_raw.zip - 509 drone aerial images used to produce the orthomosaics Uncrewed Surface Vehicle Data humminbird_raw.zip - data recorded by Humminbird Helix 7 side scan sonar Wendtorf_Ardu_Log.csv - navigation data logged by the autopilot geotagged_continuous.zip - 4694 underwater images produced by exporting GoPro video frames at 1 second intervals, aligning with navigation data, and writing positions to image EXIF. 20240827_Wendtorf_Humminbird_Depth.txt - text file containing date, time, lon, lat, depth Aerial drone imagery was acquired by an Autel EVOII RTK Pro quadcopter. UAV flights were conducted between 09:00-10:00 CET to allow for sufficient sunlight to reach the benthic features of interest (primarily eelgrass, macroalgae, and bare sand) but before sun glitter contaminated large portions of the imagery. Flights were carried out in auto mode using missions that were pre-programmed in the Autel app. Missions were planned to acquire images with 70% overlap and 50% side lap at an altitude of 100 m and at a speed of 4 m/s. Image contrast settings (shutter speed and aperture) were monitored continuously and adjusted manually when necessary. RTK position corrections were obtained from an NTRIP server. The study area could not be covered in a single flight due to the limited battery life of the UAV. Four mission were flown and 509 images were acquired. UAV images were processed using Agisoft Metashape Professional (version 1.7.1) following the methodology described by Over et al. (2021). Camera groups were created for each of the four flights and the corresponding images were added. In the ‘reference’ tab, the overall position accuracy was changed to 0.5 m. Image masking was not required. The image alignment, camera optimization, and iterative gradual selection steps were automated using a python script. For the alignment step, the key point and tie point limits were set to 60000 and 0, respectively. Generic and reference preselection were disabled. In the gradual selection step, target values of 12, 10, and 0.5 were set for Reconstruction Uncertainty, Projection Accuracy, and Reprojection Error, respectively. For each parameter, the value was adjusted until the number of points selected for deletion reached 10% of the total number of remaining points. Camera optimization was performed after each set of points were deleted. This process could be repeated up to 10 times for each parameter. After gradual selection, the sparse point cloud was manually inspected and any remaining ‘sinkers’ or ‘fliers’ were manually deleted. The dense point was computed at ‘ultra high’ quality using the ‘mild’ depth filtering mode. The dense point cloud was cleaned by filtering according to confidence. Points with confidence values of 0-2 were deleted. The digital elevation model (DEM) was then computed from the dense point cloud, followed by the orthomosaic. The orthomosaic was exported as a geotiff (WGS 84 / UTM zone 32N (EPSG::32632) with 2.3 cm resolution. The UAV survey covered an area of 0.256 km2. A second orthomosaic was produced to examine the use of histogram equalization in improving contrast in images of submerged features. The original images were duplicated and enhanced by applying the contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) function in openCV. To ensure compatibility with Metashape, the EXIF metadata were copied from the original images. After the UAV missions were completed, a small uncrewed surface vessel (USV) equipped with a side scan sonar and underwater camera surveyed the same area. The USV consisted of a foam boogie board propelled by two motors (Blue Robotics M200). The motors were mounted to padd","author":[{"family":"Carlson","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.16085852","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16085852","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4407554974","type":"article-journal","title":"A novel fixed-time prescribed performance sliding mode control for uncertain wheeled mobile robots","abstract":"This paper proposes a novel fixed-time prescribed performance sliding mode control method, specifically designed to address trajectory tracking issues in wheeled mobile robots (WMRs) affected by wheel slipping, skidding (WSS), and external disturbances. A new prescribed performance sliding surface is first introduced based on a prescribed performance function (PPF) and a non-singular fast terminal sliding function (NFTSF). This design ensures that tracking errors converge to zero within a fixed time while maintaining stability by keeping error states within predefined limits. A novel fixed-time prescribed performance non-singular fast terminal sliding mode control (FPP-NFTSMC) algorithm is proposed based on the sliding function. The control method integrates a uniform second-order sliding mode (USOSM) algorithm to provide a continuous control signal, effectively reducing the chattering effect. This method combines the benefits of PPF, NFTSMC, and USOSM algorithm to achieve high-precision position tracking, minimize chattering, guarantee fixed-time convergence, ensure tracking errors remain within bounds, and maintain robustness against WSS, and external disturbances. The fixed-time stability of the WMR systems is demonstrated by the Lyapunov stability theory. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through simulations of tracking straight-line and U-shaped trajectories.","author":[{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Van‐cuong"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Seong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-89126-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89126-6","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409147288","type":"article-journal","title":"Hybrid Fault-Tolerant Control in Cooperative Robotics: Advances in Resilience and Scalability","abstract":"Cooperative robotics relies on robust fault-tolerant control (FTC) to maintain resilience in dynamic environments, where actuators are pivotal to system reliability. This review synthesizes advancements in hybrid FTC, integrating mechanical redundancy with electronic adaptability and learning-based techniques like deep reinforcement learning and swarm-optimized control, drawing from interdisciplinary evidence across manufacturing, healthcare, agriculture, space exploration, and underwater robotics. It examines how these approaches enhance uptime, precision, and coordination in multi-robot systems, reporting significant improvements despite physical validation being limited to approximately one-quarter of strategies. Addressing gaps in prior work by overcoming limitations of traditional methods, it extends to Construction 5.0, supporting human–robot collaboration (HRC) through scalability and adaptability. Future efforts will prioritize broader testing, standardized benchmarks, safety considerations, and optimization under uncertainty to align theoretical gains with practical outcomes, enhancing resilient automation across domains.","author":[{"family":"Urrea","given":"Claudio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/act14040177","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/act14040177","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410788744","type":"article-journal","title":"Thrust Allocation Control of an Underwater Vehicle with a Redundant Thruster Configuration","abstract":"This paper presents a fault-tolerant thruster configuration scheme and a thrust control allocation strategy for an underwater vehicle. First, to accommodate the vehicle’s flexible spatial motion capabilities and address potential thruster failures, an 8-thruster vector arrangement is designed, and the impact of thruster failures on vehicle maneuverability is analyzed. Based on this configuration, a mathematical model of the vector propulsion system is then developed, establishing the relationship between the thrust generated by the individual thrusters and the virtual control forces applied to the vehicle’s 6 degrees of freedom (DOF). Subsequently, a thrust allocation strategy based on quadratic programming (QP) is proposed to optimize thrust allocation, enhancing energy efficiency while satisfying thrust saturation constraints. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed thruster configuration exhibits strong fault-tolerance. Moreover, compared to the least squares (LS) method based on the pseudo-inverse of the configuration matrix, the QP-based thrust allocation strategy achieves significantly better energy-saving performance.","author":[{"family":"Deng","given":"Liping"},{"family":"Tao","given":"Jianguo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/math13111766","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math13111766","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409361519","type":"article-journal","title":"UM-YOLOv10: Underwater Object Detection Algorithm for Marine Environment Based on YOLOv10 Model","abstract":"In order to address the challenges of a low detection accuracy, missed detections, and false detections in marine precious biological target detection within complex marine environments, this paper presents a novel residual attention module called R-AM. This module is integrated into the backbone network of the YOLOv10 model to improve the model’s focus on the detailed features of biological targets during feature extraction. Additionally, the introduction of a bidirectional feature pyramid with adaptive feature fusion in the neck network enhances the integration of semantic information from deep layers, and localization cues from shallow layers improve the model’s ability to distinguish targets from their environments. The experimental data showed that the improved YOLOv10 model achieved 92.89% at mAP@0.5, increasing by 1.31% compared to the original YOLOv10 model. Additionally, the mAP@0.5:0.95 was 77.13%, indicating a 3.71% improvement over the original YOLOv10 model. When compared to the Faster R-CNN, SSD, RetinaNet, YOLOv6, and YOLOv7 models, the enhanced model exhibited increases of 1.5%, 1.7%, 4.06%, 4.7%, and 1.42% in mAP@0.5, respectively. This demonstrates a high detection accuracy and robust stability in complex seabed environments, providing valuable technical support for the scientific management of marine resources in underwater ranches.","author":[{"family":"Mai","given":"Rengui"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ji"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/fishes10040173","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10040173","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409783061","type":"article-journal","title":"Electrically-driven phase transition actuators to power soft robot designs","abstract":"In the quest for electrically-driven soft actuators, the focus has shifted away from liquid-gas phase transition, commonly associated with reduced strain rates and actuation delays, in favour of electrostatic and other electrothermal actuation methods. This prevented the technology from capitalizing on its unique characteristics, particularly: low voltage operation, controllability, scalability, and ease of integration into robots. Here, we introduce a liquid-gas phase transition electric soft actuator that uses water as the working fluid and is powered by a coil-type flexible heating element. It achieves strain rates of over 16%/s and pressurization rates of 100 kPa/s. Blocked forces exceeding 50 N were achieved while operating at voltages up to 24 V. We propose a method for selecting working fluids which allows for application-specific optimization, together with a nonlinear control approach that reduces both parasitic vibrations and control lag. We demonstrate the integration of this technology in soft robotic systems, including a cable-driven biomimetic hand and a quadruped robot powered by liquid-gas phase transition. Liquid–gas phase transition actuators in soft robotics face low strain rates and delays, which limit the performance. Here, the authors explore performance enhancements via actuator design, fluid selection, and vibration reduction solutions.","author":[{"family":"Fonseca","given":"Diogo"},{"family":"Neto","given":"Pedro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-025-59023-7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59023-7","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412038590","type":"article-journal","title":"Towards decarbonization of cement industry: a critical review of electrification technologies for sustainable cement production","abstract":"Cement production accounts for 8% of global CO2 emissions, necessitating its deep decarbonization. This paper reviews: (i) electrolysis-based methods to produce cement precursors, and (ii) electrified process heat technologies, along with heat storage approaches. We highlight scaled-up calciner and kiln designs and the associated technoeconomic factors. Addressing renewable energy intermittency, and the need for grid upgrades and strategic infrastructure investments are critical to enabling the transition to low-carbon cement manufacturing.","author":[{"family":"Volaity","given":"Sayee"},{"family":"Aylasparedes","given":"Bryan"},{"family":"Han","given":"Taihao"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Sridhar","given":"Seetharaman"},{"family":"Sant","given":"Gaurav"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Aditya"},{"family":"Neithalath","given":"Narayanan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s44296-025-00068-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s44296-025-00068-6","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.15302/j-sscae-2024.12.024","type":"article-journal","title":"Development of Deep-Sea Floating Wind Power Technology","abstract":"发展深远海浮式风电技术是推动海上风电开发降本增效、促进能源结构改革、实现“双碳”愿景的有效途径，因而突破深远海浮式风电发展的技术瓶颈、加快构建经济高效的海上风电体系成为我国能源电力领域的重大任务。本文在梳理国内外深远海浮式风电发展现状、分析我国深远海风电发展挑战的基础上，着重剖析了深远海浮式风电技术攻关要素，涵盖风力机气动荷载演变机理、半潜型基础的运动抑制、张力腿型基础共振、跨物理场测试等科学问题，风力机气动建模、一体化耦合分析、结构疲劳分析、运动抑制、系泊疲劳分析、动态电缆设计、锚固基础承载力分析、先进材料开发与测试、基础结构大规模定制、集成与海上安装回接、智慧运维等关键技术，一体化耦合设计分析、实时孪生系统等基础软件能力。进一步阐述了浮式基础型式、浮式风力机总体设计、关键产品自主研发、核心工业软件、高效建造与安装、智能运维等深远海浮式风力机技术发展方向，提出了构建深远海风电技术创新链、组建深远海风电智能建造与安装产业链、拓展深远海风电产业智能运维体系等发展建议，以为我国深远海浮式风电技术发展研究及工程应用提供前瞻构思。","author":[{"family":"李达"},{"family":"孙涛"},{"family":"易丛"},{"family":"高巍"},{"family":"李书兆"},{"family":"吕柏呈"},{"family":"李辉"},{"family":"张玉明"},{"family":"白卓澜泰"},{"family":"王俊荣"},{"family":"李华军"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.15302/j-sscae-2024.12.024","URL":"https://doi.org/10.15302/j-sscae-2024.12.024","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412063735","type":"article-journal","title":"A Comprehensive Review of Multimodal Deep Learning for Enhanced Medical Diagnostics","abstract":"Multimodal deep learning has emerged as a key paradigm in contemporary medical diagnostics, advancing precision medicine by enabling integration and learning from diverse data sources. The exponential growth of high-dimension... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press","author":[{"family":"Alzoghby","given":"Aya"},{"family":"Ebada","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Saleh","given":"Aya"},{"family":"Abdelhay","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Awad","given":"Wael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.32604/cmc.2025.065571","URL":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.065571","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413035807","type":"article-journal","title":"Overview of underwater wireless power transfer based on magnetic coupling","abstract":"Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology provides an effective solution to the problem of power supply for autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) working continuously for a long time, and has a good application prospect. In this review, the key issues of AUV WPT technology are discussed, including the modeling of seawater eddy current loss, the design of anti-misalignment system, and the simultaneous wireless power and data transfer. Finally, the possible development trend of this technology is discussed from the above three aspects.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yiming"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Tang","given":"H"},{"family":"Mao","given":"Xingkui"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Fanghui"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Yi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.26599/ocean.2025.9470008","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26599/ocean.2025.9470008","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4408365989","type":"article-journal","title":"Azobenzene‐Functionalized Semicrystalline Liquid Crystal Elastomer Springs for Underwater Soft Robotic Actuators (Small 8/2025)","abstract":"Underwater Soft Robotic Actuators A new paradigm in morphing devices involves designing molecular- and micro-scale structures in smart materials. In article number 2406493, Taylor H. Ware, Habeom Lee, Hyun Kim, and co-workers present synthesis and processing strategies for light-powered, twisted, and coiled actuator springs. Integrating azobenzene photochemistry into a crystallizable liquid crystalline matrix enables spring designs with enhanced actuation performance for underwater soft robotics.","author":[{"family":"Seo","given":"Wonbin"},{"family":"Haines","given":"Carter"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Hongdeok"},{"family":"Park","given":"Chae‐lin"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Shi"},{"family":"Park","given":"Sungmin"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Dong‐gyun"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Joonmyung"},{"family":"Baughman","given":"Ray"},{"family":"Ware","given":"Taylor"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Habeom"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Hyun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/smll.202570063","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202570063","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3137746387","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater robot sensing technology: A survey","abstract":"Underwater robot technologies are crucial for marine resource exploration and autonomous manipulation, and many breakthroughs have been achieved with key indicators (e.g., dive depth and navigation range). However, due to the complicated underwater environment, the state-of-the-art sensing technologies cannot handle all the needs of underwater observations. To improve the autonomous operating capacity of underwater robots, there is an urgent need to develop underwater sensing technology. Therefore, in this paper, we first introduce the development of underwater robot platforms. We then review some key sensing technologies such as underwater acoustic sensing, underwater optical sensing, underwater magnetic sensing, and underwater bionic sensing. Finally, we point out the challenges of underwater sensing technology and future directions in addressing these challenges, e.g., underwater bionic sensing, new underwater material development, multisource information fusion, and the construction of general test platforms.","author":[{"family":"Cong","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Gu","given":"Changjun"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Yajun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.fmre.2021.03.002","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2021.03.002","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3005507178","type":"article-journal","title":"Development of Multibody Marine Robots: A Review","abstract":"Multibody marine robots, representing a promising research and development area, have gained acute attention and response from civil and military fields. A multibody marine robot is a multibody system composed of multiple single-body marine robots (defined as a unit) in a certain topology. Such a system is generally characterized by underactuation, hyperredundancy, power distribution, modularization and so on. Compared with traditional single-body marine robots, multibody marine robots can carry greater loads and have more forms of motion, so they can meet more specialized functional requirements. At the same time, they also have more complex hydrodynamic characteristics due to their unique structures and motion forms. In this paper, the types, features, and hydrodynamic characteristics of typical multibody marine robots are reviewed and summarized based on the connection structures between units. In addition, the development trends of multibody marine robots are analyzed and discussed. This review work anticipates positive attention from future readers regarding multibody marine robots, which represent an important subarea of marine robots.","author":[{"family":"Kang","given":"Shuai"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Jiancheng"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jin"},{"family":"Jin","given":"Qianlong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/access.2020.2969517","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2969517","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22020648","type":"article-journal","title":"Marine Robotics for Deep-Sea Specimen Collection: A Systematic Review of Underwater Grippers.","abstract":"The collection of delicate deep-sea specimens of biological interest with remotely operated vehicle (ROV) industrial grippers and tools is a long and expensive procedure. Industrial grippers were originally designed for heavy manipulation tasks, while sampling specimens requires dexterity and precision. We describe the grippers and tools commonly used in underwater sampling for scientific purposes, systematically review the state of the art of research in underwater gripping technologies, and identify design trends. We discuss the possibility of executing typical manipulations of sampling procedures with commonly used grippers and research prototypes. Our results indicate that commonly used grippers ensure that the basic actions either of gripping or caging are possible, and their functionality is extended by holding proper tools. Moreover, the approach of the research status seems to have changed its focus in recent years: from the demonstration of the validity of a specific technology (actuation, transmission, sensing) for marine applications, to the solution of specific needs of underwater manipulation. Finally, we summarize the environmental and operational requirements that should be considered in the design of an underwater gripper.","author":[{"family":"Mazzeo","given":"Angela"},{"family":"Aguzzi","given":"Jacopo"},{"family":"Calisti","given":"Marcello"},{"family":"Canese","given":"Simonepietro"},{"family":"Vecchi","given":"F"},{"family":"Stefanni","given":"Sérgio"},{"family":"Controzzi","given":"Marco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s22020648","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020648","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"oa:W3154800543","type":"article-journal","title":"Autonomous Marine Robot Based on AI Recognition for Permanent Surveillance in Marine Protected Areas","abstract":"The world's oceans are one of the most valuable sources of biodiversity and resources on the planet, although there are areas where the marine ecosystem is threatened by human activities. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are distinctive spaces protected by law due to their unique characteristics, such as being the habitat of endangered marine species. Even with this protection, there are still illegal activities such as poaching or anchoring that threaten the survival of different marine species. In this context, we propose an autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) model system for the surveillance of marine areas by detecting and recognizing vessels through artificial intelligence (AI)-based image recognition services, in search of those carrying out illegal activities. Cloud and edge AI computing technologies were used for computer vision. These technologies have proven to be accurate and reliable in detecting shapes and objects for which they have been trained. Azure edge and cloud vision services offer the best option in terms of accuracy for this task. Due to the lack of 4G and 5G coverage in offshore marine environments, it is necessary to use radio links with a coastal base station to ensure communications, which may result in a high response time due to the high latency involved. The analysis of on-board images may not be sufficiently accurate; therefore, we proposed a smart algorithm for autonomy optimization by selecting the proper AI technology according to the current scenario (SAAO) capable of selecting the best AI source for the current scenario in real time, according to the required recognition accuracy or low latency. The SAAO optimizes the execution, efficiency, risk reduction, and results of each stage of the surveillance mission, taking appropriate decisions by selecting either cloud or edge vision models without human intervention.","author":[{"family":"Molina","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Salhaoui","given":"Marouane"},{"family":"González","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Arioua","given":"Mounir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s21082664","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082664","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3088900811","type":"article-journal","title":"WiMUST: A cooperative marine robotic system for autonomous geotechnical surveys","abstract":"Abstract This paper presents the main results of the European H2020 WiMUST project, whose aim was the development of a system of cooperative autonomous underwater vehicles and autonomous surface vehicles for geotechnical surveying. In particular, insights on the overall robotic technologies and methodologies employed, ranging from the communications and navigation framework to the cooperative and coordinated control solutions are given. The software architecture and the lessons learnt from the preliminary field test are also discussed. Finally, field results of the final survey campaign carried out in the Atlantic Ocean are presented, demonstrating how a team of seven robots could autonomously conduct a geotechnical survey, producing seismic images without artifacts.","author":[{"family":"Simetti","given":"Enrico"},{"family":"Indiveri","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Pascoal","given":"A"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1002/rob.21986","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rob.21986","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3108590513","type":"article-journal","title":"Marine Robots Mapping the Present and the Past: Unraveling the Secrets of the Deep","abstract":"Underwater cultural heritage sites are subject to constant change, whether due to natural forces such as sediments, waves, currents or human intervention. Until a few decades ago, the documentation and research of these sites was mostly done manually by diving archaeologists. This paper presents the results of the integration of remote sensing technologies with autonomous marine vehicles in order to make the task of site documentation even faster, more accurate, more efficient and more precisely georeferenced. It includes the integration of multibeam sonar, side scan sonar and various cameras into autonomous surface and underwater vehicles, remotely operated vehicle and unmanned aerial vehicle. In total, case studies for nine underwater cultural heritage sites around the Mediterranean region are presented. Each case study contains a brief archaeological background of the site, the methodology of using autonomous marine vehicles and sensors for their documentation, and the results in the form of georeferenced side-scan sonar mosaics, bathymetric models or reconstructed photogrammetric models. It is important to mention that this was the first time that any of the selected sites were documented with sonar technologies or autonomous marine vehicles. The main objective of these surveys was to document and assess the current state of the sites and to establish a basis on which future monitoring operations could be built and compared. Beyond the mere documentation and physical preservation, examples of the use of these results for the digital preservation of the sites in augmented and virtual reality are presented.","author":[{"family":"Kapetanović","given":"Nadir"},{"family":"Vasilijević","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Nađ","given":"Đula"},{"family":"Zubčić","given":"Krunoslav"},{"family":"Mišković","given":"Nikola"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs12233902","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233902","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3138834123","type":"article-journal","title":"Learning and detecting abnormal speed of marine robots","abstract":"This article presents anomaly detection algorithms for marine robots based on their trajectories under the influence of unknown ocean flow. A learning algorithm identifies the flow field and estimates the through-water speed of a marine robot. By comparing the through-water speed with a nominal speed range, the algorithm is able to detect anomalies causing unusual speed changes. The identified ocean flow field is used to eliminate false alarms, where an abnormal trajectory may be caused by unexpected flow. The convergence of the algorithms is justified through the theory of adaptive control. The proposed strategy is robust to speed constraints and inaccurate flow modeling. Experimental results are collected on an indoor testbed formed by the Georgia Tech Miniature Autonomous Blimp and Georgia Tech Wind Measuring Robot, while simulation study is performed for ocean flow field. Data collected in both studies confirm the effectiveness of the algorithms in identifying the through-water speed and the detection of speed anomalies while avoiding false alarms.","author":[{"family":"Cho","given":"Sungjin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Fumin"},{"family":"Edwards","given":"Catherine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1177/1729881421999268","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1729881421999268","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4285173995","type":"article-journal","title":"Collaboration of Heterogeneous Marine Robots Toward Multidomain Sensing and Situational Awareness on Partially Submerged Targets","abstract":"This article reports on a multirobot system that collaboratively obtains above-water, surface, and below-water information on a floating target. This capability allows a ship to autonomously survey and obtain situational awareness on a floating unresponsive target from a safe stand-off before inspecting it more closely or navigating around it. The target could be another ship, structure, or a navigational obstruction like an iceberg. The proposed solution is a collaborative system with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), an unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV), and an unmanned surface vehicle (USV). The UAV captures visual imagery to create a 3-D model of the target’s above-water geometry using photogrammetry. The UUV surveys the target’s submerged hull with integrated imaging and profiling bathymetric sonars. The USV hosts an intelligent mission-planning node which manages the robotic collaboration in a centralized architecture by autonomously planning and distributing the missions for the UUV and UAV. The intelligent node also adaptively plans the USV’s trajectory to support the other autonomous assets, specifically reducing and bounding the UUV’s state-estimate error through collaborative localization. The resulting above- and below-water sensor data is fused at the waterplane, using a sliding correlation algorithm, to yield a 3-D representation of the floating unresponsive target. The contributions from this article include the cross-domain robotic collaboration and autonomous mission-planning toward acquiring and fusing data from heterogeneous robots. The autonomous mission-planning and data-merging algorithms are presented. The setup and results from simulations and in-water testing with an UUV, USV, and UAV are described.","author":[{"family":"Lindsay","given":"Joel"},{"family":"Ross","given":"Jordan"},{"family":"Seto","given":"Mae"},{"family":"Gregson","given":"Edward"},{"family":"Moore","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Patel","given":"Jay"},{"family":"Bauer","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/joe.2022.3156631","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/joe.2022.3156631","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3186879387","type":"article-journal","title":"Marine robots for coastal ocean research in the Western Indian Ocean","abstract":"Marine robots have the potential to enhance WIO marine research to improve regional adaptation to the challenges presented by climate change by providing enhanced research capacity that bypasses the requirement for expensive infrastructure, such as large research vessels. This paper tests this potential and assesses the readiness of WIO communities to adopt autonomous technologies to meet its marine research priorities. We apply a range of analyses to a marine robots case study undertaken in waters around the island of Pemba, part of the Zanzibar archipelago, in Tanzania in 2019. The campaign formed part of a multinational project focused on increasing WIO capacity to meet food security and ocean sustainability challenges. A community engagement programme with six Tanzanian coastal communities resulted in positive changes in attitudes towards marine robots with reported increases in understanding and acceptance of such technologies. Suspicion of the robots was reduced and a lower risk of removing operational equipment was recorded following the provision of educational material. Cost, risk and benefit analysis shows that marine robots are perceived to provide high level benefits, but come at a high cost that is difficult to achieve using national or regional funding. An assessment of the capacity of WIO marine institutes to adopt such technologies shows that prior to this work, few skills or infrastructure related to marine robots were available to researchers and further confirmed that funding opportunities were perceived to be largely unavailable at institutional, national, regional or international levels. Responses from regional partners following completion of the case study however, revealed an uplift in perceived capacity, particularly related to access to infrastructure and expertise as well as support and opportunities for funding at each level. The presented case study is shown to have been a valuable demonstrator of the benefits of using marine robots to meet WIO coastal ocean research requirements and regional capacity was shown to be substantially increased within the broad range of marine institutes surveyed throughout the case study period. This study demonstrates that taking early steps towards adopting marine autonomous robots has increased WIO regional marine research capacity and increased the confidence and willingness of local researchers to seek alternative solutions to ongoing marine research challenges. Recommendations for future action that will continue to increase the capacity and readiness for regional adoption of marine robots include investment at local, national and regional levels to provide accessible training opportunities and to facilitate regional and international collaborations; investment in a regional hub, or centre of excellence for marine robotic technology; early adoption of newly emerging smaller, cheaper autonomous technologies; investment in local skills and support facilities to aid local buy-in and acceptance while supporting regional capacity.","author":[{"family":"Palmer","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Shagude","given":"Yohana"},{"family":"Roberts","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Popova","given":"Ekaterina"},{"family":"Wihsgott","given":"Juliane"},{"family":"Aswani","given":"Shankar"},{"family":"Coupland","given":"Jack"},{"family":"Howe","given":"John"},{"family":"Bett","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Osuka","given":"Kennedy"},{"family":"Abernethy","given":"Colin"},{"family":"Alexiou","given":"Sofia"},{"family":"Painter","given":"Stuart"},{"family":"Kamau","given":"Joseph"},{"family":"Nyandwi","given":"Ntahondi"},{"family":"Sekadende","given":"Baraka"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105805","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105805","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3090480996","type":"article-journal","title":"Hierarchical Planning in Time-Dependent Flow Fields for Marine Robots","abstract":"We present an efficient approach for finding shortest paths in flow fields that vary as a sequence of flow predictions over time. This approach is applicable to motion planning for slow marine robots that are subject to dynamic ocean currents. Although the problem is NP-hard in general form, we incorporate recent results from the theory of finding shortest paths in time-dependent graphs to construct a polynomial-time algorithm that finds continuous trajectories in time-dependent flow fields. The algorithm has a hierarchical structure where a graph is constructed with time-varying edge costs that are derived from sets of continuous trajectories in the underlying flow field. We show that the continuous algorithm retains the time complexity and path quality properties of the discrete graph solution, and demonstrate its application to surface and underwater vehicles including a traversal along the East Australian Current with an autonomous marine vehicle. Results show that the algorithm performs efficiently in practice and can find paths that adapt to changing ocean currents. These results are significant to marine robotics because they allow for efficient use of time-varying ocean predictions for motion planning.","author":[{"family":"Lee","given":"James"},{"family":"Yoo","given":"Chanyeol"},{"family":"Anstee","given":"Stuart"},{"family":"Fitch","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/icra40945.2020.9197513","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra40945.2020.9197513","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3033066788","type":"article-journal","title":"Vehicle-in-the-Loop Framework for Testing Long-Term Autonomy in a Heterogeneous Marine Robot Swarm","abstract":"A heterogeneous swarm of marine robots was developed with the goal of autonomous long-term monitoring of environmental phenomena in the highly relevant ecosystem of Venice, Italy. As logistics are a continuing challenge in the field of marine robotics, especially when dealing with a large number of agents to be collected and redeployed per experimental run, an approach is needed that provides the benefits of simulation while also reflecting the complexity of the real world. This paper focuses on the development of a vehicle-in-the-loop test environment in which a surface station simulates and transmits the data of any number of simulated agents, while a real marine platform operates based on the received information. Several experimental runs of a specific use-case test scenario using the developed framework and carried out in the field are described and their results are examined.","author":[{"family":"Babić","given":"Anja"},{"family":"Vasiljević","given":"Goran"},{"family":"Mišković","given":"Nikola"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/lra.2020.3000426","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2020.3000426","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3043301796","type":"article-journal","title":"Development and Motion Control of Biomimetic Underwater Robots: A Survey","abstract":"Biomimetic underwater robots have attracted considerable research attention globally, owing to their quieter actuations, higher propulsion efficiency, and stronger maneuverability when compared with conventional underwater vehicles equipped with axial propellers. This article provides a comprehensive survey of current research in this field. First, we review the development status of biomimetic underwater robots in both body/caudal fin (BCF), median/paired fin (MPF), and their hybrid propulsion modes. Then, we outline the motion control methods employed in biomimetic underwater robots, including open-loop swimming control and typical closed-loop control strategies. In particular, we detail our latest studies on the RobCutt series underwater robots. On this basis, some critical issues and future directions are summarized. We predict that biomimetic underwater robots will have excellent prospects in underwater environment exploration and resource utilization.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Shuo"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Long"},{"family":"Tan","given":"Min"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tsmc.2020.3004862","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2020.3004862","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4285818829","type":"article-journal","title":"Intelligent Path Planning of Underwater Robot Based on Reinforcement Learning","abstract":"As one of the commonly used vehicles for underwater detection, underwater robots are facing a series of problems. The real underwater environment is large-scale, complex, real-time and dynamic, and many unknown obstacles may exist in the underwater environment. Under such complex conditions and lack of prior knowledge, the existing path planning methods are difficult to plan, therefore they cannot effectively meet the actual demands. In response to these problems, a three-dimensional marine environment including multiple obstacles is established with the real ocean current data in this paper, which is consistent with the actual application scenarios. Then, we propose an N-step Priority Double DQN (NPDDQN) path planning algorithm, which potently realizes obstacle avoidance in the complex environment. In addition, this study proposes an experience screening mechanism, which screens the explored positive experience and improves its reuse rate, thus efficiently improving the algorithm stability in the dynamic environment. This paper verifies the better performance of reinforcement learning compared with a variety of traditional methods in three-dimensional underwater path planning. Underwater robots based on the proposed method have good autonomy and stability, which provides a new method for path planning of underwater robots.Note to Practitioners—The goal of this study is to provide a new solution for obstacle avoidance in path planning of underwater robots, which is consistent with the dynamic and real-time demands of the real environment. Existing underwater path planning researches lack a consistent environment with the actual application, and therefore we firstly construct a three-dimensional ocean environment with real ocean current data to provide support for the algorithms. Additionally, most of the algorithms are pre-planning methods or require long-time calculation, and there is little research on obstacle avoidance. In the face of obstacle changes, underwater robots with poor adaptability will cause performance decline and even economic losses. The proposed algorithm learns through interaction with the environment, and therefore it does not require any prior experience, and has good adaptability as well as fast inference speed. Especially, in the dynamic environment, algorithm performance is difficult to guarantee due to less positive experience in exploration. The proposed experience screening mechanism improves the stability of the algorithm, so that the underwater robot maintains stable performance in different dynamic environments.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Jiachen"},{"family":"Ni","given":"Jingfei"},{"family":"Xi","given":"Meng"},{"family":"Wen","given":"Jiabao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tase.2022.3190901","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2022.3190901","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4285102565","type":"article-journal","title":"HoloOcean: An Underwater Robotics Simulator","abstract":"Due to the difficulty and expense of underwater field trials, a high fidelity underwater simulator is a necessity for testing and developing algorithms. To fill this need, we present HoloOcean, an open source underwater simulator, built upon Unreal Engine 4 (UE4). HoloOcean comes equipped with multi-agent support, various sensor implementations of common underwater sensors, and simulated communications support. We also implement a novel sonar sensor model that leverages an octree representation of the environment for efficient and realistic sonar imagery generation. Due to being built upon UE4, new environments are straightforward to add, enabling easy extensions to be built. Finally, HoloOcean is controlled via a simple python interface, allowing simple installation via pip, and requiring few lines of code to execute simulations.","author":[{"family":"Potokar","given":"Easton"},{"family":"Ashford","given":"Spencer"},{"family":"Kaess","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Mangelson","given":"Joshua"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/icra46639.2022.9812353","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra46639.2022.9812353","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3119182912","type":"article-journal","title":"Implicit coordination for 3D underwater collective behaviors in a fish-inspired robot swarm","abstract":"Many fish species gather by the thousands and swim in harmony with seemingly no effort. Large schools display a range of impressive collective behaviors, from simple shoaling to collective migration and from basic predator evasion to dynamic maneuvers such as bait balls and flash expansion. A wealth of experimental and theoretical work has shown that these complex three-dimensional (3D) behaviors can arise from visual observations of nearby neighbors, without explicit communication. By contrast, most underwater robot collectives rely on centralized, above-water, explicit communication and, as a result, exhibit limited coordination complexity. Here, we demonstrate 3D collective behaviors with a swarm of fish-inspired miniature underwater robots that use only implicit communication mediated through the production and sensing of blue light. We show that complex and dynamic 3D collective behaviors-synchrony, dispersion/aggregation, dynamic circle formation, and search-capture-can be achieved by sensing minimal, noisy impressions of neighbors, without any centralized intervention. Our results provide insights into the power of implicit coordination and are of interest for future underwater robots that display collective capabilities on par with fish schools for applications such as environmental monitoring and search in coral reefs and coastal environments.","author":[{"family":"Berlinger","given":"Florian"},{"family":"Gauci","given":"Melvin"},{"family":"Nagpal","given":"Radhika"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1126/scirobotics.abd8668","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abd8668","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4292371155","type":"article-journal","title":"Recent Advances in AI for Navigation and Control of Underwater Robots","abstract":"Abstract Purpose of Review The goal of this paper is to review current developments in the area of underwater robotics regarding the use of AI, especially in model learning, robot control, perception and navigation as well as manipulation. Recent Findings AI technologies and advanced control techniques are finding their way into robotics systems to deal with complex and challenging conditions and to equip them with higher levels of autonomy. Summary Although AI techniques and concepts are already a focus area in research on autonomous underwater systems, broad adoption to commercial systems is still in its infancy. Nonetheless, major advances have been done in recent years, especially on integrating different capabilities (perception, navigation, advanced control) in a single system and with first approaches on interaction and autonomous manipulation.","author":[{"family":"Christensen","given":"Leif"},{"family":"Fernández","given":"José"},{"family":"Hildebrandt","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Koch","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Wehbe","given":"Bilal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s43154-022-00088-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43154-022-00088-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3007163307","type":"article-journal","title":"Online State Estimation of a Fin-Actuated Underwater Robot Using Artificial Lateral Line System","abstract":"A lateral line system is a flow-responsive organ system, with which fish can effectively sense the surrounding flow field, thus serving functions in flow-aided fish behaviors. Inspired by such a biological characteristic, artificial lateral line systems (ALLSs) have been developed for promoting technological innovations of underwater robots. In this article, we focus on investigating state estimation of a freely swimming robotic fish in multiple motions, including rectilinear motion, turning motion, gliding motion, and spiral motion. The state refers to motion parameters, including linear velocity, angular velocity, motion radius, etc., and trajectory of the robotic fish. Specifically, for each motion, a pressure variation (PV) model that links motion parameters to PVs surrounding the robotic fish is first built; then, a linear regression analysis method is used for determining the model parameters. Based on the acquired PV model, motion parameters can be estimated by solving the PV model inversely using the PVs measured by the ALLS. Finally, a trajectory estimation method is proposed for estimating trajectory of the robotic fish based on the ALLS-estimated motion parameters. The experimental results show that the robotic fish is able to estimate its trajectory in the aforementioned multiple motions with the aid of ALLS, with small estimation errors.","author":[{"family":"Zheng","given":"Xingwen"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Xiong","given":"Minglei"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Guangming"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tro.2019.2956343","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2019.2956343","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3172154564","type":"article-journal","title":"Soft Robotic Hands and Tactile Sensors for Underwater Robotics","abstract":"Research in the field of underwater (UW) robotic applications is rapidly developing. The emergence of coupling the newest technologies on submersibles, different types of telecommunication devices, sensors, and soft robots is transforming the rigid approach to robotic design by providing solutions that bridge the gap between accuracy and adaptability in an environment where there is so much fluctuation in object targeting and environmental conditions. In this paper, we represent a review of the history, development, recent research endeavors, and projected outlook for the area of soft robotics technology pertaining to its use with tactile sensing in the UW environment.","author":[{"family":"Subad","given":"Rafsan"},{"family":"Cross","given":"Liam"},{"family":"Park","given":"Kihan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/applmech2020021","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech2020021","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3008161783","type":"article-journal","title":"An Underwater Robotic Manipulator with Soft Bladders and Compact Depth-Independent Actuation","abstract":"An underwater manipulator is essential for underwater robotic sampling and other service operations. Conventional rigid body underwater manipulators generally required substantial size and weight, leading to hindered general applications. Pioneering soft robotic underwater manipulators have defied this by offering dexterous and lightweight arms and grippers, but still requiring substantial actuation and control components to withstand the water pressure and achieving the desired dynamic performance. In this work, we propose a novel approach to underwater manipulator design and control, exploiting the unique characteristics of soft robots, with a hybrid structure (rigid frame+soft actuator) for improved rigidity and force output, a uniform actuator design allowing one compact hydraulic actuation system to drive all actuators, and a novel fully customizable soft bladder design that improves performances in multiple areas: (1) force output of the actuator is decoupled from the working depth, enabling wide working ranges; (2) all actuators are connected to the main hydraulic line without actuator-specific control loop, resulting in a very compact actuation system especially for high-dexterity cases; (3) dynamic responses were improved significantly compared with the counter system without bladder. A prototype soft manipulator with 4-DOFs, dual bladders, and 15 N payload was developed; the entire system (including actuation, control, and batteries) could be mounted onto a consumer-grade remotely operated vehicle, with depth-independent performances validated by various laboratory and field test results across various climatic and hydrographic conditions. Analytical models and validations of the proposed soft bladder design were also presented as a guideline for other applications.","author":[{"family":"Shen","given":"Zhong"},{"family":"Zhong","given":"Hua"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Erchao"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Runzhi"},{"family":"Yip","given":"Ki"},{"family":"Chan","given":"Lawrence"},{"family":"Chan","given":"Leo"},{"family":"Pan","given":"Jia"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Wenping"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1089/soro.2019.0087","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1089/soro.2019.0087","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3181090771","type":"article-journal","title":"Review on Unmanned Underwater Robotics, Structure Designs, Materials, Sensors, Actuators, and Navigation Control","abstract":"Since its beginning, around the 50s decade, until present days, the area of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV) has considerably grown through time; those have been used for many tasks and applications, from bomb searching and recovery to sea exploration. Initially, these robots were used mainly for military and scientific purposes. However, nowadays, they are very much extended into civils, and it is not hard to find them being used for recreation. In this context, the present research is an effort to make a walkthrough of evolution in this area, showing a diversity of structure designs, used materials, sensor and instrumentation technologies, kinds and the number of actuators employed, navigation control techniques, and what is new in development trends. The paper gives a clear starting point for those who are initializing into this research area; also, it brings some helpful knowledge for those who already have experience.","author":[{"family":"Neira","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Sequeiros","given":"Cristhel"},{"family":"Huamani","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Machaca","given":"Elfer"},{"family":"Fonseca","given":"Paola"},{"family":"Choquehuayta","given":"Wilder"},{"family":"Nina","given":"Wilder"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1155/2021/5542920","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5542920","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3048579935","type":"article-journal","title":"Scientific Challenges and Present Capabilities in Underwater Robotic Vehicle Design and Navigation for Oceanographic Exploration Under-Ice","abstract":"This paper reviews the scientific motivation and challenges, development, and use of underwater robotic vehicles designed for use in ice-covered waters, with special attention paid to the navigation systems employed for under-ice deployments. Scientific needs for routine access under fixed and moving ice by underwater robotic vehicles are reviewed in the contexts of geology and geophysics, biology, sea ice and climate, ice shelves, and seafloor mapping. The challenges of under-ice vehicle design and navigation are summarized. The paper reviews all known under-ice robotic vehicles and their associated navigation systems, categorizing them by vehicle type (tethered, untethered, hybrid, and glider) and by the type of ice they were designed for (fixed glacial or sea ice and moving sea ice).","author":[{"family":"Barker","given":"Laughlin"},{"family":"Jakuba","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Bowen","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"German","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Maksym","given":"Ted"},{"family":"Mayer","given":"Larry"},{"family":"Boëtius","given":"Antje"},{"family":"Dutrieux","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Whitcomb","given":"Louis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs12162588","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12162588","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3209213092","type":"article-journal","title":"A Survey of Underwater Multi-Robot Systems","abstract":"As a cross-cutting field between ocean development and multi-robot system (MRS), the underwater multi-robot system (UMRS) has gained increasing attention from researchers and engineers in recent decades. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of cooperation issues, one of the key components of UMRS, from the perspective of the emergence of new functions. More specifically, we categorize the cooperation in terms of task-space, motion-space, measurement-space, as well as their combination. Further, we analyze the architecture of UMRS from three aspects, i.e., the performance of the individual underwater robot, the new functions of underwater robots, and the technical approaches of MRS. To conclude, we have discussed related promising directions for future research. This survey provides valuable insight into the reasonable utilization of UMRS to attain diverse underwater tasks in complex ocean application scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Ziye"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Jincun"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Junzhi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/jas.2021.1004269","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jas.2021.1004269","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3144404977","type":"article-journal","title":"Survey on 6G Frontiers: Trends, Applications, Requirements, Technologies and Future Research","abstract":"Emerging applications such as Internet of Everything, Holographic Telepresence, collaborative robots, and space and deep-sea tourism are already highlighting the limitations of existing fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks. These limitations are in terms of data-rate, latency, reliability, availability, processing, connection density and global coverage, spanning over ground, underwater and space. The sixth-generation (6G) of mobile networks are expected to burgeon in the coming decade to address these limitations. The development of 6G vision, applications, technologies and standards has already become a popular research theme in academia and the industry. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of the current developments towards 6G. We highlight the societal and technological trends that initiate the drive towards 6G. Emerging applications to realize the demands raised by 6G driving trends are discussed subsequently. We also elaborate the requirements that are necessary to realize the 6G applications. Then we present the key enabling technologies in detail. We also outline current research projects and activities including standardization efforts towards the development of 6G. Finally, we summarize lessons learned from state-of-the-art research and discuss technical challenges that would shed a new light on future research directions towards 6G.","author":[{"family":"Alwis","given":"Chamitha"},{"family":"Kalla","given":"Anshuman"},{"family":"Pham","given":"Quoc‐viet"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Pardeep"},{"family":"Dev","given":"Kapal"},{"family":"Hwang","given":"Won–joo"},{"family":"Liyanage","given":"Madhusanka"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3071496","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2021.3071496","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3014615603","type":"article-journal","title":"Exo-Ocean Exploration with Deep-Sea Sensor and Platform Technologies","abstract":"One of Saturn's largest moons, Enceladus, possesses a vast extraterrestrial ocean ( i.e., exo-ocean) that is increasingly becoming the hotspot of future research initiatives dedicated to the exploration of putative life. Here, a new bio-exploration concept design for Enceladus' exo-ocean is proposed, focusing on the potential presence of organisms across a wide range of sizes ( i.e., from uni- to multicellular and animal-like), according to state-of-the-art sensor and robotic platform technologies used in terrestrial deep-sea research. In particular, we focus on combined direct and indirect life-detection capabilities, based on optoacoustic imaging and passive acoustics, as well as molecular approaches. Such biologically oriented sampling can be accompanied by concomitant geochemical and oceanographic measurements to provide data relevant to exo-ocean exploration and understanding. Finally, we describe how this multidisciplinary monitoring approach is currently enabled in terrestrial oceans through cabled (fixed) observatories and their related mobile multiparametric platforms ( i.e., Autonomous Underwater and Remotely Operated Vehicles, as well as crawlers, rovers, and biomimetic robots) and how their modified design can be used for exo-ocean exploration.","author":[{"family":"Aguzzi","given":"Jacopo"},{"family":"Flexas","given":"MM"},{"family":"Flögel","given":"Sascha"},{"family":"Iacono","given":"Claudio"},{"family":"Tangherlini","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Costa","given":"Corrado"},{"family":"Marini","given":"Simone"},{"family":"Bahamón","given":"Nixon"},{"family":"Martini","given":"Séverine"},{"family":"Fanelli","given":"Emanuela"},{"family":"Danovaro","given":"Roberto"},{"family":"Stefanni","given":"Sérgio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1089/ast.2019.2129","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2019.2129","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3198381997","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning for Anomaly Detection in Time-Series Data: Review, Analysis, and Guidelines","abstract":"As industries become automated and connectivity technologies advance, a wide range of systems continues to generate massive amounts of data. Many approaches have been proposed to extract principal indicators from the vast sea of data to represent the entire system state. Detecting anomalies using these indicators on time prevent potential accidents and economic losses. Anomaly detection in multivariate time series data poses a particular challenge because it requires simultaneous consideration of temporal dependencies and relationships between variables. Recent deep learning-based works have made impressive progress in this field. They are highly capable of learning representations of the large-scaled sequences in an unsupervised manner and identifying anomalies from the data. However, most of them are highly specific to the individual use case and thus require domain knowledge for appropriate deployment. This review provides a background on anomaly detection in time-series data and reviews the latest applications in the real world. Also, we comparatively analyze state-of-the-art deep-anomaly-detection models for time series with several benchmark datasets. Finally, we offer guidelines for appropriate model selection and training strategy for deep learning-based time series anomaly detection.","author":[{"family":"Choi","given":"Kukjin"},{"family":"Yi","given":"Jihun"},{"family":"Park","given":"Changhwa"},{"family":"Yoon","given":"Sungroh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/access.2021.3107975","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3107975","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3110989801","type":"article-journal","title":"Towards 6G wireless communication networks: vision, enabling technologies, and new paradigm shifts","abstract":"Abstract The fifth generation (5G) wireless communication networks are being deployed worldwide from 2020 and more capabilities are in the process of being standardized, such as mass connectivity, ultra-reliability, and guaranteed low latency. However, 5G will not meet all requirements of the future in 2030 and beyond, and sixth generation (6G) wireless communication networks are expected to provide global coverage, enhanced spectral/energy/cost efficiency, better intelligence level and security, etc. To meet these requirements, 6G networks will rely on new enabling technologies, i.e., air interface and transmission technologies and novel network architecture, such as waveform design, multiple access, channel coding schemes, multi-antenna technologies, network slicing, cell-free architecture, and cloud/fog/edge computing. Our vision on 6G is that it will have four new paradigm shifts. First, to satisfy the requirement of global coverage, 6G will not be limited to terrestrial communication networks, which will need to be complemented with non-terrestrial networks such as satellite and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication networks, thus achieving a space-air-ground-sea integrated communication network. Second, all spectra will be fully explored to further increase data rates and connection density, including the sub-6 GHz, millimeter wave (mmWave), terahertz (THz), and optical frequency bands. Third, facing the big datasets generated by the use of extremely heterogeneous networks, diverse communication scenarios, large numbers of antennas, wide bandwidths, and new service requirements, 6G networks will enable a new range of smart applications with the aid of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data technologies. Fourth, network security will have to be strengthened when developing 6G networks. This article provides a comprehensive survey of recent advances and future trends in these four aspects. Clearly, 6G with additional technical requirements beyond those of 5G will enable faster and further communications to the extent that the boundary between physical and cyber worlds disappears.","author":[{"family":"You","given":"Xiaohu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Cheng‐xiang"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Xiqi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zaichen"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Mao"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Yongming"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chuan"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Yanxiang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jiaheng"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Min"},{"family":"Sheng","given":"Bin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s11432-020-2955-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-020-2955-6","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3011560410","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep-learning-based information mining from ocean remote-sensing imagery","abstract":"With the continuous development of space and sensor technologies during the last 40 years, ocean remote sensing has entered into the big-data era with typical five-V (volume, variety, value, velocity and veracity) characteristics. Ocean remote-sensing data archives reach several tens of petabytes and massive satellite data are acquired worldwide daily. To precisely, efficiently and intelligently mine the useful information submerged in such ocean remote-sensing data sets is a big challenge. Deep learning-a powerful technology recently emerging in the machine-learning field-has demonstrated its more significant superiority over traditional physical- or statistical-based algorithms for image-information extraction in many industrial-field applications and starts to draw interest in ocean remote-sensing applications. In this review paper, we first systematically reviewed two deep-learning frameworks that carry out ocean remote-sensing-image classifications and then presented eight typical applications in ocean internal-wave/eddy/oil-spill/coastal-inundation/sea-ice/green-algae/ship/coral-reef mapping from different types of ocean remote-sensing imagery to show how effective these deep-learning frameworks are. Researchers can also readily modify these existing frameworks for information mining of other kinds of remote-sensing imagery.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Xiaofeng"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Gang"},{"family":"Ren","given":"Yibin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Shuangshang"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yingjie"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Le"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yuhai"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Fan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1093/nsr/nwaa047","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa047","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4283022657","type":"article-journal","title":"A Mid- and Long-Term Arctic Sea Ice Concentration Prediction Model Based on Deep Learning Technology","abstract":"Mid- and long-term predictions of Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) are important for the safety and security of the Arctic waterways. To date, SIC predictions mainly rely on numerical models, which have the disadvantages of a short prediction time and high computational complexity. Another common forecasting approach is based on a data-driven model, which is generally based on traditional statistical analysis or simple machine learning models, and achieves prediction by learning the relationships between data. Although the prediction performance of such methods has been improved in recent years, it is still difficult to find a balance between unstable model structures and complex spatio-temporal data. In this study, a classical statistical method and a deep learning model are combined to construct a data-driven rolling forecast model of SIC in the Arctic, named the EOF–LSTM–DNN (abbreviated as ELD) model. This model uses the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method to extract the temporal and spatial features of the Arctic SIC, then the long short-term memory (LSTM) network is served as a feature extraction tool to effectively encode the time series, and, finally, the feature decoding is realized by the deep neural network (DNN). Comparisons of the model with climatology results, persistence predictions, other data-driven model results, and the hybrid coordinate ocean model (HYCOM) forecasts show that the ELD model has good prediction performance for the Arctic SIC on mid- and long-term time scales. When the forecast time is 100 days, the forecast root-mean-square error (RMSE), Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC), and anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) of the ELD model are 0.2, 0.77, and 0.74, respectively.","author":[{"family":"Zheng","given":"Qingyu"},{"family":"Li","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Shao","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Han","given":"Guijun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xuan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs14122889","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122889","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3042493930","type":"article-journal","title":"Purely satellite data–driven deep learning forecast of complicated tropical instability waves","abstract":"Forecasting fields of oceanic phenomena has long been dependent on physical equation-based numerical models. The challenge is that many natural processes need to be considered for understanding complicated phenomena. In contrast, rules of the processes are already embedded in the time-series observation itself. Thus, inspired by largely available satellite remote sensing data and the advance of deep learning technology, we developed a purely satellite data-driven deep learning model for forecasting the sea surface temperature evolution associated with a typical phenomenon: a tropical instability wave. During the testing period of 9 years (2010-2019), our model accurately and efficiently forecasts the sea surface temperature field. This study demonstrates the strong potential of the satellite data-driven deep learning model as an alternative to traditional numerical models for forecasting oceanic phenomena.","author":[{"family":"Zheng","given":"Gang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xiaofeng"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Rong‐hua"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Bin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.aba1482","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba1482","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3011302855","type":"article-journal","title":"Measurement and modelling of deep sea sediment plumes and implications for deep sea mining","abstract":"Deep sea mining concerns the extraction of poly-metallic nodules, cobalt-rich crusts and sulphide deposits from the ocean floor. The exploitation of these resources will result in adverse ecological effects arising from the direct removal of the substrate and, potentially, from the formation of sediment plumes that could result in deposition of fine sediment on sensitive species or entrainment of sediment, chemicals and nutrients into over-lying waters. Hence, identifying the behaviour of deep-sea sediment plumes is important in designing mining operations that are ecologically acceptable. Here, we present the results of novel in situ deep sea plume experiments undertaken on the Tropic seamount, 300 nautical miles SSW of the Canary Islands. These plume experiments were accompanied by hydrographic and oceanographic field surveys and supported by detailed numerical modelling and high resolution video settling velocity measurements of the in situ sediment undertaken in the laboratory. The plume experiments involved the controlled formation of benthic sediment plumes and measurement of the plume sediment concentration at a specially designed lander placed at set distances from the plume origin. The experiments were used as the basis for validation of a numerical dispersion model, which was then used to predict the dispersion of plumes generated by full-scale mining. The results highlight that the extent of dispersion of benthic sediment plumes, resulting from mining operations, is significantly reduced by the effects of flocculation, background turbidity and internal tides. These considerations must be taken into account when evaluating the impact and extent of benthic sediment plumes.","author":[{"family":"Spearman","given":"J"},{"family":"Taylor","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Crossouard","given":"N"},{"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan"},{"family":"Turnbull","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Murton","given":"Bramley"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-020-61837-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61837-y","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3020855431","type":"article-journal","title":"Industry 4.0 technologies assessment: A sustainability perspective","abstract":"The fourth industrial revolution, also labelled Industry 4.0, was beget with emergent and disruptive intelligence and information technologies. These new technologies are enabling ever-higher levels of production efficiencies. They also have the potential to dramatically influence social and environmental sustainable development. Organizations need to consider Industry 4.0 technologies contribution to sustainability. Sufficient guidance, in this respect, is lacking in the scholarly or practitioner literature. In this study, we further examine Industry 4.0 technologies in terms of application and sustainability implications. We introduce a measures framework for sustainability based on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals; incorporating various economic, environmental and social attributes. We also develop a hybrid multi-situation decision method integrating hesitant fuzzy set, cumulative prospect theory and VIKOR. This method can effectively evaluate Industry 4.0 technologies based on their sustainable performance and application. We apply the method using secondary case information from a report of the World Economic Forum. The results show that mobile technology has the greatest impact on sustainability in all industries, and nanotechnology, mobile technology, simulation and drones have the highest impact on sustainability in the automotive, electronics, food and beverage, and textile, apparel and footwear industries, respectively. Our recommendation is to take advantage of Industry 4.0 technology adoption to improve sustainability impact but each technology needs to be carefully evaluated as specific technology will variably influence industry and sustainability dimensions. Investment in such technologies should consider appropriate priority investment and championing.","author":[{"family":"Bai","given":"Chunguang"},{"family":"Dallasega","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Orzes","given":"Guido"},{"family":"Sarkis","given":"Joseph"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107776","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107776","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3090553504","type":"article-journal","title":"A Fuzzy Markov Model for Risk and Reliability Prediction of Engineering Systems: A Case Study of a Subsea Wellhead Connector","abstract":"In production environments, failure data of a complex system are difficult to obtain due to the high cost of experiments; furthermore, using a single model to analyze risk, reliability, availability and uncertainty is a big challenge. Based on the fault tree, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and Markov method, this paper proposed a fuzzy Markov method that takes the full advantages of the three methods and makes the analysis of risk, reliability, availability and uncertainty all in one. This method uses the fault tree and fuzzy theory to preprocess the input failure data to improve the reliability of the input failure data, and then input the preprocessed failure data into the Markov model; after that iterate and adjust the model when uncertainty events occur, until the data of all events have been processed by the model and the updated model obtained, which best reflects the system state. The wellhead connector of a subsea production system was used as a case study to demonstrate the above method. The obtained reliability index (mean time to failure) of the connector is basically consistent with the failure statistical data from the offshore and onshore reliability database, which verified the accuracy of the proposed method.","author":[{"family":"Pang","given":"Nan"},{"family":"Jia","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Peilin"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Feng"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Lei"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Liquan"},{"family":"Yun","given":"Feihong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xiangyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app10196902","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10196902","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4221079742","type":"article-journal","title":"Resilience assessment of a subsea pipeline using dynamic Bayesian network","abstract":"Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a serious concern and plays a significant role in the marine and subsea industry’s infrastructure failure. A probabilistic methodology is introduced in the present study to assess the subsea system’s resilience under MIC. Conventionally, the risk-based models are constructed using the system’s characteristic features. This helps decision-makers understand how a system operates and how the failed system can be recovered. The subsea system needs to be designed with sufficient resilience to maintain the performance under the time-varying interdependent stochastic conditions. This paper presents the dynamic Bayesian network-based approach to model the subsea system’s resilience as a function of time. An industry-based application study of the subsea pipeline is studied to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed methodology for the resilience assessment. The proposed methodology will assist decision-makers in considering the resilience in the system design and operation.","author":[{"family":"Yazdi","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Faisal"},{"family":"Abbassi","given":"Rouzbeh"},{"family":"Quddus","given":"Noor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100053","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpse.2022.100053","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4292858569","type":"article-journal","title":"Improving extreme response prediction of a subsea shuttle tanker hovering in ocean current using an alternative highly correlated response signal","abstract":"A subsea shuttle tanker (SST) is a pioneering underwater submarine specifically designed to economically transport CO2 to smaller hydrocarbon fields. During loading and unloading of the CO2, the SST hovers over the well and experiences extreme heave motions resulting in extreme hydrostatic loading. Sustaining the hydrostatic loading is indispensable as it forms the dominating load and is a driving factor determining the SST hull's collapse design. Furthermore, the SST's extreme surge motion regulates the length of the flowline to evade snap loads. This paper focuses on the problem of determining these extreme positional responses at one location when the aft thruster fails during offloading using data with a shorter time record from another location at the SST. This scenario could be of practical engineering importance when either one of the sensors is malfunctioning or another similar vessel is being designed for the same environmental condition. A 2D planar Simulink model is used to generate the empirical data required for the study.","author":[{"family":"Gaidai","given":"Oleg"},{"family":"Xing","given":"Yihan"},{"family":"Balakrishna","given":"Rajiv"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100593","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100593","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3111648384","type":"article-journal","title":"Design, Acceptance and Capacity of Subsea Open Cables","abstract":"This article will discuss the collaboratively formed cross-industry open cables concept for characterizing optical performance of undersea cables with the intent of assessing and understanding their capacity potential. The article proposes definitions of two critical nonlinear and linear performance metrics for open cables: GSNR (Gaussian or generalized signal to noise ratio) and SNRASE(Signal to noise ratio amplified spontaneous emission), including effects such as GAWBS (guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering) and signal droop. Measurement methodologies for these metrics are proposed, with considerations for limitations and impact of the test conditions and characteristics of the transponders used. Expanded definitions are offered to enable variable symbol rate transponders to be used for measurement, with considerations for scaling of SNR values. Considerations for using these metrics for capacity assessment and applying these techniques to concatenated multi-segment systems are introduced. Recommendations on key parameters for system specification, system characterization, and proposals for SNR-based performance budgeting tables are also discussed as foundational elements to enabling accurate estimation of the capacity potential of a subsea open cable.","author":[{"family":"Hartling","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Pilipetskiǐ","given":"AN"},{"family":"Evans","given":"Darwin"},{"family":"Mateo","given":"Eduardo"},{"family":"Salsi","given":"M"},{"family":"Pecci","given":"Pascal"},{"family":"Mehta","given":"P"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/jlt.2020.3045389","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2020.3045389","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4281723764","type":"article-journal","title":"Opportunities and Challenges to Develop Digital Twins for Subsea Pipelines","abstract":"A vision of the digital twins of the subsea pipelines is provided in this paper, with a coverage of the current applications and the challenges of the digital twins in the design, construction, service life, and assessments of life extension. Digital twins are described as a paradigm combining multi-physics modelling with data-driven analytics, which are used to mirror the life of its corresponding twin. Realistic virtual models of structural systems are shown to bridge the gap between design and construction and to mirror the real and virtual worlds. Challenges in properly using the new tools and how to create accurate digital twins considering data acquired during the construction phase are discussed. The key opportunities for improved integrity management using the digital twin are data contextualization, standardization, automated anomaly detection, and learning through sharing. The collection, interpretation and sharing of data, and cyber-security are identified as some of the main challenges.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Bai"},{"family":"Videiro","given":"Paulo"},{"family":"Soares","given":"CG"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse10060739","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10060739","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3174459875","type":"article-journal","title":"A new method for risk assessment of water inrush in a subsea tunnel crossing faults","abstract":"The geological conditions of subsea tunnels are extremely complicated. When crossing faults, water inrush disasters are prone to occur under the combined action of seawater pressure, geological structure, and construction disturbance. An optimal combination weight-improved grey relational analysis (GRA) method is proposed here to evaluate the risk of water inrush in subsea tunnels through faults. Eight main factors are selected from fault zone properties, fault structure characteristics, engineering factors, and construction factors as risk assessment indexes, and the risk is divided into four levels. The subjective and objective weights are determined using the improved G1-method and entropy weight method, and the optimal combination weight is calculated based on the minimum discriminant information principle and the Lagrange multiplier method. The improved GRA considering the evaluation criteria interval is used to determine the correlation degree of the water inrush risk level, and the maximum correlation degree criterion is adopted to judge the risk level. The method is applied to the Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay subsea tunnel to assess the water inrush risk crossing faults, and the assessment results are basically consistent with the actual engineering situation. This study provides a practical reference for the risk assessment of water inrush in subsea tunnels.","author":[{"family":"Qiu","given":"Daohong"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Qiqi"},{"family":"Xue","given":"Yiguo"},{"family":"Su","given":"Maoxin"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Jiuhua"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Binghua"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1080/1064119x.2021.1929594","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119x.2021.1929594","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3131290367","type":"article-journal","title":"A Survey of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Formation: Performance, Formation Control, and Communication Capability","abstract":"Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are submersible underwater vehicles controlled by onboard computers. AUV formation is a cooperative control which focuses on controlling multiple AUVs to move in a group while executing tasks. In contrast to a single AUV, multi-AUV formation represents higher efficiency and better stability for many applications, such as oil and gas industries, hydrographic surveys, and military missions, etc. To achieve better formation, there are several key factors, including AUV performance, formation control, and communication capability. However, most studies in the field of AUV formation mainly focus on formation control methods. We observe that the research of communication capability and AUV performance of multiple AUV formation is still in an early stage. It is beneficial to researchers to present a comprehensive survey of the state of the art of AUV formation research and development. In this paper, we study AUV, formation control, and underwater acoustic communication capability in detail. We propose a classification framework with three dimensions, including AUV performance, formation control, and communication capability. This framework provides a comprehensive classification method for future AUV formation research. It also can be used to compare different methods and help engineers choose suitable formation methods for various applications. Moreover, our survey discusses formation architecture with communication constraints and we identify some common misconceptions and questionable research for formation control related to communication.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Tieshan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/comst.2021.3059998","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3059998","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3006136081","type":"article-journal","title":"Autonomous Underwater Vehicles: Localization, Navigation, and Communication for Collaborative Missions","abstract":"Development of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) has permitted the automatization of many tasks originally achieved with manned vehicles in underwater environments. Teams of AUVs designed to work within a common mission are opening the possibilities for new and more complex applications. In underwater environments, communication, localization, and navigation of AUVs are considered challenges due to the impossibility of relying on radio communications and global positioning systems. For a long time, acoustic systems have been the main approach for solving these challenges. However, they present their own shortcomings, which are more relevant for AUV teams. As a result, researchers have explored different alternatives. To summarize and analyze these alternatives, a review of the literature is presented in this paper. Finally, a summary of collaborative AUV teams and missions is also included, with the aim of analyzing their applicability, advantages, and limitations.","author":[{"family":"González-García","given":"Josué"},{"family":"Gómez-Espinosa","given":"Alfonso"},{"family":"Cuanurquizo","given":"Enrique"},{"family":"García-Valdovinos","given":"Luis"},{"family":"Salgado-Jiménez","given":"Tomás"},{"family":"Cabello","given":"Jesús"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app10041256","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10041256","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W2997139301","type":"article-journal","title":"A Comprehensive Review of Path Planning Algorithms for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles","abstract":"Abstract The underwater path planning problem deals with finding an optimal or sub-optimal route between an origin point and a termination point in marine environments. The underwater environment is still considered as a great challenge for the path planning of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) because of its hostile and dynamic nature. The major constraints for path planning are limited data transmission capability, power and sensing technology available for underwater operations. The sea environment is subjected to a large set of challenging factors classified as atmospheric, coastal and gravitational. Based on whether the impact of these factors can be approximated or not, the underwater environment can be characterized as predictable and unpredictable respectively. The classical path planning algorithms based on artificial intelligence assume that environmental conditions are known apriori to the path planner. But the current path planning algorithms involve continual interaction with the environment considering the environment as dynamic and its effect cannot be predicted. Path planning is necessary for many applications involving AUVs. These are based upon planning safety routes with minimum energy cost and computation overheads. This review is intended to summarize various path planning strategies for AUVs on the basis of characterization of underwater environments as predictable and unpredictable. The algorithms employed in path planning of single AUV and multiple AUVs are reviewed in the light of predictable and unpredictable environments.","author":[{"family":"Panda","given":"Madhusmita"},{"family":"Das","given":"Bikramaditya"},{"family":"Subudhi","given":"Bidyadhar"},{"family":"Pati","given":"Bibhuti"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s11633-019-1204-9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-019-1204-9","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4214735187","type":"article-journal","title":"Path Planning Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Under Ocean Current Disturbance","abstract":"The path planning issue of the underactuated autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) under ocean current disturbance is studied in this paper. In order to improve the AUV’s path planning capability in the unknown environments, a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) path planning method based on double deep Q Network (DDQN) is proposed. It is created from an improved convolutional neural network, which has two input layers to adapt to the processing of high-dimensional environments. Considering the maneuverability of underactuated AUV under current disturbance, especially, the issue of ocean current disturbance under unknown environments, a dynamic and composite reward function is developed to enable the AUV to reach the destination with obstacle avoidance. Finally, the path planning ability of the proposed method in the unknown environments is validated by simulation analysis and comparison studies.","author":[{"family":"Chu","given":"Zhenzhong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Fulun"},{"family":"Lei","given":"Tingjun"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Chaomin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tiv.2022.3153352","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2022.3153352","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3039205832","type":"article-journal","title":"Robust Trajectory Tracking Control for Underactuated Autonomous Underwater Vehicles in Uncertain Environments","abstract":"This article addresses the tracking control problem of 3-D trajectories for underactuated underwater robotic vehicles operating in a constrained workspace including obstacles. More specifically, a robust nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) scheme is presented for the case of underactuated autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) (i.e., unicycle-like vehicles actuated only in the surge, heave, and yaw). The purpose of the controller is to steer the unicycle-like AUV to the desired trajectory with guaranteed input and state constraints (e.g., obstacles, predefined vehicle velocity bounds, and thruster saturations) inside a partially known and dynamic environment where the knowledge of the operating workspace is constantly updated via the vehicle’s onboard sensors. In particular, considering the sensing range of the vehicle, obstacle avoidance with any of the detected obstacles is guaranteed by the online generation of a collision-free trajectory tracking path, despite the model dynamic uncertainties and the presence of external disturbances representing ocean currents and waves. Finally, realistic simulation studies verify the performance and efficiency of the proposed framework.Note to Practitioners—This article was motivated by the problem of robust trajectory tracking for an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) operating in an uncertain environment where the knowledge of the operating workspace (e.g., obstacle positions) is constantly updated online via the vehicle’s onboard sensors (e.g., multibeam imaging sonars and laser-based vision systems). In addition, there may be other system limitations (e.g., thruster saturation limits) and other operational constraints, induced by the need of various common underwater tasks (e.g., a predefined vehicle speed limit for inspecting the seabed, and mosaicking), where it should also be considered into the control strategy. However, based on the existing trajectory tracking control approaches for underwater robotics, there is a lack of an autonomous control scheme that provides a complete and credible control strategy that takes the aforementioned issues into consideration. Based on this, we present a reliable control strategy that takes into account the aforementioned issues, along with dynamic uncertainties of the model and the presence of ocean currents. In future research, we will extend the proposed methodology for multiple AUV performing collaborative inspection tasks in an uncertain environment.","author":[{"family":"Heshmati-Alamdari","given":"Shahab"},{"family":"Nikou","given":"Alexandros"},{"family":"Dimarogonas","given":"Dimos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tase.2020.3001183","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2020.3001183","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3015193026","type":"article-journal","title":"Autonomous underwater vehicles: Instrumentation and measurements","abstract":"Oceans exploration and inspection are a great challenge for the industry nowadays. The underwater instrumentation and measurements are improving due to the current technologies, or by development of new ones, to cover the demand of the new industry offshore. The Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), a subcategory of submarine, is used to perform subaquatic tasks. This vehicle provides advantages for underwater works, e.g., safety and reliability inspections, but it also offers limitations for sensors systems, monitoring and communications systems, autonomous operational endurances, propulsion systems or mapping designs, etc. The main scientific contributions of this paper are: a review of the state of art in novel and main instrumentation and measurement systems embedded in AUVs; an illustration of their future uses and development; and a synthesis of the main and current navigation, mapping and sampling technologies, together with different applications.","author":[{"family":"Sánchez","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Papaelias","given":"Mayorkinos"},{"family":"Márquez","given":"Fausto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/mim.2020.9062680","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mim.2020.9062680","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3042562027","type":"article-journal","title":"A review on the hydrodynamic characteristics of autonomous underwater vehicles","abstract":"Autonomous underwater vehicles play an essential role in geophysical data collection, deep water mining, seafloor mapping, ocean exploration, and in many other related activities starting from military to scientific applications. A detailed understanding of hydrodynamic characteristics will lead to better design, better control, and optimal path planning of autonomous underwater vehicles in the deepest corner of oceans. This article will provide a detailed review of the hydrodynamic characteristics of autonomous underwater vehicles, starting from different experimental techniques used in the analysis of hydrodynamic parameters, methods used for fixing the autonomous underwater vehicles in towing tank, instruments used for measurement of the hydrodynamic parameters. Furthermore, numerical methods employed in performing computational analysis, hydrodynamics-based shape optimization, studies on drag reduction, and finally a detailed list of turbulence models used in the computational fluid dynamics–related numerical simulations. The hydrodynamics-based optimal shape of the autonomous underwater vehicles, the best technique to predict the hydrodynamic parameters, and the best turbulence model for the computational fluid dynamics–based prediction of hydrodynamic parameters will be recommended. At last, the hydrodynamic characteristics of different bio-inspired autonomous underwater vehicles are discussed.","author":[{"family":"Panda","given":"JP"},{"family":"Mitra","given":"A"},{"family":"Warrior","given":"Hari"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1177/1475090220936896","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1475090220936896","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3216834797","type":"article-journal","title":"Overview of Fibre Optic Sensing Technology in the Field of Physical Ocean Observation","abstract":"Fiber optic sensors are expected to be an auxiliary measurement tool in the field of ocean observation due to their small size, easy networking, intrinsic immunity to electromagnetic interference, and many other advantages. In recent years, the research around fiber optic sensing technology in the field of physical ocean observation has received increasing attention from researchers. According to the different measurement objects and measurement principles, the focus is on the seawater temperature sensor based on fiber grating, seawater salinity sensor, seawater pressure sensor, seawater salinity sensor based on multi-core optical fiber, seawater salinity sensor based on Michelson and Mach-Zehnder interferometry, seawater pressure sensor based on Fabry-Perot cavity, fiber optic temperature salinity and depth sensors based on resonant and coupling technology, flow velocity sensor based on multi-core optical fiber and fiber optic turbulence sensors based on thermal dissipation and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation. The test methods and test results of various sensors are analyzed, and the advantages and disadvantages of the technologies are pointed out. Prospects for the application of fiber optic sensors in physical ocean observation are presented.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Li"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yongjie"},{"family":"Song","given":"Sanming"},{"family":"Li","given":"Fang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fphy.2021.745487","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2021.745487","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3136416062","type":"article-journal","title":"Developing an Underwater Network of Ocean Observation Systems With Digital Twin Prototypes—A Field Report From the Baltic Sea","abstract":"During the research cruise AL547 with RV ALKOR (October 20–31, 2020), a collaborative underwater network of ocean observation systems was deployed in Boknis Eck (SW Baltic Sea, German exclusive economic zone) in the context of the project ARCHES (i.e., Autonomous Robotic Networks to Help Modern Societies). This network was realized via a digital twin prototype approach. During that period, different scenarios were executed to demonstrate the feasibility of digital twins in an extreme environment, such as underwater. One of the scenarios showed the collaboration of stage IV digital twins with their physical counterparts on the seafloor. In this article, we address the research question of whether digital twins represent a feasible approach to operate mobile ad-hoc networks for ocean and coastal observation.","author":[{"family":"Barbie","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Pech","given":"Niklas"},{"family":"Hasselbring","given":"Wilhelm"},{"family":"Flogel","given":"Sascha"},{"family":"Wenzhofer","given":"Frank"},{"family":"Walter","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Shchekinova","given":"Elena"},{"family":"Busse","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Turk","given":"Matthias"},{"family":"Hofbauer","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Sommer","given":"Stefan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/mic.2021.3065245","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mic.2021.3065245","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4285089051","type":"article-journal","title":"A Shipborne Photon-Counting Lidar for Depth-Resolved Ocean Observation","abstract":"Depth-resolved information is essential for ocean research. For this study, we developed a shipborne photon-counting lidar for depth-resolved oceanic plankton observation. A pulsed fiber laser with frequency doubling to 532 nm acts as a light source, generating a single pulse at the micro-joule level with a pulse width of less than 1 ns. The receiver is capable of simultaneously detecting the elastic signal at two orthogonal polarization states, the Raman scattering from seawater, and the fluorescence signal from chlorophyll A. The data acquisition system utilizes the photon-counting technique to record each photon event, after which the backscattering signal intensity can be recovered by counting photons from multiple pulses. Benefitting from the immunity of this statistical detection method to the ringing effect of the detector and amplifier circuit, high-sensitivity and high-linearity backscatter signal measurements are realized. In this paper, we analyze and correct the after-pulse phenomenon of high-linearity signals through experiments and theoretical simulations. Through the after-pulse correction, the lidar attenuation coefficient retrieved from the corrected signal are in good agreement with the diffuse attenuation coefficients calculated from the in situ instrument, indicating the potential of this shipborne photon-counting lidar for ocean observation applications.","author":[{"family":"Shen","given":"Xue"},{"family":"Kong","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Genghua"},{"family":"Shu","given":"Rong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs14143351","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143351","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3004015853","type":"article-journal","title":"Quantifying Errors in Observationally Based Estimates of Ocean Carbon Sink Variability","abstract":"Abstract Reducing uncertainty in the global carbon budget requires better quantification of ocean CO 2 uptake and its temporal variability. Several methodologies for reconstructing air‐sea CO 2 exchange from pCO 2 observations indicate larger decadal variability than estimated using ocean models. We develop a new application of multiple Large Ensemble Earth system models to assess these reconstructions' ability to estimate spatiotemporal variability. With our Large Ensemble Testbed, pCO 2 fields from 25 ensemble members each of four independent Earth system models are subsampled as the observations and the reconstruction is performed as it would be with real‐world observations. The power of a testbed is that the perfect reconstruction is known for each of the original model fields; thus, reconstruction skill can be comprehensively assessed. We find that a neural‐network approach can skillfully reconstruct air‐sea CO 2 fluxes when it is trained with sufficient data. Flux bias is low for the global mean and Northern Hemisphere, but can be regionally high in the Southern Hemisphere. The phase and amplitude of the seasonal cycle are accurately reconstructed outside of the tropics, but longer‐term variations are reconstructed with only moderate skill. For Southern Ocean decadal variability, insufficient sampling leads to a 31% (15%:58%, interquartile range) overestimation of amplitude, and phasing is only moderately correlated with known truth ( r = 0.54 [0.46:0.63]). Globally, the amplitude of decadal variability is overestimated by 21% (3%:34%). Machine learning, when supplied with sufficient data, can skillfully reconstruct ocean properties. However, data sparsity remains a fundamental limitation to quantification of decadal variability in the ocean carbon sink.","author":[{"family":"Gloege","given":"Lucas"},{"family":"Mckinley","given":"Galen"},{"family":"Landschützer","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Fay","given":"Amanda"},{"family":"Frölicher","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Fyfe","given":"John"},{"family":"Ilyina","given":"Tatiana"},{"family":"Jones","given":"SDM"},{"family":"Lovenduski","given":"Nicole"},{"family":"Rodgers","given":"Keith"},{"family":"Schlunegger","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Takano","given":"Yohei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2020gb006788","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gb006788","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4220724489","type":"article-journal","title":"The EMSO Generic Instrument Module (EGIM): Standardized and Interoperable Instrumentation for Ocean Observation","abstract":"The oceans are a fundamental source for climate balance, sustainability of resources and life on Earth, therefore society has a strong and pressing interest in maintaining and, where possible, restoring the health of the marine ecosystems. Effective, integrated ocean observation is key to suggesting actions to reduce anthropogenic impact from coastal to deep-sea environments and address the main challenges of the 21st century, which are summarized in the UN Sustainable Development Goals and Blue Growth strategies. The European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory (EMSO), is a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), with the aim of providing long-term observations via fixed-point ocean observatories in key environmental locations across European seas from the Arctic to the Black Sea. These may be supported by ship-based observations and autonomous systems such as gliders. In this paper, we present the EMSO Generic Instrument Module (EGIM), a deployment ready multi-sensor instrumentation module, designed to measure physical, biogeochemical, biological and ecosystem variables consistently, in a range of marine environments, over long periods of time. Here, we describe the system, features, configuration, operation and data management. We demonstrate, through a series of coastal and oceanic pilot experiments that the EGIM is a valuable standard ocean observation module, which can significantly improve the capacity of existing ocean observatories and provides the basis for new observatories. The diverse examples of use included the monitoring of fish activity response upon oceanographic variability, hydrothermal vent fluids and particle dispersion, passive acoustic monitoring of marine mammals and time series of environmental variation in the water column. With the EGIM available to all the EMSO Regional Facilities, EMSO will be reaching a milestone in standardization and interoperability, marking a key capability advancement in addressing issues of sustainability in resource and habitat management of the oceans.","author":[{"family":"Lantéri","given":"Nadine"},{"family":"Ruhl","given":"Henry"},{"family":"Gates","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Padró","given":"Enoc"},{"family":"Fernández","given":"Joaquín"},{"family":"Aguzzi","given":"Jacopo"},{"family":"Cannat","given":"Mathilde"},{"family":"Delory","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Embriaco","given":"Davide"},{"family":"Huber","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Matabos","given":"Marjolaine"},{"family":"Petihakis","given":"George"},{"family":"Reilly","given":"Kieran"},{"family":"Rolin","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Schaar","given":"Mike"},{"family":"André","given":"M"},{"family":"Blandin","given":"J"},{"family":"Cianca","given":"A"},{"family":"Francescangeli","given":"Marco"},{"family":"García","given":"OB"},{"family":"Hartman","given":"Susan"},{"family":"Lagadec","given":"Jean‐romain"},{"family":"Legrand","given":"Julien"},{"family":"Pagonis","given":"Paris"},{"family":"Piera","given":"Jaume"},{"family":"Remirez","given":"Xabier"},{"family":"Toma","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Marinaro","given":"Giuditta"},{"family":"Moreau","given":"Bertrand"},{"family":"Santana","given":"Raúl"},{"family":"Wright","given":"Hannah"},{"family":"Dañobeitia","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Favali","given":"Paolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2022.801033","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.801033","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3205759305","type":"article-journal","title":"Ocean Observation Data Prediction for Argo Data Quality Control Using Deep Bidirectional LSTM Network","abstract":"With the rapid development of maritime technologies, a huge amount of ocean data has been acquired through the state-of-the-art ocean equipment to get better understanding and development of ocean. The prediction and correction of oceanic observation data play a fundamental and important role in the oceanic relevant applications, including both civilian and military fields. On the basis of Argo data, aiming at predicting and correcting the oceanic observation data, we propose an ocean temperature and salinity prediction approach in this paper. In our approach, firstly, bounded nonlinear function is utilized for dataset quality control, which can effectively eliminate the influence of spikes or outliers in Argo data. Then, RBF neural network is used for high-resolution Argo dataset construction. Finally, a bidirectional LSTM framework is proposed to predict and analyze the ocean temperature and salinity on the basis of BOA Argo data. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed bidirectional LSTM framework can accurately predict the ocean temperature and salinity and enable outstanding performance in oceanic observation data prediction and correction. The proposed approach is also important for the realization of Argo dataset automatic quality control.","author":[{"family":"Jiang","given":"Fan"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Jitong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Baosen"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Feifei"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Lingling"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1155/2021/5665386","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5665386","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4285731403","type":"article-journal","title":"Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea","abstract":"Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of marine heatwaves (MHWs) and mass mortality events (MMEs) of marine organisms are one of their main ecological impacts. Here, we show that during the 2015-2019 period, the Mediterranean Sea has experienced exceptional thermal conditions resulting in the onset of five consecutive years of widespread MMEs across the basin. These MMEs affected thousands of kilometers of coastline from the surface to 45 m, across a range of marine habitats and taxa (50 taxa across 8 phyla). Significant relationships were found between the incidence of MMEs and the heat exposure associated with MHWs observed both at the surface and across depths. Our findings reveal that the Mediterranean Sea is experiencing an acceleration of the ecological impacts of MHWs which poses an unprecedented threat to its ecosystems' health and functioning. Overall, we show that increasing the resolution of empirical observation is critical to enhancing our ability to more effectively understand and manage the consequences of climate change.","author":[{"family":"Garrabou","given":"Joaquim"},{"family":"Gómezgras","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Medrano","given":"Alba"},{"family":"Cerrano","given":"Carlo"},{"family":"Ponti","given":"Massimo"},{"family":"Schlegel","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Bensoussan","given":"Nathaniel"},{"family":"Turicchia","given":"Eva"},{"family":"Sini","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Gerovasileiou","given":"Vasilis"},{"family":"Teixidó","given":"Núria"},{"family":"Mirasole","given":"Alice"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1111/gcb.16301","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16301","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3010888521","type":"article-journal","title":"Benthic Crustacean Digestion Can Modulate the Environmental Fate of Microplastics in the Deep Sea","abstract":"Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous contaminants of the marine environment, and the deep seafloor is their ultimate sink compartment. Manipulative and field experiments provided evidence of the ingestion of MPs by deep-sea fauna, but knowledge of MPs' fate once ingested still remains scant. We provide evidence of MP partial retention and fragmentation mediated by digestion activity of a Norwegian langoustine, a good bioindicator for MP contamination of the deep sea. We report here that MPs in the intestines were more abundant and significantly smaller (up to 1 order of magnitude in surface) than those in the stomachs. Our results show that the stomach can act as a size-bottleneck for ingested MPs, enhancing the retention of larger particles within the stomach and promoting fragmentation into smaller plastic debris, which is then released in the intestine. Our results provide evidence that the langoustine is responsible for the fragmentation of MPs already accumulated in sediments through its scavenging activity and digestion. These findings highlight the existence of a new peculiar kind of \"secondary\" MPs, introduced in the environment by biological activities, which could represent a significant pathway of plastic degradation in a secluded and stable environment such as the deep sea.","author":[{"family":"Cau","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Avio","given":"Carlo"},{"family":"Dessì","given":"Claudia"},{"family":"Moccia","given":"Davide"},{"family":"Pusceddu","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Regoli","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Cannas","given":"Rita"},{"family":"Follesa","given":"Maria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acs.est.9b07705","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b07705","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3013534207","type":"article-journal","title":"Technologies and policies to decarbonize global industry: Review and assessment of mitigation drivers through 2070","abstract":"Fully decarbonizing global industry is essential to achieving climate stabilization, and reaching net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050–2070 is necessary to limit global warming to 2 °C. This paper assembles and evaluates technical and policy interventions, both on the supply side and on the demand side. It identifies measures that, employed together, can achieve net zero industrial emissions in the required timeframe. Key supply-side technologies include energy efficiency (especially at the system level), carbon capture, electrification, and zero-carbon hydrogen as a heat source and chemical feedstock. There are also promising technologies specific to each of the three top-emitting industries: cement, iron & steel, and chemicals & plastics. These include cement admixtures and alternative chemistries, several technological routes for zero-carbon steelmaking, and novel chemical catalysts and separation technologies. Crucial demand-side approaches include material-efficient design, reductions in material waste, substituting low-carbon for high-carbon materials, and circular economy interventions (such as improving product longevity, reusability, ease of refurbishment, and recyclability). Strategic, well-designed policy can accelerate innovation and provide incentives for technology deployment. High-value policies include carbon pricing with border adjustments or other price signals; robust government support for research, development, and deployment; and energy efficiency or emissions standards. These core policies should be supported by labeling and government procurement of low-carbon products, data collection and disclosure requirements, and recycling incentives. In implementing these policies, care must be taken to ensure a just transition for displaced workers and affected communities. Similarly, decarbonization must complement the human and economic development of low- and middle-income countries.","author":[{"family":"Rissman","given":"Jeffrey"},{"family":"Bataille","given":"Chris"},{"family":"Masanet","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Aden","given":"Nate"},{"family":"Morrow","given":"William"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Nan"},{"family":"Elliott","given":"Neal"},{"family":"Dell","given":"Rebecca"},{"family":"Heeren","given":"Niko"},{"family":"Huckestein","given":"Brigitta"},{"family":"Cresko","given":"Joe"},{"family":"Miller","given":"Sabbie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114848","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114848","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3214625971","type":"article-journal","title":"Climate change and COP26: Are digital technologies and information management part of the problem or the solution? An editorial reflection and call to action","abstract":"The UN COP26 2021 conference on climate change offers the chance for world leaders to take action and make urgent and meaningful commitments to reducing emissions and limit global temperatures to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2050. Whilst the political aspects and subsequent ramifications of these fundamental and critical decisions cannot be underestimated, there exists a technical perspective where digital and IS technology has a role to play in the monitoring of potential solutions, but also an integral element of climate change solutions. We explore these aspects in this editorial article, offering a comprehensive opinion based insight to a multitude of diverse viewpoints that look at the many challenges through a technology lens. It is widely recognized that technology in all its forms, is an important and integral element of the solution, but industry and wider society also view technology as being part of the problem. Increasingly, researchers are referencing the importance of responsible digitalization to eliminate the significant levels of e-waste. The reality is that technology is an integral component of the global efforts to get to net zero, however, its adoption requires pragmatic tradeoffs as we transition from current behaviors to a more climate friendly society.","author":[{"family":"Dwivedi","given":"Yogesh"},{"family":"Hughes","given":"Laurie"},{"family":"Kar","given":"Arpan"},{"family":"Baabdullah","given":"Abdullah"},{"family":"Grover","given":"Purva"},{"family":"Abbas","given":"Roba"},{"family":"Andreini","given":"Daniela"},{"family":"Abumoghli","given":"Iyad"},{"family":"Barlette","given":"Yves"},{"family":"Bunker","given":"Deborah"},{"family":"Kruse","given":"Leona"},{"family":"Constantiou","given":"Ioanna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102456","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102456","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4391959017","type":"article-journal","title":"The Red Sea Crisis: ramifications for vessel operations, shipping networks, and maritime supply chains","abstract":"The attack of Hamas on Israel of October 7, 2023, and the military response of the latter in Gaza have made news headlines for much of the last quarter of 2023 and early 2024. The international community has attempted to prevent escalation and the spreading of the conflict to other parts of the Middle East and the wider world. Despite those efforts, a major security situation emerged in mid-November in the Red Sea and the Strait of Bab al-Mandab more specifically (map in Fig. 1 ), when Houthi Rebels based in Yemen started to target international shipping transiting through the region. In a matter of weeks, the situation escalated, adversely affecting both shipping and trade.","author":[{"family":"Notteboom","given":"Theo"},{"family":"Haralambides","given":"Hercules"},{"family":"Cullinane","given":"Kevin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1057/s41278-024-00287-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-024-00287-z","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3000048392","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review on Membrane Technology and Chemical Surface Modification for the Oily Wastewater Treatment","abstract":"Cleaning of wastewater for the environment is an emerging issue for the living organism. The separation of oily wastewater, especially emulsified mixtures, is quite challenged due to a large amount of wastewater produced in daily life. In this review, the membrane technology for oily wastewater treatment is presented. In the first part, the global membrane market, the oil spill accidents and their results are discussed. In the second and third parts, the source of oily wastewater and conventional treatment methods are represented. Among all methods, membrane technology is considered the most efficient method in terms of high separation performance and easy to operation process. In the fourth part, we provide an overview of membrane technology, fouling problem, and how to improve the self-cleaning surface using functional groups for effectively treating oily wastewater. The recent development of surface-modified membranes for oily wastewater separation is investigated. It is believed that this review will promote understanding of membrane technology and the development of surface modification strategies for anti-fouling membranes.","author":[{"family":"Yalçinkaya","given":"Fatma"},{"family":"Boyraz","given":"Evren"},{"family":"Maryška","given":"Jiří"},{"family":"Kucerova","given":"Klara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/ma13020493","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020493","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4220735059","type":"article-journal","title":"Vision and research directions of 6G technologies and applications","abstract":"Fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication technology is now widely available in several countries, with millions of 5G customers. Therefore, it's time for academia and business to focus on the next generation. This paper will overview the sixth-generation (6G) mobile network, including motivations, use case scenarios, requirements, supported research projects, and technologies. We discuss the Beyond 5G (B5G) evolution and advanced 5G features to predict the critical 6G requirements and highlight the 6G capabilities. We also introduce the 6G scenarios, requirements, and technological components compared to 5G. Moreover, the current status of 6G research is discussed, and a rough roadmap for specification and regulation is explored. Then we describe a few prospective applications, their benefits, concepts, and research directions. We explore the business direction for 6G by introducing the most recently 6G projects in the vertical markets. We also propose a network architectural vision and the evolution of hardware-software designs to satisfy the higher requirements of 6G applications. This paper also presents a comprehensive survey of existing 6G trends, technologies, applications, industrial markets, and network structures for the most promising 6G applications.","author":[{"family":"Abdelhakeem","given":"Shimaa"},{"family":"Hussein","given":"Hanan"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Hyungwon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.03.019","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.03.019","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3130593532","type":"article-journal","title":"Streptomyces bathyalis sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from the sponge in a deep sea","abstract":"Abstract A novel actinobacterium, designated ASO4wetT, was isolated from the unidentified sponge (SO4) in the deep sea collected of the North Atlantic Ocean. Study of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain ASO4wetT is a member of the genus Streptomyces and showed the closest similarities to Streptomyces karpasiensis K413T (98.87 %), Streptomyces glycovorans YIM M 10366T (98.38 %), and Streptomyces abyssalis YIM M 10400T (97.53 %). Strain ASO4wetT contained MK-9(H8) as the predominant menaquinone and the major fatty acids are iso-C16:0, anteiso-C15:0, and iso-C15:0. Polyphasic taxonomy was carried out between strain ASO4wetT and its phylogenetically closely related Streptomyces strains, which further elucidated their relatedness and revealed that strain ASO4wetT could be distinguished from currently known Streptomyces species. Strain ASO4wetT clearly represents a novel species in genus Streptomyces. We propose the name Streptomyces bathyalis sp. nov., with the type strain ASO4wetT (= DSM 106605T = NCCB 100657T). Analysis of the whole-genome sequence of S. bathyalis revealed that genome size is 7,377,472 bp with 6332 coding sequences.","author":[{"family":"Risdian","given":"Chandra"},{"family":"Landwehr","given":"Wiebke"},{"family":"Rohde","given":"Manfred"},{"family":"Schümann","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Hahnke","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Spröer","given":"Cathrin"},{"family":"Bunk","given":"Boyke"},{"family":"Kämpfer","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Schupp","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Wink","given":"Joachim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10482-021-01528-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-021-01528-4","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4213093501","type":"article-journal","title":"Island in the Sea: The prospects and impacts of an offshore wind power hub in the North Sea","abstract":"Europe's offshore wind capacity is increasing rapidly, with larger turbines installed further from shore. TenneT proposed an innovative concept, the North Sea Wind Power Hub, in which several farms are connected to an artificial island which has interconnection to surrounding countries. This aims to reduce overall costs, but studies have so far evaluated hypothetical designs rather than the specific system operators’ proposal, and focused primarily on construction costs rather than ongoing system-wide impacts. Here we develop a bottom-up capital cost estimate to compare the Power Hub with conventional point-to-point connection for offshore wind farms. We quantify its consequential impacts on regional electricity prices, the value of wind generation, fossil fuel generation and carbon emissions in 2030 using a pan-European electricity market model. We find that the Power Hub is cheaper if more than 10 GW of wind is built, as the avoided cost of multiple converter platforms offsets the cost of building an artificial island. It has profound impacts on electricity markets across Europe, especially in Britain and Ireland if they gain more interconnection to continental Europe. This impacts the economic viability of wind and gas power stations particularly, and saves 10Mt CO2 per year through reduced curtailment.","author":[{"family":"Jansen","given":"Malte"},{"family":"Duffy","given":"Connor"},{"family":"Green","given":"TC"},{"family":"Staffell","given":"Iain"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.adapen.2022.100090","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2022.100090","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3083883984","type":"article-journal","title":"Climate Perspectives in the Intra–Americas Seas","abstract":"The Intra–Americas Seas region is known for its relevance to air–sea interaction processes, the contrast between large water masses and a relatively small continental area, and the occurrence of extreme events. The differing weather systems and the influence of variability at different spatio–temporal scales is a characteristic feature of the region. The impact of hydro–meteorological extreme events has played a huge importance for regional livelihood, having a mostly negative impact on socioeconomics. The frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events and droughts are often discussed in terms of their impact on economic activities and access to water. Furthermore, future climate projections suggest that warming scenarios are likely to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme events, which poses a major threat to vulnerable communities. In a region where the economy is largely dependent on agriculture and the population is exposed to the impact of extremes, understanding the climate system is key to informed policymaking and management plans. A wealth of knowledge has been published on regional weather and climate, with a majority of studies focusing on specific components of the system. This study aims to provide an integral overview of regional weather and climate suitable for a wider community. Following the presentation of the general features of the region, a large scale is introduced outlining the main structures that affect regional climate. The most relevant climate features are briefly described, focusing on sea surface temperature, low–level circulation, and rainfall patterns. The impact of climate variability at the intra–seasonal, inter–annual, decadal, and multi–decadal scales is discussed. Climate change is considered in the regional context, based on current knowledge for natural and anthropogenic climate change. The present challenges in regional weather and climate studies have also been included in the concluding sections of this review. The overarching aim of this work is to leverage information that may be transferred efficiently to support decision–making processes and provide a solid foundation on regional weather and climate for professionals from different backgrounds.","author":[{"family":"Duránquesada","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Sorí","given":"Rogert"},{"family":"Ordóñez","given":"Paulina"},{"family":"Gimeno","given":"Luís"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/atmos11090959","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090959","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4292476217","type":"article-journal","title":"SRAM Cell Design Challenges in Modern Deep Sub-Micron Technologies: An Overview","abstract":"Microprocessors use static random-access memory (SRAM) cells in the cache memory design. As a part of the central computing component, their performance is critical. Modern system-on-chips (SoC) escalate performance pressure because only 10-15% of the transistors accounts for logic, while the remaining transistors are for the cache memory. Moreover, modern implantable, portable and wearable electronic devices rely on artificial intelligence (AI), demanding an efficient and reliable SRAM design for compute-in-memory (CIM). For performance benchmark achievements, maintaining reliability is a major concern in recent technological nodes. Specifically, battery-operated applications utilize low-supply voltages, putting the SRAM cell's stability at risk. In modern devices, the off-state current of a transistor is becoming comparable to the on-state current. On the other hand, process variations change the transistor design parameters and eventually compromise design integrity. Furthermore, sensitive information processing, environmental conditions and charge emission from IC packaging materials undermine the SRAM cell's reliability. FinFET-SRAMs, with aggressive scaling, have taken operation to the limit, where a minute anomaly can cause failure. This article comprehensively reviews prominent challenges to the SRAM cell design after classifying them into five distinct categories. Each category explains underlying mathematical relations followed by viable solutions.","author":[{"family":"Gul","given":"W"},{"family":"Shams","given":"Maitham"},{"family":"Al-Khalili","given":"D"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/mi13081332","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13081332","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3094538756","type":"article-journal","title":"Twelve Recommendations for Advancing Marine Conservation in European and Contiguous Seas","abstract":"Like most ocean regions today, the European and contiguous seas experience cumulative impacts from local human activities and global pressures. They are largely in poor environmental condition with deteriorating trends. Despite several success stories, European policies for marine conservation fall short of being effective. Acknowledging the challenges for marine conservation, a four-year multi-national network, MarCons, supported collaborative marine conservation efforts to bridge the gap between science, management and policy, aiming to contribute in reversing present negative trends. By consolidating a large network of more than 100 scientists from 26 countries, and conducting a series of workshops over four years (2016-2020), MarCons analysed challenges, opportunities and obstacles for advancing marine conservation in the European and contiguous seas. Here, we synthesize the major issues that emerged from this analysis and make 12 key recommendations for policy makers, marine managers, and researchers. To increase the effectiveness of marine conservation planning, we recommend (1) designing coherent networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the framework of marine spatial planning (MSP) and applying systematic conservation planning principles, including re-evaluation of existing management zones, (2) designing MPA networks within a broader transboundary planning framework, and (3) implementing integrated land-freshwater-sea approaches. To address inadequate or poorly informed management, we recommend (4) developing and implementing adaptive management plans in all sites of the Natura 2000 European conservation network and revising the Natura 2000 framework, (5) embedding and implementing cumulative effects assessments into a risk management process and making them operational, and (6) promoting actions to reach ‘good environmental status’ in all European waters. To account for global change in conservation planning and management, we further recommend (7) developing conservation strategies to address the impacts of global change, and (8) incorporating biological invasions in conservation plans and prioritizing management actions to control invasive species. Finally, to improve current practices that may compromise the effectiveness of conservation actions, we recommend (9) reinforcing the collection of high-quality open-access data, (10) improving mechanisms for public participation in MPA planning and management, (11) prioritizing conservation goals in full collaboration with stakeholders, and (12) addressing gender inequality in marine sciences and conservation.","author":[{"family":"Katsanevakis","given":"Stelios"},{"family":"Coll","given":"Marta"},{"family":"Fraschetti","given":"Simonetta"},{"family":"Giakoumi","given":"Sylvaine"},{"family":"Goldsborough","given":"David"},{"family":"Mačić","given":"Vesna"},{"family":"Mackelworth","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Rilov","given":"Gil"},{"family":"Stelzenmüller","given":"Vanessa"},{"family":"Albano","given":"Paolo"},{"family":"Bates","given":"Amanda"},{"family":"Bevilacqua","given":"Stanislao"},{"family":"Gissi","given":"Elena"},{"family":"Hermoso","given":"Virgilio"},{"family":"Mazaris","given":"Antonios"},{"family":"Pita","given":"Cristina"},{"family":"Rossi","given":"Valentina"},{"family":"Teffseker","given":"Yael"},{"family":"Yates","given":"Katherine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2020.565968","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.565968","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3037113493","type":"article-journal","title":"The contribution of microbial communities in polymetallic nodules to the diversity of the deep-sea microbiome of the Peru Basin (4130–4198 m depth)","abstract":"Abstract. Industrial-scale mining of deep-sea polymetallic nodules will remove nodules in large areas of the sea floor. The regrowth of the nodules by metal precipitation is estimated to take millions of years. Thus, for future mining impact studies, it is crucial to understand the role of nodules in shaping microbial diversity and function in deep-sea environments. Here we investigated microbial-community composition based on 16S rRNA gene sequences retrieved from sediments and nodules of the Peru Basin (4130–4198 m water depth). The nodule field of the Peru Basin showed a typical deep-sea microbiome, with dominance of the classes Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and Acidimicrobiia. Nodules and sediments host distinct bacterial and archaeal communities, with nodules showing lower diversity and a higher proportion of sequences related to potential metal-cycling Bacteria (i.e. Magnetospiraceae, Hyphomicrobiaceae), bacterial and archaeal nitrifiers (i.e. AqS1, unclassified Nitrosomonadaceae, Nitrosopumilus, Nitrospina, Nitrospira), and bacterial sequences found in the oceanic crust, nodules, hydrothermal deposits, and sessile fauna. Sediment and nodule communities overall shared a low proportion of operational taxonomic units (OTUs; 21 % for Bacteria and 19 % for Archaea). Our results show that nodules represent a specific ecological niche (i.e. hard substrate, high metal concentrations, and sessile fauna), with a potentially relevant role in organic-carbon degradation. Differences in nodule community composition (e.g. Mn-cycling bacteria, nitrifiers) between the Clarion–Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ) and the Peru Basin suggest that changes in environmental setting (e.g. sedimentation rates) also play a significant role in structuring the nodule microbiome.","author":[{"family":"Molari","given":"Massimiliano"},{"family":"Janßen","given":"Felix"},{"family":"Vonnahme","given":"Tobias"},{"family":"Wenzhöfer","given":"Frank"},{"family":"Boëtius","given":"Antje"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.5194/bg-17-3203-2020","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3203-2020","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3209073105","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning in Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis Prediction: A Minireview on Challenges, Recent Trends, and Future Directions","abstract":"Deep learning (DL) is a branch of machine learning and artificial intelligence that has been applied to many areas in different domains such as health care and drug design. Cancer prognosis estimates the ultimate fate of a cancer subject and provides survival estimation of the subjects. An accurate and timely diagnostic and prognostic decision will greatly benefit cancer subjects. DL has emerged as a technology of choice due to the availability of high computational resources. The main components in a standard computer-aided design (CAD) system are preprocessing, feature recognition, extraction and selection, categorization, and performance assessment. Reduction of costs associated with sequencing systems offers a myriad of opportunities for building precise models for cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction. In this survey, we provided a summary of current works where DL has helped to determine the best models for the cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction tasks. DL is a generic model requiring minimal data manipulations and achieves better results while working with enormous volumes of data. Aims are to scrutinize the influence of DL systems using histopathology images, present a summary of state-of-the-art DL methods, and give directions to future researchers to refine the existing methods.","author":[{"family":"Tufail","given":"Ahsan"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Yongkui"},{"family":"Kaabar","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Martínez","given":"Francisco"},{"family":"Junejo","given":"AR"},{"family":"Ullah","given":"Inam"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Rahim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1155/2021/9025470","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9025470","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3137795712","type":"article-journal","title":"Integrating new sea‐level scenarios into coastal risk and adaptation assessments: An ongoing process","abstract":"Abstract The release of new and updated sea‐level rise (SLR) information, such as from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Reports, needs to be better anticipated in coastal risk and adaptation assessments. This requires risk and adaptation assessments to be regularly reviewed and updated as needed, reflecting the new information but retaining useful information from earlier assessments. In this paper, updated guidance on the types of SLR information available is presented, including for sea‐level extremes. An intercomparison of the evolution of the headline projected ranges across all the IPCC reports show an increase from the fourth and fifth assessments to the most recent “ Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate ” assessment. IPCC reports have begun to highlight the importance of potential high‐end sea‐level response, mainly reflecting uncertainties in the Greenland/Antarctic ice sheet components, and how this might be considered in scenarios. The methods that are developed here are practical and consider coastal risk assessment, adaptation planning, and long‐term decision‐making to be an ongoing process and ensure that despite the large uncertainties, pragmatic adaptation decisions can be made. It is concluded that new sea‐level information should not be seen as an automatic reason for abandoning existing assessments, but as an opportunity to review (i) the assessment's robustness in the light of new science and (ii) the utility of proactive adaptation and planning strategies, especially over the more uncertain longer term. This article is categorized under: Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Scenario Development and Application","author":[{"family":"Nicholls","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Hanson","given":"Susan"},{"family":"Lowe","given":"Jason"},{"family":"Slangen","given":"Aimée"},{"family":"Wahl","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Hinkel","given":"Jochen"},{"family":"Long","given":"Antony"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1002/wcc.706","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.706","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3022851742","type":"article-journal","title":"Investigations of Object Detection in Images/Videos Using Various Deep Learning Techniques and Embedded Platforms—A Comprehensive Review","abstract":"In recent years there has been remarkable progress in one computer vision application area: object detection. One of the most challenging and fundamental problems in object detection is locating a specific object from the multiple objects present in a scene. Earlier traditional detection methods were used for detecting the objects with the introduction of convolutional neural networks. From 2012 onward, deep learning-based techniques were used for feature extraction, and that led to remarkable breakthroughs in this area. This paper shows a detailed survey on recent advancements and achievements in object detection using various deep learning techniques. Several topics have been included, such as Viola–Jones (VJ), histogram of oriented gradient (HOG), one-shot and two-shot detectors, benchmark datasets, evaluation metrics, speed-up techniques, and current state-of-art object detectors. Detailed discussions on some important applications in object detection areas, including pedestrian detection, crowd detection, and real-time object detection on Gpu-based embedded systems have been presented. At last, we conclude by identifying promising future directions.","author":[{"family":"Murthy","given":"Chinthakindi"},{"family":"Hashmi","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Bokde","given":"Neeraj"},{"family":"Geem","given":"Zong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app10093280","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093280","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4296780456","type":"article-journal","title":"A forgotten element of the blue economy: marine biomimetics and inspiration from the deep sea","abstract":"The morphology, physiology, and behavior of marine organisms have been a valuable source of inspiration for solving conceptual and design problems. Here, we introduce this rich and rapidly expanding field of marine biomimetics, and identify it as a poorly articulated and often overlooked element of the ocean economy associated with substantial monetary benefits. We showcase innovations across seven broad categories of marine biomimetic design (adhesion, antifouling, armor, buoyancy, movement, sensory, stealth), and use this framing as context for a closer consideration of the increasingly frequent focus on deep-sea life as an inspiration for biomimetic design. We contend that marine biomimetics is not only a \"forgotten\" sector of the ocean economy, but has the potential to drive appreciation of nonmonetary values, conservation, and stewardship, making it well-aligned with notions of a sustainable blue economy. We note, however, that the highest ambitions for a blue economy are that it not only drives sustainability, but also greater equity and inclusivity, and conclude by articulating challenges and considerations for bringing marine biomimetics onto this trajectory.","author":[{"family":"Blasiak","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Jouffray","given":"Jean‐baptiste"},{"family":"Amon","given":"Diva"},{"family":"Moberg","given":"Fredrik"},{"family":"Claudet","given":"Joachim"},{"family":"Jørgensen","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Pranindita","given":"Agnes"},{"family":"Wabnitz","given":"Colette"},{"family":"Österblom","given":"Henrik"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac196","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac196","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4220770229","type":"article-journal","title":"Wind turbine drivetrains: state-of-the-art technologies and future development trends","abstract":"Abstract. This paper presents the state-of-the-art technologies and development trends of wind turbine drivetrains – the system that converts kinetic energy of the wind to electrical energy – in different stages of their life cycle: design, manufacturing, installation, operation, lifetime extension, decommissioning and recycling. Offshore development and digitalization are also a focal point in this study. Drivetrain in this context includes the whole power conversion system: main bearing, shafts, gearbox, generator and power converter. The main aim of this article is to review the drivetrain technology development as well as to identify future challenges and research gaps. The main challenges in drivetrain research identified in this paper include drivetrain dynamic responses in large or floating turbines, aerodynamic and farm control effects, use of rare-earth material in generators, improving reliability through prognostics, and use of advances in digitalization. These challenges illustrate the multidisciplinary aspect of wind turbine drivetrains, which emphasizes the need for more interdisciplinary research and collaboration.","author":[{"family":"Nejad","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Keller","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Sheng","given":"Shuangwen"},{"family":"Polinder","given":"Henk"},{"family":"Watson","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Jianning"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Zian"},{"family":"Ebrahimi","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Schelenz","given":"Ralf"},{"family":"Guzman","given":"Francisco"},{"family":"Cornel","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Golafshan","given":"Reza"},{"family":"Jacobs","given":"Georg"},{"family":"Blockmans","given":"Bart"},{"family":"Bosmans","given":"Jelle"},{"family":"Pluymers","given":"Bert"},{"family":"Carroll","given":"James"},{"family":"Koukoura","given":"Sofia"},{"family":"Hart","given":"Edward"},{"family":"Mcdonald","given":"Alasdair"},{"family":"Natarajan","given":"Anand"},{"family":"Torsvik","given":"Jone"},{"family":"Moghadam","given":"Farid"},{"family":"Daems","given":"Pieter"},{"family":"Verstraeten","given":"Timothy"},{"family":"Peeters","given":"Cédric"},{"family":"Helsen","given":"Jan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.5194/wes-7-387-2022","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-387-2022","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3163830392","type":"article-journal","title":"Exploring the Potential of Precision Livestock Farming Technologies to Help Address Farm Animal Welfare","abstract":"The rise in the demand for animal products due to demographic and dietary changes has exacerbated difficulties in addressing societal concerns related to the environment, human health, and animal welfare. As a response to this challenge, Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technologies are being developed to monitor animal health and welfare parameters in a continuous and automated way, offering the opportunity to improve productivity and detect health issues at an early stage. However, ethical concerns have been raised regarding their potential to facilitate the management of production systems that are potentially harmful to animal welfare, or to impact the human-animal relationship and farmers' duty of care. Using the Five Domains Model (FDM) as a framework, the aim is to explore the potential of PLF to help address animal welfare and to discuss potential welfare benefits and risks of using such technology. A variety of technologies are identified and classified according to their type [sensors, bolus, image or sound based, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)], their development stage, the species they apply to, and their potential impact on welfare. While PLF technologies have promising potential to reduce the occurrence of diseases and injuries in livestock farming systems, their current ability to help promote positive welfare states remains limited, as technologies with such potential generally remain at earlier development stages. This is likely due to the lack of evidence related to the validity of positive welfare indicators as well as challenges in technology adoption and development. Finally, the extent to which welfare can be improved will also strongly depend on whether management practices will be adapted to minimize negative consequences and maximize benefits to welfare.","author":[{"family":"Schillings","given":"Juliette"},{"family":"Bennett","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Rose","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fanim.2021.639678","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2021.639678","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3177483506","type":"article-journal","title":"Quantum technologies in space","abstract":"Recently, the European Commission supported by many European countries has announced large investments towards the commercialization of quantum technology (QT) to address and mitigate some of the biggest challenges facing today's digital era - e.g. secure communication and computing power. For more than two decades the QT community has been working on the development of QTs, which promise landmark breakthroughs leading to commercialization in various areas. The ambitious goals of the QT community and expectations of EU authorities cannot be met solely by individual initiatives of single countries, and therefore, require a combined European effort of large and unprecedented dimensions comparable only to the Galileo or Copernicus programs. Strong international competition calls for a coordinated European effort towards the development of QT in and for space, including research and development of technology in the areas of communication and sensing. Here, we aim at summarizing the state of the art in the development of quantum technologies which have an impact in the field of space applications. Our goal is to outline a complete framework for the design, development, implementation, and exploitation of quantum technology in space.","author":[{"family":"Kaltenbaek","given":"Rainer"},{"family":"Acin","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Bacsardi","given":"Laszlo"},{"family":"Bianco","given":"Paolo"},{"family":"Bouyer","given":"Philippe"},{"family":"Diamanti","given":"Eleni"},{"family":"Marquardt","given":"Christoph"},{"family":"Omar","given":"Yasser"},{"family":"Pruneri","given":"Valerio"},{"family":"Rasel","given":"Ernst"},{"family":"Sang","given":"Bernhard"},{"family":"Seidel","given":"Stephan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10686-021-09731-x","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-021-09731-x","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3173639683","type":"article-journal","title":"Long-term temperature and sea-level rise stabilization before and beyond 2100: Estimating the additional climate mitigation contribution from China’s recent 2060 carbon neutrality pledge","abstract":"Abstract As the largest emitter in the world, China recently pledged to reach a carbon peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060, which could accelerate the progress of mitigating negative climate change effects. In this study, we used the Minimum Complexity Earth Simulator and a semi-empirical statistical model to quantify the global mean temperature and sea-level rise (SLR) response under a suite of emission pathways that are constructed to cover various carbon peak and carbon neutrality years in China. The results show that China will require a carbon emission reduction rate of no less than 6%/year and a growth rate of more than 10%/year for carbon capture capacity to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Carbon peak years and peak emissions contribute significantly to mitigating climate change in the near term, while carbon neutrality years are more influential in the long term. Mitigation due to recent China’s pledge alone will contribute a 0.16 °C–0.21 °C avoided warming at 2100 and also lessen the cumulative warming above 1.5 °C level. When accompanied by coordinated international efforts to reach global carbon neutrality before 2070, the 2 °C target can be achieved. However, the 1.5 °C target requires additional efforts, such as global scale adoption of negative emission technology for CO2, as well as a deep cut in non-CO2 GHG emissions. Collectively, the efforts of adopting negative emission technolgy and curbing all greenhouse gas emissions will reduce global warming by 0.9 °C −1.2 °C at 2100, and also reduce SLR by 49–59 cm in 2200, compared to a baseline mitigation pathway already aiming at 2 °C. Our findings suggest that while China’s ambitious carbon-neutral pledge contributes to Paris Agreement’s targets, additional major efforts will be needed, such as reaching an earlier and lower CO2 emission peak, developing negative emission technology for CO2, and cutting other non-CO2 GHGs such as N2O, CH4, O3, and HFCs.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Jiewei"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Huijuan"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Yangyang"},{"family":"Ge","given":"Quansheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1748-9326/ac0cac","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac0cac","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4293542225","type":"article-journal","title":"A review on electric vehicle: Technologies, energy trading, and cyber security","abstract":"The energy transition is an essential effort from a variety of sectors and levels to achieve a carbon-neutral, larger-renewable integrated civilization. The transportation industry, which is largely concentrated in urban areas, emits more than 20% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Various technological difficulties are confronted and resolved as a result of this focus. Consequently, pursuit and research focusing on the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) powered by renewable energy sources are currently a viable option for combating climate change and advancing energy transition. According to current trends, this type of service will diminish the use of internal combustion engines in the future months. A study of the global market scenario for EVs and their future prospects is conducted. Whether energy storage devices and power electronics converters are properly interfaced determines the efficiency of EVs. Moreover, we provide our thoughts on what to expect in the near future in this domain and even the research areas that are still accessible to both industrial and academics.","author":[{"family":"Bharathidasan","given":"Mohan"},{"family":"Indragandhi","given":"Vairavasundaram"},{"family":"Suresh","given":"Vishnu"},{"family":"Jasiński","given":"Michał"},{"family":"Leonowicz","given":"Zbigniew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.egyr.2022.07.145","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.07.145","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3209161350","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning Estimation of Daily Ground‐Level NO 2 Concentrations From Remote Sensing Data","abstract":"Abstract The limited number of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) surface measurements calls for the development of highly accurate approaches to estimating surface NO 2 concentrations. In this study, we leverage a new satellite instrument, the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), along with other predictor variables, to estimate daily surface NO 2 concentrations over Texas in 2019. We use the deep convolutional neural network (Deep‐CNN), an advanced deep learning algorithm, to obtain estimates and achieve a correlation coefficient ( R ) of 0.91, an index of agreement (IOA) of 0.95, and a mean absolute bias (MAB) of 1.75 ppb in surface NO 2 estimation. Additionally, we leverage a novel approach, shapley additive explanations (SHAP), to describe how Deep‐CNN understands each predictor variable. The SHAP results show that the Deep‐CNN model has an advanced understanding of the data set, revealing that TROPOMI closely captures levels of NO 2 . In addition, we show the superiority of our Deep‐CNN model at estimating surface NO 2 over other well‐known machine learning and regression models in the field, including the support vector machines (SVM), random forest (RF), and multiple linear regression (MLR). Although SVM and RF show strong capabilities at estimating surface NO 2 concentrations, their accuracy is inferior to that of the Deep‐CNN model, ranking second and third in model accuracy in this study. The MLR, however, shows a poor ability at NO 2 estimation and ranks last among all models. Testing the impact of sample size on model performance, we also show that, compared to other models, Deep‐CNN needs more samples to trigger its strength at surface NO 2 estimation.","author":[{"family":"Ghahremanloo","given":"Masoud"},{"family":"Lops","given":"Yannic"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Yunsoo"},{"family":"Yeganeh","given":"Bijan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2021jd034925","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd034925","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3034622873","type":"article-journal","title":"Micromanufacturing technologies of compact heat exchangers for hypersonic precooled airbreathing propulsion: A review","abstract":"The Hypersonic Precooled Combined Cycle Engine (HPCCE), which introduces precooler into traditional hypersonic engine, is regarded as the most promising propulsion system for realizing a single-stage-to-orbit vehicle. The unique demands lead to the application of the compact heat exchangers, which can realize high thrust-to-weight ratio, sufficient specific impulse and high compression ratio. However, it is challenging to accurately manufacture the compact heat exchanger due to its extremely high heat dissipation capacity, remarkable compactness, superior adaptability and harsh operating condition. This review summarizes the precooling schemes of combined cycle propulsions and describes the demands and key issues in the fabrication of a compact heat exchanger for HPCCE. The investigation focuses on the application of various micromanufacturing methods of heat exchangers constructed from tubes of less than 1 mm in diameter and microchannels of less than 200 micrometers. Various micromanufacturing processes, which include microforming, micromachining, stereolithography, chemical etching, 3D printing, joining and other advanced microfabricating processes, were reviewed. In addition, the technologies are compared in terms of dimensional tolerance, material compatibility, and process applicability. Furthermore, the boundaries of the micromanufacturing constraints are specified as references for the design of compact heat exchangers. Ultimately, the technological difficulties and development trends are discussed for the fabrication of compact heat exchangers for HPCCE.","author":[{"family":"Meng","given":"Bao"},{"family":"Wan","given":"Min"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Zou","given":"Zhengping"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Huoxing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.cja.2020.03.028","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2020.03.028","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3198369025","type":"article-journal","title":"Analysing long-term opportunities for offshore energy system integration in the Danish North Sea","abstract":"This study analyzes future synergies between the Oil and Gas (O&G) and renewables sectors in a Danish context and explores how exploiting these synergies could lead to economic and environmental benefits. We review and highlight relevant technologies and related projects, and synthesize the state of the art in offshore energy system integration. All of these preliminary results serve as input data for a holistic energy system analysis in the Balmorel modeling framework. With a timeframe out to 2050 and model scope including all North Sea neighbouring countries, this analysis explores a total of nine future scenarios for the North Sea energy system. The main results include an immediate electrification of all operational Danish platforms by linking them to the shore and/or a planned Danish energy island. These measures result in cost and CO2 emissions savings compared to a BAU scenario of 72% and 85% respectively. When these platforms cease production, this is followed by the repurposing of the platforms into hydrogen generators with up to 3.6 GW of electrolysers and the development of up to 5.8 GW of floating wind. The generated hydrogen is assumed to power the future transport sector, and is delivered to shore in existing and/or new purpose-built pipelines. The contribution of the O&G sector to this hydrogen production amounts to around 19 TWh, which represents about 2% of total European hydrogen demand for transport in 2050. The levelized costs (LCOE) of producing this hydrogen in 2050 are around 4 €2020/kg H2, which is around twice those expected in similar studies. But this does not account for energy policies that may incentivize green hydrogen production in the future, which would serve to reduce this LCOE to a level that is more competitive with other sources.","author":[{"family":"Mckenna","given":"Russell"},{"family":"Dandrea","given":"MR"},{"family":"González","given":"Mario"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100067","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4206513084","type":"article-journal","title":"The Mediterranean Sea we want","abstract":"This paper presents major gaps and challenges for implementing the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030) in the Mediterranean region. The authors make recommendations on the scientific knowledge needs and co-design actions identified during two consultations, part of the Decade preparatory-phase, framing them in the Mediterranean Sea’s unique environmental and socio-economic perspectives. According to the ‘Mediterranean State of the Environment and Development Report 2020’ by the United Nations Environment Programme Mediterranean Action Plan and despite notable progress, the Mediterranean region is not on track to achieve and fully implement the Sustainable Development Goals of Agenda 2030. Key factors are the cumulative effect of multiple human-induced pressures that threaten the ecosystem resources and services in the global change scenario. The basin, identified as a climate change vulnerability hotspot, is exposed to pollution and rising impacts of climate change. This affects mainly the coastal zones, at increasing risk of extreme events and their negative effects of unsustainable management of key economic assets. Transitioning to a sustainable blue economy is the key for the marine environment’s health and the nourishment of future generations. This challenging context, offering the opportunity of enhancing the knowledge to define science-based measures as well as narrowing the gaps between the Northen and Southern shores, calls for a joint (re)action. The paper reviews the state of the art of Mediterranean Sea science knowledge, sets of trends, capacity development needs, specific challenges, and recommendations for each Decade’s societal outcome. In the conclusions, the proposal for a Mediterranean regional programme in the framework of the Ocean Decade is addressed. The core objective relies on integrating and improving the existing ocean-knowledge, Ocean Literacy, and ocean observing capacities building on international cooperation to reach the “Mediterranean Sea that we want”.","author":[{"family":"Cappelletto","given":"Margherita"},{"family":"Santoleri","given":"Rosalia"},{"family":"Evangelista","given":"Lorenza"},{"family":"Galgani","given":"François"},{"family":"Garcés","given":"Esther"},{"family":"Giorgetti","given":"Alessandra"},{"family":"Fava","given":"Fabio"},{"family":"Herut","given":"Barak"},{"family":"Hilmi","given":"Karim"},{"family":"Kholeif","given":"Suzan"},{"family":"Lorito","given":"Stefano"},{"family":"Sammari","given":"Chérif"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1590/2675-2824069.21019mc","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1590/2675-2824069.21019mc","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3201994217","type":"article-journal","title":"Hydrogen production, storage, utilisation and environmental impacts: a review","abstract":"Abstract Dihydrogen (H 2 ), commonly named ‘hydrogen’, is increasingly recognised as a clean and reliable energy vector for decarbonisation and defossilisation by various sectors. The global hydrogen demand is projected to increase from 70 million tonnes in 2019 to 120 million tonnes by 2024. Hydrogen development should also meet the seventh goal of ‘affordable and clean energy’ of the United Nations. Here we review hydrogen production and life cycle analysis, hydrogen geological storage and hydrogen utilisation. Hydrogen is produced by water electrolysis, steam methane reforming, methane pyrolysis and coal gasification. We compare the environmental impact of hydrogen production routes by life cycle analysis. Hydrogen is used in power systems, transportation, hydrocarbon and ammonia production, and metallugical industries. Overall, combining electrolysis-generated hydrogen with hydrogen storage in underground porous media such as geological reservoirs and salt caverns is well suited for shifting excess off-peak energy to meet dispatchable on-peak demand.","author":[{"family":"Osman","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Mehta","given":"Neha"},{"family":"Elgarahy","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Hefny","given":"Mahmoud"},{"family":"Alhinai","given":"Amer"},{"family":"Almuhtaseb","given":"Ala’a"},{"family":"Rooney","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10311-021-01322-8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01322-8","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4296564540","type":"article-journal","title":"An in situ study of abyssal turbidity-current sediment plumes generated by a deep seabed polymetallic nodule mining preprototype collector vehicle","abstract":"An in situ study to investigate the dynamics of sediment plumes near the release from a deep seabed polymetallic nodule mining preprototype collector vehicle was conducted in the Clarion Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean 4500-m deep. The experiments reveal that the excess density of the released sediment-laden water leads to a low-lying, laterally spreading turbidity current. At the time of measurement, 2 to 8% of the sediment mass were detected 2 m or higher above the seabed and were not observed to settle over several hours, with the remaining 92 to 98% below 2 m and some fraction of that locally deposited. Our results suggest that turbidity current dynamics sets the fraction of sediment remaining suspended and the scale of the subsequent ambient sediment plume. The implications of this process, which is characteristically overlooked in previous modeling efforts, are substantial for plume modeling that will lie at the heart of environmental impact statements for regulatory consideration.","author":[{"family":"Royo","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Ouillon","given":"Raphael"},{"family":"Mousadik","given":"Souha"},{"family":"Alford","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Peacock","given":"Thomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.abn1219","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn1219","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2412.15574","type":"manuscript","title":"J-EDI QA: Benchmark for deep-sea organism-specific multimodal LLM","abstract":"Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) has made available the JAMSTEC Earth Deep-sea Image (J-EDI), a deep-sea video and image archive (https://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/jedi/e/index.html). This archive serves as a valuable resource for researchers and scholars interested in deep-sea imagery. The dataset comprises images and videos of deep-sea phenomena, predominantly of marine organisms, but also of the seafloor and physical processes. In this study, we propose J-EDI QA, a benchmark for understanding images of deep-sea organisms using a multimodal large language model (LLM). The benchmark is comprised of 100 images, accompanied by questions and answers with four options by JAMSTEC researchers for each image. The QA pairs are provided in Japanese, and the benchmark assesses the ability to understand deep-sea species in Japanese. In the evaluation presented in this paper, OpenAI o1 achieved a 50% correct response rate. This result indicates that even with the capabilities of state-of-the-art models as of December 2024, deep-sea species comprehension is not yet at an expert level. Further advances in deep-sea species-specific LLMs are therefore required.","author":[{"family":"Yoshida","given":"Takero"},{"family":"Ito","given":"Yuikazu"},{"family":"Fujiwara","given":"Yoshihiro"},{"family":"Tsuchida","given":"Shinji"},{"family":"Sugiyama","given":"Daisuke"},{"family":"Matsuoka","given":"Daisuke"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2412.15574","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2412.15574","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W3190223961","type":"article-journal","title":"The Copernicus Global 1/12° Oceanic and Sea Ice GLORYS12 Reanalysis","abstract":"GLORYS12 is a global eddy-resolving physical ocean and sea ice reanalysis at 1/12° horizontal resolution covering the 1993-present altimetry period, designed and implemented in the framework of the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS). The model component is the NEMO platform driven at the surface by atmospheric conditions from the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis. Ocean observations are assimilated by means of a reduced-order Kalman filter. Along track altimeter sea level anomaly, satellite sea surface temperature and sea ice concentration, as well as in situ temperature and salinity vertical profiles are jointly assimilated. A 3D-VAR scheme provides an additional correction for the slowly-evolving large-scale biases in temperature and salinity. The performance of the reanalysis shows a clear dependency on the time-dependent in situ observation system. The general assessment of GLORYS12 highlights a level of performance at the state-of-the-art and the capacity of the system to capture the main expected climatic interannual variability signals for ocean and sea ice, the general circulation and the inter-basins exchanges. In terms of trends, GLORYS12 shows a higher than observed warming trend together with a slightly lower than observed global mean sea level rise. Comparisons made with an experiment carried out on the same platform without assimilation show the benefit of data assimilation in controlling water mass properties and sea ice cover and their low frequency variability. Moreover, GLORYS12 represents particularly well the small-scale variability of surface dynamics and compares well with independent (non-assimilated) data. Comparisons made with a twin experiment carried out at 1/4° resolution allows characterizing and quantifying the strengthened contribution of the 1/12° resolution onto the downscaled dynamics. GLORYS12 provides a reliable physical ocean state for climate variability and supports applications such as seasonal forecasts. In addition, this reanalysis has strong assets to serve regional applications and provide relevant physical conditions for applications such as marine biogeochemistry. In the near future, GLORYS12 will be maintained to be as close as possible to real time and could therefore provide relevant and continuous reference past ocean states for many operational applications.","author":[{"family":"Jean-Michel","given":"Lellouche"},{"family":"Eric","given":"Greiner"},{"family":"Romain","given":"Bourdallé"},{"family":"Garric","given":"Gilles"},{"family":"Angélique","given":"Melet"},{"family":"Drévillon","given":"Marie"},{"family":"Bricaud","given":"Clément"},{"family":"Mathieu","given":"Hamon"},{"family":"Olivier","given":"Le"},{"family":"Charly","given":"Regnier"},{"family":"Tony","given":"Candela"},{"family":"Charles-Emmanuel","given":"Testut"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3389/feart.2021.698876","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.698876","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3108568155","type":"article-journal","title":"A Blueprint for an Inclusive, Global Deep-Sea Ocean Decade Field Program","abstract":"The ocean plays a crucial role in the functioning of the Earth System and in the provision of vital goods and services. The United Nations (UN) declared 2021–2030 as the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. The Roadmap for the Ocean Decade aims to achieve six critical societal outcomes (SOs) by 2030, through the pursuit of four objectives (Os). It specifically recognizes the scarcity of biological data for deep-sea biomes, and challenges the global scientific community to conduct research to advance understanding of deep-sea ecosystems to inform sustainable management. In this paper, we map four key scientific questions identified by the academic community to the Ocean Decade SOs: (i) What is the diversity of life in the deep ocean? (ii) How are populations and habitats connected? (iii) What is the role of living organisms in ecosystem function and service provision? and (iv) How do species, communities, and ecosystems respond to disturbance? We then consider the design of a global-scale program to address these questions by reviewing key drivers of ecological pattern and process. We recommend using the following criteria to stratify a global survey design: biogeographic region, depth, horizontal distance, substrate type, high and low climate hazard, fished/unfished, near/far from sources of pollution, licensed/protected from industry activities. We consider both spatial and temporal surveys, and emphasize new biological data collection that prioritizes southern and polar latitudes, deeper (> 2000 m) depths, and midwater environments. We provide guidance on observational, experimental, and monitoring needs for different benthic and pelagic ecosystems. We then review recent efforts to standardize biological data and specimen collection and archiving, making “sampling design to knowledge application” recommendations in the context of a new global program. We also review and comment on needs, and recommend actions, to develop capacity in deep-sea research; and the role of inclusivity - from accessing indigenous and local knowledge to the sharing of technologies - as part of such a global program. We discuss the concept of a new global deep-sea biological research program ‘ Challenger 150 ,’ highlighting what it could deliver for the Ocean Decade and UN Sustainable Development Goal 14.","author":[{"family":"Howell","given":"Kerry"},{"family":"Hilário","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Allcock","given":"AL"},{"family":"Bailey","given":"David"},{"family":"Baker","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Clark","given":"Malcolm"},{"family":"Colaço","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Copley","given":"Jon"},{"family":"Cordes","given":"Erik"},{"family":"Danovaro","given":"Roberto"},{"family":"Dissanayake","given":"Awantha"},{"family":"Escobarbriones","given":"Elva"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2020.584861","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.584861","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3109111471","type":"article-journal","title":"Progress in Research on Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Deep-Sea Derived Microorganisms","abstract":"Deep sea has an extreme environment which leads to biodiversity of microorganisms and their unique physical and biochemical mechanisms. Deep-sea derived microorganisms are more likely to produce novel bioactive substances with special mechanism of action for drug discovery. This article reviews secondary metabolites with biological activities such as anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory isolated from deep-sea fungi and bacteria during 2018-2020. Effective methods for screening and obtaining natural active compounds from deep-sea microorganisms are also summarized, including optimizing the culture conditions, using genome mining technology, biosynthesis and so on. The comprehensive application of these methods makes broader prospects for the development and application of deep sea microbial bioactive substances.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Yanan"},{"family":"Meng","given":"Ling‐hong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Bin‐gui"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/md18120614","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/md18120614","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3047335959","type":"article-journal","title":"A comprehensive review of deep learning applications in hydrology and water resources","abstract":"The global volume of digital data is expected to reach 175 zettabytes by 2025. The volume, variety and velocity of water-related data are increasing due to large-scale sensor networks and increased attention to topics such as disaster response, water resources management, and climate change. Combined with the growing availability of computational resources and popularity of deep learning, these data are transformed into actionable and practical knowledge, revolutionizing the water industry. In this article, a systematic review of literature is conducted to identify existing research that incorporates deep learning methods in the water sector, with regard to monitoring, management, governance and communication of water resources. The study provides a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art deep learning approaches used in the water industry for generation, prediction, enhancement, and classification tasks, and serves as a guide for how to utilize available deep learning methods for future water resources challenges. Key issues and challenges in the application of these techniques in the water domain are discussed, including the ethics of these technologies for decision-making in water resources management and governance. Finally, we provide recommendations and future directions for the application of deep learning models in hydrology and water resources.","author":[{"family":"Sit","given":"Muhammed"},{"family":"Demiray","given":"Bekir"},{"family":"Xiang","given":"Zhongrun"},{"family":"Ewing","given":"Gregory"},{"family":"Sermet","given":"Yusuf"},{"family":"Demir","given":"İbrahim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.2166/wst.2020.369","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.369","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W2999088805","type":"article-journal","title":"Impacts of deep‐sea mining on microbial ecosystem services","abstract":"Abstract Interest in extracting mineral resources from the seafloor through deep‐sea mining has accelerated in the past decade, driven by consumer demand for various metals like zinc, cobalt, and rare earth elements. While there are ongoing studies evaluating potential environmental impacts of deep‐sea mining activities, these focus primarily on impacts to animal biodiversity. The microscopic spectrum of seafloor life and the services that this life provides in the deep sea are rarely considered explicitly. In April 2018, scientists met to define the microbial ecosystem services that should be considered when assessing potential impacts of deep‐sea mining, and to provide recommendations for how to evaluate and safeguard these services. Here, we indicate that the potential impacts of mining on microbial ecosystem services in the deep sea vary substantially, from minimal expected impact to loss of services that cannot be remedied by protected area offsets. For example, we (1) describe potential major losses of microbial ecosystem services at active hydrothermal vent habitats impacted by mining, (2) speculate that there could be major ecosystem service degradation at inactive massive sulfide deposits without extensive mitigation efforts, (3) suggest minor impacts to carbon sequestration within manganese nodule fields coupled with potentially important impacts to primary production capacity, and (4) surmise that assessment of impacts to microbial ecosystem services at seamounts with ferromanganese crusts is too poorly understood to be definitive. We conclude by recommending that baseline assessments of microbial diversity, biomass, and, importantly, biogeochemical function need to be considered in environmental impact assessments of deep‐sea mining.","author":[{"family":"Orcutt","given":"Beth"},{"family":"Bradley","given":"James"},{"family":"Brazelton","given":"William"},{"family":"Estes","given":"Emily"},{"family":"Goordial","given":"Jacqueline"},{"family":"Huber","given":"Julie"},{"family":"Jones","given":"Rose"},{"family":"Mahmoudi","given":"Nagissa"},{"family":"Marlow","given":"Jeffrey"},{"family":"Murdock","given":"Sheryl"},{"family":"Pachiadaki","given":"Maria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1002/lno.11403","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11403","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3028220388","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Image Processing and Object Detection Based on Deep CNN Method","abstract":"Due to the importance of underwater exploration in the development and utilization of deep-sea resources, underwater autonomous operation is more and more important to avoid the dangerous high-pressure deep-sea environment. For underwater autonomous operation, the intelligent computer vision is the most important technology. In an underwater environment, weak illumination and low-quality image enhancement, as a preprocessing procedure, is necessary for underwater vision. In this paper, a combination of max-RGB method and shades of gray method is applied to achieve the enhancement of underwater vision, and then a CNN (Convolutional Neutral Network) method for solving the weakly illuminated problem for underwater images is proposed to train the mapping relationship to obtain the illumination map. After the image processing, a deep CNN method is proposed to perform the underwater detection and classification, according to the characteristics of underwater vision, two improved schemes are applied to modify the deep CNN structure. In the first scheme, a 1 ∗ 1 convolution kernel is used on the 26 ∗ 26 feature map, and then a downsampling layer is added to resize the output to equal 13 ∗ 13 . In the second scheme, a downsampling layer is added firstly, and then the convolution layer is inserted in the network, the result is combined with the last output to achieve the detection. Through comparison with the Fast RCNN, Faster RCNN, and the original YOLO V3, scheme 2 is verified to be better in detecting underwater objects. The detection speed is about 50 FPS (Frames per Second), and mAP (mean Average Precision) is about 90%. The program is applied in an underwater robot; the real-time detection results show that the detection and classification are accurate and fast enough to assist the robot to achieve underwater working operation.","author":[{"family":"Han","given":"Fenglei"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Jingzheng"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Haitao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Chunhui"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1155/2020/6707328","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6707328","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3197144385","type":"article-journal","title":"Recent development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies: A review","abstract":"Hydrogen has emerged as a new energy vector beyond its usual role as an industrial feedstock, primarily for the production of ammonia, methanol, and petroleum refining. In addition to environmental sustainability issues, energy-scarce developed countries, such as Japan and Korea, are also facing an energy security issue, and hydrogen or hydrogen carriers, such as ammonia and methylcyclohexane, seem to be options to address these long-term energy availability issues. China has been eagerly developing renewable energy and hydrogen infrastructure to meet their sustainability goals and the growing energy demand. In this review, we focus on hydrogen electrification through proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which are widely believed to be commercially suitable for automotive applications, particularly for vehicles requiring minimal hydrogen infrastructure support, such as fleets of taxies, buses, and logistic vehicles. This review covers all the key components of PEMFCs, thermal and water management, and related characterization techniques. A special consideration of PEMFCs in automotive applications is the highlight of this work, leading to the infrastructure development for hydrogen generation, storage, and transportation. Furthermore, national strategies toward the use of hydrogen are reviewed, thereby setting the rationale for the hydrogen economy.","author":[{"family":"Fan","given":"Lixin"},{"family":"Tu","given":"Zhengkai"},{"family":"Chan","given":"Siew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.003","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.003","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3187765874","type":"article-journal","title":"A Deep Learning Model for Forecasting Sea Surface Height Anomalies and Temperatures in the South China Sea","abstract":"Abstract The field of forecasting oceanic variables has traditionally relied on numerical models, which effectively consider the ocean's dynamic evolution and are of physical importance. However, to make the models more realistic, complicated processes need to be considered, which is difficult because their calculations are complex. In fact, information on the internal dynamic mechanisms and external driving forces of the ocean are already embedded in the time series of observations. Therefore, we can determine the patterns of ocean variations through data mining of these series to achieve forecasting. Furthermore, to predict variations in ocean processes more realistically, interactions between variables and spatial correlations should be effectively considered. Thus, inspired by available remote sensing data and advancements in deep learning technologies, we develop a hybrid model based on a statistical method and a deep learning model to predict multiple sea surface variables. A case study in the South China Sea shows that this model is highly promising for short‐term daily forecasts of the sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) and sea surface temperature (SST). When the forecast time is 10 days, the root mean square errors of this model forecasts for SSHA and SST are approximately 0.0276 m and 0.46°C, respectively, which are much smaller than those of persistence, climatology and linear regression predictions. The anomaly correlation coefficients for SSHA and SST are approximately 0.864 and 0.633, respectively. The model performs satisfactorily under both normal and typhoon weather conditions.","author":[{"family":"Shao","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Li","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Han","given":"Guijun"},{"family":"Hou","given":"Guangchao"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Siyuan"},{"family":"Gong","given":"Yantian"},{"family":"Qu","given":"Ping"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2021jc017515","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jc017515","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3199397800","type":"article-journal","title":"Artificial intelligence, systemic risks, and sustainability","abstract":"Automated decision making and predictive analytics through artificial intelligence, in combination with rapid progress in technologies such as sensor technology and robotics are likely to change the way individuals, communities, governments and private actors perceive and respond to climate and ecological change. Methods based on various forms of artificial intelligence are already today being applied in a number of research fields related to climate change and environmental monitoring. Investments into applications of these technologies in agriculture, forestry and the extraction of marine resources also seem to be increasing rapidly. Despite a growing interest in, and deployment of AI-technologies in domains critical for sustainability, few have explored possible systemic risks in depth. This article offers a global overview of the progress of such technologies in sectors with high impact potential for sustainability like farming, forestry and the extraction of marine resources. We also identify possible systemic risks in these domains including a) algorithmic bias and allocative harms; b) unequal access and benefits; c) cascading failures and external disruptions, and d) trade-offs between efficiency and resilience. We explore these emerging risks, identify critical questions, and discuss the limitations of current governance mechanisms in addressing AI sustainability risks in these sectors.","author":[{"family":"Galaz","given":"Victor"},{"family":"Centeno","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"Callahan","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Causevic","given":"Amar"},{"family":"Patterson","given":"Thayer"},{"family":"Brass","given":"Irina"},{"family":"Baum","given":"Seth"},{"family":"Farber","given":"Darryl"},{"family":"Fischer","given":"Joern"},{"family":"García","given":"David"},{"family":"Mcphearson","given":"Timon"},{"family":"Jiménez","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101741","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101741","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4200400443","type":"article-journal","title":"Aircraft Engine Performance Monitoring and Diagnostics Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks","abstract":"The rapid advancement of machine-learning techniques has played a significant role in the evolution of engine health management technology. In the last decade, deep-learning methods have received a great deal of attention in many application domains, including object recognition and computer vision. Recently, there has been a rapid rise in the use of convolutional neural networks for rotating machinery diagnostics inspired by their powerful feature learning and classification capability. However, the application in the field of gas turbine diagnostics is still limited. This paper presents a gas turbine fault detection and isolation method using modular convolutional neural networks preceded by a physics-driven performance-trend-monitoring system. The trend-monitoring system was employed to capture performance changes due to degradation, establish a new baseline when it is needed, and generatefault signatures. The fault detection and isolation system was trained to step-by-step detect and classify gas path faults to the component level using fault signatures obtained from the physics part. The performance of the method proposed was evaluated based on different fault scenarios for a three-shaft turbofan engine, under significant measurement noise to ensure model robustness. Two comparative assessments were also carried out: with a single convolutional-neural-network-architecture-based fault classification method and with a deep long short-term memory-assisted fault detection and isolation method. The results obtained revealed the performance of the proposed method to detect and isolate multiple gas path faults with over 96% accuracy. Moreover, sharing diagnostic tasks with modular architectures is seen as relevant to significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy.","author":[{"family":"Fentaye","given":"Amare"},{"family":"Zaccaria","given":"Valentina"},{"family":"Kyprianidis","given":"Konstantinos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/machines9120337","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines9120337","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3108996496","type":"article-journal","title":"Sun, sea and sex: a review of the sex tourism literature","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Sex tourism is defined as travel planned specifically for the purpose of sex, generally to a country where prostitution is legal. While much of the literature on sex tourism relates to the commercial sex worker industry, sex tourism also finds expression in non-transactional sexual encounters. This narrative review explores current concepts related to travel and sex, with a focus on trans-national sex tourism. METHODS: The PubMed database was accessed to source relevant literature, using combinations of pertinent search terms. Only articles published in the English language were selected. Reference lists of published articles were also examined for relevant articles. RESULTS: With regard to preferred destinations, South/Central America and the Caribbean were more likely to receive tourists looking for casual sex. Longer duration of travel, travelling alone or with friends, alcohol or drug use, being younger and being single were factors associated with higher levels of casual sex overseas. The majority of literature retrieved on sex workers focused on risk behaviours, sexually transmitted infections (STI), mobility of sex workers and how these factors affected their lives. Sex tourists require better access to effective methods of preventing HIV, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis, and better education on HIV prevention. Drugs and alcohol play a major role as risk factors for and cofactors in casual sexual behaviour while abroad. CONCLUSIONS: Travellers need to be informed of the increased risks of STI before travel. They should be aware of the local prevalence of STIs and the risks associated with their sexual practices when they travel, including engaging with commercial sex workers, having unprotected sexual intercourse and becoming victims of sexual violence.","author":[{"family":"Lu","given":"Timothy"},{"family":"Holmes","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Noone","given":"Chris"},{"family":"Flaherty","given":"Gerard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1186/s40794-020-00124-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40794-020-00124-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3049737458","type":"article-journal","title":"Harnessing new data technologies for nature-based solutions in assessing and managing risk in coastal zones","abstract":"Responsiveness and resilience to coastal disasters is an increasingly critical need for governments, businesses, and communities as the intensity of hurricanes, coastal storms and sea level rise exacerbates flood and erosion damages. The number and severity of disasters have increased significantly over the past two decades while intense coastal development has steadily degraded the protective and other ecosystem benefits from natural habitats such as coral reefs, mangroves and seagrasses. Such ecosystems can provide cost-effective, long-term risk reduction and other benefits to coastal communities. Yet easy, low-cost methodologies for incorporating such natural capital values into metrics that can inform policy and investment decisions have been lacking until recently. Whereas new approaches and studies have developed ways to quantify and assess such risk reduction benefits, finding the data to assess such services in data poor environments, both for regional and local scales, remains challenging. This paper outlines how breakthroughs in data technologies can help with incorporating ecosystem benefits into real-world policy and investment applications. Specific new data and analytical technologies are increasingly being used to quantify coastal risk reduction and other ecosystem benefits. We review several case studies where ecosystem benefits were quantified based on new data technologies and used for policy and investment strategies to improve a broader suite of ecosystem benefits to coastal communities. Equipping public and private sector actors with cost-effective and accessible approaches and tools to incorporate nature-based solutions into disaster risk management and coastal zone management planning more generally can transform climate resilience strategies around the world.","author":[{"family":"Ruckelshaus","given":"Mary"},{"family":"Reguero","given":"Borja"},{"family":"Arkema","given":"Katie"},{"family":"Compeán","given":"Roberto"},{"family":"Weekes","given":"Khafi"},{"family":"Bailey","given":"Allison"},{"family":"Silver","given":"Jessica"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101795","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101795","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4220991231","type":"article-journal","title":"Moving towards improved surveillance and earlier diagnosis of aquatic pathogens: From traditional methods to emerging technologies","abstract":"Early and accurate diagnosis is key to mitigating the impact of infectious diseases, along with efficient surveillance. This however is particularly challenging in aquatic environments due to hidden biodiversity and physical constraints. Traditional diagnostics, such as visual diagnosis and histopathology, are still widely used, but increasingly technological advances such as portable next generation sequencing (NGS) and artificial intelligence (AI) are being tested for early diagnosis. The most straightforward methodologies, based on visual diagnosis, rely on specialist knowledge and experience but provide a foundation for surveillance. Future computational remote sensing methods, such as AI image diagnosis and drone surveillance, will ultimately reduce labour costs whilst not compromising on sensitivity, but they require capital and infrastructural investment. Molecular techniques have advanced rapidly in the last 30 years, from standard PCR through loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to NGS approaches, providing a range of technologies that support the currently popular eDNA diagnosis. There is now vast potential for transformative change driven by developments in human diagnostics. Here we compare current surveillance and diagnostic technologies with those that could be used or developed for use in the aquatic environment, against three gold standard ideals of high sensitivity, specificity, rapid diagnosis, and cost-effectiveness.","author":[{"family":"Macaulay","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Ellison","given":"Amy"},{"family":"Kille","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Cable","given":"Jo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1111/raq.12674","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12674","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4295126618","type":"article-journal","title":"Arctic transshipment hub planning along the Northern Sea Route: A systematic literature review and policy implications of Arctic port infrastructure","abstract":"Previous research on the viability and challenges of commercial shipping along the Northern Sea Route (NSR) has thus far neglected to fully explain the connections between operational models for viable year-round commercial shipping along the NSR and port infrastructure services. In particular, little attention has been paid to the function of ports as transshipment hubs for emerging polar routes. The purpose of this paper is to synthetize the extant knowledge on the topic of Arctic ports and their function as transshipment hubs for polar routes. Following a systematic literature review methodology and using a configurative synthesis, This article analyzes a sample of 47 peer-reviewed articles indexed in high-quality academic databases to examine the extant research on transshipment hubs from a multi-dimensional perspective. The article proposes policy recommendations to address the identified gaps in the literature of transshipment hub functions for the NSR around the following axes: the operational and design features of transshipment terminals; the geopolitical and governance requirements of developing deep-water transshipment terminals; funding possibilities for the operation of transshipment terminals; and the development of a port system that is useful for the whole Arctic.","author":[{"family":"Hermann","given":"Roberto"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Ning"},{"family":"Lebel","given":"Julien"},{"family":"Kovalenko","given":"Alina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105275","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105275","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3105775740","type":"article-journal","title":"Active Faults' Geometry in the Gulf of Aqaba, Southern Dead Sea Fault, Illuminated by Multibeam Bathymetric Data","abstract":"Abstract Detailed knowledge of fault geometry is important for accurate seismic hazard assessment. The Gulf of Aqaba, which corresponds to the southern termination of the 1200‐km‐long Dead Sea fault system, remains one of the least known parts of this plate boundary fault, in large part due to its location offshore. Classically, the Gulf of Aqaba has been described as a succession of three pull‐apart basins. Here, building on a new multibeam bathymetric survey of the Gulf of Aqaba, we provide details about the geometry of the faults at the bottom of the gulf that controls its morphology. In particular, we identify a 50‐km‐long fault section that shows evidence of recent activation. We associate this fault section (Aragonese fault) with the main fault section that ruptured during the 1995 magnitude Mw7.3 Nuweiba earthquake. In the southern part of the gulf, bathymetry emphasizes the strike‐slip nature of the Arnona fault, while dip‐slip motion seems to be accommodated mostly by faults located along the eastern edge of the gulf. Considering the simple linear geometry of the Arnona fault and the absence of any large earthquake for several centuries, despite an average slip‐rate of ∼5 mm/yr, this fault should be considered as a significant candidate for an earthquake rupture of magnitude 7 or above in the near future.","author":[{"family":"Ribot","given":"Matthieu"},{"family":"Klinger","given":"Yann"},{"family":"Jónsson","given":"Sigurjón"},{"family":"Avşar","given":"Ulaş"},{"family":"Ponsbranchu","given":"Edwige"},{"family":"Matrau","given":"Rémi"},{"family":"Mallon","given":"Francis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2020tc006443","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020tc006443","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3041300243","type":"article-journal","title":"Methane Seeps and Independent Methane Plumes in the South China Sea Offshore Taiwan","abstract":"In the northern South China Sea (SCS) we explored methane dynamics in the water column during SONNE-cruise SO266 in October/November 2018. Two depth zones contained elevated methane concentrations: the upper 400 m ( 10°C and > 20°C, respectively. Both 16S rRNA gene and pmoA amplicon analyses revealed distinct microbial and methanotrophic communities in water with temperature of 27°C, ~10°C, and 3°C. Second, we found elevated methane concentrations in 200-400 m in the FWCR-region whereas increased methane concentrations occurred in the uppermost 100 m above SSFR. The deeper plume above FWCR might be due to an intrusion of the Kuroshio water mass into SCS keeping the methane from being aerobically oxidized in the warm surface water and vented to the atmosphere. Finally, all peak methane concentrations occurred in water depth, with rather low backscatter, i.e. in water depth with less suspended matter. At the seafloor, ocean currents and long-term seepage appeared to control methane dynamics. We derived methane fluxes of 0.08-0.12 mmol m-2 d-1 from a 4.5 km2 area at FWCR and of 3.0-79.9 mmol m-2 d-1 from a 0.01 km2 area at SSFR. Repetitive sampling of the area at SSFR indicated that changing directions of ocean currents possibly affected methane concentrations and thus flux. In contrast to these seepage sites with distinct methane plumes, retrieval of drilling equipment produced no methane plume. Even gas emission triggered by seafloor drilling did not supply measureable methane concentrations after 3 hours, but caused an increase in methanotrophic activity as determined by rate measurements and molecular-biological analyses. Apparently, only long-term seepage can generate methane anomalies in the ocean.","author":[{"family":"Mau","given":"Susan"},{"family":"Tu","given":"Tzu‐hsuan"},{"family":"Becker","given":"Marius"},{"family":"Ferreira","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Jhen‐nien"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Li‐hung"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Pei‐ling"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Saulwood"},{"family":"Bohrmann","given":"Gerhard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2020.00543","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00543","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3163278553","type":"article-journal","title":"Forced into an ecological corner: Round-the-clock deep foraging on small prey by elephant seals","abstract":"Small mesopelagic fishes dominate the world's total fish biomass, yet their ecological importance as prey for large marine animals is poorly understood. To reveal the little-known ecosystem dynamics, we identified prey, measured feeding events, and quantified the daily energy balance of 48 deep-diving elephant seals throughout their oceanic migrations by leveraging innovative technologies: animal-borne smart accelerometers and video cameras. Seals only attained positive energy balance after feeding 1000 to 2000 times per day on small fishes, which required continuous deep diving (80 to 100% of each day). Interspecies allometry suggests that female elephant seals have exceptional diving abilities relative to their body size, enabling them to exploit a unique foraging niche on small but abundant mesopelagic fish. This unique foraging niche requires extreme round-the-clock deep diving, limiting the behavioral plasticity of elephant seals to a changing mesopelagic ecosystem.","author":[{"family":"Adachi","given":"Taiki"},{"family":"Takahashi","given":"Akinori"},{"family":"Costa","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Robinson","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Hückstädt","given":"Luis"},{"family":"Peterson","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Holser","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Beltran","given":"Roxanne"},{"family":"Keates","given":"Theresa"},{"family":"Naito","given":"Yasuhiko"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.abg3628","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg3628","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3200757872","type":"article-journal","title":"Environmental Assessment and Regulatory Aspects of Cold Ironing Planning for a Maritime Route in the Adriatic Sea","abstract":"The technology of cold ironing (or shore-to-ship power) can meaningfully reduce greenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions from ships at the berth by powering the vessels from the electrical shore grid. While cold ironing constitutes an effective and affordable solution in northern Europe and America, economic, legal, and environmental factors still render this technology less attractive in southern Europe. This paper aims to unpack and analyze the economic, regulatory, and environmental factors that can foster cold ironing as a standard installation in the Mediterranean Sea. Based on a model design for the port of Trieste (Italy) as applied to a cluster of target ports in the Adriatic Sea (in Italy, Croatia, and Greece), this article evaluates the cold ironing payback period by comparing costs of shore side-plants with environmental externalities and O&M costs. Moreover, the paper addresses key regulatory bottlenecks arising in different European jurisdictions with regard to the setting-up and development of cold ironing, while appraising the legal and economic consequences of deploying cold ironing in light of the future inclusion of the maritime sector in the EU Emission Trading System.","author":[{"family":"Piccoli","given":"Tobia"},{"family":"Fermeglia","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bosich","given":"Daniele"},{"family":"Bevilacqua","given":"Paolo"},{"family":"Sulligoi","given":"Giorgio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en14185836","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185836","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4404067627","type":"article-journal","title":"Sea Surface Temperature Prediction Using ConvLSTM-Based Model with Deformable Attention","abstract":"Sea surface temperature (SST) prediction has received increasing attention in recent years due to its paramount importance in the various fields of oceanography. Existing studies have shown that neural networks are particularly effective in making accurate SST predictions by efficiently capturing spatiotemporal dependencies in SST data. Among various models, the ConvLSTM framework is notably prominent. This model skillfully combines convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with recurrent neural networks (RNNs), enabling it to simultaneously capture spatiotemporal dependencies within a single computational framework. To overcome the limitation that CNNs primarily capture local spatial information, in this paper we propose a novel model named DatLSTM that integrates a deformable attention transformer (DAT) module into the ConvLSTM framework, thereby enhancing its ability to process more complex spatial relationships effectively. Specifically, the DAT module adaptively focuses on salient features in space, while ConvLSTM further captures the temporal dependencies of spatial correlations in the SST data. In this way, DatLSTM can adaptively capture complex spatiotemporal dependencies between the preceding and current states within ConvLSTM. To evaluate the performance of the DatLSTM model, we conducted short-term SST forecasts in the Bohai Sea region with forecast lead times ranging from 1 to 10 days and compared its efficacy against several benchmark models, including ConvLSTM, PredRNN, TCTN, and SwinLSTM. Our experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms all of these models in terms of multiple evaluation metrics short-term SST prediction. The proposed model offers a new predictive learning method for improving the accuracy of spatiotemporal predictions in various domains, including meteorology, oceanography, and climate science.","author":[{"family":"Shi","given":"Benyun"},{"family":"Ge","given":"Conghui"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Hongwang"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Yanhua"},{"family":"Tan","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Peng","given":"Yue"},{"family":"He","given":"Hailun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs16224126","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224126","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4214860611","type":"article-journal","title":"Increasing dietary levels of the n -3 long-chain PUFA, EPA and DHA, improves the growth, welfare, robustness and fillet quality of Atlantic salmon in sea cages","abstract":") reared in sea cages, in terms of growth performance, welfare, robustness and overall quality. Fish with an average starting weight of 275 g were fed one of four different diets containing 10, 13, 16 and 35 g/kg of EPA and DHA (designated as 1·0, 1·3, 1·6 and 3·5 % EPA and DHA) until they reached approximately 5 kg. The 3·5 % EPA and DHA diet showed a significantly beneficial effect on growth performance and fillet quality compared with all other diets, particularly the 1 % EPA and DHA diet. Fish fed the diet containing 3·5 % EPA and DHA showed 400-600 g higher final weights, improved internal organ health scores and external welfare indicators, better fillet quality in terms of higher visual colour score and lower occurrence of dark spots and higher EPA and DHA content in tissues at the end of the feeding trial. Moreover, fish fed the 3·5 % EPA and DHA diet showed lower mortality during a naturally occurring cardiomyopathy syndrome outbreak, although this did not reach statistical significance. Altogether, our findings emphasise the importance of dietary EPA and DHA to maintain good growth, robustness, welfare and fillet quality of Atlantic salmon reared in sea cages.","author":[{"family":"Lutfi","given":"Esmail"},{"family":"Berge","given":"Gerd"},{"family":"Bæverfjord","given":"Grete"},{"family":"Sigholt","given":"Trygve"},{"family":"Bou","given":"Marta"},{"family":"Larsson","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Mørkøre","given":"Turid"},{"family":"Evensen","given":"Øystein"},{"family":"Sissener","given":"Nini"},{"family":"Rosenlund","given":"Grethe"},{"family":"Sveen","given":"Lene"},{"family":"Østbye","given":"Tone‐kari"},{"family":"Ruyter","given":"Bente"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1017/s0007114522000642","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114522000642","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3164275894","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Residual Convolutional Neural Network Combining Dropout and Transfer Learning for ENSO Forecasting","abstract":"Abstract To improve EI Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude and type forecast, we propose a model based on a deep residual convolutional neural network with few parameters. We leverage dropout and transfer learning to overcome the challenge of insufficient data in model training process. By applying the dropout technique, the model effectively predicts the Niño3.4 Index at a lead time of 20 months during the 1984–2017 evaluation period, which is three more months than that by the existing optimal model. Moreover, with homogeneous transfer learning this model precisely predicts the Oceanic Niño Index up to 18 months in advance. Using heterogeneous transfer learning this model achieved 83.3% accuracy for forecasting the 12‐month‐lead EI Niño type. These results suggest that our proposed model can enhance the ENSO prediction performance.","author":[{"family":"Hu","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Weng","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Tianqiang"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Jianyun"},{"family":"Ye","given":"Feng"},{"family":"You","given":"Lijun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2021gl093531","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl093531","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3198625367","type":"article-journal","title":"Application of Drone Technologies in Surface Water Resources Monitoring and Assessment: A Systematic Review of Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities in the Global South","abstract":"Accurate and timely information on surface water quality and quantity is critical for various applications, including irrigation agriculture. In-field water quality and quantity data from unmanned aerial vehicle systems (UAVs) could be useful in closing spatial data gaps through the generation of near-real-time, fine resolution, spatially explicit information required for water resources accounting. This study assessed the progress, opportunities, and challenges in mapping and modelling water quality and quantity using data from UAVs. To achieve this research objective, a systematic review was adopted. The results show modest progress in the utility of UAVs, especially in the global south. This could be attributed, in part, to high costs, a lack of relevant skills, and the regulations associated with drone procurement and operational costs. The progress is further compounded by a general lack of research focusing on UAV application in water resources monitoring and assessment. More importantly, the lack of robust and reliable water quantity and quality data needed to parameterise models remains challenging. However, there are opportunities to advance scientific inquiry for water quality and quantity accounting by integrating UAV data and machine learning.","author":[{"family":"Sibanda","given":"Mbulisi"},{"family":"Mutanga","given":"Onisimo"},{"family":"Chimonyo","given":"Vimbayi"},{"family":"Clulow","given":"Alistair"},{"family":"Shoko","given":"Cletah"},{"family":"Mazvimavi","given":"Dominic"},{"family":"Dube","given":"Timothy"},{"family":"Mabhaudhi","given":"Tafadzwanashe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/drones5030084","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/drones5030084","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4405833381","type":"article-journal","title":"Produced Water Treatment Technologies: A Review","abstract":"The oil and gas industry’s view of water production, once regarded primarily as a waste stream, has shifted in recent years due to the growing environmental and economic challenges. Industries now recognize the substantial volumes of water produced during production operations and are actively exploring alternative water management strategies. Among these, water treatment stands out as a leading approach, aimed at purifying the water to achieve specific element concentrations suited for targeted applications. The produced water from oil and gas reservoirs is a complex mixture of various organic and inorganic compounds, as well as dissolved and suspended solids. It is considered a highly contaminated waste stream, making effective treatment essential to meet future critical water demand. The physical and chemical properties of the produced water vary depending on the extraction location, geological formations, and type of hydrocarbon produced. This review examines multiple treatment methods used for the beneficial reuse of produced water, covering physical, chemical, and biological techniques, along with examples demonstrating their effectiveness in field case studies.","author":[{"family":"Abdelhamid","given":"Cilia"},{"family":"Latrach","given":"Abdeldjalil"},{"family":"Rabiei","given":"Minou"},{"family":"Venugopal","given":"Kalyan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en18010063","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010063","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4304690402","type":"article-journal","title":"Current status and grand challenges for small wind turbine technology","abstract":"Abstract. While modern wind turbines have become by far the largest rotating machines on Earth with further upscaling planned for the future, a renewed interest in small wind turbines (SWTs) is fostering energy transition and smart grid development. Small machines have traditionally not received the same level of aerodynamic refinement as their larger counterparts, resulting in lower efficiency, lower capacity factors, and therefore a higher cost of energy. In an effort to reduce this gap, research programs are developing worldwide. With this background, the scope of the present study is 2-fold. In the first part of this paper, an overview of the current status of the technology is presented in terms of technical maturity, diffusion, and cost. The second part of the study proposes five grand challenges that are thought to be key to fostering the development of small wind turbine technology in the near future, i.e. (1) improving energy conversion of modern SWTs through better design and control, especially in the case of turbulent wind; (2) better predicting long-term turbine performance with limited resource measurements and proving reliability; (3) improving the economic viability of small wind energy; (4) facilitating the contribution of SWTs to the energy demand and electrical system integration; (5) fostering engagement, social acceptance, and deployment for global distributed wind markets. To tackle these challenges, a series of unknowns and gaps are first identified and discussed. Based on them, improvement areas are suggested, for which 10 key enabling actions are finally proposed.","author":[{"family":"Bianchini","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Bangga","given":"Galih"},{"family":"Baring-Gould","given":"Ian"},{"family":"Croce","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Cruz","given":"José"},{"family":"Damiani","given":"Rick"},{"family":"Erfort","given":"Gareth"},{"family":"Ferreira","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Infield","given":"David"},{"family":"Nayeri","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Pechlivanoglou","given":"George"},{"family":"Runacres","given":"Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.5194/wes-7-2003-2022","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2003-2022","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3046559098","type":"article-journal","title":"AI-Inspired Non-Terrestrial Networks for IIoT: Review on Enabling Technologies and Applications","abstract":"During the last few years, various Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications have emerged with numerous network elements interconnected using wired and wireless communication technologies and equipped with strategically placed sensors and actuators. This paper justifies why non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) will bring the IIoT vision closer to reality by providing improved data acquisition and massive connectivity to sensor fields in large and remote areas. NTNs are engineered to utilize satellites, airships, and aircrafts, which can be employed to extend the radio coverage and provide remote monitoring and sensing services. Additionally, this paper describes indicative delay-tolerant massive IIoT and delay-sensitive mission-critical IIoT applications spanning a large number of vertical markets with diverse and stringent requirements. As the heterogeneous nature of NTNs and the complex and dynamic communications scenarios lead to uncertainty and a high degree of variability, conventional wireless communication technologies cannot sufficiently support ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC) and offer ubiquitous and uninterrupted interconnectivity. In this regard, this paper sheds light on the potential role of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), in the provision of challenging NTN-based IIoT services and provides a thorough review of the relevant research works. By adding intelligence and facilitating the decision-making and prediction procedures, the NTNs can effectively adapt to their surrounding environment, thus enhancing the performance of various metrics with significantly lower complexity compared to typical optimization methods.","author":[{"family":"Michailidis","given":"Emmanouel"},{"family":"Potirakis","given":"Stelios"},{"family":"Kanatas","given":"Αthanasios"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/iot1010003","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/iot1010003","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3206281819","type":"article-journal","title":"Economic and environmental aspects of the development possibilities for the northern sea route","abstract":"Sea transport is an important part of the international transport system. Its development is especially important for the Arctic, which is an important energy region with easy access to the sea for the transportation of crude oil, liquefied natural gas and other resources. This investment area is a priority for Russia and a number of other countries, including China, since it promotes interests in energy and shipping field. Tankers with icebreaking capabilities delivering crude oil and natural gas from the Far East to Western markets account for about 45% of shipping on the Northern Sea Route (NSR). The rest of the transportation is carried out within the framework of the large Russian project “Yamal LNG” by ice-class tankers from the Sabetta port to Europe. However, the volume of sea traffic in the Arctic Ocean waters remains insignificant. In this regard, the article analyzes the economic and environmental aspects of possible expanding of using the NSR as an alternative route from Europe to Asia. Although the NSR is a direct route, the absence of transshipment points and transit ports complicates the conditions for transit goods carriage, and some route sections are too shallow for large container carriers. There are a number of other important operational constraints, including extreme climatic conditions and environmental issues: ships emissions, oil spills on ice. It is concluded that the pace of the Arctic projects implementation will directly determine traffic volume. To overcome barriers and restrictions that prevent the NSR’s transformation into a transport corridor for both Russia and international transit flows, it is necessary to implement projects for the Arctic support zones creation and development, as well as the modernization and expansion of the nuclear icebreaker fleet capacities. A method is proposed for calculating the time of cargo delivery, considering the multi-range of logistics chains based on the NSR.","author":[{"family":"Makarova","given":"Irina"},{"family":"Gubacheva","given":"Larysa"},{"family":"Макаров","given":"ДВ"},{"family":"Buyvol","given":"Polina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.trpro.2021.09.060","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.09.060","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3140842561","type":"article-journal","title":"In vitro digestibility and Caco-2 cell bioavailability of sea lettuce (Ulva fenestrata) proteins extracted using pH-shift processing","abstract":"Seaweed is a promising sustainable source of vegan protein as its farming does not require arable land, pesticides/insecticides, nor freshwater supply. However, to be explored as a novel protein source the content and nutritional quality of protein in seaweed need to be improved. We assessed the influence of pH-shift processing on protein degree of hydrolysis (%DH), protein/peptide size distribution, accessibility, and cell bioavailability of Ulva fenestrata proteins after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. pH-shift processing of Ulva, which concentrated its proteins 3.5-times, significantly improved the %DH from 27.7±2.6% to 35.7±2.1% and the amino acid accessibility from 56.9±4.1% to 72.7±0.6%. Due to the higher amino acid accessibility, the amount of most amino acids transported across the cell monolayers was higher in the protein extracts. Regarding bioavailability, both Ulva and protein extracts were as bioavailable as casein. The protein/peptide molecular size distribution after digestion did not disclose a clear association with bioavailability.","author":[{"family":"Trigo","given":"João"},{"family":"Engström","given":"Niklas"},{"family":"Steinhagen","given":"Sophie"},{"family":"Juul","given":"Louise"},{"family":"Harrysson","given":"Hanna"},{"family":"Toth","given":"Gunilla"},{"family":"Pavia","given":"Henrik"},{"family":"Scheers","given":"Nathalie"},{"family":"Undeland","given":"Ingrid"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129683","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129683","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4292836745","type":"article-journal","title":"Public perception of plant gene technologies worldwide in the light of food security","abstract":"Achieving global food security is becoming increasingly challenging and many stakeholders around the world are searching for new ways to reach this demanding goal. Here we demonstrate examples of genetically modified and genome edited plants introduced to the market in different world regions. Transgenic crops are regulated based on the characteristics of the product in many countries including the United States and Canada, while the European Union, India, China and others regulate process-based i.e. on how the product was made. We also present the public perception of state-of-the-art plant gene technologies in different regions of the world in the past 20 years. The results of literature analysis show that the public in Europe and North America is more familiar with the notion of genome editing and genetically modified organisms than the public in other world regions.","author":[{"family":"Woźniak","given":"Ewa"},{"family":"Tyczewska","given":"Agata"},{"family":"Perišić","given":"Milica"},{"family":"Beniermann","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Eriksson","given":"Dennis"},{"family":"Vangheluwe","given":"Nick"},{"family":"Gheysen","given":"Godelieve"},{"family":"Selim","given":"Cetiner"},{"family":"Abiri","given":"Naghmeh"},{"family":"Twardowski","given":"Tomasz"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1080/21645698.2022.2111946","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2022.2111946","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3120898746","type":"article-journal","title":"World corn market: analysis, trends and prospects of its deep processing","abstract":"Purpose. The purpose of the article is to determine the prospects of deep processing of corn in Ukraine, taking into account the restraining factors of development, on the basis of the analysis of the state and tendencies of functioning of the world market of corn. Methodology / approach. During the research, general scientific and special research methods were used, in particular: analysis and synthesis, scientific abstraction – in determining the purpose and formulating conclusions; comparative, calculation, statistical and graphical ones – in the assessment, analysis, comparison and establishment of patterns of the current state and trends in the production of corn and its deep processing; program-target one – to substantiate the factors of intensification of deep processing of corn in Ukraine. Results. The analysis was carried out and tendencies of world corn production were determined. The shares of countries-producers and countries-consumers of corn were calculated; their dynamics of changes were analyzed. Analysis of the dynamics of prices for corn grain on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange indicates that the price of raw materials is gradually declining, so agricultural enterprises that sell corn as a raw material, lose income from its production. The structure of corn use in different directions in the world was analyzed, and the structure of its use in the USA was considered in more detail. Factors of activation of deep processing of corn were identified. In Ukraine, deep grain processing as an industry is just beginning to develop, so it is worth processing corn, based on the experience of leading countries, such as the USA and China. Estimated costs for the construction of a modern plant for deep processing of corn and income from the implementation of this investment project were calculated. Originality/scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the world corn market; economic substantiation of expediency of corn processing in Ukraine; improving the system of factors to intensify the development of deep processing of corn in Ukraine. Practical value / implications. The practical value of the results of the study is that they will contribute to the formation of the concept of intensifying the development of deep processing of corn in Ukraine. The main results can be used by agro-industrial enterprises during the development of deep corn processing projects.","author":[{"family":"Tanklevska","given":"Nataliya"},{"family":"Петренко","given":"ВС"},{"family":"Карнаушенко","given":"Алла"},{"family":"Melnykova","given":"Kateryna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.51599/are.2020.06.03.06","URL":"https://doi.org/10.51599/are.2020.06.03.06","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3100733145","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review on Early Forest Fire Detection Systems Using Optical Remote Sensing","abstract":"The environmental challenges the world faces nowadays have never been greater or more complex. Global areas covered by forests and urban woodlands are threatened by natural disasters that have increased dramatically during the last decades, in terms of both frequency and magnitude. Large-scale forest fires are one of the most harmful natural hazards affecting climate change and life around the world. Thus, to minimize their impacts on people and nature, the adoption of well-planned and closely coordinated effective prevention, early warning, and response approaches are necessary. This paper presents an overview of the optical remote sensing technologies used in early fire warning systems and provides an extensive survey on both flame and smoke detection algorithms employed by each technology. Three types of systems are identified, namely terrestrial, airborne, and spaceborne-based systems, while various models aiming to detect fire occurrences with high accuracy in challenging environments are studied. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of fire detection systems based on optical remote sensing are discussed aiming to contribute to future research projects for the development of early warning fire systems.","author":[{"family":"Barmpoutis","given":"Panagiotis"},{"family":"Papaioannou","given":"Periklis"},{"family":"Dimitropoulos","given":"Kosmas"},{"family":"Grammalidis","given":"Nikos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s20226442","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226442","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4205136983","type":"article-journal","title":"Characteristics of subsurface chlorophyll maxima during the boreal summer in the South China Sea with respect to environmental properties","abstract":"Characterizing the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a in the water column in each oceanic region is crucial for accurate assessment of depth-integrated phytoplankton biomass. In this study, the characteristics of the subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) in the South China Sea (SCS) during the boreal summer were investigated by using bio-optical and hydrological data collected during four cruises from 2008 to 2015. During the boreal summer, a well-developed SCM layer was found to be a prominent feature in the SCS, with the thickness, depth, and magnitude of the SCM exhibiting large spatial variability. The vertical position of the SCM varied between 11 and 99 m, with an average value of 53 m. Light attenuation played a fundamental role in determining the depth (ZSCM) and magnitude of the SCM (Chlmax), as reflected by their relationships with the euphotic zone depth (Zeu). However, because significant positive correlations were found between ZSCM and the depth of potential density at 23 kg m−3 (Zσ=23), physical processes were inferred to be more important in modulating the fluctuation of ZSCM, especially in open-ocean areas. Anticyclonic eddies, which act to deepen the nutricline by means of isopyncnal displacement, may play a role in aggravating nutrient limitation in the SCM layer, which leads to deepening of ZSCM, weakening of Chlmax, and a fall in the total integrated chlorophyll a within the euphotic layer (ChlintZeu). Knowledge of ocean physical conditions and the variability of ZSCM should be taken into consideration to improve the accuracy of ChlintZeu estimates based on the surface chlorophyll a concentration (Chlsurf), especially when Chlsurf is very low. Our assessment of SCM parameters provides the basis for a better understanding and quantification of their role in primary production estimation within the SCS.","author":[{"family":"Xu","given":"Wenlong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Guifen"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Xuhua"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Long"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Wen"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Wenxi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153243","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153243","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4224315353","type":"article-journal","title":"Dynamical Impact of the Mekong River Plume in the South China Sea","abstract":"Abstract Near the ocean surface, river plumes influence stratification, buoyancy and transport of tracers, nutrients and pollutants. The extent to which river plumes influence the overall circulation, however, is generally poorly constrained. This work focuses on the South China Sea (SCS) and quantifies the dynamical impacts of the Mekong River plume, which is bound to significantly change in strength and seasonality in the next 20 years if the construction of over hundred dams moves ahead as planned. The dynamic impact of the freshwater fluxes on the SCS circulation are quantified by comparing submesoscale permitting and mesoscale resolving simulations with and without riverine input between 2011 and 2016. In the summer and early fall, when the Mekong discharge is at its peak, the greater stratification causes a residual mesoscale circulation through enhanced baroclinic instability. The residual circulation is shaped as an eddy train of positive and negative vorticity. Submesoscale fronts are responsible for transporting the freshwater offshore, shifting eastward the development of the residual mesoscale circulation, and further strengthening the residual eddy train in the submesoscale permitting case. Overall, the northward transport near the surface is intensified in the presence of riverine input. The significance of the mesoscale‐induced and submesoscale‐induced transport associated with the river plume is especially important in the second half of the summer monsoon season, when primary productivity has a secondary maximum. Circulation changes, and therefore productivity changes, should be anticipated if human activities modify the intensity and seasonality of the Mekong River plume.","author":[{"family":"Zeng","given":"X"},{"family":"Bracco","given":"Annalisa"},{"family":"Tagklis","given":"Filippos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2021jc017572","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jc017572","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3214587392","type":"article-journal","title":"A review on economically-feasible and environmental-friendly technologies promising a sustainable environment","abstract":"In recent years, there has been an alarming increase in global problems such as pollution levels, global warming, and climatic changes. Studies have highlighted that these problems have not only intervened and contaminated abiotic resources but also biotic resources. These have become a serious threat and generated many environment related concerns. It has harmed the health of humans, animals, and plants. It has led to an increase of many diseases, brought down the life expectancy, and affected crops and agricultural pattern. This scenario has led to increase in awareness and has compelled various organizations to come together in mitigating the problem. Achieving sustainable development goals to protect and sustain environment has become an utmost need. Great efforts and expenditures are being made to provide various eco-friendly technologies for tackling and mitigating the problem. However, not all technologies are successful for practical implementation. Some criteria which play a decisive role include their working principle, effectiveness, carbon sequestration capabilities, cost management and sustainable outcomes. The review focuses on highlighting some of such technologies which fulfils all the above criteria. These innovations have been analysed for their mode of action, ability to reduce carbon footprint level, combat air pollutants, cost effectiveness or economic angle, and future aspects. They assure that no hazardous by-products are generated, and ultimately results in a low-cost alternative approach for appropriate applications. Their application on a wider scale would be meet SDGs. As a result, they have a promising future keeping in mind both green sustainability and economic sustainability. The review will be beneficial for gaining insight into present techniques, analysing modifications required, determining new approaches, and further broaden the aspects for research development.","author":[{"family":"Rath","given":"Prangya"},{"family":"Jindal","given":"Moksha"},{"family":"Jindal","given":"Tanu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.clet.2021.100318","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100318","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3108603965","type":"article-journal","title":"Recent advances in carbon capture storage and utilisation technologies: a review","abstract":"Abstract Human activities have led to a massive increase in $$\\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 emissions as a primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to climate change with higher than $$1\\,^{\\circ }\\hbox {C}$$ 1 ∘ C global warming than that of the pre-industrial level. We evaluate the three major technologies that are utilised for carbon capture: pre-combustion, post-combustion and oxyfuel combustion. We review the advances in carbon capture, storage and utilisation. We compare carbon uptake technologies with techniques of carbon dioxide separation. Monoethanolamine is the most common carbon sorbent; yet it requires a high regeneration energy of 3.5 GJ per tonne of $$\\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 . Alternatively, recent advances in sorbent technology reveal novel solvents such as a modulated amine blend with lower regeneration energy of 2.17 GJ per tonne of $$\\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 . Graphene-type materials show $$\\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 adsorption capacity of 0.07 mol/g, which is 10 times higher than that of specific types of activated carbon, zeolites and metal–organic frameworks. $$\\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 geosequestration provides an efficient and long-term strategy for storing the captured $$\\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 in geological formations with a global storage capacity factor at a Gt-scale within operational timescales. Regarding the utilisation route, currently, the gross global utilisation of $$\\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 is lower than 200 million tonnes per year, which is roughly negligible compared with the extent of global anthropogenic $$\\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 emissions, which is higher than 32,000 million tonnes per year. Herein, we review different $$\\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 utilisation methods such as direct routes, i.e. beverage carbonation, food packaging and oil recovery, chemical industries and fuels. Moreover, we investigated additional $$\\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 utilisation for base-load power generation, seasonal energy storage, and district cooling and cryogenic direct air $$\\hbox {CO}_{2}$$ CO 2 capture using geothermal energy. Through bibliometric mapping, we identified the research gap in the literature within this field which requires future investigations, for instance, designing new and stable ionic liquids, pore size and selectivity of metal–organic frameworks and enhancing the adsorption capacity of novel solvents. Moreover, areas such as techno-economic evaluation of novel solvents, process design and dynamic simulation require further effort as well as research and development before pilot- and commercial-scale trials.","author":[{"family":"Osman","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Hefny","given":"Mahmoud"},{"family":"Maksoud","given":"MIAA"},{"family":"Elgarahy","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Rooney","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10311-020-01133-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01133-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3158411177","type":"article-journal","title":"Microplastics in the Mediterranean Sea: Sources, Pollution Intensity, Sea Health, and Regulatory Policies","abstract":"Microplastic pollution is one of the emerging threats across the globe and is becoming a topic of intense study for environmental researchers. At present, almost all of the world’s oceans and seas are contaminated with microplastics but the Mediterranean Sea has been recognized as a target hotspot of the world as the microplastic concentration in this region is approximately four times greater than the North Pacific Ocean. Because of the distinguishing semi-enclosed morphology of the Mediterranean Sea, and different plastic waste generating activities originating from surrounding countries the Mediterranean Sea is highly vulnerable to microplastic pollution. Different plastic families have been reported in the Mediterranean Sea and the Physico-chemical features of these plastic polymers play an important role in the interactions between these plastic particles and other organic matter in the water bodies. The ingestion of microplastics by marine animals is an issue of concern as microplastic acts as vectors for other harmful pollutants adsorbed onto their surface. This review provides a detailed discussion on the persistence of microplastics in the Mediterranean Sea that have been identified in surface water and also in sediments and deep sea-floor. Various sources of these synthetic materials and the intensity of low and high-density polymers pollution in the Mediterranean Sea have also been discussed. This review also focuses on the threatened species in the Mediterranean Sea and the fate of the plastisphere community in its ecosystem. In the end, we highlight a series of important regulations and policies adopted by Mediterranean countries to control and manage the microplastic pollution in this region.","author":[{"family":"Sharma","given":"Shivika"},{"family":"Sharma","given":"Vikas"},{"family":"Chatterjee","given":"Subhankar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2021.634934","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.634934","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3010378517","type":"article-journal","title":"Transport and Burial of Microplastics in Deep-Marine Sediments by Turbidity Currents","abstract":"The threat posed by plastic pollution to marine ecosystems and human health is under increasing scrutiny. Much of the macro- and microplastic in the ocean ends up on the seafloor, with some of the highest concentrations reported in submarine canyons that intersect the continental shelf and directly connect to terrestrial plastic sources. Gravity-driven avalanches, known as turbidity currents, are the primary process for delivering terrestrial sediment and organic carbon to the deep sea through submarine canyons. However, the ability of turbidity currents to transport and bury plastics is essentially unstudied. Using flume experiments, we investigate how turbidity currents transport microplastics, and their role in differential burial of microplastic fragments and fibers. We show that microplastic fragments become relatively concentrated within the base of turbidity currents, whereas fibers are more homogeneously distributed throughout the flow. Surprisingly, the resultant deposits show an opposing trend, as they are enriched with fibers, rather than fragments. We explain this apparent contradiction by a depositional mechanism whereby fibers are preferentially removed from suspension and buried in the deposits as they are trapped between settling sand-grains. Our results suggest that turbidity currents potentially distribute and bury large quantities of microplastics in seafloor sediments.","author":[{"family":"Pohl","given":"Florian"},{"family":"Eggenhuisen","given":"Joris"},{"family":"Kane","given":"Ian"},{"family":"Clare","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acs.est.9b07527","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b07527","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4281728047","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep learning as a tool for ecology and evolution","abstract":"Abstract Deep learning is driving recent advances behind many everyday technologies, including speech and image recognition, natural language processing and autonomous driving. It is also gaining popularity in biology, where it has been used for automated species identification, environmental monitoring, ecological modelling, behavioural studies, DNA sequencing and population genetics and phylogenetics, among other applications. Deep learning relies on artificial neural networks for predictive modelling and excels at recognizing complex patterns. In this review we synthesize 818 studies using deep learning in the context of ecology and evolution to give a discipline‐wide perspective necessary to promote a rethinking of inference approaches in the field. We provide an introduction to machine learning and contrast it with mechanistic inference, followed by a gentle primer on deep learning. We review the applications of deep learning in ecology and evolution and discuss its limitations and efforts to overcome them. We also provide a practical primer for biologists interested in including deep learning in their toolkit and identify its possible future applications. We find that deep learning is being rapidly adopted in ecology and evolution, with 589 studies (64%) published since the beginning of 2019. Most use convolutional neural networks (496 studies) and supervised learning for image identification but also for tasks using molecular data, sounds, environmental data or video as input. More sophisticated uses of deep learning in biology are also beginning to appear. Operating within the machine learning paradigm, deep learning can be viewed as an alternative to mechanistic modelling. It has desirable properties of good performance and scaling with increasing complexity, while posing unique challenges such as sensitivity to bias in input data. We expect that rapid adoption of deep learning in ecology and evolution will continue, especially in automation of biodiversity monitoring and discovery and inference from genetic data. Increased use of unsupervised learning for discovery and visualization of clusters and gaps, simplification of multi‐step analysis pipelines, and integration of machine learning into graduate and postgraduate training are all likely in the near future.","author":[{"family":"Borowiec","given":"Marek"},{"family":"Dikow","given":"Rebecca"},{"family":"Frandsen","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Mckeeken","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Valentini","given":"Gabriele"},{"family":"White","given":"Alexander"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1111/2041-210x.13901","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13901","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3199451620","type":"article-journal","title":"An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)","abstract":"Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key ocean climate change indicators: (i) Sea Surface Temperature, (ii) Ocean Heat Content, (iii) Ocean pH, (iv) Dissolved Oxygen concentration (v) Arctic Sea Ice extent, thickness, and volume (vi) Sea Level and (vii) the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The globally averaged ocean surface temperature shows a mean warming trend of 0.062 ± 0.013°C per decade over the last 120 years (1900–2019). During the last decade (2010–2019) the rate of ocean surface warming has accelerated to 0.280 ± 0.068°C per decade, 4.5 times higher than the long term mean. Ocean Heat Content in the upper 2,000 m shows a linear warming rate of 0.35 ± 0.08 Wm–2 in the period 1955–2019 (65 years). The warming rate during the last decade (2010–2019) is twice (0.70 ± 0.07 Wm–2) the warming rate of the long term record. Each of the last six decades have been warmer than the previous one. Global surface ocean pH has declined on average by approximately 0.1 pH units (from 8.2 to 8.1) since the industrial revolution (1770). By the end of this century (2100) ocean pH is projected to decline additionally by 0.1–0.4 pH units depending on the RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) and SSP (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) future scenario. The time of emergence of the pH climate change signal varies from 8 to 15 years for open ocean sites, and 16–41 years for coastal sites. Global dissolved oxygen levels have decreased by 4.8 petamoles or 2% in the last 5 decades, with profound impacts on local and basin scale habitats. Regional trends are varying due to multiple processes impacting dissolved oxygen: solubility change, respiration changes, ocean circulation changes and multidecadal variability. Arctic sea ice extent has been declining by −13.1% per decade in summer (September) and by −2.6% per decade in winter (March) during the last 4 decades (1979–2020). The combined trends of sea ice extent and sea ice thickness indicate that the volume of non-seasonal Arctic Sea Ice has decreased by 75% since 1979. Global mean sea level has increased in the period 1993–2019 (the altimetry era) at a mean rate of 3.15 ± 0.3 mm year–1 and is experiencing an acceleration of ∼ 0.084 (0.06–0.10) mm year–2. During the last century (1900–2015; 115y) global mean sea level (GMSL) has rised 19 cm, and near 40% of that GMSL rise has taken place since 1993 (22y). Independent proxies of the evolution of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) indicate that AMOC is at its weakest for several hundreds of years and has been slowing down during the last century. A final visual summary of key ocean climate change indicators during the recent decades is provided.","author":[{"family":"García-Soto","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Lijing"},{"family":"Caesar","given":"Levke"},{"family":"Schmidtko","given":"Sunke"},{"family":"Jewett","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Cheripka","given":"Alicia"},{"family":"Rigor","given":"Ignatius"},{"family":"Caballero","given":"Ainhoa"},{"family":"Chiba","given":"Sanae"},{"family":"Báez","given":"José"},{"family":"Zieliński","given":"Tymon"},{"family":"Abraham","given":"John"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2021.642372","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4294741352","type":"article-journal","title":"6G Mobile Communication Technology: Requirements, Targets, Applications, Challenges, Advantages, and Opportunities","abstract":"The sixth-generation (6G) technology of mobile networks will establish new standards to fulfill unreachable performance requirements by fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks. This is due to the high requirements for more intelligent network, ultra-lower latency, extreme network communication speed, and supporting massive number of various connected applications. In the long term, the convergence of various business developments with communication platforms, as initiated by 5G, will exaggerate and highlight areas where 5G's capabilities will fall short of performance requirements. Motivated by the development of applications in massive connections, future networks, developments, and technological advancements for mobile communications that go beyond fifth-generation (B5G) networks are being developed. In this context, highly immersive applications are demanded, such as three-dimensional (3D) communications, digital twins, or massive extended reality (XR)/virtual reality (VR) applications, which will need 6G capabilities to be realized at scale to be commercially feasible. Mainly, we anticipate that only the upcoming 6G networks will be capable of running extremely high-performance connectivity with massive numbers of connected devices, even under laborious scenarios such as extreme density, diverse mobility, and energetic environments. In this article, we look at the most recent trends and future emerging trends that are possible to operate 6G network. Paper aims to provide more inclusive and brief review about 6G mobile communication technology in one survey paper. Initially, a comprehensive overview of the 6G system is introduced in terms of visions, drivers, requirements, architecture, and usage scenarios required to enable 6G applications. After that, the opportunities and advantages of 6G mobile technology has been discussed. Further, the promising new techniques that enable 6G technology has been highlighted. This is followed by a potential discussion of challenges and research directions. This article is envisioned to serve as an informative guideline to stimulate interest and further studies for subsequent research and development of 6G networks. Paper will enable the readers to briefly figure out the key requirements, targets, that will be need and the applications, advantages, and opportunities that can be offered as well as the challenges that need to be addressed before the implementation of this new technology.","author":[{"family":"Banafaa","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Shayea","given":"Ibraheem"},{"family":"Din","given":"Jafri"},{"family":"Azmi","given":"Marwan"},{"family":"Alashbi","given":"Abdulaziz"},{"family":"Daradkeh","given":"Yousef"},{"family":"Alhammadi","given":"Abdulraqeb"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.aej.2022.08.017","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.08.017","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3208614783","type":"article-journal","title":"Designing Coastal Adaptation Strategies to Tackle Sea Level Rise","abstract":"Faced with sea level rise and the intensification of extreme events, human populations living on the coasts are developing responses to address local situations. A synthesis of the literature on responses to coastal adaptation allows us to highlight different adaptation strategies. Here, we analyze these strategies according to the complexity of their implementation, both institutionally and technically. First, we distinguish two opposing paradigms – fighting against rising sea levels or adapting to new climatic conditions; and second, we observe the level of integrated management of the strategies. This typology allows a distinction between four archetypes with the most commonly associated governance modalities for each. We then underline the need for hybrid approaches and adaptation trajectories over time to take into account local socio-cultural, geographical, and climatic conditions as well as to integrate stakeholders in the design and implementation of responses. We show that dynamic and participatory policies can foster collective learning processes and enable the evolution of social values and behaviors. Finally, adaptation policies rely on knowledge and participatory engagement, multi-scalar governance, policy monitoring, and territorial solidarity. These conditions are especially relevant for densely populated areas that will be confronted with sea level rise, thus for coastal cities in particular.","author":[{"family":"Lebbe","given":"Théophile"},{"family":"Reyvalette","given":"Hélène"},{"family":"Chaumillon","given":"Éric"},{"family":"Camus","given":"Guigone"},{"family":"Almar","given":"Rafaël"},{"family":"Cazenave","given":"Anny"},{"family":"Claudet","given":"Joachim"},{"family":"Rocle","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Meur-Férec","given":"Catherine"},{"family":"Viard","given":"Frédérique"},{"family":"Mercier","given":"Denis"},{"family":"Dupuy","given":"Christine"},{"family":"Ménard","given":"Frédéric"},{"family":"Rossel","given":"Bernardo"},{"family":"Mullineaux","given":"Lauren"},{"family":"Sicre","given":"Marie‐alexandrine"},{"family":"Zivian","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Gaill","given":"Françoise"},{"family":"Euzen","given":"Agathe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2021.740602","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.740602","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3016616867","type":"article-journal","title":"Understanding of Contemporary Regional Sea‐Level Change and the Implications for the Future","abstract":"Global sea level provides an important indicator of the state of the warming climate, but changes in regional sea level are most relevant for coastal communities around the world. With improvements to the sea-level observing system, the knowledge of regional sea-level change has advanced dramatically in recent years. Satellite measurements coupled with in situ observations have allowed for comprehensive study and improved understanding of the diverse set of drivers that lead to variations in sea level in space and time. Despite the advances, gaps in the understanding of contemporary sea-level change remain and inhibit the ability to predict how the relevant processes may lead to future change. These gaps arise in part due to the complexity of the linkages between the drivers of sea-level change. Here we review the individual processes which lead to sea-level change and then describe how they combine and vary regionally. The intent of the paper is to provide an overview of the current state of understanding of the processes that cause regional sea-level change and to identify and discuss limitations and uncertainty in our understanding of these processes. Areas where the lack of understanding or gaps in knowledge inhibit the ability to provide the needed information for comprehensive planning efforts are of particular focus. Finally, a goal of this paper is to highlight the role of the expanded sea-level observation network-particularly as related to satellite observations-in the improved scientific understanding of the contributors to regional sea-level change.","author":[{"family":"Hamlington","given":"BD"},{"family":"Gardner","given":"Alex"},{"family":"Ivins","given":"Erik"},{"family":"Lenaerts","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Reager","given":"JT"},{"family":"Trossman","given":"David"},{"family":"Zaron","given":"Edward"},{"family":"Adhikari","given":"Surendra"},{"family":"Arendt","given":"AA"},{"family":"Aschwanden","given":"Andy"},{"family":"Beckley","given":"BD"},{"family":"Bekaert","given":"David"},{"family":"Blewitt","given":"Geoffrey"},{"family":"Caron","given":"Lambert"},{"family":"Chambers","given":"DP"},{"family":"Chandanpurkar","given":"Hrishikesh"},{"family":"Christianson","given":"Knut"},{"family":"Csathó","given":"BM"},{"family":"Cullather","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Deconto","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Fasullo","given":"John"},{"family":"Frederikse","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey"},{"family":"Gilford","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Girotto","given":"Manuela"},{"family":"Hammond","given":"WC"},{"family":"Hock","given":"Regine"},{"family":"Holschuh","given":"Nicholas"},{"family":"Kopp","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Landerer","given":"Felix"},{"family":"Larour","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Menemenlis","given":"Dimitris"},{"family":"Merrifield","given":"MA"},{"family":"Mitrovica","given":"JX"},{"family":"Nerem","given":"RS"},{"family":"Nias","given":"Isabel"},{"family":"Nieves","given":"Veronica"},{"family":"Nowicki","given":"Sophie"},{"family":"Kishore","given":"P"},{"family":"Piecuch","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Ray","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Rounce","given":"David"},{"family":"Schlegel","given":"Nicole‐jeanne"},{"family":"Seroussi","given":"Hélène"},{"family":"Shirzaei","given":"Manoochehr"},{"family":"Sweet","given":"William"},{"family":"Velicogna","given":"I"},{"family":"Vinogradova","given":"Nadya"},{"family":"Wahl","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Wiese","given":"DN"},{"family":"Willis","given":"MJ"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2019rg000672","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019rg000672","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3214469715","type":"article-journal","title":"Possibility Routes for Textile Recycling Technology","abstract":"The fashion industry contributes to a significant environmental issue due to the increasing production and needs of the industry. The proactive efforts toward developing a more sustainable process via textile recycling has become the preferable solution. This urgent and important need to develop cheap and efficient recycling methods for textile waste has led to the research community's development of various recycling methods. The textile waste recycling process can be categorized into chemical and mechanical recycling methods. This paper provides an overview of the state of the art regarding different types of textile recycling technologies along with their current challenges and limitations. The critical parameters determining recycling performance are summarized and discussed and focus on the current challenges in mechanical and chemical recycling (pyrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, hydrothermal, ammonolysis, and glycolysis). Textile waste has been demonstrated to be re-spun into yarn (re-woven or knitted) by spinning carded yarn and mixed shoddy through mechanical recycling. On the other hand, it is difficult to recycle some textiles by means of enzymatic hydrolysis; high product yield has been shown under mild temperatures. Furthermore, the emergence of existing technology such as the internet of things (IoT) being implemented to enable efficient textile waste sorting and identification is also discussed. Moreover, we provide an outlook as to upcoming technological developments that will contribute to facilitating the circular economy, allowing for a more sustainable textile recycling process.","author":[{"family":"Damayanti","given":"Damayanti"},{"family":"Wulandari","given":"Latasya"},{"family":"Bagaskoro","given":"Adhanto"},{"family":"Rianjanu","given":"Aditya"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Ho‐shing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/polym13213834","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213834","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4280649430","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review on Deep Learning Techniques for IoT Data","abstract":"Continuous growth in software, hardware and internet technology has enabled the growth of internet-based sensor tools that provide physical world observations and data measurement. The Internet of Things(IoT) is made up of billions of smart things that communicate, extending the boundaries of physical and virtual entities of the world further. These intelligent things produce or collect massive data daily with a broad range of applications and fields. Analytics on these huge data is a critical tool for discovering new knowledge, foreseeing future knowledge and making control decisions that make IoT a worthy business paradigm and enhancing technology. Deep learning has been used in a variety of projects involving IoT and mobile apps, with encouraging early results. With its data-driven, anomaly-based methodology and capacity to detect developing, unexpected attacks, deep learning may deliver cutting-edge solutions for IoT intrusion detection. In this paper, the increased amount of information gathered or produced is being used to further develop intelligence and application capabilities through Deep Learning (DL) techniques. Many researchers have been attracted to the various fields of IoT, and both DL and IoT techniques have been approached. Different studies suggested DL as a feasible solution to manage data produced by IoT because it was intended to handle a variety of data in large amounts, requiring almost real-time processing. We start by discussing the introduction to IoT, data generation and data processing. We also discuss the various DL approaches with their procedures. We surveyed and summarized major reporting efforts for DL in the IoT region on various datasets. The features, application and challenges that DL uses to empower IoT applications, which are also discussed in this promising field, can motivate and inspire further developments.","author":[{"family":"Lakshmanna","given":"Kuruva"},{"family":"Kaluri","given":"Rajesh"},{"family":"Gundluru","given":"Nagaraja"},{"family":"Alzamil","given":"Zamil"},{"family":"Rajput","given":"Dharmendra"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Arfat"},{"family":"Haq","given":"Mohd"},{"family":"Alhussen","given":"Ahmed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/electronics11101604","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11101604","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3109305781","type":"article-journal","title":"Can emerging membrane-based desalination technologies replace reverse osmosis?","abstract":"Growing uncertainty in the future availability of freshwater sources has led to an increase in installations for desalination of seawater. Reverse osmosis (RO), currently the most widely adopted technique, has caused environmental concerns over the high associated greenhouse gas emissions and generation of large amounts of chemicals-containing brine. Significant consumption of electricity for RO desalination is an additional challenge, particularly in remote locations. In this review, forward osmosis (FO), membrane distillation (MD) and capacitive deionisation (CDI) are assessed as potential substitute technologies and the major recent advancements in each field are discussed. These emerging technologies offer significant advantages over RO, such as higher salt rejection (CDI, MD), higher recovery of water (MD), fewer pre-treatment stages (MD, FO) and the ability to use low-grade energy (MD, FO). In their current state, stand-alone technologies cannot compete with RO until certain challenges are addressed, including pore-wetting (MD) and high energy consumption (MD, CDI, FO). Hybrid systems that combine RO and emerging technologies may be useful for feed waters that cannot be treated by RO alone and their benefits may be able to offset the increase in capital costs. These and other aspects, such as operational stability should be considered in larger-scale, long-term studies.","author":[{"family":"Skuse","given":"Clara"},{"family":"Gallegoschmid","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Azapagic","given":"Adisa"},{"family":"Gorgojo","given":"Patricia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.desal.2020.114844","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2020.114844","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4302423542","type":"article-journal","title":"China's battery electric vehicles lead the world: achievements in technology system architecture and technological breakthroughs","abstract":"Developing new energy vehicles has been a worldwide consensus, and developing new energy vehicles characterized by pure electric drive has been China’s national strategy. After more than 20 years of high-quality development of China’s electric vehicles (EVs), a technological R & D layout of “Three Verticals and Three Horizontals” has been created, and technological advantages have been accumulated. As a result, China’s new energy vehicle market has ranked first in the world since 2015. To systematically solve the key problems of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) such as “driving range anxiety, long battery charging time, and driving safety hazards”, China took the lead in putting forward a “system engineering-based technology system architecture for BEVs” and clarifying its connotation. This paper analyzes the research status and progress of the three core components of this architecture, namely, “BEV platform, charging/swapping station, and real-time operation monitoring platform”, and their key technological points. The three major demonstration projects of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, and the intelligent and connected autonomous battery electric bus project are discussed to specify the applications of BEVs in China. The key research directions for upgrading BEV technologies remain to be further improving the vehicle-level all-climate environmental adaptability and all-day safety of BEVs, systematically solving the charging problem of BEVs and improving their application convenience, and safeguarding safety with early warning and implementing active/passive safety protection for the whole life cycle of power batteries on the basis of BEVs’ operation big data. BEVs have acquired new technological features such as intelligent and networked technology empowerment, extensive integration of control-by-wire systems, a platform of chassis hardware, and modularization of functional software.","author":[{"family":"He","given":"Hongwen"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Fengchun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhenpo"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Cheng"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chengning"},{"family":"Xiong","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Deng","given":"Junjun"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Xiaoqing"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Shuo"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Zhongbao"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Wanke"},{"family":"Zhai","given":"Li"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.geits.2022.100020","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geits.2022.100020","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4312071393","type":"article-journal","title":"Monitoring of a sediment plume produced by a deep-sea mining test in shallow water, Málaga Bight, Alboran Sea (southwestern Mediterranean Sea)","abstract":"In this study different experimental designs for monitoring of sediment plumes produced by deep-sea mining are presented. Plumes of sediment stirred up from the seabed by mining machines are considered to represent a major environmental pressure which may extend far beyond the actual mining area. Two industry field tests with the scaled mining vehicle Apollo II of Royal IHC conducted in a relatively shallow setting offshore southern Spain provided valuable insights for anticipated monitoring of nodule mining activities in the deep Pacific. Although the tests were performed in only 300 m water depth, much less than the depth where future deep-sea mining will take place, the weakly stratified bottom water, tide-dominated near-bed currents with mean magnitude of around 5–10 cm s−1, and gently sloping seabed covered with fine muddy sediment provide a good analogue to operational conditions in the deep sea. The plume of suspended sediment mobilised by the mining vehicle was monitored with turbidity sensors deployed on a ship-operated CTD system and on a static array of moored sensors and monitored visually using a ship-operated ROV. It was found that the generated sediment plume extended no >2 m above the seabed close to the source (<100 m) but increased in height at greater distance. Furthermore, turbidity values decreased rapidly with increasing distance to the source. Even though plume monitoring suffered interference from bottom trawling activities in neighbouring areas, a distinct turbidity signal generated by the mining equipment could still be distinguished above background turbidity at 350 m away from the source. From the experience gained in shallow water, recommendations are made on how a combination of sensors operated from moving and moored platforms may be a suitable and successful strategy for monitoring man-made sediment plumes in the deep sea.","author":[{"family":"Haalboom","given":"Sabine"},{"family":"Stigter","given":"Henko"},{"family":"Mohn","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Vandorpe","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Smit","given":"Marck"},{"family":"Jonge","given":"Laurens"},{"family":"Reichart","given":"Gert‐jan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.margeo.2022.106971","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2022.106971","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3023078435","type":"article-journal","title":"Harnessing artificial intelligence (AI) to increase wellbeing for all: The case for a new technology diplomacy","abstract":"The field of artificial intelligence (AI) is experiencing a period of intense progress due to the consolidation of several key technological enablers. AI is already deployed widely and has a high impact on work and daily life activities. The continuation of this process will likely contribute to deep economic and social changes. To realise the tremendous benefits of AI while mitigating undesirable effects will require enlightened responses by many stakeholders. Varying national institutional, economic, political, and cultural conditions will influence how AI will affect convenience, efficiency, personalisation, privacy protection, and surveillance of citizens. Many expect that the winners of the AI development race will dominate the coming decades economically and geopolitically, potentially exacerbating tensions between countries. Moreover, nations are under pressure to protect their citizens and their interests-and even their own political stability-in the face of possible malicious or biased uses of AI. On the one hand, these different stressors and emphases in AI development and deployment among nations risk a fragmentation between world regions that threatens technology evolution and collaboration. On the other hand, some level of differentiation will likely enrich the global AI ecosystem in ways that stimulate innovation and introduce competitive checks and balances through the decentralisation of AI development. International cooperation, typically orchestrated by intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations, private sector initiatives, and by academic researchers, has improved common welfare and avoided undesirable outcomes in other technology areas. Because AI will most likely have more fundamental effects on our lives than other recent technologies, stronger forms of cooperation that address broader policy and governance challenges in addition to regulatory and technological issues may be needed. At a time of great challenges among nations, international policy coordination remains a necessary instrument to tackle the ethical, cultural, economic, and political repercussions of AI. We propose to advance the emerging concept of technology diplomacy to facilitate the global alignment of AI policy and governance and create a vibrant AI innovation system. We argue that the prevention of malicious uses of AI and the enhancement of human welfare create strong common interests across jurisdictions that require sustained efforts to develop better, mutually beneficial approaches. We hope that new technology diplomacy will facilitate the dialogues necessary to help all interested parties develop a shared understanding and coordinate efforts to utilise AI for the benefit of humanity, a task whose difficulty should not be underestimated.","author":[{"family":"Feijóo","given":"Claudio"},{"family":"Kwon","given":"Youngsun"},{"family":"Bauer","given":"Johannes"},{"family":"Bohlin","given":"Erik"},{"family":"Howell","given":"Bronwyn"},{"family":"Jain","given":"Rekha"},{"family":"Potgieter","given":"Petrus"},{"family":"Vu","given":"Khuong"},{"family":"Whalley","given":"Jason"},{"family":"Xia","given":"Jun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.telpol.2020.101988","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.101988","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3136924960","type":"article-journal","title":"The Copernicus Sentinel-6 mission: Enhanced continuity of satellite sea level measurements from space","abstract":"Given the considerable range of applications within the European Union Copernicus system, sustained satellite altimetry missions are required to address operational, science and societal needs. This article describes the Copernicus Sentinel-6 mission that is designed to provide precision sea level, sea surface height, significant wave height, inland water heights and other products tailored to operational services in the ocean, climate, atmospheric and land Copernicus Services. Sentinel-6 provides enhanced continuity to the very stable time series of mean sea level measurements and ocean sea state started in 1992 by the TOPEX/Poseidon mission and follow-on Jason-1, Jason-2 and Jason-3 satellite missions. The mission is implemented through a unique international partnership with contributions from NASA, NOAA, ESA, EUMETSAT, and the European Union (EU). It includes two satellites that will fly sequentially (separated in time by 5 years). The first satellite, named Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich, launched from Vandenburg Air Force Base, USA on 21st November 2020. The satellite and payload elements are explained including required performance and their operation. The main payload is the Poseidon-4 dual frequency (C/Ku-band) nadir-pointing radar altimeter that uses an innovative interleaved mode. This enables radar data processing on two parallel chains the first provides synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing in Ku-band to improve the received altimeter echoes through better along-track sampling and reduced measurement noise; the second provides a Low Resolution Mode that is fully backward-compatible with the historical reference altimetry measurements, allowing a complete inter-calibration between the state-of-the-art data and the historical record. A three-channel Advanced Microwave Radiometer for Climate (AMRC) provides measurements of atmospheric water vapour to mitigate degradation of the radar altimeter measurements. The main data products are explained and preliminary in-orbit Poseidon-4 altimeter data performance data are presented that demonstrate the altimeter to be performing within expectations.","author":[{"family":"Donlon","given":"Craig"},{"family":"Cullen","given":"R"},{"family":"Giulicchi","given":"Luisella"},{"family":"Vuilleumier","given":"Pierrik"},{"family":"Francis","given":"CR"},{"family":"Kuschnerus","given":"Mieke"},{"family":"Simpson","given":"William"},{"family":"Bouridah","given":"Abderrazak"},{"family":"Caleno","given":"M"},{"family":"Bertoni","given":"Roberta"},{"family":"Rancaño","given":"Jesus"},{"family":"Pourier","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Hyslop","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Mulcahy","given":"James"},{"family":"Knockaert","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Hunter","given":"CA"},{"family":"Webb","given":"Alan"},{"family":"Fornari","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Vaze","given":"Parag"},{"family":"Brown","given":"Shannon"},{"family":"Willis","given":"JK"},{"family":"Desai","given":"SD"},{"family":"Desjonquères","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Scharroo","given":"Remko"},{"family":"Martín-Puig","given":"Cristina"},{"family":"Leuliette","given":"EW"},{"family":"Egido","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Walter"},{"family":"Bonnefond","given":"Pascal"},{"family":"Gac","given":"Sophie"},{"family":"Picot","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Tavernier","given":"Gilles"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.rse.2021.112395","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112395","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3159942714","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning Based Approach to Classify Saline Particles in Sea Water","abstract":"Water is an essential resource that facilitates the existence of human life forms. In recent years, the demand for the consumption of freshwater has substantially increased. Seawater contains a high concentration of salt particles and salinity, making it unfit for consumption and domestic use. Water treatment plants used to treat seawater are less efficient and reliable. Deep learning systems can prove to be efficient and highly accurate in analyzing salt particles in seawater with higher efficiency that can improve the performance of water treatment plants. Therefore, this work classified different concentrations of salt particles in water using convolutional neural networks with the implementation of transfer learning. Salt salinity concentration images were captured using a designed Raspberry Pi based model and these images were further used for training purposes. Moreover, a data augmentation technique was also employed for the state-of-the-art results. Finally, a deep learning neural network was used to classify saline particles of varied concentration range images. The experimental results show that the proposed approach exhibited superior outcomes by achieving an overall accuracy of 90% and f-score of 87% in classifying salt particles. The proposed model was also evaluated using other evaluation metrics such as precision, recall, and specificity, and showed robust results.","author":[{"family":"Alshehri","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Manoj"},{"family":"Bhardwaj","given":"Akashdeep"},{"family":"Mishra","given":"Shailendra"},{"family":"Gyani","given":"Jayadev"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/w13091251","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091251","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3198691359","type":"article-journal","title":"Numerical Simulation of Deep-Sea Sediment Transport Induced by a Dredge Experiment in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean","abstract":"Predictability of the dispersion of sediment plumes induced by potential deep-sea mining activities is still very limited due to operational limitations on in-situ observations required for a thorough validation and calibration of numerical models. Here we report on a plume dispersion experiment carried out in the German license area for the exploration of polymetallic nodules in the northeastern tropical Pacific Ocean in 4,200 m water depth. The dispersion of a sediment plume induced by a small-scale dredge experiment in April 2019 was investigated numerically by employing a sediment transport module coupled to a high-resolution hydrodynamic regional ocean model. Various aspects including sediment characteristics and ocean hydrodynamics were examined to obtain the best statistical agreement between sensor-based observations and model results. Results show that the model is capable of reproducing suspended sediment concentration and redeposition patterns observed during the dredge experiment. Due to a strong southward current during the dredging, the model predicts no sediment deposition and plume dispersion north of the dredging tracks. The sediment redeposition thickness reaches up to 9 mm directly next to the dredging tracks and 0.07 mm in about 320 m away from the dredging center. The model results suggest that seabed topography and variable sediment release heights above the seafloor cause significant changes especially for the low sedimentation pattern in the far-field area. Near-bottom mixing is expected to strongly influence vertical transport of suspended sediment.","author":[{"family":"Purkiani","given":"Kaveh"},{"family":"Gillard","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Paul","given":"André"},{"family":"Haeckel","given":"Matthias"},{"family":"Haalboom","given":"Sabine"},{"family":"Greinert","given":"Jens"},{"family":"Stigter","given":"Henko"},{"family":"Hollstein","given":"Martina"},{"family":"Baeye","given":"M"},{"family":"Vink","given":"Αnnemiek"},{"family":"Thomsen","given":"Laurenz"},{"family":"Schulz","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2021.719463","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.719463","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3175488317","type":"article-journal","title":"Contributions of Altimetry and Argo to Non‐Closure of the Global Mean Sea Level Budget Since 2016","abstract":"Abstract Over 1993–2016, studies have shown that the observed global mean sea level (GMSL) budget is closed within the current data uncertainties. However, non‐closure of the budget was recently reported when using Jason‐3, Argo and GRACE/GRACE Follow‐On data after 2016. This non‐closure may result from errors in the data sets used to estimate the GMSL and its components. Here, we investigate possible sources of errors affecting Jason‐3 and Argo data. Comparisons of Jason‐3 GMSL trends with other altimetry missions show good agreement within 0.4 mm/yr over 2016–present. Besides, the wet tropospheric correction uncertainty from the Jason‐3 radiometer contributes to up to 0.2 mm/yr. Therefore, altimetry alone cannot explain the misfit in the GMSL budget observed after 2016. Argo‐based salinity products display strong discrepancies since 2016, attributed to instrumental problems and data editing issues. Reassessment of the sea level budget with the thermosteric component provides about 40% improvement in the budget closure.","author":[{"family":"Barnoud","given":"Anne"},{"family":"Pfeffer","given":"Julia"},{"family":"Guérou","given":"Adrien"},{"family":"Frery","given":"Marie‐laure"},{"family":"Siméon","given":"Mathilde"},{"family":"Cazenave","given":"Anny"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Jianli"},{"family":"Llovel","given":"William"},{"family":"Thierry","given":"Virginie"},{"family":"Legeais","given":"Jean‐françois"},{"family":"Ablain","given":"Michäel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2021gl092824","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl092824","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3025935277","type":"article-journal","title":"Microplastics affect sedimentary microbial communities and nitrogen cycling","abstract":"Microplastics are ubiquitous in estuarine, coastal, and deep sea sediments. The impacts of microplastics on sedimentary microbial ecosystems and biogeochemical carbon and nitrogen cycles, however, have not been well reported. To evaluate if microplastics influence the composition and function of sedimentary microbial communities, we conducted a microcosm experiment using salt marsh sediment amended with polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane foam (PUF) or polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics. We report that the presence of microplastics alters sediment microbial community composition and nitrogen cycling processes. Compared to control sediments without microplastic, PUF- and PLA-amended sediments promote nitrification and denitrification, while PVC amendment inhibits both processes. These results indicate that nitrogen cycling processes in sediments can be significantly affected by different microplastics, which may serve as organic carbon substrates for microbial communities. Considering this evidence and increasing microplastic pollution, the impact of plastics on global ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling merits critical investigation.","author":[{"family":"Seeley","given":"Meredith"},{"family":"Song","given":"Bongkeun"},{"family":"Passie","given":"Renia"},{"family":"Hale","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-020-16235-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16235-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3141607326","type":"article-journal","title":"Traditional Dimensions of Seabed Resource Management in the Context of Deep Sea Mining in the Pacific: Learning From the Socio-Ecological Interconnectivity Between Island Communities and the Ocean Realm","abstract":"In many of the Pacific Islands, local communities have long-held cultural and spiritual attachments to the sea, in particular to species and specific marine areas, processes, habitats, islands, and natural seabed formations. Traditional knowledge, customary marine management approaches and integrated relationships between biodiversity, ecosystems and local communities promote conservation and ensure that marine benefits are reaped in a holistic, sustainable and equitable manner. However, the interaction between local traditional knowledge, contemporary scientific approaches to marine resource management and specific regulatory frameworks has often been challenging. To some extent, the value of community practices and customary law, which have provided an incentive for regional cooperation and coordination around ocean governance, is acknowledged in several legal systems in the Pacific and a number of regional and international instruments, but this important connection can be further enhanced. In this article we present a science-based overview of the marine habitats that would be affected by deep seabed mining (DSM) along with an analysis of some traditional dimensions and cultural/societal aspects of marine resource management. We then assess whether the applicable legal frameworks at different levels attach sufficient importance to these traditional dimensions and to the human and societal aspects of seabed (mineral) resource management in the region. On the basis of this analysis, we identify best practices and formulate recommendations with regard to the current regulatory frameworks and seabed resource management approaches. Indeed, the policies and practices developed in the Pacific could well serve as a suitable model elsewhere to reconcile commercial, ecological, cultural and social values within the context of deep sea mineral exploitation in addition to sustaining the Human Well-being and Sustainable Livelihoods (HWSL) of the Pacific communities and the health of the Global Ocean.","author":[{"family":"Tilot","given":"Virginie"},{"family":"Willaert","given":"Klaas"},{"family":"Guilloux","given":"Bleuenn"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Wenting"},{"family":"Mulalap","given":"Clement"},{"family":"Gaulme","given":"François"},{"family":"Bambridge","given":"Tamatoa"},{"family":"Peters","given":"Kimberley"},{"family":"Dahl","given":"Arthur"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2021.637938","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.637938","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3045472538","type":"article-journal","title":"A Comprehensive Review of Deep Learning Applications in Hydrology and Water Resources","abstract":"The global volume of digital data is expected to reach 175 zettabytes by 2025. The volume, variety, and velocity of water-related data are increasing due to large-scale sensor networks and increased attention to topics such as disaster response, water resources management, and climate change. Combined with the growing availability of computational resources and popularity of deep learning, these data are transformed into actionable and practical knowledge, revolutionizing the water industry. In this article, a systematic review of literature is conducted to identify existing research which incorporates deep learning methods in the water sector, with regard to monitoring, management, governance and communication of water resources. The study provides a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art deep learning approaches used in the water industry for generation, prediction, enhancement, and classification tasks, and serves as a guide for how to utilize available deep learning methods for future water resources challenges. Key issues and challenges in the application of these techniques in the water domain are discussed, including the ethics of these technologies for decision-making in water resources management and governance. Finally, we provide recommendations and future directions for the application of deep learning models in hydrology and water resources.","author":[{"family":"Sit","given":"Muhammed"},{"family":"Demiray","given":"Bekir"},{"family":"Xiang","given":"Zhongrun"},{"family":"Ewing","given":"Gregory"},{"family":"Sermet","given":"Yusuf"},{"family":"Demir","given":"İbrahim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.31223/osf.io/xs36g","URL":"https://doi.org/10.31223/osf.io/xs36g","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4308187085","type":"article-journal","title":"Microplastics in aquatic systems, a comprehensive review: origination, accumulation, impact, and removal technologies","abstract":"Although the discovery of plastic in the last century has brought enormous benefits to daily activities, it must be said that its use produces countless environmental problems that are difficult to solve. The indiscriminate use and the increase in industrial production of cleaning, cosmetic, packaging, fertilizer, automotive, construction and pharmaceutical products have introduced tons of plastics and microplastics into the environment. The latter are of greatest concern due to their size and their omnipresence in the various environmental sectors. Today, they represent a contaminant of increasing ecotoxicological interest especially in aquatic environments due to their high stability and diffusion. In this regard, this critical review aims to describe the different sources of microplastics, emphasizing their effects in aquatic ecosystems and the danger to the health of living beings, while examining, at the same time, those few modelling studies conducted to estimate the future impact of plastic towards the marine ecosystem. Furthermore, this review summarizes the latest scientific advances related to removal techniques, evaluating their advantages and disadvantages. The final purpose is to highlight the great environmental problem that we are going to face in the coming decades, and the need to develop appropriate strategies to invert the current scenario as well as better performing removal techniques to minimize the environmental impacts of microplastics.","author":[{"family":"Tursi","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Baratta","given":"Mariafrancesca"},{"family":"Easton","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Chatzisymeon","given":"Efthalia"},{"family":"Chidichimo","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Biase","given":"Michele"},{"family":"Filpo","given":"Giovanni"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1039/d2ra04713f","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ra04713f","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4210879646","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review on Antenna Technologies for Ambient RF Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power Transfer: Designs, Challenges and Applications","abstract":"Radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) and wireless power transmission (WPT) are two emerging alternative energy technologies that have the potential to offer wireless energy delivery in the future. One of the key components of RFEH or WPT system is the receiving antenna. The receiving antenna’s performance has a considerable impact on the power delivery capability of an RFEH or WPT system. This paper provides a well-rounded review of recent advancements of receiving antennas for RFEH and WPT. Antennas discussed in this paper are categorized as low-profile antennas, multi-band antennas, circularly polarized antennas, and array antennas. A number of contemporary antennas from each category are presented, compared, and discussed with particular emphasis on design approach and performance. Current design and fabrication challenges, future development, open research issues of the antennas and visions for RFEH and WPT are also discussed in this review.","author":[{"family":"Ullah","given":"Md"},{"family":"Keshavarz","given":"Rasool"},{"family":"Abolhasan","given":"Mehran"},{"family":"Lipman","given":"Justin"},{"family":"Esselle","given":"Karu"},{"family":"Shariati","given":"Negin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/access.2022.3149276","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3149276","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4303615101","type":"article-journal","title":"Powering Europe with North Sea offshore wind: The impact of hydrogen investments on grid infrastructure and power prices","abstract":"Hydrogen will be a central cross-sectoral energy carrier in the decarbonization of the European energy system. This paper investigates how a large-scale deployment of green hydrogen production affects the investments in transmission and generation towards 2060, analyzes the North Sea area with the main offshore wind projects, and assesses the development of an offshore energy hub. Results indicate that the hydrogen deployment has a tremendous impact on the grid development in Europe and in the North Sea. Findings indicate that total power generation capacity increases around 50%. The offshore energy hub acts mainly as a power transmission asset, leads to a reduction in total generation capacity, and is central to unlock the offshore wind potential in the North Sea. The effect of hydrogen deployment on power prices is multifaceted. In regions where power prices have typically been lower than elsewhere in Europe, it is observed that hydrogen increases the power price considerably. However, as hydrogen flexibility relieves stress in high-demand periods for the grid, power prices decrease in average for some countries. This suggests that while the deployment of green hydrogen will lead to a significant increase in power demand, power prices will not necessarily experience a large increase.","author":[{"family":"Durakovic","given":"Goran"},{"family":"Granado","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Tomasgård","given":"Asgeir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.energy.2022.125654","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125654","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3007160725","type":"article-journal","title":"The Role of Seaports in Green Supply Chain Management: Initiatives, Attitudes, and Perspectives in Rotterdam, Antwerp, North Sea Port, and Zeebrugge","abstract":"Green supply chain management (GSCM) can be defined as the integration of environmental concerns into the inter-organizational practices of supply chain management (SCM). This paper analyzes the role of seaports in the greening of supply chains in two ways. First, the fields of action to pursue GSCM objectives in ports are identified and grouped. The proposed typology includes five groups of actions, i.e., green shipping; green port development and operations; green inland logistics; seaports and the circular economy; and, actions in the field of knowledge development and information sharing. In the empirical part of the paper, this typology is used to analyze green actions and initiatives developed by market players and port authorities in the Rhine–Scheldt Delta, the leading European port region in cargo throughput terms. This structured overview of green actions and initiatives shows that these ports are hotbeds for GSCM initiatives, but progress in some areas remains slows. The second part of the analysis focuses on the attitudes and perceptions of port-related actors towards the greening of port-related supply chains. A large-scale survey conducted in the Belgian and Dutch logistics and port industry reveals that greening has been put massively on the agenda by the firms between 2010 and now. The results give a clear view on the diverse drivers and impediments towards the greening of supply chains. In addition, one can still see a gap between words and actions. The survey further points to the role of governments as catalysts or soft enforcers for change, and calls for continuity and coherence in government policy. This paper is the first study providing a comprehensive analysis on initiatives, approaches, and perspectives of port-related actors in a specific multi-port region.","author":[{"family":"Notteboom","given":"Theo"},{"family":"Lugt","given":"Larissa"},{"family":"Saase","given":"Niels"},{"family":"Sel","given":"Steve"},{"family":"Neyens","given":"Kris"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su12041688","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041688","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3033968971","type":"article-journal","title":"Origin of interannual variability in global mean sea level","abstract":"The two dominant drivers of the global mean sea level (GMSL) variability at interannual timescales are steric changes due to changes in ocean heat content and barystatic changes due to the exchange of water mass between land and ocean. With Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites and Argo profiling floats, it has been possible to measure the relative steric and barystatic contributions to GMSL since 2004. While efforts to \"close the GMSL budget\" with satellite altimetry and other observing systems have been largely successful with regards to trends, the short time period covered by these records prohibits a full understanding of the drivers of interannual to decadal variability in GMSL. One particular area of focus is the link between variations in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and GMSL. Recent literature disagrees on the relative importance of steric and barystatic contributions to interannual to decadal variability in GMSL. Here, we use a multivariate data analysis technique to estimate variability in barystatic and steric contributions to GMSL back to 1982. These independent estimates explain most of the observed interannual variability in satellite altimeter-measured GMSL. Both processes, which are highly correlated with ENSO variations, contribute about equally to observed interannual GMSL variability. A theoretical scaling analysis corroborates the observational results. The improved understanding of the origins of interannual variability in GMSL has important implications for our understanding of long-term trends in sea level, the hydrological cycle, and the planet's radiation imbalance.","author":[{"family":"Hamlington","given":"BD"},{"family":"Piecuch","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Reager","given":"JT"},{"family":"Chandanpurkar","given":"Hrishi"},{"family":"Frederikse","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Nerem","given":"RS"},{"family":"Fasullo","given":"John"},{"family":"Cheon","given":"Se‐hyeon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.1922190117","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922190117","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4311101855","type":"article-journal","title":"A Survey of 3D Indoor Localization Systems and Technologies","abstract":"Indoor localization has recently and significantly attracted the interest of the research community mainly due to the fact that Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) typically fail in indoor environments. In the last couple of decades, there have been several works reported in the literature that attempt to tackle the indoor localization problem. However, most of this work is focused solely on two-dimensional (2D) localization, while very few papers consider three dimensions (3D). There is also a noticeable lack of survey papers focusing on 3D indoor localization; hence, in this paper, we aim to carry out a survey and provide a detailed critical review of the current state of the art concerning 3D indoor localization including geometric approaches such as angle of arrival (AoA), time of arrival (ToA), time difference of arrival (TDoA), fingerprinting approaches based on Received Signal Strength (RSS), Channel State Information (CSI), Magnetic Field (MF) and Fine Time Measurement (FTM), as well as fusion-based and hybrid-positioning techniques. We provide a variety of technologies, with a focus on wireless technologies that may be utilized for 3D indoor localization such as WiFi, Bluetooth, UWB, mmWave, visible light and sound-based technologies. We critically analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each approach/technology in 3D localization.","author":[{"family":"Sesyuk","given":"Andrey"},{"family":"Ioannou","given":"Stelios"},{"family":"Raspopoulos","given":"Marios"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s22239380","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239380","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4210622629","type":"article-journal","title":"Optimisation-based system designs for deep offshore wind farms including power to gas technologies","abstract":"A large deployment of energy storage solutions will be required by the stochastic and non-controllable nature of most renewable energy sources when planning for higher penetration of renewable electricity into the energy mix. Various solutions have been suggested for dealing with medium- and long-term energy storage. Hydrogen and ammonia are two of the most frequently discussed as they are both carbon-free fuels. In this paper, the authors analyse the energy and cost efficiency of hydrogen and ammonia-based pathways for the storage, transportation, and final use of excess electricity from an offshore wind farm. The problem is solved as a linear programming problem, simultaneously optimising the size of each problem unit and the respective time-dependent operational conditions. As a case study, we consider an offshore wind farm of 1.5 GW size located in a reference location North of Scotland. The energy efficiency and cost of the whole chain are evaluated and compared with competitive alternatives, namely, batteries and liquid hydrogen storage. The results show that hydrogen and ammonia storage can be part of the optimal solution. Moreover, their use for long-term energy storage can provide a significant, cost-effective contribution to an extensive penetration of renewable energy sources in national energy systems.","author":[{"family":"Baldi","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Coraddu","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Kalikatzarakis","given":"Miltiadis"},{"family":"Jeleňová","given":"Diana"},{"family":"Collu","given":"Maurizio"},{"family":"Race","given":"Julia"},{"family":"Maréchal","given":"François"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118540","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118540","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3137387976","type":"article-journal","title":"Characterization and Diversity Analysis of the Extracellular Proteases of Thermophilic Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus 1A02591 From Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Sediment","abstract":"Protease-producing bacteria play key roles in the degradation of marine organic nitrogen. Although some deep-sea bacteria are found to produce proteases, there has been no report on protease-secreting Anoxybacillus from marine hydrothermal vent regions. Here, we analyzed the diversity and functions of the proteases, especially the extracellular proteases, of Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus 1A02591, a protease-secreting strain isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent sediment of the East Pacific Ocean. Strain 1A02591 is a thermophilic bacterium with a strong protease-secreting ability, which displayed the maximum growth rate (0.139 h –1 ) and extracellular protease production (307.99 U/mL) at 55°C. Strain 1A02591 contains 75 putative proteases, including 65 intracellular proteases and 10 extracellular proteases according to signal peptide prediction. When strain 1A02591 was cultured with casein, 12 proteases were identified in the secretome, in which metalloproteases (6/12) and serine proteases (4/12) accounted for the majority, and a thermolysin-like protease of the M4 family was the most abundant, suggesting that strain 1A02591 mainly secreted a thermophilic metalloprotease. Correspondingly, the secreted proteases of strain 1A02591 showed the highest activity at the temperature as high as 70°C, and was inhibited 70% by metalloprotease inhibitor o -phenanthroline and 50% by serine protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. The secreted proteases could degrade different proteins, suggesting the role of strain 1A02591 in organic nitrogen degradation in deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystem. These results provide the first insight into the proteases of an Anoxybacillus strain from deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystem, which is helpful in understanding the function of Anoxybacillus in the marine biogeochemical cycle.","author":[{"family":"Cheng","given":"Junhui"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xiaoyu"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Mei‐ling"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xia"},{"family":"Song","given":"Xiao‐yan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yu‐zhong"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xiu‐lan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmicb.2021.643508","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.643508","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4223437726","type":"article-journal","title":"Identification of BgP, a Cutinase-Like Polyesterase From a Deep-Sea Sponge-Derived Actinobacterium","abstract":"Many marine bacteria produce extracellular enzymes that degrade complex molecules to facilitate their growth in environmental conditions that are often harsh and low in nutrients. Marine bacteria, including those inhabiting sea sponges, have previously been reported to be a promising source of polyesterase enzymes, which have received recent attention due to their potential ability to degrade polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic. During the screening of 51 marine bacterial isolates for hydrolytic activities targeting ester and polyester substrates, a Brachybacterium ginsengisoli B129SM11 isolate from the deep-sea sponge Pheronema sp. was identified as a polyesterase producer. Sequence analysis of genomic DNA from strain B129SM11, coupled with a genome “mining” strategy, allowed the identification of potential polyesterases, using a custom database of enzymes that had previously been reported to hydrolyze PET or other synthetic polyesters. This resulted in the identification of a putative PET hydrolase gene, encoding a polyesterase-type enzyme which we named BgP that shared high overall similarity with three well-characterized PET hydrolases—LCC, TfCut2, and Cut190, all of which are key enzymes currently under investigation for the biological recycling of PET. In silico protein analyses and homology protein modeling offered structural and functional insights into BgP, and a detailed comparison with Cut190 revealed highly conserved features with implications for both catalysis and substrate binding. Polyesterase activity was confirmed using an agar-based polycaprolactone (PCL) clearing assay, following heterologous expression of BgP in Escherichia coli. This is the first report of a polyesterase being identified from a deep-sea sponge bacterium such as Brachybacterium ginsengisoli and provides further insights into marine-derived polyesterases, an important family of enzymes for PET plastic hydrolysis. Microorganisms living in association with sponges are likely to have increased exposure to plastics and microplastics given the wide-scale contamination of marine ecosystems with these plastics, and thus they may represent a worthwhile source of enzymes for use in new plastic waste management systems. This study adds to the growing knowledge of microbial polyesterases and endorses further exploration of marine host-associated microorganisms as a potentially valuable source of this family of enzymes for PET plastic hydrolysis.","author":[{"family":"Carr","given":"Clodagh"},{"family":"Oliveira","given":"Bruno"},{"family":"Jackson","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Laport","given":"Marinella"},{"family":"Clarke","given":"David"},{"family":"Dobson","given":"Alan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmicb.2022.888343","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.888343","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3005495505","type":"article-journal","title":"A Spatial Analysis of the Potentials for Offshore Wind Farm Locations in the North Sea Region: Challenges and Opportunities","abstract":"Over the last decade, the accelerated transition towards cleaner means of producing energy has been clearly prioritised by the European Union through large-scale planned deployment of wind farms in the North Sea. From a spatial planning perspective, this has not been a straight-forward process, due to substantial spatial conflicts with the traditional users of the sea, especially with fisheries and protected areas. In this article, we examine the availability of offshore space for wind farm deployment, from a transnational perspective, while taking into account different options for the management of the maritime area through four scenarios. We applied a mixed-method approach, combining expert knowledge and document analysis with the spatial visualisation of existing and future maritime spatial claims. Our calculations clearly indicate a low availability of suitable locations for offshore wind in the proximity of the shore and in shallow waters, even when considering its multi-use with fisheries and protected areas. However, the areas within 100 km from shore and with a water depth above –120 m attract greater opportunities for both single use (only offshore wind farms) and multi-use (mainly with fisheries), from an integrated planning perspective. On the other hand, the decrease of energy targets combined with sectoral planning result in clear limitations to suitable areas for offshore wind farms, indicating the necessity to consider areas with a water depth below –120 m and further than 100 km from shore. Therefore, despite the increased costs of maintenance and design adaptation, the multi-use of space can be a solution for more sustainable, stakeholder-engaged and cost-effective options in the energy deployment process. This paper identifies potential pathways, as well as challenges and opportunities for future offshore space management with the aim of achieving the 2050 renewable energy targets.","author":[{"family":"Guşatu","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Yamu","given":"Claudia"},{"family":"Zuidema","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Faaij","given":"André"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/ijgi9020096","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9020096","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3126916403","type":"article-journal","title":"Global Ocean Sediment Composition and Burial Flux in the Deep Sea","abstract":"Abstract Quantitative knowledge about the burial of sedimentary components at the seafloor has wide‐ranging implications in ocean science, from global climate to continental weathering. The use of 230 Th‐normalized fluxes reduces uncertainties that many prior studies faced by accounting for the effects of sediment redistribution by bottom currents and minimizing the impact of age model uncertainty. Here we employ a recently compiled global data set of 230 Th‐normalized fluxes with an updated database of seafloor surface sediment composition to derive atlases of the deep‐sea burial flux of calcium carbonate, biogenic opal, total organic carbon (TOC), nonbiogenic material, iron, mercury, and excess barium (Ba xs ). The spatial patterns of major component burial are mainly consistent with prior work, but the new quantitative estimates allow evaluations of deep‐sea budgets. Our integrated deep‐sea burial fluxes are 136 Tg C/yr CaCO 3 , 153 Tg Si/yr opal, 20Tg C/yr TOC, 220 Mg Hg/yr, and 2.6 Tg Ba xs /yr. This opal flux is roughly a factor of 2 increase over previous estimates, with important implications for the global Si cycle. Sedimentary Fe fluxes reflect a mixture of sources including lithogenic material, hydrothermal inputs and authigenic phases. The fluxes of some commonly used paleo‐productivity proxies (TOC, biogenic opal, and Ba xs ) are not well‐correlated geographically with satellite‐based productivity estimates. Our new compilation of sedimentary fluxes provides detailed regional and global information, which will help refine the understanding of sediment preservation.","author":[{"family":"Hayes","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Costa","given":"Kassandra"},{"family":"Anderson","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Calvo","given":"Eva"},{"family":"Chase","given":"Zanna"},{"family":"Demina","given":"Ludmila"},{"family":"Dutay","given":"Jean‐claude"},{"family":"German","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Heimbürgerboavida","given":"Lars‐éric"},{"family":"Jaccard","given":"Samuel"},{"family":"Jacobel","given":"Allison"},{"family":"Kohfeld","given":"Karen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2020gb006769","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gb006769","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3128023776","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep-Sea Mining Equipment in China: Current Status and Prospect","abstract":"There are abundant mineral resources at the seafloor. These resources have rich varieties, vast reserves, high grade, and great development and utilization prospects. Countries in the world are accelerating the development of deep-sea mining equipment nowadays. This study analyzes the development status of the deep-sea mining equipment in China and abroad and investigates the deficiencies in technologies and equipment in China from the perspectives of fundamental scientific research, key technology development, and sea trial verification. Moreover, it summarizes the key scientific and technological issues to be resolved, and proposes the developing trends of deep-sea heavy operation equipment, ore transport equipment, and sea surface support vessels. We propose that deep-sea mining should adhere to the concepts of heavy equipment, collaboration, intelligence, and green development, and key technology innovation and independent research and development of the mining equipment should be promoted. Demonstration projects should be constructed for deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining to accelerate the development of deep-sea mining technologies and equipment, so as to realize large-scale sea trials, conduct system design for long-term operation, and promote commercial seabed mining.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Jianmin"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Lei"},{"family":"Lyu","given":"Haining"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Zhongqin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.15302/j-sscae-2020.06.001","URL":"https://doi.org/10.15302/j-sscae-2020.06.001","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3198640376","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep-Sea Debris Identification Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks","abstract":"Deep-sea debris is a globally growing problem that negatively impacting biological and chemical ecosystems. More seriously, the debris is likely to persist in the deep sea for long periods. Fortunately, with the help of the debris detection system the submersibles can clean up the debris. An excellent classifier is critical to the debris detection system. Therefore the objective of this study is to determine whether deep convolutional neural networks can distinguish the differences of debris and natural deep-sea environment, so as to effectively achieve deep-sea debris identification. First, a real deep-sea debris images (DDI) dataset is constructed for further classification research based on an online deep-sea debris database owned by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC). Second, the hybrid Shuffle-Xception network is constructed to classify the deep-sea image as metal, glass, plastic, rubber, fishing net \\&rope, natural debris, and cloth. Furthermore, five common convolutional neural networks (CNNs) frameworks are also employed to implement the classification process. Finally, the identification experiments are carried out to validate the performance of the proposed methodology. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is superior to the state-of-art CNN methods and has the potential for deep-sea debris identification.","author":[{"family":"Xue","given":"Bing"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Baoxiang"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Ge"},{"family":"Li","given":"Haitao"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Weibo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/jstars.2021.3107853","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3107853","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3131124680","type":"article-journal","title":"Visual information processing for deep-sea visual monitoring system","abstract":"Due to the rising demand for minerals and metals, various deep-sea mining systems have been developed for the detection of mines and mine-like objects on the seabed. However, many of them contain some issues due to the diffusion of dangerous substances and radioactive substances in water. Therefore, efficient and accurate visual monitoring is expected by introducing artificial intelligence. Most recent deep-sea mining machines have little intelligence in visual monitoring systems. Intelligent robotics, e.g., deep learning-based edge computing for deep-sea visual monitoring systems, have not yet been established. In this paper, we propose the concept of a learning-based deep-sea visual monitoring system and use testbeds to show the efficiency of the proposed system. For example, to sense the underwater environment in real time, a large quantity of observation data, including captured images, must be transmitted from the seafloor to the ship, but large-capacity underwater communication is difficult. In this paper, we propose using deep compressed learning for real-time communication. In addition, we propose the gradient generation adversarial network (GGAN) to recover the heavily destroyed underwater images. In the application layer, wavelet-aware superresolution is used to show high-resolution images. Therefore, the development of an intelligent remote control deep-sea mining system with good convenience using deep learning applicable to deep-sea mining is expected.","author":[{"family":"Ma","given":"Chunyan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yujie"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Xinliang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yichuan"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Hyoung"},{"family":"Serikawa","given":"Seiichi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.cogr.2020.12.002","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogr.2020.12.002","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3150017935","type":"article-journal","title":"A deep learning-based evolutionary model for short-term wind speed forecasting: A case study of the Lillgrund offshore wind farm","abstract":"Due to expanding global environmental issues and growing energy demand, wind power technologies have been studied extensively. Accurate and robust short-term wind speed forecasting is crucial for large-scale integration of wind power generation into the power grid. However, the seasonal and stochastic characteristics of wind speed make forecasting a challenging task. This study adopts a novel hybrid deep learning-based evolutionary approach in an attempt to improve the accuracy of wind speed prediction. This hybrid model consists of a bidirectional long short-term memory neural network, an effective hierarchical evolutionary decomposition technique and an improved generalised normal distribution optimisation algorithm for hyper-parameter tuning. The proposed hybrid approach was trained and tested on data gathered from an offshore wind turbine installed in a Swedish wind farm located in the Baltic Sea with two forecasting horizons: ten-minutes ahead and one-hour ahead. The experimental results indicated that the new approach is superior to six other applied machine learning models and a further seven hybrid models, as measured by seven performance criteria.","author":[{"family":"Neshat","given":"Mehdi"},{"family":"Nezhad","given":"Meysam"},{"family":"Abbasnejad","given":"Ehsan"},{"family":"Mirjalili","given":"Seyedali"},{"family":"Tjernberg","given":"Lina"},{"family":"Garcia","given":"Davide"},{"family":"Alexander","given":"Bradley"},{"family":"Wagner","given":"Markus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114002","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114002","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3034186560","type":"article-journal","title":"Climate change considerations are fundamental to management of deep‐sea resource extraction","abstract":"Climate change manifestation in the ocean, through warming, oxygen loss, increasing acidification, and changing particulate organic carbon flux (one metric of altered food supply), is projected to affect most deep-ocean ecosystems concomitantly with increasing direct human disturbance. Climate drivers will alter deep-sea biodiversity and associated ecosystem services, and may interact with disturbance from resource extraction activities or even climate geoengineering. We suggest that to ensure the effective management of increasing use of the deep ocean (e.g., for bottom fishing, oil and gas extraction, and deep-seabed mining), environmental management and developing regulations must consider climate change. Strategic planning, impact assessment and monitoring, spatial management, application of the precautionary approach, and full-cost accounting of extraction activities should embrace climate consciousness. Coupled climate and biological modeling approaches applied in the water and on the seafloor can help accomplish this goal. For example, Earth-System Model projections of climate-change parameters at the seafloor reveal heterogeneity in projected climate hazard and time of emergence (beyond natural variability) in regions targeted for deep-seabed mining. Models that combine climate-induced changes in ocean circulation with particle tracking predict altered transport of early life stages (larvae) under climate change. Habitat suitability models can help assess the consequences of altered larval dispersal, predict climate refugia, and identify vulnerable regions for multiple species under climate change. Engaging the deep observing community can support the necessary data provisioning to mainstream climate into the development of environmental management plans. To illustrate this approach, we focus on deep-seabed mining and the International Seabed Authority, whose mandates include regulation of all mineral-related activities in international waters and protecting the marine environment from the harmful effects of mining. However, achieving deep-ocean sustainability under the UN Sustainable Development Goals will require integration of climate consideration across all policy sectors.","author":[{"family":"Levin","given":"Lisa"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Chih‐lin"},{"family":"Dunn","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Amon","given":"Diva"},{"family":"Ashford","given":"Oliver"},{"family":"Cheung","given":"William"},{"family":"Colaço","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Dominguezcarrió","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Escobarbriones","given":"Elva"},{"family":"Hardendavies","given":"Harriet"},{"family":"Drazen","given":"Jeffrey"},{"family":"Ismail","given":"Khaira"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1111/gcb.15223","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15223","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3096760278","type":"article-journal","title":"Harnessing the power of eDNA metabarcoding for the detection of deep-sea fishes","abstract":"The deep ocean is the largest biome on Earth and faces increasing anthropogenic pressures from climate change and commercial fisheries. Our ability to sustainably manage this expansive habitat is impeded by our poor understanding of its inhabitants and by the difficulties in surveying and monitoring these areas. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has great potential to improve our understanding of this region and to facilitate monitoring across a broad range of taxa. Here, we evaluate two eDNA sampling protocols and seven primer sets for elucidating fish diversity from deep sea water samples. We found that deep sea water samples (> 1400 m depth) had significantly lower DNA concentrations than surface or mid-depth samples necessitating a refined protocol with a larger sampling volume. We recovered significantly more DNA in large volume water samples (1.5 L) filtered at sea compared to small volume samples (250 mL) held for lab filtration. Furthermore, the number of unique sequences (exact sequence variants; ESVs) recovered per sample was higher in large volume samples. Since the number of ESVs recovered from large volume samples was less variable and consistently high, we recommend the larger volumes when sampling water from the deep ocean. We also identified three primer sets which detected the most fish taxa but recommend using multiple markers due the variability in detection probabilities and taxonomic resolution among fishes for each primer set. Overall, fish diversity results obtained from metabarcoding were comparable to conventional survey methods. While eDNA sampling and processing need be optimized for this unique environment, the results of this study demonstrate that eDNA metabarcoding can facilitate biodiversity surveys in the deep ocean, require less dedicated survey effort per unit identification, and are capable of simultaneously providing valuable information on other taxonomic groups.","author":[{"family":"Mcclenaghan","given":"Beverly"},{"family":"Fahner","given":"Nicole"},{"family":"Côté","given":"David"},{"family":"Chawarski","given":"Julek"},{"family":"Mccarthy","given":"Avery"},{"family":"Rajabi","given":"Hoda"},{"family":"Singer","given":"Greg"},{"family":"Hajibabaei","given":"Mehrdad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0236540","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236540","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4292300129","type":"article-journal","title":"Phylogenetically and catabolically diverse diazotrophs reside in deep-sea cold seep sediments","abstract":"Microbially mediated nitrogen cycling in carbon-dominated cold seep environments remains poorly understood. So far anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME-2) and their sulfate-reducing bacterial partners (SEEP-SRB1 clade) have been identified as diazotrophs in deep sea cold seep sediments. However, it is unclear whether other microbial groups can perform nitrogen fixation in such ecosystems. To fill this gap, we analyzed 61 metagenomes, 1428 metagenome-assembled genomes, and six metatranscriptomes derived from 11 globally distributed cold seeps. These sediments contain phylogenetically diverse nitrogenase genes corresponding to an expanded diversity of diazotrophic lineages. Diverse catabolic pathways were predicted to provide ATP for nitrogen fixation, suggesting diazotrophy in cold seeps is not necessarily associated with sulfate-dependent anaerobic oxidation of methane. Nitrogen fixation genes among various diazotrophic groups in cold seeps were inferred to be genetically mobile and subject to purifying selection. Our findings extend the capacity for diazotrophy to five candidate phyla (Altarchaeia, Omnitrophota, FCPU426, Caldatribacteriota and UBA6262), and suggest that cold seep diazotrophs might contribute substantially to the global nitrogen balance.","author":[{"family":"Dong","given":"Xiyang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chuwen"},{"family":"Peng","given":"Yongyi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Hongxi"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Ling"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Guangshan"},{"family":"Hubert","given":"Casey"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yong"},{"family":"Greening","given":"Chris"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-022-32503-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32503-w","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3087406471","type":"article-journal","title":"Host–Endosymbiont Genome Integration in a Deep-Sea Chemosymbiotic Clam","abstract":"Endosymbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria has enabled many deep-sea invertebrates to thrive at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, but most previous studies on this mutualism have focused on the bacteria only. Vesicomyid clams dominate global deep-sea chemosynthesis-based ecosystems. They differ from most deep-sea symbiotic animals in passing their symbionts from parent to offspring, enabling intricate coevolution between the host and the symbiont. Here, we sequenced the genomes of the clam Archivesica marissinica (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae) and its bacterial symbiont to understand the genomic/metabolic integration behind this symbiosis. At 1.52 Gb, the clam genome encodes 28 genes horizontally transferred from bacteria, a large number of pseudogenes and transposable elements whose massive expansion corresponded to the timing of the rise and subsequent divergence of symbiont-bearing vesicomyids. The genome exhibits gene family expansion in cellular processes that likely facilitate chemoautotrophy, including gas delivery to support energy and carbon production, metabolite exchange with the symbiont, and regulation of the bacteriocyte population. Contraction in cellulase genes is likely adaptive to the shift from phytoplankton-derived to bacteria-based food. It also shows contraction in bacterial recognition gene families, indicative of suppressed immune response to the endosymbiont. The gammaproteobacterium endosymbiont has a reduced genome of 1.03 Mb but retains complete pathways for sulfur oxidation, carbon fixation, and biosynthesis of 20 common amino acids, indicating the host's high dependence on the symbiont for nutrition. Overall, the host-symbiont genomes show not only tight metabolic complementarity but also distinct signatures of coevolution allowing the vesicomyids to thrive in chemosynthesis-based ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Ip","given":"Jack"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Ting"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Jin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Runsheng"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Chong"},{"family":"Lan","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Han","given":"Zhuang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Haibin"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Jiangong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Hongbin"},{"family":"Tao","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Zongwei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1093/molbev/msaa241","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa241","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4205173841","type":"article-journal","title":"Lab-on-Chip for In Situ Analysis of Nutrients in the Deep Sea","abstract":"Microfluidic reagent-based nutrient sensors offer a promising technology to address the global undersampling of ocean chemistry but have so far not been shown to operate in the deep sea (>200 m). We report a new family of miniaturized lab-on-chip (LOC) colorimetric analyzers making in situ nitrate and phosphate measurements from the surface ocean to the deep sea (>4800 m). This new technology gives users a new low-cost, high-performance tool for measuring chemistry in hyperbaric environments. Using a combination of laboratory verification and field-based tests, we demonstrate that the analyzers are capable of in situ measurements during profiling that are comparable to laboratory-based analyses. The sensors feature a novel and efficient inertial-flow mixer that increases the mixing efficiency and reduces the back pressure and flushing time compared to a previously used serpentine mixing channel. Four separate replicate units of the nitrate and phosphate sensor were calibrated in the laboratory and showed an average limit of detection of 0.03 μM for nitrate and 0.016 μM for phosphate. Three on-chip optical absorption cell lengths provide a large linear range (to >750 μM (10.5 mg/L-N) for nitrate and >15 μM (0.47 mg/L-P) for phosphate), making the instruments suitable for typical concentrations in both ocean and freshwater aquatic environments. The LOC systems automatically collected a series of deep-sea nitrate and phosphate profiles in the northeast Atlantic while attached to a conductivity temperature depth (CTD) rosette, and the LOC nitrate sensor was attached to a PROVOR profiling float to conduct automated nitrate profiles in the Mediterranean Sea.","author":[{"family":"Beaton","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Schaap","given":"Allison"},{"family":"Pascal","given":"Robin"},{"family":"Hanz","given":"Rudolf"},{"family":"Martinčič","given":"Urška"},{"family":"Cardwell","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Morris","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Clintonbailey","given":"Geraldine"},{"family":"Saw","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Hartman","given":"Susan"},{"family":"Mowlem","given":"Matthew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acssensors.1c01685","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.1c01685","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3098171041","type":"article-journal","title":"Atlantic Deep Water Formation Occurs Primarily in the Iceland Basin and Irminger Sea by Local Buoyancy Forcing","abstract":"Abstract The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), a key mechanism in the climate system, delivers warm and salty waters from the subtropical gyre to the subpolar gyre and Nordic Seas, where they are transformed into denser waters flowing southward in the lower AMOC limb. The prevailing hypothesis is that dense waters formed in the Labrador and Nordic Seas are the sources for the AMOC lower limb. However, recent observations reveal that convection in the Labrador Sea contributes minimally to the total overturning of the subpolar gyre. In this study, we show that the AMOC is instead primarily composed of waters formed in the Nordic Seas and Irminger and Iceland basins. A first direct estimate of heat and freshwater fluxes over these basins demonstrates that buoyancy forcing during the winter months can almost wholly account for the dense waters of the subpolar North Atlantic that are exported as part of the AMOC.","author":[{"family":"Petit","given":"Tillys"},{"family":"Lozier","given":"MS"},{"family":"Josey","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Cunningham","given":"Stuart"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2020gl091028","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl091028","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4312203532","type":"article-journal","title":"Virus diversity and interactions with hosts in deep-sea hydrothermal vents","abstract":"BACKGROUND: The deep sea harbors many viruses, yet their diversity and interactions with hosts in hydrothermal ecosystems are largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the viral composition, distribution, host preference, and metabolic potential in different habitats of global hydrothermal vents, including vent plumes, background seawater, diffuse fluids, and sediments. RESULTS: From 34 samples collected at eight vent sites, a total of 4662 viral populations (vOTUs) were recovered from the metagenome assemblies, encompassing diverse phylogenetic groups and defining many novel lineages. Apart from the abundant unclassified viruses, tailed phages are most predominant across the global hydrothermal vents, while single-stranded DNA viruses, including Microviridae and small eukaryotic viruses, also constitute a significant part of the viromes. As revealed by protein-sharing network analysis, hydrothermal vent viruses formed many novel genus-level viral clusters and are highly endemic to specific vent sites and habitat types. Only 11% of the vOTUs can be linked to hosts, which are the key microbial taxa of hydrothermal habitats, such as Gammaproteobacteria and Campylobacterota. Intriguingly, vent viromes share some common metabolic features in that they encode auxiliary genes that are extensively involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, cofactors, and vitamins. Specifically, in plume viruses, various auxiliary genes related to methane, nitrogen, and sulfur metabolism were observed, indicating their contribution to host energy conservation. Moreover, the prevalence of sulfur-relay pathway genes indicated the significant role of vent viruses in stabilizing the tRNA structure, which promotes host adaptation to steep environmental gradients. CONCLUSIONS: The deep-sea hydrothermal systems hold untapped viral diversity with novelty. They may affect both vent prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities and modulate host metabolism related to vent adaptability. More explorations are needed to depict global vent virus diversity and its roles in this unique ecosystem. Video Abstract.","author":[{"family":"Cheng","given":"Ruolin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xiaofeng"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Lijing"},{"family":"Gong","given":"Linfeng"},{"family":"Geslin","given":"Claire"},{"family":"Shao","given":"Zongze"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1186/s40168-022-01441-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-022-01441-6","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4291021272","type":"article-journal","title":"Pan-cancer integrative histology-genomic analysis via multimodal deep learning","abstract":"The rapidly emerging field of computational pathology has demonstrated promise in developing objective prognostic models from histology images. However, most prognostic models are either based on histology or genomics alone and do not address how these data sources can be integrated to develop joint image-omic prognostic models. Additionally, identifying explainable morphological and molecular descriptors from these models that govern such prognosis is of interest. We use multimodal deep learning to jointly examine pathology whole-slide images and molecular profile data from 14 cancer types. Our weakly supervised, multimodal deep-learning algorithm is able to fuse these heterogeneous modalities to predict outcomes and discover prognostic features that correlate with poor and favorable outcomes. We present all analyses for morphological and molecular correlates of patient prognosis across the 14 cancer types at both a disease and a patient level in an interactive open-access database to allow for further exploration, biomarker discovery, and feature assessment.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Ming"},{"family":"Williamson","given":"Drew"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Tiffany"},{"family":"Lipková","given":"Jana"},{"family":"Noor","given":"Zahra"},{"family":"Shaban","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Shady","given":"Maha"},{"family":"Williams","given":"Mane"},{"family":"Joo","given":"Bumjin"},{"family":"Mahmood","given":"Faisal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ccell.2022.07.004","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2022.07.004","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3126753639","type":"article-journal","title":"Hadal trenches are dynamic hotspots for early diagenesis in the deep sea","abstract":"Abstract The deepest part of the global ocean, hadal trenches, are considered to act as depocenters for organic material. Relatively high microbial activity has been demonstrated in the deepest sections of some hadal trenches, but the deposition dynamics are thought to be spatially and temporally variable. Here, we explore sediment characteristics and in-situ benthic oxygen uptake along two trenches with contrasting surface primary productivity: the Kermadec and Atacama trenches. We find that benthic oxygen consumption varies by a factor of about 10 between hadal sites but is in all cases intensified relative to adjacent abyssal plains. The benthic oxygen uptake of the two trench regions reflects the difference in surface production, whereas variations within each trench are modulated by local deposition dynamics. Respiratory activity correlates with the sedimentary inventories of organic carbon and phytodetrital material. We argue that hadal trenches represent deep sea hotspots for early diagenesis and are more diverse and dynamic environments than previously recognized.","author":[{"family":"Glud","given":"Ronnie"},{"family":"Berg","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Thamdrup","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Larsen","given":"Morten"},{"family":"Stewart","given":"Heather"},{"family":"Jamieson","given":"Alan"},{"family":"Glud","given":"Anni"},{"family":"Oguri","given":"K"},{"family":"Sanei","given":"Hamed"},{"family":"Rowden","given":"Ashley"},{"family":"Wenzhöfer","given":"Frank"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s43247-020-00087-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00087-2","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3081662690","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Hyperspectral Imaging Technology and Its Applications for Detecting and Mapping the Seafloor: A Review","abstract":"Common methods of ocean remote sensing and seafloor surveying are mainly carried out by airborne and spaceborne hyperspectral imagers. However, the water column hinders the propagation of sunlight to deeper areas, thus limiting the scope of observation. As an emerging technology, underwater hyperspectral imaging (UHI) is an extension of hyperspectral imaging technology in air conditions, and is undergoing rapid development for applications in shallow and deep-sea environments. It is a close-range, high-resolution approach for detecting and mapping the seafloor. In this paper, we focus on the concepts of UHI technology, covering imaging systems and the correction methods of eliminating the water column's influence. The current applications of UHI, such as deep-sea mineral exploration, benthic habitat mapping, and underwater archaeology, are highlighted to show the potential of this technology. This review can provide an introduction and overview for those working in the field and offer a reference for those searching for literature on UHI technology.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Bohan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zhaojun"},{"family":"Men","given":"Shaojie"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yongfu"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Zhongjun"},{"family":"He","given":"Jiahao"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Zhigang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s20174962","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174962","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3205869937","type":"article-journal","title":"Sea Wave Energy. A Review of the Current Technologies and Perspectives","abstract":"The proposal of new technologies capable of producing electrical energy from renewable sources has driven research into seas and oceans. Research finds this field very promising in the future of renewable energies, especially in areas where there are specific climatic and morphological characteristics to exploit large amounts of energy from the sea. In general, this kind of energy is referred to as six energy resources: waves, tidal range, tidal current, ocean current, ocean thermal energy conversion, and saline gradient. This review has the aim to list several wave-energy converter power plants and to analyze their years of operation. In this way, a focus is created to understand how many wave-energy converter plants work on average and whether it is indeed an established technology.","author":[{"family":"Curto","given":"Domenico"},{"family":"Franzitta","given":"Vincenzo"},{"family":"Guercio","given":"Andrea"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en14206604","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206604","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3179978620","type":"article-journal","title":"All-silica fiber-optic temperature-depth-salinity sensor based on cascaded EFPIs and FBG for deep sea exploration","abstract":"Using fusion splicing and hydroxide catalysis bonding (HCB) technology, an all-silica inline fiber-optic sensor with high-pressure survivability, high-resolution salinity measurement capability, and corrosion resistance for deep sea explorations is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Two extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometers (EFPIs) and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) are cascaded in one single-mode fiber (SMF), enabling structural integration of single lead-in fiber and versatility of the sensing probe for temperature, depth, and salinity monitoring. The HCB technology offers a polymer adhesive-free assembly of one open-cavity EFPI for refractive index (RI) (salinity) sensing under normal pressure and temperature (NPT) conditions, showing obvious advantages of strong bonding strength, reliable effectiveness, and no corrosive chemicals requirements. The other EFPI formed by a fused structure is designed for pressure (depth) measurement. The cascading of EFPIs, especially the open-cavity EFPI immersed in water, will result in large light transmission loss and bring challenges to signal interrogation. Graded-index fiber (GIF) micro-collimators and reflective films are added to prevent dramatic degradations of signal intensity and fringe visibility underwater. Thereby, a Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity of several hundreds of microns in length and an open cavity of a thousand microns can be cascaded for underwater applications, effectively enhancing sensitivities and underwater signal readout simultaneously. Results show that the proposed sensor can well operate in the deep-sea pressure range of 0∼2039.43 mH2O, RI range of 1.33239∼1.36885 RIU, and temperature range of 23∼80 °C, with resolutions of 0.033 MPa, 4.16×10−7 RIU, and 0.54 °C, respectively. With the multi-parameter measurement capability, all-silica construction, and inline compact structure, the proposed sensor could be a potential candidate for deep sea exploration.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Yueying"},{"family":"Jing","given":"Zhenguo"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Qiang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Ang"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Ang"},{"family":"Cheung","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Peng","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1364/oe.432943","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.432943","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4282914389","type":"article-journal","title":"Climate change mitigation of drop-in biofuels for deep-sea shipping under a prospective life-cycle assessment","abstract":"The shipping sector is seeking options to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and achieve ambitious climate change mitigation goals. Unlike short-sea shipping that can rely on electrification of coastal vessels, drop-in biofuels are among the most promising options for deep-sea shipping decarbonization. However, environmental sustainability analyses of marine biofuels are limited, and usually do not include the influence of future changes in the background energy system nor the climatic effects of near-term climate forcers (NTCFs). In our study, we assess the climate change mitigation potential of various marine biofuels produced from forest residues in Norway (a country with ambitious plans for emission reduction from shipping) using a prospective life-cycle assessment (LCA) where the projected trends in the energy and transport sectors are integrated with improvements in the biofuel value chain for the next decades (2030–2050). Relative to fossil-based alternatives, climate mitigation potentials of biofuels range from 65% to 85% with short-term (GWP20) and to 78%–87% with long-term (GTP100) climate impacts. The inclusion of NTCFs reduces the mitigation benefits of biofuels in the short term, while it slightly increases them in the long term. The explicit modeling of technology and socio-economic changes under future policy scenarios indicates a reduction in the climate impacts of biofuels by up to 54% in 2050 when compared to the current situation. The amount of residues potentially available in Norway is sufficient to meet the present demand for liquid fuels in deep-sea shipping, thus providing yearly climate mitigation of 0.9–1.1 million tons of CO2-eq (equal to 6–7% of today's climate impacts from the entire transport sector in the country). Our analysis shows the large climate change mitigation potential of drop-in biofuels, and it provides new quantitative estimates that can help guiding a sustainability shift in the deep-sea shipping sector.","author":[{"family":"Watanabe","given":"Marcos"},{"family":"Cherubini","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Cavalett","given":"Otávio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132662","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132662","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4213124617","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning-Based Change Detection in Remote Sensing Images: A Review","abstract":"Images gathered from different satellites are vastly available these days due to the fast development of remote sensing (RS) technology. These images significantly enhance the data sources of change detection (CD). CD is a technique of recognizing the dissimilarities in the images acquired at distinct intervals and are used for numerous applications, such as urban area development, disaster management, land cover object identification, etc. In recent years, deep learning (DL) techniques have been used tremendously in change detection processes, where it has achieved great success because of their practical applications. Some researchers have even claimed that DL approaches outperform traditional approaches and enhance change detection accuracy. Therefore, this review focuses on deep learning techniques, such as supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised for different change detection datasets, such as SAR, multispectral, hyperspectral, VHR, and heterogeneous images, and their advantages and disadvantages will be highlighted. In the end, some significant challenges are discussed to understand the context of improvements in change detection datasets and deep learning models. Overall, this review will be beneficial for the future development of CD methods.","author":[{"family":"Shafique","given":"Ayesha"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Guo"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Zia"},{"family":"Asad","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Aslam","given":"Muhammad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs14040871","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040871","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3000256718","type":"article-journal","title":"Environmental predictors of deep-sea polymetallic nodule occurrence in the global ocean","abstract":"Abstract Polymetallic nodules found on the abyssal plains of the oceans represent one of the slowest known geological processes, and are a source of critical and rare metals for frontier technologies. A quantitative assessment of their occurrence worldwide has been hampered by a research focus on the northeastern Pacific Ocean and the lack of a global open-access data set of nodules. We have compiled a global data set of >10,000 seabed nodule and control samples, and combine it with digital grids of key environmental parameters to generate a predictive machine-learning model of nodule occurrence. In order of decreasing parameter ranking, we find that nodules are associated with very low sedimentation rates (< 0.5 cm/k.y.), moderately high oxygen values (150 and 210 mmol/m3), lithologies of clay followed by calcareous ooze, low summer surface productivity (<300 mgC/m2/day), low benthic biomass concentration (<1 log mgC/m2), water depths >4500 m, and low total organic carbon content (0.3–0.5 wt%). Competing hypotheses for nodule sustention and thus continued growth on the seafloor are the removal of sediment by bottom-water currents and biological activity. Using a high-resolution eddy-resolving ocean circulation model, we find that the bottom-current speeds over nodule fields are too low (<5 cm/s) to remove sediment, implicating the activity of epibenthic megafauna as the most likely mechanism. Our global nodule probability map combined with the assessment of a range of environmental drivers provides an improved basis for decision and policy making in the controversial area of deep-sea exploration.","author":[{"family":"Dutkiewicz","given":"Adriana"},{"family":"Judge","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Müller","given":"RD"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1130/g46836.1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g46836.1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4226013336","type":"article-journal","title":"Progress in understanding of Indian Ocean circulation, variability, air–sea exchange, and impacts on biogeochemistry","abstract":"Abstract. Over the past decade, our understanding of the Indian Ocean has advanced through concerted efforts toward measuring the ocean circulation and air–sea exchanges, detecting changes in water masses, and linking physical processes to ecologically important variables. New circulation pathways and mechanisms have been discovered that control atmospheric and oceanic mean state and variability. This review brings together new understanding of the ocean–atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean since the last comprehensive review, describing the Indian Ocean circulation patterns, air–sea interactions, and climate variability. Coordinated international focus on the Indian Ocean has motivated the application of new technologies to deliver higher-resolution observations and models of Indian Ocean processes. As a result we are discovering the importance of small-scale processes in setting the large-scale gradients and circulation, interactions between physical and biogeochemical processes, interactions between boundary currents and the interior, and interactions between the surface and the deep ocean. A newly discovered regional climate mode in the southeast Indian Ocean, the Ningaloo Niño, has instigated more regional air–sea coupling and marine heatwave research in the global oceans. In the last decade, we have seen rapid warming of the Indian Ocean overlaid with extremes in the form of marine heatwaves. These events have motivated studies that have delivered new insight into the variability in ocean heat content and exchanges in the Indian Ocean and have highlighted the critical role of the Indian Ocean as a clearing house for anthropogenic heat. This synthesis paper reviews the advances in these areas in the last decade.","author":[{"family":"Phillips","given":"Helen"},{"family":"Tandon","given":"Amit"},{"family":"Furue","given":"Ryo"},{"family":"Hood","given":"Raleigh"},{"family":"Ummenhofer","given":"Caroline"},{"family":"Benthuysen","given":"Jessica"},{"family":"Menezes","given":"Viviane"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Shijian"},{"family":"Webber","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Sanchezfranks","given":"Alejandra"},{"family":"Cherian","given":"Deepak"},{"family":"Shroyer","given":"E"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5194/os-17-1677-2021","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1677-2021","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3118400814","type":"article-journal","title":"Spatial and temporal analysis of cumulative environmental effects of offshore wind farms in the North Sea basin","abstract":"The North Sea basin is one of the busiest maritime areas globally with a considerable number of anthropogenic pressures impacting the functioning of the marine ecosystem. Due to growing EU ambitions for the deployment of large offshore wind farm projects (OWF), as part of the 2050 renewable energy roadmap, there is a key need for a holistic understanding of OWF potential impacts on the marine ecosystem. We propose a holistic Cumulative Effect Assessment methodology, applied using a geo-spatial open-source software, to assess impacts of OWF related pressures on selected seabed habitats, fish, seabird and mammal species. We take into account pressures specific to the three OWF development phases, spanning 1999-2050, for the entire North Sea basin. Our results underline 2022 as the peak year of cumulative impacts for the approved OWFs, followed by a considerable increase in potential impacts of the planned 212GWs, by 2050. The spatio-temporal analysis of the OWF environmental impacts presents the shift between highly impacted areas over the studied timeline and distinguishes between concentrated areas of high impacts (S-E of UK) and dispersed areas of high impacts (Germany). Our results can inform decision-makers and the OWF industry in a joint effort to mitigate the environmental impacts of future large OWF developments.","author":[{"family":"Guşatu","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Menegon","given":"Stefano"},{"family":"Depellegrin","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Zuidema","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Faaij","given":"André"},{"family":"Yamu","given":"Claudia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-021-89537-1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89537-1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4205808255","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of Recent Advancements in Offshore Wind Turbine Technology","abstract":"Offshore wind turbines are becoming increasingly popular due to their higher wind energy harnessing capabilities and lower visual pollution. Researchers around the globe have been reporting significant scientific advancements in offshore wind turbines technology, addressing key issues, such as aerodynamic characteristics of turbine blades, dynamic response of the turbine, structural integrity of the turbine foundation, design of the mooring cables, ground scouring and cost modelling for commercial viability. These investigations range from component-level design and analysis to system-level response and optimization using a multitude of analytical, empirical and numerical techniques. With such wide-ranging studies available in the public domain, there is a need to carry out an extensive yet critical literature review on the recent advancements in offshore wind turbine technology. Offshore wind turbine blades’ aerodynamics and the structural integrity of offshore wind turbines are of particular importance, which can lead towards system’s optimal design and operation, leading to reduced maintenance costs. Thus, in this study, our focus is to highlight key knowledge gaps in the scientific investigations on offshore wind turbines’ aerodynamic and structural response. It is envisaged that this study will pave the way for future concentrated efforts in better understanding the complex behavior of these machines.","author":[{"family":"Asim","given":"Taimoor"},{"family":"Islam","given":"Sheikh"},{"family":"Hemmati","given":"Arman"},{"family":"Khalid","given":"Muhammad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en15020579","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020579","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3016292053","type":"article-journal","title":"Electrochemical Methods for Lithium Recovery: A Comprehensive and Critical Review","abstract":"Due to the ubiquitous presence of lithium-ion batteries in portable applications, and their implementation in the transportation and large-scale energy sectors, the future cost and availability of lithium is currently under debate. Lithium demand is expected to grow in the near future, up to 900 ktons per year in 2025. Lithium utilization would depend on a strong increase in production. However, the currently most extended lithium extraction method, the lime-soda evaporation process, requires a period of time in the range of 1-2 years and depends on weather conditions. The actual global production of lithium by this technology will soon be far exceeded by market demand. Alternative production methods have recently attracted great attention. Among them, electrochemical lithium recovery, based on electrochemical ion-pumping technology, offers higher capacity production, it does not require the use of chemicals for the regeneration of the materials, reduces the consumption of water and the production of chemical wastes, and allows the production rate to be controlled, attending to the market demand. Here, this technology is analyzed with a special focus on the methodology, materials employed, and reactor designs. The state-of-the-art is reevaluated from a critical perspective and the viability of the different proposed methodologies analyzed.","author":[{"family":"Battistel","given":"Alberto"},{"family":"Palagonia","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Brogioli","given":"Doriano"},{"family":"Mantia","given":"Fabio"},{"family":"Trócoli","given":"Rafael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1002/adma.201905440","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201905440","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3175456170","type":"article-journal","title":"Contrasting fates of terrestrial organic carbon pools in marginal sea sediments","abstract":"Burial of terrestrial organic carbon (OCterr) in marginal sea sediments is a key component of the carbon cycle, exerting long-term influence on atmospheric CO2 and climate. Assessment of the burial efficiency of OCterr is of key importance, yet remains poorly constrained due to current gaps in our knowledge of mechanistic controls, including the influence of organic matter composition and age on the fate of OCterr in marine sediments. We measured bulk characteristics (δ13C and Δ14C of OC; mineral surface area, SA; grain size; n = 98 samples) and biomarker carbon isotopic compositions (fatty acid δ13C and Δ14C; n = 11) of a suite of surface sediment samples from the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea (BS-YS). Combining with published results, bulk OC (n = 234) and biomarker (n = 19) carbon isotopic data are used to examine spatial variability in the sources and ages of OCterr in this shallow marginal sea system. Biomarker carbon isotopic values are used to constrain endmember values, and a dual carbon isotope mixing model was applied to all bulk samples to develop a spatially explicit assessment of contributions of different pools of OCterr. Although highly spatially variable, pre-aged OC (OCpre-aged) and fossil OC (OCfossil) when combined (i.e., “non-modern OC”) on average accounted for 51 ± 10% of the OC in BS-YS surface sediments. This was equivalent to the proportion of OCterr (ave., 51 ± 14%) estimated from a δ13COC binary mixing model, suggesting OCterr in the mixed layer of BS-YS sediments is predominantly composed of millennial-aged OC. The burial potential of pool-specific OCterr was then evaluated through comparison of corresponding mineral SA-normalized loadings of surface sediments with those of Yellow River suspended particulate matter. Both the regression slope and the arithmetic mean value approaches reveal high burial potential for all terrestrial OC pools delivered by Yellow River, which is attributed to the aged and refractory nature of OC exported from the Yellow River. However, differing relationships of pool-specific OCterr loadings between BS-YS and Yellow River sediments imply contrasting fates. In particular, we find that the burial potential of OCpre-aged is consistently greater than that of OCfossil. This surprising observation suggests either enhanced degradation of OCfossil during lateral transport (possibly as a consequence of different mineral associations and hydrodynamic sorting effects), or additional sources for OCpre-aged, such as from small rivers or aerosol deposition. Overall, OC age, mineralogical composition and hydrological settings contribute to the complex patterns of OC residing in northern China marginal sea surface sediments. This novel molecular-isotopic approach reveals significant spatial variability in proportions, contents and burial potential among terrestrial OC pools, and underlines the importance of considering organic matter age and composition in understanding and constraining the fate of OCterr in marine sedimentary environments.","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Meng"},{"family":"Eglinton","given":"Timothy"},{"family":"Haghipour","given":"Negar"},{"family":"Montluçon","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Wacker","given":"Lukas"},{"family":"Hou","given":"Pengfei"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Meixun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.gca.2021.06.018","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.06.018","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3046476263","type":"article-journal","title":"Strategies for mitigation of climate change: a review","abstract":"Abstract Climate change is defined as the shift in climate patterns mainly caused by greenhouse gas emissions from natural systems and human activities. So far, anthropogenic activities have caused about 1.0 °C of global warming above the pre-industrial level and this is likely to reach 1.5 °C between 2030 and 2052 if the current emission rates persist. In 2018, the world encountered 315 cases of natural disasters which are mainly related to the climate. Approximately 68.5 million people were affected, and economic losses amounted to $131.7 billion, of which storms, floods, wildfires and droughts accounted for approximately 93%. Economic losses attributed to wildfires in 2018 alone are almost equal to the collective losses from wildfires incurred over the past decade, which is quite alarming. Furthermore, food, water, health, ecosystem, human habitat and infrastructure have been identified as the most vulnerable sectors under climate attack. In 2015, the Paris agreement was introduced with the main objective of limiting global temperature increase to 2 °C by 2100 and pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C. This article reviews the main strategies for climate change abatement, namely conventional mitigation, negative emissions and radiative forcing geoengineering. Conventional mitigation technologies focus on reducing fossil-based CO 2 emissions. Negative emissions technologies are aiming to capture and sequester atmospheric carbon to reduce carbon dioxide levels. Finally, geoengineering techniques of radiative forcing alter the earth’s radiative energy budget to stabilize or reduce global temperatures. It is evident that conventional mitigation efforts alone are not sufficient to meet the targets stipulated by the Paris agreement; therefore, the utilization of alternative routes appears inevitable. While various technologies presented may still be at an early stage of development, biogenic-based sequestration techniques are to a certain extent mature and can be deployed immediately.","author":[{"family":"Fawzy","given":"Samer"},{"family":"Osman","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Doran","given":"John"},{"family":"Rooney","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10311-020-01059-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01059-w","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3108665729","type":"article-journal","title":"Human Health and Ocean Pollution","abstract":"Background: Pollution - unwanted waste released to air, water, and land by human activity - is the largest environmental cause of disease in the world today. It is responsible for an estimated nine million premature deaths per year, enormous economic losses, erosion of human capital, and degradation of ecosystems. Ocean pollution is an important, but insufficiently recognized and inadequately controlled component of global pollution. It poses serious threats to human health and well-being. The nature and magnitude of these impacts are only beginning to be understood. Goals: (1) Broadly examine the known and potential impacts of ocean pollution on human health. (2) Inform policy makers, government leaders, international organizations, civil society, and the global public of these threats. (3) Propose priorities for interventions to control and prevent pollution of the seas and safeguard human health. Methods: Topic-focused reviews that examine the effects of ocean pollution on human health, identify gaps in knowledge, project future trends, and offer evidence-based guidance for effective intervention. Environmental Findings: Pollution of the oceans is widespread, worsening, and in most countries poorly controlled. It is a complex mixture of toxic metals, plastics, manufactured chemicals, petroleum, urban and industrial wastes, pesticides, fertilizers, pharmaceutical chemicals, agricultural runoff, and sewage. More than 80% arises from land-based sources. It reaches the oceans through rivers, runoff, atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. It is often heaviest near the coasts and most highly concentrated along the coasts of low- and middle-income countries. Plastic is a rapidly increasing and highly visible component of ocean pollution, and an estimated 10 million metric tons of plastic waste enter the seas each year. Mercury is the metal pollutant of greatest concern in the oceans; it is released from two main sources - coal combustion and small-scale gold mining. Global spread of industrialized agriculture with increasing use of chemical fertilizer leads to extension of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) to previously unaffected regions. Chemical pollutants are ubiquitous and contaminate seas and marine organisms from the high Arctic to the abyssal depths. Ecosystem Findings: species. Industrial discharges, pharmaceutical wastes, pesticides, and sewage contribute to global declines in fish stocks. Human Health Findings: infections, including cholera, will increase in frequency and extend to new areas. All of the health impacts of ocean pollution fall disproportionately on vulnerable populations in the Global South - environmental injustice on a planetary scale. Conclusions: Ocean pollution is a global problem. It arises from multiple sources and crosses national boundaries. It is the consequence of reckless, shortsighted, and unsustainable exploitation of the earth's resources. It endangers marine ecosystems. It impedes the production of atmospheric oxygen. Its threats to human health are great and growing, but still incompletely understood. Its economic costs are only beginning to be counted.Ocean pollution can be prevented. Like all forms of pollution, ocean pollution can be controlled by deploying data-driven strategies based on law, policy, technology, and enforcement that target priority pollution sources. Many countries have used these tools to control air and water pollution and are now applying them to ocean pollution. Successes achieved to date demonstrate that broader control is feasible. Heavily polluted harbors have been cleaned, estuaries rejuvenated, and coral reefs restored.Prevention of ocean pollution creates many benefits. It boosts economies, increases tourism, helps restore fisheries, and improves human health and well-being. It advances the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). These benefits will last for centuries. Recommendations: World leaders who recognize the gravity of ocean pollution, acknowledge its","author":[{"family":"Landrigan","given":"Philip"},{"family":"Stegeman","given":"John"},{"family":"Fleming","given":"Lora"},{"family":"Allemand","given":"Denis"},{"family":"Anderson","given":"Donald"},{"family":"Backer","given":"Lorraine"},{"family":"Brücker-Davis","given":"Françoise"},{"family":"Chevalier","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Corra","given":"Lilian"},{"family":"Czerucka","given":"Dorota"},{"family":"Bottein","given":"Marie‐yasmine"},{"family":"Demeneix","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Depledge","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Deheyn","given":"Dimitri"},{"family":"Dorman","given":"Charles"},{"family":"Fénichel","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Fisher","given":"Samantha"},{"family":"Gaill","given":"Françoise"},{"family":"Galgani","given":"François"},{"family":"Gaze","given":"William"},{"family":"Giuliano","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Grandjean","given":"Philippe"},{"family":"Hahn","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Hamdoun","given":"Amro"},{"family":"Heß","given":"Philipp"},{"family":"Judson","given":"BF"},{"family":"Laborde","given":"Amalia"},{"family":"Mcglade","given":"Jacqueline"},{"family":"Mu","given":"Jenna"},{"family":"Mustapha","given":"Adetoun"},{"family":"Neira","given":"María"},{"family":"Noble","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Pedrotti","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Reddy","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Rocklöv","given":"Joacim"},{"family":"Scharler","given":"Ursula"},{"family":"Shanmugam","given":"Hariharan"},{"family":"Taghian","given":"Gabriella"},{"family":"Water","given":"Jeroen"},{"family":"Vezzulli","given":"Luigi"},{"family":"Weihe","given":"Pál"},{"family":"Zeka","given":"Ariana"},{"family":"Raps","given":"Hervé"},{"family":"Rampal","given":"Patrick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.5334/aogh.2831","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2831","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3152888770","type":"article-journal","title":"Towards the Optimization of eDNA/eRNA Sampling Technologies for Marine Biosecurity Surveillance","abstract":"The field of eDNA is growing exponentially in response to the need for detecting rare and invasive species for management and conservation decisions. Developing technologies and standard protocols within the biosecurity sector must address myriad challenges associated with marine environments, including salinity, temperature, advective and deposition processes, hydrochemistry and pH, and contaminating agents. These approaches must also provide a robust framework that meets the need for biosecurity management decisions regarding threats to human health, environmental resources, and economic interests, especially in areas with limited clean-laboratory resources and experienced personnel. This contribution aims to facilitate dialogue and innovation within this sector by reviewing current approaches for sample collection, post-sampling capture and concentration of eDNA, preservation, and extraction, all through a biosecurity monitoring lens.","author":[{"family":"Bowers","given":"Holly"},{"family":"Pochon","given":"Xavier"},{"family":"Ammon","given":"Ulla"},{"family":"Gemmell","given":"Neil"},{"family":"Stanton","given":"Jo‐ann"},{"family":"Jeunen","given":"Gert‐jan"},{"family":"Sherman","given":"Craig"},{"family":"Zaiko","given":"Anastasija"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/w13081113","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w13081113","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4200425332","type":"article-journal","title":"The Concept of Oceanian Sovereignty in the Context of Deep Sea Mining in the Pacific Region","abstract":"Based on an interdisciplinary experience addressing traditional dimensions in marine resource management in the Pacific, the socio-ecological interconnectivity between island communities, the ocean realm and the legal context concerning the management of seabed resources ( Tilot, 2006 , 2010 ; Tilot et al., 2018 , 2021a , b ; Mulalap et al., 2020 ; Willaert, 2020a , b , c ; 2021 ; DOSI, 2021 ), this paper proposes to discuss the relevance and efficacy of the concept of “Oceanian Sovereignty” ( Bambridge et al., 2021 ) in the context of Deep Sea Mining, from the different legal, environmental, anthropological, social, political, and economic science perspectives. The policies and practices developed in the Pacific in this context could well serve as a suitable model elsewhere to reconcile competing perspectives in addition to sustaining the Human Well-being and Sustainable Livelihoods (HWSL) and the health of the Global Ocean.","author":[{"family":"Tilot","given":"Virginie"},{"family":"Guilloux","given":"Bleuenn"},{"family":"Willaert","given":"Klaas"},{"family":"Mulalap","given":"Clement"},{"family":"Bambridge","given":"Tamatoa"},{"family":"Darcy","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Mawyer","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Gaulme","given":"François"},{"family":"Kacenelenbogen","given":"Edwige"},{"family":"Grissac","given":"Alain"},{"family":"Navas","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Dahl","given":"Arthur"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2021.756072","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.756072","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4283750154","type":"article-journal","title":"An assessment of requirements in investments, new technologies, and infrastructures to achieve the SDGs","abstract":"Background: The implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires much planning and the provision of resources, especially regarding the necessary investments, technologies and infrastructures needed. Yet, it is presently unclear how available these elements are, what gaps exist, what changes have taken place in terms of their availability since the adoption of the SDGs and what their requirements will be in the future. The knowledge gap has become even more concerning because of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a bibliometric analysis, an assessment of the global progress of SDG implementation and requirements, identifying challenges through the development of a matrix, and a set of 11 case studies to triangulate the holistic analysis, an assessment of the global progress of the SDGs implementation and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on this process was carried out. Results: The findings suggest that the scope and width of resources limitation are currently undermining the implementation of the SDGs. Apart from the fact that the pace of progress has been insufficient, the potential of the SDGs in pursuing sustainability and improving life quality is not fully realised. This trend suggests that a substantial acceleration of the efforts is needed, especially for the five SDGs whose progress since 2015 has not been optimal, namely SDG2, SDG11, SDG13, SDG15, and SDG16, while SDG3, SDG7, SDG9, SDG14, and SDG17 show signs of progress. The case studies showed that different industries have dissimilar effects on achieving the SDGs, with the food sector correlating with 15 SDGs, as opposed to the energy sector correlating with 6 SDGs. Accordingly, the priority level assessment in terms of achieving the SDGs, points to the need to further advance the above-mentioned five SDGs, i.e., 2, 11, 13, 15 and 16. Conclusions: This study fills in a knowledge gap in respect of the current need for and availability of investments, new technologies, and infrastructures to allow countries to pursue the SDGs. It is suggested that this availability is rather limited in specific contexts. In respect of the needs to be addressed, these include resource-related constraints, limited technologies and infrastructures, affecting SDG2, SDG11, SDG13, SDG15, and SDG16, whose progress needs to be enhanced. Since the global progress in the process of implementation of the SDGs depends directly and indirectly on addressing the resource gaps, it is suggested that this topic be further investigated, so that the present imbalances in the three dimensions of sustainable development: the economic, social and environmental, be adequately addressed. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12302-022-00629-9.","author":[{"family":"Filho","given":"Walter"},{"family":"Vidal","given":"Diogo"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Chen"},{"family":"Petrova","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Dinis","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Rogers","given":"Steven"},{"family":"Álvarez-Castañón","given":"Lorena"},{"family":"Đjekić","given":"Ilija"},{"family":"Sharifi","given":"Ayyoob"},{"family":"Neiva","given":"Samara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1186/s12302-022-00629-9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00629-9","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3124497242","type":"article-journal","title":"Efficiency of Aerial Drones for Macrolitter Monitoring on Baltic Sea Beaches","abstract":"Marine litter is a global problem that requires soon management and design of mitigation strategies. Marine litter monitoring is an essential step to assess the abundances, distributions, sinks and hotspots of pollution as well as the effectiveness of mitigation measures. However, these need to be time and cost-efficient, fit for purpose and context, as well as provide a standardized methodology suitable for comparison among surveys. In Europe, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) provides a structure for the effective implementation of long-term monitoring. For beaches, the well-established 100 m OSPAR macrolitter monitoring exists. However, this method requires a high staff effort and suffers from a high spatio-temporal variability of the results. In this study, we test the potential of aerial drones or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) together with a Geographic Information System approach for semi-automatic classification of meso- (1–25 mm) and macrolitter (>25 mm) at four beaches of the southern Baltic Sea. Visual screening of drone images in recovery experiments (50 m 2 areas) at 10 m height revealed an accuracy of 99%. The total accuracy of classification using object-based classification was 45–90% for the classification with four classes and 50–66% for the classification with six classes, depending on the algorithm and flight height used. On 100 m beach monitoring transects the accuracy was between 39–74% (4 classes) and 25–74% (6 classes), with very low kappa values, indicating that the GIS classification method cannot be regarded as a reliable method for the detection of litter in the Southern Baltic. In terms of cost-efficiency, the drone method showed high reproducibility and moderate accuracy, with much lower flexibility and quality of data than a comparable spatial-OSPAR method. Consequently, our results suggest that drone based monitoring cannot be recommended as a replacement or complement existing methods in southern Baltic beaches. However, drone monitoring could be useful at other sites and other methods for image analysis should be tested to explore this tool for fast-screening of non-accessible sites, fragile ecosystems, floating litter or heavily polluted beaches.","author":[{"family":"Escobar-Sánchez","given":"Gabriela"},{"family":"Haseler","given":"Mirco"},{"family":"Oppelt","given":"Natascha"},{"family":"Schernewski","given":"Gerald"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fenvs.2020.560237","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.560237","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4212937543","type":"article-journal","title":"Wireless Transmissions, Propagation and Channel Modelling for IoT Technologies: Applications and Challenges","abstract":"The Internet of Things (IoT) has rapidly expanded for a wide range of applications towards a smart future world by connecting everything. As a result, new challenges emerge in meeting the requirements of IoT applications while retaining optimal performance. These challenges may include power consumption, quality of service, localization, security, and accurate modeling and characterization of wireless channel propagation. Among these challenges, the latter is critical to establishing point-to-point wireless communication between the sensors. Channel modeling also varies depending on the features of the surrounding area, which have a direct impact on the propagation of wireless signals. This presents a difficult task for network planners to efficiently design and deploy IoT applications without understanding the appropriate channel model to analyze coverage and predict optimal deployment configurations. As a result, this challenge has attracted considerable interest in academic and industrial communities in recent years. Therefore, this review presents an overview of current breakthroughs in wireless IoT technologies. The challenges in such applications are then briefly reviewed, focusing on wireless channel propagation modeling and characterization. Finally, the study gives a generalized form of commonly used channel models and a summary of recent channel modeling developments for wireless IoT technology. The outcome of this review is expected to provide a new understanding of the propagation behavior of present and future wireless IoT technologies, allowing network engineers to undertake correct planning and deployment in any environment. Additionally, the study may serve as a guideline for future channel modeling and characterization studies.","author":[{"family":"Alobaidy","given":"Haider"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Mandeep"},{"family":"Behjati","given":"Mehran"},{"family":"Nordin","given":"Rosdiadee"},{"family":"Abdullah","given":"Nor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/access.2022.3151967","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3151967","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3212719949","type":"article-journal","title":"Ethical opportunities in deep-sea collection of polymetallic nodules from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone","abstract":"Abstract Infrastructure supporting the transition of human societies from fossil fuels to renewable energy will require hundreds of millions of tons of metals. Polymetallic nodules on the abyssal seabed of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ), eastern North Pacific Ocean, could provide them. We focus on ethical considerations and opportunities available to the novel CCZ nodule-collection industry, integrating robust science with strong pillars of social and environmental responsibility. Ethical considerations include harm to sea life and recovery time, but also the value of human life, indigenous rights, rights of nature, animal rights, intrinsic values, and intangible ecosystem services. A “planetary perspective” considers the biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere, extends beyond mineral extraction to a life-cycle view of impacts, and includes local, national, and global impacts and stakeholders. Stakeholders include direct nodule-collection actors, ocean conservationists, companies, communities, interest groups, nations, and citizens globally, plus counterfactual stakeholders involved with or affected by intensification of terrestrial mining if ocean metals are not used. Nodule collection would harm species and portions of ecosystems, but could have lower life-cycle impacts than terrestrial mining expansion, especially if nodule-metal producers explicitly design for it and stakeholders hold them accountable. Participants across the value chain can elevate the role of ethics in strategic objective setting, engineering design optimization, commitments to stakeholders, democratization of governance, and fostering of circular economies. The International Seabed Authority is called to establish equitable and transparent distribution of royalties and gains, and continue engaging scientists, economists, and experts from all spheres in optimizing deep-sea mineral extraction for humans and nature. Nodule collection presents a unique opportunity for an ambitious reset of ecological norms in a nascent industry. Embracing ethical opportunities can set an example for industrial-scale activities on land and sea, accelerate environmental gains through environmental competition with land ores, and hasten civilization's progress toward a sustainable future. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:634–654. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC). KEY POINTS By eliminating emissions from fossil-fuel combustion, transition to a renewably powered economy is key to mitigating climate change, but there is only a short window, probably less than 10 years, to accomplish it. The renewable transition will require hundreds of millions of tons of new metals, and because demand reduction, recycling, and material substitutions cannot scale quickly enough, meeting that demand will require primary metals from land ores or deep-sea deposits. Whether or not to use deep-sea metals has important ethical implications and should not be a yes-or-no decision, but instead an inclusive and ethically purposeful effort to weigh scientific information, risks, and benefits associated with the two sources. The overall objective should be policies, decisions, regulations, and agreements that produce the fewest negative impacts on climate, air, water, land, ocean, people, nature, and species, while also providing the most broadly equitable suite of benefits across those categories.","author":[{"family":"Katona","given":"Steven"},{"family":"Paulikas","given":"Daina"},{"family":"Stone","given":"Gregory"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1002/ieam.4554","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4554","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4200165842","type":"article-journal","title":"Modelling a highly decarbonised North Sea energy system in 2050: A multinational approach","abstract":"The North Sea region, located in the Northwest of Europe, is expected to be a frontrunner in the European energy transition. This paper aims to analyse different optimal system configurations in order to meet net-zero emission targets in 2050. Overall, the paper presents two main contributions: first, we develop and introduce the IESA-NS model. The IESA-NS model is an optimization integrated energy system model written as a linear problem. The IESA-NS model optimizes the long-term investment planning and short-term operation of seven North Sea region countries (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom). The model can optimize multiple years simultaneously, accounts for all the national GHG emissions and includes a thorough representation of all the sectors of the energy system. Second, we run several decarbonisation scenarios with net-zero emission targets in 2050. Relevant parameters varied to produce the scenarios include biomass availability, VRE potentials, low social acceptance of onshore VRE, ban of CCUS or mitigation targets in international transport and industry feedstock. Results show a large use of hydrogen when international transport emissions are considered in the targets (5.6 EJ to 7.3 EJ). Electrolysis is the preferred pathway for hydrogen production (up to 6.4 EJ), far ahead of natural gas reforming (up to 2.2 EJ). Allowing offshore interconnectors (e.g. meshed offshore grid between the Netherlands, Germany and the United Kingdom) permits to integrate larger amounts of offshore wind (122 GW to 191 GW of additional capacity compared to reference scenarios), while substantially increasing the cross-border interconnection capacities (up to 120 GW). All the biomass available is used in the scenarios across multiple end uses, including biofuel production (up to 3.5 EJ), high temperature heat (up to 2.5 EJ), feedstock for industry (up to 2 EJ), residential heat (up to 600 PJ) and power generation (up to 900 PJ). In general, most of the results justify the development of multinational energy system models, in which the spatial coverage lays between national and continental models.","author":[{"family":"Martínez-Gordón","given":"Rafael"},{"family":"Diéguez","given":"Manuel"},{"family":"Fattahi","given":"Amirhossein"},{"family":"Morales-España","given":"Germán"},{"family":"Sijm","given":"Jos"},{"family":"Faaij","given":"André"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100080","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100080","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W2990700293","type":"article-journal","title":"Site Suitability for Finfish Marine Aquaculture in the Central Mediterranean Sea","abstract":"Farm site selection plays a critical role in determining the productivity, environmental impact, and interactions of aquaculture activities with ecosystem services. Satellite Remote Sensing (SRS) provide spatially extensive datasets at high temporal and spatial resolution, which can be useful for aquaculture site selection. In this paper we mapped a finfish aquaculture suitability index applying the Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE) methodology. The robustness of the outcome of the SMCE was investigated using Uncertainty Analysis (UA), and in parallel we evaluate a set of alternative scenarios, aimed at minimising the subjectivity associated with the decision process. The index is based on the outputs of eco-physiological models, which were forced using time series of sea surface temperature data, and on data concerning significant wave height, distance to harbour, current sea uses, and cumulative impacts. The methodology was applied to map the suitability for farming of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) within the Italian Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ), under three scenarios: Blue Growth, Economic and Environment. Tyrrhenian and Ionian coastal areas were found to be more suitable, compared to the Northern Adriatic and southern Sicilian ones. In the latter, and in the western Sardinia, the index is also affected by higher uncertainty. The application presented suggests that SRS data could play a significant role in designing the Allocated Zones for Aquaculture, assisting policy makers and regulators in including aquaculture within marine spatial planning.","author":[{"family":"Porporato","given":"Erika"},{"family":"Pastres","given":"Roberto"},{"family":"Brigolin","given":"Daniele"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2019.00772","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00772","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3157093756","type":"article-journal","title":"The Shelf Circulation of the Bellingshausen Sea","abstract":"Abstract Over recent decades, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has experienced rapid thinning of its floating ice shelves as well as grounding line retreat across its marine‐terminating glaciers. The transport of warm Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW) onto the continental shelf, extensively documented along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), and in the Amundsen Sea, has been identified as the key process for inducing these changes. The Bellingshausen Sea sits between the Amundsen Sea and the northern part of the WAP, but its oceanic properties remain remarkably under‐studied compared to surrounding regions. Here, we present observations collected from a hydrographic survey of the Bellingshausen Sea continental shelf in austral summer 2019. Using a combination of ship‐based and glider‐based CTD and lowered ADCP observations, we show that submarine troughs provide topographically steered pathways for MCDW from the shelf break toward deep embayments and ultimately under floating ice shelves. Warm MCDW enters the continental shelf at the deepest part of the Belgica Trough and flows onshore along the eastern side of the trough. Modification of these shoreward‐flowing waters by glacial melt is estimated by calculating meltwater fractions using an optimal multiparameter analysis. Meltwater is found to be elevated at the western edge of both the Latady and Belgica troughs. Meltwater distributions, consistent with other diagnostics, suggest a recirculation in each trough with modified waters eventually flowing westward upon leaving the Belgica Trough. Our results show that the Bellingshausen Sea is a critical part of the larger West Antarctic circulation system, linking the WAP and the Amundsen Sea.","author":[{"family":"Chretien","given":"Lena"},{"family":"Thompson","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Flexas","given":"MM"},{"family":"Speer","given":"KG"},{"family":"Swaim","given":"Natalie"},{"family":"Oelerich","given":"Ria"},{"family":"Ruan","given":"Xiaozhou"},{"family":"Schubert","given":"Ryan"},{"family":"Lobuglio","given":"C"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2020jc016871","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jc016871","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3007909911","type":"article-journal","title":"Multiple Pressures And Their Combined Effects In Europe's Seas","abstract":"This report presents for the first time in Europe an overview of anthropogenic pressures and their combined effects in Europe’s seas. The assessment covers the period of 2011-2016 but also presents how human activities and pressures at sea have changed over a longer time horizon. Practically the entire European marine area is under multiple pressures – such as hazardous substances, fish stock exploitation, climate change, underwater noise, non-indigenous species, seafloor damage, marine litter and nutrient enrichment. Shelf areas and coastal zone are affected by physical disturbance of seabed, eutrophication and non-indigenous species. The highest potential combined effects are found along coastal areas of the North Sea, Southern Baltic Sea, Adriatic and Western Mediterranean. The good news from this assessment is that many of the dangerous trends seem to have reversed. We have shown that the nutrient levels, hazardous substances, northern fish stocks and tuna stocks in the open seas show improvement. However, extensive pressures from several human activities still threaten the marine ecosystem, such as disturbance of seabed, and no trend reversal was seen in this assessment.","author":[{"family":"Korpinen","given":"Samuli"},{"family":"Klančnik","given":"Katja"},{"family":"Peterlin","given":"Monika"},{"family":"Nurmi","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Laamanen","given":"Leena"},{"family":"Zupancic","given":"Gasper"},{"family":"Murray","given":"Ciarán"},{"family":"Harvey","given":"ET"},{"family":"Andersen","given":"Jesper"},{"family":"Zenetos","given":"Argyro"},{"family":"Stein","given":"Ulf"},{"family":"Tunesi","given":"Leonardo"},{"family":"Abhold","given":"Katrina"},{"family":"Piet","given":"Gerjan"},{"family":"Kallenbach","given":"Emilie"},{"family":"Agnesi","given":"Sabrina"},{"family":"Bolman","given":"BC"},{"family":"Vaughan","given":"DH"},{"family":"Reker","given":"Johnny"},{"family":"Gelabert","given":"Eva"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.13140/rg.2.2.17535.11689","URL":"https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.2.17535.11689","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3033242602","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of Landfill Microbiology and Ecology: A Call for Modernization With ‘Next Generation’ Technology","abstract":"Engineered and monitored sanitary landfills have been widespread in the United States since the passage of the Clean Water Act (1972) with additional controls under RCRA Subtitle D (1991) and the Clean Air Act Amendments (1996). Concurrently, many common perceptions regarding landfill biogeochemical and microbiological processes and estimated rates of gas production also date from 2 to 4 decades ago. Herein, we summarize the recent application of modern microbiological tools as well as recent metadata analysis using California, USEPA and international data to outline an evolving view of landfill biogeochemical/microbiological processes and rates. We focus on United States landfills because these are uniformly subject to stringent national and state requirements for design, operations, monitoring, and reporting. From a microbiological perspective, because anoxic conditions and methanogenesis are rapidly established after daily burial of waste and application of cover soil, the >1000 United States landfills with thicknesses up to >100 m form a large ubiquitous group of dispersed 'dark' ecosystems dominated by anaerobic microbial decomposition pathways for food, garden waste, and paper substrates. We review past findings of landfill ecosystem processes, and reflect on the potential impact that application of modern sequencing technologies (e.g., high throughput platforms) could have on this area of research. Moreover, due to the ever evolving composition of landfilled waste reflecting transient societal practices, we also consider unusual microbial processes known or suspected to occur in landfill settings, and posit areas of research that will be needed in coming decades. With growing concerns about greenhouse gas emissions and controls, the increase of chemicals of emerging concern in the waste stream, and the potential resource that waste streams represent, application of modernized molecular and microbiological methods to landfill ecosystem research is of paramount importance.","author":[{"family":"Meyerdombard","given":"DR"},{"family":"Bogner","given":"J"},{"family":"Malas","given":"Judy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmicb.2020.01127","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01127","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3162888195","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Seabed Mining: A Note on Some Potentials and Risks to the Sustainable Mineral Extraction from the Oceans","abstract":"The rapidly increasing global populations and socio-economic development in the Global South have resulted in rising demand for natural resources. There are many plans for harvesting natural resources from the ocean floor, especially rare metals and minerals. However, if proper care is not taken, there is substantial potential for long-lasting and even irreversible physical and environmental impacts on the deep-sea ecosystems, including on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. This paper reviews the literature on some potentials and risks to deep seabed mining (DSM), outlining its legal aspects and environmental impacts. It presents two case studies that describe the environmental risks related to this exploitative process. They include significant disturbance of the seabed, light and noise pollution, the creation of plumes, and negative impacts on the surface, benthic, and meso- and bathypelagic zones. The study suggests some of the issues interested companies should consider in preventing the potential physical and environmental damages DSM may cause. Sustainable mining and the use of minerals are vital in meeting various industrial demands.","author":[{"family":"Filho","given":"Walter"},{"family":"Abubakar","given":"Ismaila"},{"family":"Nunes","given":"Cintia"},{"family":"Platje","given":"Joost"},{"family":"Özuyar","given":"Pınar"},{"family":"Will","given":"Markus"},{"family":"Nagy","given":"Gustavo"},{"family":"Alamin","given":"Abul"},{"family":"Hunt","given":"Julian"},{"family":"Li","given":"Chunlan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse9050521","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050521","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3145114763","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning Model for House Price Prediction Using Heterogeneous Data Analysis Along With Joint Self-Attention Mechanism","abstract":"House price prediction is a popular topic, and research teams are increasingly performing related studies by using deep learning or machine learning models. However, because some studies have not considered comprehensive information that affects house prices, prediction results are not always sufficiently precise. Therefore, we propose an end to end joint self-attention model for house prediction. In this model, we import data on public facilities such as parks, schools, and mass rapid transit stations to represent the availability of amenities, and we use satellite maps to analyze the environment surrounding houses. We adopt attention mechanisms, which are widely used in image, speech, and translation tasks, to identify crucial features that are considered by prospective house buyers. The model can automatically assign weights when given transaction data. Our proposed model differs from self-attention models because it considers the interaction between two different features to learn the complicated relationship between features in order to increase prediction precision. We conduct experiments to demonstrate the performance of the model. Experimental data include actual selling prices in real estate transaction data for the period from 2017 to 2018, public facility data acquired from the Taipei and New Taipei governments, and satellite maps crawled using the Google Maps application programming interface. We utilize these datasets to train our proposed and compare its performance with that of other machine learning-based models such as Extreme Gradient Boosting and Light Gradient Boosted Machine, deep learning, and several attention models. The experimental results indicate that the proposed model achieves a low prediction error and outperforms the other models. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first research to incorporate attention mechanism and STN network to conduct house price prediction.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Pei"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Chiao"},{"family":"Su","given":"Jain"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ting"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Szu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/access.2021.3071306","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3071306","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3166863548","type":"article-journal","title":"A Comprehensive Survey of the Key Technologies and Challenges Surrounding Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","abstract":"Vehicular ad hoc networks ( VANETs ) and the services they support are an essential part of intelligent transportation. Through physical technologies, applications, protocols, and standards, they help to ensure traffic moves efficiently and vehicles operate safely. This article surveys the current state of play in VANETs development. The summarized and classified include the key technologies critical to the field, the resource-management and safety applications needed for smooth operations, the communications and data transmission protocols that support networking, and the theoretical and environmental constructs underpinning research and development, such as graph neural networks and the Internet of Things. Additionally, we identify and discuss several challenges facing VANETs, including poor safety, poor reliability, non-uniform standards, and low intelligence levels. Finally, we touch on hot technologies and techniques, such as reinforcement learning and 5G communications, to provide an outlook for the future of intelligent transportation systems.","author":[{"family":"Xia","given":"Zhenchang"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Jia"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Libing"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Yanjiao"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Jian"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Philip"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1145/3451984","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3451984","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4307479757","type":"article-journal","title":"Cost, environmental impact, and resilience of renewable energy under a changing climate: a review","abstract":"Abstract Energy derived from fossil fuels contributes significantly to global climate change, accounting for more than 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions and approximately 90% of all carbon dioxide emissions. Alternative energy from renewable sources must be utilized to decarbonize the energy sector. However, the adverse effects of climate change, such as increasing temperatures, extreme winds, rising sea levels, and decreased precipitation, may impact renewable energies. Here we review renewable energies with a focus on costs, the impact of climate on renewable energies, the impact of renewable energies on the environment, economy, and on decarbonization in different countries. We focus on solar, wind, biomass, hydropower, and geothermal energy. We observe that the price of solar photovoltaic energy has declined from $0.417 in 2010 to $0.048/kilowatt-hour in 2021. Similarly, prices have declined by 68% for onshore wind, 60% for offshore wind, 68% for concentrated solar power, and 14% for biomass energy. Wind energy and hydropower production could decrease by as much as 40% in some regions due to climate change, whereas solar energy appears the least impacted energy source. Climate change can also modify biomass productivity, growth, chemical composition, and soil microbial communities. Hydroelectric power plants are the most damaging to the environment; and solar photovoltaics must be carefully installed to reduce their impact. Wind turbines and biomass power plants have a minimal environmental impact; therefore, they should be implemented extensively. Renewable energy sources could decarbonize 90% of the electricity industry by 2050, drastically reducing carbon emissions, and contributing to climate change mitigation. By establishing the zero carbon emission decarbonization concept, the future of renewable energy is promising, with the potential to replace fossil fuel-derived energy and limit global temperature rise to 1.5 °C by 2050.","author":[{"family":"Osman","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Lin"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Mingyu"},{"family":"Msigwa","given":"Goodluck"},{"family":"Farghali","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Fawzy","given":"Samer"},{"family":"Rooney","given":"David"},{"family":"Yap","given":"Pow‐seng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10311-022-01532-8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01532-8","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4286382625","type":"article-journal","title":"Shipping spills and plastic pollution: A review of maritime governance in the North Sea","abstract":"Plastic pollution of our oceans from land-based sources and shipping spills raises concerns for marine ecosystems, maritime industries and human health. This paper examines the systems and processes in place in the case of plastic pollution due to a shipping spill in the North Sea and the instruments and mechanisms to hold polluters accountable. A desk-based analysis was conducted, and 11 expert interviews contextualised the desk findings. From the 263 reported incidents from 1917 to 2021, 39 % of the reported container loss cases occurred in, or near, the North Sea. Fragmented jurisdiction, frail and uncoordinated policies, aid the shipping sector to deflect responsibility. Around 62 % of the obstacles mentioned by the interviewees addressed governance, including, notably, the lack of international measures, and regulations on shipping routes to protect sensitive areas. The study also identifies the difficulty to enforce compensation for the damage made to ecosystems and biodiversity.","author":[{"family":"Mayya","given":"Saliba"},{"family":"Frantzi","given":"Sofia"},{"family":"Beukering","given":"PJHV"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113939","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113939","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3152900290","type":"article-journal","title":"Characterization of Two Unique Cold-Active Lipases Derived from a Novel Deep-Sea Cold Seep Bacterium","abstract":"The deep ocean microbiota has unexplored potential to provide enzymes with unique characteristics. In order to obtain cold-active lipases, bacterial strains isolated from the sediment of the deep-sea cold seep were screened, and a novel strain gcc21 exhibited a high lipase catalytic activity, even at the low temperature of 4 °C. The strain gcc21 was identified and proposed to represent a new species of Pseudomonas according to its physiological, biochemical, and genomic characteristics; it was named Pseudomonas marinensis. Two novel encoding genes for cold-active lipases (Lipase 1 and Lipase 2) were identified in the genome of strain gcc21. Genes encoding Lipase 1 and Lipase 2 were respectively cloned and overexpressed in E. coli cells, and corresponding lipases were further purified and characterized. Both Lipase 1 and Lipase 2 showed an optimal catalytic temperature at 4 °C, which is much lower than those of most reported cold-active lipases, but the activity and stability of Lipase 2 were much higher than those of Lipase 1 under different tested pHs and temperatures. In addition, Lipase 2 was more stable than Lipase 1 when treated with different metal ions, detergents, potential inhibitors, and organic solvents. In a combination of mutation and activity assays, catalytic triads of Ser, Asp, and His in Lipase 1 and Lipase 2 were demonstrated to be essential for maintaining enzyme activity. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both Lipase 1 and Lipase 2 belonged to lipase family III. Overall, our results indicate that deep-sea cold seep is a rich source for novel bacterial species that produce potentially unique cold-active enzymes.","author":[{"family":"Guo","given":"Chenchen"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Rikuan"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Ruining"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Chaomin"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Shimei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/microorganisms9040802","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040802","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3158422704","type":"article-journal","title":"The role of new energy in carbon neutral","abstract":"Carbon dioxide is an important medium of the global carbon cycle, and has the dual properties of realizing the conversion of organic matter in the ecosystem and causing the greenhouse effect. The fixed or available carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is defined as “gray carbon”, while the carbon dioxide that cannot be fixed or used and remains in the atmosphere is called “black carbon”. Carbon neutral is the consensus of human development, but its implementation still faces many challenges in politics, resources, technology, market, and energy structure, etc. It is proposed that carbon replacement, carbon emission reduction, carbon sequestration, and carbon cycle are the four main approaches to achieve carbon neutral, among which carbon replacement is the backbone. New energy has become the leading role of the third energy conversion and will dominate carbon neutral in the future. Nowadays, solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, nuclear energy and hydrogen energy are the main forces of new energy, helping the power sector to achieve low carbon emissions. “Green hydrogen” is the reserve force of new energy, helping further reduce carbon emissions in industrial and transportation fields. Artificial carbon conversion technology is a bridge connecting new energy and fossil energy, effectively reducing the carbon emissions of fossil energy. It is predicted that the peak value of China's carbon dioxide emissions will reach 110×108 t in 2030. The study predicts that China's carbon emissions will drop to 22×108 t, 33×108 t and 44×108 t, respectively, in 2060 according to three scenarios of high, medium, and low levels. To realize carbon neutral in China, seven implementation suggestions have been put forward to build a new “three small and one large” energy structure in China and promote the realization of China's energy independence strategy.","author":[{"family":"Zou","given":"Caineng"},{"family":"Xiong","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Xue","given":"Huaqing"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Dewen"},{"family":"Zhi-Xin","given":"Ge"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ying"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Luyang"},{"family":"Pan","given":"Songqi"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Songtao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/s1876-3804(21)60039-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1876-3804(21)60039-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3046596807","type":"article-journal","title":"A Techno-Economic Analysis of solar hydrogen production by electrolysis in the north of Chile and the case of exportation from Atacama Desert to Japan","abstract":"H2 production from solar electricity in the region of the Atacama Desert – Chile – has been identified as strategical for global hydrogen exportation. In this study the full supply chain of solar hydrogen has been investigated for 2018 and projected to scenarios for 2025-2030. Multi-year hourly electrical profiles data have been used from real operating PV plants and simulated Concentrated Solar Power “CSP” plants with Thermal Energy Storage “TES” as well as commercial electricity Power Purchase Agreement “PPA” prices reported in the Chilean electricity market were considered. The Levelized Cost of Hydrogen “LCOH” of each production pathway is calculated by a case-sensitive techno-economic MATLAB/Simulink model for utility scale (multi-MW) alkaline and PEM electrolyser technologies. Successively, different distribution, storage and transportation configurations are evaluated based on the 2025 Japanese case study according to the declared H2 demand. Transport in the form of liquefied hydrogen (LH2) and via ammonia (NH3) carrier is compared from the port of Antofagasta, CL to the port of Osaka, JP.","author":[{"family":"Gallardo","given":"Felipe"},{"family":"Ferrario","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Lamagna","given":"Mario"},{"family":"Bocci","given":"Enrico"},{"family":"Garcia","given":"Davide"},{"family":"Baeza-Jeria","given":"Tomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.050","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.050","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3114817092","type":"article-journal","title":"Meiofauna in a Potential Deep-Sea Mining Area—Influence of Temporal and Spatial Variability on Small-Scale Abundance Models","abstract":"In large areas of the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (northeast Pacific), exploration of deep-sea polymetallic nodules as a potential source of high-technology metals is ongoing. Deep-sea mining may have a severe impact on the benthic communities. Here, we investigated meiofauna communities in the abyss at the scale of a prospective mining operation area. Random forest regressions were computed to spatially predict continuous layers of environmental variables as well as the distribution of meiofauna abundance across the area. Significant models could be computed for 26 sediment and polymetallic nodule parameters. Meiofauna abundance, taxon richness and diversity were also modelled, as well as abundance of the taxon Nematoda. Spatial correlation is high if the predictions of meiofauna are either based on bathymetry and backscatter or include sediment and nodule variables; Pearson’s correlation coefficient varies between 0.42 and 0.91. Comparison of differences in meiofauna abundance between different years shows that spatial patterns do change, with an elevated abundance of meiofauna in the eastern part of the study area in 2013. On the spatial scale of a potential mining operation, distribution models prove to be a useful tool to gain insight into both temporal variability and the influence of potential environmental drivers on meiofauna distribution.","author":[{"family":"Uhlenkott","given":"Katja"},{"family":"Vink","given":"Αnnemiek"},{"family":"Kühn","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Gillard","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Arbizu","given":"Pedro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/d13010003","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d13010003","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3198531924","type":"article-journal","title":"Progress in Research and Application of Nanofiltration (NF) Technology for Brackish Water Treatment","abstract":"Brackish water is a potential fresh water resource with lower salt content than seawater. Desalination of brackish water is an important option to alleviate the prevalent water crisis around the world. As a membrane technology ranging between UF and RO, NF can achieve the partial desalination via size exclusion and charge exclusion. So, it has been widely concerned and applied in treatment of brackish water during the past several decades. Hereon, an overview of the progress in research on and application of NF technology for brackish water treatment is provided. On the basis of expounding the features of brackish water, the factors affecting NF efficiency, including the feed water characteristics, operating conditions and NF membrane properties, are analyzed. For the ubiquitous membrane fouling problem, three preventive fouling control strategies including feed water pretreatment, optimization of operating conditions and selection of anti-fouling membranes are summarized. In addition, membrane cleaning methods for restoring the fouled membrane are discussed. Furthermore, the combined utilization of NF with other membrane technologies is reviewed. Finally, future research prospects are proposed to deal with the current existing problems. Lessons gained from this review are expected to promote the sustainable development of brackish water treatment with NF technology.","author":[{"family":"Tian","given":"Jiayu"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Xingrui"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Shanshan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xiaoying"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ruijun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/membranes11090662","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11090662","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3159851167","type":"article-journal","title":"Atmospheric extremes caused high oceanward sea surface slope triggering the biggest calving event in more than 50 years at the Amery Ice Shelf","abstract":"Abstract. Ice shelf instability is one of the main sources of uncertainty in Antarctica's contribution to future sea level rise. Calving events play a crucial role in ice shelf weakening but remain unpredictable, and their governing processes are still poorly understood. In this study, we analyze the unexpected September 2019 calving event from the Amery Ice Shelf, the largest since 1963 and which occurred almost a decade earlier than expected, to better understand the role of the atmosphere in calving. We find that atmospheric extremes provided a deterministic role in this event. A series of anomalously deep and stationary explosive twin polar cyclones over the Cooperation and Davis seas generated tides and wind-driven ocean slope, leading to fracture amplification along the pre-existing rift and ultimately calving of the massive iceberg. The calving was triggered by high oceanward sea surface slopes produced by the storms. The observed record-anomalous atmospheric conditions were promoted by blocking ridges and Antarctic-wide anomalous poleward transport of heat and moisture. Blocking highs helped in (i) directing moist and warm air masses towards the ice shelf and (ii) maintaining the observed extreme cyclones stationary at the front of the ice shelf for several days. Accumulation of cold air over the ice sheet, due to the blocking highs, led to the formation of an intense cold high pressure over the ice sheet, which helped fuel sustained anomalously deep cyclones via increased baroclinicity. Our results stress the importance of atmospheric extremes in ice shelf dynamics via tides and sea surface slope and its need to be accounted for when considering Antarctic ice shelf variability and contribution to sea level, especially given that more of these extremes are predicted under a warmer climate.","author":[{"family":"Francis","given":"Diana"},{"family":"Mattingly","given":"Kyle"},{"family":"Lhermitte","given":"Stef"},{"family":"Temimi","given":"Marouane"},{"family":"Heil","given":"Petra"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5194/tc-15-2147-2021","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2147-2021","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3015906847","type":"article-journal","title":"The current state of DNA barcoding of macroalgae in the Mediterranean Sea: presently lacking but urgently required","abstract":"Abstract This review article explores the state of DNA barcoding of macroalgae in the Mediterranean Sea. Data from the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) were utilised in conjunction with a thorough bibliographic review. Our findings indicate that from around 1124 records of algae in the Mediterranean Sea, only 114 species have been barcoded. We thus conclude that there are insufficient macroalgal genetic data from the Mediterranean and that this area would greatly benefit from studies involving DNA barcoding. Such research would contribute to resolving numerous questions about macroalgal systematics in the area and address queries related to biogeography, especially those concerned with non-indigenous species. It could also possibly result in the development and application of better, cost-effective biodiversity monitoring programmes emanating from UN conventions and EU Directives. One possible way of achieving this is to construct DNA libraries via sequencing and barcoding, subsequently enabling better cost-effective biodiversity monitoring through environmental DNA metabarcoding.","author":[{"family":"Bartolo","given":"Angela"},{"family":"Zammit","given":"Gabrielle"},{"family":"Peters","given":"Akira"},{"family":"Küpper","given":"Frithjof"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1515/bot-2019-0041","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2019-0041","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4295414581","type":"article-journal","title":"Modeling drift and fate of microplastics in the Baltic Sea","abstract":"Marine plastic litter has been recognized as a growing problem and a threat to the marine environment and ecosystems, although its impacts on the marine life are still largely unknown. Marine protection and conservation actions require a detailed knowledge of the marine pathways, sources, and sinks of land-emitted plastic pollution. Model-based assessments provide a systematic way to map the occurrence of microplastics in the marine environment and to link the coastal sources to the accumulation zones in the sea. New modeling capacities have been developed, which include relevant key processes, i.e., current- and wave-induced horizontal and vertical transport, biofilm growth on the particle surface, sinking, and sedimentation. The core engine is the HIROMB-BOOS ocean circulation model, which has been set up for the Baltic Sea in a high, eddy-permitting resolution of approximately 900 m. We introduce the three-dimensional modeling tool for microplastics and demonstrate its ability to reproduce the drift pattern of microplastics in the Baltic Sea. The results of a multiyear run 2014–2019 provide the basis for an extensive validation study, which allows the evaluation of the model quality. The assessments focus on three types of microplastics, from car tires and household products, with different densities and particle sizes, which cover a broad range of land-emitted microplastic pollution. We show that the model is applicable to the task of identifying high concentration zones in the Baltic Sea and that it can be a useful tool to support the study of the environmental impacts of microplastics in the Baltic Sea. Our results suggest that microplastic concentrations in coastal regions close to major sources reach values above 0.0001 g/m3 near the surface, dependent on the buoyancy of the plastic material and the amount of discharge. The comparison with observations shows that the model is able to reproduce the average concentrations of measured microplastics in the size class of 300 μm with statistical significance, but it underestimates the very high concentrations associated either with flooding or high river-runoff events or generated by sub-mesoscale transport. The model is able to reproduce the seasonal dynamic in Latvian and Estonian waters, except for October, when the increase of modelled microplastics in the ocean is too slow. But the general spatial patterns are sufficiently well reproduced, which makes the developed model a tool sufficient for the assessment of microplastic transport and accumulation pattern.","author":[{"family":"Murawski","given":"Jens"},{"family":"She","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Frishfelds","given":"Vilnis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2022.886295","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.886295","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3097185390","type":"article-journal","title":"What causes the spread of model projections of ocean dynamic sea-level change in response to greenhouse gas forcing?","abstract":"Abstract Sea levels of different atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) respond to climate change forcing in different ways, representing a crucial uncertainty in climate change research. We isolate the role of the ocean dynamics in setting the spatial pattern of dynamic sea-level ( ζ ) change by forcing several AOGCMs with prescribed identical heat, momentum (wind) and freshwater flux perturbations. This method produces a ζ projection spread comparable in magnitude to the spread that results from greenhouse gas forcing, indicating that the differences in ocean model formulation are the cause, rather than diversity in surface flux change. The heat flux change drives most of the global pattern of ζ change, while the momentum and water flux changes cause locally confined features. North Atlantic heat uptake causes large temperature and salinity driven density changes, altering local ocean transport and ζ . The spread between AOGCMs here is caused largely by differences in their regional transport adjustment, which redistributes heat that was already in the ocean prior to perturbation. The geographic details of the ζ change in the North Atlantic are diverse across models, but the underlying dynamic change is similar. In contrast, the heat absorbed by the Southern Ocean does not strongly alter the vertically coherent circulation. The Arctic ζ change is dissimilar across models, owing to differences in passive heat uptake and circulation change. Only the Arctic is strongly affected by nonlinear interactions between the three air-sea flux changes, and these are model specific.","author":[{"family":"Couldrey","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Gregory","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Dias","given":"Fabio"},{"family":"Dobrohotoff","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Domingues","given":"Catia"},{"family":"Garuba","given":"Oluwayemi"},{"family":"Griffies","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Haak","given":"Helmuth"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Aixue"},{"family":"Ishii","given":"Masayoshi"},{"family":"Jungclaus","given":"Johann"},{"family":"Köhl","given":"Armin"},{"family":"Marsland","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Ojha","given":"Sayantani"},{"family":"Saenko","given":"Oleg"},{"family":"Savita","given":"Abhishek"},{"family":"Shao","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Stammer","given":"Detlef"},{"family":"Suzuki","given":"Tatsuo"},{"family":"Todd","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Zanna","given":"Laure"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s00382-020-05471-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05471-4","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4308456481","type":"article-journal","title":"Hybrid Satellite–Terrestrial Networks toward 6G: Key Technologies and Open Issues","abstract":"Future wireless networks will be required to provide more wireless services at higher data rates and with global coverage. However, existing homogeneous wireless networks, such as cellular and satellite networks, may not be able to meet such requirements individually, especially in remote terrain, including seas and mountains. One possible solution is to use diversified wireless networks that can exploit the inter-connectivity between satellites, aerial base stations (BSs), and terrestrial BSs over inter-connected space, ground, and aerial networks. Hence, enabling wireless communication in one integrated network has attracted both the industry and the research fraternities. In this work, we provide a comprehensive survey of the most recent work on hybrid satellite-terrestrial networks (HSTNs), focusing on system architecture, performance analysis, design optimization, and secure communication schemes for different cooperative and cognitive HSTN network architectures. Different key technologies are compared. Based on this comparison, several open issues for future research are discussed.","author":[{"family":"Tirmizi","given":"Syed"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Yunfei"},{"family":"Lakshminarayana","given":"Subhash"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Khuwaja","given":"Aziz"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s22218544","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218544","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3159112118","type":"article-journal","title":"Sea Surface Temperature Variability over the Tropical Indian Ocean during the ENSO and IOD Events in 2016 and 2017","abstract":"2016 and 2017 were marked by strong El Niño and weak La Niña events, respectively, in the tropical East Pacific Ocean. The strong El Niño and weak La Niña events in the Pacific significantly impacted the sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) and were followed by extreme negative and weak positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) phases in 2016 and 2017, which triggered floods in the Indian subcontinent and drought conditions in East Africa. The IOD is an irregular and periodic oscillation in the Indian Ocean, which has attracted much attention in the last two decades due to its impact on the climate in surrounding landmasses. Much work has been done in the past to investigate global climate change and its impact on the evolution of IOD. The dynamic behind it, however, is still not well understood. The present study, using various satellite datasets, examined and analyzed the dynamics behind these events and their impacts on SST variability in the TIO. For this study, the monthly mean SST data was provided by NOAA Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (OISST). SST anomalies were measured on the basis of 30-year mean daily climatology (1981–2010). It was determined that the eastern and western poles of the TIO play quite different roles during the sequence of negative and positive IOD phases. The analysis of air-sea interactions and the relationship between wind and SST suggested that SST is primarily controlled by wind force in the West pole. On the other hand, the high SST that occurred during the negative IOD phase induced local convection and westerly wind anomalies via the Bjerknes feedback mechanism. The strong convection, which was confined to the (warm) eastern equatorial Indian Ocean was accompanied by east–west SST anomalies that drove a series of downwelling Kelvin waves that deepened the thermocline in the east. Another notable feature of this study was its observation of weak upwelling along the Omani–Arabian coast, which warmed the SST by 1 °C in the summer of 2017 (as compared to 2016). This warming led to increased precipitation in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) region during the summer of 2017. The results of the present work will be important for the study of monsoons and may be useful in predicting both droughts and floods in landmasses in the vicinity of the Indian Ocean, especially in the Indian subcontinent and East African regions.","author":[{"family":"Khan","given":"Sartaj"},{"family":"Piao","given":"Shengchun"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Guangxue"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Imran"},{"family":"Bradley","given":"David"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Shazia"},{"family":"Song","given":"Yang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/atmos12050587","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12050587","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3094813377","type":"article-journal","title":"Nature’s fight against plastic pollution: Algae for plastic biodegradation and bioplastics production","abstract":"The increased global demand for plastic materials has led to severe plastic waste pollution, particularly to the marine environment. This critical issue affects both sea life and human beings since microplastics can enter the food chain and cause several health impacts. Plastic recycling, chemical treatments, incineration and landfill are apparently not the optimum solutions for reducing plastic pollution. Hence, this review presents two newly identified environmentally friendly approaches, plastic biodegradation and bioplastic production using algae, to solve the increased global plastic waste. Algae, particularly microalgae, can degrade the plastic materials through the toxins systems or enzymes synthesized by microalgae itself while using the plastic polymers as carbon sources. Utilizing algae for plastic biodegradation has been critically reviewed in this paper to demonstrate the mechanism and how microplastics affect the algae. On the other hand, algae-derived bioplastics have identical properties and characteristics as petroleum-based plastics, while remarkably being biodegradable in nature. This review provides new insights into different methods of producing algae-based bioplastics (e.g., blending with other materials and genetic engineering), followed by the discussion on the challenges and further research direction to increase their commercial feasibility.","author":[{"family":"Chia","given":"Wen"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Doris"},{"family":"Khoo","given":"Kuan"},{"family":"Lup","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Chew","given":"Kit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ese.2020.100065","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2020.100065","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3049027993","type":"article-journal","title":"Analysis of the current state of the Northern Sea Route and the potential development of the icebreaker fleet","abstract":"Abstract The article provides a general description of the current state of the Northern Sea Route (NSR), highlights existing problems and prospects of the Northern Sea Route development. There is a tendency to increase the volume of sea freight traffic on the Northern Sea Route, which is facilitated by the development of new oil and gas fields in the Arctic and increased safety of navigation in the NSR. It is noted that despite the revival of transport infrastructure in the western part of the NSR, its eastern part is characterized by a depressed state. The main drawback of the Northern Sea Route is the severe natural conditions that limit the navigation time. Special attention is paid to the Russian nuclear icebreaker fleet. Both its current state and promising nuclear icebreakers, which are currently under construction or in the design stage, are considered. The main requirements for the characteristics of nuclear icebreakers are identified, which are necessary for their effective use on the routes of the Northern Sea Route in the context of increasing volumes of cargo transportation. Thus, an important requirement for maintaining the growth in cargo traffic is to ensure year-round icebreaker assistance to cargo ships along the Northern Sea Route. There is a need for the construction of new nuclear-powered icebreakers due to the expiration of the lifetime of nuclear icebreakers of the Arctic and the Taimyr classes. In the future, in the next decade, the main core of the Arctic nuclear icebreaker fleet should be universal icebreakers capable to provide icebreaking assistance for ships both in coastal areas and estuaries and in the western part of the Arctic.","author":[{"family":"Skripnuk","given":"Djamilia"},{"family":"Iliyushchenko","given":"IO"},{"family":"Kulik","given":"Sergey"},{"family":"Stepanova","given":"Maria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1755-1315/539/1/012129","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/539/1/012129","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3129879317","type":"article-journal","title":"Fish Waste: From Problem to Valuable Resource","abstract":"Following the growth of the global population and the subsequent rapid increase in urbanization and industrialization, the fisheries and aquaculture production has seen a massive increase driven mainly by the development of fishing technologies. Accordingly, a remarkable increase in the amount of fish waste has been produced around the world; it has been estimated that about two-thirds of the total amount of fish is discarded as waste, creating huge economic and environmental concerns. For this reason, the disposal and recycling of these wastes has become a key issue to be resolved. With the growing attention of the circular economy, the exploitation of underused or discarded marine material can represent a sustainable strategy for the realization of a circular bioeconomy, with the production of materials with high added value. In this study, we underline the enormous role that fish waste can have in the socio-economic sector. This review presents the different compounds with high commercial value obtained by fish byproducts, including collagen, enzymes, and bioactive peptides, and lists their possible applications in different fields.","author":[{"family":"Coppola","given":"Daniela"},{"family":"Lauritano","given":"Chiara"},{"family":"Esposito","given":"Fortunato"},{"family":"Riccio","given":"Gennaro"},{"family":"Rizzo","given":"Carmen"},{"family":"Pascale","given":"Donatella"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/md19020116","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/md19020116","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4205155485","type":"article-journal","title":"Mapping silver eel migration routes in the North Sea","abstract":"Abstract Recent developments in tracking technology resulted in the mapping of various marine spawning migration routes of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). However, migration routes in the North Sea have rarely been studied, despite many large European rivers and hence potential eel growing habitat discharge into the North Sea. In this study, we present the most comprehensive map to date with migration routes by silver European eels in the North Sea and document for the first time successful eel migration through the English Channel. Migration tracks were reconstructed for 42 eels tagged in Belgium and 12 in Germany. Additionally, some eels moved up north to exit the North Sea over the British Isles, confirming the existence of two different routes, even for eels exiting from a single river catchment. Furthermore, we observed a wide range in migration speeds (6.8–45.2 km day−1). We hypothesize that these are likely attributed to water currents, with eels migrating through the English Channel being significantly faster than eels migrating northward.","author":[{"family":"Verhelst","given":"Pieterjan"},{"family":"Reubens","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Coeck","given":"Johan"},{"family":"Moens","given":"Tom"},{"family":"Simon","given":"Janek"},{"family":"Wichelen","given":"Jeroen"},{"family":"Westerberg","given":"Håkan"},{"family":"Wysujack","given":"Klaus"},{"family":"Righton","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-021-04052-7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04052-7","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4308902188","type":"article-journal","title":"Food processing 4.0: Current and future developments spurred by the fourth industrial revolution","abstract":"“Food processing 4.0” concept denotes processing food in the current digital era by harnessing fourth industrial revolution (called Industry 4.0) technologies to improve quality and safety of processed food products, reduce production costs and time, save energy and resources, as well as diminish food loss and waste. Industry 4.0 technologies have been gaining great attention in recent years, revolutionizing, and transforming many manufacturing industries, including the food processing sector. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an updated overview of recent developments of Industry 4.0 technologies in digital transformation and process automation of the food processing industry. Our literature review shows the key role of robotics, smart sensors, Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things, and Big Data as the main enablers of the Food Processing 4.0. advantages in terms of quality control (sorting during processing with robotics and Artificial Intelligence, for instance), safety (connecting sensors and devices with Internet of Things), and production efficiency (forecasting demand with Big Data). However, detailed studies are still necessary to tackle significant challenges and provide deep insights into each of Food Processing 4.0 enablers such as the development of specific effectors for robotics; miniaturization and portability for sensors; standardization of systems and improve data sharing for Big Data; and reduce initial and maintenance costs of these technologies.","author":[{"family":"Hassoun","given":"Abdo"},{"family":"Jagtap","given":"Sandeep"},{"family":"Trollman","given":"Hana"},{"family":"Garciagarcia","given":"Guillermo"},{"family":"Abdullah","given":"Nour"},{"family":"Gökşen","given":"Gülden"},{"family":"Bader","given":"Farah"},{"family":"Özoğul","given":"Fatih"},{"family":"Barba","given":"Francisco"},{"family":"Cropotova","given":"Janna"},{"family":"Munekata","given":"Paulo"},{"family":"Lorenzo","given":"José"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109507","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109507","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3116371558","type":"article-journal","title":"Azimuthal single- and double-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic lepton scattering by transversely polarized protons","abstract":"Abstract A comprehensive set of azimuthal single-spin and double-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive leptoproduction of pions, charged kaons, protons, and antiprotons from transversely polarized protons is presented. These asymmetries include the previously published HERMES results on Collins and Sivers asymmetries, the analysis of which has been extended to include protons and antiprotons and also to an extraction in a three-dimensional kinematic binning and enlarged phase space. They are complemented by corresponding results for the remaining four single-spin and four double-spin asymmetries allowed in the one-photon-exchange approximation of the semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering process for target-polarization orientation perpendicular to the direction of the incoming lepton beam. Among those results, significant non-vanishing cos (ϕ−ϕS) modulations provide evidence for a sizable worm-gear (II) distribution, $$ {g}_{1\\mathrm{T}}^q\\left(x,{\\mathrm{p}}_T^2\\right) $$ g 1 T q x p T 2 . Most of the other modulations are found to be consistent with zero with the notable exception of large sin (ϕS) modulations for charged pions and K+.","author":[{"family":"Airapetian","given":"A"},{"family":"Акопов","given":"Н"},{"family":"Akopov","given":"Z"},{"family":"Aschenauer","given":"EC"},{"family":"Augustyniak","given":"W"},{"family":"Avakian","given":"R"},{"family":"Bacchetta","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Belostotski","given":"S"},{"family":"Bryzgalov","given":"V"},{"family":"Capitani","given":"GP"},{"family":"Cisbani","given":"E"},{"family":"Ciullo","given":"G"},{"family":"Contalbrigo","given":"M"},{"family":"Deconinck","given":"W"},{"family":"Leo","given":"RD"},{"family":"Sanctis","given":"ED"},{"family":"Diefenthaler","given":"M"},{"family":"Nezza","given":"PD"},{"family":"Düren","given":"M"},{"family":"Elbakian","given":"G"},{"family":"Ellinghaus","given":"F"},{"family":"Fantoni","given":"A"},{"family":"Felawka","given":"L"},{"family":"Gavrilov","given":"G"},{"family":"Gharibyan","given":"V"},{"family":"Hasch","given":"D"},{"family":"Holler","given":"Y"},{"family":"Ivanilov","given":"A"},{"family":"Jackson","given":"HE"},{"family":"Joosten","given":"S"},{"family":"Kaiser","given":"R"},{"family":"Karyan","given":"G"},{"family":"Kinney","given":"E"},{"family":"Kisselev","given":"A"},{"family":"Козлов","given":"В"},{"family":"Kravchenko","given":"P"},{"family":"Lagamba","given":"L"},{"family":"Lapikás","given":"L"},{"family":"Lehmann","given":"I"},{"family":"Lenisa","given":"P"},{"family":"Lorenzon","given":"W"},{"family":"Manaenkov","given":"SI"},{"family":"Mariański","given":"B"},{"family":"Marukyan","given":"H"},{"family":"Miyachi","given":"Y"},{"family":"Movsisyan","given":"A"},{"family":"Muccifora","given":"V"},{"family":"Naryshkin","given":"Y"},{"family":"Nass","given":"A"},{"family":"Nazaryan","given":"G"},{"family":"Nowak","given":"W"},{"family":"Pappalardo","given":"LL"},{"family":"Reimer","given":"PE"},{"family":"Reolon","given":"AR"},{"family":"Riedl","given":"C"},{"family":"Rith","given":"K"},{"family":"Rosner","given":"G"},{"family":"Rostomyan","given":"A"},{"family":"Rubin","given":"J"},{"family":"Ryckbosch","given":"D"},{"family":"Schäfer","given":"A"},{"family":"Schnell","given":"G"},{"family":"Seitz","given":"B"},{"family":"Shibata","given":"TA"},{"family":"Shutov","given":"V"},{"family":"Statera","given":"M"},{"family":"Terkulov","given":"A"},{"family":"Tytgat","given":"M"},{"family":"Haarlem","given":"YV"},{"family":"Hulse","given":"CV"},{"family":"Veretennikov","given":"D"},{"family":"Vilardi","given":"I"},{"family":"Yaschenko","given":"S"},{"family":"Zeiler","given":"D"},{"family":"Zihlmann","given":"B"},{"family":"Żuprański","given":"P"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007/jhep12(2020)010","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/jhep12(2020)010","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4312163221","type":"article-journal","title":"Observation and research of deep underground multi-physical fields—Huainan −848 m deep experiment","abstract":"Compared with the surface, the deep environment has the advantages of allowing \"super-quiet and ultra-clean\"-geophysical field observation with low vibration noise and little electromagnetic interference, which are conducive to therealization of long-term and high-precision observation of multi-physical fields, thus enabling the solution of a series of geoscience problems. In the Panyidong Coal Mine, where there are extensive underground tunnels at the depth of 848 m belowsea level, we carried out the first deep-underground geophysical observations, including radioactivity, gravity, magnetic, magne-totelluric, background vibration and six-component seismic observations. We concluded from these measurements that (1) the background of deep subsurface gravity noise in the long-period frequency band less than 2 Hz is nearly two orders ofmagnitude weaker than that in the surface observation environment; (2) the underground electric field is obviously weaker thanthe surface electric field, and the relatively high frequency of the underground field, greater than 1 Hz, is more than two orders of magnitude weaker than that of the surface electric field; the east-west magnetic field underground is approximately the same asthat at the surface; the relatively high-frequency north-south magnetic field underground, below 10 Hz, is at least one order ofmagnitude lower than that at the surface, showing that the underground has a clean electromagnetic environment; (3) in additionto the high-frequency and single-frequency noises introduced by underground human activities, the deep underground spacehas a sig-nificantly lower background vibration noise than the surface, which is very beneficial to the detection of weakearthquake and gravity signals; and (4) the underground roadway support system built with ferromagnetic material interferesthe geomagnetic field. We also found that for deep observation in the \"ultra-quiet and ultra-clean\" environment, the existinggeophysical equipment and observation technology have problems of poor adaptability and insufficient precision as well asdata cleaning problems, such as the effective separation of the signal and noise of deep observation data. It is also urgent tointerpret and comprehensively utilize these high-precision multi-physics observation data. Electronic Supplementary Material: Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s11430-022-9998-2.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Yun"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yaxin"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Heping"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Chengliang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Qisheng"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Xiaoming"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Chang"},{"family":"He","given":"Yongsheng"},{"family":"Miao","given":"Qiangqiang"},{"family":"Mu","given":"Chaomin"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Lianghui"},{"family":"Teng","given":"Jiwen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s11430-022-9998-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-022-9998-2","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4285277843","type":"article-journal","title":"Mapping Coastal Wetlands Using Transformer in Transformer Deep Network on China ZY1-02D Hyperspectral Satellite Images","abstract":"Coastal wetlands mapping is a big challenge in remote sensing fields because of similar spectrum of different ground objects and their severe fragmentation and spatial heterogeneity. In this paper, we propose a Hyperspectral Image Transformer iN Transformer (HSI-TNT) method for mapping coastal wetlands on ZY1-02D hyperspectral images, which uses two transformer deep networks to fuse local and global features. First, we put forward the idea that each hyperspectral pixel can be considered as a superpixel in spectral dimension, and subsequent position encodings are employed aiming to retain spatial information. After that, in each HSI-TNT block, the local information between pixels is extracted by Inner T-Block, and added to the patch space by linear transformation to extract the global information by Outer T-Block. Finally, the stacked HSI-TNT block, also known as HSI-TNT framework, is used for classification and mapping. Experimental results show that HSI-TNT achieves the best results on both Yancheng and Yellow River Delta wetlands data, with OCA of 95.57% and 93.69% respectively. The HSI-TNT combined with ZY1-02D satellite hyperspectral data has huge potentials in mapping coastal wetlands.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Weiwei"},{"family":"Shao","given":"Yijun"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Weiwei"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Gang"},{"family":"Meng","given":"Xiangchao"},{"family":"Peng","given":"Jiangtao"},{"family":"Mao","given":"Dehua"},{"family":"Ren","given":"Kai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/jstars.2022.3173349","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2022.3173349","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4295182907","type":"article-journal","title":"Scientific challenges in disaster risk reduction for the Sichuan–Tibet Railway","abstract":"Traversing the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, the Sichuan–Tibet Railway is by far the most difficult railway project in the world. The Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau features the most active crustal dynamics on earth, the strongest coupling effects of endogenic and exogenic dynamics, and the environment most sensitive to global climate change. The project area is characterized by extremely cold climate, high elevation and relief, high seismic intensity, high geothermal activity, and high tectonic stress. Consequently, the threat of various disaster risks is ever-present at different stages of the entire life cycle of the Sichuan–Tibet Railway. There is urgent need to systematically study these problems at various levels from the fundamental science to the development of key technologies. This article investigates the different disaster risks recognized during the various stages of construction of the Sichuan–Tibet Railway project, and summarizes the scientific challenges and technical problems faced in relation to disaster risk prevention and control. This work also introduces the scientific deployment and relevant research progress of the Sichuan–Tibet Fund special project initiated by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. Here, we also aim to solve the major fundamental scientific challenges in terms of long-term risk prevention and control during the construction of the Sichuan–Tibet Railway, and lay a theoretical foundation to promote breakthroughs in the bottleneck of key technologies. The scientific challenges addressed in the study of disaster risk associated with the Sichuan–Tibet Railway include the following: The quantitative assessment of the activity of deep-large faults and strong earthquake prediction, the evolution of physical fields in areas of strong tectonic activity, the development mechanisms of tunnel hazards, the slope evolution processes under coupled endogenic and exogenic dynamics in alpine gorges, the impact of climate change on the formation and evolution of surface hazards, and the evolution of extreme wind fields in deep-cut canyons. The technical problems faced in disaster risk prevention and mitigation in relation to the Sichuan–Tibet Railway are as follows: Advanced identification, monitoring, and early warning of geological disasters in mountainous areas with steep and complex terrain; risk analysis, prevention, and control of railway engineering disasters based on their dynamic processes; tunnel engineering hazard monitoring, early warning, risk analysis, prevention, and control technologies; key technologies for emergency response; and the green and resilient railway system and lifecycle risk management. The Sichuan–Tibet Fund special project will include five key research topics: (1) the interior geological structure and dynamic evolution of the eastern plateau; (2) the hazard-inducing mechanisms of coupled internal and external forces in canyons and gullies within plateaus; (3) the cataclysm mechanics of deeply buried long-distance tunnel engineering; (4) risk identification and projection of major disasters affecting the railway; and (5) the integrated management of scientific innovations and super large-scale railway construction. Systematic research is expected to reveal the evolution of earth surface movements and coupled engineering-disturbance related disasters. It will also enable the formation of a comprehensive risk analysis method for major engineering disasters, and promote the development of green, safe, efficient, and resilient engineering disaster risk reduction technologies that will support the disaster risk management during the entire lifecycle of the Sichuan–Tibet Railway.","author":[{"family":"Cui","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Ge","given":"Yonggang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Shaojun"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhenhong"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Xiwei"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Gordon"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Huayong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Lei","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Libo"},{"family":"Yi","given":"Shujian"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Chunhao"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Jian"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Lan","given":"Hengxing"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Mingtao"},{"family":"Ren","given":"Junjie"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Lu"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Yuanjun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106837","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106837","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3130001609","type":"article-journal","title":"Variation of sea ice and perspectives of the Northwest Passage in the Arctic Ocean","abstract":"The continued warming of the Arctic atmosphere and ocean has led to a record retreat of sea ice in the last decades. This retreat has increased the probability of the opening of the Arctic Passages in the near future. The Northwest Passage (NWP) is the most direct shipping route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, producing notable economic benefits. Decadal variations of sea ice and its influencing factors from a high-resolution unstructured-grid finite-volume community ocean model were investigated along the NWP in 1988–2016, and the accessibility of the NWP was assessed under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP245 and 585) and two vessel classes with the Arctic transportation accessibility model in 2021–2050. Sea ice thickness has decreased with increasing seawater temperature and salinity, especially within the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) in 1988–2016, which has facilitated the opening of the NWP. Complete ship navigation is projected to be possible for polar class 6 ships in August–December in 2021–2025, after when it may extends to July under SSP585 in 2026–2030, while open water ships will not be able to pass through the NWP until September in mid-21st century. The navigability of the NWP is mainly affected by the ice within the CAA. For the accessibility of the Parry Channel, the west part is worse than that of the eastern part, especially in the Viscount-Melville Sound.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Jinlei"},{"family":"Kang","given":"Shichang"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Junming"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Min"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhimin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.accre.2021.02.002","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2021.02.002","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3108045429","type":"article-journal","title":"Egyptian and Greek Water Cultures and Hydro-Technologies in Ancient Times","abstract":"Egyptian and Greek ancient civilizations prevailed in eastern Mediterranean since prehistoric times. The Egyptian civilization is thought to have been begun in about 3150 BC until 31 BC. For the ancient Greek civilization, it started in the period of Minoan (ca. 3200 BC) up to the ending of the Hellenistic era. There are various parallels and dissimilarities between both civilizations. They co-existed during a certain timeframe (from ca. 2000 to ca. 146 BC); however, they were in two different geographic areas. Both civilizations were massive traders, subsequently, they deeply influenced the regional civilizations which have developed in that region. Various scientific and technological principles were established by both civilizations through their long histories. Water management was one of these major technologies. Accordingly, they have significantly influenced the ancient world’s hydro-technologies. In this review, a comparison of water culture issues and hydro-structures was adopted through the extended history of the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The specific objectives of the work are to study the parallel historical cultures and hydro-technologies, assessing similarities and differences, and to analyze their progress since primitive times. The tools adopted for the research include visits to historical aeras and museums, comments, consultations, correlation and exhibitions available in the cyberspace. Review results herein showed that dams and canals were constructed in ancient Egypt to manage the flood of the Nile river and develop irrigation systems from ca. 6000 BC. In the second millennium BC, Minoans managed the flow of the streams via two dams, to protect arable land from destruction after intense rainfall and to irrigate their farms. Additional results showed that ancient Egyptians and Greeks invented many devices for lifting water for plant irrigation such as the shadouf, sakia and tympanum and pumps, of which some were already in use in Mesopotamia for irrigating small plots. The ancient Egyptians were the first who discovered the principle and the basis of coagulation (after ca. 1500 BC). They used the alum for accelerating the settlement of the particles. Additionally, the ancient Greeks developed several advanced water treatment technologies since the prehistoric times. To sum up, the study captured many similarities between two civilizations in water technologies. In addition, it confirmed the sustainability and durability of several of those hydro-technologies since they are still in use up to now in many places.","author":[{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Abdelkader"},{"family":"Elgohary","given":"Fatma"},{"family":"Tzanakakis","given":"Vasileios"},{"family":"Angelakιs","given":"Andreas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su12229760","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229760","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3199991009","type":"article-journal","title":"Potential of Utilization of Renewable Energy Technologies in Gulf Countries","abstract":"This critical review report highlights the enormous potentiality and availability of renewable energy sources in the Gulf region. The earth suffers from extreme air pollution, climate changes, and extreme problems due to the enormous usage of underground carbon resources applications materialized in industrial, transport, and domestic sectors. The countries under Gulf Cooperation Council, i.e., Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, mainly explore those underground carbon resources for crude oil extraction and natural gas production. As a nonrenewable resource, these are bound to be exhausted in the near future. Hence, this review discusses the importance and feasibility of renewable sources in the Gulf region to persuade the scientific community to launch and explore renewable sources to obtain the maximum benefit in electric power generation. In most parts of the Gulf region, solar and wind energy sources are abundantly available. However, attempts to harness those resources are very limited. Furthermore, in this review report, innovative areas of advanced research (such as bioenergy, biomass) were proposed for the Gulf region to extract those resources at a higher magnitude to generate surplus power generation. Overall, this report clearly depicts the current scenario, current power demand, currently installed capacities, and the future strategies of power production from renewable power sources (viz., solar, wind, tidal, biomass, and bioenergy) in each and every part of the Gulf region.","author":[{"family":"Basha","given":"JS"},{"family":"Jafary","given":"Tahereh"},{"family":"Vasudevan","given":"Ranjit"},{"family":"Bahadur","given":"Jahanzeb"},{"family":"Ajmi","given":"Muna"},{"family":"Neyadi","given":"Aadil"},{"family":"Soudagar","given":"Manzoore"},{"family":"Mujtaba","given":"MA"},{"family":"Hussain","given":"Abrar"},{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Waqar"},{"family":"Shahapurkar","given":"Kiran"},{"family":"Rahman","given":"SMA"},{"family":"Fattah","given":"IMR"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su131810261","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810261","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3011648816","type":"article-journal","title":"Contributions and Risks of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Building Smarter Cities: Insights from a Systematic Review of the Literature","abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the most disruptive technologies of our time. Interest in the use of AI for urban innovation continues to grow. Particularly, the rise of smart cities—urban locations that are enabled by community, technology, and policy to deliver productivity, innovation, livability, wellbeing, sustainability, accessibility, good governance, and good planning—has increased the demand for AI-enabled innovations. There is, nevertheless, no scholarly work that provides a comprehensive review on the topic. This paper generates insights into how AI can contribute to the development of smarter cities. A systematic review of the literature is selected as the methodologic approach. Results are categorized under the main smart city development dimensions, i.e., economy, society, environment, and governance. The findings of the systematic review containing 93 articles disclose that: (a) AI in the context of smart cities is an emerging field of research and practice. (b) The central focus of the literature is on AI technologies, algorithms, and their current and prospective applications. (c) AI applications in the context of smart cities mainly concentrate on business efficiency, data analytics, education, energy, environmental sustainability, health, land use, security, transport, and urban management areas. (d) There is limited scholarly research investigating the risks of wider AI utilization. (e) Upcoming disruptions of AI in cities and societies have not been adequately examined. Current and potential contributions of AI to the development of smarter cities are outlined in this paper to inform scholars of prospective areas for further research.","author":[{"family":"Yiğitcanlar","given":"Tan"},{"family":"Desouza","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Butler","given":"Luke"},{"family":"Roozkhosh","given":"Farnoosh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en13061473","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061473","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4220699772","type":"article-journal","title":"Popular extreme sea level metrics can better communicate impacts","abstract":"Estimates of changes in the frequency or height of contemporary extreme sea levels (ESLs) under various climate change scenarios are often used by climate and sea level scientists to help communicate the physical basis for societal concern regarding sea level rise. Changes in ESLs (i.e., the hazard) are often represented using various metrics and indicators that, when anchored to salient impacts on human systems and the natural environment, provide useful information to policy makers, stakeholders, and the general public. While changes in hazards are often anchored to impacts at local scales, aggregate global summary metrics generally lack the context of local exposure and vulnerability that facilitates translating hazards into impacts. Contextualizing changes in hazards is also needed when communicating the timing of when projected ESL frequencies cross critical thresholds, such as the year in which ESLs higher than the design height benchmark of protective infrastructure (e.g., the 100-year water level) are expected to occur within the lifetime of that infrastructure. We present specific examples demonstrating the need for such contextualization using a simple flood exposure model, local sea level rise projections, and population exposure estimates for 414 global cities. We suggest regional and global climate assessment reports integrate global, regional, and local perspectives on coastal risk to address hazard, vulnerability and exposure simultaneously. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10584-021-03288-6.","author":[{"family":"Rasmussen","given":"DJ"},{"family":"Kulp","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Kopp","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Oppenheimer","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Strauss","given":"Benjamin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10584-021-03288-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03288-6","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3127785169","type":"article-journal","title":"Bottom–Up Impacts of Forecasted Climate Change on the Eastern Bering Sea Food Web","abstract":"Recent observations of record low winter sea-ice coverage and warming water temperatures in the eastern Bering Sea have signaled the potential impacts of climate change on this ecosystem, which have implications for commercial fisheries production. We investigate the impacts of forecasted climate change on the eastern Bering Sea food web through the end of the century under medium- and high-emissions climate scenarios in combination with a selection of fisheries management strategies by conducting simulations using a dynamic food web model. The outputs from three global earth system models run under two greenhouse gas emission scenarios were dynamically downscaled using a regional ocean and biogeochemical model to project ecosystem dynamics at the base of the food web. Four fishing scenarios were explored: status quo , no fishing, and two scenarios that alternatively assume increased fishing emphasis on either gadids or flatfishes. Annual fishery quotas were dynamically simulated by combining harvest control rules based on model-simulated stock biomass, while incorporating social and economic tradeoffs induced by the Bering Sea’s combined groundfish harvest cap. There was little predicted difference between the status quo and no fishing scenario for most managed groundfish species biomasses at the end of the century, regardless of emission scenario. Under the status quo fishing scenario, biomass projections for most species and functional groups across trophic levels showed a slow but steady decline toward the end of the century, and most groups were near or below recent historical (1991–2017) biomass levels by 2080. The bottom–up effects of declines in biomass at lower trophic levels as forecasted by the climate-enhanced lower trophic level modeling, drove the biomass trends at higher trophic levels. By 2080, the biomass projections for species and trophic guilds showed very little difference between emission scenarios. Our method for climate-enhanced food web projections can support fisheries managers by informing strategic guidance on the long-term impacts of ecosystem productivity shifts driven by climate change on commercial species and the food web, and how those impacts may interact with different fisheries management scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Whitehouse","given":"George"},{"family":"Aydin","given":"Kerim"},{"family":"Hollowed","given":"Anne"},{"family":"Holsman","given":"Kirstin"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Faig","given":"Amanda"},{"family":"Haynie","given":"Alan"},{"family":"Hermann","given":"Albert"},{"family":"Kearney","given":"Kelly"},{"family":"Punt","given":"André"},{"family":"Essington","given":"Timothy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2021.624301","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.624301","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4283826137","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of the Development of Key Technologies for Offshore Wind Power in China","abstract":"In recent years, Offshore Wind Power (OWP) has gained prominence in China’s national energy strategy. However, the levelized cost of electricity (LCoE) of wind power must be further reduced to match the average wholesale price. The cost-cutting and revenue-generating potential of offshore wind generation depends on technological innovation. The most recent studies and applications of offshore wind technology are thoroughly examined. (1) Techniques for site selection, such as site surveys, wind resource assessments, and environmental factors, are reviewed. (2) Three main technical components in offshore wind farms are discussed, including wind turbine, foundations, and booster stations. (3) The state-of-the-art method of the offshore wind farm’s construction and operation and maintenance (O&M) practices is discussed. In situ marine geological surveying, large-scale offshore wind turbine manufacturing, integrated structural design, floating foundation design, flexible DC transmission technology, shortage of specialized vessels and equipment for construction, intelligence of O&M, and other issues are challenging China’s OWP industry. A brief overview of China’s efforts in standardization, parity, and research and development are discussed. Recommendations for future development of the wind power industry are provided for China, which may be referable for other nations with comparable circumstances.","author":[{"family":"Fan","given":"Qixiang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Peng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse10070929","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070929","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3094369062","type":"article-journal","title":"Land subsidence contributions to relative sea level rise at tide gauge Galveston Pier 21, Texas","abstract":"Abstract Relative sea level rise at tide gauge Galveston Pier 21, Texas, is the combination of absolute sea level rise and land subsidence. We estimate subsidence rates of 3.53 mm/a during 1909–1937, 6.08 mm/a during 1937–1983, and 3.51 mm/a since 1983. Subsidence attributed to aquifer-system compaction accompanying groundwater extraction contributed as much as 85% of the 0.7 m relative sea level rise since 1909, and an additional 1.9 m is projected by 2100, with contributions from land subsidence declining from 30 to 10% over the projection interval. We estimate a uniform absolute sea level rise rate of 1.10 mm ± 0.19/a in the Gulf of Mexico during 1909–1992 and its acceleration of 0.270 mm/a2 at Galveston Pier 21 since 1992. This acceleration is 87% of the value for the highest scenario of global mean sea level rise. Results indicate that evaluating this extreme scenario would be valid for resource-management and flood-hazard-mitigation strategies for coastal communities in the Gulf of Mexico, especially those affected by subsidence.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jiang"},{"family":"Fasullo","given":"John"},{"family":"Galloway","given":"Devin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-020-74696-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74696-4","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4312395603","type":"article-journal","title":"Shaping future low-carbon energy and transportation systems: Digital technologies and applications","abstract":"Digitalization and decarbonization are projected to be two major trends in the coming decades. As the already widespread process of digitalization continues to progress, especially in energy and transportation systems, massive data will be produced, and how these data could support and promote decarbonization has become a pressing concern. This paper presents a comprehensive review of digital technologies and their potential applications in low-carbon energy and transportation systems from the perspectives of infrastructure, common mechanisms and algorithms, and system-level impacts, as well as the application of digital technologies to coupled energy and transportation systems with electric vehicles. This paper also identifies corresponding challenges and future research directions, such as in the field of blockchain, digital twin, vehicle-to-grid, low-carbon computing, and data security and privacy, especially in the context of integrated energy and transportation systems.","author":[{"family":"Song","given":"Jie"},{"family":"He","given":"Guannan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jianxiao"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Pingwen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.23919/ien.2022.0040","URL":"https://doi.org/10.23919/ien.2022.0040","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4302362868","type":"article-journal","title":"Observation-based trajectory of future sea level for the coastal United States tracks near high-end model projections","abstract":"Abstract With its increasing record length and subsequent reduction in influence of shorter-term variability on measured trends, satellite altimeter measurements of sea level provide an opportunity to assess near-term sea level rise. Here, we use gridded measurements of sea level created from the network of satellite altimeters in tandem with tide gauge observations to produce observation-based trajectories of sea level rise along the coastlines of the United States from now until 2050. These trajectories are produced by extrapolating the altimeter-measured rate and acceleration from 1993 to 2020, with two separate approaches used to account for the potential impact of internal variability on the future estimates and associated ranges. The trajectories are used to generate estimates of sea level rise in 2050 and subsequent comparisons are made to model-based projections. It is found that observation-based trajectories of sea level from satellite altimetry are near or above the higher-end model projections contained in recent assessment reports, although ranges are still wide.","author":[{"family":"Hamlington","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Chambers","given":"DP"},{"family":"Frederikse","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Dangendorf","given":"Soenke"},{"family":"Fournier","given":"Séverine"},{"family":"Buzzanga","given":"Brett"},{"family":"Nerem","given":"RS"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s43247-022-00537-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00537-z","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4295204420","type":"article-journal","title":"Thin Film Composite Polyamide Reverse Osmosis Membrane Technology towards a Circular Economy","abstract":"It is estimated that Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination will produce, by 2025, more than 2,000,000 end-of-life membranes annually worldwide. This review examines the implementation of circular economy principles in RO technology through a comprehensive analysis of the RO membrane life cycle (manufacturing, usage, and end-of-life management). Future RO design should incorporate a biobased composition (biopolymers, recycled materials, and green solvents), improve the durability of the membranes (fouling and chlorine resistance), and facilitate the recyclability of the modules. Moreover, proper membrane maintenance at the usage phase, attained through the implementation of feed pre-treatment, early fouling detection, and membrane cleaning methods can help extend the service time of RO elements. Currently, end-of-life membranes are dumped in landfills, which is contrary to the waste hierarchy. This review analyses up to now developed alternative valorisation routes of end-of-life RO membranes, including reuse, direct and indirect recycling, and energy recovery, placing a special focus on emerging indirect recycling strategies. Lastly, Life Cycle Assessment is presented as a holistic methodology to evaluate the environmental and economic burdens of membrane recycling strategies. According to the European Commission's objectives set through the Green Deal, future perspectives indicate that end-of-life membrane valorisation strategies will keep gaining increasing interest in the upcoming years.","author":[{"family":"Lejarazu-Larrañaga","given":"Amaia"},{"family":"Landaburuaguirre","given":"Junkal"},{"family":"Senán-Salinas","given":"Jorge"},{"family":"Ortiz","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Molina","given":"Serena"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/membranes12090864","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12090864","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4296187632","type":"article-journal","title":"Internet of medical things and trending converged technologies: A comprehensive review on real-time applications","abstract":"The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) facilitates patients with all-time-connected medical devices through cost-effective solutions and a feeling of comfort with round-the-clock hospital support. The patients who cannot visit hospitals for routine checkups prefer the usage of IoMT devices. The healthcare facilities also rely on the real-time statistics of IoMT machines and diagnose problems and their solutions within a small interval of time. This could only be possible when a robust convergence of technologies is used with IoMT devices. This review study discusses how we may apply the convergence of IoMT devices with trending technologies and focuses on delivering a new dimension of novel IoMT usage through broad multi-homing dense networks. It also discusses various applied machine learning algorithms available in the healthcare industry. It compares a variety of disease predictions and the accuracy of the equipment and decision recommendations. The review study also discusses various IoMT convergence open challenges and opportunities through the labor industry healthcare system.","author":[{"family":"Wagan","given":"Shiraz"},{"family":"Koo","given":"Jahwan"},{"family":"Siddiqui","given":"Isma"},{"family":"Attique","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Shin","given":"Dong"},{"family":"Qureshi","given":"Nawab"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.09.005","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.09.005","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3134781086","type":"article-journal","title":"An open-source low-cost sensor for SNR-based GNSS reflectometry: design and long-term validation towards sea-level altimetry","abstract":"Abstract Monitoring sea level is critical due to climate change observed over the years. Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) has been widely demonstrated for coastal sea-level monitoring. The use of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) observations from ground-based stations has been especially productive for altimetry applications. SNR records an interference pattern whose oscillation frequency allows retrieving the unknown reflector height. Here we report the development and validation of a complete hardware and software system for SNR-based GNSS-R. We make it available as open source based on the Arduino platform. It costs about US$200 (including solar power supply) and requires minimal assembly of commercial off-the-shelf components. As an initial validation towards applications in coastal regions, we have evaluated the system over approximately 1 year by the Guaíba Lake in Brazil. We have compared water-level altimetry retrievals with independent measurements from a co-located radar tide gauge (within 10 m). The GNSS-R device ran practically uninterruptedly, while the reference radar gauge suffered two malfunctioning periods, resulting in gaps lasting for 44 and 38 days. The stability of GNSS-R altimetry results enabled the detection of miscalibration steps (10 cm and 15 cm) inadvertently introduced in the radar gauge after it underwent maintenance. Excluding the radar gaps and its malfunctioning periods (reducing the time series duration from 317 to 147 days), we have found a correlation of 0.989 and RMSE of 2.9 cm in daily means. To foster open science and lower the barriers for entry in SNR-based GNSS-R research and applications, we make a complete bill of materials and build tutorials freely available on the Internet so that interested researchers can replicate the system.","author":[{"family":"Fagundes","given":"Manuella"},{"family":"Mendonça-Tinti","given":"I"},{"family":"Iescheck","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Akos","given":"Dennis"},{"family":"Geremianievinski","given":"Felipe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s10291-021-01087-1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-021-01087-1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4313422527","type":"article-journal","title":"Sustainable scale-up of negative emissions technologies and practices: where to focus","abstract":"Abstract Most climate change mitigation scenarios restricting global warming to 1.5 °C rely heavily on negative emissions technologies and practices (NETPs). Here we updated previous literature reviews and conducted an analysis to identify the most appealing NETPs. We evaluated 36 NETPs configurations considering their technical maturity, economic feasibility, greenhouse gas removal potential, resource use, and environmental impacts. We found multiple trade-offs among these indicators, which suggests that a regionalised portfolio of NETPs exploiting their complementary strengths is the way forward. Although no single NETP is superior to the others in terms of all the indicators simultaneously, we identified 16 Pareto-efficient NETPs. Among them, six are deemed particularly promising: forestation, soil carbon sequestration (SCS), enhanced weathering with olivine and three modalities of direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS). While the co-benefits, lower costs and higher maturity levels of forestation and SCS can propel their rapid deployment, these NETPs require continuous monitoring to reduce unintended side-effects—most notably the release of the stored carbon. Enhanced weathering also shows an overall good performance and substantial co-benefits, but its risks—especially those concerning human health—should be further investigated prior to deployment. DACCS presents significantly fewer side-effects, mainly its substantial energy demand; early investments in this NETP could reduce costs and accelerate its scale-up. Our insights can help guide future research and plan for the sustainable scale-up of NETPs, which we must set into motion within this decade.","author":[{"family":"Cobo","given":"Selene"},{"family":"Negri","given":"Valentina"},{"family":"Valente","given":"António"},{"family":"Reiner","given":"David"},{"family":"Hamelin","given":"Lorie"},{"family":"Dowell","given":"Niall"},{"family":"Guilléngosálbez","given":"Gonzalo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1748-9326/acacb3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acacb3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3193715194","type":"article-journal","title":"2021–2025 is a period of great development of China's natural gas industry: Suggestions on the exploration and development of natural gas during the 14th five-year plan in China","abstract":"Among the world's 10 major gas producing countries, only the United States (USA), Russia and Iran have annual gas production of 250 × 109 m3 or more. China is expected to have gas output of 250 × 109 m3 in 2025. There are three advantages for the great development of natural gas industry in China. Firstly, the natural gas resources are rich and the proved rate is low and only 8.6%, so it has the resource advantage for faster development; Secondly, over the past 35 years, natural gas production continues to grow, with the growth advantage for faster development; Finally, since 2006, the remaining recoverable reserves of natural gas have been increasing year by year, showing the reserve advantage for faster development. In recent 10 years, China's annual natural gas production growth rate, remaining recoverable reserves and reserve-production ratio of natural gas support that China's annual gas production in 2025 will reach 250 × 109 m3. Suggestions for accelerating natural gas exploration and development during the 14th Five-Year Plan Period: (1) Opening new exploration and development fields of Carboniferous-Permian shale gas in the Ordos Basin; (2) Exploring three potential large gas districts with hidden coal measures in the northern Tianshan Piedown Depression, Qaidam Depression, and Xihu Sag; (3) Accelerating the development of seven large gas fields with proved reserves over 100 × 109 m3, such as Lingshui 17–2 Gas Field; (4) Increasing the drilling of gas wells and ultra-deep exploration wells.","author":[{"family":"Dai","given":"Jinxing"},{"family":"Ni","given":"Yunyan"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Dazhong"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Shengfei"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Guangyou"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Shipeng"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Cong"},{"family":"Gong","given":"Deyu"},{"family":"Hong","given":"Feng"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yanling"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Zengmin"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Quanyou"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Xiaoqi"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Ziqi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.jnggs.2021.08.001","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnggs.2021.08.001","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4283324669","type":"article-journal","title":"Bioplastics in the Sea: Rapid In-Vitro Evaluation of Degradability and Persistence at Natural Temperatures","abstract":"The progressive substitution of petroleum-based polymers, such as polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, or polyethylene terephtalate, by so-called bioplastics facilitated the development and production of many new materials. The continuously refined properties of bioplastic compounds and their blends enable various applications. With growing production and utilization of bioplastic products, these materials are increasingly discarded into the environment. Although many of these materials are labeled biodegradable, there is limited information about their degradability under environmental conditions. We tested the enzymatic degradability of five bioplastic compounds with the rapid pH-Stat titration assay at environmentally relevant seawater temperatures between 5 and 30°C and pH 8.2. These plastics, issued from the European Horizon 2020 Project ´Bioplastics Europe´, are based on polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). Suspensions of microparticles (< 200 µm) were incubated with each of the three hydrolytic enzymes, protease, lipase, and esterase. A PLA-based compound blended with polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) showed the highest hydrolysis rate of 30 nmol·min -1 when incubated with lipase at 30°C. All other materials showed low hydrolysis rates of less than 10 nmol·min -1 . Below 20°C, hydrolysis almost ceased. Plate clearing assays with the same enzymes at 37°C and pH 5 and pH 8, respectively, largely confirmed the results of the pH-Stat titration assays. Our findings indicate that there is a potential degradation of most of the materials with at least one of these hydrolytic enzymes. Nonetheless, the rate of enzymatic degradation under environmentally relevant conditions is low, which indicates only a marginal degradability of bioplastics in the marine environment.","author":[{"family":"Miksch","given":"Lukas"},{"family":"Köck","given":"Matthias"},{"family":"Gutow","given":"Lars"},{"family":"Saborowski","given":"Reinhard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2022.920293","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.920293","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4283016848","type":"article-journal","title":"SEM/EDX analysis of stomach contents of a sea slug snacking on a polluted seafloor reveal microplastics as a component of its diet","abstract":"Understanding the impacts of microplastics on living organisms in aquatic habitats is one of the hottest research topics worldwide. Despite increased attention, investigating microplastics in underwater environments remains a problematic task, due to the ubiquitous occurrence of microplastic, its multiple modes of interactions with the biota, and to the diversity of the synthetic organic polymers composing microplastics in the field. Several studies on microplastics focused on marine invertebrates, but to date, the benthic sea slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) were not yet investigated. Sea slugs are known to live on the organisms on which they feed on or to snack while gliding over the sea floor, but also as users of exogenous molecules or materials not only for nutrition. Therefore, they may represent a potential biological model to explore new modes of transformation and/or management of plastic, so far considered to be a non-biodegradable polymer. In this study we analysed the stomachal content of Bursatella leachii, an aplysiid heterobranch living in the Mar Piccolo, a highly polluted coastal basin near Taranto, in the northern part of the Ionian Sea. Microplastics were found in the stomachs of all the six sampled specimens, and SEM/EDX analyses were carried out to characterize the plastic debris. The SEM images and EDX spectra gathered here should be regarded as a baseline reference database for future investigations on marine Heterobranchia and their interactions with microplastics.","author":[{"family":"Furfaro","given":"Giulia"},{"family":"Delia","given":"M"},{"family":"Mariano","given":"Stefania"},{"family":"Trainito","given":"Egidio"},{"family":"Solca","given":"Michele"},{"family":"Piraino","given":"Stefano"},{"family":"Belmonte","given":"Genuario"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-022-14299-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14299-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3093753039","type":"article-journal","title":"Economic damages from on-going climate change imply deeper near-term emission cuts","abstract":"Pathways toward limiting global warming to well below 2 ∘ C, as used by the IPCC in the Fifth Assessment Report, do not consider the climate impacts already occurring below 2 ∘ C. Here we show that accounting for such damages significantly increases the near-term ambition of transformation pathways. We use econometric estimates of climate damages on GDP growth and explicitly model the uncertainty in the persistence time of damages. The Integrated Assessment Model we use includes the climate system and mitigation technology detail required to derive near-term policies. We find an optimal carbon price of $115 per tonne of CO 2 in 2030. The long-term persistence of damages, while highly uncertain, is a main driver of the near-term carbon price. Accounting for damages on economic growth increases the gap between the currently pledged nationally determined contributions and the welfare-optimal 2030 emissions by two thirds, compared to pathways considering the 2 ∘ C limit only.","author":[{"family":"Schultes","given":"Anselm"},{"family":"Piontek","given":"Franziska"},{"family":"Soergel","given":"Bjoern"},{"family":"Rogelj","given":"Joeri"},{"family":"Baumstark","given":"Lavinia"},{"family":"Kriegler","given":"Elmar"},{"family":"Edenhofer","given":"Ottmar"},{"family":"Luderer","given":"Gunnar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1748-9326/ac27ce","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac27ce","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4226455366","type":"article-journal","title":"Lack of evidence for the oxidative stress theory of bleaching in the sea anemone, Exaiptasia diaphana, under elevated temperature","abstract":"Abstract To survive in nutrient-poor waters corals rely on a symbiotic association with intracellular microalgae. However, increased sea temperatures cause algal loss—known as coral bleaching—often followed by coral death. Some of the most compelling evidence in support of the ‘oxidative stress theory of coral bleaching’ comes from studies that exposed corals, cultures of their algal endosymbionts, or the coral modelExaiptasia diaphanato exogenous antioxidants during thermal stress. Here, we replicate these experiments usingE.diaphanawith the addition of the antioxidants ascorbate + catalase, catechin, or mannitol under ambient and elevated temperatures along with an antioxidant-free control. In the absence of exogenous antioxidants,E.diaphanaexposed to elevated temperatures bleached with no change in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels associated with their microalgal cells. Ascorbate + catalase and mannitol treatments rescued the anemones from bleaching, although microalgal ROS levels increased in these antioxidant treatments under elevated temperature conditions. While bleaching was not associated with changes in net ROS for the intracellular algal symbionts, it is evident from our findings that excess ROS is connected to the bleaching phenotype as exogenous antioxidants were successful in mitigating the effects of thermal stress in cnidarians. This understanding may assist applied research that aims to reduce the impact of climate change on coral reefs.","author":[{"family":"Dungan","given":"Ashley"},{"family":"Maire","given":"Justin"},{"family":"Perezgonzalez","given":"Alexis"},{"family":"Blackall","given":"Linda"},{"family":"Oppen","given":"Madeleine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s00338-022-02251-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-022-02251-w","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4281719737","type":"article-journal","title":"Coral‐Based Sea Surface Salinity Reconstructions and the Role of Observational Uncertainties in Inferred Variability and Trends","abstract":"Abstract Climate observations in much of the tropical oceans are scarce during most of the 20th century, so paleoclimate proxies are needed to understand the full range of natural climate variability. Past proxy studies have focused primarily on sea surface temperatures, but there are comparatively few salinity reconstructions. Such reconstructions can extend our understanding of hydroclimate across the tropical oceans, including variability in precipitation, evaporation, and ocean circulation. Here we compile a network of salinity‐sensitive coral δ 18 O records, then apply a reduced‐space method based on empirical orthogonal function analysis to reconstruct annual tropical salinity anomalies over the 20th century. A comparison of surface salinity data sets, including reanalyzes (SODA2/3, Ocean ReAnalysis System 5 (ORAS5), Global Ocean Data Assimilation System) and objective analyses (Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), EN4, Delcroix), show large discrepancies in the spatial structure, temporal evolution, and importance of the leading modes of variability. Two salinity data sets, IAP and ORAS5, are retained for climate reconstruction. Our coral‐based salinity reconstructions reveal significant long‐term trends over the 20th century, which are likely associated with hydrological cycle intensification and possibly a weakening of the Walker Circulation. These reconstructions also capture the spatial and temporal patterns of salinity anomalies associated with the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Ultimately, this approach can enhance our understanding of tropical hydroclimate prior to the observational era.","author":[{"family":"Reed","given":"Emma"},{"family":"Thompson","given":"DM"},{"family":"Anchukaitis","given":"Kevin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2021pa004371","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021pa004371","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3122164608","type":"article-journal","title":"Decarbonising ships, planes and trucks: An analysis of suitable low-carbon fuels for the maritime, aviation and haulage sectors","abstract":"The high environmental impacts of transport mean that there is an increasing interest in utilising low-carbon alternative energy carriers and powertrains within the sector. While electricity has been mooted as the energy carrier of choice for passenger vehicles, as the mass and range of the vehicle increases, electrification becomes more difficult. This paper reviews the shipping, aviation and haulage sectors, and a range of low-carbon energy carriers (electricity, biofuels, hydrogen, and electrofuels) that can be used to decarbonise them. Energy carriers were assessed based on their energy density, specific energy, cost, lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, and land-use. In terms of haulage, current battery electric vehicles may be technically feasible, however the specific energy of current battery technology reduces the payload capacity and range when compared to diesel. To alleviate these issues, biomethane represents a mature technology with potential co-benefits, while hydrogen is close to competitiveness but requires significant infrastructure. Energy density issues preclude the use of batteries in shipping which requires energy dense liquids or compressed gaseous fuels that allow for retrofits/current hull designs, with methanol being particularly appropriate here. Future shipping may be achieved with ammonia or hydrogen, but hull design will need to be changed significantly. Regulations and aircraft design mean that commercial aviation is dependant on drop-in jet fuels for the foreseeable future, with power-to-liquid fuels being deemed the most suitable option due to the scales required. Fuel costs and a lack of refuelling infrastructure were identified as key barriers facing the uptake of alternatives, with policy and financial incentives required to encourage the uptake of low-carbon fuels.","author":[{"family":"Gray","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Mcdonagh","given":"Shane"},{"family":"Oshea","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Smyth","given":"Beatrice"},{"family":"Murphy","given":"Jerry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100008","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100008","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3176877117","type":"article-journal","title":"Physicochemical controls on the initiation of phytoplankton bloom during the winter monsoon in the Arabian Sea","abstract":"Occurrence of phytoplankton bloom in the northern Arabian Sea (NAS) during the winter monsoon is perplexing. The convective mixing leads to a deeper and well-oxygenated (> 95% saturation) mixed layer. We encountered low chlorophyll conditions though the nutrient conditions were favorable for a bloom. The mean ratio of silicate (Si) to DIN (Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen: nitrate + nitrite + ammonium) in the euphotic zone was 0.52 indicating a \"silicate-stressed\" condition for the proliferation of diatoms. Also, the euphotic depth was much shallower (~ 49 m) than the mixed layer (~ 110 m) suggesting the Sverdrup critical depth limitation in the NAS. We show that the bloom in this region initiates only when the mixed layer shoals towards the euphotic zone. Our observations further suggest that two primary factors, the stoichiometric ratio of nutrients, especially the Si/DIN ratio, in the mixed layer and re-stratification of the upper water column, govern the phytoplankton blooming in NAS during the later winter monsoon. The important finding of the present study is that the Sverdrup's critical depth limitation gives rise to the observed low chl-a concentration in the NAS, despite having enough nutrients.","author":[{"family":"Lakshmi","given":"RS"},{"family":"Prakash","given":"Satya"},{"family":"Lotliker","given":"Aneesh"},{"family":"Baliarsingh","given":"Sanjiba"},{"family":"Samanta","given":"Alakes"},{"family":"Mathew","given":"Teesha"},{"family":"Chatterjee","given":"Abhisek"},{"family":"Sahu","given":"Biraja"},{"family":"Nair","given":"TMB"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-021-92897-3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92897-3","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3038501181","type":"article-journal","title":"A sea-level monopole in the equatorial Indian Ocean","abstract":"Abstract In this study, we show the relationship between sea-level anomalies (SLA) and upper-ocean parameters in the Equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO). This work also focuses on the variability of SLA obtained from satellite altimeter data in different spatial and temporal scales and its relationship with computed ocean heat content (OHC), dynamic height (DH), and thermocline depth (20 °C isotherm: D20) during 1993–2015. SLA showed low Pearson’s correlation coefficient (CC) with upper-ocean parameters over central EIO resembling a “Monopole” pattern. The Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography (ARGO) in situ profile data in the central EIO also confirmed this. SLA over this monopole showed low correlations with all parameters as compared with eastern and western EIO. These findings show a clear signature of a persisting sea-level monopole in the central EIO. Oscillating SLA over western and eastern EIO during summer and winter monsoon months is found to be responsible for locking this monopole in the central EIO. Both SLA and OHC increased in EIO during 2006–2015 compared with 1993–2005. The month of January showed different east–west trends at different times. This trend during 1993–2015 is neutral, but it shifted from negative during 1993–2005 to positive during 2006–2015.","author":[{"family":"Thandlam","given":"Venugopal"},{"family":"Rahaman","given":"Hasibur"},{"family":"Luca","given":"Paolo"},{"family":"Sahlée","given":"Erik"},{"family":"Rutgersson","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Ravichandran","given":"M"},{"family":"Ssvs","given":"Ramakrishna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41612-020-0127-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-0127-z","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4220691630","type":"article-journal","title":"Bioaccumulation of mercury along continuous fauna trophic levels in the Yellow River Estuary and adjacent sea indicated by nitrogen stable isotopes","abstract":"Mercury (Hg), and its organic forms, are some of the most hazardous elements, with strong toxicity, persistence, and biological accumulation in marine organisms. Hg accumulation in continuous trophic levels (TL) in marine food chains remains unclear. In this study, individual invertebrate and fish samples collected from the Yellow River Estuary adjacent sea were grouped into continuous TL ranges, and the bioaccumulations of total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) were analyzed. The trophic magnification factor in invertebrates and fish was 1.40 and 1.72 for THg, and 2.56 and 2.17 for MeHg, indicating that both THg and MeHg were significantly biomagnified with increasing TL in both invertebrates and fish through trophic transfer. To evaluate the health risk of seafood consumption, the target hazard quotient (THQ) was calculated. Increasing THQ values indicated that the health risks of invertebrate and fish consumption in humans, especially children, were both elevated with increasing TL. THQ values > 1 indicated that consumption of invertebrates at a TL above 4.0 and fish above 4.5 may pose a relatively higher risk for children. Therefore, the consumption of both individual invertebrates and fish at high trophic positions may present greater health risk, especially in young children.","author":[{"family":"Qu","given":"Pei"},{"family":"Pang","given":"Min"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Penggong"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Xuli"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhaohui"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zongling"},{"family":"Gong","given":"Yuchen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128631","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128631","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3161166638","type":"article-journal","title":"Semantic Structure from Motion for Railroad Bridges Using Deep Learning","abstract":"Current maintenance practices consume significant time, cost, and manpower. Thus, a new technique for maintenance is required. Construction information technologies, including building information modeling (BIM), have recently been applied to the field to carry out systematic and productive planning, design, construction, and maintenance. Although BIM is increasingly being applied to new structures, its application to existing structures has been limited. To apply BIM to an existing structure, a three-dimensional (3D) model of the structure that accurately represents the as-is status should be constructed and each structural component should be specified manually. This study proposes a method that constructs a 3D model and specifies the structural component automatically using photographic data with a camera installed on an unmanned aerial vehicle. This procedure is referred to as semantic structure from motion because it constructs a 3D point cloud model together with semantic information. A validation test was carried out on a railroad bridge to validate the performance of the proposed system. The average precision, intersection over union, and BF scores were 80.87%, 66.66%, and 56.33%, respectively. The proposed method could improve the current scan-to-BIM procedure by generating the as-is 3D point cloud model by specifying the structural component automatically.","author":[{"family":"Park","given":"Gun"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Jae"},{"family":"Yoon","given":"Hyungchul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app11104332","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104332","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3209468632","type":"article-journal","title":"The uncertain future of the Norway lobster fisheries in the North Sea calls for new management strategies","abstract":"Abstract Nephrops (Nephrops norvegicus) is an economically valuable target species in the North Sea. Although individual Nephrops populations are scattered, the crustacean is managed regionally by the European Union (EU). The spatial competition for fisheries in the North Sea is growing especially due to expanding offshore wind farms (OWF) and newly implemented marine protected areas (MPA). Moreover, the Brexit affects the availability of EU fishing quotas and adds to the overall uncertainty EU fishers face. We compare landings and catches to scientifically advised quantities and perform an overlap analysis of fishing grounds with current and future OWFs and MPAs. Furthermore, we explore the German Nephrops fleet using high-resolution spatial fishing effort and catch data. Our results confirm earlier studies showing that Nephrops stocks have been fished above scientific advice. Present OWFs and MPAs marginally overlap with Nephrops fishing grounds, whereas German fishing grounds are covered up to 45% in future scenarios. Co-use strategies with OWFs could mitigate the loss of fishing opportunities. Decreased cod quotas due to Brexit and worse stock conditions, lowers Germany's capability to swap Nephrops quotas with the UK. We support the call for a new management strategy of individual Nephrops populations and the promotion of selective fishing gears.","author":[{"family":"Letschert","given":"Jonas"},{"family":"Stollberg","given":"Nicole"},{"family":"Rambo","given":"Henrike"},{"family":"Kempf","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Berkenhagen","given":"Jörg"},{"family":"Stelzenmüller","given":"Vanessa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1093/icesjms/fsab204","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab204","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3105306036","type":"article-journal","title":"Structure and function of epipelagic mesozooplankton and their response to dust deposition events during the spring PEACETIME cruise in the Mediterranean Sea","abstract":"Abstract. The PEACETIME cruise (May–June 2017) was a basin-scale survey covering the Provencal, Algerian, Tyrrhenian, and Ionian basins during the post-spring bloom period and was dedicated to tracking the impact of Saharan dust deposition events on the Mediterranean Sea pelagic ecosystem. Two such events occurred during this period, and the cruise strategy allowed for the study of the initial phase of the ecosystem response to one dust event in the Algerian Basin (during 5 d at the so-called “FAST long-duration station”) as well as the study of a latter response to another dust event in the Tyrrhenian Basin (by sampling from 5 to 12 d after the deposition). This paper documents the structural and functional patterns of the zooplankton component during this survey, including their responses to these two dust events. The mesozooplankton were sampled at 12 stations using nets with two different mesh sizes (100 and 200 µm) that were mounted on a Bongo frame for vertical hauls within the depth layer from 0 to 300 m. The Algerian and Tyrrhenian basins were found to be quite similar in terms of hydrological and biological variables, which clearly differentiated them from the northern Provencal Basin and the eastern Ionian Basin. In general, total mesozooplankton showed reduced variations in abundance and biomass values over the whole area, with a noticeable contribution from the small size fraction (<500 µm) of up to 50 % with respect to abundance and 25 % with respect to biomass. This small size fraction makes a significant contribution (15 %–21 %) to the mesozooplankton fluxes (carbon demand, grazing pressure, respiration, and excretion), which is estimated using allometric relationships to the mesozooplankton size spectrum at all stations. The taxonomic structure was dominated by copepods, mainly cyclopoid and calanoid copepods, and was completed by appendicularians, ostracods, and chaetognaths. Zooplankton taxa assemblages, analyzed using multivariate analysis and rank frequency diagrams, slightly differed between basins, which is in agreement with recently proposed Mediterranean regional patterns. However, the strongest changes in the zooplankton community were linked to the abovementioned dust deposition events. A synoptic analysis of the two dust events observed in the Tyrrhenian and Algerian basins, based on the rank frequency diagrams and a derived index proposed by Mouillot and Lepretre (2000), delivered a conceptual model of a virtual time series of the zooplankton community responses after a dust deposition event. The initial phase before the deposition event (state 0) was dominated by small-sized cells consumed by their typical zooplankton filter feeders (small copepods and appendicularians). The disturbed phase during the first 5 d following the deposition event (state 1) then induced a strong increase in filter feeders and grazers of larger cells as well as the progressive attraction of carnivorous species, leading to a sharp increase in the zooplankton distribution index. Afterward, this index progressively decreased from day 5 to day 12 following the event, highlighting a diversification of the community (state 2). A 3-week delay was estimated for the index to return to its initial value, potentially indicating the recovery time of a Mediterranean zooplankton community after a dust event. To our knowledge, PEACETIME is the first in situ study that has allowed for the observation of mesozooplankton responses before and soon after natural Saharan dust depositions. The change in the rank frequency diagrams of the zooplankton taxonomic structure is an interesting tool to highlight short-term responses of zooplankton to episodic dust deposition events. Obviously dust-stimulated pelagic productivity impacts up to mesozooplankton in terms of strong but short changes in taxa assemblages and trophic structure, with potential implications for oligotrophic systems such as the Mediterranean Sea.","author":[{"family":"Feliú","given":"Guillermo"},{"family":"Pagano","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Hidalgo","given":"Pamela"},{"family":"Carlotti","given":"François"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.5194/bg-17-5417-2020","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5417-2020","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4212987229","type":"article-journal","title":"Evaluating the Arabian Sea as a regional source of atmospheric CO 2 : seasonal variability and drivers","abstract":"Abstract. The Arabian Sea (AS) was confirmed to be a net emitter of CO2 to the atmosphere during the international Joint Global Ocean Flux Study program of the 1990s, but since then few in situ data have been collected, leaving data-based methods to calculate air–sea exchange with fewer and potentially out-of-date data. Additionally, coarse-resolution models underestimate CO2 flux compared to other approaches. To address these shortcomings, we employ a high-resolution (1/24∘) regional model to quantify the seasonal cycle of air–sea CO2 exchange in the AS by focusing on two main contributing factors, pCO2 and winds. We compare the model to available in situ pCO2 data and find that uncertainties in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) lead to the greatest discrepancies. Nevertheless, the model is more successful than neural network approaches in replicating the large variability in summertime pCO2 because it captures the AS's intense monsoon dynamics. In the seasonal pCO2 cycle, temperature plays the major role in determining surface pCO2 except where DIC delivery is important in summer upwelling areas. Since seasonal temperature forcing is relatively uniform, pCO2 differences between the AS's subregions are mostly caused by geographic DIC gradients. We find that primary productivity during both summer and winter monsoon blooms, but also generally, is insufficient to offset the physical delivery of DIC to the surface, resulting in limited biological control of CO2 release. The most intense air–sea CO2 exchange occurs during the summer monsoon when outgassing rates reach ∼ 6 molCm-2yr-1 in the upwelling regions of Oman and Somalia, but the entire AS contributes CO2 to the atmosphere. Despite a regional spring maximum of pCO2 driven by surface heating, CO2 exchange rates peak in summer due to winds, which account for ∼ 90 % of the summer CO2 flux variability vs. 6 % for pCO2. In comparison with other estimates, we find that the AS emits ∼ 160 Tg C yr−1, slightly higher than previously reported. Altogether, there is 2× variability in annual flux magnitude across methodologies considered. Future attempts to reduce the variability in estimates will likely require more in situ carbon data. Since summer monsoon winds are critical in determining flux both directly and indirectly through temperature, DIC, TA, mixing, and primary production effects on pCO2, studies looking to predict CO2 emissions in the AS with ongoing climate change will need to correctly resolve their timing, strength, and upwelling dynamics.","author":[{"family":"Verneil","given":"Alain"},{"family":"Lachkar","given":"Zouhair"},{"family":"Smith","given":"KS"},{"family":"Lévy","given":"Marina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.5194/bg-19-907-2022","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-907-2022","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3138209695","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep maxima of phytoplankton biomass, primary production and bacterial production in the Mediterranean Sea","abstract":"Abstract. The deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) is a ubiquitous feature of phytoplankton vertical distribution in stratified waters that is relevant to our understanding of the mechanisms that underpin the variability in photoautotroph ecophysiology across environmental gradients and has implications for remote sensing of aquatic productivity. During the PEACETIME (Process studies at the air-sea interface after dust deposition in the Mediterranean Sea) cruise, carried out from 10 May to 11 June 2017, we obtained 23 concurrent vertical profiles of phytoplankton chlorophyll a, carbon biomass and primary production, as well as heterotrophic prokaryotic production, in the western and central Mediterranean basins. Our main aims were to quantify the relative role of photoacclimation and enhanced growth as underlying mechanisms of the DCM and to assess the trophic coupling between phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryotic production. We found that the DCM coincided with a maximum in both the biomass and primary production but not in the growth rate of phytoplankton, which averaged 0.3 d−1 and was relatively constant across the euphotic layer. Photoacclimation explained most of the increased chlorophyll a at the DCM, as the ratio of carbon to chlorophyll a (C:Chl a) decreased from ca. 90–100 (g:g) at the surface to 20–30 at the base of the euphotic layer, while phytoplankton carbon biomass increased from ca. 6 mg C m−3 at the surface to 10–15 mg C m−3 at the DCM. As a result of photoacclimation, there was an uncoupling between chlorophyll a-specific and carbon-specific productivity across the euphotic layer. The ratio of fucoxanthin to total chlorophyll a increased markedly with depth, suggesting an increased contribution of diatoms at the DCM. The increased biomass and carbon fixation at the base of the euphotic zone was associated with enhanced rates of heterotrophic prokaryotic activity, which also showed a surface peak linked with warmer temperatures. Considering the phytoplankton biomass and turnover rates measured at the DCM, nutrient diffusive fluxes across the nutricline were able to supply only a minor fraction of the photoautotroph nitrogen and phosphorus requirements. Thus the deep maxima in biomass and primary production were not fuelled by new nutrients but likely resulted from cell sinking from the upper layers in combination with the high photosynthetic efficiency of a diatom-rich, low-light acclimated community largely sustained by regenerated nutrients. Further studies with increased temporal and spatial resolution will be required to ascertain if the peaks of deep primary production associated with the DCM persist across the western and central Mediterranean Sea throughout the stratification season.","author":[{"family":"Marañón","given":"Emilio"},{"family":"Wambeke","given":"France"},{"family":"Uitz","given":"Julia"},{"family":"Boss","given":"Emmanuel"},{"family":"Dimier","given":"Céline"},{"family":"Dinasquet","given":"Julie"},{"family":"Engel","given":"Anja"},{"family":"Haëntjens","given":"Nils"},{"family":"Pérezlorenzo","given":"María"},{"family":"Taillandier","given":"Vincent"},{"family":"Zäncker","given":"Birthe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5194/bg-18-1749-2021","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1749-2021","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3138725786","type":"article-journal","title":"A survey: Deep learning for hyperspectral image classification with few labeled samples","abstract":"With the rapid development of deep learning technology and improvement in computing capability, deep learning has been widely used in the field of hyperspectral image (HSI) classification. In general, deep learning models often contain many trainable parameters and require a massive number of labeled samples to achieve optimal performance. However, in regard to HSI classification, a large number of labeled samples is generally difficult to acquire due to the difficulty and time-consuming nature of manual labeling. Therefore, many research works focus on building a deep learning model for HSI classification with few labeled samples. In this article, we concentrate on this topic and provide a systematic review of the relevant literature. Specifically, the contributions of this paper are twofold. First, the research progress of related methods is categorized according to the learning paradigm, including transfer learning, active learning and few-shot learning. Second, a number of experiments with various state-of-the-art approaches has been carried out, and the results are summarized to reveal the potential research directions. More importantly, it is notable that although there is a vast gap between deep learning models (that usually need sufficient labeled samples) and the HSI scenario with few labeled samples, the issues of small-sample sets can be well characterized by fusion of deep learning methods and related techniques, such as transfer learning and a lightweight model. For reproducibility, the source codes of the methods assessed in the paper can be found at https://github.com/ShuGuoJ/HSI-Classification.git.","author":[{"family":"Jia","given":"Sen"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Shuguo"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Zhijie"},{"family":"Li","given":"Nanying"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Meng"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Shiqi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.neucom.2021.03.035","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2021.03.035","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3037300073","type":"article-journal","title":"Heating technology for malignant tumors: a review","abstract":"The therapeutic application of heat is very effective in cancer treatment. Both hyperthermia, i.e., heating to 39-45 °C to induce sensitization to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and thermal ablation, where temperatures beyond 50 °C destroy tumor cells directly are frequently applied in the clinic. Achievement of an effective treatment requires high quality heating equipment, precise thermal dosimetry, and adequate quality assurance. Several types of devices, antennas and heating or power delivery systems have been proposed and developed in recent decades. These vary considerably in technique, heating depth, ability to focus, and in the size of the heating focus. Clinically used heating techniques involve electromagnetic and ultrasonic heating, hyperthermic perfusion and conductive heating. Depending on clinical objectives and available technology, thermal therapies can be subdivided into three broad categories: local, locoregional, or whole body heating. Clinically used local heating techniques include interstitial hyperthermia and ablation, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), scanned focused ultrasound (SFUS), electroporation, nanoparticle heating, intraluminal heating and superficial heating. Locoregional heating techniques include phased array systems, capacitive systems and isolated perfusion. Whole body techniques focus on prevention of heat loss supplemented with energy deposition in the body, e.g., by infrared radiation. This review presents an overview of clinical hyperthermia and ablation devices used for local, locoregional, and whole body therapy. Proven and experimental clinical applications of thermal ablation and hyperthermia are listed. Methods for temperature measurement and the role of treatment planning to control treatments are discussed briefly, as well as future perspectives for heating technology for the treatment of tumors.","author":[{"family":"Kok","given":"HP"},{"family":"Cressman","given":"Erik"},{"family":"Ceelen","given":"Wim"},{"family":"Brace","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Ivkov","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Grüll","given":"Holger"},{"family":"Haar","given":"Gail"},{"family":"Wust","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Crezee","given":"Johannes"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1080/02656736.2020.1779357","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02656736.2020.1779357","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4280564087","type":"article-journal","title":"My Deep Sea, My Backyard: a pilot study to build capacity for global deep-ocean exploration and research","abstract":"The deep ocean is the largest ecosystem on the planet, constituting greater than 90% of all habitable space. Over three-quarters of countries globally have deep ocean within their Exclusive Economic Zones. While maintaining deep-ocean function is key to ensuring planetary health, deficiencies in knowledge and governance, as well as inequitable global capacity, challenge our ability to safeguard the resilience of this vast realm, leaving the fate of the deep ocean in the hands of a few. Historically, deep-ocean scientific exploration and research have been the purview of a limited number of nations, resulting in most of humankind not knowing the deep ocean within their national jurisdiction or beyond. In this article, we highlight the inequities and need for increased deep-ocean knowledge generation, and discuss experiences in piloting an innovative project 'My Deep Sea, My Backyard' toward this goal. Recognizing that many deep-ocean endeavours take place in countries without deep-ocean access, this project aimed to reduce dependency on external expertise and promote local efforts in two small island developing states, Trinidad and Tobago and Kiribati, to explore their deep-sea backyards using comparatively low-cost technology while building lasting in-country capacity. We share lessons learned so future efforts can bring us closer to achieving this goal. This article is part of the theme issue 'Nurturing resilient marine ecosystems'.","author":[{"family":"Amon","given":"Diva"},{"family":"Rotjan","given":"Randi"},{"family":"Kennedy","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Alleng","given":"Gerard"},{"family":"Anta","given":"Rafael"},{"family":"Aram","given":"Eriatera"},{"family":"Edwards","given":"Thera"},{"family":"Creary-Ford","given":"Marcia"},{"family":"Gjerde","given":"Kristina"},{"family":"Gobin","given":"Judith"},{"family":"Henderson","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Hope","given":"Alexis"},{"family":"Ali","given":"Raquel"},{"family":"Lanser","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"Lewis","given":"Keith"},{"family":"Lochan","given":"Hannah"},{"family":"Maclean","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Mwemwenikarawa","given":"Nabuti"},{"family":"Phillips","given":"Brennan"},{"family":"Rimon","given":"Betarim"},{"family":"Sarjursingh","given":"Stacey"},{"family":"Teemari","given":"Tooreka"},{"family":"Tekiau","given":"Aranteiti"},{"family":"Turchik","given":"Alan"},{"family":"Vallès","given":"Henri"},{"family":"Waysang","given":"Kareati"},{"family":"Bell","given":"Katherine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1098/rstb.2021.0121","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0121","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W2999262977","type":"article-journal","title":"Sea-Land Segmentation Using Deep Learning Techniques for Landsat-8 OLI Imagery","abstract":"Automated coastline extraction from optical satellites is fundamental to coastal mapping, and sea-land segmentation is the core technology of coastline extraction. Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have performed well in semantic segmentation in recent years. However, sea-land segmentation using deep learning techniques remains a challenging task, due to the lack of a benchmark dataset and the difficulty of deciding which semantic segmentation model to use. We present a comparative framework of sea-land segmentation to Landsat-8 OLI imagery via semantic segmentation in deep learning techniques. Three issues are investigated: (1) constructing a sea-land benchmark dataset using Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) imagery consisting of 18,000 km2 of coastline around China; (2) evaluating the feasibility and performance of sea-land segmentation by comparing the accuracy assessment, time complexity, spatial complexity and stability of state-of-the-art DCNNs methods; (3) choosing the most suitable semantic segmentation model for sea-land segmentation in accordance with Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) model selection. Results show that the average test accuracy achieves over 99% accuracy, and the mean Intersection over Unions (mean IoU) is above 92%. These findings demonstrate that the Fully Convolutional DenseNet (FC-DenseNet) performs better than other state-of-the-art methods in sea-land segmentation, based on both AIC and BIC. Considering training time efficiency, DeeplabV3+ performs better for sea-land segmentation. The sea-land segmentation benchmark dataset is available at: https://pan.baidu.com/s/1BlnHiltOLbLKe4TG8lZ5xg.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Ting"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Shenlu"},{"family":"Hong","given":"Zhonghua"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yun"},{"family":"Han","given":"Yanling"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Ruyan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Shuhu"},{"family":"Tong","given":"Xiaohua"},{"family":"Kuc","given":"Tae‐yong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1080/01490419.2020.1713266","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2020.1713266","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3016709954","type":"article-journal","title":"Deeply conserved synteny resolves early events in vertebrate evolution","abstract":"Although it is widely believed that early vertebrate evolution was shaped by ancient whole-genome duplications, the number, timing and mechanism of these events remain elusive. Here, we infer the history of vertebrates through genomic comparisons with a new chromosome-scale sequence of the invertebrate chordate amphioxus. We show how the karyotypes of amphioxus and diverse vertebrates are derived from 17 ancestral chordate linkage groups (and 19 ancestral bilaterian groups) by fusion, rearrangement and duplication. We resolve two distinct ancient duplications based on patterns of chromosomal conserved synteny. All extant vertebrates share the first duplication, which occurred in the mid/late Cambrian by autotetraploidization (that is, direct genome doubling). In contrast, the second duplication is found only in jawed vertebrates and occurred in the mid-late Ordovician by allotetraploidization (that is, genome duplication following interspecific hybridization) from two now-extinct progenitors. This complex genomic history parallels the diversification of vertebrate lineages in the fossil record.","author":[{"family":"Simakov","given":"Oleg"},{"family":"Marlétaz","given":"Ferdinand"},{"family":"Yue","given":"Jia‐xing"},{"family":"Oconnell","given":"Brendan"},{"family":"Jenkins","given":"Jerry"},{"family":"Brandt","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Calef","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Tung","given":"Che‐huang"},{"family":"Huang","given":"TK"},{"family":"Schmutz","given":"Jeremy"},{"family":"Satoh","given":"Nori"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Jr‐kai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41559-020-1156-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1156-z","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3002242183","type":"article-journal","title":"Fish Detection Using Deep Learning","abstract":"Recently, human being’s curiosity has been expanded from the land to the sky and the sea. Besides sending people to explore the ocean and outer space, robots are designed for some tasks dangerous for living creatures. Take the ocean exploration for an example. There are many projects or competitions on the design of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) which attracted many interests. Authors of this article have learned the necessity of platform upgrade from a previous AUV design project, and would like to share the experience of one task extension in the area of fish detection. Because most of the embedded systems have been improved by fast growing computing and sensing technologies, which makes them possible to incorporate more and more complicated algorithms. In an AUV, after acquiring surrounding information from sensors, how to perceive and analyse corresponding information for better judgement is one of the challenges. The processing procedure can mimic human being’s learning routines. An advanced system with more computing power can facilitate deep learning feature, which exploit many neural network algorithms to simulate human brains. In this paper, a convolutional neural network (CNN) based fish detection method was proposed. The training data set was collected from the Gulf of Mexico by a digital camera. To fit into this unique need, three optimization approaches were applied to the CNN: data augmentation, network simplification, and training process speed up. Data augmentation transformation provided more learning samples; the network was simplified to accommodate the artificial neural network; the training process speed up is introduced to make the training process more time efficient. Experimental results showed that the proposed model is promising, and has the potential to be extended to other underwear objects.","author":[{"family":"Cui","given":"Suxia"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yonghui"},{"family":"Zhai","given":"Lujun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1155/2020/3738108","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3738108","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3087312324","type":"article-journal","title":"Assessing the environmental status of selected North Atlantic deep-sea ecosystems","abstract":"The deep sea is the largest biome on Earth but the least explored. Our knowledge of it comes from scattered sources spanning different spatial and temporal scales. Implementation of marine policies like the European Union’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and support for Blue Growth in the deep sea are therefore hindered by lack of data. Integrated assessments of environmental status require tools to work with different and disaggregated datasets (e.g. density of deep-sea habitat-forming species, body-size distribution of commercial fishes, intensity of bottom trawling) across spatial and temporal scales. A feasibility study was conducted as part of the four-year ATLAS project to assess the effectiveness of the open-access Nested Environmental status Assessment Tool (NEAT) to assess deep-sea environmental status. We worked at nine selected study areas in the North Atlantic focusing on five MSFD descriptors (D1-Biodiversity, D3-Commercial fish and shellfish, D4-Food webs, D6-Seafloor integrity, D10-Marine litter). The objectives of the present study were to i) explore and propose indicators that could be used in the assessment of deep-sea environmental status, ii) evaluate the performance of NEAT in the deep sea, and iii) identify challenges and opportunities for the assessment of deep-sea status. Based on data availability, data quality and expert judgement, in total 24 indicators (one for D1, one for D3, seven for D4, 13 for D6, two for D10) were used in the assessment of the nine study areas, their habitats and ecosystem components. NEAT analyses revealed differences among the study areas for their environmental status ranging from “poor” to “high”. Overall, the NEAT results were in moderate to complete agreement with expert judgement, previous assessments, scientific literature on human-pressure gradients and expected management outcomes. We suggest that the assessment of deep-sea environmental status should take place at habitat and ecosystem level (rather than at species level) and at relatively large spatial scales, in comparison to shallow-water areas. Limited knowledge across space (e.g. distribution of habitat-forming species) and the scarcity of long-term data sets limit our knowledge about natural variability and human impacts in the deep sea preventing a more systematic assessment of habitat and ecosystem components in the deep sea. However, stronger cross-sectoral collaborations, the use of novel technologies and open data-sharing platforms will be critical for establishing environmental baseline indicator values in the deep sea that will contribute to the science base supporting the implementation of marine policies and stimulating Blue Growth.","author":[{"family":"Kazanidis","given":"Georgios"},{"family":"Orejas","given":"Covadonga"},{"family":"Borja","given":"Ángel"},{"family":"Kenchington","given":"Ellen"},{"family":"Henry","given":"Lea‐anne"},{"family":"Callery","given":"Oisín"},{"family":"Carreirosilva","given":"Marina"},{"family":"Egilsdóttir","given":"Hrönn"},{"family":"Giacomello","given":"Eva"},{"family":"Grehan","given":"Anthony"},{"family":"Menot","given":"Lénàïck"},{"family":"Morato","given":"Telmo"},{"family":"Ragnarsson","given":"Stefán"},{"family":"Rueda","given":"José"},{"family":"Stirling","given":"David"},{"family":"Stratmann","given":"Tanja"},{"family":"Oevelen","given":"Dick"},{"family":"Palialexis","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Johnson","given":"David"},{"family":"Roberts","given":"JM"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106624","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106624","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W2998382010","type":"article-journal","title":"Evidence for phylogenetically and catabolically diverse active diazotrophs in deep-sea sediment","abstract":"Abstract Diazotrophic microorganisms regulate marine productivity by alleviating nitrogen limitation. However, we know little about the identity and activity of diazotrophs in deep-sea sediments, a habitat covering nearly two-thirds of the planet. Here, we identify candidate diazotrophs from Pacific Ocean sediments collected at 2893 m water depth using 15N-DNA stable isotope probing and a novel pipeline for nifH sequence analysis. Together, these approaches detect an unexpectedly diverse assemblage of active diazotrophs, including members of the Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Nitrospirae, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria. Deltaproteobacteria, predominately members of the Desulfobacterales and Desulfuromonadales, are the most abundant diazotrophs detected, and display the most microdiversity of associated nifH sequences. Some of the detected lineages, including those within the Acidobacteria, have not previously been shown to fix nitrogen. The diazotrophs appear catabolically diverse, with the potential for using oxygen, nitrogen, iron, sulfur, and carbon as terminal electron acceptors. Therefore, benthic diazotrophy may persist throughout a range of geochemical conditions and provide a stable source of fixed nitrogen over geologic timescales. Our results suggest that nitrogen-fixing communities in deep-sea sediments are phylogenetically and catabolically diverse, and open a new line of inquiry into the ecology and biogeochemical impacts of deep-sea microorganisms.","author":[{"family":"Kapili","given":"Bennett"},{"family":"Barnett","given":"Samuel"},{"family":"Buckley","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Dekas","given":"Anne"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41396-019-0584-8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0584-8","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3002782576","type":"article-journal","title":"The future sea-level contribution of the Greenland ice sheet: a multi-model ensemble study of ISMIP6","abstract":"Abstract. The Greenland ice sheet is one of the largest contributors to global mean sea-level rise today and is expected to continue to lose mass as the Arctic continues to warm. The two predominant mass loss mechanisms are increased surface meltwater run-off and mass loss associated with the retreat of marine-terminating outlet glaciers. In this paper we use a large ensemble of Greenland ice sheet models forced by output from a representative subset of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) global climate models to project ice sheet changes and sea-level rise contributions over the 21st century. The simulations are part of the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6). We estimate the sea-level contribution together with uncertainties due to future climate forcing, ice sheet model formulations and ocean forcing for the two greenhouse gas concentration scenarios RCP8.5 and RCP2.6. The results indicate that the Greenland ice sheet will continue to lose mass in both scenarios until 2100, with contributions of 90±50 and 32±17 mm to sea-level rise for RCP8.5 and RCP2.6, respectively. The largest mass loss is expected from the south-west of Greenland, which is governed by surface mass balance changes, continuing what is already observed today. Because the contributions are calculated against an unforced control experiment, these numbers do not include any committed mass loss, i.e. mass loss that would occur over the coming century if the climate forcing remained constant. Under RCP8.5 forcing, ice sheet model uncertainty explains an ensemble spread of 40 mm, while climate model uncertainty and ocean forcing uncertainty account for a spread of 36 and 19 mm, respectively. Apart from those formally derived uncertainty ranges, the largest gap in our knowledge is about the physical understanding and implementation of the calving process, i.e. the interaction of the ice sheet with the ocean.","author":[{"family":"Goelzer","given":"Heiko"},{"family":"Nowicki","given":"Sophie"},{"family":"Payne","given":"AJ"},{"family":"Larour","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Seroussi","given":"Hélène"},{"family":"Lipscomb","given":"William"},{"family":"Gregory","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Abeouchi","given":"Ayako"},{"family":"Shepherd","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Simon","given":"Erika"},{"family":"Agosta","given":"Cécile"},{"family":"Alexander","given":"Patrick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.5194/tc-14-3071-2020","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3071-2020","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4229456549","type":"article-journal","title":"Novel Chloroflexi genomes from the deepest ocean reveal metabolic strategies for the adaptation to deep-sea habitats","abstract":"BACKGROUND: The deep sea harbors the majority of the microbial biomass in the ocean and is a key site for organic matter (OM) remineralization and storage in the biosphere. Microbial metabolism in the deep ocean is greatly controlled by the generally depleted but periodically fluctuating supply of OM. Currently, little is known about metabolic potentials of dominant deep-sea microbes to cope with the variable OM inputs, especially for those living in the hadal trenches-the deepest part of the ocean. RESULTS: In this study, we report the first extensive examination of the metabolic potentials of hadal sediment Chloroflexi, a dominant phylum in hadal trenches and the global deep ocean. In total, 62 metagenome-assembled-genomes (MAGs) were reconstructed from nine metagenomic datasets derived from sediments of the Mariana Trench. These MAGs represent six novel species, four novel genera, one novel family, and one novel order within the classes Anaerolineae and Dehalococcoidia. Fragment recruitment showed that these MAGs are globally distributed in deep-sea waters and surface sediments, and transcriptomic analysis indicated their in situ activities. Metabolic reconstruction showed that hadal Chloroflexi mainly had a heterotrophic lifestyle, with the potential to degrade a wide range of organic carbon, sulfur, and halogenated compounds. Our results revealed for the first time that hadal Chloroflexi harbor pathways for the complete hydrolytic or oxidative degradation of various recalcitrant OM, including aromatic compounds (e.g., benzoate), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., fluorene), polychlorobiphenyl (e.g., 4-chlorobiphenyl), and organochlorine compounds (e.g., chloroalkanes, chlorocyclohexane). Moreover, these organisms showed the potential to synthesize energy storage compounds (e.g., trehalose) and had regulatory modules to respond to changes in nutrient conditions. These metabolic traits suggest that Chloroflexi may follow a \"feast-or-famine\" metabolic strategy, i.e., preferentially consume labile OM and store the energy intracellularly under OM-rich conditions, and utilize the stored energy or degrade recalcitrant OM for survival under OM-limited condition. CONCLUSION: This study expands the current knowledge on metabolic strategies in deep-ocean Chlorolfexi and highlights their significance in deep-sea carbon, sulfur, and halogen cycles. The metabolic plasticity likely provides Chloroflexi with advantages for survival under variable and heterogenic OM inputs in the deep ocean. Video Abstract.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Rulong"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Xing"},{"family":"Song","given":"Weizhi"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Li"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Junwei"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Jiaxin"},{"family":"Thomas","given":"Torsten"},{"family":"Jin","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zixuan"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Wenxia"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Yuli"},{"family":"Zhai","given":"Haofeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1186/s40168-022-01263-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-022-01263-6","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3018235400","type":"article-journal","title":"Between source and sea: The role of wastewater treatment in reducing marine microplastics","abstract":"Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are a focal point for the removal of microplastic (MP) particles before they are discharged into aquatic environments. WWTPs are capable of removing substantial quantities of larger MP particles but are inefficient in removing particles with any one dimension of less than 100 μm, with influents and effluents tending to have similar quantities of these smaller particles. As a single WWTP may release >100 billion MP particles annually, collectively WWTPs are significant contributors to the problem of MP pollution of global surface waters. Currently, there are no policies or regulations requiring the removal of MPs during wastewater treatment, but as concern about MP pollution grows, the potential for wastewater technologies to capture particles before they reach surface waters has begun to attract attention. There are promising technologies in various stages of development that may improve the removal of MP particles from wastewater. Better incentivization could speed up the research, development and adoption of innovative practices. This paper describes the current state of knowledge regarding MPs, wastewater and relevant policies that could influence the development and deployment of new technologies within WWTPs. We review existing technologies for capturing very small MP particles and examine new developments that may have the potential to overcome the shortcomings of existing methods. The types of collaborations needed to encourage and incentivize innovation within the wastewater sector are also discussed, specifically strong partnerships among scientific and engineering researchers, industry stakeholders, and policy decision makers.","author":[{"family":"Freeman","given":"Shirra"},{"family":"Booth","given":"Andy"},{"family":"Sabbah","given":"Isam"},{"family":"Tiller","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Dierking","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Klun","given":"Katja"},{"family":"Rotter","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Ben-David","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Javidpour","given":"Jamileh"},{"family":"Angel","given":"Dror"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110642","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110642","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3120546273","type":"article-journal","title":"Automatic detection and quantification of floating marine macro-litter in aerial images: Introducing a novel deep learning approach connected to a web application in R","abstract":"The threats posed by floating marine macro-litter (FMML) of anthropogenic origin to the marine fauna, and marine ecosystems in general, are universally recognized. Dedicated monitoring programmes and mitigation measures are in place to address this issue worldwide, with the increasing support of new technologies and the automation of analytical processes. In the current study, we developed algorithms capable of detecting and quantifying FMML in aerial images, and a web-oriented application that allows users to identify FMML within images of the sea surface. The proposed algorithm is based on a deep learning approach that uses convolutional neural networks (CNNs) capable of learning from unstructured or unlabelled data. The CNN-based deep learning model was trained and tested using 3723 aerial images (50% containing FMML, 50% without FMML) taken by drones and aircraft over the waters of the NW Mediterranean Sea. The accuracies of image classification (performed using all the images for training and testing the model) and cross-validation (performed using 90% of images for training and 10% for testing) were 0.85 and 0.81, respectively. The Shiny package of R was then used to develop a user-friendly application to identify and quantify FMML within the aerial images. The implementation of this, and similar algorithms, allows streamlining substantially the detection and quantification of FMML, providing support to the monitoring and assessment of this environmental threat. However, the automated monitoring of FMML in the open sea still represents a technological challenge, and further research is needed to improve the accuracy of current algorithms.","author":[{"family":"Garciagarin","given":"Odei"},{"family":"Monleón-Getino","given":"Toni"},{"family":"López-Brosa","given":"Pere"},{"family":"Borrell","given":"Asunción"},{"family":"Aguilar","given":"Álex"},{"family":"Borja-Robalino","given":"Ricardo"},{"family":"Cardona","given":"Luís"},{"family":"Vighi","given":"Morgana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116490","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116490","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3011120933","type":"article-journal","title":"Microplastics in sea ice and seawater beneath ice floes from the Arctic Ocean","abstract":"Abstract Within the past decade, an alarm was raised about microplastics in the remote and seemingly pristine Arctic Ocean. To gain further insight about the issue, microplastic abundance, distribution and composition in sea ice cores (n = 25) and waters underlying ice floes (n = 22) were assessed in the Arctic Central Basin (ACB). Potential microplastics were visually isolated and subsequently analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy. Microplastic abundance in surface waters underlying ice floes (0–18 particles m−3) were orders of magnitude lower than microplastic concentrations in sea ice cores (2–17 particles L−1). No consistent pattern was apparent in the vertical distribution of microplastics within sea ice cores. Backward drift trajectories estimated that cores possibly originated from the Siberian shelves, western Arctic and central Arctic. Knowledge about microplastics in environmental compartments of the Arctic Ocean is important in assessing the potential threats posed by microplastics to polar organisms.","author":[{"family":"Kanhai","given":"La"},{"family":"Gårdfeldt","given":"Katarina"},{"family":"Krumpen","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Thompson","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Oconnor","given":"Ian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-020-61948-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61948-6","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3136864032","type":"article-journal","title":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Other Uses of Deep Sea Water: A Review","abstract":"Research into renewable energy is an active field of research, with photovoltaic and wind being the most representative technologies. A promising renewable energy source is Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), based on the temperature gradient of seawater. This technology has two contradictory features, as its efficiency is relatively low while, on the other hand, its energy source is almost unlimited. OTEC research has focused on optimizing energy extraction, with different techniques having been used for this purpose. This article presents a review of the advances and applications of OTEC technology around the world. Throughout the document, the different uses of deep seawater are analyzed; further, the current systems which generate energy through the marine temperature gradient are reviewed, and the main advantages and disadvantages of each method are highlighted. The technical operations, construction variations, and the projects that have been developed around the world and those which are in the planning phase are also detailed. The two main conclusions are that this technology is still under development, but it is quite promising, especially for regions with little access to drinking water. Second, given the high implementation costs and low conversion efficiency, the development of this technology must be sponsored by governments.","author":[{"family":"Herrera","given":"Jorge"},{"family":"Sierra","given":"Santiago"},{"family":"Ibeas","given":"Asier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse9040356","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040356","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4206405745","type":"article-journal","title":"Review of agricultural IoT technology","abstract":"Agricultural Internet of Things (IoT) has brought new changes to agricultural production. It not only increases agricultural output but can also effectively improve the quality of agricultural products, reduce labor costs, increase farmers' income, and truly realize agricultural modernization and intelligence. This paper systematically summarizes the research status of agricultural IoT. Firstly, the current situation of agricultural IoT is illustrated and its system architecture is summarized. Then, the five key technologies of agricultural IoT are discussed in detail. Next, applications of agricultural IoT in five representative fields are introduced. Finally, the problems existing in agricultural IoT are analyzed and a forecast is given of the future development of agricultural IoT.","author":[{"family":"Xu","given":"Jinyuan"},{"family":"Gu","given":"Baoxing"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Guangzhao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.aiia.2022.01.001","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiia.2022.01.001","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3047317383","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning for Land Use and Land Cover Classification Based on Hyperspectral and Multispectral Earth Observation Data: A Review","abstract":"Lately, with deep learning outpacing the other machine learning techniques in classifying images, we have witnessed a growing interest of the remote sensing community in employing these techniques for the land use and land cover classification based on multispectral and hyperspectral images; the number of related publications almost doubling each year since 2015 is an attest to that. The advances in remote sensing technologies, hence the fast-growing volume of timely data available at the global scale, offer new opportunities for a variety of applications. Deep learning being significantly successful in dealing with Big Data, seems to be a great candidate for exploiting the potentials of such complex massive data. However, there are some challenges related to the ground-truth, resolution, and the nature of data that strongly impact the performance of classification. In this paper, we review the use of deep learning in land use and land cover classification based on multispectral and hyperspectral images and we introduce the available data sources and datasets used by literature studies; we provide the readers with a framework to interpret the-state-of-the-art of deep learning in this context and offer a platform to approach methodologies, data, and challenges of the field.","author":[{"family":"Vali","given":"Ava"},{"family":"Comai","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Matteucci","given":"Matteo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs12152495","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12152495","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3106856419","type":"article-journal","title":"Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Technology: A Review","abstract":"In recent years, with the rise of global diabetes, a growing number of subjects are suffering from pain and infections caused by the invasive nature of mainstream commercial glucose meters. Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring technology has become an international research topic and a new method which could bring relief to a vast number of patients. This paper reviews the research progress and major challenges of non-invasive blood glucose detection technology in recent years, and divides it into three categories: optics, microwave and electrochemistry, based on the detection principle. The technology covers medical, materials, optics, electromagnetic wave, chemistry, biology, computational science and other related fields. The advantages and limitations of non-invasive and invasive technologies as well as electrochemistry and optics in non-invasives are compared horizontally in this paper. In addition, the current research achievements and limitations of non-invasive electrochemical glucose sensing systems in continuous monitoring, point-of-care and clinical settings are highlighted, so as to discuss the development tendency in future research. With the rapid development of wearable technology and transdermal biosensors, non-invasive blood glucose monitoring will become more efficient, affordable, robust, and more competitive on the market.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Tang"},{"family":"Chang","given":"Shwu"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Ching"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Jen‐tsai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s20236925","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236925","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3030368288","type":"article-journal","title":"A novel bacterial thiosulfate oxidation pathway provides a new clue about the formation of zero-valent sulfur in deep sea","abstract":"Abstract Zero-valent sulfur (ZVS) has been shown to be a major sulfur intermediate in the deep-sea cold seep of the South China Sea based on our previous work, however, the microbial contribution to the formation of ZVS in cold seep has remained unclear. Here, we describe a novel thiosulfate oxidation pathway discovered in the deep-sea cold seep bacterium Erythrobacter flavus 21–3, which provides a new clue about the formation of ZVS. Electronic microscopy, energy-dispersive, and Raman spectra were used to confirm that E. flavus 21–3 effectively converts thiosulfate to ZVS. We next used a combined proteomic and genetic method to identify thiosulfate dehydrogenase (TsdA) and thiosulfohydrolase (SoxB) playing key roles in the conversion of thiosulfate to ZVS. Stoichiometric results of different sulfur intermediates further clarify the function of TsdA in converting thiosulfate to tetrathionate (−O3S–S–S–SO3−), SoxB in liberating sulfone from tetrathionate to form ZVS and sulfur dioxygenases (SdoA/SdoB) in oxidizing ZVS to sulfite under some conditions. Notably, homologs of TsdA, SoxB, and SdoA/SdoB widely exist across the bacteria including in Erythrobacter species derived from different environments. This strongly indicates that this novel thiosulfate oxidation pathway might be frequently used by microbes and plays an important role in the biogeochemical sulfur cycle in nature.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Xi","given":"Shichuan"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Ruining"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Chaomin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41396-020-0684-5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0684-5","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4294237989","type":"article-journal","title":"Biodiversity, environmental drivers, and sustainability of the global deep-sea sponge microbiome","abstract":"In the deep ocean symbioses between microbes and invertebrates are emerging as key drivers of ecosystem health and services. We present a large-scale analysis of microbial diversity in deep-sea sponges (Porifera) from scales of sponge individuals to ocean basins, covering 52 locations, 1077 host individuals translating into 169 sponge species (including understudied glass sponges), and 469 reference samples, collected anew during 21 ship-based expeditions. We demonstrate the impacts of the sponge microbial abundance status, geographic distance, sponge phylogeny, and the physical-biogeochemical environment as drivers of microbiome composition, in descending order of relevance. Our study further discloses that fundamental concepts of sponge microbiology apply robustly to sponges from the deep-sea across distances of >10,000 km. Deep-sea sponge microbiomes are less complex, yet more heterogeneous, than their shallow-water counterparts. Our analysis underscores the uniqueness of each deep-sea sponge ground based on which we provide critical knowledge for conservation of these vulnerable ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Busch","given":"Kathrin"},{"family":"Slaby","given":"Beate"},{"family":"Bach","given":"Wolfgang"},{"family":"Boëtius","given":"Antje"},{"family":"Clefsen","given":"Ina"},{"family":"Colaço","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Creemers","given":"Marie"},{"family":"Cristobo","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Federwisch","given":"Luisa"},{"family":"Franke","given":"André"},{"family":"Gavriilidou","given":"Asimenia"},{"family":"Hethke","given":"Andrea"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-022-32684-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32684-4","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3041723963","type":"article-journal","title":"Biological rhythms in the deep-sea hydrothermal mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus","abstract":"Biological rhythms are a fundamental property of life. The deep ocean covers 66% of our planet surface and is one of the largest biomes. The deep sea has long been considered as an arrhythmic environment because sunlight is totally absent below 1,000 m depth. In the present study, we have sequenced the temporal transcriptomes of a deep-sea species, the ecosystem-structuring vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus. We reveal that tidal cycles predominate in the transcriptome and physiology of mussels fixed directly at hydrothermal vents at 1,688 m depth at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, whereas daily cycles prevail in mussels sampled after laboratory acclimation. We identify B. azoricus canonical circadian clock genes, and show that oscillations observed in deep-sea mussels could be either a direct response to environmental stimulus, or be driven endogenously by one or more biological clocks. This work generates in situ insights into temporal organisation in a deep-sea organism.","author":[{"family":"Mat","given":"Audrey"},{"family":"Sarrazin","given":"Jozée"},{"family":"Markov","given":"Gabriel"},{"family":"Apremont","given":"Vincent"},{"family":"Dubreuil","given":"Christine"},{"family":"Eché","given":"Camille"},{"family":"Fabioux","given":"Caroline"},{"family":"Klopp","given":"Christophe"},{"family":"Sarradin","given":"Pierre‐marie"},{"family":"Tanguy","given":"Arnaud"},{"family":"Huvet","given":"Arnaud"},{"family":"Matabos","given":"Marjolaine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-020-17284-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17284-4","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3122028341","type":"article-journal","title":"Hyperspectral Image Classification—Traditional to Deep Models: A Survey for Future Prospects","abstract":"Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has been extensively utilized in many real-life applications because it benefits from the detailed spectral information contained in each pixel. Notably, the complex characteristics, i.e., the nonlinear relation among the captured spectral information and the corresponding object of HSI data, make accurate classification challenging for traditional methods. In the last few years, deep learning (DL) has been substantiated as a powerful feature extractor that effectively addresses the nonlinear problems that appeared in a number of computer vision tasks. This prompts the deployment of DL for HSI classification (HSIC) which revealed good performance. This survey enlists a systematic overview of DL for HSIC and compared state-of-the-art strategies of the said topic. Primarily, we will encapsulate the main challenges of TML for HSIC and then we will acquaint the superiority of DL to address these problems. This article breaks down the state-of-the-art DL frameworks into spectral-features, spatial-features, and together spatial–spectral features to systematically analyze the achievements (future research directions as well) of these frameworks for HSIC. Moreover, we will consider the fact that DL requires a large number of labeled training examples whereas acquiring such a number for HSIC is challenging in terms of time and cost. Therefore, this survey discusses some strategies to improve the generalization performance of DL strategies which can provide some future guidelines.","author":[{"family":"Ahmad","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Shabbir","given":"Sidrah"},{"family":"Roy","given":"Swalpa"},{"family":"Hong","given":"Danfeng"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Adil"},{"family":"Mazzara","given":"Manuel"},{"family":"Distefano","given":"Salvatore"},{"family":"Chanussot","given":"Jocelyn"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/jstars.2021.3133021","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2021.3133021","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4292745391","type":"article-journal","title":"Low-Cost, Deep-Sea Imaging and Analysis Tools for Deep-Sea Exploration: A Collaborative Design Study","abstract":"A minuscule fraction of the deep sea has been scientifically explored and characterized due to several constraints, including expense, inefficiency, exclusion, and the resulting inequitable access to tools and resources around the world. To meet the demand for understanding the largest biosphere on our planet, we must accelerate the pace and broaden the scope of exploration by adding low-cost, scalable tools to the traditional suite of research assets. Exploration strategies should increasingly employ collaborative, inclusive, and innovative research methods to promote inclusion, accessibility, and equity to ocean discovery globally. Here, we present an important step toward this new paradigm: a collaborative design study on technical capacity needs for equitable deep-sea exploration. The study focuses on opportunities and challenges related to low-cost, scalable tools for deep-sea data collection and artificial intelligence-driven data analysis. It was conducted in partnership with twenty marine professionals worldwide, covering a broad representation of geography, demographics, and domain knowledge within the ocean space. The results of the study include a set of technical requirements for low-cost deep-sea imaging and sensing systems and automated image and data analysis systems. As a result of the study, a camera system called Maka Niu was prototyped and is being field-tested by thirteen interviewees and an online AI-driven video analysis platform is in development. We also identified six categories of open design and implementation questions highlighting participant concerns and potential trade-offs that have not yet been addressed within the scope of the current projects but are identified as important considerations for future work. Finally, we offer recommendations for collaborative design projects related to the deep sea and outline our future work in this space.","author":[{"family":"Bell","given":"Katherine"},{"family":"Chow","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Hope","given":"Alexis"},{"family":"Quinzin","given":"Maud"},{"family":"Cantner","given":"Kat"},{"family":"Amon","given":"Diva"},{"family":"Cramp","given":"Jessica"},{"family":"Rotjan","given":"Randi"},{"family":"Kamalu","given":"Lehua"},{"family":"Vos","given":"Asha"},{"family":"Talma","given":"Sheena"},{"family":"Buglass","given":"Salomé"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmars.2022.873700","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.873700","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3155594815","type":"article-journal","title":"A Survey on Wearable Technology: History, State-of-the-Art and Current Challenges","abstract":"Technology is continually undergoing a constituent development caused by the appearance of billions new interconnected “things” and their entrenchment in our daily lives. One of the underlying versatile technologies, namely wearables, is able to capture rich contextual information produced by such devices and use it to deliver a legitimately personalized experience. The main aim of this paper is to shed light on the history of wearable devices and provide a state-of-the-art review on the wearable market. Moreover, the paper provides an extensive and diverse classification of wearables, based on various factors, a discussion on wireless communication technologies, architectures, data processing aspects, and market status, as well as a variety of other actual information on wearable technology. Finally, the survey highlights the critical challenges and existing/future solutions.","author":[{"family":"Ometov","given":"Aleksandr"},{"family":"Shubina","given":"Viktoriia"},{"family":"Klus","given":"Lucie"},{"family":"Skibińska","given":"Justyna"},{"family":"Saafi","given":"Salwa"},{"family":"Pascacio","given":"Pavel"},{"family":"Flueratoru","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Quezada-Gaibor","given":"Darwin"},{"family":"Chukhno","given":"Nadezhda"},{"family":"Chukhno","given":"Olga"},{"family":"Ali","given":"Asad"},{"family":"Channa","given":"Asma"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108074","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108074","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3172250684","type":"article-journal","title":"Non-thermal Technologies for Food Processing","abstract":"Food is subjected to various thermal treatments during processes to enhance its shelf-life. But these thermal treatments may result in deterioration of the nutritional and sensory qualities of food. With the change in the lifestyle of people around the globe, their food needs have changed as well. Today's consumer demand is for clean and safe food without compromising the nutritional and sensory qualities of food. This directed the attention of food professionals toward the development of non-thermal technologies that are green, safe, and environment-friendly. In non-thermal processing, food is processed at near room temperature, so there is no damage to food because heat-sensitive nutritious materials are intact in the food, contrary to thermal processing of food. These non-thermal technologies can be utilized for treating all kinds of food like fruits, vegetables, pulses, spices, meat, fish, etc. Non-thermal technologies have emerged largely in the last few decades in food sector.","author":[{"family":"Jadhav","given":"Harsh"},{"family":"Annapure","given":"Uday"},{"family":"Deshmukh","given":"RR"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fnut.2021.657090","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.657090","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4306385845","type":"article-journal","title":"Status of Sustainability Development of Deep-Sea Mining Activities","abstract":"With technological improvement such as ore exploration, robotics, and hydrodynamic lifting, deep-sea mining has attracted more attention from governments, companies, and scientific research institutions. Although its research and development has made great progress, there are still many obstacles in its industrial development, such as environmental pollution and sustainability development issues. This article analyses the research status of the sustainable development of deep-sea mining from an overall perspective. Through a literature review, this paper also discusses the application of the full life cycle assessment method to analyze environmental impact during the entire process of deep-sea mining ore application. Overall, this paper summarizes the research gaps that exist in the sustainable development of deep-sea mining, including the lack of sufficient quantitative research, environmental baseline data research, cumulative environmental impact assessment, resource recycling technology, and acceptable environmental impact range analysis. The significance of this article is to point out the most urgent problems to be solved in the research direction of the sustainable development of deep-sea mining in current academic circles. It has far-reaching potential to promote the industrialization process of the entire deep-sea mining industry.","author":[{"family":"Ma","given":"Wenbin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Kairui"},{"family":"Du","given":"Yanlian"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xiangwei"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Yijun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse10101508","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101508","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3157429286","type":"article-journal","title":"Facial Emotion Recognition Using Transfer Learning in the Deep CNN","abstract":"Human facial emotion recognition (FER) has attracted the attention of the research community for its promising applications. Mapping different facial expressions to the respective emotional states are the main task in FER. The classical FER consists of two major steps: feature extraction and emotion recognition. Currently, the Deep Neural Networks, especially the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), is widely used in FER by virtue of its inherent feature extraction mechanism from images. Several works have been reported on CNN with only a few layers to resolve FER problems. However, standard shallow CNNs with straightforward learning schemes have limited feature extraction capability to capture emotion information from high-resolution images. A notable drawback of the most existing methods is that they consider only the frontal images (i.e., ignore profile views for convenience), although the profile views taken from different angles are important for a practical FER system. For developing a highly accurate FER system, this study proposes a very Deep CNN (DCNN) modeling through Transfer Learning (TL) technique where a pre-trained DCNN model is adopted by replacing its dense upper layer(s) compatible with FER, and the model is fine-tuned with facial emotion data. A novel pipeline strategy is introduced, where the training of the dense layer(s) is followed by tuning each of the pre-trained DCNN blocks successively that has led to gradual improvement of the accuracy of FER to a higher level. The proposed FER system is verified on eight different pre-trained DCNN models (VGG-16, VGG-19, ResNet-18, ResNet-34, ResNet-50, ResNet-152, Inception-v3 and DenseNet-161) and well-known KDEF and JAFFE facial image datasets. FER is very challenging even for frontal views alone. FER on the KDEF dataset poses further challenges due to the diversity of images with different profile views together with frontal views. The proposed method achieved remarkable accuracy on both datasets with pre-trained models. On a 10-fold cross-validation way, the best achieved FER accuracies with DenseNet-161 on test sets of KDEF and JAFFE are 96.51% and 99.52%, respectively. The evaluation results reveal the superiority of the proposed FER system over the existing ones regarding emotion detection accuracy. Moreover, the achieved performance on the KDEF dataset with profile views is promising as it clearly demonstrates the required proficiency for real-life applications.","author":[{"family":"Akhand","given":"MAH"},{"family":"Roy","given":"Shuvendu"},{"family":"Siddique","given":"Nazmul"},{"family":"Kamal","given":"Md"},{"family":"Shimamura","given":"Tetsuya"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/electronics10091036","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10091036","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3101783565","type":"article-journal","title":"Chemical Profiling Provides Insights into the Metabolic Machinery of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Deep-Sea Microbes","abstract":"High-throughput technologies and emerging informatics tools have significantly advanced knowledge of hydrocarbon metabolism by marine microbes. However, research into microbes inhabiting deep-sea sediments (>1,000 m) is limited compared to those found in shallow waters. In this study, a nontargeted and nonclassical approach was used to examine the diversity of bacterial taxa and the metabolic profiles of hydrocarbon-degrading deep-sea microbes. In conclusion, this study used metabolomics and chemoinformatics to demonstrate that microbes from deep-sea sediment origin thrive in the presence of toxic and difficult-to-metabolize hydrocarbons. Notably, this study provides evidence of previously unreported metabolites and the global chemical repertoire associated with the metabolism of hydrocarbons by deep-sea microbes.","author":[{"family":"Morenoulloa","given":"Aldo"},{"family":"Diaz","given":"Victoria"},{"family":"Mora","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Contreras","given":"Marla"},{"family":"Castillo","given":"Fernando"},{"family":"Guerrero","given":"Abraham"},{"family":"González-Sánchez","given":"Ricardo"},{"family":"Mendozaporras","given":"Omar"},{"family":"Duhalt","given":"Rafael"},{"family":"Licea-Navarro","given":"Alexei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1128/msystems.00824-20","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00824-20","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3129561910","type":"article-journal","title":"Hologenome analysis reveals dual symbiosis in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent snail Gigantopelta aegis","abstract":"Animals endemic to deep-sea hydrothermal vents often form obligatory symbioses with bacteria, maintained by intricate host-symbiont interactions. Most genomic studies on holobionts have not investigated both sides to similar depths. Here, we report dual symbiosis in the peltospirid snail Gigantopelta aegis with two gammaproteobacterial endosymbionts: a sulfur oxidiser and a methane oxidiser. We assemble high-quality genomes for all three parties, including a chromosome-level host genome. Hologenomic analyses reveal mutualism with nutritional complementarity and metabolic co-dependency, highly versatile in transporting and using chemical energy. Gigantopelta aegis likely remodels its immune system to facilitate dual symbiosis. Comparisons with Chrysomallon squamiferum, a confamilial snail with a single sulfur-oxidising gammaproteobacterial endosymbiont, show that their sulfur-oxidising endosymbionts are phylogenetically distant. This is consistent with previous findings that they evolved endosymbiosis convergently. Notably, the two sulfur-oxidisers share the same capabilities in biosynthesising nutrients lacking in the host genomes, potentially a key criterion in symbiont selection.","author":[{"family":"Lan","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Jin"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Chong"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Yanan"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Yadong"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Weipeng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Runsheng"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Kun"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Wai"},{"family":"Kwan","given":"Yick"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Aifang"},{"family":"Bougouffa","given":"Salim"},{"family":"Dover","given":"Cindy"},{"family":"Qiu","given":"Jian‐wen"},{"family":"Qian","given":"Pei‐yuan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41467-021-21450-7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21450-7","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3014990082","type":"article-journal","title":"Integration of Communication, Positioning, Navigation and Timing for Deep-Sea Vehicles","abstract":"High-quality CPNT is a key technology for deep-sea vehicles that dive into the deep sea and for detecting and developing the deep sea. At present, however, CPNT services for deep-sea vehicles are provided by separate communication, positioning, and navigation systems as well as separate synchronous clocks (atomic clocks). This directly affects the operational efficiency, for example, update rates of up to 0.125 Hz, of deep-sea vehicles engaged in deep-sea scientific research, environmental investigation, and resource development. Therefore, a new design method and operating mode of CPNT is proposed herein to overcome the inherent flaws of the current communication/positioning/navigation modes of deep-sea vehicles; meet the actual demands of deep-sea vehicles in real time; achieve high update rates, low power consumption, and high precision positioning and navigation; and to be combined with the current development trends. The integration of CPNT can both unify time and space references, and reduce the difficulty of multi-sensor information fusion. Thus, the problems of poor navigation and the non-timing functions of deep-sea vehicles can be solved fundamentally. The integration of CPNT will improve the navigation and positioning accuracy as well as the information update rate (up to 1 Hz) of large deep-sea vehicles, such as deepsea human-occupied vehicles, deep-sea remotely operated underwater vehicles, and deep-sea autonomous underwater vehicles.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Tongwei"},{"family":"Han","given":"Guangjie"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Chuan"},{"family":"Guizani","given":"Nadra"},{"family":"Li","given":"Haibing"},{"family":"Shu","given":"Lei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/mnet.001.1900294","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.001.1900294","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3043763415","type":"article-journal","title":"Toward a Fully Resolved Fungal Tree of Life","abstract":"In this review, we discuss the current status and future challenges for fully elucidating the fungal tree of life. In the last 15 years, advances in genomic technologies have revolutionized fungal systematics, ushering the field into the phylogenomic era. This has made the unthinkable possible, namely access to the entire genetic record of all known extant taxa. We first review the current status of the fungal tree and highlight areas where additional effort will be required. We then review the analytical challenges imposed by the volume of data and discuss methods to recover the most accurate species tree given the sea of gene trees. Highly resolved and deeply sampled trees are being leveraged in novel ways to study fungal radiations, species delimitation, and metabolic evolution. Finally, we discuss the critical issue of incorporating the unnamed and uncultured dark matter taxa that represent the vast majority of fungal diversity.","author":[{"family":"James","given":"Timothy"},{"family":"Stajich","given":"Jason"},{"family":"Hittinger","given":"Chris"},{"family":"Rokas","given":"Antonis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1146/annurev-micro-022020-051835","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-022020-051835","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3155416528","type":"article-journal","title":"A cost‐effective video system for a rapid appraisal of deep‐sea benthic habitats: The Azor drift‐cam","abstract":"Abstract Deep‐sea exploration relies on cutting‐edge technology, which generally requires expensive instruments, highly specialized technicians and ship time. The increasing need to gather large‐scale data on the distribution and conservation status of deep‐sea benthic species and habitats could benefit from the availability of low‐cost imaging tools to facilitate the access to the deep sea world‐wide. Here we describe the Azor drift‐cam, a cost‐effective video platform designed to conduct rapid appraisals of deep‐sea benthic habitats. Built with off‐the‐shelf components, the Azor drift‐cam should be regarded as an effective, affordable, simple‐to‐assemble, easy‐to‐operate, resilient, operational and reliable tool to visually explore the deep sea to 1,000 m depth. Its performance was assessed during the MapGES_2019 cruise, where 135 successful dives between 100 and 800 m depth were carried out in 22 working days, providing over 100 hr of images for almost 80 km of seabed, mostly in areas that had never been explored before. The system does not aim to become a substitute for more sophisticated underwater video and photography platforms, such as ROVs, AUVs or manned submersibles. Rather, it aims to provide the means to perform quick assessments of deep‐sea benthic habitats in a simple and affordable manner. This drift‐cam system has the potential to make deep‐sea exploration more accessible, playing an important role in the Deep‐Ocean Observing Strategy and measuring some of the Essential Ocean Variables for deep‐sea monitoring and conservation strategies.","author":[{"family":"Dominguezcarrió","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Fontes","given":"Jorge"},{"family":"Morato","given":"Telmo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1111/2041-210x.13617","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13617","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.17895/ices.pub.25442887.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"AUVs as research vessels: the pros and cons","abstract":"No abstracts are to be cited without prior reference to the author.Traditional ocean going research vessels have advanced considerably over the last century. However, as marine sampling platforms they suffer from some major shortcomings related to their large size and surface restriction. Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are small unmanned submarines which have emerged over the past ten years as alternative platforms. Currently, there are over 75 AUVs either under development or in operation in the offshore industries of mineral exploration, in the military, and in applied and academic oceanographic science. This paper reviews the application of AUVs to marine research. Compared to traditional research vessel platforms, AUVs are able to sample previously impenetrable environments such as the sea surface, the deep sea and under sea ice. Furthermore, AUVs are typically small, very quiet, and have the potential to operate at low cost and be unconstrained by the vagaries of weather. Examples of how these traits may be utilised in marine science are given with reference to previous work and to potential future applications. However, before many of the more prospective applications can be accomplished, advances in AUV power source technology are required to increase the range of operation. The paper reviews current power sources for AUVs and examines other developments which will overcome many of the limitations currently inhibiting the wider application of AUVs for gathering data in marine science.","author":[{"family":"Fernandes","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Stevenson","given":"Pete"},{"family":"Brierley","given":"Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.17895/ices.pub.25442887.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.25442887.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17895/ices.pub.25442887","type":"article-journal","title":"AUVs as research vessels: the pros and cons","abstract":"No abstracts are to be cited without prior reference to the author.Traditional ocean going research vessels have advanced considerably over the last century. However, as marine sampling platforms they suffer from some major shortcomings related to their large size and surface restriction. Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are small unmanned submarines which have emerged over the past ten years as alternative platforms. Currently, there are over 75 AUVs either under development or in operation in the offshore industries of mineral exploration, in the military, and in applied and academic oceanographic science. This paper reviews the application of AUVs to marine research. Compared to traditional research vessel platforms, AUVs are able to sample previously impenetrable environments such as the sea surface, the deep sea and under sea ice. Furthermore, AUVs are typically small, very quiet, and have the potential to operate at low cost and be unconstrained by the vagaries of weather. Examples of how these traits may be utilised in marine science are given with reference to previous work and to potential future applications. However, before many of the more prospective applications can be accomplished, advances in AUV power source technology are required to increase the range of operation. The paper reviews current power sources for AUVs and examines other developments which will overcome many of the limitations currently inhibiting the wider application of AUVs for gathering data in marine science.","author":[{"family":"Fernandes","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Stevenson","given":"Pete"},{"family":"Brierley","given":"Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.17895/ices.pub.25442887","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.25442887","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4311533482","type":"article-journal","title":"An Open-Source Benchmark Simulator: Control of a BlueROV2 Underwater Robot","abstract":"This paper presents a simulation model environment for the popular and low-cost remotely operated vehicle (ROV) BlueROV2 implemented in Simulink™ which has been designed and experimentally validated for benchmark control algorithms for underwater vehicles. The BlueROV2 model is based on Fossen’s equations and includes a kinematic model of the vehicle, the hydrodynamics of vehicle and water interaction, a dynamic model of the thrusters, and, lastly, the gravitational/buoyant forces. The hydrodynamic parameters and thruster model have been validated in a test facility. The benchmark model also includes the ocean current, modeled as constant velocity. The tether connecting the ROV to the top-site facility has been modeled using the lumped mass method and is implemented as a force input to the ROV model. At last, to show the usefulness of the benchmark model, a case study is presented where a BlueROV2 is deployed to inspect an offshore monopile structure. The case study uses a sliding mode controller designed for the BlueROV2. The controller fulfills the design criteria defined for the case study by following the provided trajectory with a low error. It is concluded that the simulator establishes a benchmark for future control schemes for position control and trajectory tracking under the influence of environmental disturbances.","author":[{"family":"Benzon","given":"Malte"},{"family":"Sørensen","given":"Fredrik"},{"family":"Uth","given":"Esben"},{"family":"Jouffroy","given":"Jérôme"},{"family":"Liniger","given":"Jesper"},{"family":"Pedersen","given":"Simon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse10121898","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121898","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4295873064","type":"article-journal","title":"Communication and Cooperation for Spherical Underwater Robots by Using Acoustic Transmission","abstract":"The application of miniature underwater robots in the marine area is becoming more extensive. Occasionally, the ability of the single miniature underwater robot is limited by its size, configuration, function or propulsion method. At this moment, if a group of robots can work together in a division of labor, that can solve more problems underwater. For autonomous underwater vehicles, the support of underwater wireless communication equipment is required to achieve communication and collaboration. Acoustic communication equipment has generally been used in large underwater vehicles due to its large size and power. This article employs a small acoustic communication module to enable underwater communication in a spherical robot with a diameter of only 45 cm. The fourth-generation spherical underwater robot is exploited as the prototype. The article also verifies the accuracy, efficiency and timeliness of the proposed underwater communication systems. Finally, a cooperative mode is established based on the base station, master robot and slave robots, and some cooperation motion experiments are carried out to verify its effectiveness. Early work on this article was presented at the IEEE ICMA 2018 conference S. Gu et al., 2018. In this conference article, the authors only provided theoretical research and a small number of experiments. On this basis, this article has conducted in-depth research, proposed a base station-mater-slave robot communication mode, and established an instruction set for further experiments.","author":[{"family":"Gu","given":"Shuoxin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Linshuai"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Shuxiang"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Liang"},{"family":"An","given":"Ruochen"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Xiong","given":"Ai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tmech.2022.3199598","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2022.3199598","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4280536586","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Robot Manipulation: Advances, Challenges and Prospective Ventures","abstract":"Underwater manipulation is one of the most remarkable ongoing research subjects in robotics. Intervention autonomous underwater vehicles (I-AUVs) not only have to cope with the technical challenges associated with traditional manipulation tasks but do so while currents and waves perturb the stability of the vehicle, and low-light, turbid water conditions impede perceiving the surroundings. Certainly, the dynamic nature and our limited understanding of the marine environment hinder the autonomous performance of underwater robot manipulation. This manuscript provides a discussion on previous research and the limiting factors that impose on the long-envisioned prospects of autonomous underwater manipulation to finally highlight research directions that have the potential to improve the autonomy capabilities of I-AUVs.","author":[{"family":"Aldhaheri","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Masi","given":"G"},{"family":"Pairet","given":"Èric"},{"family":"Ardón","given":"Paola"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/oceanschennai45887.2022.9775489","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/oceanschennai45887.2022.9775489","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3193380182","type":"article-journal","title":"Flagellate Underwater Robotics at Macroscale: Design, Modeling, and Characterization","abstract":"Prokaryotic flagellum is considered as the only known example of a biological “wheel,” a system capable of converting the action of rotatory actuator into a continuous propulsive force. For this reason, flagella are an interesting case study in soft robotics and they represent an appealing source of inspiration for the design of underwater robots. A great number of flagellum-inspired devices exists, but these are all characterized by a size ranging in the micrometer scale and mostly realized with rigid materials. Here, we present the design and development of a novel generation of macroscale underwater propellers that draw their inspiration from flagellated organisms. Through a simple rotatory actuation and exploiting the capability of the soft material to store energy when interacting with the surrounding fluid, the propellers attain different helical shapes that generate a propulsive thrust. A theoretical model is presented, accurately describing and predicting the kinematic and the propulsive capabilities of the proposed solution. Different experimental trials are presented to validate the accuracy of the model and to investigate the performance of the proposed design. Finally, an underwater robot prototype propelled by four flagellar modules is presented.","author":[{"family":"Armanini","given":"Costanza"},{"family":"Farman","given":"Madiha"},{"family":"Calisti","given":"Marcello"},{"family":"Giorgio-Serchi","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Stefanini","given":"Cesare"},{"family":"Renda","given":"Federico"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tro.2021.3094051","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tro.2021.3094051","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3205583216","type":"article-journal","title":"A Multi-Sensor Fusion Self-Localization System of a Miniature Underwater Robot in Structured and GPS-Denied Environments","abstract":"Aiming to deal with underwater localization for small-size robots in GPS-denied and structured environment, this paper proposed a novel multi-sensor fusion-based self-localization system using low-cost sensors. Based on multi-sensor information fusion, an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is utilized to synthesize the multi-source information from an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), optical flow, pressure sensor and ArUco markers, which enables the robot obtain a highly precise positioning. This method also can reduce the location drift over time owing to the loss of markers in pure markers-based localization. Specially, a velocity correction model is proposed using the angle information obtained by IMU, which can compensate optical flow-based velocity estimation errors caused by robot posture changes. Finally, to validate the performance of the proposed self-localization system, simulations are conducted using Gazebo simulator on the robot operating system (ROS). Moreover, a series of experiments in an indoor swimming pool are presented. Results of the proposed method and dead reckoning are compared in simulation and experiment to demonstrate the robustness and feasibility of the proposed localization system.","author":[{"family":"Xing","given":"Huiming"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Shuxiang"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Liwei"},{"family":"Hou","given":"Xihuan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Wenzhi"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/jsen.2021.3120663","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2021.3120663","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3025180790","type":"article-journal","title":"Bioinspired underwater legged robot for seabed exploration with low environmental disturbance","abstract":"Robots have the potential to assist and complement humans in the study and exploration of extreme and hostile environments. For example, valuable scientific data have been collected with the aid of propeller-driven autonomous and remotely operated vehicles in underwater operations. However, because of their nature as swimmers, such robots are limited when closer interaction with the environment is required. Here, we report a bioinspired underwater legged robot, called SILVER2, that implements locomotion modalities inspired by benthic animals (organisms that harness the interaction with the seabed to move; for example, octopi and crabs). Our robot can traverse irregular terrains, interact delicately with the environment, approach targets safely and precisely, and hold position passively and silently. The capabilities of our robot were validated through a series of field missions in real sea conditions in a depth range between 0.5 and 12 meters.","author":[{"family":"Picardi","given":"Giacomo"},{"family":"Chellapurath","given":"Mrudul"},{"family":"Iacoponi","given":"Saverio"},{"family":"Stefanni","given":"Sérgio"},{"family":"Laschi","given":"Cecilia"},{"family":"Calisti","given":"Marcello"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1126/scirobotics.aaz1012","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aaz1012","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4285209257","type":"article-journal","title":"Development of an Antihydropressure Miniature Underwater Robot With Multilocomotion Mode Using Piezoelectric Pulsed-Jet Actuator","abstract":"The high-pressure environment of deep-sea challenges the miniaturization of underwater robots due to the assembly of antihydropressure devices for protecting the electromagnetic motor. Here, inspired by the motion principle of jellyfish, a novel piezoelectric pulsed-jet actuator (PJA) was proposed as the power source. Six PJAs were arranged crosswise to form an antihydropressure miniature cross-shaped underwater robot (CSUR) with dimensions of Φ10.9 × 6.3 cm3. The numerical simulation method was adopted to analyze the propulsion mechanism, optimize the structure, and find the optimal frequency. A robot prototype was fabricated, and its motion performances were tested. The CSUR achieved floating, sinking, and hovering motions in the vertical direction and linear, rotary, and turning motions in the horizontal direction. The maximum linear velocity reached up to 47.8 mm/s (0.43 BL/s). The robot could move in a high-pressure environment of 10 MPa, and the average velocity deviations under different water pressures were less than 10%. Besides, the CSUR could move along an S-shaped path to navigate around obstacles. The proposed robot performed merits of miniature structure, good adaptability of a high-pressure environment, high agility, and maneuverability. It is potential for the CSUR to be applied in exploring, mapping, and sampling narrow areas of the deep sea.","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Xianxin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yingxiang"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Jianhua"},{"family":"Li","given":"Hengyu"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Weishan"},{"family":"Deng","given":"Jie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tie.2022.3189088","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2022.3189088","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4283784160","type":"article-journal","title":"SVAM: Saliency-guided Visual Attention Modeling by Autonomous Underwater Robot","abstract":"This paper presents a holistic approach to saliencyguided visual attention modeling (SVAM) for use by autonomous underwater robots.Our proposed model, named SVAM-Net, integrates deep visual features at various scales and semantics for effective salient object detection (SOD) in natural underwater images.The SVAM-Net architecture is configured in a unique way to jointly accommodate bottom-up and top-down learning within two separate branches of the network while sharing the same encoding layers.We design dedicated spatial attention modules (SAMs) along these learning pathways to exploit the coarselevel and fine-level semantic features for SOD at four stages of abstractions.The bottom-up branch performs a rough yet reasonably accurate saliency estimation at a fast rate, whereas the deeper top-down branch incorporates a residual refinement module (RRM) that provides fine-grained localization of the salient objects.Extensive performance evaluation of SVAM-Net on benchmark datasets clearly demonstrates its effectiveness for underwater SOD.We also validate its generalization performance by several ocean trials' data that include test images of diverse underwater scenes and waterbodies, and also images with unseen natural objects.Moreover, we analyze its computational feasibility for robotic deployments and demonstrate its utility in several important use cases of visual attention modeling.","author":[{"family":"Islam","given":"Md"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ruobing"},{"family":"Sattar","given":"Junaed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.15607/rss.2022.xviii.048","URL":"https://doi.org/10.15607/rss.2022.xviii.048","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3088283486","type":"article-journal","title":"A Systematic Review of the Literature on Digital Transformation: Insights and Implications for Strategy and Organizational Change","abstract":"Abstract In this article we provide a systematic review of the extensive yet diverse and fragmented literature on digital transformation (DT), with the goal of clarifying boundary conditions to investigate the phenomenon from the perspective of organizational change. On the basis of 279 articles, we provide a multi‐dimensional framework synthesizing what is known about DT and discern two important thematical patterns: DT is moving firms to malleable organizational designs that enable continuous adaptation, and this move is embedded in and driven by digital business ecosystems. From these two patterns, we derive four perspectives on the phenomenon of DT: technology impact, compartmentalized adaptation, systemic shift and holistic co‐evolution. Linking our findings and interpretations to existing work, we find that the nature of DT is only partially covered by conventional frameworks on organizational change. On the basis of this analysis, we derive a research agenda and provide managerial implications for strategy and organizational change.","author":[{"family":"Hanelt","given":"André"},{"family":"Bohnsack","given":"René"},{"family":"Marz","given":"David"},{"family":"Marante","given":"Claudia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1111/joms.12639","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12639","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3006275595","type":"article-journal","title":"A Detailed Review Study on Potential Effects of Microplastics and Additives of Concern on Human Health","abstract":"The distribution and abundance of microplastics into the world are so extensive that many scientists use them as key indicators of the recent and contemporary period defining a new historical epoch: The Plasticene. However, the implications of microplastics are not yet thoroughly understood. There is considerable complexity involved to understand their impact due to different physical-chemical properties that make microplastics multifaceted stressors. If, on the one hand, microplastics carry toxic chemicals in the ecosystems, thus serving as vectors of transport, they are themselves, on the other hand, a cocktail of hazardous chemicals that are added voluntarily during their production as additives to increase polymer properties and prolong their life. To date, there is a considerable lack of knowledge on the major additives of concern that are used in the plastic industry, on their fate once microplastics dispose into the environment, and on their consequent effects on human health when associated with micro and nanoplastics. The present study emphasizes the most toxic and dangerous chemical substances that are contained in all plastic products to describe the effects and implications of these hazardous chemicals on human health, providing a detailed overview of studies that have investigated their abundance on microplastics. In the present work, we conducted a capillary review of the literature on micro and nanoplastic exposure pathways and their potential risk to human health to summarize current knowledge with the intention of better focus future research in this area and fill knowledge gaps.","author":[{"family":"Campanale","given":"Claudia"},{"family":"Massarelli","given":"Carmine"},{"family":"Savino","given":"Ilaria"},{"family":"Locaputo","given":"Vito"},{"family":"Uricchio","given":"Vito"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/ijerph17041212","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041212","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4207033168","type":"article-journal","title":"The Impact of Wearable Technologies in Health Research: Scoping Review","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Wearable devices hold great promise, particularly for data generation for cutting-edge health research, and their demand has risen substantially in recent years. However, there is a shortage of aggregated insights into how wearables have been used in health research. OBJECTIVE: In this review, we aim to broadly overview and categorize the current research conducted with affordable wearable devices for health research. METHODS: We performed a scoping review to understand the use of affordable, consumer-grade wearables for health research from a population health perspective using the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) framework. A total of 7499 articles were found in 4 medical databases (PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and CINAHL). Studies were eligible if they used noninvasive wearables: worn on the wrist, arm, hip, and chest; measured vital signs; and analyzed the collected data quantitatively. We excluded studies that did not use wearables for outcome assessment and prototype studies, devices that cost >€500 (US $570), or obtrusive smart clothing. RESULTS: We included 179 studies using 189 wearable devices covering 10,835,733 participants. Most studies were observational (128/179, 71.5%), conducted in 2020 (56/179, 31.3%) and in North America (94/179, 52.5%), and 93% (10,104,217/10,835,733) of the participants were part of global health studies. The most popular wearables were fitness trackers (86/189, 45.5%) and accelerometer wearables, which primarily measure movement (49/189, 25.9%). Typical measurements included steps (95/179, 53.1%), heart rate (HR; 55/179, 30.7%), and sleep duration (51/179, 28.5%). Other devices measured blood pressure (3/179, 1.7%), skin temperature (3/179, 1.7%), oximetry (3/179, 1.7%), or respiratory rate (2/179, 1.1%). The wearables were mostly worn on the wrist (138/189, 73%) and cost <€200 (US $228; 120/189, 63.5%). The aims and approaches of all 179 studies revealed six prominent uses for wearables, comprising correlations-wearable and other physiological data (40/179, 22.3%), method evaluations (with subgroups; 40/179, 22.3%), population-based research (31/179, 17.3%), experimental outcome assessment (30/179, 16.8%), prognostic forecasting (28/179, 15.6%), and explorative analysis of big data sets (10/179, 5.6%). The most frequent strengths of affordable wearables were validation, accuracy, and clinical certification (104/179, 58.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Wearables showed an increasingly diverse field of application such as COVID-19 prediction, fertility tracking, heat-related illness, drug effects, and psychological interventions; they also included underrepresented populations, such as individuals with rare diseases. There is a lack of research on wearable devices in low-resource contexts. Fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic, we see a shift toward more large-sized, web-based studies where wearables increased insights into the developing pandemic, including forecasting models and the effects of the pandemic. Some studies have indicated that big data extracted from wearables may potentially transform the understanding of population health dynamics and the ability to forecast health trends.","author":[{"family":"Huhn","given":"Sophie"},{"family":"Axt","given":"Miriam"},{"family":"Gunga","given":"Hanns‐christian"},{"family":"Maggioni","given":"Martina"},{"family":"Munga","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Obor","given":"David"},{"family":"Sié","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Boudo","given":"Valentin"},{"family":"Bunker","given":"Aditi"},{"family":"Sauerborn","given":"Rainer"},{"family":"Bärnighausen","given":"Till"},{"family":"Barteit","given":"Sandra"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.2196/34384","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2196/34384","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3092868804","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of Jamming Actuation in Soft Robotics","abstract":"Jamming is a popular and versatile soft robotic mechanism, enabling new systems to be developed that can achieve high stiffness variation with minimal volume variation. Numerous applications have been reported, including deep-sea sampling, industrial gripping, and use as paws for legged locomotion. This review explores the state-of-the-art for the three classes of jamming actuator: granular, layer and fibre jamming. We highlight the strengths and weaknesses of these soft robotic systems and propose opportunities for further development. We describe a number of trends, promising avenues for innovative research, and several technology gaps that could push the field forwards if addressed, including the lack of standardization for evaluating the performance of jamming systems. We conclude with perspectives for future studies in soft jamming robotics research, particularly elucidating how emerging technologies, including multi-material 3D printing, can enable the design and creation of increasingly diverse and high-performance soft robotic mechanisms for a myriad of new application areas.","author":[{"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Seth"},{"family":"Delaney","given":"Gary"},{"family":"Howard","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/act9040104","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/act9040104","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3215648386","type":"article-journal","title":"Review of control and guidance technology on hypersonic vehicle","abstract":"Air-breathing hypersonic vehicle has great military and potential economic value due to its characteristics: high velocity, long range, quick response. Therefore, the development of hypersonic vehicle and its guidance and control technology are reviewed in this paper. Firstly, the development and classification of hypersonic vehicles around the world are summarized, and the geometric configuration and mission profile of typical air-breathing hypersonic vehicle are given. Secondly, the control difficulties of air-breathing hypersonic vehicle are introduced, including integrated design of engine and fuselage, static instability, strong nonlinearity, uncertain aerodynamic parameters, etc. According to its control requirements, the control methods considering external disturbance, fault-tolerant control methods, anti-saturation methods, and prescribed performance control methods considering transient performance constraints are summarized respectively. The classification and comparison of various control methods are given, and the frontiers of theoretical development are analyzed. Finally, considering the effects of composite disturbances, the design of terminal guidance law under multiple constraints is overviewed, including guidance law with angle constraint, velocity constraint, acceleration constraint and time constraint. Similarly, the classification of guidance law design methods under different constraints, their advantages as well as the future development trend and requirements are introduced.","author":[{"family":"Ding","given":"Yibo"},{"family":"Yue","given":"Xiaokui"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Guangshan"},{"family":"Si","given":"Jiashun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.cja.2021.10.037","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2021.10.037","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4296138560","type":"article-journal","title":"Review on Infrared Imaging Technology","abstract":"The application of infrared camera-related technology is a trending research topic. By reviewing the development of infrared thermal imagers, this paper introduces several main processing technologies of infrared thermal imagers, expounds the image nonuniformity correction, noise removal, and image pseudo color enhancement of infrared thermal imagers, and briefly analyzes some main algorithms used in image processing. The technologies of blind element detection and compensation, temperature measurement, target detection, and tracking of infrared thermal imager are described. By analyzing the main algorithms of infrared temperature measurement, target detection, and tracking, the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are put forward. At the same time, the development of multi/hyperspectral infrared remote sensing technology and its application are also introduced. The analysis shows that infrared thermal imager processing technology is widely used in many fields, especially in the direction of autonomous driving, and this review helps to expand the reader’s research ideas and research methods.","author":[{"family":"Hou","given":"Fujin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Yong"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Mei"},{"family":"Lv","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Jianqing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su141811161","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811161","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3009280600","type":"article-journal","title":"The Impact of Climate Change on Mental Health: A Systematic Descriptive Review","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Climate change is one of the great challenges of our time. The consequences of climate change on exposed biological subjects, as well as on vulnerable societies, are a concern for the entire scientific community. Rising temperatures, heat waves, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, droughts, fires, loss of forest, and glaciers, along with disappearance of rivers and desertification, can directly and indirectly cause human pathologies that are physical and mental. However, there is a clear lack in psychiatric studies on mental disorders linked to climate change. METHODS: Literature available on PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane library until end of June 2019 were reviewed. The total number of articles and association reports was 445. From these, 163 were selected. We looked for the association between classical psychiatric disorders such as anxiety schizophrenia, mood disorder and depression, suicide, aggressive behaviors, despair for the loss of usual landscape, and phenomena related to climate change and extreme weather. Review of literature was then divided into specific areas: the course of change in mental health, temperature, water, air pollution, drought, as well as the exposure of certain groups and critical psychological adaptations. RESULTS: Climate change has an impact on a large part of the population, in different geographical areas and with different types of threats to public health. However, the delay in studies on climate change and mental health consequences is an important aspect. Lack of literature is perhaps due to the complexity and novelty of this issue. It has been shown that climate change acts on mental health with different timing. The phenomenology of the effects of climate change differs greatly-some mental disorders are common and others more specific in relation to atypical climatic conditions. Moreover, climate change also affects different population groups who are directly exposed and more vulnerable in their geographical conditions, as well as a lack of access to resources, information, and protection. Perhaps it is also worth underlining that in some papers the connection between climatic events and mental disorders was described through the introduction of new terms, coined only recently: ecoanxiety, ecoguilt, ecopsychology, ecological grief, solastalgia, biospheric concern, etc. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of climate change can be direct or indirect, short-term or long-term. Acute events can act through mechanisms similar to that of traumatic stress, leading to well-understood psychopathological patterns. In addition, the consequences of exposure to extreme or prolonged weather-related events can also be delayed, encompassing disorders such as posttraumatic stress, or even transmitted to later generations.","author":[{"family":"Cianconi","given":"Paolo"},{"family":"Betrò","given":"Sophia"},{"family":"Janiri","given":"Luigi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00074","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00074","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3134967399","type":"article-journal","title":"Review on Ammonia as a Potential Fuel: From Synthesis to Economics","abstract":"Ammonia, a molecule that is gaining more interest as a fueling vector, has been considered as a candidate to power transport, produce energy, and support heating applications for decades.However, the particular characteristics of the molecule always made it a chemical with low, if any, benefit once compared to conventional fossil fuels.Still, the current need to decarbonize our economy makes the search of new methods crucial to use chemicals, such as ammonia, that can be produced and employed without incurring in the emission of carbon oxides.Therefore, current efforts in this field are leading scientists, industries, and governments to seriously invest efforts in the development of holistic solutions capable of making ammonia a viable fuel for the transition toward a clean future.On that basis, this review has approached the subject gathering inputs from scientists actively working on the topic.The review starts from the importance of ammonia as an energy vector, moving through all of the steps in the production, distribution, utilization, safety, legal considerations, and economic aspects of the use of such a molecule to support the future energy mix.Fundamentals of combustion and practical cases for the recovery of energy of ammonia are also addressed, thus providing a complete view of what potentially could become a vector of crucial importance to the mitigation of carbon emissions.Different from other works, this review seeks to provide a holistic perspective of ammonia as a chemical that presents benefits and constraints for storing energy from sustainable sources.State-of-the-art knowledge provided by academics actively engaged with the topic at various fronts also enables a clear vision of the progress in each of the branches of ammonia as an energy carrier.Further, the fundamental boundaries of the use of the molecule are expanded to real technical issues for all potential technologies capable of using it for energy purposes, legal barriers that will be faced to achieve its deployment, safety and environmental considerations that impose a critical aspect for acceptance and wellbeing, and economic implications for the use of ammonia across all aspects approached for the production and implementation of this chemical as a fueling source.Herein, this work sets the principles, research, practicalities, and future views of a transition toward a future where ammonia will be a major energy player.","author":[{"family":"Valera-Medina","given":"Agustín"},{"family":"Amer-Hatem","given":"F"},{"family":"Azad","given":"AK"},{"family":"Dedoussi","given":"Irene"},{"family":"Joannon","given":"Mara"},{"family":"Fernandes","given":"RX"},{"family":"Glarborg","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Hashemi","given":"Hamid"},{"family":"He","given":"Xiaoyu"},{"family":"Mashruk","given":"Syed"},{"family":"Mcgowan","given":"JG"},{"family":"Mounaim-Rouselle","given":"Christine"},{"family":"Ortíz","given":"A"},{"family":"Ortiz-Valera","given":"Adrián"},{"family":"Rossetti","given":"Ilenia"},{"family":"Shu","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Yehia","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"Hua"},{"family":"Costa","given":"Mário"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03685","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03685","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3033388412","type":"article-journal","title":"A review of development methods and EOR technologies for carbonate reservoirs","abstract":"Abstract Carbonate reservoirs worldwide are complex in structure, diverse in form, and highly heterogeneous. Based on these characteristics, the reservoir stimulation technologies and fluid flow characteristics of carbonate reservoirs are briefly described in this study. The development methods and EOR technologies of carbonate reservoirs are systematically summarized, the relevant mechanisms are analyzed, and the application status of oil fields is catalogued. The challenges in the development of carbonate reservoirs are discussed, and future research directions are explored. In the current development processes of carbonate reservoirs, water flooding and gas flooding remain the primary means but are often prone to channeling problems. Chemical flooding is an effective method of tertiary oil recovery, but the harsh formation conditions require high-performance chemical agents. The application of emerging technologies can enhance the oil recovery efficiency and environmental friendliness to a certain extent, which is welcome in hard-to-recover areas such as heavy oil reservoirs, but the economic cost is often high. In future research on EOR technologies, flow field control and flow channel plugging will be the potential directions of traditional development methods, and the application of nanoparticles will revolutionize the chemical EOR methods. On the basis of diversified reservoir stimulation, combined with a variety of modern data processing schemes, multichannel EOR technologies are being developed to realize the systematic, intelligent, and cost-effective development of carbonate reservoirs.","author":[{"family":"Xu","given":"Zhengxiao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Song"},{"family":"Li","given":"Binfei"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Dan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zhongyun"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhaomin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s12182-020-00467-5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12182-020-00467-5","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.7291/d1m09m","type":"article-journal","title":"Advances in thermal physiology of diving marine mammals: The dual role of peripheral perfusion","abstract":"The ability to maintain a high core body temperature is a defining characteristic of all mammals, yet their diverse habitats present disparate thermal challenges that have led to specialized adaptations. Marine mammals inhabit a highly conductive environment. Their thermoregulatory capabilities far exceed our own despite having limited avenues of heat transfer. Additionally, marine mammals must balance their thermoregulatory demands with those associated with diving (i.e., oxygen conservation), both of which rely on cardiovascular adjustments. This review presents the progress and novel efforts in investigating marine mammal thermoregulation, with a particular focus on the role of peripheral perfusion. Early studies in marine mammal thermal physiology were primarily performed in the laboratory and provided foundational knowledge through in vivo experiments and ex vivo measurements. However, the ecological relevance of these findings remains unknown because comparable efforts on free-ranging animals have been limited. We demonstrate the utility of biologgers for studying their thermal adaptations in the context in which they evolved. Our preliminary results from freely diving northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) reveal blubber’s dynamic nature and the complex interaction between thermoregulation and the dive response due to the dual role of peripheral perfusion. Further exploring the potential use of biologgers for measuring physiological variables relevant to thermal physiology in other marine mammal species will enhance our understanding of the relative importance of morphology, physiology, and behavior for thermoregulation and overall homeostasis.","author":[{"family":"Favilla","given":"Arina"},{"family":"Horning","given":"Markus"},{"family":"Costa","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.7291/d1m09m","URL":"https://doi.org/10.7291/d1m09m","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W3145491640","type":"article-journal","title":"Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids","abstract":"Algae are considered pigment-producing organisms. The function of these compounds in algae is to carry out photosynthesis. They have a great variety of pigments, which can be classified into three large groups: chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins. Within the carotenoids are xanthophylls. Xanthophylls (fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin) are a type of carotenoids with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities, due to their chemical structure rich in double bonds that provides them with antioxidant properties. In this context, xanthophylls can protect other molecules from oxidative stress by turning off singlet oxygen damage through various mechanisms. Based on clinical studies, this review shows the available information concerning the bioactivity and biological effects of the main xanthophylls present in algae. In addition, the algae with the highest production rate of the different compounds of interest were studied. It was observed that fucoxanthin is obtained mainly from the brown seaweeds Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum spp., and Fucus spp. The main sources of astaxanthin are the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella zofingiensis, and Chlorococcum sp. Lutein and zeaxanthin are mainly found in algal species such as Scenedesmus spp., Chlorella spp., Rhodophyta spp., or Spirulina spp. However, the extraction and purification processes of xanthophylls from algae need to be standardized to facilitate their commercialization. Finally, we assessed factors that determine the bioavailability and bioaccesibility of these molecules. We also suggested techniques that increase xanthophyll’s bioavailability.","author":[{"family":"Pereira","given":"Antía"},{"family":"Otero","given":"Paz"},{"family":"Echave","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Carreira-Casais","given":"Anxo"},{"family":"Chamorro","given":"Franklin"},{"family":"Collazo","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Jaboui","given":"Amira"},{"family":"Lourençolopes","given":"Catarina"},{"family":"Simalgándara","given":"Jesús"},{"family":"Prieto","given":"Miguel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/md19040188","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/md19040188","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3177816066","type":"article-journal","title":"Genomic Signatures Supporting the Symbiosis and Formation of Chitinous Tube in the Deep-Sea Tubeworm Paraescarpia echinospica","abstract":"Vestimentiferan tubeworms are iconic animals that present as large habitat-forming chitinized tube bushes in deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems. They are gutless and depend entirely on their endosymbiotic sulfide-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria for nutrition. Information on the genomes of several siboglinid endosymbionts has improved our understanding of their nutritional supplies. However, the interactions between tubeworms and their endosymbionts remain largely unclear due to a paucity of host genomes. Here, we report the chromosome-level genome of the vestimentiferan tubeworm Paraescarpia echinospica. We found that the genome has been remodeled to facilitate symbiosis through the expansion of gene families related to substrate transfer and innate immunity, suppression of apoptosis, regulation of lysosomal digestion, and protection against oxidative stress. Furthermore, the genome encodes a programmed cell death pathway that potentially controls the endosymbiont population. Our integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses uncovered matrix proteins required for the formation of the chitinous tube and revealed gene family expansion and co-option as evolutionary mechanisms driving the acquisition of this unique supporting structure for deep-sea tubeworms. Overall, our study provides novel insights into the host's support system that has enabled tubeworms to establish symbiosis, thrive in deep-sea hot vents and cold seeps, and produce the unique chitinous tubes in the deep sea.","author":[{"family":"Sun","given":"Yanan"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Jin"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Lan","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Ip","given":"Jack"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Wai"},{"family":"Kwan","given":"Yick"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yanjie"},{"family":"Han","given":"Zhuang"},{"family":"Qiu","given":"Jian‐wen"},{"family":"Qian","given":"Pei‐yuan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1093/molbev/msab203","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab203","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3114500116","type":"article-journal","title":"Fear and loathing of the deep ocean: why don't people care about the deep sea?","abstract":"Abstract A recurring question within deep-sea science and conservation is why don't people care about the deep sea? How does the deep-sea science community convince non-scientific audiences to support, engage, and care more for the largest habitat on Earth? Here, we examine various aspects of an apparent dichotomy of perspectives between the scientific and non-scientific communities by discussing the problematic roots from within human neuropsychology, and how knowledge of the deep sea is delivered to, perceived by, and ultimately valued by non-scientific audiences. The answers are complex, covering issues such as conscious and subconscious thalassophobia, perspectivism, aesthetics, phenomenology, abstract interpretation, epistemology and media-driven enigmatization, self-deprecation by the science community, and perceived value-driven ethics. This discussion focusses on the nexus of scientific and non-scientific perceptions to catalyze meaningful societal engagement with the deep sea and to try and understand “Why don't people care about the deep sea?”","author":[{"family":"Jamieson","given":"Alan"},{"family":"Singleman","given":"Glenn"},{"family":"Linley","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Casey","given":"Susan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1093/icesjms/fsaa234","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa234","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4205814812","type":"article-journal","title":"Unlocking the potential of deep learning for marine ecology: overview, applications, and outlook","abstract":"The deep learning (DL) revolution is touching all scientific disciplines and corners of our lives as a means of harnessing the power of big data. Marine ecology is no exception. New methods provide analysis of data from sensors, cameras, and acoustic recorders, even in real time, in ways that are reproducible and rapid. Off-the-shelf algorithms find, count, and classify species from digital images or video and detect cryptic patterns in noisy data. These endeavours require collaboration across ecological and data science disciplines, which can be challenging to initiate. To promote the use of DL towards ecosystem-based management of the sea, this paper aims to bridge the gap between marine ecologists and computer scientists. We provide insight into popular DL approaches for ecological data analysis, focusing on supervised learning techniques with deep neural networks, and illustrate challenges and opportunities through established and emerging applications of DL to marine ecology. We present case studies on plankton, fish, marine mammals, pollution, and nutrient cycling that involve object detection, classification, tracking, and segmentation of visualized data. We conclude with a broad outlook of the field’s opportunities and challenges, including potential technological advances and issues with managing complex data sets.","author":[{"family":"Goodwin","given":"Morten"},{"family":"Halvorsen","given":"Kim"},{"family":"Jiao","given":"Lei"},{"family":"Knausgård","given":"Kristian"},{"family":"Martin","given":"Angela"},{"family":"Moyano","given":"Marta"},{"family":"Oomen","given":"Rebekah"},{"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Jeppe"},{"family":"Sørdalen","given":"Tonje"},{"family":"Thorbjørnsen","given":"Susanna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1093/icesjms/fsab255","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab255","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4309946947","type":"article-journal","title":"Offshore wind farms are projected to impact primary production and bottom water deoxygenation in the North Sea","abstract":"Abstract The wind wake effect of offshore wind farms affects the hydrodynamical conditions in the ocean, which has been hypothesized to impact marine primary production. So far only little is known about the ecosystem response to wind wakes under the premisses of large offshore wind farm clusters. Here we show, via numerical modeling, that the associated wind wakes in the North Sea provoke large-scale changes in annual primary production with local changes of up to ±10% not only at the offshore wind farm clusters, but also distributed over a wider region. The model also projects an increase in sediment carbon in deeper areas of the southern North Sea due to reduced current velocities, and decreased dissolved oxygen inside an area with already low oxygen concentration. Our results provide evidence that the ongoing offshore wind farm developments can have a substantial impact on the structuring of coastal marine ecosystems on basin scales.","author":[{"family":"Daewel","given":"Ute"},{"family":"Akhtar","given":"Naveed"},{"family":"Christiansen","given":"Nils"},{"family":"Schrum","given":"Corinna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s43247-022-00625-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00625-0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3132519602","type":"article-journal","title":"The Deep-Time Digital Earth program: data-driven discovery in geosciences","abstract":"Current barriers hindering data-driven discoveries in deep-time Earth (DE) include: substantial volumes of DE data are not digitized; many DE databases do not adhere to FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable) principles; we lack a systematic knowledge graph for DE; existing DE databases are geographically heterogeneous; a significant fraction of DE data is not in open-access formats; tailored tools are needed. These challenges motivate the Deep-Time Digital Earth (DDE) program initiated by the International Union of Geological Sciences and developed in cooperation with national geological surveys, professional associations, academic institutions and scientists around the world. DDE's mission is to build on previous research to develop a systematic DE knowledge graph, a FAIR data infrastructure that links existing databases and makes dark data visible, and tailored tools for DE data, which are universally accessible. DDE aims to harmonize DE data, share global geoscience knowledge and facilitate data-driven discovery in the understanding of Earth's evolution.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Chengshan"},{"family":"Hazen","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Qiuming"},{"family":"Stephenson","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Chenghu"},{"family":"Fox","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Shu‐zhong"},{"family":"Oberhänsli","given":"Roland"},{"family":"Hou","given":"Zengqian"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Xiaogang"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Zhiqiang"},{"family":"Fan","given":"Junxuan"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Xiumian"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Juanle"},{"family":"Schiffries","given":"Craig"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1093/nsr/nwab027","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwab027","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4200269929","type":"article-journal","title":"Explaining World‐Wide Variation in Navigation Ability from Millions of People: Citizen Science Project Sea Hero Quest","abstract":"Navigation ability varies widely across humans. Prior studies have reported that being younger and a male has an advantage for navigation ability. However, these studies have generally involved small numbers of participants from a handful of western countries. Here, we review findings from our project Sea Hero Quest, which used a video game for mobile and tablet devices to test 3.9 million people on their navigation ability, sampling across every nation-state and from 18 to 99 years of age. Results revealed that the task has good ecological validity and across all countries sufficiently sampled (N = 63), age is linked to a near-linear decline in navigation ability from the early 20s. All countries showed a male advantage, but this varied considerably and could be partly predicted by gender inequality. We found that those who reported growing up in a city were on average worse at navigating than those who grew up outside cities and that navigation performance helped identify those at greater genetic risk of Alzheimer's disease. We discuss the advantages and challenges of using a mobile app to study cognition and the future avenues for understanding individual differences in navigation ability arising from this research.","author":[{"family":"Spiers","given":"Hugo"},{"family":"Coutrot","given":"Antoine"},{"family":"Hornberger","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1111/tops.12590","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12590","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4214812787","type":"article-journal","title":"Physics-informed deep-learning parameterization of ocean vertical mixing improves climate simulations","abstract":"Uncertainties in ocean-mixing parameterizations are primary sources for ocean and climate modeling biases. Due to lack of process understanding, traditional physics-driven parameterizations perform unsatisfactorily in the tropics. Recent advances in the deep-learning method and the new availability of long-term turbulence measurements provide an opportunity to explore data-driven approaches to parameterizing oceanic vertical-mixing processes. Here, we describe a novel parameterization based on an artificial neural network trained using a decadal-long time record of hydrographic and turbulence observations in the tropical Pacific. This data-driven parameterization achieves higher accuracy than current parameterizations, demonstrating good generalization ability under physical constraints. When integrated into an ocean model, our parameterization facilitates improved simulations in both ocean-only and coupled modeling. As a novel application of machine learning to the geophysical fluid, these results show the feasibility of using limited observations and well-understood physical constraints to construct a physics-informed deep-learning parameterization for improved climate simulations.","author":[{"family":"Zhu","given":"Yuchao"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Rong‐hua"},{"family":"Moum","given":"James"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Fan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xiaofeng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Delei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1093/nsr/nwac044","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac044","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3165133439","type":"article-journal","title":"Diazotrophs for Lowering Nitrogen Pollution Crises: Looking Deep Into the Roots","abstract":"During and after the green revolution in the last century, agrochemicals especially nitrogen (N) were extensively used. However, it resulted in a remarkable increase in crop yield but drastically reduced soil fertility; increased the production cost, food prices, and carbon footprints; and depleted the fossil reserves with huge penalties to the environment and ecological sustainability. The groundwater, rivers, and oceans are loaded with N excess which is an environmental catastrophe. Nitrogen emissions (e.g., ammonia, nitrogen oxide, nitrous oxide) play an important role in global climate change and contribute to particulate matter and acid rain causing respiratory problems, cancers, and damage to forests and buildings. Therefore, the nitrogen-polluted planet Earth needs concerted global efforts to avoid the disaster. Improved agricultural N management focuses on the synchronization of crop N demand and N supply along with improving the N-use efficiency of the crops. However, there is very little focus on the natural sources of N available for plants in the form of diazotrophic bacteria present inside or on the root surface and the rhizosphere. These diazotrophs are the mini-nitrogen factories that convert available (78%) atmospheric N2 to ammonia through a process known as “biological nitrogen fixation” which is then taken up by the plants for its metabolic functioning. Diazotrophs also stimulate root architecture by producing plant hormones and hence improve the plant’s overall ability to uptake nutrients and water. In recent years, nanotechnology has revolutionized the whole agri-industry by introducing nano-fertilizers and coated/slow-releasing fertilizers. With this in mind, we tried to explore the following questions: To what extent can the crop N requirements be met by diazotroph inoculation? Can N input to agriculture be managed in a way leading to environmental benefits and farmers saving money? Can nanotechnology help in technological advancement of diazotroph application? The review suggests that an integrated technology based on slow-releasing nano-fertilizer combined with diazotrophs should be adopted to decrease nitrogen inputs to the agricultural system. This integrated technology would minimize N pollution and N losses to much extent.","author":[{"family":"Imran","given":"Asma"},{"family":"Hakim","given":"Sughra"},{"family":"Tariq","given":"Mohsin"},{"family":"Nawaz","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Laraib","given":"Iqra"},{"family":"Gulzar","given":"Umaira"},{"family":"Hanif","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Siddique","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Hayat","given":"Mahnoor"},{"family":"Fraz","given":"Ahmad"},{"family":"Ahmad","given":"Muhammad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmicb.2021.637815","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.637815","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3139812280","type":"article-journal","title":"Recent speciation and hybridization in Icelandic deep‐sea isopods: An integrative approach using genomics and proteomics","abstract":"The crustacean marine isopod species Haploniscus bicuspis (Sars, 1877) shows circum-Icelandic distribution in a wide range of environmental conditions and along well-known geographic barriers, such as the Greenland-Iceland-Faroe (GIF) Ridge. We wanted to explore population genetics, phylogeography and cryptic speciation as well as investigate whether previously described, but unaccepted subspecies have any merit. Using the same set of specimens, we combined mitochondrial COI sequences, thousands of nuclear loci (ddRAD), and proteomic profiles, plus selected morphological characters using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Five divergent genetic lineages were identified by COI and ddRAD, two south and three north of the GIF Ridge. Assignment of populations to the three northern lineages varied and detailed analyses revealed hybridization and gene flow between them, suggesting a single northern species with a complex phylogeographic history. No apparent hybridization was observed among lineages south of the GIF Ridge, inferring the existence of two more species. Differences in proteomic profiles between the three putative species were minimal, implying an ongoing or recent speciation process. Population differentiation was high, even among closely associated populations, and higher in mitochondrial COI than nuclear ddRAD loci. Gene flow is apparently male-biased, leading to hybrid zones and instances of complete exchange of the local nuclear genome through immigrating males. This study did not confirm the existence of subspecies defined by male characters, which probably instead refer to different male developmental stages.","author":[{"family":"Paulus","given":"Eva"},{"family":"Brix","given":"Saskia"},{"family":"Siebert","given":"Annabelle"},{"family":"Arbizu","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Rossel","given":"Sven"},{"family":"Peters","given":"Janna"},{"family":"Svavarsson","given":"Jörundur"},{"family":"Schwentner","given":"Martin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1111/mec.16234","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16234","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3201417300","type":"article-journal","title":"Hidden Historical Habitat-Linked Population Divergence and Contemporary Gene Flow of a Deep-Sea Patellogastropod Limpet","abstract":"Hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon seeps in the deep ocean are rare oases fueled by chemosynthesis. Biological communities inhabiting these ecosystems are often distributed in widely separated habitats, raising intriguing questions on how these organisms achieve connectivity and whether habitat types facilitate intraspecific divergence. The deep-sea patellogastropod limpet Bathyacmaea nipponica that colonizes both vents and seeps across ∼2,400 km in the Northwest Pacific is a feasible model to answer these questions. We analyzed 123 individuals from four vents and three seeps using a comprehensive method incorporating population genomics and physical ocean modeling. Genome survey sequencing and genotyping-by-sequencing resulted in 9,838 single-nucleotide polymorphisms for population genomic analyses. Genetic divergence and demographic analyses revealed four habitat-linked (i.e., three seep and one vent) genetic groups, with the vent genetic group established via the opportunistic invasion of a few limpet larvae from a nearby seep genetic group. TreeMix analysis uncovered three historical seep-to-vent migration events. ADMIXTURE and divMigrate analyses elucidated weak contemporary gene flow from a seep genetic group to the vent genetic group. Physical ocean modeling underlined the potential roles of seafloor topography and ocean currents in shaping the genetic connectivity, contemporary migration, and local hybridization of these deep-sea limpets. Our study highlighted the power of integrating genomic and oceanographic approaches in deciphering the demography and diversification of deep-sea organisms. Given the increasing anthropogenic activities (e.g., mining and gas hydrate extraction) affecting the deep ocean, our results have implications for the conservation of deep-sea biodiversity and establishment of marine protected areas.","author":[{"family":"Xu","given":"Ting"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Jin"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Chong"},{"family":"Watanabe","given":"Hiromi"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Junlin"},{"family":"Qian","given":"Pei‐yuan"},{"family":"Qiu","given":"Jian‐wen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1093/molbev/msab278","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab278","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4220788764","type":"article-journal","title":"Local Air‐Sea Interactions at Ocean Mesoscale and Submesoscale in a Western Boundary Current","abstract":"Abstract We present results from a new, global, high‐resolution (∼3‐km for ocean and ∼6‐km for atmosphere) realistic earth system simulation. This simulation allows us to examine aspects of small‐scale air‐sea interaction beyond what previous studies have reported. Our study focuses on recurring intermittent wind events in the Gulf Stream region. These events induce local air‐sea heat fluxes above Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies with horizontal scales smaller than 500‐km. In particular, strong latent heat bursts above warm SST anomalies are observed during these wind events. We show that such wind events are associated with a secondary circulation that acts to fuel the latent heat bursts by transferring dry air and momentum down to the surface. The intensity of this secondary circulation is related to the strength of small‐scale SST fronts that border SST anomalies. The study of such phenomena requires high‐resolution in both the atmospheric and oceanic components of the model.","author":[{"family":"Strobach","given":"Ehud"},{"family":"Klein","given":"Patrice"},{"family":"Molod","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Fahad","given":"Abdullah"},{"family":"Trayanov","given":"Atanas"},{"family":"Menemenlis","given":"Dimitris"},{"family":"Torres","given":"Héctor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1029/2021gl097003","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl097003","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3168006763","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep reinforcement learning for conservation decisions","abstract":"Abstract Can machine learning help us make better decisions about a changing planet? In this paper, we illustrate and discuss the potential of a promising corner of machine learning known as deep reinforcement learning (RL) to help tackle the most challenging conservation decision problems. We provide a conceptual and technical introduction to deep RL as well as annotated code so that researchers can adopt, evaluate and extend these approaches. RL explicitly focuses on designing an agent who interacts with an environment that is dynamic and uncertain. Deep RL is the subfield of RL that incorporates deep neural networks into the agent. We train deep RL agents to solve sequential decision‐making problems in setting fisheries quotas and managing ecological tipping points. We show that a deep RL agent is able to learn a nearly optimal solution for the fisheries management problem. For the tipping point problem, we show that a deep RL agent can outperform a sensible rule‐of‐thumb strategy. Our results demonstrate that deep RL has the potential to solve challenging decision problems in conservation. While this potential may be compelling, the challenges involved in successfully deploying RL‐based management to realistic scenarios are formidable—the required expertise and computational cost may place these applications beyond the reach of all but large, international technology firms. Ecologists must establish a better understanding of how these algorithms work and fail if we are to realize this potential and avoid the pitfalls such a transition would bring. We ultimately set forth a research framework based on well‐posed, public challenges so that ecologists and computer scientists can collaborate towards solving hard decision‐making problems in conservation.","author":[{"family":"Lapeyrolerie","given":"Marcus"},{"family":"Chapman","given":"Melissa"},{"family":"Norman","given":"Kari"},{"family":"Boettiger","given":"Carl"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1111/2041-210x.13954","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13954","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3207530374","type":"article-journal","title":"Ski Mountaineering: Perspectives on a Novel Sport to Be Introduced at the 2026 Winter Olympic Games","abstract":"Ski mountaineering is a rapidly growing winter sport that involves alternately climbing and descending slopes and various racing formats that differ in length and total vertical gain, as well as their distribution of downhill and uphill sections. In recent years, both participation in and media coverage of this sport have increased dramatically, contributing, at least in part, to its inclusion in the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milano-Cortina. Here, our aim has been to briefly describe the major characteristics of ski mountaineering, its physiological and biomechanical demands, equipment, and training/testing, as well as to provide some future perspectives. Despite its popularity, research on this discipline is scarce, but some general characteristics are already emerging. Pronounced aerobic capacity is an important requirement for success, as demonstrated by positive correlations between racing time and maximal oxygen uptake and oxygen uptake at the second ventilatory threshold. Moreover, due to the considerable mechanical work against gravity on demanding uphill terrain, the combined weight of the athlete and equipment is inversely correlated with performance, prompting the development of both lighter and better equipment in recent decades. In ski mountaineering, velocity uphill is achieved primarily by more frequent (rather than longer) strides due primarily to high resistive forces. The use of wearable technologies, designed specifically for analysis in the field (including at elevated altitudes and cold temperatures) and more extensive collaboration between researchers, industrial actors, and coaches/athletes, could further improve the development of this sport.","author":[{"family":"Bortolan","given":"Lorenzo"},{"family":"Savoldelli","given":"Aldo"},{"family":"Pellegrini","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Modena","given":"Roberto"},{"family":"Sacchi","given":"Massimiliano"},{"family":"Holmberg","given":"Hans‐christer"},{"family":"Supej","given":"Matej"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fphys.2021.737249","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.737249","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3125036491","type":"article-journal","title":"Deformation Law of the Diaphragm Wall during Deep Foundation Pit Construction on Lake and Sea Soft Soil in the Yangtze River Delta","abstract":"So far, there have been a large number of diaphragm walls in the Yangtze River Delta as engineering examples of deep foundation pit maintenance structures in subway stations, but there is a lack of systematic research and summary on the deformation characteristics of ground connecting walls. This study aimed to clarify the deformation law of the diaphragm wall during the excavation of a deep foundation pit in a soft soil region. Based on the monitoring data of the diaphragm wall of the deep foundation pit of the Hangzhou metro station, the monitoring data of the deep foundation pits of 15 subway stations in Shanghai and Ningbo cities around Hangzhou were considered. Grouping and classification methods were used to analyze the similarities and differences in the deformation characteristics of the diaphragm wall in the three regions. The results indicate the following: the maximum lateral deformation of the diaphragm wall in Hangzhou increases linearly with the relative depth of the maximum lateral deformation. The maximum lateral deformation of the foundation pit in Hangzhou is 0.072% H∼0.459% H, with a mean of 0.173% H. The wall deformation in Hangzhou varies significantly with the depth of the foundation pit, but the influence of the depth of the foundation pit on the wall deformation is considerably less than that in Shanghai and Ningbo. The corresponding position of the maximum lateral deformation in the excavation depth increases linearly with the excavation depth of the foundation pit, and the corresponding position of the lateral deformation of the diaphragm wall in Shanghai is more affected by the excavation depth of the foundation pit. The lateral deformation of the diaphragm wall increases rapidly in the range of 0 H–0.5 H, and the maximum lateral deformation occurs at 0.5 H–1.1 H.","author":[{"family":"Mei","given":"Yuan"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Dongbo"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xueyan"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Liangjie"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Jinxin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Shumin"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yuanying"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1155/2021/6682921","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6682921","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3214635664","type":"article-journal","title":"Bringing seascape ecology to the deep seabed: A review and framework for its application","abstract":"Abstract Seascape ecology is an emerging pattern‐oriented and integrative science conceptually linked to landscape ecology. It aims to quantify multidimensional spatial structure in the sea and reveal its ecological consequences. The seascape ecology approach has made important advances in shallow coastal environments, and increasing exploration and mapping of the deep seabed provides opportunities for application in the deep ocean. We argue that seascape ecology, with its integrative and multiscale perspective, can generate new scientific insights at spatial and temporal scales relevant to ecosystem‐based management. Seascape ecology provides a conceptual and operational framework that integrates and builds on existing benthic ecology and habitat mapping research by providing additional pattern‐oriented concepts, tools and techniques to (1) quantify complex ecological patterns across multiple scales; (2) link spatial patterns to biodiversity and ecological processes; and (3) provide ecologically meaningful information that is operationally relevant to spatial management. This review introduces seascape ecology and provides a framework for its application to deep‐seabed environments. Research areas are highlighted where seascape ecology can advance the ecological understanding of deep benthic environments.","author":[{"family":"Swanborn","given":"Denise"},{"family":"Huvenne","given":"Veerle"},{"family":"Pittman","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Woodall","given":"Lucy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1002/lno.11976","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11976","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3107436785","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep-sea deployment of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope detection units by self-unrolling","abstract":"KM3NeT is a research infrastructure being installed in the deep Mediterranean Sea. It will house a neutrino telescope comprising hundreds of networked moorings—detection units or strings—equipped with optical instrumentation to detect the Cherenkov radiation generated by charged particles from neutrino-induced collisions in its vicinity. In comparison to moorings typically used for oceanography, several key features of the KM3NeT string are different: the instrumentation is contained in transparent and thus unprotected glass spheres; two thin Dyneema\\textsuperscript{\\textregistered} ropes are used as strength members; and a thin delicate backbone tube with fibre-optics and copper wires for data and power transmission, respectively, runs along the full length of the mooring. Also, compared to other neutrino telescopes such as ANTARES in the Mediterranean Sea and GVD in Lake Baikal, the KM3NeT strings are more slender to minimise the amount of material used for support of the optical sensors. Moreover, the rate of deploying a large number of strings in a period of a few years is unprecedented. For all these reasons, for the installation of the KM3NeT strings, a custom-made, fast deployment method was designed. Despite the length of several hundreds of metres, the slim design of the string allows it to be compacted into a small, re-usable spherical launching vehicle instead of deploying the mooring weight down from a surface vessel. After being lowered to the seafloor, the string unfurls to its full length with the buoyant launching vehicle rolling along the two ropes. The design of the vehicle, the loading with a string, and its underwater self-unrolling are detailed in this paper.","author":[{"family":"Aiello","given":"S"},{"family":"Albert","given":"A"},{"family":"Garre","given":"SA"},{"family":"Aly","given":"Z"},{"family":"Ameli","given":"F"},{"family":"Anassontzis","given":"EG"},{"family":"André","given":"M"},{"family":"Androulakis","given":"G"},{"family":"Anghinolfi","given":"M"},{"family":"Anguita","given":"M"},{"family":"Anton","given":"G"},{"family":"Ardid","given":"M"},{"family":"Aublin","given":"J"},{"family":"Bagatelas","given":"C"},{"family":"Bakker","given":"R"},{"family":"Barbarino","given":"GC"},{"family":"Baret","given":"B"},{"family":"Pree","given":"SBD"},{"family":"Bendahman","given":"M"},{"family":"Berbee","given":"E"},{"family":"Berg","given":"AMVD"},{"family":"Bertín","given":"V"},{"family":"Biagi","given":"S"},{"family":"Billault","given":"M"},{"family":"Bissinger","given":"M"},{"family":"Boettcher","given":"M"},{"family":"Boumaaza","given":"J"},{"family":"Bouta","given":"M"},{"family":"Bouwhuis","given":"MC"},{"family":"Bozza","given":"C"},{"family":"Brânzaş","given":"H"},{"family":"Bruijn","given":"R"},{"family":"Brünner","given":"J"},{"family":"Buis","given":"E"},{"family":"Buompane","given":"R"},{"family":"Busto","given":"J"},{"family":"Cacopardo","given":"G"},{"family":"Caiffi","given":"B"},{"family":"Caillat","given":"L"},{"family":"Calvo","given":"D"},{"family":"Capone","given":"A"},{"family":"Carretero","given":"V"},{"family":"Castaldi","given":"Paolo"},{"family":"Celli","given":"S"},{"family":"Chabab","given":"M"},{"family":"Chau","given":"Thien"},{"family":"Chen","given":"A"},{"family":"Cherubini","given":"S"},{"family":"Chiarella","given":"V"},{"family":"Chiarusi","given":"T"},{"family":"Circella","given":"M"},{"family":"Cocimano","given":"R"},{"family":"Coelho","given":"JAB"},{"family":"Coleiro","given":"A"},{"family":"Molla","given":"Marta"},{"family":"Colonges","given":"S"},{"family":"Coniglione","given":"R"},{"family":"Corredoira","given":"I"},{"family":"Cosquer","given":"A"},{"family":"Coyle","given":"P"},{"family":"Creusot","given":"A"},{"family":"Cuttone","given":"G"},{"family":"Damato","given":"C"},{"family":"Donofrio","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Dallier","given":"R"},{"family":"Palma","given":"MD"},{"family":"Palma","given":"ID"},{"family":"Díaz","given":"AF"},{"family":"Diego-Tortosa","given":"D"},{"family":"Distefano","given":"C"},{"family":"Domi","given":"Alba"},{"family":"Donà","given":"R"},{"family":"Donzaud","given":"C"},{"family":"Dornic","given":"D"},{"family":"Dörr","given":"M"},{"family":"Drouhin","given":"D"},{"family":"Eberl","given":"T"},{"family":"Eddyamoui","given":"A"},{"family":"Eeden","given":"Thijs"},{"family":"Eijk","given":"DV"},{"family":"Bojaddaini","given":"IE"},{"family":"Elsäesser","given":"D"},{"family":"Enzenhöfer","given":"A"},{"family":"Espinosa","given":"V"},{"family":"Fermani","given":"P"},{"family":"Ferrara","given":"G"},{"family":"Filipović","given":"MD"},{"family":"Filippini","given":"F"},{"family":"Fusco","given":"L"},{"family":"Gabella","given":"Omar"},{"family":"Gal","given":"T"},{"family":"Soto","given":"AG"},{"family":"Garufi","given":"F"},{"family":"Gatelet","given":"Y"},{"family":"Geißelbrecht","given":"N"},{"family":"Gialanella","given":"L"},{"family":"Giorgio","given":"E"},{"family":"Gostiaux","given":"Louis"},{"family":"Gozzini","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Gracía","given":"R"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1748-0221/15/11/p11027","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/11/p11027","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4280583781","type":"article-journal","title":"Uncertain Accelerated Sea-Level Rise, Potential Consequences, and Adaptive Strategies in The Netherlands","abstract":"Recent observations and publications have presented the possibility of a high and accelerated sea-level rise (SLR) later this century due to ice sheet instability and retreat in Antarctica. Under a high warming scenario, this may result in a sea level in 2100 that is up to 2 m higher than present and 5 m in 2150. The large uncertainties in these projections significantly increase the challenge for investment planning in coastal strategies in densely populated coastal zones such as the Netherlands. In this paper, we present the results of two studies that were carried out within the framework of the Dutch Delta Programme. The first study showed that it is not only the absolute SLR that presents a challenge but also the annual rate of rise. The latter impacts the lifetime of constructions such as barriers and pumping stations. When the rate of sea-level rise increases up to several centimeters per year, the intended lifetime of a flood defense structure may be reduced from a century to several decades. This new challenge requires new technologies, experiments, strategies, and governance. The second study explored different strategies for the long term to adapt to high SLR (>1 m) and assessed the consequences thereof on adaptation and developments in the coming 2–3 decades. We believe that strategic choices have to be made regarding the permanent closure of estuaries, the pumping or periodic storage of high river discharges, agriculture in an increasingly saline coastal area, and the maintenance of the coastline by beach nourishments. These strategic choices have to be complemented by no-regret measures such as spatial reservations for future sand extraction (for beach nourishments) and future expansion of flood defenses, water discharge, and water storage. In addition, it is advised to include flexibility in the design of new infrastructure.","author":[{"family":"Alphen","given":"Jos"},{"family":"Haasnoot","given":"Marjolijn"},{"family":"Diermanse","given":"Ferdinand"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/w14101527","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w14101527","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3125993880","type":"article-journal","title":"Blood biochemical status of deep-sea sharks following longline capture in the Gulf of Mexico","abstract":"ABSTRACT Prior to the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill, little research effort was focused on studying deep-sea sharks in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). While the biology of these fishes remains virtually unknown, they are routinely captured in commercial fisheries as bycatch. In the absence of basic biological data, and with the probability of post-release survival unknown for most species, effective management plans cannot be formulated, making populations highly susceptible to overfishing. Any potential detrimental effects of the DWH oil spill, which occurred at 1500 m deep, are also unknown. Following longline capture, we characterized the physiological blood biochemical parameters related to secondary stress and compared them among seven shark species occurring on the continental shelf edge and slope in the GoM at depths ranging from 200 to 2000 m. We also investigated the relationship between blood parameters and depth as well as proximity to the oil spill site. The deep-sea sharks examined here exhibited variability in blood chemistry associated with the secondary stress response, with values falling within published records for previously studied elasmobranchs. Results suggested that there is greater relative physiological stress in shallower-dwelling sharks as well as smaller-bodied sharks. Further, the rate of core temperature warming was fastest in smaller bodied sharks, which likely contributes to greater physiological stress. The core temperatures of the larger-bodied, deeper-dwelling species were not altered as drastically as the smaller-bodied sharks after being hauled to the surface. Any chronic physiological effects of the oil spill were not detectable as there were no relevant correlations between blood chemistry metrics and proximity to the DWH oil spill site.","author":[{"family":"Prohaska","given":"Bianca"},{"family":"Talwar","given":"Brendan"},{"family":"Grubbs","given":"RD"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1093/conphys/coaa113","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coaa113","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3214568729","type":"article-journal","title":"Splitting of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is common in Narnaviridae: Identification of a type II divided RdRp from deep-sea fungal isolates","abstract":"Abstract Until recently, it was accepted that RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is the only essential gene for non-retro RNA viruses and is encoded by a single open reading frame (ORF) in their genomes. However, divided RdRps that are coded by two ORFs were discovered in fungal RNA viruses in a few independent reports. This discovery showed higher plasticity of viral RdRp than was expected. Among these divided RdRps, the division site was common; specifically, the first part of the RdRp contains motifs F, A, and B, whereas the latter part possesses motifs C and D. These RdRps are designated as type I divided RdRp and have been limited to viruses in a specific clade of Narnaviridae. In this study, to further understand the plasticity of RdRp, we explored viruses from deep sea–derived fungal strains as an untapped resource with a focus on Aspergillus section Versicolores. Seven strains were found to be infected by a total of 13 viruses, and the viral RNA genomes were determined by fragmented and primer-ligated double-stranded RNA sequencing technology. Among them, six strains belong to Narnaviridae. One of the strains, Aspergillus tennesseensis narnavirus 1, which infects an Aspergillus tennesseensis, has a divided RdRp with a new division site (referred to as type II divided RdRp). A couple of sequences for possible type II divided RdRps were also detected in public metagenomic data sets. Our findings reveal that different types of divisions in RdRp are present in the virosphere, and two types of RdRp splitting occurred independently within Narnaviridae.","author":[{"family":"Chiba","given":"Yuto"},{"family":"Oiki","given":"Sayoko"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yanjie"},{"family":"Nagano","given":"Yuriko"},{"family":"Urayama","given":"Syun‐ichi"},{"family":"Hagiwara","given":"Daisuke"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1093/ve/veab095","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/veab095","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4212984022","type":"article-journal","title":"Advances, Applications, and Comparison of Thermal (Pasteurization, Sterilization, and Aseptic Packaging) against Non-Thermal (Ultrasounds, UV Radiation, Ozonation, High Hydrostatic Pressure) Technologies in Food Processing","abstract":"Nowadays, food treatment technologies are constantly evolving due to an increasing demand for healthier and tastier food with longer shelf lives. In this review, our aim is to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of some of the most exploited industrial techniques for food processing and microorganism deactivation, dividing them into those that exploit high temperatures (pasteurization, sterilization, aseptic packaging) and those that operate thanks to their inherent chemical–physical principles (ultrasound, ultraviolet radiation, ozonation, high hydrostatic pressure). The traditional thermal methods can reduce the number of pathogenic microorganisms to safe levels, but non-thermal technologies can also reduce or remove the adverse effects that occur using high temperatures. In the case of ultrasound, which inactivates pathogens, recent advances in food treatment are reported. Throughout the text, novel discoveries of the last decade are presented, and non-thermal methods have been demonstrated to be more attractive for processing a huge variety of foods. Preserving the quality and nutritional values of the product itself and at the same time reducing bacteria and extending shelf life are the primary targets of conscious producers, and with non-thermal technologies, they are increasingly possible.","author":[{"family":"Chiozzi","given":"Viola"},{"family":"Agriopoulou","given":"Sofia"},{"family":"Varzakas","given":"Theodoros"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app12042202","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app12042202","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W2976566279","type":"article-journal","title":"6G Wireless Communication Systems: Applications, Requirements, Technologies, Challenges, and Research Directions","abstract":"The demand for wireless connectivity has grown exponentially over the last few decades. Fifth-generation (5G) communications, with far more features than fourth-generation communications, will soon be deployed worldwide. A new paradigm of wireless communication, the sixth-generation (6G) system, with the full support of artificial intelligence, is expected to be implemented between 2027 and 2030. Beyond 5G, some fundamental issues that need to be addressed are higher system capacity, higher data rate, lower latency, higher security, and improved quality of service (QoS) compared to the 5G system. This paper presents the vision of future 6G wireless communication and its network architecture. This article describes emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, terahertz communications, wireless optical technology, free-space optical network, blockchain, three-dimensional networking, quantum communications, unmanned aerial vehicles, cell-free communications, integration of wireless information and energy transfer, integrated sensing and communication, integrated access-backhaul networks, dynamic network slicing, holographic beamforming, backscatter communication, intelligent reflecting surface, proactive caching, and big data analytics that can assist the 6G architecture development in guaranteeing the QoS. Besides, expected applications with 6G communication requirements and possible technologies are presented. We also describe potential challenges and research directions for achieving this goal.","author":[{"family":"Chowdhury","given":"Mostafa"},{"family":"Shahjalal","given":"Md"},{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Shakil"},{"family":"Jang","given":"Yeong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/ojcoms.2020.3010270","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2020.3010270","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4213023408","type":"article-journal","title":"Unexpected fish and squid in the central Arctic deep scattering layer","abstract":"The retreating ice cover of the Central Arctic Ocean (CAO) fuels speculations on future fisheries. However, very little is known about the existence of harvestable fish stocks in this 3.3 million-square kilometer ecosystem around the North Pole. Crossing the Eurasian Basin, we documented an uninterrupted 3170-kilometer-long deep scattering layer (DSL) with zooplankton and small fish in the Atlantic water layer at 100- to 500-meter depth. Diel vertical migration of this central Arctic DSL was lacking most of the year when daily light variation was absent. Unexpectedly, the DSL also contained low abundances of Atlantic cod, along with lanternfish, armhook squid, and Arctic endemic ice cod. The Atlantic cod originated from Norwegian spawning grounds and had lived in Arctic water temperature for up to 6 years. The potential fish abundance was far below commercially sustainable levels and is expected to remain so because of the low productivity of the CAO.","author":[{"family":"Snoeijs","given":"Pauline"},{"family":"Flores","given":"Hauke"},{"family":"Sakınan","given":"Serdar"},{"family":"Hildebrandt","given":"Nicole"},{"family":"Svenson","given":"Anders"},{"family":"Castellani","given":"Giulia"},{"family":"Vane","given":"Kim"},{"family":"Mark","given":"Felix"},{"family":"Heuzé","given":"Céline"},{"family":"Tippenhauer","given":"Sandra"},{"family":"Niehoff","given":"Barbara"},{"family":"Hjelm","given":"Joakim"},{"family":"Hentatisundberg","given":"Jonas"},{"family":"Schaafsma","given":"Fokje"},{"family":"Engelmann","given":"Ronny"},{"family":"Maes","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Canneyt","given":"Margo"},{"family":"Team","given":"The"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.abj7536","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj7536","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4280514101","type":"article-journal","title":"Possible Tsunami-Induced Sediment Transport From Coral Reef to Deep Sea Through Submarine Canyons on the Southern Ryukyu Forearc, Japan","abstract":"Submarine canyons are efficient sediment transport pathways from shallow marine areas to deep sea. Along active margins, large tsunamis are a trigger for sediment transport to deep sea. However, sediment transport through submarine canyons by such extreme wave events in the carbonate depositional environments has not been fully understood. Large tsunamis have repeatedly struck the coral reef islands of the southern Ryukyu Islands and have transported large boulders composed of coral from the reef to shore. In this study, we examined sediment cores collected near the mouths of submarine canyons and basin floor on the southern Ryukyu arc’s forearc. The presence of coarse calciturbidites containing coral, molluskan fragments, and coral reef benthic foraminifera was limited on the submarine fan formed at the mouth of the reef-connected and shelf-incised submarine canyon. In cores collected near the mouth of shelf-incised submarine canyons with no reef connection and slope-confined canyons, no coarse calciturbidite is observed. Few calciturbidites were found in more downslope cores, implying that most calcareous grains derived from shallow marine areas were deposited on this fan. Depositional intervals of turbidites were calculated to be several hundred–a few thousand years, which agree with the recurrence intervals of large tsunamis estimated from onshore tsunami deposits, based on radiocarbon dates in hemipelagic mud intervals. No temporal change in the depositional intervals of calciturbidites in the cores from the submarine fan since the last glacial maximum. Therefore, the tsunamis may be an important mechanism for surface sediment reworking in coral reefs, and shelf-incised and reef-connected submarine canyons can play an important role in the efficient transport of shallow marine calcareous grains to the deep sea.","author":[{"family":"Ikehara","given":"Ken"},{"family":"Kanamatsu","given":"Toshiya"},{"family":"Usami","given":"Kazuko"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3389/feart.2022.753583","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.753583","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3004990687","type":"article-journal","title":"Structural studies reveal a ring-shaped architecture of deep-sea vent phage NrS-1 polymerase","abstract":"NrS-1 is the first known phage that can infect Epsilonproteobacteria, one of the predominant primary producers in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems. NrS-1 polymerase is a multidomain enzyme and is one key component of the phage replisome. The N-terminal Prim/Pol and HBD domains are responsible for DNA polymerization and de novo primer synthesis activities of NrS-1 polymerase. However, the structure and function of the C-terminus (CTR) of NrS-1 polymerase are poorly understood. Here, we report two crystal structures, showing that NrS-1 CTR adopts one unique hexameric ring-shaped conformation. Although the central helicase domain of NrS-1 CTR shares structural similarity with the superfamily III helicases, the folds of the Head and Tail domains are completely novel. Via mutagenesis and in vitro biochemical analysis, we identified many residues important for the helicase and polymerization activities of NrS-1 polymerase. In addition to NrS-1 polymerase, our study may also help us identify and understand the functions of multidomain polymerases expressed by many NrS-1 related phages.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Xi"},{"family":"Su","given":"Shichen"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Yiqing"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Yanqing"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yangyang"},{"family":"Shao","given":"Zhiwei"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yixi"},{"family":"Shao","given":"Qiyuan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Hehua"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jixi"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Jinbiao"},{"family":"Gan","given":"Jianhua"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1093/nar/gkaa071","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa071","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3201944560","type":"article-journal","title":"FLOCponics: The integration of biofloc technology with plant production","abstract":"Abstract FLOCponics is an alternative type of aquaponics that integrates biofloc technology (BFT) with soilless plant production. The aims of this paper are to present a detailed overview of the FLOCponics system's designs and performance, discuss their sustainability, highlight the current challenges, and give directions for future research. Data sources include papers containing the keywords bioflocs and hydroponics, aquaponics and/or plant production. In view of the small number of publications and the lack of standardization in experimental design and system setup, it was concluded that FLOCponics is still in its initial research stage. With respect to the animal and plant yields in FLOCponics, inconsistent results were found. Some investigations presented better or similar yield results in this system compared to traditional cultures, while others found the opposite. One of the key challenges of using FLOCponics is the effective control of solids. Refining the system's design was the main recommended improvement. Moreover, this paper highlights that the commercial application of FLOCponics will require extensive research that clarifies its technical and economic aspects, originating from experimental or pilot‐scale setups with characteristics similar to commercial production. This review provides and discusses information that can be useful for the effective development of FLOCponics, guiding further research to make FLOCponics commercially feasible and thus contributing to sustainable aquaculture production.","author":[{"family":"Pinho","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Lima","given":"Jéssica"},{"family":"David","given":"Luiz"},{"family":"Emerenciano","given":"Maurício"},{"family":"Goddek","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Verdegem","given":"MCJ"},{"family":"Keesman","given":"Karel"},{"family":"Portella","given":"Maria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1111/raq.12617","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12617","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3153774470","type":"article-journal","title":"Application of Motion Sensor Based on Neural Network in Basketball Technology and Physical Fitness Evaluation System","abstract":"Basketball is a sport that requires high athletes’ skills and physical fitness and is deeply loved by the people in our country. This paper studies the application of neural network‐based motion sensors in basketball technology and physical fitness evaluation system. The ideal effect of the system is to scientifically analyze relevant data through intelligent algorithms and provide more accurate diagnosis suggestions. Recognizing human movements requires collecting various data of the human body through motion sensors. The data acquisition components of this system are based on considerations of portability and power consumption and are equipped with equipment with strong computing power to realize the functions of data preprocessing, training, and recognition of the recognition model. The system only needs to send the data in the data collector to the computing device; it can effectively realize the action recognition and judge whether the athlete’s technical action and physical fitness level meet the standard. From the experimental data, the pass rate of the subjects in the 1000‐meter run was 83.3%, and the excellent rate was 10%; the pass rate in the 1‐mile run was 90%, and the excellent rate was 6.7%; and the pass rate in the 20‐meter round trip was only at 56.67%; it can be seen that there is still room for improvement in the reaction speed and agility of most subjects. According to intelligent data analysis, athletes can better understand where they have shortcomings and improve their physical fitness and basketball skills through targeted training.","author":[{"family":"Yuan","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Kamruzzaman","given":"MM"},{"family":"Shan","given":"Shaonan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1155/2021/5562954","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5562954","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3217106175","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep-Sea Fish Fauna on the Seamounts of Southern Japan with Taxonomic Notes on the Observed Species","abstract":"Several volcanic islands and submarine volcanoes exist in the sea connecting the Izu-Bonin Islands with the Mariana Islands, with trenches and islands formed by the submergence of the Pacific Plate under the Philippine Sea Plate. Although designated as a Marine Protected Area (MPA) in December 2020, the seamounts’ biodiversity has not been sufficiently researched. Therefore, direct observations and specimen sampling were conducted on four seamounts in this area using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), and baited cameras (BCs). The ROV survey was conducted for 2–4 days on each seamount and divided into shallow and deep areas. During the expedition, 20 orders and 51 families of 81 deep-sea fish species were observed, including several potentially undescribed species, new genus or species records from Japanese waters, new depth records, new ecological information, and several rare fishes. The fish fauna and biodiversity abundance clearly differed among the seamounts; the seamount with a hydrothermal vent had the lowest diversity among the four seamounts. In shallow water, 23, 7, and 12 species were recorded only by ROV, AUV, and BC, respectively, indicating that combining these methods is beneficial for understanding the fish fauna of seamounts.","author":[{"family":"Koeda","given":"Keita"},{"family":"Takashima","given":"Soutarou"},{"family":"Yamakita","given":"Takehisa"},{"family":"Tsuchida","given":"Shinji"},{"family":"Fujiwara","given":"Yoshihiro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse9111294","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111294","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4291465257","type":"article-journal","title":"Isolation and Identification of Luminescent Bacteria in Deep Sea Marine Organisms from Sicilian Waters (Mediterranean Sea)","abstract":"Luminescent bacteria are a fascinating component of marine microbial communities, often related to the light emissions in deep sea marine organisms. They are mainly affiliated with specific phylogenetic groups, such as Photobacterium, Vibrio, and Photorhabdus, and are sometimes involved in symbiotic relationships. However, the luminescence of some marine organisms remains a poorly understood process, and it is not always certain whether their luminescence is attributable to associated luminescent bacteria. In this study, for the first time, luminescent bacteria were isolated from two deep sea organisms, namely, the cephalopod Neorossia caroli and the teleost Chlorophthalmus agassizi. The isolation was carried out on glycerol-supplemented medium, and the search for the luxAB gene was performed on all isolates as a complementary tool to the culture-dependent techniques to detect bioluminescence by molecular approach. The optimum of salinity, temperature, and pH was evaluated by physiological tests for all isolates. The production of extracellular polymeric substances was also preliminarily screened. A total of 24 luminescent isolates were obtained, with an abundance from C. agassizi specimens. All the isolates were taxonomically characterized and were related to different species of Photobacterium, with the exception of Vibrio sp. CLD11 that was from C. agassizi. The luxAB gene was detected in about the 90% of the analysed strains.","author":[{"family":"Calogero","given":"Rosario"},{"family":"Rizzo","given":"Carmen"},{"family":"Arcadi","given":"Erika"},{"family":"Stipa","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Consoli","given":"Pierpaolo"},{"family":"Romeo","given":"Teresa"},{"family":"Battaglia","given":"Pietro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse10081113","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081113","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387653233","type":"article-journal","title":"Integration of Communication and Navigation Technologies toward LEO-Enabled 6G Networks: A Survey","abstract":"As the number of wireless applications and devices grows, higher standards for the quality of service and navigation performance of mobile networks are required. Numerous critical applications, including unmanned aerial vehicles, internet of things, digital twin, and military systems, require reliable communication and accurate navigation services. To meet these requirements, the development of the sixth generation (6G) network is necessary. 6G networks provide seamless 3-dimensional coverage in space–air–ground–sea area, as well as deep coupling of communication, sensing, and computation. 6G networks will be combined with low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites to construct a universal and intelligent integrated system of communication, sensing, and computing by utilizing the benefits of LEO satellites, such as miniaturization, modularity, large bandwidth, low latency, and wide area coverage. One of the critical construction tasks in this system is the integration of communication and navigation (ICAN), which can break the limitations of the global navigation satellite system, provide high-precision, robust navigation capability, and enable high-quality communication services. In this article, a comprehensive survey is presented for ICAN technologies toward LEO-enabled 6G networks (LEO-ICAN), including the framework design, system implementation, and key technologies. We also highlight the challenges and opportunities ahead faced by the LEO-ICAN system. Finally, the prospect development and future research trends are discussed, and a few ideas for practical and effective LEO-ICAN solutions are provided. This survey provides a reference for the theoretical design, technological innovation, and system implementation of LEO-ICAN, which is capable of coping with the demand of massive access and global seamless coverage in the upcoming 6G network era.","author":[{"family":"Liao","given":"Yihai"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Sicong"},{"family":"Hong","given":"Xuemin"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Jianghong"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Ling"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.34133/space.0092","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34133/space.0092","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3128301189","type":"article-journal","title":"Functional Self-Awareness and Metacontrol for Underwater Robot Autonomy","abstract":"that may affect them. Underwater robots, such as the UX-1 mine explorer developed in the UNEXMIN project, are paradigmatic examples of this need. Underwater robots are affected by both external and internal disturbances that hamper their capability for autonomous operation. Long-term autonomy requires not only the capability of perceiving and properly acting in open environments but also a sufficient degree of robustness and resilience so as to maintain and recover the operational functionality of the system when disturbed by unexpected events. In this article, we analyze the operational conditions for autonomous underwater robots with a special emphasis on the UX-1 miner explorer. We then describe a knowledge-based self-awareness and metacontrol subsystem that enables the autonomous reconfiguration of the robot subsystems to keep mission-oriented capability. This resilience augmenting solution is based on the deep modeling of the functional architecture of the autonomous robot in combination with ontological reasoning to allow self-diagnosis and reconfiguration during operation. This mechanism can transparently use robot functional redundancy to ensure mission satisfaction, even in the presence of faults.","author":[{"family":"Aguado","given":"Esther"},{"family":"Milošević","given":"Zorana"},{"family":"Hernández","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Sanz","given":"Ricardo"},{"family":"Garzón","given":"Mario"},{"family":"Bozhinoski","given":"Darko"},{"family":"Rossi","given":"Cláudio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s21041210","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041210","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4292999322","type":"article-journal","title":"Development and Control of Underwater Gliding Robots: A Review","abstract":"As one of the most effective vehicles for ocean development and exploration, underwater gliding robots (UGRs) have the unique characteristics of low energy consumption and strong endurance. Moreover, by borrowing the motion principles of current underwater robots, a variety of novel UGRs have emerged with improving their maneuverability, concealment, and environmental friendliness, which significantly broadens the ocean applications. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of underwater gliding robots, including prototype design and their key technologies. From the perspective of motion characteristics, we categorize the underwater gliding robots in terms of traditional underwater gliders (UGs), hybrid-driven UGs, bio-inspired UGs, thermal UGs, and others. Correspondingly, their buoyancy driven system, dynamic and energy model, and motion control are concluded with detailed analysis. Finally, we have discussed the current critical issues and future development. This review offers valuable insight into the development of next-generation underwater robots well-suited for various oceanic applications, and aims to gain more attention of researchers and engineers to this growing field.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Jian"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Zhengxing"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Huijie"},{"family":"Tan","given":"Min"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Junzhi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/jas.2022.105671","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jas.2022.105671","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4284881845","type":"article-journal","title":"A System for Autonomous Seaweed Farm Inspection with an Underwater Robot","abstract":"This paper outlines challenges and opportunities in operating underwater robots (so-called AUVs) on a seaweed farm. The need is driven by an emerging aquaculture industry on the Swedish west coast where large-scale seaweed farms are being developed. In this paper, the operational challenges are described and key technologies in using autonomous systems as a core part of the operation are developed and demonstrated. The paper presents a system and methods for operating an AUV in the seaweed farm, including initial localization of the farm based on a prior estimate and dead-reckoning navigation, and the subsequent scanning of the entire farm. Critical data from sidescan sonars for algorithm development are collected from real environments at a test site in the ocean, and the results are demonstrated in a simulated seaweed farm setup.","author":[{"family":"Stenius","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Folkesson","given":"John"},{"family":"Bhat","given":"Sriharsha"},{"family":"Sprague","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Li","given":"Ling"},{"family":"Özkahraman","given":"Özer"},{"family":"Bore","given":"Nils"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Cong"},{"family":"Severholt","given":"Josefine"},{"family":"Ljung","given":"Carl"},{"family":"Arnwald","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Torroba","given":"Ignacio"},{"family":"Gröndahl","given":"Fredrïk"},{"family":"Thomas","given":"Jean"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s22135064","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22135064","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3165302916","type":"article-journal","title":"Cartilage structure increases swimming efficiency of underwater robots","abstract":"Underwater robots are useful for exploring valuable resources and marine life. Traditional underwater robots use screw propellers, which may be harmful to marine life. In contrast, robots that incorporate the swimming principles, morphologies, and softness of aquatic animals are expected to be more adaptable to the surrounding environment. Rajiform is one of the swimming forms observed in nature, which swims by generating the traveling waves on flat large pectoral fins. From an anatomical point of view, Rajiform fins consist of cartilage structures encapsulated in soft tissue, thereby realizing anisotropic stiffness. We hypothesized that such anisotropy is responsible for the generation of traveling waves that enable a highly efficient swimming. We validate our hypothesis through the development of a stingray robot made of silicone-based cartilages and soft tissue. For comparison, we fabricate a robot without cartilages, as well as the one combining soft tissue and cartilage materials. The fabricated robots are tested to clarify their stiffness and swimming performance. The results show that inclusion of cartilage structure in the robot fins increases the swimming efficiency. It is suggested that arrangement and distribution of soft and hard areas inside the body structure is a key factor to realize high-performance soft underwater robots.","author":[{"family":"Yurugi","given":"Masaki"},{"family":"Shimanokami","given":"Makoto"},{"family":"Nagai","given":"Toshiaki"},{"family":"Shintake","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Ikemoto","given":"Yusuke"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-021-90926-9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90926-9","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4311842855","type":"article-journal","title":"Study on Obstacle Avoidance Strategy Using Multiple Ultrasonic Sensors for Spherical Underwater Robots","abstract":"During marine missions, autonomous underwater robots (AUVs) are susceptible to external disturbances, such as obstacles and ocean currents, which can easily cause mission failure or disconnection. Therefore, it is an extremely challenging task to ensure that AUVs have autonomous obstacle avoidance in the presence of multiple stationary and moving obstacles. This article focuses on developing an obstacle avoidance control strategy for the spherical underwater robot (SUR) we designed based on the ultrasonic sensor array, which considers the robot’s kinematic and dynamic model and ultrasonic sensor characteristics, simultaneously. The control law combines the guidance law and Lyapunov theory to realize real-time following and obstacle avoidance. In addition, a series of simulation and real-environment experiments are performed to validate the proposed control strategy for detecting unknown environments. Furthermore, some comparative experiments are performed and discussed to evaluate the overall performance of the control strategy in terms of the obstacle velocity, total time, and tracking error. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed control strategy in underwater environment.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Chunying"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Shuxiang"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Jian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/jsen.2022.3220246","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2022.3220246","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4285309168","type":"article-journal","title":"Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Thruster for Spherical Underwater Robots","abstract":"In this paper, a hybrid thruster for spherical underwater robots was developed and its performance was evaluated. The objective of this work was to improve the execution efficiency, multimodality and maneuverability of the autonomous underwater robot (AUV). Firstly, using meshing method, the open-water performance and flow field of individual water-jet and propeller thruster were analyzed. Numerical simulations were calculated and verified using experimental data. Then, the interaction between the hybrid thrusters were discussed, the flow field characteristics and hydrodynamic performance of the hybrid propulsion system were validated through streamline and pressure distribution. Finally, the hybrid propulsion system was designed, the thrust measurement experiments and the basic motion experiments for spherical underwater robot (SUR) using a hybrid thruster were carried out, including water-jet mode, propeller mode and the hybrid mode. The experimental results further verified the performance of the hybrid propulsion system, which meet the requirements of rapidity and flexibility, as well as the feasibility of underwater applications.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Chunying"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Shuxiang"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Jian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tim.2022.3178700","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3178700","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4296345873","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and Control of an Underwater Robot Based on Hybrid Propulsion of Quadrotor and Bionic Undulating Fin","abstract":"Stable, quiet, and efficient propulsion methods are essential for underwater robots to complete their tasks in a complex marine environment. However, with a single propulsion method, such as propeller propulsion and bionic propulsion, it is difficult to achieve high efficiency and high mobility at the same time. Based on the advantages of the high-efficiency propulsion of a bionic undulating fin and the stable control of the propeller, an underwater robot based on the hybrid propulsion of a quadrotor and undulating fin is proposed in this paper. This paper first introduces the mechanical implementation of the underwater robot. Then, based on kinematic modeling and theoretical derivation, the underwater motion and attitude of the robot are analyzed and the 6-DOF dynamic equation of the robot is established. Finally, the underwater motion performance of the robot is verified through field experiments. The experimental results show that the robot can realize the heave motion, surge motion, and in-situ steering motion independently and can hover stably. When the undulating frequency is 6 Hz, the maximum propulsion speed of the robot can reach up to 1.2 m/s (1.5 BL/s).","author":[{"family":"Zeng","given":"Xiaofeng"},{"family":"Xia","given":"Minghai"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Zirong"},{"family":"Shang","given":"Jianzhong"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Yuze"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Qian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse10091327","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091327","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4280498615","type":"article-journal","title":"Soft Multi-Directional Force Sensor for Underwater Robotic Application","abstract":"Tactile information is crucial for recognizing physical interactions, manipulation of an object, and motion planning for a robotic gripper; however, concurrent tactile technologies have certain limitations over directional force sensing. In particular, they are expensive, difficult to fabricate, and mostly unsuitable for underwater use. Here, we present a facile and cost-effective synthesis technique of a flexible multi-directional force sensing system, which is also favorable to be utilized in underwater environments. We made use of four flex sensors within a silicone-made hemispherical shell structure. Each sensor was placed 90° apart and aligned with the curve of the hemispherical shape. If the force is applied on the top of the hemisphere, all the flex sensors would bend uniformly and yield nearly identical readings. When force is applied from a different direction, a set of flex sensors would characterize distinctive output patterns to localize the point of contact as well as the direction and magnitude of the force. The deformation of the fabricated soft sensor due to applied force was simulated numerically and compared with the experimental results. The fabricated sensor was experimentally calibrated and tested for characterization including an underwater demonstration. This study would widen the scope of identification of multi-directional force sensing, especially for underwater soft robotic applications.","author":[{"family":"Subad","given":"Rafsan"},{"family":"Saikot","given":"Md"},{"family":"Park","given":"Kihan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s22103850","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22103850","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3046825707","type":"article-journal","title":"Current Algorithms, Communication Methods and Designs for Underwater Swarm Robotics: A Review","abstract":"As technology advances, the places we have been able to explore have drastically increased. However, the advancements in the underwater realm have staggered behind both the exploration of surface and air domains. This is due in part to the challenges that arise when placing a robot in water. One current shift has seen the use of a swarm of robots that are cheaper and are of a lower quality, that work together to accomplish a common goal, as opposed to using a single expensive robot. Swarm robotics benefits from being more tolerant of catastrophic failure and can cover large areas in smaller time frames. However, unlike other advancements in technology, underwater swarm robotics have struggled to compete with its counterparts on the surface and in the air. This is mainly due to the problems with communication underwater, the hazardous environment, the cost and difficulties with construction of underwater robots. This article conducts a literature review into the current state of underwater swarm robotics; it covers the design of the underwater robots, the methods used by the individual robot to perceive their environment, how they can localize to said environment, the methods of communication available underwater, centralized and decentralized control, the basis of swarm algorithms, the behaviors that are exhibited when a swarm works collectively and how swarms have been applied underwater.","author":[{"family":"Connor","given":"Jack"},{"family":"Champion","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Joordens","given":"Matthew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/jsen.2020.3013265","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2020.3013265","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3121711171","type":"article-journal","title":"IoT Based Underwater Robot for Water Quality Monitoring","abstract":"Abstract With the rising population in India, an increase in requirement of fresh water for agricultural, industrial and other purposes is being witnessed. As such fresh water management has become the need of the hour. In this model automated evaluation of water quality such as its ph value, turbidity and temperature is done. For underwater communication, ESP32 is being used because of its inbuilt Wi-Fi and low power consumption. Machine to Machine communication (i.e. devices communicating with each other and accordingly processing the data efficiently), pH sensor and turbidity meter have been integrated in developing this IoT based project. Adding to this, machine understanding algorithm using K Means has been used in analyzing the water quality based on predefined standards. This project has been developed as a small prototype consisting of low-cost embedded devices such as ESP32, Arduino Uno.","author":[{"family":"Gupta","given":"Swapnil"},{"family":"Kohli","given":"Monika"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Rajeev"},{"family":"Bandral","given":"S"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1757-899x/1033/1/012013","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1033/1/012013","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3198300447","type":"article-journal","title":"Visual-Pressure Fusion for Underwater Robot Localization With Online Initialization","abstract":"The motion of underwater robot is usually slow, which leads to large scale error easily introduced in the positioning method based on monocular Visual Inertial Odometry (VIO). To solve the above problem, we present a positioning method based on visual-pressure fusion in this letter. Firstly, it is proved by observability analysis that when the robot's motion is not on the same horizontal plane, the system scale can be uniquely determined by monocular image and depth information; secondly, a novel visual-pressure initialization method is proposed, which can calculate the system scale and initial attitude with respect to world frame online; finally, we integrate our method into current advanced monocular Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) system, and the effectiveness and superiority of the method are verified by experiments on simulation datasets and real datasets.","author":[{"family":"Hu","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Shiqiang"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Yiming"},{"family":"Mu","given":"Zonghao"},{"family":"Song","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/lra.2021.3108584","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2021.3108584","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3136675013","type":"article-journal","title":"Initial Development of the Hybrid Aerial Underwater Robotic System (HAUCS): Internet of Things (IoT) for Aquaculture Farms","abstract":"Aquaculture, especially fish farming, plays a vital role in ensuring food security in the United States and worldwide. However, for fish farming to be sustainable and economically viable, drastic improvements to the current labor-intensive and resource-inefficient operations are required. The hybrid aerial/underwater robotic system (HAUCS) aims to bring fundamental innovations to how pond-based farms operate. HAUCS is an end-to-end framework that consists of three principal subsystems: 1) a team of collaborative aero-amphibious robotic sensing platforms integrated with water quality sensors; 2) a land-based home station that can provide automated charging and sensor cleaning; and 3) a backend processing center that includes a machine-learning-based water quality prediction model and farm control center. HAUCS will be capable of collaborative monitoring and decision-making on farms of varying scales. The HAUCS platform, payload, and prediction model are discussed. The initial deployment of the HAUCS framework at a land-based aquaculture fish farm is presented.","author":[{"family":"Ouyang","given":"Bing"},{"family":"Wills","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Yufei"},{"family":"Hallstrom","given":"Jason"},{"family":"Su","given":"Tsung"},{"family":"Namuduri","given":"Kamesh"},{"family":"Mukherjee","given":"Srijita"},{"family":"Rodriguez-Labra","given":"Jose"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yanjun"},{"family":"Ouden","given":"Casey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/jiot.2021.3068571","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2021.3068571","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4210535038","type":"article-journal","title":"Electric Sense Based Pose Estimation and Localization for Small Underwater Robots","abstract":"Accurate pose estimation and localization technology is always a challenge for small underwater robots, since the underwater lighting conditions could limit the use of cameras while the cramped environments restrict the use of sonars. In nature, some fishes perceive other creatures by sensing the weakly changes in their environmental electric field. Inspired by such passive electric sense behavior in fish, this letter presents an electro-localization scheme based on passive electric sense for short-distance accurate pose estimation and localization of small underwater robots. Our scheme includes a hardware solution to the electric sense and a pose estimation method. Specifically, first, we design a hardware solution including an electric emitter placed in the underwater environment and an electric receiver that can be carried by a small underwater robot. Then we construct the theoretical model of the electric field generated by our designed hardware. Finally, we propose an electric sense based method to estimate the position and orientation of the free-swimming robot, where a particle filter is utilized to combine the odometer and electric sense based measurements while the dynamic model of the robot is also included. Localization experiments for the small underwater robot equipped with the electric receiver are conducted, and the experimental results demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of our proposed electric sense based pose estimation approach, especially in position estimation.","author":[{"family":"Zheng","given":"Junzheng"},{"family":"Huntrakul","given":"Chayutpon"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Chen"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Guangming"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/lra.2022.3145094","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2022.3145094","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4312302304","type":"article-journal","title":"H-SURF: Heterogeneous Swarm of Underwater Robotic Fish","abstract":"In this paper, we presented a new underwater swarm system called H-SURF: Heterogeneous Swarm of Underwater Robotic Fish, consisting of a school of artificial robotic fish cooperating to perform specific tasks in the underwater environment by algorithms of decentralized control. Moreover, they interact and are supported by two additional platforms: a floater and a sinker. The first one is used to guarantee connection and communication with land-based research station, while the second is used to provide telepresence underwater. The system has been entirely designed, developed and realized within this project. The hardware components and software architecture are here exposed.","author":[{"family":"Iacoponi","given":"Saverio"},{"family":"Vuuren","given":"Godfried"},{"family":"Santaera","given":"Gaspare"},{"family":"Mankovskii","given":"Nikita"},{"family":"Zhilin","given":"Igor"},{"family":"Renda","given":"Federico"},{"family":"Stefanini","given":"Cesare"},{"family":"Masi","given":"G"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/oceans47191.2022.9977253","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/oceans47191.2022.9977253","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3082461626","type":"article-journal","title":"Analysis of a novel autonomous underwater robot for biofouling prevention and inspection in fish farms","abstract":"Biofouling is a challenge for finfish farming as it can impact cage stability and fish health. Amongst others, current strategies against biofouling rely heavily on removal of biofouling using in-situ pressure cleaning of nets. The cleaning waste is released into the water where it can impact the health of the cultured fish. Grooming, the regular cleaning of nets to prevent biofouling communities from establishing, is one novel strategy that is currently explored using tethered underwater robots. In addition, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are used for inspection of the net to ensure its integrity and prevent fish escapes, while stationary sensors at the farm barge are employed to extrapolate on environmental conditions in the net pens. In this paper, the requirements for a permanently resident, autonomous and tetherless subsea robot for cleaning and inspection are proposed. As such, the robot aims to combine several application areas and offer a solution to the biofouling challenge while at the same time improving safeguarding of net integrity and monitoring of environmental conditions directly in the pen. Using the SEATONOMY method from an operational viewpoint, the robot's individual operations are analysed. This included i) Environmental condition monitoring, ii) Net and biofouling inspection, iii) Growth prevention and iv) Docking. As a result, the specifications and requirements for the development of a novel robotic system that is able to simultaneously and autonomously perform inspection, growth prevention and monitoring in fish cages were derived. The paper proposes the development of a new technology and biofouling management strategy that will contribute to increase the efficiency and production demands in the aquaculture industry.","author":[{"family":"Ohrem","given":"Sveinung"},{"family":"Kelasidi","given":"Eleni"},{"family":"Bloecher","given":"Nina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/med48518.2020.9183157","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/med48518.2020.9183157","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3034944244","type":"article-journal","title":"A Self-triggered Position Based Visual Servoing Model Predictive Control Scheme for Underwater Robotic Vehicles","abstract":"An efficient position based visual sevroing control approach for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) by employing Non-linear Model Predictive Control (N-MPC) is designed and presented in this work. In the proposed scheme, a mechanism is incorporated within the vision-based controller that determines when the Visual Tracking Algorithm (VTA) should be activated and new control inputs should be calculated. More specifically, the control loop does not close periodically, i.e., between two consecutive activations (triggering instants), the control inputs calculated by the N-MPC at the previous triggering time instant are applied to the underwater robot in an open-loop mode. This results in a significantly smaller number of requested measurements from the vision tracking algorithm, as well as less frequent computations of the non-linear predictive control law. This results in a reduction in processing time as well as energy consumption and, therefore, increases the accuracy and autonomy of the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle. The latter is of paramount importance for persistent underwater inspection tasks. Moreover, the Field of View constraints (FoV), control input saturation, the kinematic limitations due to the underactuated degree of freedom in sway direction, and the effect of the model uncertainties as well as external disturbances have been considered during the control design. In addition, the stability and convergence of the closed-loop system has been guaranteed analytically. Finally, the efficiency and performance of the proposed vision-based control framework is demonstrated through a comparative real-time experimental study while using a small underwater vehicle.","author":[{"family":"Heshmati-Alamdari","given":"Shahab"},{"family":"Eqtami","given":"Alina"},{"family":"Karras","given":"George"},{"family":"Dimarogonas","given":"Dimos"},{"family":"Kyriakopoulos","given":"Kostas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/machines8020033","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines8020033","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3159162452","type":"article-journal","title":"Soft Underwater Robot Actuated by Shape-Memory Alloys “JellyRobcib” for Path Tracking through Fuzzy Visual Control","abstract":"Recent developments in bioinspired technologies combined with the advance of intelligent and soft materials have allowed soft robots to replicate the behavior of different animal species. These devices can perform complicated tasks such as reaching or adapting in constrained and unstructured environments. This article proposes a methodology to develop a soft robot called “JellyRobcib” inspired in morphology and behavior by jellyfish, using shape-memory alloy springs as actuators (as bio-muscles). Such actuators can move the jellyfish both vertically and laterally by applying closed-loop fuzzy and visual controls. Additionally, Computer-Assisted Designs and Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations have been carried out to validate the soft robot model. The results show that the robot movements are very close to the morphological behavior of a real jellyfish regarding the curves of displacements, speeds and accelerations, after performing several experiments for autonomous movement: vertical ascent, lateral movements and trajectory tracking, obtaining an accuracy of ±1479 cm and repeatability of 0.944 for lateral movements for fuzzy visual control. Furthermore, thermal measurements were taken throughout a given path, allowing the generation of temperature gradients within the underwater environment for monitoring purposes.","author":[{"family":"Ulloa","given":"Christyan"},{"family":"Terrile","given":"Silvia"},{"family":"Barrientos","given":"Antonio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app10207160","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207160","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3173829113","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and experimental evaluation of the novel undulatory propulsors for biomimetic underwater robots","abstract":"Inspired by wide and elongated fins of aquatic species, robotic undulatory propulsors are developed to achieve advanced maneuverability. Through biological observation, undulatory fins are typically comprised of more than 100 fin rays to propagate continuous and diverse propulsive waves for agile locomotion. Due to practical engineering restrictions, most robotic undulatory propulsors are characterized by limit number of long fin rays which intersect flexible fin surfaces as backbones and partition them into multiple membrane-like segments. As spatially discrete surfaces affect waves traveling and thrust efficiency, a novel undulatory propulsor has been proposed in this paper. By taking advantage of an arc-shaped fin surface and its material properties, the newly developed undulatory propulsor is equipped with a series of custom designed fin rays, which are only fastened on the inner edge of fin surface so that the unconstrained part is flexural passively to form a smooth fin profile. To discuss appropriate fin surface configurations for such newly developed propulsor, a series of experiments have been conducted to explore the effects of fin surface material, thickness and morphology on thrust and power consumption. Results reveal the fin surface made of nitrile rubber with 2 mm thickness and aspect ratio of 0.33 is highly recommended when taking into account both propulsive forces and loads suffered by fin rays' actuators. To validate the improvement of thrust efficiency, comparison experiments have been carried out between the conventional and the newly developed undulatory propulsors. The findings indicate smooth sinusoid-like fin profiles contribute to wave propagation, which makes the newly developed undulatory fin outperform the conventional one. Finally, a rajiform-inspired robot prototype has been introduced to assess multi-DOFs maneuverability. The experiments show the biomimetic robot can achieve diverse locomotion including swimming forward, turning in-place and rising/diving propelled by a pair of undulatory propulsors.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Yaxin"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Lingguo"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Ren","given":"Cheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1748-3190/ac10b0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac10b0","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4200033041","type":"article-journal","title":"Multiple Bio-Inspired Father–Son Underwater Robot for Underwater Target Object Acquisition and Identification","abstract":"Underwater target acquisition and identification performed by manipulators having broad application prospects and value in the field of marine development. Conventional manipulators are too heavy to be used for small target objects and unsuitable for shallow sea working. In this paper, a bio-inspired Father-Son Underwater Robot System (FURS) is designed for underwater target object image acquisition and identification. Our spherical underwater robot (SUR), as the father underwater robot of the FURS, has the ability of strong dynamic balance and good maneuverability, can realize approach the target area quickly, and then cruise and surround the target object. A coiling mechanism was installed on SUR for the recycling and release of the son underwater robot. A Salamandra-inspired son underwater robot is used as the manipulator of the FURS, which is connected to the spherical underwater robot by a tether. The son underwater robot has multiple degrees of freedom and realizes both swimming and walking movement modes. The son underwater robot can move to underwater target objects. The vision system is installed to enable the FURS to acquire the image information of the target object with the aid of the camera, and also to identify the target object. Finally, verification experiments are conducted in an indoor water tank and outdoor swimming pool conditions to verify the effectiveness of the proposed in this paper.","author":[{"family":"An","given":"Ruochen"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Shuxiang"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Yuanhua"},{"family":"Li","given":"Chunying"},{"family":"Awa","given":"Tendeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/mi13010025","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13010025","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3202130634","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-sensor fusion for underwater robot self-localization using PC/BC-DIM neural network","abstract":"Purpose Self-localization of an underwater robot using global positioning sensor and other radio positioning systems is not possible, as an alternative onboard sensor-based self-location estimation provides another possible solution. However, the dynamic and unstructured nature of the sea environment and highly noise effected sensory information makes the underwater robot self-localization a challenging research topic. The state-of-art multi-sensor fusion algorithms are deficient in dealing of multi-sensor data, e.g. Kalman filter cannot deal with non-Gaussian noise, while parametric filter such as Monte Carlo localization has high computational cost. An optimal fusion policy with low computational cost is an important research question for underwater robot localization. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors proposed a novel predictive coding-biased competition/divisive input modulation (PC/BC-DIM) neural network-based multi-sensor fusion approach, which has the capability to fuse and approximate noisy sensory information in an optimal way. Findings Results of low mean localization error (i.e. 1.2704 m) and computation cost (i.e. 2.2 ms) show that the proposed method performs better than existing previous techniques in such dynamic and unstructured environments. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work provides a novel multisensory fusion approach to overcome the existing problems of non-Gaussian noise removal, higher self-localization estimation accuracy and reduced computational cost.","author":[{"family":"Ali","given":"UAME"},{"family":"Muhammad","given":"Wasif"},{"family":"Irshad","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Manzoor","given":"Sajjad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1108/sr-03-2021-0104","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1108/sr-03-2021-0104","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4285102606","type":"article-journal","title":"FishGym: A High-Performance Physics-based Simulation Framework for Underwater Robot Learning","abstract":"Bionic underwater robots have demonstrated their superiority in many applications. Yet, training their intelligence for a variety of tasks that mimic the behavior of underwater creatures poses a number of challenges in practice, mainly due to lack of a large amount of available training data as well as the high cost in real physical environment. Alternatively, simulation has been considered as a viable and important tool for acquiring datasets in different environments, but it mostly targeted rigid and soft body systems. There is currently dearth of work for more complex fluid systems interacting with immersed solids that can be efficiently and accurately simulated for robot training purposes. In this paper, we propose a new platform called “FishGym”, which can be used to train fish-like underwater robots. The framework consists of a robotic fish modeling module using articulated body with skinning, a GPU-based high-performance localized two-way coupled fluid-structure interaction simulation module that handles both finite and infinitely large domains, as well as a reinforcement learning module. We leveraged existing training methods with adaptations to underwater fish-like robots and obtained learned control policies for multiple benchmark tasks. The training results are demonstrated with reasonable motion trajectories, with comparisons and analyses to empirical models as well as known real fish swimming behaviors to highlight the advantages of the proposed platform.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Wenji"},{"family":"Bai","given":"Kai"},{"family":"He","given":"Xuming"},{"family":"Song","given":"Shuran"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Changxi"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xiaopei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/icra46639.2022.9812066","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra46639.2022.9812066","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3091505475","type":"article-journal","title":"A novel U-shaped piezoelectric actuator for underwater robotic finger","abstract":"Abstract In order to reduce the structural complexity of underwater robotic manipulators using electric and hydraulic driving techniques, a novel U-shaped piezoelectric actuator is proposed for underwater robotic finger in this study. Without complicated equipment to protect the piezoelectric actuators from water ingress, the robotic finger can adopt an open configuration in underwater environment, effectively reducing structural complexity. Firstly, the elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II is used to determine the geometric parameters of the U-shaped piezoelectric actuator, to satisfy a tradeoff between the frequency difference of two operation modes and amplitudes of the piezoelectric actuator. Then prototypes of the U-shaped piezoelectric actuator are manufactured and articulated to construct a robotic finger. Finally, experimental investigation is carried out to evaluate mechanical performances of the robotic finger prototype. Experimental results indicate that the angular velocity and stalling torque of the finger prototype in water are 304 deg s −1 and 13.9 mN · m under an excitation voltage of 500 V pp , respectively.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Di"},{"family":"Jin","given":"Jiamei"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Anti"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Liang"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Pengpeng"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Rui"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1361-665x/abbdb6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/abbdb6","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3126508558","type":"article-journal","title":"Advances in Reconfigurable Vectorial Thrusters for Adaptive Underwater Robots","abstract":"Manoeuvrability is one of the essential keys in the development of improved autonomous underwater vehicles for challenging missions. In the last years, more researches were dedicated to the development of new hulls shapes and thrusters to assure more manoeuvrability. The present review explores various enabling technologies used to implement the vectorial thrusters (VT), based on water-jet or propellers. The proposals are analysed in terms of added degrees of freedom, mechanisms, number of necessary actuators, water-tightness, electromagnetomechanical complexity, feasibility, etc. The usage of magnetic coupling thrusters (conventional or reconfigurable) is analysed in details since they can assure the development of competitive full waterproof reconfigurable thrusters, which is a frictionless, flexible, safe, and low-maintenance solution. The current limitations (as for instance the use of non conductive hull) are discussed and ideas are proposed for the improvement of this new generation of underwater thrusters, as extending the magnetic coupling usage to obtain a fully contactless vector thrust transmission.","author":[{"family":"Gasparoto","given":"Henrique"},{"family":"Chocron","given":"Olivier"},{"family":"Benbouzid","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Meirelles","given":"Pablo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse9020170","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020170","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4313524988","type":"article-journal","title":"Vision-Based Target Detection and Positioning Approach for Underwater Robots","abstract":"The accurate target detection under different environmental conditions and the real-time target positioning are vital for the successful accomplishment of underwater missions of Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). In this paper, we propose a vision-based underwater target detection and positioning approach to detect and estimate the position and attitude of artificial underwater targets. The proposed approach is composed of an underwater target detection algorithm YOLO-T and a target positioning algorithm. Firstly, we modify the structure of YOLOv5 algorithm using Ghost module and SE attention module to improve the calculation time of target detection. Secondly, a series of image processing operations are performed on the improved YOLOv5 detection results to increase the detection accuracy. Thirdly, a cooperative marker is designed as the artificial underwater target, and the corresponding positioning algorithm is presented to calculated the position and attitude of the target according to the geometric information of the designed marker. We validate our approach through experimental tests respectively in a water tank, an anechoic tank, and the sea trial in Huanghai Sea in China. The results demonstrate the accurate performance of the proposed detection and positioning method.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Yanli"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Weidong"},{"family":"Li","given":"Le"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Wenbo"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Jingming"},{"family":"Jiao","given":"Huifeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/jphot.2022.3228013","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2022.3228013","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3016409747","type":"article-journal","title":"Development of the Underwater Robotics Complex for Laser Cleaning of Ships from Biofouling: Experimental Results","abstract":"Abstract Periodic cleaning of a hull from biofouling provides high efficiency motion of a vessel. Inspection and cleaning of the underwater part of the vessel afloat is usually carried out by divers aimed with an underwater video system, non-destructive devices for hull structures monitoring, as well as tools for cleaning surfaces from biological fouling and corrosion products. The aim of the study was to develop a new technical tool for remote survey and cleaning of vessels based on the remotely operated uninhabited underwater vehicle (ROV) with build-in underwater laser cleaning equipment. As a result of the research, the prototype of an underwater robotic inspection and laser cleaning system for vessels afloat was designed and developed. The experimental results of the motion control system of the ROV with a hybrid propulsion system both in air and under water are presented. The efficiency of the laser cleaning equipment in stand-alone mode and as part of the vehicle was confirmed. The technical solutions obtained during the development of presented cleaning system allow efficiently and safely inspecting and cleaning the hull without docking of the vessel to be conducted.","author":[{"family":"Bykanova","given":"AY"},{"family":"Костенко","given":"ВВ"},{"family":"Tolstonogov","given":"Anton"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1755-1315/459/3/032061","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/459/3/032061","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3140906301","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Soft Robot Modeling and Control With Differentiable Simulation","abstract":"Underwater soft robots are challenging to model and control because of their high degrees of freedom and their intricate coupling with water. In this letter, we present a method that leverages the recent development in differentiable simulation coupled with a differentiable, analytical hydrodynamic model to assist with the modeling and control of an underwater soft robot. We apply this method to Starfish, a customized soft robot design that is easy to fabricate and intuitive to manipulate. Our method starts with data obtained from the real robot and alternates between simulation and experiments. Specifically, the simulation step uses gradients from a differentiable simulator to run system identification and trajectory optimization, and the experiment step executes the optimized trajectory on the robot to collect new data to be fed into simulation. Our demonstration on Starfish shows that proper usage of gradients from a differentiable simulator not only narrows down its simulation-to-reality gap but also improves the performance of an open-loop controller in real experiments.","author":[{"family":"Du","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Hughes","given":"Josie"},{"family":"Wah","given":"Sebastien"},{"family":"Matusik","given":"Wojciech"},{"family":"Rus","given":"Daniela"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/lra.2021.3070305","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2021.3070305","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3139453745","type":"article-journal","title":"Bio-Inspired Design of an Underwater Robot Exploiting Fin Undulation Propulsion","abstract":"Interest in autonomous underwater vehicles is constantly increasing following the emerging needs of underwater exploration and military purposes. Thus, several new propulsion mechanisms are studied and developed. Fish swimming is a promising source of inspiration because they outperform conventional propellers in terms of energy efficiency and maneuvrability. Their advantages are not only due to the streamlined shape and their low-drag skin but also, above all, due to the particular fin motion, which makes thrust generation possible with small energy dissipation. This paper analyses the motion of batoid fishes that are considered highly efficient by biologists. Their motion is reproduced by different linkage mechanisms optimized to fit underwater robots. A bioinspired robot mimicking cownose ray locomotion is, then, designed and built. Numerical analysis of its dynamics allows us to measure the size of actuators and to estimate the robot behavior. Finally, the control algorithm that maintains the mechanism synchronization according to different strategies is described and some experimental results are presented.","author":[{"family":"Bianchi","given":"G"},{"family":"Cinquemani","given":"Simone"},{"family":"Resta","given":"Ferruccio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app11062556","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062556","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4307353712","type":"article-journal","title":"Soft Underwater Swimming Robots Based on Artificial Muscle","abstract":"Abstract With the increasing requirements of underwater missions and the rapid development of soft robotics technologies, soft underwater swimming robots have become a hot topic of research due to their low noise, high flexibility, and high environmental adaptability. In the past 10 years, research into soft underwater robots based on artificial muscle actuation has made considerable progress. Herein, a comprehensive survey on recent advances in soft underwater swimming robots based on different actuation methods is reviewed systematically, including pressure actuation, intelligent material actuation, and biomaterial actuation. First, for each type of actuation, the actuating principle, structural design, and swimming performance of soft underwater robots are introduced in detail. Then, according to the different swimming modes of underwater organisms, the aforementioned soft underwater robots are classified and compared. The results show that for different swimming tasks and application scenarios, the robot needs to realize the optimal design by reasonably selecting the actuating method and the swimming mode. This review summarizes the advanced information and critical technology in designing high‐performance soft underwater robots in the aspect of structural design, actuating methods, and swimming modes and offers an insightful outlook for the future development of soft robots.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Ruiqian"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chuang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yiwei"},{"family":"Tan","given":"Wenjun"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Wenyuan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Lianqing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1002/admt.202200962","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202200962","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3205929964","type":"article-journal","title":"Self-Organized Evasive Fountain Maneuvers with a Bioinspired Underwater Robot Collective","abstract":"Several animal species self-organize into large groups to leverage vital behaviors such as foraging, construction, or predator evasion. With the advancement of robotics and automation, engineered multi-agent systems have been inspired to achieve similarly high degrees of scalable, robust, and adaptable autonomy through decentralized and dynamic coordination. So far however, they have been most successfully demonstrated above ground or with partial assistance from central controllers and external tracking. Here we demonstrate an underwater robot collective that realizes full spatiotemporal coordination. Using the example of fish-inspired evasive maneuvers, our robots display alignment, formation control, and coordinated escape, enabled by real-time on-board multi-robot tracking and local decision making. Accompanied by a custom simulator, this robotic platform advances the physically- validated development of algorithms for collective behaviors and future applications including collective exploration, tracking and capture, or environmental sampling.","author":[{"family":"Berlinger","given":"Florian"},{"family":"Wulkop","given":"Paula"},{"family":"Nagpal","given":"Radhika"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/icra48506.2021.9561407","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icra48506.2021.9561407","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4283395952","type":"article-journal","title":"Marine Application Evaluation of Monocular SLAM for Underwater Robots","abstract":"With the development of artificial intelligence technology, visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) has become a cheap and efficient localization method for underwater robots. However, there are many problems in underwater visual SLAM, such as more serious underwater imaging distortion, more underwater noise, and unclear details. In this paper, we study these two problems and chooses the ORB-SLAM2 algorithm as the method to obtain the motion trajectory of the underwater robot. The causes of radial distortion and tangential distortion of underwater cameras are analyzed, a distortion correction model is constructed, and five distortion correction coefficients are obtained through pool experiments. Comparing the performances of contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE), median filtering (MF), and dark channel prior (DCP) image enhancement methods in underwater SLAM, it is found that the DCP method has the best image effect evaluation, the largest number of oriented fast and rotated brief (ORB) feature matching, and the highest localization trajectory accuracy. The results show that the ORB-SLAM2 algorithm can effectively locate the underwater robot, and the correct distortion correction coefficient and DCP improve the stability and accuracy of the ORB-SLAM2 algorithm.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhou"},{"family":"Li","given":"Haisen"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Jianjun"},{"family":"Du","given":"Weidong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s22134657","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134657","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3200661868","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Optical Wireless Communications in Swarm Robotics: A Tutorial","abstract":"Underwater swarm robotics is an emerging topic. Compared to individual autonomous vehicles, high-capacity communication links are required between the mobile agents. In this tutorial, suitable communication technologies are studied, with emphasis on LED-based underwater optical wireless communications. A comprehensive overview about challenges, advances, and practical aspects of underwater swarm robotics employing optical wireless communications is provided. The tutorial includes the following topics: (1) Channel modeling fundamentals; (2) Physical layer transmission techniques for underwater optical wireless communications; (3) Data link layer aspects and hybrid transmission schemes; (4) Ambient light and interference suppression; and (5) Realization aspects. Finally, suggestions regarding future work are given. The tutorial is intended for readers with a background or interest in electrical and information engineering.","author":[{"family":"Hoeher","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Sticklus","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Harlakin","given":"Andrej"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/comst.2021.3111984","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3111984","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3134100872","type":"article-journal","title":"Reconfigurable Curved Beams for Selectable Swimming Gaits in an Underwater Robot","abstract":"Rowing is a swimming motion employed by a number of animals via tuned passive biomechanics and active gait strategies. This gait generates positive net thrust (or moment) by having a higher drag profile in the power stroke compared with the recovery stroke, which is obtained via faster actuation speed or higher effective area. In this letter, we show that using the preferential buckling of curved beams in swimming robots can, via a passive reduction of effective area in recovery stroke, be used to generate positive net thrust and moment. Additionally, these curved beams can be actively tuned to alter their behavior on demand for use in swimming applications, and can be used in an underwater robot to switch between rowing and flapping gaits. A dynamic model has been developed to model the swimming behavior of a robot using buckling joints. A design optimization has been carried out, using the Covariance Matrix Adaption Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES), to find the design and gait parameters that maximize the robot's forward swimming speed. A series of experimental gait searches have subsequently been conducted on the resulting optimal design, again using CMA-ES with the goal of finding the optimal gait pattern across a number of swimming strategies such as paddling, flapping, and undulation. By actively altering the curved beam's buckling limits, an untethered robot has been developed that maneuvers in water across each of these swimming strategies. The findings suggest that tuning the preferential buckling limits of curved beams can be an effective and potentially advantageous approach for producing directional thrust and moments.","author":[{"family":"Sharifzadeh","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Yuhao"},{"family":"Aukes","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/lra.2021.3063961","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lra.2021.3063961","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2403.15236","type":"manuscript","title":"ACCESS: Assurance Case Centric Engineering of Safety-critical Systems","abstract":"Assurance cases are used to communicate and assess confidence in critical system properties such as safety and security. Historically, assurance cases have been manually created documents, which are evaluated by system stakeholders through lengthy and complicated processes. In recent years, model-based system assurance approaches have gained popularity to improve the efficiency and quality of system assurance activities. This becomes increasingly important, as systems becomes more complex, it is a challenge to manage their development life-cycles, including coordination of development, verification and validation activities, and change impact analysis in inter-connected system assurance artifacts. Moreover, there is a need for assurance cases that support evolution during the operational life of the system, to enable continuous assurance in the face of an uncertain environment, as Robotics and Autonomous Systems (RAS) are adopted into society. In this paper, we contribute ACCESS - Assurance Case Centric Engineering of Safety-critical Systems, an engineering methodology, together with its tool support, for the development of safety critical systems around evolving model-based assurance cases. We show how model-based system assurance cases can trace to heterogeneous engineering artifacts (e.g. system architectural models, system safety analysis, system behaviour models, etc.), and how formal methods can be integrated during the development process. We demonstrate how assurance cases can be automatically evaluated both at development and runtime. We apply our approach to a case study based on an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV).","author":[{"family":"Wei","given":"Ran"},{"family":"Foster","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Mei","given":"Haitao"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Fang"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Ruizhe"},{"family":"Habli","given":"Ibrahim"},{"family":"O'halloran","given":"Colin"},{"family":"Tudor","given":"Nick"},{"family":"Kelly","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Nemouchi","given":"Yakoub"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2403.15236","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.15236","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48448/r7s4-s358","type":"article-journal","title":"Listening at the Edge: Real-time Multi-Target Acoustic Tracking for Mobile Assets","abstract":"Passive underwater acoustic recording technologies are essential for identifying and localizing underwater objects. However, advanced analyses of this high-volume data type are typically performed in post-processing or aboard vessels with abundant power. With the rise of autonomous maritime vehicles and underwater robotics, passive acoustic sensing is increasingly viewed as an attractive solution for environmental and situational awareness. Utilizing this data on resource-constrained edge devices, however, requires efficient real-time processing with low power consumption. Traditional multi-target tracking methods often rely on computationally intensive techniques and still frequently require manual intervention to clean and identify tracks. To address the growing need for real-time acoustic data processing, we introduce an automated multi-target tracking system designed for small volumetric four-channel hydrophone arrays. Our approach is optimized for low latency (~1.7 ms) and low power consumption (~1.3 W) on a Raspberry Pi Zero 2W. We demonstrate the system’s performance on passive acoustic recordings of diving beaked whale groups in open ocean conditions. Our method integrates onboard neural networks with post-training optimization to enhance tracking performance while minimizing computational demands. This lightweight processing system is designed for cross-platform flexibility, making it suitable for deployment on gliders, drifters, and profilers. We detail the methodology and present preliminary results, highlighting its potential for real-time autonomous underwater applications.","author":[{"family":"Baggett","given":"Lauren"},{"family":"Deans","given":"Aaron"},{"family":"Frasier","given":"Kaitlin"},{"family":"Walker","given":"Joseph"},{"family":"Wiggins","given":"Sean"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48448/r7s4-s358","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48448/r7s4-s358","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48448/k15q-2w51","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-polarization Underwater Object Recognition with Metasurfaces-based Lidar Imagery","abstract":"Underwater environments present a significant challenge for imaging systems due to the dynamic interplay of light attenuation, scattering, and absorption. These factors severely degrade visibility and signal quality, complicating critical tasks such as object detection, recognition, and tracking. The turbid nature of underwater scenes further exacerbates these challenges, as light propagation along the line-of-sight (LOS) between the transmitter and detector is highly susceptible to environmental perturbations. These limitations are particularly critical in naval applications, where robust imaging systems are essential for operations such as surveillance, navigation, and search-and-rescue missions. To address these challenges, we have developed a novel imaging system that combines multipolarized single-frequency illumination and single-photon detection. Our experimental setup includes lasers transmitting 532nm light in four distinct polarization states. To process the photon returns, we designed and engineered a meta-surface nanostructure attached to our imaging setup. This nanostructure spatially splits incoming photons into four distinct polarization channels captured by our single photon detectors, producing a total of 16 unique polarization-resolved images per capture. This modality allows us to systematically analyze how each polarization state interacts with underwater environments characterized by varying levels of turbidity. We show that different polarization states can accentuate specific target features while mitigating the effects of scattering and absorption. By isolating and leveraging the most effective polarization states, we enhance the quality of acquired images, enabling downstream tasks such as object detection and recognition to operate more effectively. This approach not only improves image clarity but also provides a foundation for optimizing imaging systems under diverse environmental conditions. To further refine our understanding, we employ information-theoretic approaches to quantify the information content provided by each polarization state. This analysis helps discern the unique contributions of each channel, offering deeper insights into the interaction between light and underwater environments. The integration of multipolarized imaging and single-photon detection represents a scalable framework for adaptive underwater imaging systems. These systems have significant implications for naval applications, offering enhanced object detection and recognition capabilities that can improve situational awareness in operations ranging from mine detection to underwater robotics. By addressing the limitations of traditional imaging methods, this work paves the way for advanced optical systems capable of operating robustly in the most challenging underwater conditions.","author":[{"family":"Adeoluwa","given":"Oladipupo"},{"family":"Gurbuz","given":"Sevgi"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Seongsin"},{"family":"Kung","given":"Patrick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48448/k15q-2w51","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48448/k15q-2w51","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W3204688550","type":"article-journal","title":"Various Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Responsible for Water Quality Degradation: A Review","abstract":"Recognition of sustainability issues around water resource consumption is gaining traction under global warming and land utilization complexities. These concerns increase the challenge of gaining an appropriate comprehension of the anthropogenic activities and natural processes, as well as how they influence the quality of surface water and groundwater systems. The characteristics of water resources cause difficulties in the comprehensive assessment regarding the source types, pathways, and pollutants behaviors. As the behavior and prediction of widely known contaminants in the water resources remain challenging, some new issues have developed regarding heavy metal pollutants. The main aim of this review is to focus on certain essential pollutants’ discharge from anthropogenic activities categorized based on land-use sectors such as industrial applications (solid/liquid wastes, chemical compounds, mining activities, spills, and leaks), urban development (municipal wastes, land use practices, and others), and agricultural practices (pesticides and fertilizers). Further, important pollutants released from natural processes classified based on climate change, natural disasters, geological factors, soil/matrix, and hyporheic exchange in the aquatic environment, are also discussed. Moreover, this study addresses the major inorganic substances (nitrogen, fluoride, and heavy metals concentrations). This study also emphasizes the necessity of transdisciplinary research and cross-border communication to achieve sustainable water quality using sound science, adaptable legislation, and management systems.","author":[{"family":"Akhtar","given":"Naseem"},{"family":"Ishak","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Bhawani","given":"Showkat"},{"family":"Umar","given":"Khalid"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/w13192660","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192660","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3017162204","type":"article-journal","title":"Information and digital technologies of Industry 4.0 and Lean supply chain management: a systematic literature review","abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of research and the key aspects and implications of the relationships between Information and Digital Technologies (IDT) of Industry 4.0 and Lean Supply Chain Management (LSCM), with the identification of the lines of research developed and an analysis of the main findings. A Systematic Literature Review methodology has been used for the identification, selection, and evaluation of the published research. A set of 78 papers deduced from the most relevant scientific databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, and ABI/Inform, from 1996 to December 2019, has been analyzed and synthesized. The analysis and evaluation of these papers has enabled a new classification of the literature to be offered that identifies four lines of research based on the Life Cycle of Technology: obsolete IDT in LSCM; mature IDT in LSCM; emerging IDT in LSCM; and an Information Systems and IDT general approach in LSCM. The paper goes on to discuss the gaps found in the literature and proposes new opportunities and challenges for future research. A series of implications are presented intended to be useful from not only an academic point-of-view but also from a management focus, including recommendations for industrial managers and policymakers. Núñez-Merino, Miguel; Maqueira-Marín, Juan Manuel; Moyano-Fuentes, José; Martínez-Jurado, Pedro José","author":[{"family":"Núñezmerino","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"Marín","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Moyanofuentes","given":"José"},{"family":"Martínezjurado","given":"Pedro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1080/00207543.2020.1743896","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1743896","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3158301567","type":"article-journal","title":"Climate change impacts on cultural heritage: A literature review","abstract":"Abstract Climate change, as revealed by gradual changes in temperature, precipitation, atmospheric moisture, and wind intensity, as well as sea level rise and changes in the occurrence of extreme events, is already affecting cultural heritage sites. Accordingly, there is a rapidly increasing body of research reporting on the impacts of climatic stressors on cultural heritage and on the assessment of climate change impacts on cultural heritage assets. This review synthesizes the international literature on climate change impacts on tangible cultural heritage by developing hazard‐impact diagrams focusing on the impacts of gradual changes in climate on: (1) the cultural heritage exposed to the outside environment, (2) the interiors of historical buildings and their collections, and (3) a third diagram associated with climate change and the impacts due to sudden changes in the natural physical environment (e.g., storm surges, floods and landslides, wildfire) in addition to sea level rise, permafrost thawing, desertification and changes in the properties of the oceans. These diagrams, which depict the relationships between various stressors and their impacts on cultural heritage, will allow other researchers, stakeholders, and potentially decision makers to determine the potential impacts of climate change on a specific cultural heritage asset without a separate examination of the literature. This review thus provides the current state‐of‐the‐art on the impacts of climate change on the tangible, built heritage, that is, monuments, archeological sites, historical buildings, as well as their interiors and the collections they hold, highlights the limitations of previous research, and provides recommendations for further studies. This article is categorized under: Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change","author":[{"family":"Sesana","given":"Elena"},{"family":"Gagnon","given":"Alexandre"},{"family":"Ciantelli","given":"Chiara"},{"family":"Cassar","given":"Joann"},{"family":"Hughes","given":"John"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1002/wcc.710","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.710","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3081426492","type":"article-journal","title":"Microbial lipases and their industrial applications: a comprehensive review","abstract":"Lipases are very versatile enzymes, and produced the attention of the several industrial processes. Lipase can be achieved from several sources, animal, vegetable, and microbiological. The uses of microbial lipase market is estimated to be USD 425.0 Million in 2018 and it is projected to reach USD 590.2 Million by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2018. Microbial lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) catalyze the hydrolysis of long chain triglycerides. The microbial origins of lipase enzymes are logically dynamic and proficient also have an extensive range of industrial uses with the manufacturing of altered molecules. The unique lipase (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolase) enzymes catalyzed the hydrolysis, esterification and alcoholysis reactions. Immobilization has made the use of microbial lipases accomplish its best performance and hence suitable for several reactions and need to enhance aroma to the immobilization processes. Immobilized enzymes depend on the immobilization technique and the carrier type. The choice of the carrier concerns usually the biocompatibility, chemical and thermal stability, and insolubility under reaction conditions, capability of easy rejuvenation and reusability, as well as cost proficiency. Bacillus spp., Achromobacter spp., Alcaligenes spp., Arthrobacter spp., Pseudomonos spp., of bacteria and Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., of fungi are screened large scale for lipase production. Lipases as multipurpose biological catalyst has given a favorable vision in meeting the needs for several industries such as biodiesel, foods and drinks, leather, textile, detergents, pharmaceuticals and medicals. This review represents a discussion on microbial sources of lipases, immobilization methods increased productivity at market profitability and reduce logistical liability on the environment and user.","author":[{"family":"Chandra","given":"Prem"},{"family":"Enespa"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Ranjan"},{"family":"Arora","given":"Pankaj"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1186/s12934-020-01428-8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01428-8","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3184344653","type":"article-journal","title":"Sensors for daily life: A review","abstract":"Sensor technologies have improved the everyday life of human beings through their applications in almost all fields. Sensors are devices that detect changes in the source/environment and collect signals, and accordingly, the reaction is designed. There is a range of sources, including light, temperature, movements, and pressure etc., which may be used. A wide range of applications is utilised using innovative sensor technologies in lifestyle, healthcare, fitness, manufacturing, and daily life. In the medical field, the difficulty to take medicine is eased by drug donors fitted with sensors. It reminds them to take medicine via a signal and also supply the necessary medicine at the specified moment. In health care, older individuals, athletes, and risk patients benefit from modern sensor technology. The current industrial trends driving innovation include ultrasound, radar, and non-contact optoelectronic solutions and laser technology. The paper gives a brief overview of the numerous types of sensors that are utilised in everyday life. Various capabilities of sensors for day-to-day healthcare are discussed. Various features, associated nomenclature, and measures for sensors in day-to-day routine life are discussed diagrammatically and finally, the paper identifies and discusses twenty-two significant applications of sensors for daily life. Sensors also produce vital information and exchange data with other connected devices and administration systems when linked to a network. Thus, for the effective running of many companies, sensors are critical. Various types of sensors are used in our daily life, which is more accurate and makes quicker analysis.","author":[{"family":"Javaid","given":"Mohd"},{"family":"Haleem","given":"Abid"},{"family":"Rab","given":"Shanay"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Ravi"},{"family":"Suman","given":"Rajiv"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100121","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100121","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4284958113","type":"article-journal","title":"A review of the application of machine learning in water quality evaluation","abstract":"With the rapid increase in the volume of data on the aquatic environment, machine learning has become an important tool for data analysis, classification, and prediction. Unlike traditional models used in water-related research, data-driven models based on machine learning can efficiently solve more complex nonlinear problems. In water environment research, models and conclusions derived from machine learning have been applied to the construction, monitoring, simulation, evaluation, and optimization of various water treatment and management systems. Additionally, machine learning can provide solutions for water pollution control, water quality improvement, and watershed ecosystem security management. In this review, we describe the cases in which machine learning algorithms have been applied to evaluate the water quality in different water environments, such as surface water, groundwater, drinking water, sewage, and seawater. Furthermore, we propose possible future applications of machine learning approaches to water environments.","author":[{"family":"Zhu","given":"Mengyuan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jiawei"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Xiao"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Linyu"},{"family":"Ren","given":"Hongqiang"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Bing"},{"family":"Ye","given":"Lin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.eehl.2022.06.001","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2022.06.001","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4211093302","type":"article-journal","title":"Microplastics in the soil environment: A critical review","abstract":"Environmental pollution of microplastics (MPs) is known to be anthropogenically mediated menace to biosphere and becoming a debatable concern globally. Large quantities of plastic fragments are left behind after crop cultivation. The leftover plastic debris, gradually degrade into minute fragments with a diameter of less than 5 mm, known as MPs. MPs are responsible for many changes in the soil physicochemical characteristics, including porosity, enzymatic activities, microbial activities, plant growth, and yield. Because of their ubiquitous nature, high specific surface area and strong hydrophobicity, MPs play an important role in the transportation of toxic chemicals such as plasticisers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), antibiotics, and potentially toxic elements (PTEs). MPs may be transported deep into the soil and can pollute underground water. This review paper investigates the deleterious effects of MPs on the soil environment, enzymatic activities, soil microbes, flora, fauna and crop production, and highlights the general concept of MPs contamination as well as its possible environmental consequences. The review also converses some of the key areas for future research and for key stakeholders concerned with policymaking","author":[{"family":"Sajjad","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Qing"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Sardar"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Junfeng"},{"family":"Lian","given":"Faqin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Qingqing"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Genmao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.eti.2022.102408","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2022.102408","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4281642331","type":"article-journal","title":"Hydrogen sulfide capture and removal technologies: A comprehensive review of recent developments and emerging trends","abstract":"Hydrogen sulfide is a highly flammable, acutely toxic, and extremely hazardous gas that must be captured and removed from a number of important gaseous and liquid streams. This long-standing challenge of capturing H2S has seen the rise of different materials used in different types of technologies over the years. Some of the well-known examples are alkanolamines used as absorbents and metal oxides used as adsorbents. This work presents an exhaustive review of the latest developments and emerging materials in this field, including ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, zeolites, carbon-based materials, metal organic frameworks, polymeric membranes, biological methods, advanced oxidation processes, etc. In addition to a detailed discussion of the state of the art, this review also provides a general technology map and identifies opportunities and challenges to guide future work.","author":[{"family":"Pudi","given":"Abhimanyu"},{"family":"Rezaei","given":"Mohsen"},{"family":"Signorini","given":"Virginia"},{"family":"Andersson","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Baschetti","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Mansouri","given":"Seyed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121448","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121448","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3090116547","type":"article-journal","title":"Heterogeneous Fenton catalysts: A review of recent advances","abstract":"Heterogeneous Fenton catalysts are emerging as excellent materials for applications related to water purification. In this review, recent trends in the synthesis and application of heterogeneous Fenton catalysts for the abatement of organic pollutants and disinfection of microorganisms are discussed. It is noted that as the complexity of cell wall increases, the resistance level towards various disinfectants increases and it requires either harsh conditions or longer exposure time for the complete disinfection. In case of viruses, enveloped viruses (e.g. SARS-CoV-2) are found to be more susceptible to disinfectants than the non-enveloped viruses. The introduction of plasmonic materials with the Fenton catalysts broadens the visible light absorption efficiency of the hybrid material, and incorporation of semiconductor material improves the rate of regeneration of Fe(II) from Fe(III). A special emphasis is given to the use of Fenton catalysts for antibacterial applications. Composite materials of magnetite and ferrites remain a champion in this area because of their easy separation and reuse, owing to their magnetic properties. Iron minerals supported on clay materials, perovskites, carbon materials, zeolites and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) dramatically increase the catalytic degradation rate of contaminants by providing high surface area, good mechanical stability, and improved electron transfer. Moreover, insights to the zero-valent iron and its capacity to remove a wide range of organic pollutants, heavy metals and bacterial contamination are also discussed. Real world applications and the role of natural organic matter are summarised. Parameter optimisation (e.g. light source, dosage of catalyst, concentration of H2O2 etc.), sustainable models for the reusability or recyclability of the catalyst and the theoretical understanding and mechanistic aspects of the photo-Fenton process are also explained. Additionally, this review summarises the opportunities and future directions of research in the heterogeneous Fenton catalysis.","author":[{"family":"Thomas","given":"Nishanth"},{"family":"Dionysiou","given":"Dionysios"},{"family":"Pillai","given":"Suresh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124082","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124082","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W2997616488","type":"article-journal","title":"Marine Application of Fiber Reinforced Composites: A Review","abstract":"Components and structures working in the marine environment are exposed to high stresses attributable to the action of wind, waves, and tides. Moreover, they have to face hostile and severe environmental conditions during their lifetime, being placed in the splash zone if not even submerged in saltwater. The application of polymer composites in marine systems has been the focus of intensive studies in the last decades, highlighting potential benefits given by the replacement of several components, such as ship hulls, propeller blades, wind, and tidal turbine blades, to cite but a few. The present paper reports the latest advances in this area, addressing the applications of advanced composites in ships and ship components, offshore oil and gas composites, marine renewable energy and underwater repairing.","author":[{"family":"Rubino","given":"Felice"},{"family":"Nisticò","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Tucci","given":"Fausto"},{"family":"Carlone","given":"Pierpaolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse8010026","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8010026","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3106893924","type":"article-journal","title":"A review of the removal of microplastics in global wastewater treatment plants: Characteristics and mechanisms","abstract":"Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered to be the main sources of microplastic contaminants in the aquatic environment, and an in-depth understanding of the behavior of microplastics among the critical treatment technologies in WWTPs is urgently needed. In this paper, the characteristics and removal of microplastics in 38 WWTPs in 11 countries worldwide were reviewed. The abundance of microplastics in the influent, effluent, and sludge was compared. Then, based on existing data, the removal efficiency of microplastics in critical treatment technologies were compared by quantitative analysis. Particularly, detailed mechanisms of critical treatment technologies including primary settling treatment with flocculation, bioreactor system, advanced oxidation and membrane filtration were discussed. Thereafter, the abundance load and ecological hazard of the microplastics discharged from WWTPs into the aquatic and soil environments were summarized. The abundance of microplastics in the influent ranged from 0.28 particles L−1 to 3.14 × 104 particles L−1, while that in the effluent ranged from 0.01 particles L−1 to 2.97 × 102 particles L−1. The microplastic abundance in the sludge within the range of 4.40 × 103–2.40 × 105 particles kg−1. In addition, there are still 5.00 × 105–1.39 × 1010 microplastic particles discharged into the aquatic environment each day Moreover, among the critical treatment technologies, the quantitative analysis revealed that filter-based treatment technologies exhibited the best microplastics removal efficiency. Fibers and microplastics with large particle sizes (0.5–5 mm) were easily separated by primary settling. Polyethene and small-particle size microplastics (<0.5 mm) were easily trapped by bacteria in the activated sludge of bioreactor system. The negative impact of microplastics from wastewater treatment plant was worthy of attention. Moreover, unknown transformation products of microplastics and their corresponding toxicity need in-depth research.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Weiyi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jinlan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Hang"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Xiaonan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xiyue"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Xiaolong"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Zhiguo"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Tingting"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.envint.2020.106277","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106277","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3037411217","type":"article-journal","title":"Prevention not cure: a review of methods to avoid sea lice infestations in salmon aquaculture","abstract":"Abstract The Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry still struggles with ectoparasitic sea lice despite decades of research and development invested into louse removal methods. In contrast, methods to prevent infestations before they occur have received relatively little research effort, yet may offer key benefits over treatment‐focused methods. Here, we summarise the range of potential and existing preventative methods, conduct a meta‐analysis of studies trialling the efficacy of existing preventative methods and discuss the rationale for a shift to the prevention‐focused louse management paradigm. Barrier technologies that minimise host–parasite encounter rates provide the greatest protection against lice, with a weighted median 76% reduction in infestation density in cages with plankton mesh ‘snorkels’ or ‘skirts’, and up to a 100% reduction for fully enclosed cages. Other methods such as geographic spatiotemporal management, manipulation of swimming depth, functional feeds, repellents and host cue masking can drive smaller reductions that may be additive when used in combination with barrier technologies. Finally, ongoing development of louse‐resistant salmon lineages may lead to long‐term improvements if genetic gain is maintained, while the development of an effective vaccine remains a key target. Preventative methods emphasise host resistance traits while simultaneously reducing host–parasite encounters. Effective implementation has the potential to dramatically reduce the need for delousing and thus improve fish welfare, productivity and sustainability in louse‐prone salmon farming regions.","author":[{"family":"Barrett","given":"Luke"},{"family":"Oppedal","given":"Frode"},{"family":"Robinson","given":"Nicholas"},{"family":"Dempster","given":"Tim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1111/raq.12456","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12456","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3122928565","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for the Control of Robotic Manipulation: A Focussed Mini-Review","abstract":"Deep learning has provided new ways of manipulating, processing and analyzing data. It sometimes may achieve results comparable to, or surpassing human expert performance, and has become a source of inspiration in the era of artificial intelligence. Another subfield of machine learning named reinforcement learning, tries to find an optimal behavior strategy through interactions with the environment. Combining deep learning and reinforcement learning permits resolving critical issues relative to the dimensionality and scalability of data in tasks with sparse reward signals, such as robotic manipulation and control tasks, that neither method permits resolving when applied on its own. In this paper, we present recent significant progress of deep reinforcement learning algorithms, which try to tackle the problems for the application in the domain of robotic manipulation control, such as sample efficiency and generalization. Despite these continuous improvements, currently, the challenges of learning robust and versatile manipulation skills for robots with deep reinforcement learning are still far from being resolved for real-world applications.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Rongrong"},{"family":"Nageotte","given":"Florent"},{"family":"Zanne","given":"Philippe"},{"family":"Mathelin","given":"Michel"},{"family":"Dresp-Langley","given":"Birgitta"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/robotics10010022","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics10010022","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4200565706","type":"article-journal","title":"Properties and applications of additively manufactured metallic cellular materials: A review","abstract":"Additive manufacturing (AM) refers to a collection of manufacturing methods involving the incremental addition of material to build a part directly in its final or near-final geometry, usually in a layer-by-layer process. Metal AM in particular has seen great industrial adoption and maturation. This technology enables increased freedom of design in engineered materials with complex geometries, of which architected cellular or lattice structures are particularly promising in a wide range of applications. These materials are similar to stochastic foams which have found many industrial applications over the last few decades, but regular cellular structures possess a higher degree of control over the manufactured architectures made possible by additive manufacturing. These architected porous materials have properties that can be fine-tuned for a particular application (for mechanical performance, permeability, thermal properties, etc.). The control over the design and manufacturing of such architected structures in comparison to stochastic structures opens new application possibilities and enables a range of new products and features. This potential is only starting to be realized as metal AM techniques are maturing and are increasingly being adopted in various industries, and as design-for-AM capabilities improve. This review paper summarizes the unique properties of AM lattice structures and how these have been successfully employed for specific applications so far, and highlights various application areas of potential interest for the near future. The focus in this review paper is therefore on unique achievable properties and the associated applications for metal additively manufactured lattice structures.","author":[{"family":"Plessis","given":"Anton"},{"family":"Razavi","given":"Nima"},{"family":"Benedetti","given":"M"},{"family":"Murchio","given":"Simone"},{"family":"Leary","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Watson","given":"Marcus"},{"family":"Bhate","given":"Dhruv"},{"family":"Berto","given":"Filippo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.pmatsci.2021.100918","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2021.100918","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3045900890","type":"article-journal","title":"Loss of integrity of hydrogen technologies: A critical review","abstract":"Hydrogen is one of the main candidates in replacing fossil fuels in the forthcoming years. However, hydrogen technologies must deal with safety aspects due to the specific substance properties. This study aims to provide an overview on the loss of integrity (LOI) of hydrogen equipment, which may lead to serious consequences, such as fires and explosions. Substantial information regarding the hydrogen lifecycle, its properties, and safety related aspects has gathered. Furthermore, focus has placed on the phenomena responsible for the LOI (e.g. hydrogen embrittlement) and material selection for hydrogen services. Moreover, a systematic review on the hydrogen LOI topic has conducted to identify and connect the most relevant and active research group within the topic. In conclusion, a significant dearth of knowledge in material behaviour of hydrogen technologies has highlighted. It is thought that is possible to bridge this gap by strengthening the collaborations between scientists from different research fields.","author":[{"family":"Ustolin","given":"Federico"},{"family":"Paltrinieri","given":"Nicola"},{"family":"Berto","given":"Filippo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.021","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.021","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4220790217","type":"article-journal","title":"From Surface Water to the Deep Sea: A Review on Factors Affecting the Biodegradation of Spilled Oil in Marine Environment","abstract":"Over the past century, the demand for petroleum products has increased rapidly, leading to higher oil extraction, processing and transportation, which result in numerous oil spills in coastal-marine environments. As the spilled oil can negatively affect the coastal-marine ecosystems, its transport and fates captured a significant interest of the scientific community and regulatory agencies. Typically, the environment has natural mechanisms (e.g., photooxidation, biodegradation, evaporation) to weather/degrade and remove the spilled oil from the environment. Among various oil weathering mechanisms, biodegradation by naturally occurring bacterial populations removes a majority of spilled oil, thus the focus on bioremediation has increased significantly. Helping in the marginal recognition of this promising technique for oil-spill degradation, this paper reviews recently published articles that will help broaden the understanding of the factors affecting biodegradation of spilled oil in coastal-marine environments. The goal of this review is to examine the effects of various environmental variables that contribute to oil degradation in the coastal-marine environments, as well as the factors that influence these processes. Physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, oxygen level, pressure, shoreline energy, salinity, and pH are taken into account. In general, increase in temperature, exposure to sunlight (photooxidation), dissolved oxygen (DO), nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium), shoreline energy (physical advection—waves) and diverse hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms consortium were found to increase spilled oil degradation in marine environments. In contrast, higher initial oil concentration and seawater pressure can lower oil degradation rates. There is limited information on the influences of seawater pH and salinity on oil degradation, thus warranting additional research. This comprehensive review can be used as a guide for bioremediation modeling and mitigating future oil spill pollution in the marine environment by utilizing the bacteria adapted to certain conditions.","author":[{"family":"Bacosa","given":"Hernando"},{"family":"Ancla","given":"Sheila"},{"family":"Arcadio","given":"Cris"},{"family":"Dalogdog","given":"John"},{"family":"Ellos","given":"Dioniela"},{"family":"Hayag","given":"Heather"},{"family":"Jarabe","given":"Jiza"},{"family":"Karim","given":"Ahl"},{"family":"Navarro","given":"Carl"},{"family":"Palma","given":"Mae"},{"family":"Romarate","given":"Rodolfo"},{"family":"Similatan","given":"Kaye"},{"family":"Tangkion","given":"Jude"},{"family":"Yurong","given":"Shann"},{"family":"Mabuhay-Omar","given":"Jhonamie"},{"family":"Inoue","given":"Chihiro"},{"family":"Adhikari","given":"Puspa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse10030426","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030426","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3129544296","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning-Based Semantic Segmentation of Urban Features in Satellite Images: A Review and Meta-Analysis","abstract":"Availability of very high-resolution remote sensing images and advancement of deep learning methods have shifted the paradigm of image classification from pixel-based and object-based methods to deep learning-based semantic segmentation. This shift demands a structured analysis and revision of the current status on the research domain of deep learning-based semantic segmentation. The focus of this paper is on urban remote sensing images. We review and perform a meta-analysis to juxtapose recent papers in terms of research problems, data source, data preparation methods including pre-processing and augmentation techniques, training details on architectures, backbones, frameworks, optimizers, loss functions and other hyper-parameters and performance comparison. Our detailed review and meta-analysis show that deep learning not only outperforms traditional methods in terms of accuracy, but also addresses several challenges previously faced. Further, we provide future directions of research in this domain.","author":[{"family":"Neupane","given":"Bipul"},{"family":"Horanont","given":"Teerayut"},{"family":"Aryal","given":"Jagannath"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/rs13040808","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040808","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3082766779","type":"article-journal","title":"Google Earth Engine Cloud Computing Platform for Remote Sensing Big Data Applications: A Comprehensive Review","abstract":"Remote sensing (RS) systems have been collecting massive volumes of datasets for decades, managing and analyzing of which are not practical using common software packages and desktop computing resources. In this regard, Google has developed a cloud computing platform, called Google Earth Engine (GEE), to effectively address the challenges of big data analysis. In particular, this platform facilitates processing big geo data over large areas and monitoring the environment for long periods of time. Although this platform was launched in 2010 and has proved its high potential for different applications, it has not been fully investigated and utilized for RS applications until recent years. Therefore, this study aims to comprehensively explore different aspects of the GEE platform, including its datasets, functions, advantages/limitations, and various applications. For this purpose, 450 journal articles published in 150 journals between January 2010 and May 2020 were studied. It was observed that Landsat and Sentinel datasets were extensively utilized by GEE users. Moreover, supervised machine learning algorithms, such as Random Forest, were more widely applied to image classification tasks. GEE has also been employed in a broad range of applications, such as Land Cover/land Use classification, hydrology, urban planning, natural disaster, climate analyses, and image processing. It was generally observed that the number of GEE publications have significantly increased during the past few years, and it is expected that GEE will be utilized by more users from different fields to resolve their big data processing challenges.","author":[{"family":"Amani","given":"Meisam"},{"family":"Ghorbanian","given":"Arsalan"},{"family":"Ahmadi","given":"Seyed"},{"family":"Kakooei","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Moghimi","given":"Armin"},{"family":"Mirmazloumi","given":"SM"},{"family":"Moghaddam","given":"Sayyed"},{"family":"Mahdavi","given":"Sahel"},{"family":"Ghahremanloo","given":"Masoud"},{"family":"Parsian","given":"Saeid"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Qiusheng"},{"family":"Brisco","given":"Brian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/jstars.2020.3021052","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2020.3021052","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/6gpew-3n997","type":"article-journal","title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle‐aided edge networks with ultra‐reliable low‐latency communications: A digital twin approach","abstract":"IET Signal ProcessingEarly View ORIGINAL RESEARCHOpen Access Unmanned aerial vehicle-aided edge networks with ultra-reliable low-latency communications: A digital twin approach Yijiu Li, Yijiu Li School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorDang Van Huynh, Dang Van Huynh orcid.org/0000-0002-2314-4934 School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorTan Do-Duy, Tan Do-Duy Department of Computer and Communications Engineering, HCMC University of Technology and Education, Hochiminh, VietnamSearch for more papers by this authorEmi Garcia-Palacios, Emi Garcia-Palacios School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorTrung Q. Duong, Corresponding Author Trung Q. Duong trung.q.duong@qub.ac.uk orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836 School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK Correspondence Trung Q. Duong, School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Queen's Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK. Email: trung.q.duong@qub.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this author Yijiu Li, Yijiu Li School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorDang Van Huynh, Dang Van Huynh orcid.org/0000-0002-2314-4934 School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorTan Do-Duy, Tan Do-Duy Department of Computer and Communications Engineering, HCMC University of Technology and Education, Hochiminh, VietnamSearch for more papers by this authorEmi Garcia-Palacios, Emi Garcia-Palacios School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorTrung Q. Duong, Corresponding Author Trung Q. Duong trung.q.duong@qub.ac.uk orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836 School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK Correspondence Trung Q. Duong, School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Queen's Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK. Email: trung.q.duong@qub.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 April 2022 https://doi.org/10.1049/sil2.12128 This paper has been accepted in part for presentation in the first International Conference on 6G Networking (6GNet 2022) to be held on July 06-08, 2022 in Paris, France [ 1]. AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract A digital twin (DT) framework for Internet-of-thing (IoT) networks is proposed where unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) acting as flying mobile edge computing (MEC) servers support the task offloading on the fly. The considered DT model is very well suitable for industrial automation with the strict constraints of mission-critical services' ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) links. To support low-latency IoT devices, we formulate the end-to-end (e2e) latency minimisation problem of digital twin-aided offloading UAV-URLLC. Specifically, the minimised latency is obtained by jointly optimising both communication and computation parameters, namely power, offloading factors, and the proc","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Yijiu"},{"family":"Huynh","given":"Dang"},{"family":"Doduy","given":"Tan"},{"family":"Garciapalacios","given":"Emiliano"},{"family":"Duong","given":"Trung"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/6gpew-3n997","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/6gpew-3n997","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/g5bj3-xfp39","type":"article-journal","title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle‐aided edge networks with ultra‐reliable low‐latency communications: A digital twin approach","abstract":"IET Signal ProcessingEarly View ORIGINAL RESEARCHOpen Access Unmanned aerial vehicle-aided edge networks with ultra-reliable low-latency communications: A digital twin approach Yijiu Li, Yijiu Li School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorDang Van Huynh, Dang Van Huynh orcid.org/0000-0002-2314-4934 School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorTan Do-Duy, Tan Do-Duy Department of Computer and Communications Engineering, HCMC University of Technology and Education, Hochiminh, VietnamSearch for more papers by this authorEmi Garcia-Palacios, Emi Garcia-Palacios School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorTrung Q. Duong, Corresponding Author Trung Q. Duong trung.q.duong@qub.ac.uk orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836 School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK Correspondence Trung Q. Duong, School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Queen's Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK. Email: trung.q.duong@qub.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this author Yijiu Li, Yijiu Li School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorDang Van Huynh, Dang Van Huynh orcid.org/0000-0002-2314-4934 School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorTan Do-Duy, Tan Do-Duy Department of Computer and Communications Engineering, HCMC University of Technology and Education, Hochiminh, VietnamSearch for more papers by this authorEmi Garcia-Palacios, Emi Garcia-Palacios School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorTrung Q. Duong, Corresponding Author Trung Q. Duong trung.q.duong@qub.ac.uk orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836 School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK Correspondence Trung Q. Duong, School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Queen's Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK. Email: trung.q.duong@qub.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 April 2022 https://doi.org/10.1049/sil2.12128 This paper has been accepted in part for presentation in the first International Conference on 6G Networking (6GNet 2022) to be held on July 06-08, 2022 in Paris, France [ 1]. AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract A digital twin (DT) framework for Internet-of-thing (IoT) networks is proposed where unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) acting as flying mobile edge computing (MEC) servers support the task offloading on the fly. The considered DT model is very well suitable for industrial automation with the strict constraints of mission-critical services' ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) links. To support low-latency IoT devices, we formulate the end-to-end (e2e) latency minimisation problem of digital twin-aided offloading UAV-URLLC. Specifically, the minimised latency is obtained by jointly optimising both communication and computation parameters, namely power, offloading factors, and the proc","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Yijiu"},{"family":"Huynh","given":"Dang"},{"family":"Doduy","given":"Tan"},{"family":"Garciapalacios","given":"Emiliano"},{"family":"Duong","given":"Trung"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/g5bj3-xfp39","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/g5bj3-xfp39","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/637gb-s9d50","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep‐learning–based method for faults classification of PV system","abstract":"IET Renewable Power GenerationVolume 15, Issue 1 p. 193-205 ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPEROpen Access Deep-learning–based method for faults classification of PV system Sayed A. Zaki, Corresponding Author eng_sayed_002010@yahoo.com orcid.org/0000-0001-7545-0039 School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Correspondence Sayed A. Zaki, School of Renewable and Clean Energy, North China Electric Power University, 102206, Beijing, China. Email: eng_sayed_002010@yahoo.comSearch for more papers by this authorHonglu Zhu, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China The State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorMohammed Al Fakih, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorAhmed Rabee Sayed, orcid.org/0000-0001-5855-7125 School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, EgyptSearch for more papers by this authorJianxi Yao, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Sayed A. Zaki, Corresponding Author eng_sayed_002010@yahoo.com orcid.org/0000-0001-7545-0039 School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Correspondence Sayed A. Zaki, School of Renewable and Clean Energy, North China Electric Power University, 102206, Beijing, China. Email: eng_sayed_002010@yahoo.comSearch for more papers by this authorHonglu Zhu, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China The State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorMohammed Al Fakih, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorAhmed Rabee Sayed, orcid.org/0000-0001-5855-7125 School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, EgyptSearch for more papers by this authorJianxi Yao, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 January 2021 https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12016Citations: 1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract The installation of photovoltaic (PV) system, as a renewable energy source, has significantly increased. Therefore, fast and efficient fault detection and diagnosis technique is highly needed to prevent unpredicted power interruptions. This is obtained in this study in the following steps. First, an efficient meta-heuristic algorithm is proposed for extracting the optimal five parameters of the PV model in order to assist the MATLAB simulation model. It is used due to its simplicity and high efficiency in building the PV array simulation. Second, a new PV system deep-learning convolutional neural network (CNN) fault classification method is presented for the advantage of automatic feature extraction, which reduces the computational burden and increases the high classification capability. Finally, for the practical and theoretical validation of the employed CNN model, normal and six","author":[{"family":"Zaki","given":"Sayed"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Honglu"},{"family":"Fakih","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Sayed","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Jianxi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.60692/637gb-s9d50","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/637gb-s9d50","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/gbxe3-csv46","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep‐learning–based method for faults classification of PV system","abstract":"IET Renewable Power GenerationVolume 15, Issue 1 p. 193-205 ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPEROpen Access Deep-learning–based method for faults classification of PV system Sayed A. Zaki, Corresponding Author eng_sayed_002010@yahoo.com orcid.org/0000-0001-7545-0039 School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Correspondence Sayed A. Zaki, School of Renewable and Clean Energy, North China Electric Power University, 102206, Beijing, China. Email: eng_sayed_002010@yahoo.comSearch for more papers by this authorHonglu Zhu, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China The State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorMohammed Al Fakih, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorAhmed Rabee Sayed, orcid.org/0000-0001-5855-7125 School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, EgyptSearch for more papers by this authorJianxi Yao, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Sayed A. Zaki, Corresponding Author eng_sayed_002010@yahoo.com orcid.org/0000-0001-7545-0039 School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Correspondence Sayed A. Zaki, School of Renewable and Clean Energy, North China Electric Power University, 102206, Beijing, China. Email: eng_sayed_002010@yahoo.comSearch for more papers by this authorHonglu Zhu, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China The State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorMohammed Al Fakih, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorAhmed Rabee Sayed, orcid.org/0000-0001-5855-7125 School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, EgyptSearch for more papers by this authorJianxi Yao, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 January 2021 https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12016Citations: 1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract The installation of photovoltaic (PV) system, as a renewable energy source, has significantly increased. Therefore, fast and efficient fault detection and diagnosis technique is highly needed to prevent unpredicted power interruptions. This is obtained in this study in the following steps. First, an efficient meta-heuristic algorithm is proposed for extracting the optimal five parameters of the PV model in order to assist the MATLAB simulation model. It is used due to its simplicity and high efficiency in building the PV array simulation. Second, a new PV system deep-learning convolutional neural network (CNN) fault classification method is presented for the advantage of automatic feature extraction, which reduces the computational burden and increases the high classification capability. Finally, for the practical and theoretical validation of the employed CNN model, normal and six","author":[{"family":"Zaki","given":"Sayed"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Honglu"},{"family":"Fakih","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Sayed","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Jianxi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.60692/gbxe3-csv46","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/gbxe3-csv46","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/sr0de-azt21","type":"article-journal","title":"A mini-review of machine learning in big data analytics: Applications, challenges, and prospects","abstract":"The availability of digital technology in the hands of every citizenry worldwide makes an available unprecedented massive amount of data. The capability to process these gigantic amounts of data in real-time with Big Data Analytics (BDA) tools and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms carries many paybacks. However, the high number of free BDA tools, platforms, and data mining tools makes it challenging to select the appropriate one for the right task. This paper presents a comprehensive mini-literature review of ML in BDA, using a keyword search; a total of 1512 published articles was identified. The articles were screened to 140 based on the study proposed novel taxonomy. The study outcome shows that deep neural networks (15%), support vector machines (15%), artificial neural networks (14%), decision trees (12%), and ensemble learning techniques (11%) are widely applied in BDA. The related applications fields, challenges, and most importantly the openings for future research, are detailed.","author":[{"family":"Nti","given":"Isaac"},{"family":"Quarcoo","given":"Juanita"},{"family":"Aning","given":"Justice"},{"family":"Fosu","given":"Godfred"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/sr0de-azt21","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/sr0de-azt21","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/qx8kz-bfk64","type":"article-journal","title":"A mini-review of machine learning in big data analytics: Applications, challenges, and prospects","abstract":"The availability of digital technology in the hands of every citizenry worldwide makes an available unprecedented massive amount of data. The capability to process these gigantic amounts of data in real-time with Big Data Analytics (BDA) tools and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms carries many paybacks. However, the high number of free BDA tools, platforms, and data mining tools makes it challenging to select the appropriate one for the right task. This paper presents a comprehensive mini-literature review of ML in BDA, using a keyword search; a total of 1512 published articles was identified. The articles were screened to 140 based on the study proposed novel taxonomy. The study outcome shows that deep neural networks (15%), support vector machines (15%), artificial neural networks (14%), decision trees (12%), and ensemble learning techniques (11%) are widely applied in BDA. The related applications fields, challenges, and most importantly the openings for future research, are detailed.","author":[{"family":"Nti","given":"Isaac"},{"family":"Quarcoo","given":"Juanita"},{"family":"Aning","given":"Justice"},{"family":"Fosu","given":"Godfred"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/qx8kz-bfk64","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/qx8kz-bfk64","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/7fz58-mzd04","type":"article-journal","title":"A survey on adversarial attacks and defences","abstract":"CAAI Transactions on Intelligence TechnologyVolume 6, Issue 1 p. 25-45 REVIEWOpen Access A survey on adversarial attacks and defences Anirban Chakraborty, Anirban Chakraborty Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorManaar Alam, Corresponding Author Manaar Alam alam.manaar@iitkgp.ac.in Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India Correspondence Manaar Alam, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. Email: alam.manaar@iitkgp.ac.inSearch for more papers by this authorVishal Dey, Vishal Dey Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USASearch for more papers by this authorAnupam Chattopadhyay, Anupam Chattopadhyay School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeSearch for more papers by this authorDebdeep Mukhopadhyay, Debdeep Mukhopadhyay Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author Anirban Chakraborty, Anirban Chakraborty Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorManaar Alam, Corresponding Author Manaar Alam alam.manaar@iitkgp.ac.in Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India Correspondence Manaar Alam, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. Email: alam.manaar@iitkgp.ac.inSearch for more papers by this authorVishal Dey, Vishal Dey Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USASearch for more papers by this authorAnupam Chattopadhyay, Anupam Chattopadhyay School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeSearch for more papers by this authorDebdeep Mukhopadhyay, Debdeep Mukhopadhyay Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 March 2021 https://doi.org/10.1049/cit2.12028Citations: 7AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Deep learning has evolved as a strong and efficient framework that can be applied to a broad spectrum of complex learning problems which were difficult to solve using the traditional machine learning techniques in the past. The advancement of deep learning has been so radical that today it can surpass human-level performance. As a consequence, deep learning is being extensively used in most of the recent day-to-day applications. However, efficient deep learning systems can be jeopardised by using crafted adversarial samples, which may be imperceptible to the human eye, but can lead the model to misclassify the output. In recent times, different types of adversaries based on their threat model leverage these vulnerabilities to compromise a deep learning system where adversaries have high incentives. Hence, it is extremely important to provide robustness to deep learning algorithms against these adversaries. However, there are only a few strong countermeasures which can be used in all types of a","author":[{"family":"Chakraborty","given":"Anirban"},{"family":"Alam","given":"Manaar"},{"family":"Dey","given":"Vishal"},{"family":"Chattopadhyay","given":"Anupam"},{"family":"Mukhopadhyay","given":"Debdeep"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.60692/7fz58-mzd04","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/7fz58-mzd04","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/7s07d-b9149","type":"article-journal","title":"A survey on adversarial attacks and defences","abstract":"CAAI Transactions on Intelligence TechnologyVolume 6, Issue 1 p. 25-45 REVIEWOpen Access A survey on adversarial attacks and defences Anirban Chakraborty, Anirban Chakraborty Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorManaar Alam, Corresponding Author Manaar Alam alam.manaar@iitkgp.ac.in Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India Correspondence Manaar Alam, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. Email: alam.manaar@iitkgp.ac.inSearch for more papers by this authorVishal Dey, Vishal Dey Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USASearch for more papers by this authorAnupam Chattopadhyay, Anupam Chattopadhyay School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeSearch for more papers by this authorDebdeep Mukhopadhyay, Debdeep Mukhopadhyay Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author Anirban Chakraborty, Anirban Chakraborty Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorManaar Alam, Corresponding Author Manaar Alam alam.manaar@iitkgp.ac.in Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India Correspondence Manaar Alam, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. Email: alam.manaar@iitkgp.ac.inSearch for more papers by this authorVishal Dey, Vishal Dey Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USASearch for more papers by this authorAnupam Chattopadhyay, Anupam Chattopadhyay School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeSearch for more papers by this authorDebdeep Mukhopadhyay, Debdeep Mukhopadhyay Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 March 2021 https://doi.org/10.1049/cit2.12028Citations: 7AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Deep learning has evolved as a strong and efficient framework that can be applied to a broad spectrum of complex learning problems which were difficult to solve using the traditional machine learning techniques in the past. The advancement of deep learning has been so radical that today it can surpass human-level performance. As a consequence, deep learning is being extensively used in most of the recent day-to-day applications. However, efficient deep learning systems can be jeopardised by using crafted adversarial samples, which may be imperceptible to the human eye, but can lead the model to misclassify the output. In recent times, different types of adversaries based on their threat model leverage these vulnerabilities to compromise a deep learning system where adversaries have high incentives. Hence, it is extremely important to provide robustness to deep learning algorithms against these adversaries. However, there are only a few strong countermeasures which can be used in all types of a","author":[{"family":"Chakraborty","given":"Anirban"},{"family":"Alam","given":"Manaar"},{"family":"Dey","given":"Vishal"},{"family":"Chattopadhyay","given":"Anupam"},{"family":"Mukhopadhyay","given":"Debdeep"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.60692/7s07d-b9149","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/7s07d-b9149","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/dtspt-n5b46","type":"article-journal","title":"A review on short‐term load forecasting models for micro‐grid application","abstract":"The Journal of EngineeringVolume 2022, Issue 7 p. 665-689 REVIEWOpen Access A review on short-term load forecasting models for micro-grid application V. Y. Kondaiah, V. Y. Kondaiah School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorB. Saravanan, Corresponding Author B. Saravanan [email protected] School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India Correspondence Baseem Khan, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hawassa University, Hawassa 05, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected] B. Saravanan, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorP. Sanjeevikumar, P. Sanjeevikumar Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India CTiF Global Capsule, Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Herning, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorBaseem Khan, Corresponding Author Baseem Khan [email protected] Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia Correspondence Baseem Khan, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hawassa University, Hawassa 05, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected] B. Saravanan, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author V. Y. Kondaiah, V. Y. Kondaiah School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorB. Saravanan, Corresponding Author B. Saravanan [email protected] School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India Correspondence Baseem Khan, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hawassa University, Hawassa 05, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected] B. Saravanan, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorP. Sanjeevikumar, P. Sanjeevikumar Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India CTiF Global Capsule, Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Herning, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorBaseem Khan, Corresponding Author Baseem Khan [email protected] Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia Correspondence Baseem Khan, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hawassa University, Hawassa 05, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected] B. Saravanan, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 17 May 2022 https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12151Citations: 1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Load forecasting (LF), particularly short-term load forecasting (STLF), plays a vital role throughout the operation of the conventional power system. The precise modelling and complex analyses of STLF have become more significant in advanced microgrid (MG) applications. Several models are proposed for STLF and tested successfully in the literature. The selection of a forecasting method is mostly based on data availability and its objectives. This article presents a survey of the latest analytical and approximation techniques reported in the literature to model STLF i","author":[{"family":"Kondaiah","given":"VY"},{"family":"Saravanan","given":"B"},{"family":"Sanjeevikumar","given":"P"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Baseem"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/dtspt-n5b46","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/dtspt-n5b46","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/x533q-mkx10","type":"article-journal","title":"A review on short‐term load forecasting models for micro‐grid application","abstract":"The Journal of EngineeringVolume 2022, Issue 7 p. 665-689 REVIEWOpen Access A review on short-term load forecasting models for micro-grid application V. Y. Kondaiah, V. Y. Kondaiah School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorB. Saravanan, Corresponding Author B. Saravanan [email protected] School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India Correspondence Baseem Khan, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hawassa University, Hawassa 05, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected] B. Saravanan, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorP. Sanjeevikumar, P. Sanjeevikumar Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India CTiF Global Capsule, Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Herning, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorBaseem Khan, Corresponding Author Baseem Khan [email protected] Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia Correspondence Baseem Khan, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hawassa University, Hawassa 05, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected] B. Saravanan, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author V. Y. Kondaiah, V. Y. Kondaiah School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorB. Saravanan, Corresponding Author B. Saravanan [email protected] School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India Correspondence Baseem Khan, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hawassa University, Hawassa 05, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected] B. Saravanan, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorP. Sanjeevikumar, P. Sanjeevikumar Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India CTiF Global Capsule, Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Herning, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorBaseem Khan, Corresponding Author Baseem Khan [email protected] Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia Correspondence Baseem Khan, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hawassa University, Hawassa 05, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected] B. Saravanan, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 17 May 2022 https://doi.org/10.1049/tje2.12151Citations: 1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Load forecasting (LF), particularly short-term load forecasting (STLF), plays a vital role throughout the operation of the conventional power system. The precise modelling and complex analyses of STLF have become more significant in advanced microgrid (MG) applications. Several models are proposed for STLF and tested successfully in the literature. The selection of a forecasting method is mostly based on data availability and its objectives. This article presents a survey of the latest analytical and approximation techniques reported in the literature to model STLF i","author":[{"family":"Kondaiah","given":"VY"},{"family":"Saravanan","given":"B"},{"family":"Sanjeevikumar","given":"P"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Baseem"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/x533q-mkx10","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/x533q-mkx10","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/4a5y6-wjc29","type":"article-journal","title":"TCR repertoire and transcriptional signatures of circulating tumour‐associated T cells facilitate effective non‐invasive cancer detection","abstract":"Clinical and Translational MedicineVolume 12, Issue 9 e853 LETTER TO THE EDITOROpen Access TCR repertoire and transcriptional signatures of circulating tumour-associated T cells facilitate effective non-invasive cancer detection Fansen Ji, Fansen Ji orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-0786 Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorLin Chen, Lin Chen School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China General Surgery Department, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorZhizhuo Chen, Zhizhuo Chen School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorBin Luo, Corresponding Author Bin Luo luobin@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn General Surgery Department, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Correspondence Xun Lan, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China. Email: xlan@tsinghua.edu.cn Bin Luo, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Room 431, Building 3, 168 Litang Road, Changping District, Beijing 102218, China. Email: luobin@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn Yongwang Wang, Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No.15 Lequn Road, Xiufeng District, Guilin 541001, China. Email: wangyongwang81@126.comSearch for more papers by this authorYongwang Wang, Corresponding Author Yongwang Wang wangyongwang81@126.com Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China Correspondence Xun Lan, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China. Email: xlan@tsinghua.edu.cn Bin Luo, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Room 431, Building 3, 168 Litang Road, Changping District, Beijing 102218, China. Email: luobin@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn Yongwang Wang, Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No.15 Lequn Road, Xiufeng District, Guilin 541001, China. Email: wangyongwang81@126.comSearch for more papers by this authorXun Lan, Corresponding Author Xun Lan xlan@tsinghua.edu.cn Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Correspondence Xun Lan, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China. Email: xlan@tsinghua.edu.cn Bin Luo, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Room 431, Building 3, 168 Litang Road, Changping District, Beijing 102218, China. Email: luobin@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn Yongwang Wang, Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No.15 Lequn Road, Xiufeng District, Guilin 541001, China. Email: wangyongwang81@126.comSearch for more papers by this author Fansen Ji, Fansen Ji orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-0786 Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorLin Chen, Lin Chen School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China General Surgery Department, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorZhizhuo Chen, Zhizhuo Chen School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorBin Luo, Corresponding Author Bin Luo luobin@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn General Surgery Department, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Correspondence Xun Lan, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China. Email: xlan@tsinghua.edu.cn Bin Luo, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Room 431, Building 3, 168 Litang Road, Changping Distr","author":[{"family":"Ji","given":"Fansen"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Lin"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhizhuo"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yongwang"},{"family":"Lan","given":"Xun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/4a5y6-wjc29","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/4a5y6-wjc29","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/158kg-n0n39","type":"article-journal","title":"TCR repertoire and transcriptional signatures of circulating tumour‐associated T cells facilitate effective non‐invasive cancer detection","abstract":"Clinical and Translational MedicineVolume 12, Issue 9 e853 LETTER TO THE EDITOROpen Access TCR repertoire and transcriptional signatures of circulating tumour-associated T cells facilitate effective non-invasive cancer detection Fansen Ji, Fansen Ji orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-0786 Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorLin Chen, Lin Chen School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China General Surgery Department, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorZhizhuo Chen, Zhizhuo Chen School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorBin Luo, Corresponding Author Bin Luo luobin@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn General Surgery Department, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Correspondence Xun Lan, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China. Email: xlan@tsinghua.edu.cn Bin Luo, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Room 431, Building 3, 168 Litang Road, Changping District, Beijing 102218, China. Email: luobin@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn Yongwang Wang, Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No.15 Lequn Road, Xiufeng District, Guilin 541001, China. Email: wangyongwang81@126.comSearch for more papers by this authorYongwang Wang, Corresponding Author Yongwang Wang wangyongwang81@126.com Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China Correspondence Xun Lan, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China. Email: xlan@tsinghua.edu.cn Bin Luo, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Room 431, Building 3, 168 Litang Road, Changping District, Beijing 102218, China. Email: luobin@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn Yongwang Wang, Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No.15 Lequn Road, Xiufeng District, Guilin 541001, China. Email: wangyongwang81@126.comSearch for more papers by this authorXun Lan, Corresponding Author Xun Lan xlan@tsinghua.edu.cn Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Correspondence Xun Lan, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China. Email: xlan@tsinghua.edu.cn Bin Luo, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Room 431, Building 3, 168 Litang Road, Changping District, Beijing 102218, China. Email: luobin@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn Yongwang Wang, Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, No.15 Lequn Road, Xiufeng District, Guilin 541001, China. Email: wangyongwang81@126.comSearch for more papers by this author Fansen Ji, Fansen Ji orcid.org/0000-0002-4220-0786 Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorLin Chen, Lin Chen School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China General Surgery Department, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorZhizhuo Chen, Zhizhuo Chen School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorBin Luo, Corresponding Author Bin Luo luobin@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn General Surgery Department, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Correspondence Xun Lan, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China. Email: xlan@tsinghua.edu.cn Bin Luo, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Room 431, Building 3, 168 Litang Road, Changping Distr","author":[{"family":"Ji","given":"Fansen"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Lin"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhizhuo"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yongwang"},{"family":"Lan","given":"Xun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/158kg-n0n39","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/158kg-n0n39","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/w1q6g-kfb79","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi‐stage part‐aware graph convolutional network for skeleton‐based action recognition","abstract":"IET Image ProcessingVolume 16, Issue 8 p. 2063-2074 ORIGINAL RESEARCHOpen Access Multi-stage part-aware graph convolutional network for skeleton-based action recognition Xiaofei Qin, Xiaofei Qin School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorHao Li, Hao Li School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYuru Liu, Yuru Liu College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJiabin Yu, Corresponding Author Jiabin Yu 94607969@qq.com orcid.org/0000-0001-7875-8098 Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, China National Light Industry, Beijing, China School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China Correspondence Jiabin Yu, Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, China National Light Industry, Beijing 100048, China. Email: 94607969@qq.comSearch for more papers by this authorChangxiang He, Changxiang He College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXuedian Zhang, Xuedian Zhang School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Contemporary Optics System, Shanghai, China Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Technology and Devices of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Xiaofei Qin, Xiaofei Qin School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorHao Li, Hao Li School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYuru Liu, Yuru Liu College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJiabin Yu, Corresponding Author Jiabin Yu 94607969@qq.com orcid.org/0000-0001-7875-8098 Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, China National Light Industry, Beijing, China School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China Correspondence Jiabin Yu, Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, China National Light Industry, Beijing 100048, China. Email: 94607969@qq.comSearch for more papers by this authorChangxiang He, Changxiang He College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXuedian Zhang, Xuedian Zhang School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Contemporary Optics System, Shanghai, China Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Technology and Devices of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 March 2022 https://doi.org/10.1049/ipr2.12469AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Recently, graph convolutional networks have shown excellent results in skeleton-based ","author":[{"family":"Qin","given":"Xiaofei"},{"family":"Li","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yuru"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Jiabin"},{"family":"He","given":"Changxiang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xuedian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/w1q6g-kfb79","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/w1q6g-kfb79","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/wk5e0-t3142","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi‐stage part‐aware graph convolutional network for skeleton‐based action recognition","abstract":"IET Image ProcessingVolume 16, Issue 8 p. 2063-2074 ORIGINAL RESEARCHOpen Access Multi-stage part-aware graph convolutional network for skeleton-based action recognition Xiaofei Qin, Xiaofei Qin School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorHao Li, Hao Li School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYuru Liu, Yuru Liu College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJiabin Yu, Corresponding Author Jiabin Yu 94607969@qq.com orcid.org/0000-0001-7875-8098 Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, China National Light Industry, Beijing, China School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China Correspondence Jiabin Yu, Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, China National Light Industry, Beijing 100048, China. Email: 94607969@qq.comSearch for more papers by this authorChangxiang He, Changxiang He College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXuedian Zhang, Xuedian Zhang School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Contemporary Optics System, Shanghai, China Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Technology and Devices of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Xiaofei Qin, Xiaofei Qin School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorHao Li, Hao Li School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYuru Liu, Yuru Liu College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJiabin Yu, Corresponding Author Jiabin Yu 94607969@qq.com orcid.org/0000-0001-7875-8098 Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, China National Light Industry, Beijing, China School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China Correspondence Jiabin Yu, Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet and Big Data, China National Light Industry, Beijing 100048, China. Email: 94607969@qq.comSearch for more papers by this authorChangxiang He, Changxiang He College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXuedian Zhang, Xuedian Zhang School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Contemporary Optics System, Shanghai, China Key Laboratory of Biomedical Optical Technology and Devices of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 March 2022 https://doi.org/10.1049/ipr2.12469AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Recently, graph convolutional networks have shown excellent results in skeleton-based ","author":[{"family":"Qin","given":"Xiaofei"},{"family":"Li","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yuru"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Jiabin"},{"family":"He","given":"Changxiang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xuedian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/wk5e0-t3142","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/wk5e0-t3142","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2209.04097","type":"manuscript","title":"MassMIND: Massachusetts Maritime INfrared Dataset","abstract":"Recent advances in deep learning technology have triggered radical progress in the autonomy of ground vehicles. Marine coastal Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASVs) that are regularly used for surveillance, monitoring and other routine tasks can benefit from this autonomy. Long haul deep sea transportation activities are additional opportunities. These two use cases present very different terrains -- the first being coastal waters -- with many obstacles, structures and human presence while the latter is mostly devoid of such obstacles. Variations in environmental conditions are common to both terrains. Robust labeled datasets mapping such terrains are crucial in improving the situational awareness that can drive autonomy. However, there are only limited such maritime datasets available and these primarily consist of optical images. Although, Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) is a strong complement to the optical spectrum that helps in extreme light conditions, a labeled public dataset with LWIR images does not currently exist. In this paper, we fill this gap by presenting a labeled dataset of over 2,900 LWIR segmented images captured in coastal maritime environment under diverse conditions. The images are labeled using instance segmentation and classified in seven categories -- sky, water, obstacle, living obstacle, bridge, self and background. We also evaluate this dataset across three deep learning architectures (UNet, PSPNet, DeepLabv3) and provide detailed analysis of its efficacy. While the dataset focuses on the coastal terrain it can equally help deep sea use cases. Such terrain would have less traffic, and the classifier trained on cluttered environment would be able to handle sparse scenes effectively. We share this dataset with the research community with the hope that it spurs new scene understanding capabilities in the maritime environment.","author":[{"family":"Nirgudkar","given":"Shailesh"},{"family":"Defilippo","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Sacarny","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Benjamin","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Robinette","given":"Paul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2209.04097","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2209.04097","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2201.05644","type":"manuscript","title":"New high-tech flexible networks for the monitoring of deep-sea ecosystems","abstract":"Increasing interest in the acquisition of biotic and abiotic resources from within the deep sea (e.g. fisheries, oil-gas extraction, and mining) urgently imposes the development of novel monitoring technologies, beyond the traditional vessel-assisted, time-consuming, high-cost sampling surveys. The implementation of permanent networks of seabed and water-column cabled (fixed) and docked mobile platforms is presently enforced, to cooperatively measure biological features and environmental (physico-chemical) parameters. Video and acoustic (i.e. optoacoustic) imaging are becoming central approaches for studying benthic fauna (e.g. quantifying species presence, behaviour, and trophic interactions) in a remote, continuous, and prolonged fashion. Imaging is also being complemented by in situ environmental-DNA sequencing technologies, allowing the traceability of a wide range of organisms (including prokaryotes) beyond the reach of optoacoustic tools. Here, we describe the different fixed and mobile platforms of those benthic and pelagic monitoring networks, proposing at the same time an innovative roadmap for the automated computing of hierarchical ecological information of deep-sea ecosystems (i.e. from single species abundance and life traits, to community composition, and overall biodiversity)","author":[{"family":"Aguzzi","given":"J"},{"family":"Chatzievangelou","given":"D"},{"family":"Marini","given":"S"},{"family":"Fanelli","given":"E"},{"family":"Danovaro","given":"R"},{"family":"Flogel","given":"S"},{"family":"Juanes","given":"F"},{"family":"De Leo","given":"F"},{"family":"Del Rio","given":"J"},{"family":"Laurenz","given":"T"},{"family":"Costa","given":"C"},{"family":"Riccobene","given":"G"},{"family":"Tamburini","given":"C"},{"family":"Lefevre","given":"D"},{"family":"Gojak","given":"C"},{"family":"Poulain","given":"PM"},{"family":"Favali","given":"P"},{"family":"Griffa","given":"A"},{"family":"Purser","given":"A"},{"family":"Cline","given":"D"},{"family":"Edgington","given":"D"},{"family":"Navarro","given":"J"},{"family":"Stefanini","given":"S"},{"family":"Hondt","given":"SD"},{"family":"Priede","given":"IG"},{"family":"Rountree","given":"R"},{"family":"Company","given":"JB"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2201.05644","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2201.05644","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.14471/2021.41.021","type":"article-journal","title":"Ackerwildkraut-Vegetation der Kalkäcker (Caucalidion): Pflanzengesellschaft des Jahres 2022","abstract":"Als Pflanzengesellschaft des Jahres 2022 ist die Ackerwildkraut-Vegetation der Kalkäcker, der Ver- band Caucalidion, ausgewählt worden. In diesem Übersichtsartikel stellen wir den Verband vor und betrachten dabei seine Artenzusammensetzung und -diversität, Verbreitung, standörtliche und pflanzen- soziologische Variabilität, das Ökosystem „Kalkacker”, die früher und heute wirksamen Faktoren des Ackerbaus und die Ursachen des massiven Rückgangs in den letzten Jahrzehnten. Schließlich beleuch- ten wir Optionen zur Erhaltung und Wiederherstellung artenreicher Caucalidion-Vegetation und der von ihnen abhängigen Lebensgemeinschaften. Der Verband Caucalidion umschreibt die oft farbenprächtigen Pflanzengesellschaften der Kalk- äcker, auch Klatschmohnäcker genannt. Er ist durch mehr als 50 Charakterarten gekennzeichnet; aller- dings sind die meisten bestandsbedrohte Rote Liste-Arten. Caucalidion-Vegetation begleitete die Ackerbauern seit der Bronzezeit. Seither hat sich die Caucalidion-Artenzusammensetzung immer wieder an veränderte Wirtschaftsweisen und Methoden der Bodenbearbeitung angepasst, wobei die Zahl der Segetalpflanzen mit der Zeit zugenommen hat. Dagegen traten mit der agrarischen Industriali- sierung in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten seit Mitte des letzten Jahrhunderts beispiellose Verluste an Vegetation, Böden und Ökosystemfunktionen auf. Die Charakterarten des Caucalidion sind größtenteils Archäophyten, bei uns nachgewiesen teils seit mehreren Jahrtausenden, teils erst im Mittelalter. Das Artenspektrum des Caucalidion in seiner Ge- samtheit (154 Gefäßpflanzenarten mit einer Frequenz von über 10 % in mindestens einer der regionalen Ausprägungen) ist aber zu mindestens 55 % indigen (alteinheimisch). Der Verband Caucalidion ist europäisch-(warm-)temperat verbreitet, von Irland bis Südschweden, von Zentralspanien bis zum Schwarzen Meer; das Hauptverbreitungsgebiet ist süd-zentraleuropäisch bis submediterran. Alle ackerbaulich genutzten Höhenlagen sind repräsentiert, ebenso Böden nahezu aller Ertragsleistungen einschließlich der ackerbaulichen Gunststandorte. In Deutschland gibt es drei (hier weit gefasste) Caucalidion-Assoziationen: Die Tännelkraut-Gesellschaft (Kickxietum spuriae) ist westlich verbreitet und kommt vor allem auf schweren, tiefgründigen Kalklehm-Parabraunerden in subatlantisch geprägten Regionen vor. Die Ackerlichtnelken-Gesellschaft (Euphorbio exiguae- Melandrietum noctiflori) kennzeichnet tiefgründige, kalkreiche Lösslehm- und Schwarzerdeböden sowie Braunerden in einem breiten Gürtel am nördlichen Rand des Caucalidion-Areals. Die Haftdol- den-Adonisröschen-Gesellschaft (Caucalido platycarpi-Conringietum orientalis) besiedelt warme und trockene Ackerstandorte mit tonig-lehmigen kalkhaltigen Böden, oft flachgründig und meist skelett- reich. Diese Assoziation ist vor allem in entsprechenden topografischen Gunstlagen in Mittel- und Süddeutschland vertreten. Caucalidion-Vegetation ist mit verschiedenen einjährigen Ackerkulturpflanzen assoziiert, heute hauptsächlich mit Wintergetreide; bis Ende des 20. Jh. gab es auch hohe Anteile mit Sommergetreide. Das Spektrum der Kulturpflanzen und die Fruchtfolgen haben sich im Laufe der Zeit gewandelt und mit ihnen die Ackerwildkrautbestände. Der Entwicklungsrhythmus der Ackerpflanzen bestimmt ganz wesentlich das Nahrungsangebot für Tierartengruppen in der Agrarlandschaft. Im Caucalidion geben annuelle Lebensformen den Rhythmus vor, unter ihnen obligatorische Winterkeimer, Frühjahrskeimer und saisonal fakultative Keimer. Aus historischen Aufnahmen der 1950er- bis 1970er-Jahre wissen wir, dass die Deckungswerte der Wildkräuter damals im Mittel etwa 35 % bis über 40 %, nicht selten über 50 % betrugen, kaum weniger als die der angebauten Kulturpflanzen. Botaniker des 18. und 19. Jh. betonten die lokale Häufung („stellenweise wie gesäet“) von Ackerwildkräutern des Caucalidion, einschließlich solcher, von denen es heute nur noch kleine Restvorkommen gibt. Das vielfältige, vom zeitig","author":[{"family":"Bergmeier","given":"Erwin"},{"family":"Meyer","given":"Stefan"},{"family":"Pape","given":"Fionn"},{"family":"Dierschke","given":"Hartmut"},{"family":"Härdtle","given":"Werner"},{"family":"Heinken","given":"Thilo"},{"family":"Hölzel","given":"Norbert"},{"family":"Remy","given":"Dominique"},{"family":"Schwabe","given":"Angelika"},{"family":"Tischew","given":"Sabine"},{"family":"Schneider","given":"Simone"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.14471/2021.41.021","URL":"https://doi.org/10.14471/2021.41.021","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W3167965238","type":"article-journal","title":"Design of an Underwater Robot for Coral Reef Monitoring in Honduras","abstract":"Climate change is affecting all ecosystems in the world, robotics applications are focusing on monitoring ecosystems effects. Coral reef in Honduras is an important resource that needs to be preserved. This study shows the development of a robot for monitoring coral reef, simplifying some challenges of underwater mechanical robot design. The robot development implements VDI 2206 model into cycles the lab design and the prototype integration. Because of different force estimations, simulations and field test the robot accomplish its task. PWM outputs control the force thrust. Internal sensors for leaks and temperature assure the robot functions. The vision system detect motion to take videos and photos every 2 minutes. Sea water temperature, videos, and photos are stored in a minicomputer. The flow simulation assures robot mechanical design to accomplish its task. The control should be improve adding a mathematical model for the robot displacement underwater.","author":[{"family":"Ordóñez-Ávila","given":"José"},{"family":"Ávila","given":"Marcial"},{"family":"Perdomo","given":"María"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/iccre51898.2021.9435710","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iccre51898.2021.9435710","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3133250492","type":"article-journal","title":"The SPIR: An Autonomous Underwater Robot for Bridge Pile Cleaning and Condition Assessment","abstract":"The SPIR, Submersible Pylon Inspection Robot, is developed to provide an innovative and practical solution to keep workers safe during maintenance of underwater structures in shallow waters, which involves working in dangerous water currents, and high-pressure water-jet cleaning. More advanced than work-class Remotely Operated Vehicles technology, the SPIR is automated and required minimum involvement of humans into the working process, thus effectively lowered the learning curve required to conduct work. To make SPIR operate effectively in poor visibility and highly disturbed environments, the multiple new technologies are developed and implemented into the system, including SBL-SONAR-based navigation, 6-DOF stabilisation, and vision-based 3D mapping. Extensive testing and field trials in various bridges are conducted to verify the robotic system. The results demonstrate the suitability of the SPIR in substituting humans for underwater hazardous tasks such as autonomous cleaning and inspection of bridge and wharf piles.","author":[{"family":"Le","given":"Khoa"},{"family":"To","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Leighton","given":"Brenton"},{"family":"Hassan","given":"Mahdi"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Dikai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/iros45743.2020.9341687","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros45743.2020.9341687","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3096350951","type":"article-journal","title":"Three-Dimensional Obstacle Avoidance for Autonomous Underwater Robot","abstract":"Obstacle avoidance in the 3-D region for an underwater robot such as autonomous underwater vehicle is still a difficult research topic. A novel 3-D obstacle avoidance algorithm for an autonomous underwater robot with a sphere cross section method is discussed in this letter. The proposed mechanism utilizes a Dubins-like curve to design a continuous path in a 3-D underwater region while adjusting its heading angle with coordinate system rotation and sphere cross section methods if there is one convex polygon obstacle along the designed trajectory. Numerical simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm can avoid obstacles while maintaining a continuous and smooth cruising trajectory.","author":[{"family":"Cai","given":"Wenyu"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Meiyan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/lsens.2020.3034309","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lsens.2020.3034309","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3091645752","type":"article-journal","title":"Preliminary Work on a Virtual Reality Interface for the Guidance of Underwater Robots","abstract":"The need for intervention in underwater environments has increased in recent years but there is still a long way to go before AUVs (Autonomous Underwater Vehicleswill be able to cope with really challenging missions. Nowadays, the solution adopted is mainly based on remote operated vehicle (ROV) technology. These ROVs are controlled from support vessels by using unnecessarily complex human–robot interfaces (HRI). Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the complexity of these systems to make them easier to use and to reduce the stress on the operator. In this paper, and as part of the TWIN roBOTs for the cooperative underwater intervention missions (TWINBOT) project, we present an HRI (Human-Robot Interface) module which includes virtual reality (VR) technology. In fact, this contribution is an improvement on a preliminary study in this field also carried out, by our laboratory. Hence, having made a concerted effort to improve usability, the HRI system designed for robot control tasks presented in this paper is substantially easier to use. In summary, reliability and feasibility of this HRI module have been demonstrated thanks to the usability tests, which include a very complete pilot study, and guarantee much more friendly and intuitive properties in the final HRI-developed module presented here.","author":[{"family":"Cruz","given":"Marcos"},{"family":"Casañ","given":"Gustavo"},{"family":"Sanz","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Marın","given":"R"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.3390/robotics9040081","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics9040081","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3133792709","type":"article-journal","title":"A Novel Continuous Nonsingular Finite–Time Control for Underwater Robot Manipulators","abstract":"In this paper, the tracking control problem of underwater robot manipulators is investigated under the influence of the lumped disturbances, including unknown ocean current disturbances and parameter uncertainties. The proposed novel continuous nonsingular finite–time (CNFT) control method is twofold. Firstly, the modified adaptive super–twisting algorithm (ASTA) is proposed with a nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode (NFTSM) manifold to guarantee the finite–time convergence both in the sliding mode phase and the reaching phase. Secondly, a higher–order super–twisting disturbance observer (HOSTDO) is exploited to attenuate the effects of the lumped disturbances. Considering the time–varying gain matrix of the closed–loop control system, the bounded stability is strictly proved via the Lyapunov theory. Hence, the superiority of the proposed controller is singularity–free, fast convergence, chattering–free, high steady–state tracking performance, and good robustness by resorting to the methods of CNFT control and ASTA in combination with a disturbance observer. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted on a two degree–of–freedom (DOF) underwater robot manipulator to demonstrate the effectiveness and high tracking performance of the designed controller.","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Zengcheng"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Guoyuan"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Ruikun"},{"family":"Han","given":"Lijun"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Maolin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse9030269","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030269","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3138431844","type":"article-journal","title":"Autonomous Underwater Robot Fuzzy Motion Control System with Parametric Uncertainties","abstract":"The paper describes the design of a fuzzy motion control system of an autonomous underwater vehicle. A mathematical model of the underwater vehicle is synthesized. A fuzzy regulator for controlling the depth of immersion autonomous underwater vehicle is designed. The quality of control for step control, harmonic control, as well as various types of exogenous disturbances, is investigated. The comparison of the functioning quality of the designed fuzzy controller with the proportional–derivative controller is made. It is shown that the designed fuzzy controller provides a higher quality of control compared to the proportional–derivative controller. The proposed fuzzy controller provides high-quality control of the plant under uncertainties.","author":[{"family":"Zhilenkov","given":"Anton"},{"family":"Chernyi","given":"Sergei"},{"family":"Firsov","given":"Andrey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/designs5010024","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs5010024","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3096998908","type":"article-journal","title":"Real-Time Underwater Onboard Vision Sensing System for Robotic Gripping","abstract":"In this study, a real-time underwater onboard vision sensing system is developed for robotic gripping. First, an efficient image enhancement method based on the Retinex theory is presented. The enhanced images are provided for underwater robot to observe the seabed environment clearly via cameras. Subsequently, a real-time lightweight object detector (RLOD) for the mobile embedded platform is proposed. The RLOD is designed as an hourglass detector network, which introduces dense connections and a featured pyramid network to improve the detection performance and speed. Moreover, from an engineering perspective, two merging methods are used to deploy the trained network. It can be implemented at 11.11 frames per second (FPS) on the Nvidia Jetson TX2 processor, satisfying the real-time requirement of underwater robotic gripping. Furthermore, a refraction tracing model is constructed. The comparative results show the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Finally, this onboard vision sensing system is mounted on an underwater robot with a manipulator to implement robotic gripping. Pool and sea experiments are conducted to verify the practicability of the developed system.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Chong"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Mingxue"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Jiye"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Shuo"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Long"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Tan","given":"Min"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tim.2020.3028400","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3028400","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3156891042","type":"article-journal","title":"Online Learning Based Underwater Robotic Thruster Fault Detection","abstract":"This paper presents a novel online learning-based fault detection designed for underwater robotic thruster health monitoring. In the fault detection algorithm, we build a mathematical model between the control variable and the propeller speed by fitting collected online work status data to the model. To improve the accuracy of online modeling, a multi-center PSO algorithm with memory ability is utilized to optimize the modeling parameters. Additionally, a model online update mechanism is designed to accommodate the model to the change of thruster work status and sea environment. During the operation, propeller speed of the underwater robot is predicted through the online learning-based model, and the model residuals are used for thruster health monitoring. To avoid false alarm, an adaptive fault detection strategy is established based on model online update mechanism. The proposed method has been extensively evaluated using different underwater robotics, through a sea trial data simulation, a pool test fault detection experiment and a sea trial fault detection experiment. Compared with fixed model-based method, speed prediction MAE of the online learning model is at least 37.9% lower than that of the fixed model. The online learning-based method show no misdiagnosis in experiments, while the fixed model-based method is misdiagnosed. Experimental results show that the proposed method is competitive in terms of accuracy, adaptability, and robustness.","author":[{"family":"Xu","given":"Gaofei"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yinlong"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xinyu"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Gaopeng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Guangwei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app11083586","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083586","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3099805329","type":"manuscript","title":"SVAM: Saliency-guided Visual Attention Modeling by Autonomous Underwater Robots","abstract":"This paper presents a holistic approach to saliency-guided visual attention modeling (SVAM) for use by autonomous underwater robots. Our proposed model, named SVAM-Net, integrates deep visual features at various scales and semantics for effective salient object detection (SOD) in natural underwater images. The SVAM-Net architecture is configured in a unique way to jointly accommodate bottom-up and top-down learning within two separate branches of the network while sharing the same encoding layers. We design dedicated spatial attention modules (SAMs) along these learning pathways to exploit the coarse-level and fine-level semantic features for SOD at four stages of abstractions. The bottom-up branch performs a rough yet reasonably accurate saliency estimation at a fast rate, whereas the deeper top-down branch incorporates a residual refinement module (RRM) that provides fine-grained localization of the salient objects. Extensive performance evaluation of SVAM-Net on benchmark datasets clearly demonstrates its effectiveness for underwater SOD. We also validate its generalization performance by several ocean trials' data that include test images of diverse underwater scenes and waterbodies, and also images with unseen natural objects. Moreover, we analyze its computational feasibility for robotic deployments and demonstrate its utility in several important use cases of visual attention modeling.","author":[{"family":"Islam","given":"Jahidul"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ruobing"},{"family":"Sattar","given":"Junaed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2011.06252","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2011.06252","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3172975102","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater robots provide similar fish biodiversity assessments as divers on coral reefs","abstract":"Abstract Coral reefs are under increasing threat, and the loss of reef‐associated fishes providing valuable ecosystem services is accelerating. The monitoring of such rapid changes has become a challenge for ecologists and ecosystems managers using traditional approaches like scuba divers performing underwater visual censuses (UVC) or diver operated video recording (DOV). However, the use of small, low‐cost robots could help tackle the challenge of such monitoring, provided that they perform at least as well as diver‐based methods. To address this question, tropical fish assemblages from 13 fringing reefs around Mayotte Island (Indian Ocean) were monitored along 50 m‐long transects using stereo videos recorded by a semi‐autonomous underwater vehicle (SAUV) and by a scuba diver (Diver Operated stereo Video system, DOV). Differences between the methods were tested for complementary fish assemblage metrics (species richness, total biomass, total density, Shannon diversity and Pielou evenness) and for the number and size of nine targeted species. SAUV recorded on average 35% higher biomass than DOV which in turn recorded on average 12% higher species richness. Biomass differences were found to be due to SAUV monitoring larger fishes than DOV, a potential marker of human‐related fish avoidance behaviour. This study demonstrates that SAUV provides accurate metrics of coral reef fish biodiversity compared to diver‐based procedures. Given their ability to conduct video transects at high frequency, 100 m depth range and at a moderate cost, SAUV is a promising tool for monitoring fish assemblages in coral reef ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Maslin","given":"Mathilde"},{"family":"Louis","given":"Silvain"},{"family":"Godary-Dejean","given":"Karen"},{"family":"Lapierre","given":"L"},{"family":"Villéger","given":"Sébastien"},{"family":"Claverie","given":"Thomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1002/rse2.209","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.209","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4312565892","type":"article-journal","title":"DRACo-SLAM: Distributed Robust Acoustic Communication-efficient SLAM for Imaging Sonar Equipped Underwater Robot Teams","abstract":"An essential task for a multi-robot system is generating a common understanding of the environment and relative poses between robots. Cooperative tasks can be executed only when a vehicle has knowledge of its own state and the states of the team members. However, this has primarily been achieved with direct rendezvous between underwater robots, via inter-robot ranging. We propose a novel distributed multi-robot simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) framework for underwater robots using imaging sonar-based perception. By passing only scene descriptors between robots, we do not need to pass raw sensor data unless there is a likelihood of inter-robot loop closure. We utilize pairwise consistent measurement set maximization (PCM), making our system robust to erroneous loop closures. The functionality of our system is demonstrated using two real-world datasets, one with three robots and another with two robots. We show that our system effectively estimates the trajectories of the multi-robot system and keeps the bandwidth requirements of inter-robot communication low. To our knowledge, this paper describes the first instance of multi-robot SLAM using real imaging sonar data (which we implement offline, using simulated communication). Code link: https://github.com/jake3991/DRACo-SLAM.","author":[{"family":"Mcconnell","given":"John"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Yewei"},{"family":"Szenher","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Collado-Gonzalez","given":"Ivana"},{"family":"Englot","given":"Brendan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/iros47612.2022.9981822","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iros47612.2022.9981822","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4213084060","type":"article-journal","title":"Neural Network Non-Singular Terminal Sliding Mode Control for Target Tracking of Underactuated Underwater Robots with Prescribed Performance","abstract":"This paper proposes a neural network-based nonsingular terminal sliding mode controller with prescribed performances for the target tracking problem of underactuated underwater robots. Firstly, the mathematical formulation of the target tracking problem is presented with an underactuated underwater robot model and the corresponding control objectives. Then, the target tracking errors from the line-of-sight guidance law are transformed using the prescribed performance technique to achieve good dynamic performance and steady-state performance that meet the pre-set conditions. Meanwhile, considering the model’s uncertainties and the external disturbances to the underwater robots, a target tracking controller is proposed based on the radial basis function (RBF) neural network and the non-singular terminal sliding mode control. Lyapunov stability analysis and homogeneity theory prove the tracking errors can converge on a small region that contains the origin with prescribed performance in finite time. In the simulation comparison, the controller proposed in this paper had better dynamic performance, steady-state performance and chattering supression. In particular, the steady-state error of the tracking error was lower, and the convergence time of the tracking error in the vertical distance was reduced by 19.1%.","author":[{"family":"Guo","given":"Liwei"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Weidong"},{"family":"Li","given":"Le"},{"family":"Lou","given":"Yichao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xinliang"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zhi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jmse10020252","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020252","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3201351458","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Crawling Robot With Hydraulic Soft Actuators","abstract":"Benthic operation plays a vital role in underwater applications, where crawling robots have advantages compared with turbine-based underwater vehicles, in locomotion accuracy, actuation efficiency, current resistance, and in carrying more payloads. On the other hand, soft robots are quickly trending in underwater robotic design, with their naturally sealed body structure and intrinsic compliance both desirable for the highly unstructured and corrosive underwater environment. However, the limitations resulting directly from the inherent compliance, in structural rigidity, actuation precision, and limited force exertion capability, have also restricted soft robots in underwater applications. To date soft robots are adopted mainly as grippers and manipulators for atraumatic sampling, rather than as locomotion platforms. In this work, we present a soft-robotic approach to designing underwater crawling robots, with three main innovations: 1) using rigid structural components to strategically reinforce the otherwise omni-directionally flexible soft actuators, drastically increasing their loading capability and actuation precision; 2) proposing a rigid-soft hybrid multi-joint leg design, with quasi-linear motion range and force exertion, while maintaining excellent passive impact compliance by exploiting the inherent flexibility of soft actuators; 3) developing a novel valve-free hydraulic actuation system with peristaltic pumps, achieving a compact, lightweight, and untethered underwater crawling robot prototype with a 5:1 payload-to-weight ratio and multi-gait capability. The prototype was tested for design verification and showcasing the advantages of the proposed hybrid mechanism and actuation approach.","author":[{"family":"Tan","given":"Qinlin"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Yishan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Jianhui"},{"family":"Zou","given":"Kehan"},{"family":"Yi","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Sicong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3389/frobt.2021.688697","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.688697","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3144930287","type":"article-journal","title":"A novel underwater bipedal walking soft robot bio-inspired by the coconut octopus","abstract":"Abstract In order to increase the compatibility between underwater robots and the underwater environment and inspired by the coconut octopus’s underwater bipedal walking, a method was proposed for bipedal walking for an underwater soft robot based on a spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model. Using the characteristics of octopus tentacles rolling on the ground, a wrist arm was designed using the cable-driven method, and an underwater SLIP bipedal walking model was established, which makes an underwater soft robot more suitable for moving on uneven ground. An underwater bipedal walking soft robot based on coconut octopus was then designed, and a machine vision algorithm was used to extract the motion information for analysis. Experimental analysis shows that the underwater bipedal walking robot can achieve an average speed of 6.48 cm s−1, and the maximum instantaneous speed can reach 8.14 cm s−1.","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Qiuxuan"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Xiaochen"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Zhijun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jian"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Botao"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Yanbin"},{"family":"Chepinskiy","given":"Sergey"},{"family":"Zhilenkov","given":"Anton"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1748-3190/abf6b9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/abf6b9","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3007097399","type":"article-journal","title":"Poly-Saora robotic jellyfish: swimming underwater by twisted and coiled polymer actuators","abstract":"Jellyfish are energy-efficient swimmers due to the muscle-powered flapping of their soft bell that facilitates a unique energy recapture mechanism. In this paper, we present a bio-inspired jellyfish robot named Poly-Saora that mimics the swimming behavior of the jellyfish species Black sea nettle (Chrysaora achlyos) . An assembly-based fabrication method is used to create the Poly-Saora that is developed mainly with polymeric materials (95% of the robot by volume). Twisted and coiled polymer (TCP) actuators are successfully implemented in this robot and show great potential for underwater applications. The influence of different parameters such as the amplitude of the input power, the actuation frequency, and the lifecycle of the actuator are investigated underwater. A full characterization of 6-ply TCP muscles is demonstrated. An actuation strain of ∼10% is achieved in water at a frequency of 0.1 Hz and 50 kPa load. When integrated into the jellyfish, the TCP was able to bend a single bell by 17°. Poly-Saora was able to swim a vertical distance of 180 mm in 220 s with four TCP actuators each confined in a separate conduit. The robot mimics the swimming behavior of a real jellyfish by contracting the bell segments through the activation of the actuators, which generates forced water circulation under the bell in a pulsating rhythm, consequently creating a vertical movement of the robot. Overall, Poly-Saora presents a model of an underwater system that is driven by stimuli-responsive polymer materials and has unique advantages over conventional rigid robots due to their lightweight, muscle-like structures, silent actuation and ease of manufacturing. This robot can be used for safe interaction with other underwater species and their natural habitats when fully developed.","author":[{"family":"Hamidi","given":"Armita"},{"family":"Almubarak","given":"Yara"},{"family":"Rupawat","given":"Yash"},{"family":"Warren","given":"Jeremy"},{"family":"Tadesse","given":"Yonas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1361-665x/ab7738","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ab7738","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4295539457","type":"article-journal","title":"Hydrodynamic Characteristic-Based Adaptive Model Predictive Control for the Spherical Underwater Robot under Ocean Current Disturbance","abstract":"In the navigation of underwater robots, large ocean current disturbance often causes significant tracking errors. To better resist ocean current disturbance, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the spherical underwater robot are studied, and a model predictive control strategy based on adaptive model parameters is proposed, according to these characteristics. Firstly, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the robot under static water and constant flow disturbance were obtained and analyzed by the computational fluid dynamics method. Then, the dynamic models of the robot under different disturbances could be calculated from the data obtained, based on the least square method. Finally, an adaptive model predictive control (AMPC) strategy, with an ocean current observer, was designed, based on the dynamic models. When the current disturbance velocity was twice the robot velocity, the proposed strategy reduced the tracking error by 39% and 42% in X and Y directions, respectively. In addition, the hydrodynamic characteristics were verified by experiments.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Ao"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Shuxiang"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Meng"},{"family":"Yin","given":"He"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.3390/machines10090798","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10090798","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3039166278","type":"article-journal","title":"A vision system for pose estimation of an underwater robot","abstract":"This paper presents a vision system designed for an underwater robot to facilitate measuring the distance to an inspected surface and its orientation with respect to the robot. The system uses a set of laser modules to project a rectangular dot pattern on the inspected surface. The vision system is used to measure the dots’ locations in the 3D space and calculate the distance to the surface, together with the pitch angle and the yaw angle of the camera. A novel calibration procedure is presented, which allows for constructing high resolution camera-laser systems, without requiring a perfect alignment of laser beams and camera optical axis. An underwater vision system simulation environment, based on open-source software, is also introduced and extensively used to test the developed algorithms. The experimental results, obtained in a laboratory tank and a pool, confirm high performance of the system.","author":[{"family":"Holak","given":"Krzysztof"},{"family":"Cieśląk","given":"Patryk"},{"family":"Kohut","given":"Piotr"},{"family":"Giergiel","given":"Mariusz"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1080/20464177.2020.1783883","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20464177.2020.1783883","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3123752327","type":"article-journal","title":"Adaptive interval type-2 fuzzy control for multi-legged underwater robot with input saturation and full-state constraints","abstract":"In this paper, a trajectory tracking control strategy is proposed for multi-legged underwater robot in the presence of input saturation and full-state constraints. An anti-windup compensator is introduced to solve the input saturation problem, which can compensate for the saturation difference directly. Besides, the state constrains are addressed by a new state saturation function and the external unknown disturbances are solved by interval type-2 fuzzy neural network approximator. The dynamic surface control method combines with backstepping method is utilised to construct Lyapunov function. The control law and signals of the closed-loop system can be guaranteed to achieve semi-global uniform boundedness. Numerical simulations are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.","author":[{"family":"Sun","given":"Yanchao"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xinyan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ziwei"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Hongde"},{"family":"Jing","given":"Ruijie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1080/00207721.2020.1869346","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00207721.2020.1869346","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4281665577","type":"article-journal","title":"Wearable Robots for Human Underwater Movement Ability Enhancement: A Survey","abstract":"Underwater robot technology has shown impressive results in applications such as underwater resource detection. For underwater applications that require extremely high flexibility, robots cannot replace skills that require human dexterity yet, and thus humans are often required to directly perform most underwater operations. Wearable robots (exoskeletons) have shown outstanding results in enhancing human movement on land. They are expected to have great potential to enhance human underwater movement. The purpose of this survey is to analyze the state-of-the-art of underwater exoskeletons for human enhancement, and the applications focused on movement assistance while excluding underwater robotic devices that help to keep the temperature and pressure in the range that people can withstand. This work discusses the challenges of existing exoskeletons for human underwater movement assistance, which mainly includes human underwater motion intention perception, underwater exoskeleton modeling and human-cooperative control. Future research should focus on developing novel wearable robotic structures for underwater motion assistance, exploiting advanced sensors and fusion algorithms for human underwater motion intention perception, building up a dynamic model of underwater exoskeletons and exploring human-in-the-loop control for them.","author":[{"family":"Xia","given":"Haisheng"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhijun"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Mengchu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/jas.2022.105620","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jas.2022.105620","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3152203516","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Suction Gripper for Object Manipulation with an Underwater Robot","abstract":"The diversity of end-effectors for manipulation enables a robot to grasp objects with various shapes. As underwater manipulation becomes more common, various types of end-effectors for underwater robots are required. In this paper, we develop an underwater suction gripper (USG) for object manipulation. By using a thruster, the suction force is easily controlled by the electric drive, and the resulting size and weight allow the proposed gripper to be installed on a robot. In the experiments, we evaluate the grasping performance of the USG quantitatively. Furthermore, we installed the USG on an actual underwater robot to perform a manipulation task. The results showed that the USG can perform the pick-and-place task in a shorter and easier grasping motion compared to a typical 2-finger gripper. The implementation code can be found here: https://github.com/kumahika/usg","author":[{"family":"Kumamoto","given":"Hikaru"},{"family":"Shirakura","given":"Naoki"},{"family":"Takamatsu","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Ogasawara","given":"Tsukasa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/icm46511.2021.9385703","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icm46511.2021.9385703","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W2999176108","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Target Tracking Control of an Untethered Robotic Fish With a Camera Stabilizer","abstract":"Implementing underwater target tracking remains difficult for a free-swimming robotic fish owing to the intrinsically reciprocating motion in fishlike propulsion. In this article, we present a novel robotic fish platform with a camera stabilizing system and achieve real-time two-dimensional target tracking assisted by reinforcement learning (RL) in continuous environments. More specifically, we first develop an active visual tracking system based on cascade control structure to obtain the relative orientation between the robotic fish and the underwater target. Then, we propose a target tracking controller dealing with continuous state and action spaces based on deep RL (DRL). The controller takes the position of the target object as input and yields the motion parameters of the bioinspired central pattern generator governed robotic fish. The robustness and adaptability of the proposed controller as well as the influence of time-delays on the control system are explored via simulated experiments under different scenarios. Finally, both static and dynamic tracking experiments on the actual robotic fish demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed mechatronic design and control methods, providing insights to executing aquatic vision-based tracking tasks.","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Junzhi"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Zhengxing"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Xiang"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yueqi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Pengfei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tsmc.2019.2963246","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2019.2963246","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.11583/dtu.27694068.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Underwater Visual and Visual-Inertial Datasets (UVVID)","abstract":"UVVIDThe Underwater Visual and Visual-Inertial Dataset (UVVID) contains various forms of underwater video imagery of roughly planar environments (walls and seabottom). Datasets are split between visual-only (i.e. just video data), or visual-inertial (i.e. including IMU stabilization files for the cameras). The datasets are provided as-is for testing and development of algorithms using concepts in visual odometry, SLAM, mosaicking and other mapping applications.Datasets also include post-processed forms of external data sources, such as AQUALOC and the Underwater Caves Dataset. These are provided as updated versions of the datasets that include additional transformations and sensor fusion methods to reduce ambiguity in the preprocessing methods supporting the target applications. Please see the README.md files in each subfolder for descriptions of specific datasets.ReferencesFerrera M, Creuze V, Moras J, Trouvé-Peloux P. AQUALOC: An underwater dataset for visual–inertial–pressure localization. The International Journal of Robotics Research . 2019;38(14):1549-1559. doi:10.1177/0278364919883346Mallios, A.; Vidal, E.; Campos, R. &amp; Carreras, M. Underwater caves sonar data set. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2017 , 36 , 1247-1251 doi: 10.1177/0278364917732838","author":[{"family":"Thompson","given":"Fletcher"},{"family":"Obrien-Møller","given":"David"},{"family":"Mariani","given":"Patrizio"},{"family":"Lundgren","given":"Bo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.11583/dtu.27694068.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.11583/dtu.27694068.v1","source":"datacite"}]