[{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038339","type":"article-journal","title":"Aeropropulsive Damping Characterization for eVTOL Aircraft Using Free-Motion Wind-Tunnel Testing","abstract":"This paper describes an electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft system identification method applied using three-degree-of-freedom (3DOF) free-motion wind-tunnel testing. The approach, similar to flight-test system identification, allows for efficient mathematical model development of the aeropropulsive moments applied on an eVTOL vehicle, including aerodynamic damping effects. The approach is demonstrated using a subscale tiltrotor eVTOL aircraft mounted on a new 3DOF wind-tunnel apparatus. To execute the test, a model-based 3DOF control system is designed to track attitude commands and transition the aircraft based on the freestream dynamic pressure. While the flight controller is active, orthogonal phase-optimized multisine inputs are injected into the attitude command and control effector command signals to enable collection of informative data for model identification. Aeropropulsive models are then identified at several reference conditions in the transition flight envelope using the equation-error method in the frequency domain. The identified models are shown to have a good fit to the modeling data and good prediction capability of data not used for model identification. The method yields aerodynamic damping estimates using less wind-tunnel test time compared to traditional forced oscillation experiments and supplements static wind-tunnel testing to produce a comprehensive transition aeropropulsive model suitable for use in flight dynamics simulations.","author":[{"family":"Simmons","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Ackerman","given":"Kasey"},{"family":"Asper","given":"Garrett"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038339","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038339","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202508.1619.v1","type":"manuscript","title":"Electromagnetic Response and Cable Coupling of eVTOL Aircraft under Lightning Conditions: A Simulation Study","abstract":"This study employs CST simulations to analyze the electromagnetic response and cable coupling characteristics of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft under lightning conditions. Based on the SAE ARP5414B standard, lightning zoning was carried out, and three typical strike scenarios—the nose, wing, and vertical tail—were established. Referring to representative lightning current waveforms in SAE ARP5412B, Component A was selected as the primary excitation source. On this basis, the L9(3³) orthogonal design method was applied to evaluate the influence of cable structure, length, and routing method on induced current. The results show that lightning strikes at the nose have the strongest coupling effect on the airframe, with both electric and magnetic fields exhibiting significant spatial distribution. Shielded cables effectively reduce induced current in the conductor core by diverting most of the coupled current through the shielding layer, while unshielded single-core cables demonstrate the weakest resistance to interference. Induced current increases with cable length, and Z-shaped wall-mounted routing produces stronger coupling than straight or suspended routing. This research provides a systematic approach for evaluating indirect lightning effects in eVTOL and offers engineering guidance for electromagnetic protection and cable design.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Hangyu"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Tan","given":"Yifang"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Yizhi"},{"family":"Shen","given":"YR"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.20944/preprints202508.1619.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202508.1619.v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9985036/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Tilt-Duct eVTOL Aircraft Design: Aerodynamics, Propulsion and Structural Validation","abstract":"Abstract This paper presents the conceptual design and multidisciplinary analysis of an electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft for autonomous intra-city cargo delivery. Six symmetrically arranged tilt-duct fans enable efficient hover-to-cruise transition. An iterative weight-estimation framework combining momentum theory and blade element theory converged in 13 cycles to a Maximum Takeoff Weight of 352 kg, payload 100 kg, and range of 20 nautical miles. Propulsion sizing yielded rotor radius 0.3825 m and total hover power 116.9 kW. Three candidate wing airfoils were evaluated using XFLR5, OpenVSP/VspAero and ANSYS Fluent RANS CFD; NACA 4415 was selected for its stall angle of 17 degrees and peak lift coefficient of 1.909. A SolidWorks 3D assembly was validated by ANSYS Static Structural finite element analysis using carbon fibre (Ex = 290 GPa), yielding maximum deformation 0.0245 mm and peak stress 5.26 MPa, confirming a structural safety factor exceeding 95.","author":[{"family":"Taher","given":"Faisal"},{"family":"Kalam","given":"Fahad"},{"family":"Zohra","given":"Fatema"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9985036/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9985036/v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.66967/jaics.2026.v2i104","type":"article-journal","title":"Immersion and Invariance Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Attitude Control for a Coaxial Tilt-Rotor eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"This paper proposes an adaptive fault-tolerant attitude control strategy based on the Immersion and Invariance (I&amp;I) methodology for a Coaxial Tilt-Rotor (CTR) eVTOL aircraft. The CTR-eVTOL, equipped with two pairs of CTR modules and a rear rotor, exhibiting strong nonlinearity, underactuated, and strong coupling characteristics, faces significant challenges in maintaining stable attitude control when subjected to a Loss Of Effectiveness (LOE) fault. To address this, the proposed Fault-Tolerant Control (FTC) strategy integrates the I&amp;I adaptive methodology to compensate for the torque losses induced by the LOE fault. Specifically, an I&amp;I-based adaptive update law is designed to estimate the unknown faulty coefficient. The closed-loop system's asymptotic stability is theoretically proven using the Lyapunov method and LaSalle's invariance theorem. Real ground bench experiments with comparative controllers validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed FTC strategy.","author":[{"family":"Hou","given":"Zheng"},{"family":"Lv","given":"Zongyang"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Yuhu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.66967/jaics.2026.v2i104","URL":"https://doi.org/10.66967/jaics.2026.v2i104","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2026-4686","type":"article-journal","title":"Development of Fuel Cell System Design Method for eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Hydrogen fuel cell systems, together with batteries, have gained significant attention as promising propulsion systems for electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. However, the feasibility and performance of fuel cell-powered eVTOL aircraft remain unclear due to the lack of a design methodology capable of yielding physically credible results. To address this gap, this study develops a physics-based and data-informed design method for fuel cell systems. The system architecture, consisting of a stack, humidifier, hydrogen tank, compressor-expander module, and thermal management system (TMS), is presented. Detailed component-level analysis and weight estimation models are established. Using these models, a comprehensive design process for fuel cell systems is developed and applied to eVTOL aircraft sizing under baseline conditions. The mission analysis indicates that the balance of plant (BoP) requires 7.5% to 38.6% of the total stack output power throughout the mission, highlighting the importance of detailed BoP analysis for each mission segment. The weight estimation results show that the TMS accounts for 31.5% of the total fuel cell system weight, indicating it is a major contributor to the overall system weight. The specific power of the fuel cell system is estimated to be 0.63 kW/kg, which is consistent with the range reported in previous studies.","author":[{"family":"Park","given":"Junhwi"},{"family":"Cho","given":"Jaehyun"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Inyoung"},{"family":"Yee","given":"Kwanjung"},{"family":"Cho","given":"Jiyeon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2026-4686","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-4686","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6675498","type":"manuscript","title":"A Multi-Fidelity Simulation Framework for Coupled Power Demand Modelling of eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Accurate power demand prediction is a prerequisite for electric propulsion system sizing, energy management strategy development, and thermal management design of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Existing power demand models, predominantly based on isolated component assumptions, neglect the complex aerodynamic interference between propellers and airframe in ”lift + cruise” configurations. This paper establishes a multi-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) framework integrating blade element momentum theory (BEMT) for preliminary propeller design, OpenVSP-based isolated propeller CFD for component-level calibration, and the STAR-CCM+ actuator disk method for full-vehicle coupled simulation. A key methodological feature is the formalisation of the BEMT-CFD thrust correction iteration as a fixed-point problem, whose global convergence is proved via the Banach fixed-point theorem. The framework is applied to a 2-ton, 5-seat configuration with 12 vertical take-off (VT) propellers and 3 forward flight (FF) propellers. Results show that VT propeller-airframe coupling induces a thrust demand increase of up to 10.96% in the low-speed regime. Under forward acceleration, FF propeller wakes degrade the average VT thrust-to-power ratio by 6.13%, with the most affected propeller experiencing a 19.71% reduction. A four-dimensional power demand map spanning forward speed/acceleration and vertical speed/acceleration is constructed. The map reveals a U-shaped power curve with a minimum at 145 km/h, significantly below the 175 km/h full transition speed, and defines the deceleration accessibility boundary. This framework provides a validated high-fidelity load model for energy management optimisation and flight trajectory planning.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Xing"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Jingyi"},{"family":"Fang","given":"Zheng"},{"family":"He","given":"Shucheng"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Bailin"},{"family":"Song","given":"Ke"},{"family":"宋科"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6675498","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6675498","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2026-4309","type":"article-journal","title":"A Model-Based Framework for Data-Driven Certification of eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"The certification of powered-lift and eVTOL aircraft requires a clear and traceable connection between regulatory requirements, Means of Compliance (MoCs), analytical models, simulation outputs, and verification evidence. This paper introduces the Digital Compliance Thread (DCT), a model-based framework intended to support the organization and traceability of certification-related evidence for aircraft certified under 14 CFR § 21.17(b). The framework applies Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) principles and SysML modeling to represent regulatory clauses, selected MoCs, analytical models, and digital verification artifacts within a unified model environment. The regulatory context is based on applicable provisions from 14 CFR Parts 23 and 27, together with FAA Advisory Circular 21.17-4 for powered-lift type certification. To illustrate the proposed approach, a representative load-analysis case is implemented using the Generic Urban Air Mobility (GUAM) model, with the resulting simulation outputs organized as traceable evidence artifacts within the DCT structure. In this demonstration, selected Part 25 load provisions are used only as a representative analytical framework for structuring the numerical example, not as the direct certification basis for eVTOL aircraft. The demonstration illustrates how model-based traceability can clarify relationships among regulatory intent, analytical assumptions, simulation outputs, and verification evidence. The paper concludes that the DCT provides a structured foundation for future digital certification workflows, while recognizing that regulatory acceptance would require program-specific compliance planning, model validation, configuration control, and coordination with the certification authority.","author":[{"family":"Pleffken","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Cavalcanti","given":"João"},{"family":"Cerqueira","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Cavalcanti","given":"J"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2026-4309","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-4309","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2026-1648","type":"article-journal","title":"Aeroelastic Stability Assessment of the AMSL Aero Vertiia eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"This paper presents the results of the aeroelastic stability analyses performed for the AMSL Aero Vertiia eVTOL aircraft. A comprehensive dynamic model of the aircraft is developed in MATLAB using Reduced-Order Models (ROMs) of the Vertiia subcomponents provided by AMSL Aero. The analyses are conducted in airplane mode under sea-level conditions, incorporating propeller aeromechanical models across selected trim configurations. For all configurations investigated, the primary flutter mechanism is driven by a symmetric mode, involving modal coupling between the front and rear wings. The inclusion of propellers has a stabilizing influence on the aeroelastic response, increasing the flutter speed by 14% relative to the bare-airframe configuration. All predicted flutter speeds remain above the aircraft’s dive speed, thereby satisfying the flutter clearance requirements and confirming asymptotic stability throughout the airplane-mode flight envelope.","author":[{"family":"Muscarello","given":"Vincenzo"},{"family":"Marzocca","given":"Pier"},{"family":"Lehmann","given":"Rhys"},{"family":"Swallow","given":"Alfred"},{"family":"Linton","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2026-1648","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-1648","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2025-0006","type":"article-journal","title":"Aero-Propulsive Damping Characterization for eVTOL Aircraft Using Free Motion Wind-Tunnel Testing","abstract":"This paper describes an electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft system identification method applied using three degree-of-freedom (3DOF) free motion wind-tunnel testing. The approach, similar to flight-test system identification, allows for efficient mathematical model development of the aero-propulsive moments applied on an eVTOL vehicle, including aerodynamic damping effects. The approach is demonstrated using a subscale tiltrotor eVTOL aircraft mounted on a new 3DOF wind-tunnel apparatus. To execute the test, a model-based 3DOF control system is designed to track attitude commands and transition the aircraft based on the freestream dynamic pressure. While the flight controller is active, orthogonal phase-optimized multisine inputs are injected into the attitude command and control effector command signals to enable collection of informative data for model identification. Aero-propulsive models are then identified at several reference conditions in the transition flight envelope using the equation-error method in the frequency domain. The identified models are shown to have a good fit to the modeling data and good prediction capability of data not used for model identification. The method yields aerodynamic damping estimates using less wind-tunnel test time compared to traditional forced oscillation experiments and supplements static wind-tunnel testing to produce a comprehensive transition aero-propulsive model suitable for use in flight dynamics simulations.","author":[{"family":"Simmons","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Ackerman","given":"Kasey"},{"family":"Asper","given":"Garrett"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2025-0006","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-0006","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0267","type":"article-journal","title":"Machine Learning Based Flight Dynamic Framework for eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"The advent of electric propulsion technology has led to a paradigm shift in aircraft design over the past few decades. This shift has expanded the possibilities for design and optimization processes more than at any previous time. To support these advancements, efficient flight dynamics simulation models that can be employed in iterative optimization and design processes are essential. Among the modules of a typical flight dynamics framework—namely, control, flight dynamics, and aerodynamics—the aerodynamics module, which includes the rotor performance model, generally demands the most computational effort, thereby limiting simulation efficiency. In this study, a novel machine learning (ML)-assisted flight dynamics framework is developed, incorporating a Neural Network Blade Element Theory (NN-BET) model as the rotor performance module. The results show a 7- to 8-fold reduction in computational time compared to fast, physics-based frameworks utilizing efficient Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) models, without compromising predictive accuracy. Furthermore, the modular architecture of the framework allows for easy adaptation to a wide range of practical applications by replacing modules with functionally equivalent alternatives. The demonstrated accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed flight dynamics framework make it a highly promising candidate for optimization and design applications.","author":[{"family":"Dabaghian","given":"Pedram"},{"family":"Halder","given":"Atanu"},{"family":"Dabaghian","given":"Pedram"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0267","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0267","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2025-0967","type":"article-journal","title":"Generative Adversarial Networks for Dimensionality Reduction in eVTOL Aircraft Takeoff Trajectory Optimization","abstract":"Electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft play a key role in urban air mobility (UAM), which aims to alleviate traffic congestion in urban areas. Despite their value, eVTOL aircraft suffer from battery energy consumption, which affects their range and endurance in real- world flight tasks. Especially, the takeoff process has been identified for excessive power demands. Multidisciplinary analysis and optimization manages to discover optimal takeoff trajectories with minimum energy consumption while balancing multidisciplinary trade-offs, such as short- distance takeoff and passengers’ comfort. However, conventional parametrization methods (such as B-spline curves) leverage an empirically high-dimensional design space to include real optimal design, which incurs convergence difficulty in model analysis and design optimization. In this work, a twin-generator generative adversarial network (twinGAN) was developed and demonstrated for intelligent parametrization of takeoff trajectories. Specifically, the twinGAN model exhibited two-fold dimensionality reduction, i.e., implicit reduction by generating only realistic trajectories and explicit reduction by reducing the original 40-dimensional B-spline control points to three-dimensional twinGAN variables. Meanwhile, the twinGAN was verified by reconstructing existing, realistic trajectories via fitting optimization, which achieved 99% accuracy. Thus, the twinGAN presented a 92.5% reduction on the dimension of original design space while maintaining sufficient variability. This significantly facilitates the process of analysis model convergence, surrogate modeling, as well as design optimization in the future work and can be extended to other relevant engineering areas.","author":[{"family":"Sisk","given":"Sam"},{"family":"Khorasani-Gerdehkouhi","given":"Farzaam"},{"family":"Abutunis","given":"Abdulaziz"},{"family":"Chandrashekhara","given":"K"},{"family":"Du","given":"Xiaosong"},{"family":"Chandrashekhara","given":"K"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2025-0967","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-0967","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0351","type":"article-journal","title":"An Analysis of Rotor-Induced Vibration on Winged eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"This study investigates the vibratory loads and stresses on an electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft featuring internal batteries and four rotors mounted on underwing booms on a semi-span wing. During low-speed forward flight (20 kts), the rotor excitation frequency is closest to the wing's second torsional mode, resulting in dominant vibratory torsional moments at the wing root. A full rotor phasing sweep reveals that relative phasing has a critical effect on peak-to-peak (P2P) wing root loads and stress levels. Selected phasing configurations are shown to reduce maximum wing root P2P principal and shear stress resultants by over 70% and 60%, respectively, compared to their mean peak-to-peak values over the phase sweep. Sensitivity analysis further indicates that increasing rotor speed shifts the dominant vibratory response from torsional to flapwise bending modes.","author":[{"family":"Stillman","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Ferede","given":"Etana"},{"family":"Gandhi","given":"Farhan"},{"family":"Stillman","given":"Alexander"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0351","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0351","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2025-0070","type":"article-journal","title":"A Comparison of Meshing Strategies for Vortex Generators of eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"The design and simulation of vortex generators is challenging with traditional, unstructured RANS solvers due to both the small scale of their geometry, and of the flow structures they produce – leading to either prohibitive computational costs, or inaccurate solutions if not enough attention is given to the meshing strategy. This work uses wind tunnel data for a tapered eVTOL wing for maximum lift coefficient-oriented vortex generators as a case study for a comparison between two meshing approaches. In the first approach, a block mesh is built around a rake of vortex generators, with an unstructured, prism + tetrahedral mesh subsequently built around it for the remainder of the aircraft, maintaining connectivity across the prism layers. In the second approach, a fully unstructured prism + tetrahedral mesh is constructed for comparison with refinement regions for the tetrahedral-dominant mesh around the vortex generators, ensuring comparable refinement to the block-structured mesh. A comparison between their respective solutions shows that the fully unstructured mesh leads to a more dissipative solution in the boundary layer aft of the rake, with a quantitatively similar maximum lift coefficient deviation from the wind tunnel results. The fully unstructured mesh, however, leads to up to 30% smaller meshes with changes to the maximum lift coefficient no larger than 5 lift counts.","author":[{"family":"Souza","given":"Luisa"},{"family":"Santos","given":"Gabriel"},{"family":"Secchi","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Povoa","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Ferrari","given":"Marcello"},{"family":"Souza","given":"Laís"},{"family":"Santos","given":"Gabriel"},{"family":"Ferrari","given":"Marcello"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2025-0070","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-0070","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1049/icp.2024.2894","type":"article-journal","title":"Research on the evaluation method of pilot workload in EVTOL aircraft operation","abstract":"In the study of pilot control strategies for manned eVTOL aircraft, it is essential to delve into the workload imposed by pilot control. Such an inquiry can facilitate the identification of more rational and efficacious control strategies, thereby alleviating the strain on pilots. So far, the Cooper-Harper rating (HQR, Handling Quality Rating) is still the main standard for analyzing pilot control workload. However, this subjective evaluation often makes it difficult to determine the main factors and their impact accurately and quantitatively on the control workload. This paper introduces an assessment technique for the workload of pilot control, utilizing wavelet transformation to account for the correlation between the intensity of pilot control, its frequency constituents, and the associated level of control challenge. Initially, the paper offers a concise overview of the methodologies for analyzing control actions, encompassing both temporal and spectral perspectives. Then, we evaluate the pilot control workload using actual pilot control inputs and HQR ratings from a helicopter flight test. The results indicate that the wavelet analysis based on time-frequency representation can identify the frequency components and energy levels of pilot control actions at different time points. Furthermore, a correlation is identified between the amplitude of pilot control inputs, their frequency components, and the HQR ratings.","author":[{"family":"Yan","given":"Xufei"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Longfei"},{"family":"Han","given":"Yanan"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Renliang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1049/icp.2024.2894","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2024.2894","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/engproc2026150102","type":"article-journal","title":"Wind Tunnel Experiment and Analysis of Aerodynamic Characteristics of eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"This report presents an experimental study focused on parametric optimization of an electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) wing–propeller lifting system. The experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel equipped with a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system, and a wing–propeller thrust and power measurement test stand was used. The total mission flight energy was evaluated and compared for three different propeller-to-wing gross area ratios and three mission profiles. Two principal configurations of the wing–propeller lifting system were considered, corresponding to the hovering and cruising stages of flight. In these configurations, both the propellers and the tilting wing sections were oriented according to the requirements of hover and cruise operation. The total flight energy was adopted as the figure of merit and was calculated for all design points. The figure of merit was then analyzed as a function of the propeller-to-wing gross area ratio. The results allowed the determination of optimal configurations for different hover times. Finally, the total flight energy obtained from the experiments was calculated and compared with the corresponding simulation results.","author":[{"family":"Zikyamov","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Panayotov","given":"Hristian"},{"family":"Penchev","given":"Stanimir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/engproc2026150102","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026150102","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1088/1742-6596/3044/1/012001","type":"article-journal","title":"A Yaw-roll Coupling Suppression Control Method for eVTOL Aircraft with Nonuniform Propulsion Layout","abstract":"Abstract In recent years, electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have become a primary focus in urban air mobility research. eVTOL aircraft integrate the advantages of multirotor and fixed-wing designs, enabling vertical take-off and landing as well as efficient long-range cruising, thereby offering substantial research value. During vertical take-off and landing, their control resembles that of multirotor aircraft; however, the nonuniform propulsion layout and large inertia induce yaw-roll coupling during yaw maneuvers. Additionally, yaw control via differential rotor speed is inefficient, often leading to actuator saturation and increased risks of attitude instability. To address these challenges, this study derives the yaw motion dynamics for eVTOL with nonuniform propulsion layout and proposes a yaw control law with cross-coupling compensation to mitigate attitude coupling during yaw maneuvers. A simplified approach is introduced, leveraging pseudo-control command saturation design to maintain stability at high yaw angular velocities. Compared to methods based on the convex optimization algorithm or the redistributed pseudo-inverse algorithm, the proposed method reduces computational complexity and is readily applicable to practical flight scenarios. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach effectively mitigates attitude coupling in yaw movements and expands the range of achievable yaw angular velocity commands.","author":[{"family":"Ni","given":"Xu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Mingkai"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xuejun"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Shuguang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1742-6596/3044/1/012001","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3044/1/012001","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm_avtol_2025-5312","type":"article-journal","title":"Enhancing Yaw Control Authority and Resilience for eVTOL Aircraft through Rotor Canting Configuration","abstract":"Maximizing yaw control authority is a critical challenge in the design of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, as it directly affects stability and maneuverability during hover, transition, and cruise. With distributed electric propulsion at the core of modern eVTOL designs, innovative strategies such as rotor canting offer new avenues to enhance yaw control authority. This study investigates how lateral and longitudinal rotor cant angles can be leveraged to improve yaw control authority in an eight-rotor, lift-plus-cruise eVTOL configuration. By systematically comparing multiple rotor spin configurations and performing sensitivity analyses with incremental cant angles, we establish the relationship between cant geometry and yaw control authority. Our results suggest that orthogonal canting yields superior yaw control authority by effectively maximizing moment generation, thereby enhancing eVTOL resilience in challenging flight conditions.","author":[{"family":"Kamath","given":"Archit"},{"family":"Thanaraj","given":"T"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Xiaoqiang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"James"},{"family":"Feroskhan","given":"Mir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm_avtol_2025-5312","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm_avtol_2025-5312","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2026-1886","type":"article-journal","title":"An Evaluation of Fault-Tolerant Control Allocation Strategies for eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft typically have more control effectors than controlled axes, offering an opportunity to improve flight safety through recovery from control effector failures. Realizing this potential depends on control allocation strategies that intelligently redistribute virtual force and moment commands among redundant effectors under saturation and fault constraints. However, eVTOL aircraft pose unique challenges for control allocation because of varying control effectiveness across the transition flight envelope. This paper presents a geometric evaluation approach to understand the force and moment generation capability of an aircraft using the attainable force and moment set (AFMS)--a convex set in the six-dimensional space of generalized force and moment control inputs that is defined by saturation and fault constraints. Several classical pseudoinverse-based and optimization-based linear allocation methods are evaluated using the NASA Lift Plus Cruise eVTOL aircraft model in static and dynamic simulations. Their performance is benchmarked by their ability to reproduce the AFMS volume in nominal and faulted conditions, while also evaluating control effort and computational burden. Results show that the direct allocation and mixed L1 optimization algorithms consistently realize the full AFMS volume across hover, transition, and cruise regimes, demonstrating robust reconfiguration capability, while pseudoinverse formulations exhibit significant shortfalls. The dynamic simulation demonstrates zero allocation error, improved trajectory tracking, and successful fault hiding while using the direct allocation algorithm. Beyond specific results for the NASA Lift Plus Cruise aircraft, this study establishes a scalable, aircraft-agnostic method for comparing fault-tolerant control allocation algorithms for real-time implementation in overactuated eVTOL flight control systems.","author":[{"family":"Asper","given":"Garrett"},{"family":"Corrigan","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Simmons","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Woolsey","given":"Craig"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2026-1886","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-1886","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2026-2272","type":"article-journal","title":"Advanced Air Mobility Infrastructure With Expeditionary Landing Surfaces for eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"The rapid advancement of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft has accelerated the development of advanced air mobility (AAM), promising significant reductions in travel time, emissions, and congestion. However, infrastructure development, particularly vertiport construction, lags aircraft technology, creating a critical bottleneck for widespread adoption. Current FAA guidelines for vertiport developments, adapted from heliport standards, mandate heavy, permanent concrete pads that impose prohibitive weight, cost, and logistical challenges, especially for rooftop or austere locales. This paper proposes a paradigm shift in vertiport construction through the application of expeditionary airfield (EAF) matting systems, historically used by the military for rapid deployment of runways and VTOL pads in austere conditions. We examine the evolution of EAF matting from World War II-era Marston mats to modern AM2 aluminum panels, detailing their design, performance, and limitations. Comparative analysis demonstrates that AM2 matting offers substantial advantages over concrete construction, significantly reducing structural load and material costs while enabling rapid installation without delays associated with traditional concrete construction. Furthermore, matting systems mitigate foreign object debris (FOD) risks associated with spalling concrete and provide scalable, modular solutions adaptable to urban rooftops, disaster relief operations, and temporary test sites. By leveraging proven military technologies for civilian applications, this approach addresses the pressing need for agile, cost-effective, and sustainable vertiport infrastructure, supporting the safe and efficient integration of eVTOL aircraft into future transportation networks for urban, rural, or even remote locations.","author":[{"family":"Wilhelms","given":"Hannah"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Liang"},{"family":"Jordon","given":"JB"},{"family":"Allison","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Wilhelms","given":"Hannah"},{"family":"Allison","given":"Paul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2026-2272","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-2272","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5186","type":"article-journal","title":"Design, Development, and Subscale Flight Testing of an Emergency Response eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"This paper presents the design, development, and subscale flight testing of an optionally-autonomous lift-plus-cruise (LPC) eVTOL aircraft for emergency response missions that bridges the gap between existing aerial capabilities and the needs of first responders. A 4+1 LPC configuration consisting of four vertical lift propellers and a single pusher propeller was selected to balance hover performance and cruise efficiency. The vehicle is sized around a 600 lbs gross takeoff weight with a 125 lbs payload capacity. VTOL and Pusher propeller blades were optimized using parametric studies, resulting in a high Figure of Merit and propulsive efficiency. Trim analysis demonstrates efficient hover to cruise transition, lift-to-drag ratios of 10-11 between 70-90 knots, and propulsive efficiency exceeding 0.9 at the cruise speed of 100 knots. The subscale configuration utilized a simulation framework for trim and optimization of flight control laws, which were subsequently implemented on a 1/3-scale subscale demonstrator. Subscale flight tests showed stable hover and robust trajectory tracking under wind disturbances throughout the flight envelope, which demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed LPC architecture.","author":[{"family":"Sarker","given":"Ripon"},{"family":"Pudasaini","given":"Anup"},{"family":"Bhandari","given":"Pratribha"},{"family":"Atkinson","given":"Zach"},{"family":"Comer","given":"Anthony"},{"family":"Fardin","given":"Nabia"},{"family":"Dabaghian","given":"Pedram"},{"family":"Halder","given":"Atanu"},{"family":"Sarker","given":"RI"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5186","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5186","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/batteries12090317","type":"article-journal","title":"Design, Fabrication, and In-Flight Demonstration of a 24S NCM Battery System for an eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Reliable pack-level battery systems capable of safely handling instantaneous high-C-rate discharge above 10C during take-off, climb, and hovering are required for the commercialization of urban air mobility (UAM) aircraft. However, pack-level studies on wide-range C-rate characteristics of battery systems for UAM applications remain very limited, and most previous studies have been restricted to single-cell experiments or battery-pack simulations. In this study, a 24S1P test battery pack using nickel–cobalt–manganese (NCM) pouch cells, with a nominal voltage of 88.8 V and a capacity of 22 Ah, was designed and fabricated. A two-level battery management system (BMS) based on the LTC6803G-4 was also developed. To evaluate the charge–discharge characteristics of the battery system, constant-current discharge tests were conducted under five conditions ranging from 0.2C (4.4 A) to 10.68C (235 A), and charging tests were performed over the range of 0.2C–2C. The discharge test results showed that the capacity retention remained within 97.5–100.0% in the 1C–5C range, confirming excellent power capability. Continuous discharge operation was confirmed at 10.68C, the maximum discharge condition considered for vertical take-off and climb. Under this condition, the capacity decreased to 16.26 Ah, corresponding to 74.2% of the rated capacity, owing to internal-resistance-induced voltage drop, electrochemical polarization, and early attainment of the cut-off voltage. The Peukert exponent was estimated to be 1.113. An apparent pack-level direct-current internal resistance (DCIR) of approximately 40.3 mΩ was estimated from the initial voltage-drop analysis under different discharge-current conditions. In addition, the maximum temperature during 10.68C discharge was measured as 55.1 °C, providing a thermal margin of 4.9 °C relative to the operational temperature limit of 60 °C adopted in this study. Finally, a 24S4P battery system with a capacity of 88 Ah, consisting of four 24S1P battery packs connected in parallel, was installed in the VS-210, a 210 kg-class maximum take-off weight (MTOW) eVTOL aircraft. An in-flight test was conducted by repeating six take-off–hovering–landing cycles during a total test session of 15 min 20 s, and a stable propulsion power supply was maintained throughout all flight cycles. This study provides experimental baseline data for the design and preliminary safety assessment of high-power battery systems for UAM applications by presenting both the electrical and thermal characteristics of a 24S NCM battery pack over a wide discharge-rate range of 0.2C–10.68C and in-flight eVTOL data.","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Suho"},{"family":"Jung","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Cho","given":"Bum"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Gee"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Geesoo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/batteries12090317","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12090317","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1002/sys.70029","type":"article-journal","title":"Design of Safety Pattern for eVTOL Aircraft Systems Based on MBSE—A Comprehensive Approach","abstract":"ABSTRACT Safety is always of paramount importance in civil aviation. To shift safety considerations from post validation to prior construction, an architecture design method has been proposed based on the MBSE approach, aiming to integrate safety requirements into design process. First, related safety requirements are refined, and a safety pattern library with safety logic is formalized and established, which serves as a bridge between abstract safety requirements and specific architectural solutions. Subsequently, in an iterative, analysis‐driven design process, when safety defects are exposed in the architecture, corresponding safety patterns could be systematically selected and instantiated from the library to optimize the architecture. Finally, the approach is demonstrated by designing the flight control architecture of an uncrewed eVTOL aircraft. Case study shows that this method not only ensures consistency and traceability between design and safety, but also transforms the role of safety analysis in the later stage from traditional exploratory analysis to quantitative verification of built‐in safety attributes. Thus, a new perspective is provided to improve the efficiency of airworthiness certification in the low‐altitude air mobility industry.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Boyang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Bai","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"Nve"},{"family":"Bai","given":"Jie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/sys.70029","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sys.70029","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2026-3247","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerodynamics and Aeroacoustics of Rotor-Rotor and Rotor-Wing Interactions in an eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"This paper investigates the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic characteristics of rotor-rotor and rotor-wing interactions in an eVTOL aircraft during transitional flight conditions. An experimental wind-tunnel campaign was conducted using a scaled half-aircraft model featuring two rotors in a tandem configuration mounted above a wing, with far-field noise measured using four microphone arrays. The effects of free-stream velocity and forward-rotor tilting angle were systematically examined. Complementary aerodynamic simulations were performed using a mid-fidelity vortex-particle method to analyse the wake development and interaction mechanisms. The results indicate that noise radiation is dominated by the aft rotor, while tonal contributions from the forward rotor become significant when operating in edgewise flow conditions. Rotor-wake interactions lead to increased mid-frequency broadband noise, as well as haystacking and sub-harmonic peaks associated with blade-vortex interaction events. These effects are most pronounced at low forward-rotor tilting angles and diminish as the wake is convected away from the downstream rotor. The flow-field analysis reveals complex wake convection and interaction patterns, strongly influenced by the presence of the wing, which alters the trajectory and coherence of the vortical structures. The combined experimental and numerical results provide insight into the noise generation mechanisms of interacting rotors in eVTOL configurations during transition.","author":[{"family":"Colli","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Go","given":"Sung"},{"family":"Bricker","given":"Clemence"},{"family":"Rezgui","given":"Djamel"},{"family":"Azarpeyvand","given":"Mahdi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2026-3247","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-3247","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42401-026-00506-w","type":"article-journal","title":"Taming the tilt: A unified pilot control concept for transformational eVTOL aircraft","abstract":"Abstract Transformational electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles have gained significant attention over the past decade due to their efficient wing-borne cruise capabilities and reduced reliance on ground-based infrastructure. However, control system design for these vehicles remains challenging, as they must operate across multiple flight phases, each with distinct dominant dynamics. If left unaddressed, this complexity would significantly increase pilot workload, thus motivating the development of pilot control systems for multi-phase flight operations. The Simplified Vehicle Operations concept presents a promising strategy for reducing pilot workload. This study presents the design and implementation of a novel pilot control concept for eVTOL aircraft, validated through a tandem tilt-wing aircraft simulation on a full-motion simulator equipped with an active, force-feedback side stick. The system provides pilots with tactile feedback during specific flight phases, supporting intuitive control. The proposed approach enables seamless transitions and multi-phase flight maneuvers by leveraging the available degrees of freedom. Furthermore, an optimal-control-based methodology is proposed as a metric to evaluate command-filter-induced performance penalties and inceptor activities. The results show that the proposed command filter does not significantly increase the mission duration compared to the closed-loop system, while the active side stick helps reduce inceptor activity.","author":[{"family":"Milz","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"May","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Seefried","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Bellmann","given":"Tobias"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s42401-026-00506-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42401-026-00506-w","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132253","type":"article-journal","title":"Mission-level integrated electrical–thermal simulation for energy and thermal management of eVTOL aircraft","abstract":"This study presents an integrated simulation framework to analyze the dynamic coupling between propulsion energy demand and thermal management system (TMS) operation in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Unlike combustion-powered platforms, eVTOL operates under strict onboard energy constraints while facing substantial thermal loads arising from the electric propulsion system, the battery system and cabin heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). To capture this coupled behavior, we developed a time-resolved modeling approach based on momentum theory, force equilibrium, and aerodynamic drag to estimate propulsion power, which is thermally coupled with electro-thermal battery and motor models. The TMS architecture comprises a vapor-compression cooling loop shared across propulsion, battery, and cabin subsystems, with season-dependent control. Simulations of a five-seat aircraft configuration under multiple seasonal environments reveal that ambient conditions significantly alter system-level energy distribution. TMS power shows brief hover peaks above 40 kW (≈7–8% of hover propulsion power), and mission-integrated thermal-management energy can reach nearly 23% of total mission energy in summer. Accordingly, effective range is reduced by up to ~22% in winter compared with spring condition. These results underscore the necessity of incorporating thermal loads into mission-level energy predictions to account for seasonal variability. The proposed model provides a foundation for thermal-aware flight planning, system architecture validation, and energy management strategies in urban air mobility (UAM) applications.","author":[{"family":"Nakayama","given":"Haruka"},{"family":"Inoue","given":"Yukinori"},{"family":"Andreeva-Mori","given":"Adriana"},{"family":"Sasaki","given":"Daisuke"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132253","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132253","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1088/1742-6596/3226/1/012038","type":"article-journal","title":"Numerical simulation and protection design of lightning indirect effects in composite eVTOL aircraft","abstract":"Abstract To enhance protection against lightning indirect effects in electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, this study investigates the electromagnetic responses of a representative composite eVTOL aircraft under lightning current excitation. Following SAE ARP5412 and SAE ARP5416, a large-current pulse-injection methodology is numerically implemented using the transmission-line matrix method. For different strike paths, fuselage surface current density, transient magnetic fields inside the airframe, and coupling responses of critical onboard cables are analyzed, with emphasis on skin materials, cable configurations, and shield-grounding schemes. The results show that surface current density at lightning attachment and separation points can reach 10 5 A/m 2 , while the cabin magnetic field decays with increasing distance from the composite skin. Quantitative evaluations further demonstrate that an indium tin oxide windshield coating reduces peak induced cable currents by approximately 88.6%, that incorporating a copper mesh into a composite fuselage reduces the peak induced cable current from 7.823 A to 1.966 A, achieving shielding performance comparable to an aluminum airframe. In addition, shielded twisted pairs reduce the induced current from 1.282 A to 2.241×10 −7 A, corresponding to nearly seven orders of magnitude improvement relative to single-core conductors. Balanced double-ended grounding provides the highest shielding effectiveness among the evaluated grounding schemes. These findings provide quantitative guidance for the lightning indirect-effect protection design of eVTOL aircraft.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Zhangang"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yanan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1742-6596/3226/1/012038","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3226/1/012038","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/jahs.71.032010","type":"article-journal","title":"Full Flight Regime Controller Design for a Lift+Cruise eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"At present, the vast majority of control design work on winged eVTOLs focuses primarily on a specific flight regime, usually hover or cruise. Transition, however, is an equally critical flight regime that requires a combination of both rotorcraft and airplane control effectors to maintain trim and execute maneuvers. Full flight regime trim strategies are examined for a Lift+Cruise eVTOL aircraft. Control laws are designed for hover, transition, and cruise conditions to satisfy standard flying-qualities requirements based on the characteristic behavior of the vehicle (rotorcraft vs. fixed wing) while ensuring realistic motor limits (peak and continuous) are satisfied. CONDUIT ® is used to optimize control laws to minimize actuator activity while meeting flying-qualities constraints. Variable-RPM control is shown to be sufficient to satisfy Level 1 flying-qualities requirements in hover and low-speed flight, where control surfaces have inadequate control authority. Time domain simulations are presented to verify controller performance and ensure actuator limits are not violated while following step commands. The aircraft is able to follow commands well in all axes and flight regimes. Successful simulation of transition through the full flight regime (hover-to-cruise and cruise-to-hover) is achieved using a quasi-linear parameter varying stitched model. It was found that elevator sizing and choice of transition speed are strongly linked, and that either a transition speed very near the cruise speed or a large elevator is warranted.","author":[{"family":"Keller","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Gandhi","given":"Farhan"},{"family":"Niemiec","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Walter","given":"Ariel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/jahs.71.032010","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/jahs.71.032010","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.20300","type":"manuscript","title":"Taming the Tilt: A Unified Pilot Control Concept for Transformational eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Transformational electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles have gained significant attention over the past decade due to their efficient wing-borne cruise capabilities and reduced reliance on ground-based infrastructure. However, control system design for these vehicles remains challenging, as they must operate across multiple flight phases, each with distinct dominant dynamics. If left unaddressed, this complexity would significantly increase pilot workload, thus motivating the development of pilot control systems for multi-phase flight operations. The Simplified Vehicle Operations concept presents a promising strategy for reducing pilot workload. This study presents the design and implementation of a novel pilot control concept for eVTOL aircraft, validated through a tandem tilt-wing aircraft simulation on a full-motion simulator equipped with an active, force-feedback side stick. The system provides pilots with tactile feedback during specific flight phases, supporting intuitive control. The proposed approach enables seamless transitions and multi-phase flight maneuvers by leveraging the available degrees of freedom. Furthermore, an optimal-control-based methodology is proposed as a metric to evaluate command-filter-induced performance penalties and inceptor activities. The results show that the proposed command filter does not significantly increase the mission duration compared to the closed-loop system, while the active side stick helps reduce inceptor activity.","author":[{"family":"Milz","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"May","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Seefried","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Bellmann","given":"Tobias"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.20300","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.20300","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33127531","type":"article-journal","title":"A physics-informed and data-driven method for state of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries in electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft","abstract":"Accurately estimating the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries is critical for the safety and energy management of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft; however, their unique high-stress operating conditions pose significant challenges to accurate estimation. To address these challenges, a unified physics-informed and data-driven framework for SOC estimation is proposed. A hierarchical Convolutional Neural Network – Long Short-Term Memory – Multi-Layer Perceptron (CNN-LSTM-MLP) architecture is developed to capture the spatiotemporal characteristics of battery behavior under high-stress operating conditions. A novel physics-based indicator, termed the Discharge Power Utilization Index (DPUI), is introduced to characterize the impact of rapid power pulse discharge on SOC identifiability. In addition, a transient-aware dual Kalman filtering strategy is proposed to enable robust online co-estimation of model parameters and polarization states under mission–phase transitions. Comprehensive evaluations on a public eVTOL battery dataset demonstrate robust SOC estimation over the battery life cycle and across different flight phases, with an overall root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.47% and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.33%, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method under high-stress eVTOL mission profiles.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Pu"},{"family":"Sheng","given":"Shuqi"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Zongquan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Rong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33127531","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33127531","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33127531.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"A physics-informed and data-driven method for state of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries in electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft","abstract":"Accurately estimating the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries is critical for the safety and energy management of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft; however, their unique high-stress operating conditions pose significant challenges to accurate estimation. To address these challenges, a unified physics-informed and data-driven framework for SOC estimation is proposed. A hierarchical Convolutional Neural Network – Long Short-Term Memory – Multi-Layer Perceptron (CNN-LSTM-MLP) architecture is developed to capture the spatiotemporal characteristics of battery behavior under high-stress operating conditions. A novel physics-based indicator, termed the Discharge Power Utilization Index (DPUI), is introduced to characterize the impact of rapid power pulse discharge on SOC identifiability. In addition, a transient-aware dual Kalman filtering strategy is proposed to enable robust online co-estimation of model parameters and polarization states under mission–phase transitions. Comprehensive evaluations on a public eVTOL battery dataset demonstrate robust SOC estimation over the battery life cycle and across different flight phases, with an overall root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.47% and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.33%, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method under high-stress eVTOL mission profiles.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Pu"},{"family":"Sheng","given":"Shuqi"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Zongquan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Rong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33127531.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33127531.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3929/ethz-c-000800473","type":"article-journal","title":"Environmental Assessment of Ultralightweight DC-DC Converters for Future eVTOL Aircraft with Hybrid Power Supply","abstract":"This letter presents a comparative life cycle assessment of two ultralightweight, bidirectional, non-isolated buck-boost dc-dc converters for hybrid (fuel cell and battery) powertrains of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft: A two-level (2L) SiC design and a three-level (3L) GaN flying-capacitor design. Embodied and use-phase carbon footprints are evaluated for representative urban and regional mission profiles. Whereas the specific 3L design shows nearly twice the gravimetric power density and slightly lower embodied emissions, its lower conversion efficiency consistently results in higher overall life cycle carbon footprints compared to the selected 2L design. The results demonstrate that, despite aggressive weight reduction, efficiency remains the dominant factor governing the environmental performance of airborne dc-dc converters.","author":[{"family":"Imperiali","given":"Luc"},{"family":"Kolar","given":"Johann"},{"family":"Huber","given":"Jonas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3929/ethz-c-000800473","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-c-000800473","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.24406/publica-9327","type":"article-journal","title":"Development of a framework for the thermal modeling of an eVTOL","abstract":"The vision of eVTOLs (electric vertical take-off and landing vehicles) aims to transport individuals autonomously in urban areas using electrically powered aircraft. The efficiency, and thus the operational range of these aircraft, is crucial for market introduction. However, battery capacity is limited, necessitating effective thermal management for power electronics, drive components, and cabin climatization. This project focuses on optimizing the thermal management of the overall architecture of an eVTOL to enhance efficiency and performance. The developed framework for thermal modeling enables simulation-based optimizations. The modeling structure considers components as well as the overall thermal system of an eVTOL. This framework includes detailed models of the cabin, cockpit, avionics bays, and battery zones, analyzing their specific thermal properties and interactions with one another. Various cooling strategies, including air and liquid circuits, are evaluated to meet the requirements for both indoor air quality and system components. Our findings indicate that increasing ventilation mass flows can significantly enhance thermal passenger comfort, thus meeting comfort requirements. Energy consumption analysis shows that compressor efficiency is critical for overall system performance. Optimizing the temperature difference between the evaporator and condenser can lead to reduced energy demand. This research highlights the necessity for an integrated thermal management approach in eVTOL design, paving the way for future experimental validation and optimization efforts.","author":[{"family":"Matheis","given":"Christina"},{"family":"Norrefeldt","given":"Victor"},{"family":"Unav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.24406/publica-9327","URL":"https://doi.org/10.24406/publica-9327","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.34657/33076","type":"article-journal","title":"KONKAV - Kosteneffiziente und nachhaltige Produktion von UAM und Kabinenmodulen","abstract":"Der Bericht zeigt, dass Diehl Aerospace wesentliche Beiträge zur Entwicklung von Beleuchtungs- und Notstromlösungen für zukünftige UAM-/eVTOL-Kabinen geleistet hat. Ausgangspunkt waren ergonomische Kabinenkonzepte, aus denen zentrale Anforderungen wie geringes Gewicht, begrenzter Bauraum, reduzierte Blendung und hohe Integrationsfähigkeit abgeleitet wurden. Auf dieser Basis wurden verschiedene Systemarchitekturen für ein adaptives Lichtsystem untersucht und bewertet. Als bevorzugte Lösung wurde das \"Small Aircraft Lighting Terminal\" (SALT) entwickelt, da es eine flexible, skalierbare und weitgehend standardisierte Ansteuerung unterschiedlicher Lichtfunktionen ermöglicht. SALT wurde nicht nur konzeptionell ausgearbeitet, sondern auch als prototypisches Funktionsmuster mit Hardware, Gehäuse und Embedded Software aufgebaut. Ergänzend wurden innovative Leuchtentechnologien untersucht, darunter flexible 3D-biegbare Lichtlösungen, eine modulare Multifunktionsleuchte sowie kompakte Projektionssysteme. Dabei konnte die technische Machbarkeit aller drei Ansätze grundsätzlich nachgewiesen werden, auch wenn in einzelnen Bereichen noch Optimierungspotenzial besteht. Sämtliche Funktionsmuster wurden in einer transportablen Integrationsplattform zusammengeführt und im Zusammenspiel demonstriert. Im Bereich der Notstromversorgung konnte gezeigt werden, dass verteilte, selbstgepufferte Systeme für UAM-Anwendungen ein vielversprechender Ansatz sind. Darüber hinaus wurden geeignete Batteriezellen, Containment-Materialien und Verfahren zur Batteriezustandsdiagnose identifiziert, sodass eine belastbare Grundlage für die weitere Entwicklung und spätere industrielle Verwertung geschaffen wurde.","author":[{"family":"Richter","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Lins","given":"Bastian"},{"family":"Ettenhuber","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Bühlmeyer","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Püttner","given":"Doris"},{"family":"Grabmann","given":"Jürgen"},{"family":"Frankerl","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Wolff","given":"Uwe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.34657/33076","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34657/33076","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.34657/24821","type":"article-journal","title":"Verbundvorhaben: Druckaufgeladene Brennstoffzellen im 250kW Antriebsstrang für ein Passagier-Flugzeug mit bis zu 4 Personen (Go4Hy2)","abstract":"Die Forschungen im Projekt Go4Hy2 zielten auf die umfassende Entwicklung einer Antriebs-Systemtechnologie für ein emissionsfreies Wasserstoff-Brennstoffzellen-betriebenes Luft-Fahrzeug und die Evaluierung der Leistungsfähigkeit unter Luftfahrtbedingungen. Es sollte ein direkt-hybrider Antrieb für ein Passagier-Flugzeug mit bis zu 4 Personen entwickelt werden, der sich durch die direkte elektrische Kopplung zwischen den Energiequellen Brennstoffzelle und Batterie ohne zwischengeschalteten DC/DC-Wandler auszeichnet. Im Direkthybriden wird der Energiefluss über intelligente Schaltlogik gesteuert. Die Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeiten leisten einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Versorgungssicherheit durch die Verwendung von Wasserstoff als Energieträger. Die zukünftige Markteinführung von wasserstoffbetriebenen PEM-Brennstoffzellen für emissionsfreie elektrische Antriebe in der Luftfahrt sollte exemplarisch am direkt-hybriden Antrieb vorangetrieben werden, wobei die aus dem Projekt abzuleitenden Beiträge zur Effizienzsteigerung sowie zur CO2-, NOx-, Schall- und Partikelemissionsreduktion auch auf andere verwandte Technologiefelder übertragen werden können. Hinsichtlich der für Fluganwendungen relevanten förderpolitische Ziele zum Zeitpunkt der Antragstellung sind die Langfristziele der Europäischen Kommission (ACARE 2020 u. 2050) und Flightpath 2050 (90% NOx, 75% CO2, 65% Noise) zu nennen. Die konkreten Ziele des Projekts Go4Hy2 waren, die Realisierung einer ausfallsicheren Antriebs-Systemtechnologie im 250 kW-Bereich mit einer ca. 2-3fach höheren Leistungsdichte, wobei der Vergleich zum Vorgängerprojekt Go4H2 gezogen wird (Leistungsklasse BZ-Batt-Hybrid: 100 kW, Leistungsdichte BZ-System aus Go4H2 bzw. deren Weiterentwicklung mit dem Stand der Technik von 2020: 0,25 kW/kg). Das neue Antriebssystem mit einem neuen BZ-System, das eine Bedruckung der Sauerstoffseite ermöglicht, sollte in Labor- und Feld-Tests unter flugrelevanten Bedingungen getestet werden. Weiterhin sollte die Skalierbarkeit dieses Systems im Hinblick auf größere Antriebssysteme der MW-Klasse bewertet werden. Zusätzlich sollte auch die Steuerung der Leistungsverteilungseinheit (PMCD) komplett auf flugzugelassener state-of-the-art IMA-Technologie (Integrated Modular Avionics) realisiert werden. Die geplanten F+E Arbeiten aller Partner im vorliegenden Projekt Go4Hy2 bauten auf die im Vorgängerprojekt Go4H2 und weiteren parallellaufenden Projekten entwickelten Technologien auf. In Go4Hy2 wurde speziell die aus dem Automotive-Bereich verfügbare PEM-Brennstoffzellen-Technologie mit der Möglichkeit einer Druckaufladung über einen Kompressor auf die Luftfahrtanwendung übertragen. Dazu wurden COTS-Systeme zunächst vermessen und für die Luftfahrtanwendung speziell angepasst. Die Vorgängerprojekte lieferten Basiswissen zu Systemlösungen und Redundanz, Kühlung, Batterie-Ladung etc. aus der Niederdruck-Brennstoffzellen-Technologie und dienten als Grundlage für die neuen Entwicklungen zur Leistungsklasse 250 kW und deren Integration in die Teststände. Insbesondere die Untersuchungen am EWS der Universität Ulm zum Betrieb von PEM-Brennstoffzellen unter wechselnden atmosphärischen Bedingungen stellten eine Herausforderung und einen hohen Neuheitswert dar. Im Bereich der Leistungselektronik und des Elektro-Motors sollten die Entwicklungsarbeiten von Rolls-Royce auf eine Verbesserung der Marktanwendung fokussiert werden. Ein vielseitig anwendbares Motorkonzept, das die Leistungsklasse 350 kW bedient und die Skalierbarkeit sowie zulassungstechnische Anforderungen sowie Redundanz berücksichtigte sowie die Nutzung als Antriebs-Generatoreinheit ermöglichte, sollten im vorliegenden Projekt im Vordergrund stehen. Ein weiteres Ziel war es, die Entwicklung des SiC-Umrichters bei Rolls-Royce speziell auf den Einsatz für Hybridsysteme auszurichten, jedoch auch eine flexible Anwendbarkeit für breit gefächerte Anwendungen zu berücksichtigen. Im Bereich der luftfahrtrelevanten Systemsteuerung so","author":[{"family":"Bauer","given":"Christiane"},{"family":"Häming","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Möhrmann","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Shamiyeh","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Grebhardt","given":"Axel"},{"family":"Murschenhofer","given":"Dominik"},{"family":"Kaiser","given":"Tobias"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.34657/24821","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34657/24821","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.06093","type":"manuscript","title":"eVTOL Aircraft Energy Overhead Estimation under Conflict Resolution in High-Density Airspaces","abstract":"Electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft operating in high-density urban airspace must maintain safe separation through tactical conflict resolution, yet the energy cost of such maneuvers has not been systematically quantified. This paper investigates how conflict-resolution maneuvers under the Modified Voltage Potential (MVP) algorithm affect eVTOL energy consumption. Using a physics-based power model integrated within a traffic simulation, we analyze approximately 71,767 en route sections within a sector, across traffic densities of 10-60 simultaneous aircraft. The main finding is that MVP-based deconfliction is energy-efficient: median energy overhead remains below 1.5% across all density levels, and the majority of en route flights within the sector incur negligible penalty. However, the distribution exhibits pronounced right-skewness, with tail cases reaching 44% overhead at the highest densities due to sustained multi-aircraft conflicts. The 95th percentile ranges from 3.84% to 5.3%, suggesting that a 4-5% reserve margin accommodates the vast majority of tactical deconfliction scenarios. To support operational planning, we develop a machine learning model that estimates energy overhead at mission initiation. Because conflict outcomes depend on future traffic interactions that cannot be known in advance, the model provides both point estimates and uncertainty bounds. These bounds are conservative; actual outcomes fall within the predicted range more often than the stated confidence level, making them suitable for safety-critical reserve planning. Together, these results validate MVP's suitability for energy-constrained eVTOL operations and provide quantitative guidance for reserve energy determination in Advanced Air Mobility.","author":[{"family":"Zongo","given":"Alex"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Zongo","given":"Alex"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Peng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2604.06093","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.06093","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.13016/m2jtxu-bgqs","type":"article-journal","title":"Demand Modeling for Advanced Air Mobility: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions","abstract":"Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) has attracted increasing research and industry attention as a potential extension of passenger and cargo transportation systems, supported by developments in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, autonomy, and integrated traffic management. Unlike conventional transportation systems, AAM presents unique challenges to demand modeling due to untested routes, new vehicle classes, and evolving user behavior. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey of demand modeling approaches relevant to AAM, encompassing econometric models, discrete choice frameworks, simulation-based approaches, machine learning techniques, and hybrid methods. Our evaluation focuses on four core modeling stages: trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice, and assignment. We further analyze the key factors influencing demand and assess their implications for model design and forecasting accuracy. Research gaps are identified in areas such as airspace routing, vertiport placement, capacity constraints, weather resilience, and community acceptance. To address these, we highlight the need for infrastructure-aware, behaviorally grounded, and real-time adaptive demand models. We outline future research opportunities including fine-grained temporal and spatial resolution, multimodal integration, induced demand representation, and equity considerations. By categorizing current methods and synthesizing emerging directions, this survey establishes a critical research agenda to guide policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in advancing robust and socially responsible AAM demand forecasting.","author":[{"family":"Acharya","given":"Kamal"},{"family":"Raza","given":"Waleed"},{"family":"Vasiloff","given":"Katherine"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhenbo"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Liang"},{"family":"Song","given":"Houbing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.13016/m2jtxu-bgqs","URL":"https://doi.org/10.13016/m2jtxu-bgqs","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.14279/depositonce-23659","type":"article-journal","title":"Feasibility study of current and emerging battery chemistries for electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft (eVTOL) applications","abstract":"The feasibility of electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft (eVTOL) relies on high-performance batteries with elevated energy and power densities for long-distance flight. However, systemic evaluation of battery chemistries for eVTOLs remains limited. This paper fills this research gap through a comprehensive investigation of current and emerging battery technologies. First, the properties of current battery chemistries are benchmarked against eVTOL requirements, identifying nickel-rich lithium-ion batteries (LIB), such as NMC and NCA, as the best suited for this application. Through comparison of 300 commercial battery cells, the Molicel INR21700-P45B cell is identified as the best candidate. Among next-generation batteries, SiSu solid-state batteries (SSBs) emerge as the most promising alternative. The performance of these cells is evaluated using a custom eVTOL battery simulation model for two eVTOL aircraft: the Volocopter VoloCity and the Archer Midnight. Results indicate that the Molicel INR21700-P45B underperforms in high-load scenarios, with a state of charge (SoC) at the end of the flight below the 30% safety margin. Simulated SoC values for the SiSu cell remain above this threshold, reaching 64.9% for the VoloCity and 64.8% for the Midnight. These results highlight next-generation battery technologies for eVTOLs and demonstrate the potential of SSBs to enhance flight performance.","author":[{"family":"Fay","given":"Tu"},{"family":"Semmler","given":"Fynn"},{"family":"Cigarini","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Göhlich","given":"Dietmar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.14279/depositonce-23659","URL":"https://doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-23659","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.13284","type":"manuscript","title":"Do Diffusion Models Dream of Electric Planes? Discrete and Continuous Simulation-Based Inference for Aircraft Design","abstract":"In this paper, we generate conceptual engineering designs of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. We follow the paradigm of simulation-based inference (SBI), whereby we look to learn a posterior distribution over the full eVTOL design space. To learn this distribution, we sample over discrete aircraft configurations (topologies) and their corresponding set of continuous parameters. Therefore, we introduce a hierarchical probabilistic model consisting of two diffusion models. The first model leverages recent work on Riemannian Diffusion Language Modeling (RDLM) and Unified World Models (UWMs) to enable us to sample topologies from a discrete and continuous space. For the second model we introduce a masked diffusion approach to sample the corresponding parameters conditioned on the topology. Our approach rediscovers known trends and governing physical laws in aircraft design, while significantly accelerating design generation.","author":[{"family":"Ghiglino","given":"Aurelien"},{"family":"Elenius","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Roy","given":"Anirban"},{"family":"Kaur","given":"Ramneet"},{"family":"Acharya","given":"Manoj"},{"family":"Samplawski","given":"Colin"},{"family":"Matejek","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Jha","given":"Susmit"},{"family":"Alonso","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Cobb","given":"Adam"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2603.13284","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.13284","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18763653","type":"article-journal","title":"MixeDiT-MaskeDiT: Aircraft Dataset of 30,276 Diverse eVTOL Designs","abstract":"This dataset contains 30,276 eVTOL aircraft, randomly generated and analyzed using SUAVE. The Git repo contains more information. File structure /training_data/ /maskedit/ /data/: training data for MaskeDiT /model/: trained model for MaskeDiT /mixedit/ /data/: tokenizing data for MixeDiT /model/: trained model for MixeDiT Simulation using SUAVESUAVE is a flexible aerodynamics and flight dynamics simulation tool, which is often used for early-stage conceptual aircraft design. SUAVE ingests an aircraft design and a mission (flight path), and then performs three key coupled analyses sequentially: stability, aerodynamics and propulsion. After the analysis, SUAVE produces a large array of fine-grained aircraft statistics that can vary across the flight path, such as state-of-charge and angle of attack through different phases of flight. In this work, we will focus on a subset of ten summary statistics. As a conceptual design tool, SUAVE relies on traditional mass‑regression models and does not screen out structurally infeasible designs, so we build three modules. (1) A modified mass‑estimation interface that supplies individual component masses to the simulation. (2) A CAD‑based verification tool that detects propeller–wing or propeller–fuselage intersections. (3) A simple structural filter that rejects clearly infeasible configurations (e.g. wingspans over 50m).Design Representation and GenerationWe generate a large design dataset by modeling eVTOLs as trees and using a custom tree‑based probabilistic program. This probabilistic program plays the role of the general prior over all possible eVTOL designs. Starting from the root, each tree branches into propulsion, structural, aerodynamic, energy storage, and avionics subsystems. Each subsystem is further refined into concrete components, such as airframe members and wings, subcomponents, such as propeller rotors, until reaching atomic parameters, such as geometric dimensions and masses. This tree forms a typed, hierarchical JSON schema that functions like a generative grammar. Note that all designs include at least one wing, have one fuselage, and at least one forward propeller.Design Stochasticity and Pre-ProcessingThe design space is constrained by capping the number of components: up to two wings, one horizontal stabilizer, one vertical stabilizer, two clusters of four lifting rotors per wing, two forward propellers per wing, and optionally a single nose-mounted propeller. Any combination of these elements is permitted, resulting in 144 possible configurations. The final design representation for the machine‑learning models is obtained by removing internal fuselage and wing cross‑sections from the maximal design tree and flattening the remainder into a vector. Missing components (e.g., a second wing) are left blank in this vector, with a corresponding mask included in the dataset. We move the generation of internal fuselage and wing cross‑sections to the run‑time simulation, introducing stochasticity when decoding a pre‑processed design. As a result, each design will have different internal fuselage and wing geometries for every SUAVE evaluation, while the key high-level parameters provided to the SBI model, such as total wingspan and fuselage length, remain fixed. DatasetFollowing the outlined data generation pipeline of this section, we initially generate a dataset of 300,000 eVTOL aircraft using our probabilistic program. We then run all designs through our SUAVE evaluation pipeline and filter out designs according structural checks, aircraft stability, and convergence of the SUAVE simulation. This results in a final dataset of 30,276 valid designs.","author":[{"family":"Ghiglino","given":"Aurelien"},{"family":"Elenius","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Roy","given":"Anirban"},{"family":"Kaur","given":"Ramneet"},{"family":"Acharya","given":"Manoj"},{"family":"Samplawski","given":"Colin"},{"family":"Matejek","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Jha","given":"Susmit"},{"family":"Alonso","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Cobb","given":"Adam"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18763653","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18763653","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18763654","type":"article-journal","title":"MixeDiT-MaskeDiT: Aircraft Dataset of 30,276 Diverse eVTOL Designs","abstract":"This dataset contains 30,276 eVTOL aircraft, randomly generated and analyzed using SUAVE. The Git repo contains more information. File structure /training_data/ /maskedit/ /data/: training data for MaskeDiT /model/: trained model for MaskeDiT /mixedit/ /data/: tokenizing data for MixeDiT /model/: trained model for MixeDiT Simulation using SUAVESUAVE is a flexible aerodynamics and flight dynamics simulation tool, which is often used for early-stage conceptual aircraft design. SUAVE ingests an aircraft design and a mission (flight path), and then performs three key coupled analyses sequentially: stability, aerodynamics and propulsion. After the analysis, SUAVE produces a large array of fine-grained aircraft statistics that can vary across the flight path, such as state-of-charge and angle of attack through different phases of flight. In this work, we will focus on a subset of ten summary statistics. As a conceptual design tool, SUAVE relies on traditional mass‑regression models and does not screen out structurally infeasible designs, so we build three modules. (1) A modified mass‑estimation interface that supplies individual component masses to the simulation. (2) A CAD‑based verification tool that detects propeller–wing or propeller–fuselage intersections. (3) A simple structural filter that rejects clearly infeasible configurations (e.g. wingspans over 50m).Design Representation and GenerationWe generate a large design dataset by modeling eVTOLs as trees and using a custom tree‑based probabilistic program. This probabilistic program plays the role of the general prior over all possible eVTOL designs. Starting from the root, each tree branches into propulsion, structural, aerodynamic, energy storage, and avionics subsystems. Each subsystem is further refined into concrete components, such as airframe members and wings, subcomponents, such as propeller rotors, until reaching atomic parameters, such as geometric dimensions and masses. This tree forms a typed, hierarchical JSON schema that functions like a generative grammar. Note that all designs include at least one wing, have one fuselage, and at least one forward propeller.Design Stochasticity and Pre-ProcessingThe design space is constrained by capping the number of components: up to two wings, one horizontal stabilizer, one vertical stabilizer, two clusters of four lifting rotors per wing, two forward propellers per wing, and optionally a single nose-mounted propeller. Any combination of these elements is permitted, resulting in 144 possible configurations. The final design representation for the machine‑learning models is obtained by removing internal fuselage and wing cross‑sections from the maximal design tree and flattening the remainder into a vector. Missing components (e.g., a second wing) are left blank in this vector, with a corresponding mask included in the dataset. We move the generation of internal fuselage and wing cross‑sections to the run‑time simulation, introducing stochasticity when decoding a pre‑processed design. As a result, each design will have different internal fuselage and wing geometries for every SUAVE evaluation, while the key high-level parameters provided to the SBI model, such as total wingspan and fuselage length, remain fixed. DatasetFollowing the outlined data generation pipeline of this section, we initially generate a dataset of 300,000 eVTOL aircraft using our probabilistic program. We then run all designs through our SUAVE evaluation pipeline and filter out designs according structural checks, aircraft stability, and convergence of the SUAVE simulation. This results in a final dataset of 30,276 valid designs.","author":[{"family":"Ghiglino","given":"Aurelien"},{"family":"Elenius","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Roy","given":"Anirban"},{"family":"Kaur","given":"Ramneet"},{"family":"Acharya","given":"Manoj"},{"family":"Samplawski","given":"Colin"},{"family":"Matejek","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Jha","given":"Susmit"},{"family":"Alonso","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Cobb","given":"Adam"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18763654","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18763654","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.14415","type":"manuscript","title":"A Survey of Security Challenges and Solutions for Advanced Air Mobility and eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"This survey reviews the existing and envisioned security vulnerabilities and defense mechanisms relevant to Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) systems, with a focus on electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Drawing from vulnerabilities in the avionics in commercial aviation and the automated unmanned aerial systems (UAS), the paper presents a taxonomy of attacks, analyzes mitigation strategies, and proposes a secure system architecture tailored to the future AAM ecosystem. The paper also highlights key threat vectors, including Global Positioning System (GPS) jamming/spoofing, ATC radio frequency misuse, attacks on TCAS and ADS-B, possible backdoor via Electronic Flight Bag (EFB), new vulnerabilities introduced by aircraft automation and connectivity, and risks from flight management system (FMS) software, database and cloud services. Finally, this paper describes emerging defense techniques against these attacks, and open technical problems to address toward better defense mechanisms.","author":[{"family":"Ghazanfari","given":"Mahyar"},{"family":"Sharifi","given":"Iman"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Dahle","given":"Noah"},{"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Abel"},{"family":"Coursey","given":"Austin"},{"family":"Bjorkman","given":"Bryce"},{"family":"Lemieux-Mack","given":"Cailani"},{"family":"Canady","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Taye","given":"Abenezer"},{"family":"Ward","given":"Bryan"},{"family":"Koutsoukos","given":"Xenofon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2601.14415","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.14415","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.25967/650057","type":"article-journal","title":"Development and Validation of an Additively Manufactured Tilt-Wing Actuator for a Subscale eVTOL Demonstrator","abstract":"To support ongoing research into flight dynamics and control functions for (tandem) tilt-wing eVTOL aircraft, a subscale flight test demonstrator is being developed. Tilt-actuators are essential to achieve the tilt-wing’s key characteristics of VTOL capability and efficient wing-borne cruise flight. However, these actuators must provide sufficient torque and speed to navigate the challenging transition regimes between cruise and hover flight, involving high angles of attack and post-stall conditions, with these requirements remaining poorly quantified. Additionally, existing solutions leave room for improvements in terms of weight and hardware accessibility. This work develops and validates a high-performance tilt-actuator system to enable comprehensive flight testing across a wide range of dynamic transition maneuvers. The maximum torque loads and tilt speed requirements of the tilt-actuators are derived. A primarily additively manufactured tilt-actuator and gear system leveraging commercial RC servo motors is developed, optimized, and implemented. The optimization analyses reveal that helical polymer gears are 2.7 times lighter than conventional metal spur gear alternatives while significantly reducing the package size. Bench tests successfully validate the static strength, accuracy, and dynamic performance of the optimized system, meeting all derived requirements.","author":[{"family":"Ott","given":"L"},{"family":"May","given":"M"},{"family":"Milz","given":"D"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.25967/650057","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25967/650057","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.18031","type":"manuscript","title":"Joint Resource Estimation and Trajectory Optimization for eVTOL-involved CR network: A Monte Carlo Tree Search-based Approach","abstract":"Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft, pivotal to Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), are emerging as a transformative transportation paradigm with the potential to redefine urban and regional mobility. While these systems offer unprecedented efficiency in transporting people and goods, they rely heavily on computation capability, safety-critical operations such as real-time navigation, environmental sensing, and trajectory tracking--necessitating robust offboard computational support. A widely adopted solution involves offloading these tasks to terrestrial base stations (BSs) along the flight path. However, air-to-ground connectivity is often constrained by spectrum conflicts with terrestrial users, which poses a significant challenge to maintaining reliable task execution. Cognitive radio (CR) techniques offer promising capabilities for dynamic spectrum access, making them a natural fit for addressing this issue. Existing studies often overlook the time-varying nature of BS resources, such as spectrum availability and CPU cycles, which leads to inaccurate trajectory planning, suboptimal offloading success rates, excessive energy consumption, and operational delays. To address these challenges, we propose a trajectory optimization framework for eVTOL swarms that maximizes task offloading success probability while minimizing both energy consumption and resource competition (e.g., spectrum and CPU cycles) with primary terrestrial users. The proposed algorithm integrates a Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB) model to dynamically estimate BS resource availability and a Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) algorithm to determine optimal offloading decisions, selecting both the BSs and access time windows that align with energy and temporal constraints.","author":[{"family":"Xiong","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Chenxin"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Yujie"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Wanzhi"},{"family":"Yuen","given":"Chau"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2504.18031","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.18031","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.15489","type":"manuscript","title":"Constrained Control Allocation With Continuous-Time Rate Constraints: Three-Dimensional Case","abstract":"This paper presents a novel quadratic programming (QP) approach for constrained control allocation that directly incorporates continuous-time actuator rate constraints without requiring slack variables. Over-actuated aircraft configurations, particularly prevalent in eVTOL and military applications, require control allocation algorithms to distribute commanded control moments among available actuators while respecting position and rate constraints. Existing methods such as direct allocation, pseudo-inverse, cascaded generalized inverse, and exact redistributed pseudo-inverse either cannot handle rate constraints in continuous time or require discretization approaches that compromise performance. Current QP methods that incorporate rate constraints rely on slack variables to ensure feasibility, which prevents full utilization of the attainable moment set and degrades allocation performance. The proposed methodology addresses this limitation by calculating the attainable moment set from both position and rate constraints through convex hull operations, then ensuring feasibility by scaling unattainable commanded moments to the boundary of the attainable moment set while preserving their direction. This approach guarantees the feasibility of the optimization problem without slack variables. The method is validated through simulation on an F-18 fighter aircraft control allocation problem, demonstrating equivalent performance to the established exact redistributed pseudo-inverse method while providing smoother actuator behavior and enhanced constraint satisfaction. Results show that incorporating continuous-time rate constraints leads to improved actuator tracking, reduced overshoot, and more precise adherence to position limits, which is essential for aircraft safety, ride comfort, and actuator longevity.","author":[{"family":"Özkurt","given":"Süleyman"},{"family":"Grimm","given":"Adrian"},{"family":"Fichter","given":"Walter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2507.15489","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.15489","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.25967/630065","type":"article-journal","title":"Automated Air Traffic Control Interface Concept for Advanced Air Mobility Aircraft","abstract":"With the rise of novel aircraft concepts such as electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles comes the need to find solutions to efficiently and safely integrate them into our airspace structures. Existing solutions heavily rely on airspace segregation from conventional air traffic, although many use cases like passenger air shuttle services to vertiports near terminals of large airports require a more integrated air traffic management approach. This paper presents a working technological proof of concept for an automated air traffic control and flight execution process within controlled airspaces as well as a seamless integration with U-space. In addition, a highly reliable hybrid communication architecture is introduced to enable safe communication between these novel eVTOLs and associated ground stations.","author":[{"family":"Von Mengden","given":"D"},{"family":"Gottfried","given":"F"},{"family":"Rüger","given":"KW"},{"family":"Gollnick","given":"V"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.25967/630065","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25967/630065","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.1109/ieecsc64206.2025.11100089","type":"article-journal","title":"Thermal Simulation of Air-Cooled PMSM with Novel Winding Structure and Specialized Cooling Design for eVTOL Applications","abstract":"For high-power-density permanent-magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) used in electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, heat dissipation is challenging due to potential temperature rise, which may cause irreversible demagnetization of permanent magnets and winding insulation damage. This paper presents a thermal simulation analysis of an air-cooled PMSM with a novel winding structure and specialized cooling design for eVTOL applications. The motor's power losses are calculated by electromagnetic simulation. Then the novel winding structure composed of stacked 26 thin copper sheets is subjected to equivalence, and its equivalent thermal conductivities in the radial, circumferential, and axial directions are calculated. The multiple reference frame (MRF) method was employed to model the cooling airflow generated by the propeller. Finally, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was conducted on the PMSM featuring open end caps and a hollow rotor design for cooling, with results showing that temperatures are maintained within a reasonable range and validating the effectiveness of the cooling design for air-cooled motors.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Zhe"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yingzhen"},{"family":"Ou","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Dianguo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109/ieecsc64206.2025.11100089","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ieecsc64206.2025.11100089","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21288043","type":"article-journal","title":"Code and results for \"Dynamic Population Analytics Reveals Temporal Preference Reversal in Urban UAV Corridor Routing\"","abstract":"Reproducibility package for the paper “Dynamic Population Analytics Reveals Temporal Preference Reversal in Urban UAV Corridor Routing.” The archive contains the Python implementation of the time-varying corridor externality model, synthetic urban corridor-network generators, static and time-dependent routing algorithms, candidate-path enumeration, preference-reversal and reservoir-tilt analyses, machine-readable computational results, and figure-generation code. All data and instances are synthetic and literature-informed; the package contains no personal or operational UAV data. The archived results include 108 reversing pairs among 267 structurally distinct path pairs, the round-trip policy comparisons, severity and residential-retention sensitivity analyses, and the band-structured control instance.","author":[{"family":"He","given":"Chang"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Ping"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Jianmai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21288043","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21288043","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21288044","type":"article-journal","title":"Code and results for \"Dynamic Population Analytics Reveals Temporal Preference Reversal in Urban UAV Corridor Routing\"","abstract":"Reproducibility package for the paper “Dynamic Population Analytics Reveals Temporal Preference Reversal in Urban UAV Corridor Routing.” The archive contains the Python implementation of the time-varying corridor externality model, synthetic urban corridor-network generators, static and time-dependent routing algorithms, candidate-path enumeration, preference-reversal and reservoir-tilt analyses, machine-readable computational results, and figure-generation code. All data and instances are synthetic and literature-informed; the package contains no personal or operational UAV data. The archived results include 108 reversing pairs among 267 structurally distinct path pairs, the round-trip policy comparisons, severity and residential-retention sensitivity analyses, and the band-structured control instance.","author":[{"family":"He","given":"Chang"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Ping"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Jianmai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21288044","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21288044","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20325892","type":"article-journal","title":"Entornos escolares saludables. Recomendaciones para equipos directivos","abstract":"This document provides concise, structured recommendations for school leadership teams to improve environmental quality in educational settings. It addresses five key areas: the urban context—promoting accessibility, sustainable mobility, and attention to external environmental factors and school access design; outdoor spaces—encouraging diversified use of playgrounds, renaturalization, and improved thermal comfort; building and classroom conditions—enhancing indoor environmental quality in terms of lighting, thermal comfort, acoustics, and air quality while reducing pollutants; operational practices—adapting ventilation, maintenance, cleaning, and material use, as well as incorporating indoor plants; and final considerations—guidance for long-term renovations and awareness-raising initiatives to foster sustainability within the school community.","author":[{"family":"Barbero-Barrera","given":"María"},{"family":"Neila González","given":"Francisco"},{"family":"Aparicio Rodrigo","given":"María"},{"family":"Pérez-Moneo Agapito","given":"Begoña"},{"family":"Waidler","given":"Melanie"},{"family":"Sabariego Moreno","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Mendoza García","given":"Marian"},{"family":"Morales Ibor","given":"Marina"},{"family":"García Cortés","given":"Helena"},{"family":"Sanz Cameno","given":"María"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20325892","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20325892","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20325893","type":"article-journal","title":"Entornos escolares saludables. Recomendaciones para equipos directivos","abstract":"This document provides concise, structured recommendations for school leadership teams to improve environmental quality in educational settings. It addresses five key areas: the urban context—promoting accessibility, sustainable mobility, and attention to external environmental factors and school access design; outdoor spaces—encouraging diversified use of playgrounds, renaturalization, and improved thermal comfort; building and classroom conditions—enhancing indoor environmental quality in terms of lighting, thermal comfort, acoustics, and air quality while reducing pollutants; operational practices—adapting ventilation, maintenance, cleaning, and material use, as well as incorporating indoor plants; and final considerations—guidance for long-term renovations and awareness-raising initiatives to foster sustainability within the school community.","author":[{"family":"Barbero-Barrera","given":"María"},{"family":"Neila González","given":"Francisco"},{"family":"Aparicio Rodrigo","given":"María"},{"family":"Pérez-Moneo Agapito","given":"Begoña"},{"family":"Waidler","given":"Melanie"},{"family":"Sabariego Moreno","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Mendoza García","given":"Marian"},{"family":"Morales Ibor","given":"Marina"},{"family":"García Cortés","given":"Helena"},{"family":"Sanz Cameno","given":"María"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20325893","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20325893","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22060625","type":"article-journal","title":"A Systematic Review of AIoT and Large Language Model Applications in Smart Urban Transport","abstract":"A Systematic Review of AIoT and Large Language Model Applications in Smart Urban Transport Hooman Ahmadi1, Azita Shirazipour2, Seyed Javad Mirabedini3 1- Bachelor Student of Computer Engineering, Software Engineering, Department of Computer, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, hooman.ahmadi7092@iau.ir2- Professor, Department of Computer, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, azita.shirazipour@iau.ac.ir3- Professor, Department of Computer, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, J_mirabedini@iauctb.ac.ir Abstract Rapid urbanization and the limited ability of transportation infrastructure to expand have intensified traffic congestion, shortages in public transit services, and rising air pollution in cities around the world. These conditions increasingly reduce the efficiency, sustainability, and overall quality of urban life. This study presents a systematic review of how the combined use of the Artificial Intelligence of Things and Large Language Models can help address these challenges by supporting more adaptive and data driven approaches to urban mobility management. The integration of connected vehicles, IoT based sensing systems, and LLM supported reasoning enables continuous information exchange that can improve congestion prediction, reduce fuel use, and lower environmental impacts. Such systems can also identify abnormal patterns, monitor urban conditions in real time, and escalate unpredictable or high risk situations for human oversight when needed. The review identifies several key barriers, including the absence of alternative routes in highly congested corridors, which reflects structural limitations in many cities, as well as a shortage of specialists who can translate AI generated insights into practical operational strategies. By synthesizing findings from recent research, this paper provides a structured framework for AI supported smart urban transport, highlights major limitations and research gaps, offers insights for improving LLM performance in smart city environments, and outlines the emerging role of self learning LLM based networks in future mobility systems. Keywords : AIoT, Large Language Models, Smart Transport, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Smart Cities, Urban Mobility","author":[{"family":"Ahmadi","given":"Hooman"},{"family":"Shirazipour","given":"Azita"},{"family":"Mirabedini","given":"Seyed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22060625","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22060625","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22060624","type":"article-journal","title":"A Systematic Review of AIoT and Large Language Model Applications in Smart Urban Transport","abstract":"A Systematic Review of AIoT and Large Language Model Applications in Smart Urban Transport Hooman Ahmadi1, Azita Shirazipour2, Seyed Javad Mirabedini3 1- Bachelor Student of Computer Engineering, Software Engineering, Department of Computer, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, hooman.ahmadi7092@iau.ir2- Professor, Department of Computer, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, azita.shirazipour@iau.ac.ir3- Professor, Department of Computer, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, J_mirabedini@iauctb.ac.ir Abstract Rapid urbanization and the limited ability of transportation infrastructure to expand have intensified traffic congestion, shortages in public transit services, and rising air pollution in cities around the world. These conditions increasingly reduce the efficiency, sustainability, and overall quality of urban life. This study presents a systematic review of how the combined use of the Artificial Intelligence of Things and Large Language Models can help address these challenges by supporting more adaptive and data driven approaches to urban mobility management. The integration of connected vehicles, IoT based sensing systems, and LLM supported reasoning enables continuous information exchange that can improve congestion prediction, reduce fuel use, and lower environmental impacts. Such systems can also identify abnormal patterns, monitor urban conditions in real time, and escalate unpredictable or high risk situations for human oversight when needed. The review identifies several key barriers, including the absence of alternative routes in highly congested corridors, which reflects structural limitations in many cities, as well as a shortage of specialists who can translate AI generated insights into practical operational strategies. By synthesizing findings from recent research, this paper provides a structured framework for AI supported smart urban transport, highlights major limitations and research gaps, offers insights for improving LLM performance in smart city environments, and outlines the emerging role of self learning LLM based networks in future mobility systems. Keywords : AIoT, Large Language Models, Smart Transport, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Smart Cities, Urban Mobility","author":[{"family":"Ahmadi","given":"Hooman"},{"family":"Shirazipour","given":"Azita"},{"family":"Mirabedini","given":"Seyed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22060624","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22060624","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.24406/publica-8665","type":"article-journal","title":"Measurement-based investigation of energy-efficient and comfortable air conditioning in urban air mobility","abstract":"The idea of using air cabs urban mobility is increasingly becoming a reality. In this project, research is conducted on an energy-efficient air conditioning system for an air cab to efficiently combine range and comfort in the cabin. For this, both simulations using a zonal model are conducted, and a thermal air cab demonstrator platform is developed. Measurements in the air cab demonstrator are used to investigate passenger comfort under various climatic conditions, including warm and moderate environments. In addition, the study focuses on evaluating the energetic efficiency of various air conditioning systems such as air cooling and close-to-body climatization. The data analysis compares user comfort and energy efficiency across technologies based on established comfort standards. This allows recommendations for energy-efficient air conditioning to be identified.","author":[{"family":"Matheis","given":"Christina"},{"family":"Norrefeldt","given":"Victor"},{"family":"Visser","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Unav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.24406/publica-8665","URL":"https://doi.org/10.24406/publica-8665","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.14974","type":"manuscript","title":"Demand-Driven Vertiport Siting and Discrete-Event Fleet Simulation for On-Demand Urban Air Mobility Network Design","abstract":"This paper presents a demand-driven framework for on-demand Urban Air Mobility (UAM) network design that links vertiport siting, fleet simulation, and door-to-door travel-time feasibility. Demand is estimated from commuter and passenger activity data, converted into spatial trip-end points, and clustered using K-means to generate candidate vertiport locations. Candidate networks are screened using range and minimum station-spacing constraints, then evaluated with a discrete-event simulation that models multi-vehicle dispatch, deadhead relocation, battery swaps, and service regularity. Flight time and energy consumption are computed using a point-mass eVTOL performance model. In a Greater Los Angeles case study, the preferred design expands from four stations and four eVTOLs at low demand to sixteen stations and twelve eVTOLs at the highest tested demand level. Results show that larger fleets improve completion time and vehicle-arrival regularity but do not eliminate deadhead flights, indicating that spatial demand imbalance remains an operational burden. The travel-time savings analysis further suggests that UAM is most defensible for longer or congestion-heavy trips where sufficient non-flight time remains after accounting for flight time.","author":[{"family":"Saghazadeh","given":"Hossein"},{"family":"Ayalew","given":"Yonas"},{"family":"Ahmari","given":"Reza"},{"family":"Kebria","given":"Parham"},{"family":"Homaifar","given":"Abdollah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.14974","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.14974","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20751100","type":"article-journal","title":"Data Catalog for Paper -> Measuring Local Realities: Addressing Just Urban Sustainability in Colombian Cities","abstract":"This dataset, contained in the file Catalogo_20260618.csv, compiles key indicators of urban development, sustainability, and quality of life for the main cities in Colombia (Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, Bucaramanga, and Cartagena). The data is harmonized following a multidimensional framework inspired by global urban measurement methodologies (such as the City Prosperity Index). The catalog consolidates 583 records covering 5 critical dimensions of urban development: Productivity (P): Economic strength, variables such as GDP per capita, economic density, and unemployment/informality rates. Infrastructure Development (ID): Access to public services (water, sanitation, electricity), adequate housing, digital connectivity, and urban transport/mobility variables. Quality of Life (QOL): Health (life expectancy, mortality), education (literacy, schooling), safety (homicide and theft rates), and access to green public areas. Equity and Social Inclusion (ESI): Gini coefficient, poverty rates, youth unemployment, and gender equity in local government and the workforce. Environmental Sustainability (ES): Air quality ($PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, $SO_2$, $NO_2$ concentrations) and waste management (collection, wastewater treatment, and recycling share). Each record includes the specific metric, city, quantitative value, units of measurement, reference year, and web links (URL) to official primary information sources (such as DANE, ministries, and sector-specific databases). This open-access resource is designed for researchers, urban planners, policymakers, and citizens interested in comparative analysis, temporal evolution, and evidence-based policymaking within the Colombian urban context. Please use the following for data load. sep=';', encoding='latin1'","author":[{"family":"Cardenas Ardila","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Lotero","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Castillo Grisales","given":"Julian"},{"family":"Ortega","given":"Cristian"},{"family":"Jimenez","given":"Maritza"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20751100","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20751100","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20751101","type":"article-journal","title":"Data Catalog for Paper -> Measuring Local Realities: Addressing Just Urban Sustainability in Colombian Cities","abstract":"This dataset, contained in the file Catalogo_20260618.csv, compiles key indicators of urban development, sustainability, and quality of life for the main cities in Colombia (Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, Bucaramanga, and Cartagena). The data is harmonized following a multidimensional framework inspired by global urban measurement methodologies (such as the City Prosperity Index). The catalog consolidates 583 records covering 5 critical dimensions of urban development: Productivity (P): Economic strength, variables such as GDP per capita, economic density, and unemployment/informality rates. Infrastructure Development (ID): Access to public services (water, sanitation, electricity), adequate housing, digital connectivity, and urban transport/mobility variables. Quality of Life (QOL): Health (life expectancy, mortality), education (literacy, schooling), safety (homicide and theft rates), and access to green public areas. Equity and Social Inclusion (ESI): Gini coefficient, poverty rates, youth unemployment, and gender equity in local government and the workforce. Environmental Sustainability (ES): Air quality ($PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, $SO_2$, $NO_2$ concentrations) and waste management (collection, wastewater treatment, and recycling share). Each record includes the specific metric, city, quantitative value, units of measurement, reference year, and web links (URL) to official primary information sources (such as DANE, ministries, and sector-specific databases). This open-access resource is designed for researchers, urban planners, policymakers, and citizens interested in comparative analysis, temporal evolution, and evidence-based policymaking within the Colombian urban context. Please use the following for data load. sep=';', encoding='latin1'","author":[{"family":"Cardenas Ardila","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Lotero","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Castillo Grisales","given":"Julian"},{"family":"Ortega","given":"Cristian"},{"family":"Jimenez","given":"Maritza"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20751101","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20751101","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.82229/jahe.2026.1239372","type":"article-journal","title":"The Role of Urban Air Terminals in Achieving Smart City Objectives: A Future Study Approach, Case Study: Isfahan City","abstract":"در دهه‌های اخیر، با گسترش سریع و فزاینده شهرهای بزرگ و افزایش فشار بر سیستم‌های حمل‌ونقل سنتی، نیاز به بهره‌گیری از روش‌ها و فناوری‌های نوین و پیشرفته در حوزه حمل‌ونقل شهری بیش از پیش احساس می‌شود. هدف از این تحول، کاهش آلاینده‌های زیست‌محیطی و کوتاه‌تر کردن زمان سفرها است. هرچند، برای عملیاتی کردن این سیستم‌های حمل‌ونقل پیشرفته در مقیاس شهری، لازم است پارادایم طراحی و برنامه‌ریزی شهری تغییر یافته و مسیر هوشمندسازی جامع و کامل را در پیش گیرد. بر همین اساس، هدف اصلی این پژوهش، تحلیل امکان‌سنجی و تدوین راهبردهای عملی در طراحی پایانه‌های هوایی شهری پایدار و آینده‌نگر است، تا تحقق اهداف شهرهای هوشمند تسریع گردد. روش تحقیق در این مطالعه ترکیبی از رویکردهای توصیفی-تحلیلی و پیمایشی است که بر تحلیل اسنادی و همچنین استفاده از پرسشنامه‌های تخصصی استوار است. فرآیند پژوهش شامل مطالعات اسنادی برای شناسایی عوامل کلیدی، تنظیم ماتریس سوات، توزیع پرسشنامه و در نهایت، سناریونویسی آینده‌پژوهانه بر اساس تلفیق نتایج سوات و تحلیل‌های آماری می‌شود. نتایج تحلیل‌های مدل معادلات ساختاری با برازش مناسب تأیید شده است. همچنین، آزمون تی نشان داد که تمامی مؤلفه‌ها از نظر اهمیت و تأثیر نسبی، در سطح نسبتاً مطلوبی قرار دارند. تحلیل فریدمن اولویت‌بندی‌ها نشان داد که عوامل «حکمرانی» و «حمل‌ونقل» در مراحل بعدی قرار دارند و فرصت‌های شهر هوشمند نسبت به تهدیدها برتری دارند. بر اساس یافته‌ها، سناریوی بهینه در بازه زمانی ۱۴۰۵-۱۴۱۰، پایانه اصفهان را به الگویی بومی و هوشمند تبدیل می‌کند که در آن، حجم مسافران تا ۳۰ درصد رشد می‌کند و کربن صفر به دست می‌آید. پیشنهادهای کلیدی برای طراحی فضا شامل ایجاد ایوان دیجیتال مشارکتی، راه‌اندازی هاب اینترنت اشیاء در شبکه ریلی و استفاده از بادگیرهای خورشیدی است؛ که در پایان به‌صورت تفصیلی شرح داده شده است.","author":[{"family":"Jabarizadegan","given":"Alireza"},{"family":"Labibzadeh","given":"Razieh"},{"family":"شهبازی","given":"مه"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.82229/jahe.2026.1239372","URL":"https://doi.org/10.82229/jahe.2026.1239372","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20025515","type":"article-journal","title":"GeoSOT-3D TSDP: Reference implementation of Terrain-Semantic Dual-driven Partitioning under the GeoSOT-3D global grid","abstract":"Reference implementation of TSDP (Terrain-Semantic Dual-driven Partitioning), an adaptive spatial partitioning framework that integrates the GeoSOT-3D global discrete grid with semantically-driven adaptive mesh refinement for low-altitude airspace modelling. This software accompanies the manuscript: Wang, Q., Liu, Z. & Zhao, N. (2026). Adaptive spatial partitioning under the GeoSOT-3D global grid for efficient low-altitude environment modeling. Scientific Reports (under review). What this repository provides tsdp/: core algorithm package (decision function Φ(V), per-voxel terrain roughness R(V) and semantic importance S(V), TS-AdaptiveSubdivide algorithm with top-down subdivision and bottom-up sibling merging, KD-Tree adjacency, A* path-cost function) experiments/: reproducibility scripts for the synthetic 5×5 km benchmark (Table 2 of the paper) and the real-world Xi'an district experiment (Table 3) figures/: scripts that regenerate every figure and supplementary figure from experiment outputs data/: download scripts and provenance metadata for the public datasets used (ASTER GDEM V3, OpenStreetMap, eAIP/DJI FlySafe airspace) tests/: 29 unit tests covering the core algorithm Full documentation in README.md Reproducibility All datasets used are publicly available; download scripts fetch directly from the original providers. Synthetic terrain is regenerated deterministically from a fixed seed (20260101). Statistical analyses (Shapiro–Wilk normality + Wilcoxon signed-rank significance tests) are implemented in experiments/stats.py. Known limitations The current implementation is a horizontal-plane quadtree under GeoSOT-3D; a full octree extension to volumetric 3D partitioning is on the roadmap. A subset of experiment helper functions and figure-generation scripts contain NotImplementedError placeholders that will be filled in subsequent releases. License: MIT (see LICENSE). Contact: Ningshe Zhao — zhaoningshe@gmail.com","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Qiurong"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zhiyong"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Ningshe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20025515","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20025515","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20025514","type":"article-journal","title":"GeoSOT-3D TSDP: Reference implementation of Terrain-Semantic Dual-driven Partitioning under the GeoSOT-3D global grid","abstract":"Reference implementation of TSDP (Terrain-Semantic Dual-driven Partitioning), an adaptive spatial partitioning framework that integrates the GeoSOT-3D global discrete grid with semantically-driven adaptive mesh refinement for low-altitude airspace modelling. This software accompanies the manuscript:Wang, Q., Liu, Z. & Zhao, N. (2026). Adaptive spatial partitioning under the GeoSOT-3D global grid for efficient low-altitude environment modelling. Scientific Reports (under review). Version 2.0.0 accompanies the peer-review revision and supersedes v1: the placeholder functions disclosed in v1 are now fully implemented, and this version reproduces every quantitative result in the revised manuscript. What this repository provides tsdp/: core algorithm package (decision function Φ(V), per-voxel terrain roughness R(V) — least-squares gradient and quadric curvature fits, Eq. 2 — and semantic importance S(V) with the boundary-occupancy indicator Ok, TS-AdaptiveSubdivide with top-down subdivision and bottom-up sibling merging, KD-Tree adjacency, A* path-cost function) experiments_new/: the revision experiments — τ knee-protocol selection (b0), parameter sensitivity and expert weighting schemes (b1), module ablation including the depth-penalty term (b2), semantic-accuracy metrics beyond F1 (b3), a volumetric octree benchmark (b4), and a paired, resolution-controlled safety analysis (b5) — plus figure-generation scripts for Figs. 2–5 results_v6/: reference outputs (18 CSV files) underlying Tables 2–3 and Figures 2–5 of the revised manuscript, for direct verification experiments/, figures/: the original experiment scaffolding and figure code retained from v1 data/: download scripts and provenance metadata for the public datasets used (ASTER GDEM V3, OpenStreetMap, eAIP/DJI FlySafe airspace) tests/: unit tests covering the core algorithm Full documentation, including the complete reproduction command sequence, in README.md Reproducibility All datasets used are publicly available; download scripts fetch directly from the original providers. Synthetic terrain is regenerated deterministically from a fixed seed (20260101); all experiments use fixed per-repetition seeds over a 30-repetition protocol with Shapiro–Wilk normality and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Per-scene subdivision thresholds follow the documented knee protocol (TSDP_TAU=0.40 synthetic / 0.50 Xi'an) and the τ actually applied is recorded in every result row. Pre-processing of the Xi'an ASTER GDEM tile (masking of 1,693 marginal nodata cells) is documented and automated. The full change log from v1 is in experiments_new/CHANGES_FIXED.md. Known limitations The current implementation is a horizontal-plane quadtree under GeoSOT-3D; v2 adds a volumetric octree benchmark for comparison, while a native GeoSOT-3D octree mode remains on the roadmap. License: MIT (see LICENSE).Contact: Ningshe Zhao — zhaoningshe@gmail.com","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Qiurong"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zhiyong"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Ningshe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20025514","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20025514","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21287613","type":"article-journal","title":"GeoSOT-3D TSDP: Reference implementation of Terrain-Semantic Dual-driven Partitioning under the GeoSOT-3D global grid","abstract":"Reference implementation of TSDP (Terrain-Semantic Dual-driven Partitioning), an adaptive spatial partitioning framework that integrates the GeoSOT-3D global discrete grid with semantically-driven adaptive mesh refinement for low-altitude airspace modelling. This software accompanies the manuscript:Wang, Q., Liu, Z. & Zhao, N. (2026). Adaptive spatial partitioning under the GeoSOT-3D global grid for efficient low-altitude environment modelling. Scientific Reports (under review). Version 2.0.0 accompanies the peer-review revision and supersedes v1: the placeholder functions disclosed in v1 are now fully implemented, and this version reproduces every quantitative result in the revised manuscript. What this repository provides tsdp/: core algorithm package (decision function Φ(V), per-voxel terrain roughness R(V) — least-squares gradient and quadric curvature fits, Eq. 2 — and semantic importance S(V) with the boundary-occupancy indicator Ok, TS-AdaptiveSubdivide with top-down subdivision and bottom-up sibling merging, KD-Tree adjacency, A* path-cost function) experiments_new/: the revision experiments — τ knee-protocol selection (b0), parameter sensitivity and expert weighting schemes (b1), module ablation including the depth-penalty term (b2), semantic-accuracy metrics beyond F1 (b3), a volumetric octree benchmark (b4), and a paired, resolution-controlled safety analysis (b5) — plus figure-generation scripts for Figs. 2–5 results_v6/: reference outputs (18 CSV files) underlying Tables 2–3 and Figures 2–5 of the revised manuscript, for direct verification experiments/, figures/: the original experiment scaffolding and figure code retained from v1 data/: download scripts and provenance metadata for the public datasets used (ASTER GDEM V3, OpenStreetMap, eAIP/DJI FlySafe airspace) tests/: unit tests covering the core algorithm Full documentation, including the complete reproduction command sequence, in README.md Reproducibility All datasets used are publicly available; download scripts fetch directly from the original providers. Synthetic terrain is regenerated deterministically from a fixed seed (20260101); all experiments use fixed per-repetition seeds over a 30-repetition protocol with Shapiro–Wilk normality and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Per-scene subdivision thresholds follow the documented knee protocol (TSDP_TAU=0.40 synthetic / 0.50 Xi'an) and the τ actually applied is recorded in every result row. Pre-processing of the Xi'an ASTER GDEM tile (masking of 1,693 marginal nodata cells) is documented and automated. The full change log from v1 is in experiments_new/CHANGES_FIXED.md. Known limitations The current implementation is a horizontal-plane quadtree under GeoSOT-3D; v2 adds a volumetric octree benchmark for comparison, while a native GeoSOT-3D octree mode remains on the roadmap. License: MIT (see LICENSE).Contact: Ningshe Zhao — zhaoningshe@gmail.com","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Qiurong"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zhiyong"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Ningshe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21287613","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21287613","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.29038997","type":"article-journal","title":"Field evaluation of low-cost particulate matter (PM) sensor instruments in indoor and outdoor environments: A university lecture hall and urban southeastern United States","abstract":"The increasing use of low-cost particulate matter (PM) sensors for air quality monitoring highlights the importance of understanding their performance across different environments. This study evaluated the performance of three low-cost sensor instruments—PurpleAir Plantower PMS5003 (PMS), Alphasense OPC-N3 (OPC-N3), and QuantAQ MODULAIR-PM—in indoor (university lecture hall) and outdoor (urban Atlanta) settings, focusing on measurements of PM 1 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 . Reference data were obtained from a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM), and EPA monitoring sites. The PMS underreported PM 10 compared to the MODULAIR-PM when the coarse fraction exceeded 0.4. Regarding PM 1 , which accounted for the majority of PM 2.5 , PMS agreed with SMPS outdoors but underreported PM 1 by up to 60% at low concentrations (PM 1 &lt; 2.5 µg/m 3 ), which was the majority of measurements in the lecture hall. An alternative correction factor improved PMS accuracy in clean environments but heavily depended on calibration (calibration factors varied from 2 to 7). The OPC-N3 struggled to detect particles &lt;350 nm but detected coarse particles missed by the PMS. The MODULAIR-PM combined strengths of both sensors, aligning with EPA references. While there were no consistent trends between relative humidity (RH) and low-cost instrument performance, we clearly demonstrated a correlation between aerosol liquid water content and low-cost sensor instrument bias. This study underscores the continuing need for developing and testing comprehensive and adjustable correction models that account for aerosol composition, particularly liquid water content. Our results emphasize the importance of considering particle size distribution, mass concentration, and chemical composition when selecting specific low-cost sensors to use and interpreting the corresponding data. Copyright © 2025 American Association for Aerosol Research","author":[{"family":"Westgate","given":"Sabrina"},{"family":"Shivji","given":"Zahra"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Rivera-Rios","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Ng","given":"Nga"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.29038997","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29038997","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.29038997.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Field evaluation of low-cost particulate matter (PM) sensor instruments in indoor and outdoor environments: A university lecture hall and urban southeastern United States","abstract":"The increasing use of low-cost particulate matter (PM) sensors for air quality monitoring highlights the importance of understanding their performance across different environments. This study evaluated the performance of three low-cost sensor instruments—PurpleAir Plantower PMS5003 (PMS), Alphasense OPC-N3 (OPC-N3), and QuantAQ MODULAIR-PM—in indoor (university lecture hall) and outdoor (urban Atlanta) settings, focusing on measurements of PM 1 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 . Reference data were obtained from a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM), and EPA monitoring sites. The PMS underreported PM 10 compared to the MODULAIR-PM when the coarse fraction exceeded 0.4. Regarding PM 1 , which accounted for the majority of PM 2.5 , PMS agreed with SMPS outdoors but underreported PM 1 by up to 60% at low concentrations (PM 1 &lt; 2.5 µg/m 3 ), which was the majority of measurements in the lecture hall. An alternative correction factor improved PMS accuracy in clean environments but heavily depended on calibration (calibration factors varied from 2 to 7). The OPC-N3 struggled to detect particles &lt;350 nm but detected coarse particles missed by the PMS. The MODULAIR-PM combined strengths of both sensors, aligning with EPA references. While there were no consistent trends between relative humidity (RH) and low-cost instrument performance, we clearly demonstrated a correlation between aerosol liquid water content and low-cost sensor instrument bias. This study underscores the continuing need for developing and testing comprehensive and adjustable correction models that account for aerosol composition, particularly liquid water content. Our results emphasize the importance of considering particle size distribution, mass concentration, and chemical composition when selecting specific low-cost sensors to use and interpreting the corresponding data. Copyright © 2025 American Association for Aerosol Research","author":[{"family":"Westgate","given":"Sabrina"},{"family":"Shivji","given":"Zahra"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Rivera-Rios","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Ng","given":"Nga"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.29038997.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29038997.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.34657/39840","type":"article-journal","title":"Verbundvorhaben: 6G-SKY - 6G for connected sky","abstract":"Das Projekt „6G-SKY“ adressierte die Konzeption fortschrittlicher, adaptiver Netzwerkarchitekturen zur zuverlässigen Anbindung von Luft- und Bodenanwendern. Durch die Integration von Satelliten, hochfliegenden Plattformen (HAPS) und direkter Luft-zu-Boden-Kommunikation (DA2GC) wurden zentrale Anwendungsfelder wie Urban Air Mobility und ländliche Breitbandversorgung unterstützt. Ergänzend wurden Innovationen in Funktechnologien, 3D-Netzwerkmanagement vorangetrieben, um den vielfältigen Anforderungen fliegender und terrestrischer Nutzer gerecht zu werden. Als besonderes Highlight gilt die finale Demonstration der Multi-Path und Multi-Hop-Konnektivität über Mesh-WiFi-, 5G und NTN-Verbindungen für die Luftanwender – UAVs / Drohnen. Die partnerschaftliche Zusammenarbeit mit europäischen Organisationen ermöglichte eine kohärente, belastbare Systemkonzeption, eine fundierte technische Validierung sowie die Vorbereitung und Durchführung Echtzeit-Demonstrationen. Die Ergebnisse schaffen die Grundlage für die nächste Phase der Technologievalidierung, für industriegetriebene Skalierung sowie für Beiträge zu Standardisierung und Regulierung im kombinierten Airspace- und NTN-Raum. Zusammenfassend hat 6G-SKY die im deutschen Projektantrag definierten Ziele im Rahmen des europäischen Celtic-Projekts erfüllt. Die Zielerreichung ist in insgesamt 16 Celtic-Deliverables des europäischen Konsortiums beschrieben. Nachhaltigkeit war ein Kernelement unserer Berichten, - in allen 6G-SKY-Deliverables ist ein eigener Abschnitt zur Nachhaltigkeit enthalten.","author":[{"family":"Kolb","given":"Julia"},{"family":"Heyn","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Graevendieck","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Holis","given":"Jaroslav"},{"family":"Gabriel","given":"Frank"},{"family":"Hörmann","given":"Bruno"},{"family":"Schupke","given":"Dominic"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.34657/39840","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34657/39840","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.10309","type":"manuscript","title":"Wind-Informed Rapid Flight-Planning in Complex Urban Topologies via Machine Learning and Experimental Validation","abstract":"Advanced air mobility operations hold the potential to enhance and expand regional transportation of both people and goods in populated areas. However, hazardous flight conditions arising from interactions between wind and the built environment remain a significant challenge for aerial vehicles in urban settings. This work proposes a novel framework towards safe flight planning of aerial vehicles in windy urban environments. A learning-based surrogate model is trained to rapidly predict flow fields from readily available information such as building geometry and incident wind. This surrogate prediction is used to calculate a volumetric flight challenge scalar field based on critical flow parameters and proximity to structures. A safe, flow-informed flight trajectory is then identified through a cost-minimizing pathfinder. The complete system is demonstrated experimentally through flight tests of a micro aerial vehicle through a model urban geometry placed in a large fan-array wind tunnel. Comparing this approach to trajectories generated without knowledge of the wind field, we find the flow-informed approach reduces undesired vehicle displacement and improves flight stability. This work is among the first practical demonstrations of safe, wind-aware methodologies for advanced air mobility in urban environments.","author":[{"family":"Renn","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Stefan-Zavala","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Humml","given":"Julian"},{"family":"Talukder","given":"Sabera"},{"family":"Almazrouei","given":"Aysha"},{"family":"Aji","given":"Kresna"},{"family":"Mishra","given":"Debashisha"},{"family":"Panizio","given":"Emanuele"},{"family":"Simonjan","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Yue","given":"Yisong"},{"family":"Gharib","given":"Morteza"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.10309","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.10309","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33210655","type":"article-journal","title":"Quantifying the spatio-temporal sensitivity of NO<sub>2</sub> to daily human activities through interpretable machine learning: a case study in the USA","abstract":"Human activities, such as mobility, manufacturing, and energy consumption, are major drivers of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) emissions. Understanding the relationship between human activities and NO 2 emissions can help design effective air quality and sustainable planning policies. The premise is that human activities can be paused or stopped, which is not a foreseeable scenario. COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic has changed socioeconomic conditions, providing a unique opportunity to investigate the spatio-temporal response of NO 2 to human activities. This study examined the spatio-temporal associations between daily human activities and NO 2 concentrations across 255 counties in the U.S. using point-of-interest (POI) visit data. A Light Gradient-Boosting Machine (LightGBM) regression framework was employed to model NO 2 concentrations primarily based on human activities data, with model interpretability enhanced through SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis. The NO 2 simulation accuracy was improved by incorporating human activities data, with SHAP analysis confirming its consistently positive contributions. Sensitivity analysis across two perspectives were conducted to investigate the responses of NO 2 to changes in human activities i.e. (i) in highly urbanized cities, the complete restrictions of human activities corresponded to a 28.2% decrease in NO 2 concentrations, whereas an ambitious doubling of human activities was associated with a 20.3% rise, and (ii) before the pandemic, a reduction in visits corresponded to a 2.1% decrease and only a 0.6% decrease during the lockdown. These findings suggest that integrating high-resolution human activity data can enhance NO 2 modeling compared to using only meteorological, topographical, road network, land-use, and building data. This study further highlights the differentiated sensitivities observed across urbanization levels and restriction periods, underscoring the potential of targeted sustainable travel management strategies in mitigating urban NO 2 pollution.","author":[{"family":"Luo","given":"Yifan"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Xinyu"},{"family":"Nazeer","given":"Majid"},{"family":"Heo","given":"Joon"},{"family":"Kwan","given":"Mei"},{"family":"Meng","given":"Yuan"},{"family":"Kwok","given":"Coco"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Man"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33210655","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33210655","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33210655.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Quantifying the spatio-temporal sensitivity of NO<sub>2</sub> to daily human activities through interpretable machine learning: a case study in the USA","abstract":"Human activities, such as mobility, manufacturing, and energy consumption, are major drivers of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) emissions. Understanding the relationship between human activities and NO 2 emissions can help design effective air quality and sustainable planning policies. The premise is that human activities can be paused or stopped, which is not a foreseeable scenario. COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic has changed socioeconomic conditions, providing a unique opportunity to investigate the spatio-temporal response of NO 2 to human activities. This study examined the spatio-temporal associations between daily human activities and NO 2 concentrations across 255 counties in the U.S. using point-of-interest (POI) visit data. A Light Gradient-Boosting Machine (LightGBM) regression framework was employed to model NO 2 concentrations primarily based on human activities data, with model interpretability enhanced through SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis. The NO 2 simulation accuracy was improved by incorporating human activities data, with SHAP analysis confirming its consistently positive contributions. Sensitivity analysis across two perspectives were conducted to investigate the responses of NO 2 to changes in human activities i.e. (i) in highly urbanized cities, the complete restrictions of human activities corresponded to a 28.2% decrease in NO 2 concentrations, whereas an ambitious doubling of human activities was associated with a 20.3% rise, and (ii) before the pandemic, a reduction in visits corresponded to a 2.1% decrease and only a 0.6% decrease during the lockdown. These findings suggest that integrating high-resolution human activity data can enhance NO 2 modeling compared to using only meteorological, topographical, road network, land-use, and building data. This study further highlights the differentiated sensitivities observed across urbanization levels and restriction periods, underscoring the potential of targeted sustainable travel management strategies in mitigating urban NO 2 pollution.","author":[{"family":"Luo","given":"Yifan"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Xinyu"},{"family":"Nazeer","given":"Majid"},{"family":"Heo","given":"Joon"},{"family":"Kwan","given":"Mei"},{"family":"Meng","given":"Yuan"},{"family":"Kwok","given":"Coco"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Man"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33210655.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33210655.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.24406/publica-8557","type":"article-journal","title":"Enhancing Product Design in Electric Aviation Through Digital Twins and Production Feedback Integration","abstract":"Electric flight accelerates innovation and demands digitalization. DIREKT develops digital twins across the lifecycle of (hybrid) electric propulsion systems to fuse data, cut costs, and shorten time-to-market. In this context we present a production-to-design feedback approach. A system is developed which compares the scanned manufactured part with the design to visualize manufacturing deviations to improve upcoming designs. The system is tested with three different additive manufacturing technologies and two parts from an urban air mobility electric propulsion system. Furthermore, the comparison data is stored in a knowledge base for machine-learning-driven deviation prediction later on.","author":[{"family":"Brünnhäußer","given":"Jörg"},{"family":"Dziubinska","given":"Magdalena"},{"family":"Zakheer","given":"Umer"},{"family":"Bilous","given":"Vadym"},{"family":"Zimmermann","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Joost","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Lindow","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Unav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.24406/publica-8557","URL":"https://doi.org/10.24406/publica-8557","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.34657/30685","type":"article-journal","title":"KONKAV - Verbundprojekt: Kosteneffiziente und nachhaltige Produktion von UAM und Kabinenmodulen – Material- und Prozessentwicklung für eine ultraleichte Bauweise mit teilkonsolidierten Vliesstoffen : Fördervorhaben im Rahmen des Luftfahrforschungsprogramms des Bundes (LuFo) : Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz (BMWK) - FuE-Kooperationsprojekte","abstract":"Projekt KonKav – Ultraleichte und nachhaltige Kabinen- und Strukturmodule für die zivile Luftfahrt Das Verbundprojekt KonKav (2022–2025) wird im Rahmen des Luftfahrtforschungsprogramms LuFo VI-2 vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) gefördert und von Institut für Strukturmechanik und Leichtbau (SLA), Institut für Textiltechnik Augsburg gGmbH (ITA) und Diehl Aviation Laupheim GmbH bearbeitet. Ziel ist die Entwicklung kosteneffizienter und nachhaltiger ultraleichter Kabinen- und Strukturmodule für die zivile Luftfahrt sowie Urban Air Mobility (UAM). Im Fokus stehen teilkonsolidierte Vliesstoffe auf Basis recycelter Carbonfasern (rCF) kombiniert mit thermoplastischen Matrixfasern. Diese Halbzeuge sollen drapierbar sein, kurze Prozesszeiten ermöglichen und ein anpassbares Eigenschaftsprofil aufweisen, um neue konstruktive Freiheitsgrade für Kabinenbauteile zu schaffen. Gleichzeitig wird die Ressourceneffizienz erhöht und die Kreislaufwirtschaft in der Luftfahrt adressiert.","author":[{"family":"Klemm","given":"Christoph"},{"family":"Auenhammer","given":"Benedikt"},{"family":"Teichmann","given":"Felix"},{"family":"Cetin","given":"Mesut"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.34657/30685","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34657/30685","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21681972","type":"article-journal","title":"BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE BY DEVELOPING THE CONCEPT OF DOUBLE DIAMOND IN TRIPLE DIAMOND, A NEW CONCEPT IN CREATING A NUDGE TOWARDS PRO-ELECTRIFICATION BEHAVIOR IN URBAN FREIGHT TRANSPORT","abstract":"In the present economic setting, road freight transportation accounts for 77% of the total products moved by land inside the European Union. However, it is undeniable that, from a certain perspective Historically, vehicles were detrimental to the environment. The freight transport sector accounts for one-fourth of greenhouse gas emissions from road transport and roughly 6% of overall greenhouse gas emissions in Europe. Consequently, the vehicle electrical industry is poised for growth in Europe in the future. Electrification is a growing trend driven by the necessity to reduce carbon emissions, enhance air quality, and ensure compliance. Regulations governing urban emissions are stringent. These policies are contextualized within the European Union's target of achieving \"a reduction of at least 55% of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and climate neutrality by 2050,\" as outlined in the European Green Deal. The Truck E-mobility concept in urban agglomerations pertains to the use of electric vehicles, both high and small tonnage, for freight transportation in urban settings. This movement is driven by the necessity to mitigate pollution, enhance logistical efficiency, and comply with stringent regulations in densely populated urban areas .To promote sustainable development, we propose the saddle transformer within the framework of a novel Diamond idea based on the Double Diamond model. The first offers a strategic design framework applicable to innovation processes and issue-solving. The Triple Diamond is a novel idea that effectively provides a strategic framework for implementing solutions in problem resolution.","author":[{"family":"Calotă","given":"Irina"},{"family":"Perju-Mitran","given":"Alexandra"},{"family":"Semenescu","given":"Augustin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21681972","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21681972","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21681973","type":"article-journal","title":"BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE BY DEVELOPING THE CONCEPT OF DOUBLE DIAMOND IN TRIPLE DIAMOND, A NEW CONCEPT IN CREATING A NUDGE TOWARDS PRO-ELECTRIFICATION BEHAVIOR IN URBAN FREIGHT TRANSPORT","abstract":"In the present economic setting, road freight transportation accounts for 77% of the total products moved by land inside the European Union. However, it is undeniable that, from a certain perspective Historically, vehicles were detrimental to the environment. The freight transport sector accounts for one-fourth of greenhouse gas emissions from road transport and roughly 6% of overall greenhouse gas emissions in Europe. Consequently, the vehicle electrical industry is poised for growth in Europe in the future. Electrification is a growing trend driven by the necessity to reduce carbon emissions, enhance air quality, and ensure compliance. Regulations governing urban emissions are stringent. These policies are contextualized within the European Union's target of achieving \"a reduction of at least 55% of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and climate neutrality by 2050,\" as outlined in the European Green Deal. The Truck E-mobility concept in urban agglomerations pertains to the use of electric vehicles, both high and small tonnage, for freight transportation in urban settings. This movement is driven by the necessity to mitigate pollution, enhance logistical efficiency, and comply with stringent regulations in densely populated urban areas .To promote sustainable development, we propose the saddle transformer within the framework of a novel Diamond idea based on the Double Diamond model. The first offers a strategic design framework applicable to innovation processes and issue-solving. The Triple Diamond is a novel idea that effectively provides a strategic framework for implementing solutions in problem resolution.","author":[{"family":"Calotă","given":"Irina"},{"family":"Perju-Mitran","given":"Alexandra"},{"family":"Semenescu","given":"Augustin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21681973","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21681973","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21678409","type":"article-journal","title":"BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE BY DEVELOPING THE CONCEPT OF DOUBLE DIAMOND IN TRIPLE DIAMOND, A NEW CONCEPT IN CREATING A NUDGE TOWARDS PRO-ELECTRIFICATION BEHAVIOR IN URBAN FREIGHT TRANSPORT","abstract":"In the present economic setting, road freight transportation accounts for 77% of the total products moved by land inside the European Union. However, it is undeniable that, from a certain perspective Historically, vehicles were detrimental to the environment. The freight transport sector accounts for one-fourth of greenhouse gas emissions from road transport and roughly 6% of overall greenhouse gas emissions in Europe. Consequently, the vehicle electrical industry is poised for growth in Europe in the future. Electrification is a growing trend driven by the necessity to reduce carbon emissions, enhance air quality, and ensure compliance. Regulations governing urban emissions are stringent. These policies are contextualized within the European Union's target of achieving \"a reduction of at least 55% of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and climate neutrality by 2050,\" as outlined in the European Green Deal. The Truck E-mobility concept in urban agglomerations pertains to the use of electric vehicles, both high and small tonnage, for freight transportation in urban settings. This movement is driven by the necessity to mitigate pollution, enhance logistical efficiency, and comply with stringent regulations in densely populated urban areas .To promote sustainable development, we propose the saddle transformer within the framework of a novel Diamond idea based on the Double Diamond model. The first offers a strategic design framework applicable to innovation processes and issue-solving. The Triple Diamond is a novel idea that effectively provides a strategic framework for implementing solutions in problem resolution.","author":[{"family":"Calotă","given":"Irina"},{"family":"Perju-Mitran","given":"Alexandra"},{"family":"Semenescu","given":"Augustin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21678409","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21678409","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.15480/882.17539","type":"article-journal","title":"From gridlock to airflow? Understanding the total travel time for advanced air mobility demand at the Hamburg airport","abstract":"This study examines the potential Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) passenger market in Hamburg, Germany, focusing on airport shuttle services. Therefore, the model uses structured data of the metropolitan area of Hamburg, including population data, status of employment and historical traffic between traffic analysis cells. Based on the structured data of Hamburg, this study implements a four-step model. The modelling of a four-step model allows for investigating the different modes of transport individually. At this point, the AAM alternative consists of an access stage, a main AAM flight and an egress stage. Since passengers decide on travel time and travel cost primarily, the model uses a multinomial logit model to estimate the utility, hence the market share of the considered alternatives. Consequently, the model investigates the impact of travel time for the AAM in detail. As a result, the AAM market reacts to variations of the travel time, which entail AAM operation limitations and capacity requirements for air and ground infrastructure. To evaluate the AAM accessibility of the Hamburg Airport with road traffic, the model compares AAM travel time with the car road traffic. Results show an average AAM time benefit when considering road itineraries that take longer than 43 minutes.","author":[{"family":"Pertz","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Lütjens","given":"Klaus"},{"family":"Gollnick","given":"Volker"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.15480/882.17539","URL":"https://doi.org/10.15480/882.17539","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26187/deakin.32353155","type":"article-journal","title":"Associations between the physical and social urban environment and older adults’ mental health–a scoping review of reviews","abstract":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As populations age and urbanization accelerates, understanding how urban environments influence older adults' mental health is crucial. Due to declining physical abilities, older adults rely heavily on their surroundings, giving urban environments significant public health potential. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This scoping review synthesized empirical evidence on associations between urban environmental characteristics and mental health among older adults. A review of reviews was conducted using six electronic databases, targeting peer-reviewed studies published in English between 2000 and 2024. RESULTS: Out of 16,449 identified articles, 43 met inclusion criteria. Thematic analysis revealed eight overarching topics. Five related to the physical environment: (1) access to and/or availability of functional services and amenities, (2) access to and/or availability of natural and recreational spaces, (3) air and water quality, and noise, (4) mobility and streetscape infrastructure, and (5) aesthetics. Three related to the social environment: (1) civic engagement, (2) neighborhood adversity, and (3) social inclusion and non-discrimination. Key research gaps included a lack of research in underrepresented regions and among older adults from varied socioeconomic backgrounds, as well as inconsistent definitions of 'older adults'. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These findings provide valuable insights for future research, interventions, and urban planning efforts aimed at promoting mental health among older adults.","author":[{"family":"Jacobs","given":"Noortje"},{"family":"Walsh","given":"Anthony"},{"family":"Pauwels","given":"Nele"},{"family":"Puyvelde","given":"Amber"},{"family":"Dyck","given":"Delfien"},{"family":"Veitch","given":"Jenny"},{"family":"Teychenne","given":"Megan"},{"family":"Cauwenberg","given":"Jelle"},{"family":"Deforche","given":"Benedicte"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.26187/deakin.32353155","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26187/deakin.32353155","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.20932","type":"manuscript","title":"An Experimental Study of Trojan Vulnerabilities in UAV Autonomous Landing","abstract":"This study investigates the vulnerabilities of autonomous navigation and landing systems in Urban Air Mobility (UAM) vehicles. Specifically, it focuses on Trojan attacks that target deep learning models, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Trojan attacks work by embedding covert triggers within a model's training data. These triggers cause specific failures under certain conditions, while the model continues to perform normally in other situations. We assessed the vulnerability of Urban Autonomous Aerial Vehicles (UAAVs) using the DroNet framework. Our experiments showed a significant drop in accuracy, from 96.4% on clean data to 73.3% on data triggered by Trojan attacks. To conduct this study, we collected a custom dataset and trained models to simulate real-world conditions. We also developed an evaluation framework designed to identify Trojan-infected models. This work demonstrates the potential security risks posed by Trojan attacks and lays the groundwork for future research on enhancing the resilience of UAM systems.","author":[{"family":"Ahmari","given":"Reza"},{"family":"Mohammadi","given":"Ahmad"},{"family":"Hemmati","given":"Vahid"},{"family":"Mynuddin","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Mahmoud","given":"Mahmoud"},{"family":"Kebria","given":"Parham"},{"family":"Homaifar","given":"Abdollah"},{"family":"Saif","given":"Mehrdad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.20932","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.20932","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.04495","type":"manuscript","title":"U3DWind: A Low Altitude Wind Field Dataset and Benchmark for Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) requires reliable assessment of low-altitude wind hazards, because winds, gusts, and building-induced turbulence have been recognized as critical factors affecting vehicle stability, route feasibility, vertiport siting, and airspace management. While wind-tunnel experiments, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), multiscale downscaling, reduced-order models, and UAV planning datasets have advanced wind-aware analysis, public resources for data-driven, city-scale UAM planning remain limited in geographic coverage, scenario diversity, vertical extent, building realism, and task-oriented benchmarking. To address this gap, we introduce U3DWind, a building-resolved low-altitude wind-field dataset generated using our GPU-accelerated Lattice Boltzmann Method--Large-Eddy Simulation (LBM-LES) framework for rapid urban flow simulation. U3DWind covers five megacities in China: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong. It contains 720 simulations, with 16 inflow directions, three reference wind speeds, and three seasonal atmospheric scenarios (annual, summer, and winter) for each city. At a 10 m grid resolution, the dataset provides three-dimensional three-component (3D3C) velocity, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), flow density, and fluid--solid masks. To support operationally relevant evaluation, we further define five baseline tasks: wind-field prediction, sparse-sensor wind-field reconstruction, site wind-exposure ranking, airworthiness wind-compliance risk scoring, and noise propagation modeling. As a multi-city, building-resolved 3D urban wind-field dataset, U3DWind enables systematic evaluation of wind-induced impacts in low-altitude traffic scenarios and provides an open benchmark for urban airspace management and data-driven high-fidelity urban flow simulation.","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Shixiong"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Huanxia"},{"family":"Xia","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Xing","given":"Yingying"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Changmin"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Hai"},{"family":"Jia","given":"Shuai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.04495","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.04495","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.03625","type":"manuscript","title":"Congestion Games with Heterogeneous Valuations: An Optimal Transport Approach","abstract":"In emerging urban mobility and logistics applications, such as advanced air mobility, electric vehicle charging, and shared service systems, agents with heterogeneous valuations choose among multiple destinations while sharing congested network resources. However, existing congestion game and resource allocation models do not simultaneously capture heterogeneous destination preferences and aggregate congestion externalities. We introduce a new nonatomic congestion game framework in which agents are endowed with heterogeneous destination valuations modeled by a measure space. We characterize Nash equilibria and social optima in this setting and show that both admit finite-dimensional representations in terms of threshold vectors and dual potentials. These structures induce a partition of the valuation space that determines agents' destination choices. Our analysis leverages Kantorovich duality from optimal transport theory and provides a new geometric perspective on congestion games with heterogeneous valuations.","author":[{"family":"Su","given":"Pan"},{"family":"Mehr","given":"Negar"},{"family":"Sastry","given":"Shankar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.03625","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.03625","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19360289","type":"article-journal","title":"Ep. 575: The End of the Car: Can We Really Quit Private Transport?","abstract":"Episode summary: Join Herman and Corn as they dive into a listener-inspired debate on the future of private transport. While electric vehicles are often hailed as the ultimate solution, this episode explores the \"geometry problem\" of urban congestion and the hidden environmental costs of car manufacturing. From the \"Superblocks\" of Barcelona to the innovative transit networks of the Netherlands, we examine how cities are reclaiming public space from cars. Is it possible to scale these solutions to rural areas, and what does true freedom of movement look like in a world without traffic jams? Discover why the next revolution in transport might not be what's under the hood, but how we design our world. Show Notes In the latest episode of *My Weird Prompts*, hosts Herman Poppleberry and Corn tackle a question that strikes at the heart of modern urban living: Is it time to abandon the private automobile entirely? The discussion was sparked by a listener named Daniel, who found himself questioning the foundations of civilization while stuck in a two-hour gridlock on a journey that should have taken forty minutes. As Herman points out, the frustration Daniel felt is a symptom of a larger urbanist realization—that we haven't just built cities for people; we've built them for cars, and then invited humans to live in the gaps. ### The Problem with the Electric Savior One of the most provocative segments of the discussion revolves around the limitations of electric vehicles (EVs). While EVs are often marketed as the \"finish line\" for sustainable transport, Herman and Corn argue they are merely a transitional step. Herman introduces the \"geometry problem\": a car, regardless of its power source, occupies a fixed amount of physical space. Whether it runs on gasoline or electricity, a two-ton metal box carrying a single person is an inefficient use of urban land. The hosts also delve into the hidden environmental costs of EVs. Beyond the intensive mining required for lithium and cobalt, Herman highlights a growing concern in 2026: tire wear. Because EVs are significantly heavier than internal combustion vehicles due to their batteries, they produce more road dust and primary microplastics. While they improve local air quality by eliminating tailpipe emissions, they do not solve the issues of resource extraction, microplastic pollution, or the sheer congestion of our streets. ### Solving the Rural Divide A significant hurdle in the quest for a car-free society is the \"remote community challenge.\" For those living in sparsely populated areas, the high-frequency rail systems of a metropolis are financially and logistically impossible. However, Herman suggests that the solution lies in \"Mobility as a Service\" (MaaS). Instead of private ownership, rural residents could utilize a publicly managed fleet of modular, autonomous shuttles. This system would function like a coordinated version of a ride-sharing app, integrated directly into the national transit grid. Herman cites the Swiss \"PostBus\" and pulse system as a gold standard, where every train, bus, and boat is timed to meet at specific intervals, creating a \"virtual spiderweb of connectivity\" that makes car ownership feel like a burden rather than a freedom. ### Reclaiming the Streets The conversation then shifts to the psychological barrier of \"freedom.\" For many, the car represents the ultimate autonomy. Corn and Herman challenge this notion, suggesting that true freedom is the ability to read, sleep, or work while traveling, without the financial stress of car payments, insurance, and maintenance. To achieve this, cities must undergo a physical transformation. Herman clarifies that \"car-free\" rarely means the total removal of asphalt. Instead, it refers to \"car-lite\" designs where roads are repurposed. In the Superblocks of Barcelona, through-traffic is pushed to the perimeter, turning interior streets into shared spaces for pedestrians and cyclists. Interestingly, Herman notes that emerge","author":[{"family":"Rosehill","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tts","given":"Chatterbox"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19360289","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19360289","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20817050","type":"article-journal","title":"A high-frequency open dataset of urban mobility in València, Spain, spanning 2020–2025","abstract":"A curated, 15-minute-resolution archive reconstructing the longitudinal record of four Valencia mobility feeds (road-network state, car and bicycle loop-detector intensity, and Valenbisi bike-sharing availability) that the official portals do not retain. The primary streams are sourced from the Ajuntament de Valencia open-data portal (CC-BY 4.0). A supplementary bundle, recovered from the city's legacy real-time open-data API, extends the car loop-detector record back to 2020 and thus through the first COVID-19 lockdown. The deposit also bundles an already-public air-quality and meteorology companion (hourly observations from the nine Generalitat Valenciana monitoring stations in the city, 2020-2025, CC-BY), harmonised and time-aligned with the mobility record for cross-domain reuse. The acquisition and validation code are released. See README.md for the full directory layout, schemas and quality caveats. Cite this dataset by its Zenodo DOI.","author":[{"family":"Ferri","given":"Cèsar"},{"family":"Martí-Pérez","given":"Félix"},{"family":"Martínez-Plumed","given":"Fernando"},{"family":"Moros-Daval","given":"Yael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20817050","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20817050","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20817049","type":"article-journal","title":"A high-frequency open dataset of urban mobility in València, Spain, spanning 2020–2025","abstract":"A curated, 15-minute-resolution archive reconstructing the longitudinal record of four Valencia mobility feeds (road-network state, car and bicycle loop-detector intensity, and Valenbisi bike-sharing availability) that the official portals do not retain. The primary streams are sourced from the Ajuntament de Valencia open-data portal (CC-BY 4.0). A supplementary bundle, recovered from the city's legacy real-time open-data API, extends the car loop-detector record back to 2020 and thus through the first COVID-19 lockdown. The deposit also bundles an already-public air-quality and meteorology companion (hourly observations from the nine Generalitat Valenciana monitoring stations in the city, 2020-2025, CC-BY), harmonised and time-aligned with the mobility record for cross-domain reuse. The acquisition and validation code are released. See README.md for the full directory layout, schemas and quality caveats. Cite this dataset by its Zenodo DOI.","author":[{"family":"Ferri","given":"Cèsar"},{"family":"Martí-Pérez","given":"Félix"},{"family":"Martínez-Plumed","given":"Fernando"},{"family":"Moros-Daval","given":"Yael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20817049","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20817049","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.23008","type":"manuscript","title":"Scalable Online Flight Trajectory Optimization via Sequential Quadratic Programming for Urban Air Mobility in Ultra Low-Altitude Airspace","abstract":"As Urban Air Mobility (UAM) scales toward high-density operations, generating collision-free trajectories within complex 3D cityscapes is a critical safety requirement. This paper proposes a scalable Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) framework that integrates geometric environmental constraints, operational limits, and vehicle dynamics within a single online trajectory optimization process. Rather than precomputing obstacle-free corridors ahead of time, our method encodes obstacle avoidance as live separating-hyperplane constraints regenerated at every solver iteration, so that dense urban geometry and full-DOF vehicle dynamics are resolved jointly and online as the reference and environment evolve. A variable-scale quadtree decomposition keeps computation bounded, enabling the framework to scale to city-wide environments while preserving real-time performance for high-speed flight. We validate the framework against conventional SQP, Iterative Linear Quadratic Regulator, and Differential Dynamic Programming across flights in five real-world urban centers, attaining 100% success and clearance rates on CPU-only hardware.","author":[{"family":"Rivera","given":"Josue"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Bohang"},{"family":"Lv","given":"Chen"},{"family":"Wang","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.23008","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.23008","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20753930","type":"article-journal","title":"Supplementary tables for Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management - Systematic Mapping of the Literature on Vertiport Location in Urban Environments","abstract":"To map and synthesize research on locating urban vertiports for vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, including electrically powered variants. A systematic mapping review used a predefined protocol with research questions, selection criteria, and structured data extraction. In 2025, searches covered five themes: urban air mobility, location-allocation, optimization, network and routing, and vertical takeoff and landing aircraft across major scientific databases. From 1,056 records, duplicates were removed, and screening yielded 31 studies. Most studies propose mathematical optimization models, predominantly integer linear programming formulations solved with commercial optimization tools. Some incorporate vertiport capacity and socio-environmental criteria such as noise, land use, and equitable access, while others address only operational factors. Applications on real networks with observed demand data are common; specialized simulation is less frequent. Evaluations mainly report travel time, demand coverage, and costs, and often include sensitivity analyses and limited validation procedures. Research is progressing in modeling vertiport networks, but validation remains weakly standardized, and uncertainty treatment is still limited. Comparable evaluation protocols and stronger socio-environmental robustness are needed to better support planning decisions in advanced air mobility.","author":[{"family":"Freitas","given":"John"},{"family":"Costa","given":"Ronaldo"},{"family":"Bandeira","given":"Michelle"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20753930","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20753930","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20753929","type":"article-journal","title":"Supplementary tables for Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management - Systematic Mapping of the Literature on Vertiport Location in Urban Environments","abstract":"To map and synthesize research on locating urban vertiports for vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, including electrically powered variants. A systematic mapping review used a predefined protocol with research questions, selection criteria, and structured data extraction. In 2025, searches covered five themes: urban air mobility, location-allocation, optimization, network and routing, and vertical takeoff and landing aircraft across major scientific databases. From 1,056 records, duplicates were removed, and screening yielded 31 studies. Most studies propose mathematical optimization models, predominantly integer linear programming formulations solved with commercial optimization tools. Some incorporate vertiport capacity and socio-environmental criteria such as noise, land use, and equitable access, while others address only operational factors. Applications on real networks with observed demand data are common; specialized simulation is less frequent. Evaluations mainly report travel time, demand coverage, and costs, and often include sensitivity analyses and limited validation procedures. Research is progressing in modeling vertiport networks, but validation remains weakly standardized, and uncertainty treatment is still limited. Comparable evaluation protocols and stronger socio-environmental robustness are needed to better support planning decisions in advanced air mobility.","author":[{"family":"Freitas","given":"John"},{"family":"Costa","given":"Ronaldo"},{"family":"Bandeira","given":"Michelle"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20753929","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20753929","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20714467","type":"article-journal","title":"Satellite Data and GIS in Monitoring Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases","abstract":"Air pollution is a major global health threat, contributing to millions of premature deaths annually and driving chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, COPD, and lung cancer. This presentation demonstrates how satellite remote sensing and GIS provide powerful, scalable tools for monitoring atmospheric pollutants and assessing their health impacts. Modern satellite missions—including Sentinel‑5P, MODIS, MISR, VIIRS, and upcoming MAIA—enable high‑resolution detection of aerosols and trace gases (PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, O₃), while GIS integrates these observations with meteorological, land‑use, and health data to model surface exposure and identify vulnerable populations. Analytical methods such as spatiotemporal kriging, land‑use regression, and machine learning enhance exposure estimation, and WebGIS platforms support real‑time visualization, early warning systems, and risk communication. Case studies highlight the role of urban morphology, environmental justice, and anthropogenic activity—such as mobility reductions during COVID‑19 lockdowns—in shaping pollution patterns. The work underscores the importance of satellite‑GIS fusion for respiratory disease surveillance, policy development, and equitable public‑health interventions.","author":[{"family":"Filchev","given":"Lachezar"},{"family":"Chanev","given":"Milen"},{"family":"Jelev","given":"Georgi"},{"family":"Trenchev","given":"Plamen"},{"family":"Dimitrova","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Cahyadi","given":"Mokhamad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20714467","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20714467","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20714468","type":"article-journal","title":"Satellite Data and GIS in Monitoring Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases","abstract":"Air pollution is a major global health threat, contributing to millions of premature deaths annually and driving chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, COPD, and lung cancer. This presentation demonstrates how satellite remote sensing and GIS provide powerful, scalable tools for monitoring atmospheric pollutants and assessing their health impacts. Modern satellite missions—including Sentinel‑5P, MODIS, MISR, VIIRS, and upcoming MAIA—enable high‑resolution detection of aerosols and trace gases (PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, O₃), while GIS integrates these observations with meteorological, land‑use, and health data to model surface exposure and identify vulnerable populations. Analytical methods such as spatiotemporal kriging, land‑use regression, and machine learning enhance exposure estimation, and WebGIS platforms support real‑time visualization, early warning systems, and risk communication. Case studies highlight the role of urban morphology, environmental justice, and anthropogenic activity—such as mobility reductions during COVID‑19 lockdowns—in shaping pollution patterns. The work underscores the importance of satellite‑GIS fusion for respiratory disease surveillance, policy development, and equitable public‑health interventions.","author":[{"family":"Filchev","given":"Lachezar"},{"family":"Chanev","given":"Milen"},{"family":"Jelev","given":"Georgi"},{"family":"Trenchev","given":"Plamen"},{"family":"Dimitrova","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Cahyadi","given":"Mokhamad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20714468","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20714468","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17605/osf.io/aebuh","type":"article-journal","title":"Category L Vehicles (L1–L4) in Urban Eco-Indicator Frameworks: A Scoping Review","abstract":"**Data Type** Bibliographic records and structured extraction data from a scoping review on sustainability and eco-indicators applied to Category L vehicles (subcategories L1–L4) in urban mobility contexts. **Data Sources** - Bibliographic records exported from six databases: Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, TRID, IEEE Xplore, Environmental Science Complete (EBSCO), and ProQuest Transportation Research. - Grey literature from recognised institutional bodies: EEA, WHO, ACEM, EUCAR, OECD/ITF. - Citation chasing (backward/forward) via Google Scholar and Scopus \"Cited by\" function. **Data Structure &amp; Extracted Variables** Data will be organised in a standardised spreadsheet (CSV/Excel) containing the following variables (per Protocol Section 8): • Bibliographic identification: authors, year, title, journal, DOI • Geographic location: country/city (ISO 3166), regional context (Asian/European/Mediterranean/Other) • Vehicle characteristics: L subcategory studied (L1e/L2e/L3e/L4e/Generic PTW), propulsion type • Indicator/framework type: LCA, DPSIR, emission factor, air quality index, ITS-based monitoring; pollutants addressed (NOx, PM2.5, PM10, CO, CO2, CH4, N2O, noise) • Study methodology: modelling, field monitoring, review, experimental, mixed methods • ITS integration: Yes/No/Partial (with tool/sensor specification) • L-disaggregation level: explicit L1–L4 / included in generic \"road transport\" / not applicable • Main findings: structured summary (max. 150 words) • Reported limitations and funding source (if declared) **File Formats** - Zotero library (.ris/.bib) with deduplicated records - Rayyan screening logs (.csv) with inclusion/exclusion decisions and Cohen's kappa calculation - Validated extraction grid (.xlsx/.csv) with coded data for all included studies - PRISMA-ScR flow diagram (.png/.svg) - Database-specific search strings (.txt) **Data Sharing Plan** - All non-sensitive data will be made publicly available on OSF under a CC BY 4.0 license upon review completion and manuscript submission. - Shared data will include: final search strings, anonymised screening logs, complete extraction spreadsheet, and code for evidence map generation (if applicable). - No sensitive or personal data are involved, as this review exclusively analyses published literature and publicly accessible institutional reports. **Data Availability Timeline** - Preliminary data (search strings, protocol): available immediately upon OSF registration (May 2026) - Complete dataset: available by 30 Junly 2026, concurrent with manuscript submission","author":[{"family":"Ferreira","given":"Ronaldo"},{"family":"Mouzinho","given":"Lucilene"},{"family":"Santos","given":"José"},{"family":"De Bastos Pereira","given":"António"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17605/osf.io/aebuh","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/aebuh","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.25675/3.025654","type":"article-journal","title":"Evaluating and enhancing user trust in urban air mobility autonomous passenger systems","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is an emerging and disruptive technology which promises a significant increase in transportation network capacity, through means of Passenger Air Vehicles (PAVs). Successful implementation of these aerial vehicles, however, is largely dependent on acceptance and eventual use by the general public. This dissertation, conducted in two phases, aimed to interpret decision and motivation factors for individuals to use and trust this novel transportation technology. In the first phase of the research study, a survey of 407 respondents in the United States provided perceptions and expectations of on-demand PAVs and autonomous aerial transportation concepts. Both the Technology Adoption Life Cycle Model and Technology Acceptance Model were used as constructs to characterize technology adopter profiles and rates of adoption. Key results, in which half of the respondents had prior familiarity with PAVs, indicated that all respondents expected additional in-flight safety feedback (i.e., displays relating to current and projected flight operations) beyond the level of safety standards found in conventional aircraft (i.e., seatbelts, air quality). Participants also indicated that PAVs are not perceived as an immediate replacement for daily trips and that in-cabin noise, which is often cited as a concern with community PAV acceptance, was not a crucial deterrent to ridership. Respondents characterized as earlier adopters of PAVs were more trusting of PAV technology, willing to pay more to ride, report shorter daily commutes, and riskier in their overall general behaviors. Later PAV adopters required more feedback in-flight and a pilot on-board to consider riding. Leveraging the insights gained from the first phase of the research study, the second phase focused on addressing critical human factors for building passenger trust, particularly in the absence of a human pilot. Virtual PAV flight simulations were conducted to evaluate how different in-cabin human-machine interface (HMI) designs affected passenger trust in the aircraft and in-cabin display, situation awareness, and pilot preferences. Forty participants, equally split between early and late technology adopters, completed two simulated flights: a baseline flight without an HMI in use, and a second flight featuring one of four HMI types: information, audio, video with a professionally dressed remote pilot, or video with a casually dressed remote pilot. Results indicated that participants exposed to the professionally dressed remote operator reported significantly higher trust in the aircraft, trust in the HMI, and demonstrated higher situation awareness. Trust and situation awareness were not significantly influenced by technology adopter profile. Participants also stated a preference for the presence of an audible or visible remote operator, particularly among late technology adopters. These findings suggest that human-centered HMI designs, especially those that include visual cues of professionalism, can meaningfully improve passenger trust in autonomous air taxis. Overall, this dissertation contributes to both theory and practice by advancing understanding of technology adoption in the context of UAM and by identifying actionable design strategies for fostering passenger trust in autonomous PAVs. By bridging adoption theory with applied human factors research, the findings provide a roadmap for stakeholders to anticipate user needs, mitigate barriers to acceptance, and support the safe and successful integration of PAVs into future transportation systems.","author":[{"family":"Johnson","given":"Ricole"},{"family":"Gallegos","given":"Erika"},{"family":"Conrad","given":"Steven"},{"family":"Simske","given":"Steven"},{"family":"Atadero","given":"Rebecca"},{"family":"Quinn","given":"Jason"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.25675/3.025654","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25675/3.025654","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.20625","type":"manuscript","title":"Time-To-Reach Separation and Safety Filtering for Safe, Fair, and Efficient Multi-Agent Coordination","abstract":"Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) operations are expected to significantly increase aerial traffic in urban airspace, requiring autonomous traffic management systems to ensure collision-free operations in highly congested environments. In this paper, we propose a multi-agent coordination framework that uses minimum time-to-reach (TTR) as a unifying metric for priority assignment, temporal separation, and safety filtering. We focus on the problem of coordinating multiple aerial vehicles merging into an air corridor while maintaining safe separation between vehicles. Vehicles are assigned arrival-consistent priority based on TTR, and target TTR values are used to enforce temporal spacing that induces spatial separation. A priority-consistent safety filtering layer based on Hamilton-Jacobi reachability value functions ensures collision avoidance while minimally modifying the reference guidance. Simulation results in a highly congested corridor merging scenario show that the proposed method improves safety, fairness, and efficiency compared to time-optimal guidance and priority-agnostic safety filtering.","author":[{"family":"Low","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Aloor","given":"Jasmine"},{"family":"Tuck","given":"Victoria"},{"family":"Nuzzo","given":"Pierluigi"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Jason"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.20625","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.20625","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.7sqv9s564","type":"article-journal","title":"Fluxes of reactive organic gases seasonal intercomparison of chemical lifetimes and emissions","abstract":"Sub–micron particulate matter (PM1) in the New York (NY) metropolitan area impacts air quality and human health. We characterized refractory black carbon (BC) and non–refractory (NR) PM1 in Mineola, NY during winter 2024 and NR-PM1 during summer 2023. This study investigated seasonal differences in PM1, drivers of wintertime PM1 elevated events, and potential health effects on local communities. Organic aerosol (OA) dominates both winter (63 %) and summer (86 %) NR–PM1. Primary OA dominates winter PM1 (57 %) with cooking organic aerosol (COA) contributing on average 29 %, but up to 81 % of elevated PM1 events. In summer, OA was impacted by wildfire smoke and biogenic sources; COA averaged only 9 % of OA, but sporadically enhanced OA and drove several PM1 events. BC accounted for 6 % of winter PM1. BC coating thickness increased during wintertime events relative to the campaign average, although modeled respiratory deposition showed that accompanying size changes did not shift respiratory deposition away from the alveolar region. Overall, urban PM1 primarily deposited to the sensitive alveolar region, with BC–containing particles exacerbating this effect relative to their uncoated cores. Canadian wildfire events during summer 2023 enhanced total deposition to the lungs when weighted by mass, with relative deposition favoring the head airways more than other summer periods. Our observations demonstrate that cooking is an important local source of PM1 in urban regions throughout the year, and that BC and NR-PM1 from multiple sources remain a threat to respiratory deposition and community health.","author":[{"family":"De Groodt","given":"Adam"},{"family":"Franklin","given":"Emily"},{"family":"Vermeuel","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Maddaleno","given":"Trey"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yuewi"},{"family":"Hallward-Driemeier","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Ko","given":"Joseph"},{"family":"Commane","given":"Róisín"},{"family":"Millet","given":"Dylan"},{"family":"Farmer","given":"Delphine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.7sqv9s564","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7sqv9s564","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.14789119","type":"article-journal","title":"Deliverable D2.4 - Guidance document on fate, transport and exposure for PMT's in the environment","abstract":"Executive Summary Models are used in exposure assessment for a number of reasons. They can help map the temporal and spatial variability of exposure, exposure pathways and exposure routes, and support risk assessment for water bodies where monitoring is lacking. They can be used to identify sources and pathways responsible for current exposures and to assess the impact of potential future developments of persistent, mobile, and toxic chemicals (PMT) exposures in surface water and groundwater. Such scenario assessment may include changes in PMT use, effects of pollution control measures, accidental spills or climate change. The scope of this document, produced as part of the H2020 PROMISCES project, is to provide guidance for applications of models with a specific focus on model trains for the assessment of exposure to PMTs as part of the predictive risk assessment related to surface and groundwater. This document explains the basic concepts of specific models and how best to use them in modeltrains in the framework of a tiered approach. The intention is to inform users and interested stakeholders about what needs to be considered when using different methods, what is the best use of specific models, what are the best combinations in model trains and what are their current limitations. The guidance document presents (i) “screening level” models for the assessment of regional exposure of groundwater from soil pollution and for the assessment of general exposure of air, soil and water at local, regional or global scales, (ii) spatial and temporal explicit approaches for the identification of pollution plumes in the soil-groundwater continuum and (iii) model train applications for the catchment – river – river bank filtration – drinking water continuum. Exposure of surface water and groundwater to PMT depends on the use patterns and the environmental fate of the chemicals. Emission, fate and transport models incorporate driving factors into documented algorithms. The extent to which a substance persists in surface water can, for instance, be calculated with the “SimpleBox - Aquatic Persistence Dashboard”, based on its physical-chemical characteristics. The presented approach for deriving generic risk limits for soils shows that, depending on regional variations in geo(hydro)logical conditions, the high mobility of some PFAS could lead to strict requirements for materials applied on soil. For the soil-groundwater continuum, a novel model train is presented which accounts for the main physical and chemical processes controlling the fate and transport of PFAS. For sorption and degradation reactions, several formalisms can be used, allowing one to select the most appropriate according to the PFAS molecular properties and the characteristics of the simulateddomain. The results issued from these modelling applications indicate the key role of correctly identifying the main physical, chemical and biological processes controlling fate and transport of PFAS in the studied domain to build a robust conceptual model. To increase the robustness of the model, a thorough model calibration must be performed, preferably using time seriesmeasurements of the PFAS concentration in the pore solution at different locations of the contaminated site. The results confirm the key role of the unsaturated zone in the transfer and long-term migration of PFAS. Nonlinearity and nonideality of sorption reactions were expected for a broad range of PFAS, suggesting using more complex numerical formalism than linear isotherms. Considering the key role of capillary fringe displacement on PFAS transport in the unsaturated zone, themodel train seems to be very efficient in performing PFAS simulations, as it can explicitly describe water flow and solute transport at the interface between the unsaturated and saturated zones, avoiding the main pitfall encountered in other numerical approaches. The combination of stand-alone models in model trains expands the scope that c","author":[{"family":"Zessner","given":"Matthias"},{"family":"Baldwin","given":"Dwight"},{"family":"Del Val Alonso","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Derx","given":"Julia"},{"family":"Devau","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Janssen","given":"Gijs"},{"family":"Jou Claus","given":"Sònia"},{"family":"Kittlaus","given":"Steffen"},{"family":"Knoche","given":"Franziska"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Meiqi"},{"family":"Markus","given":"Arjen"},{"family":"Valstar","given":"Johan"},{"family":"Meesters","given":"Joris"},{"family":"Meijers","given":"Erwin"},{"family":"Obeid","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Oudega","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Pathak","given":"Devanshi"},{"family":"Sprenger","given":"Christoph"},{"family":"Van Gils","given":"Jos"},{"family":"Wicke","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Wintersen","given":"Arjen"},{"family":"Zhiteneva","given":"Veronika"},{"family":"Groot","given":"Hans"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.14789119","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14789119","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.14789120","type":"article-journal","title":"Deliverable D2.4 - Guidance document on fate, transport and exposure for PMT's in the environment","abstract":"Executive Summary Models are used in exposure assessment for a number of reasons. They can help map the temporal and spatial variability of exposure, exposure pathways and exposure routes, and support risk assessment for water bodies where monitoring is lacking. They can be used to identify sources and pathways responsible for current exposures and to assess the impact of potential future developments of persistent, mobile, and toxic chemicals (PMT) exposures in surface water and groundwater. Such scenario assessment may include changes in PMT use, effects of pollution control measures, accidental spills or climate change. The scope of this document, produced as part of the H2020 PROMISCES project, is to provide guidance for applications of models with a specific focus on model trains for the assessment of exposure to PMTs as part of the predictive risk assessment related to surface and groundwater. This document explains the basic concepts of specific models and how best to use them in modeltrains in the framework of a tiered approach. The intention is to inform users and interested stakeholders about what needs to be considered when using different methods, what is the best use of specific models, what are the best combinations in model trains and what are their current limitations. The guidance document presents (i) “screening level” models for the assessment of regional exposure of groundwater from soil pollution and for the assessment of general exposure of air, soil and water at local, regional or global scales, (ii) spatial and temporal explicit approaches for the identification of pollution plumes in the soil-groundwater continuum and (iii) model train applications for the catchment – river – river bank filtration – drinking water continuum. Exposure of surface water and groundwater to PMT depends on the use patterns and the environmental fate of the chemicals. Emission, fate and transport models incorporate driving factors into documented algorithms. The extent to which a substance persists in surface water can, for instance, be calculated with the “SimpleBox - Aquatic Persistence Dashboard”, based on its physical-chemical characteristics. The presented approach for deriving generic risk limits for soils shows that, depending on regional variations in geo(hydro)logical conditions, the high mobility of some PFAS could lead to strict requirements for materials applied on soil. For the soil-groundwater continuum, a novel model train is presented which accounts for the main physical and chemical processes controlling the fate and transport of PFAS. For sorption and degradation reactions, several formalisms can be used, allowing one to select the most appropriate according to the PFAS molecular properties and the characteristics of the simulateddomain. The results issued from these modelling applications indicate the key role of correctly identifying the main physical, chemical and biological processes controlling fate and transport of PFAS in the studied domain to build a robust conceptual model. To increase the robustness of the model, a thorough model calibration must be performed, preferably using time seriesmeasurements of the PFAS concentration in the pore solution at different locations of the contaminated site. The results confirm the key role of the unsaturated zone in the transfer and long-term migration of PFAS. Nonlinearity and nonideality of sorption reactions were expected for a broad range of PFAS, suggesting using more complex numerical formalism than linear isotherms. Considering the key role of capillary fringe displacement on PFAS transport in the unsaturated zone, themodel train seems to be very efficient in performing PFAS simulations, as it can explicitly describe water flow and solute transport at the interface between the unsaturated and saturated zones, avoiding the main pitfall encountered in other numerical approaches. The combination of stand-alone models in model trains expands the scope that c","author":[{"family":"Zessner","given":"Matthias"},{"family":"Baldwin","given":"Dwight"},{"family":"Del Val Alonso","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Derx","given":"Julia"},{"family":"Devau","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Janssen","given":"Gijs"},{"family":"Jou Claus","given":"Sònia"},{"family":"Kittlaus","given":"Steffen"},{"family":"Knoche","given":"Franziska"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Meiqi"},{"family":"Markus","given":"Arjen"},{"family":"Valstar","given":"Johan"},{"family":"Meesters","given":"Joris"},{"family":"Meijers","given":"Erwin"},{"family":"Obeid","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Oudega","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Pathak","given":"Devanshi"},{"family":"Sprenger","given":"Christoph"},{"family":"Van Gils","given":"Jos"},{"family":"Wicke","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Wintersen","given":"Arjen"},{"family":"Zhiteneva","given":"Veronika"},{"family":"Groot","given":"Hans"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.14789120","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14789120","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.15485/2547039","type":"article-journal","title":"CROCUS Air Quality Dataset from the University of Illinois Chicago (UIC), July 2024","abstract":"This dataset was collected by the measurement system in the Atmosphere, Climate, and Ecosystems (ACE) Lab at the University of Illinois Chicago (UIC) from July 12 to July 31, 2024, as part of the Community Research on Climate and Urban Science (CROCUS) Urban Integrated Field Laboratory (UIFL) project, led by Argonne National Laboratory.To enhance understanding of urban air quality dynamics in Chicago, and as part of the CROCUS 2024 Urban Canyon Intensive Observation Period (IOP), several instruments were set up to provide continuous measurements of air quality parameters in Chicago during July 2024. These measurements cover both aerosols and gas-phase species. It focuses on particle size distribution (2.5–478 nm) measured by two Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers (SMPS) at a 4-min resolution, total particle number concentrations at a 1-s resolution, and chemical composition from a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) at a 1-min resolution. Key gas-phase species, including NO, NO₂, SO₂, and O₃, are measured at a 1-min resolution, along with high-resolution NO and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) data from a Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (CIMS). Volatile organic compound (VOC) data for toluene, isoprene, and benzene are provided by a GC-PID with a time resolution of 25 minutes.The data are formatted as NetCDF (.nc) files, making them easily accessible using common software such as MATLAB, R, and Python. Each parameter is stored in an individual dataset, which includes detailed instrument information in the header, as well as the corresponding sample start time and concentration/distribution data for each sample.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Xiaoyu"},{"family":"Puttu","given":"Uma"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Lu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.15485/2547039","URL":"https://doi.org/10.15485/2547039","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15619072","type":"article-journal","title":"Health Behavior through Cultural Context and Behavior Change Models in Myanmar","abstract":"[Book] Principles of Modern Medicine and Health Science Chapter 2 Health Behavior through Cultural Context and Behavior Change Models in Myanmar (pp. 33 - 56) Abstract Health behaviors are influenced by culture, beliefs, and access to healthcare. Myanmar is a deeply spiritual and traditional location; therefore, health behavior needs to be understood through a cultural lens. This chapter discusses the health behavior influenced by culture and psychological models of health behavior including the Health Belief Model (HBM), and COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation—Behavior). The chapter is based on real world experience working in healthcare community in Myanmar and illustrates how cultural practices impact decisions to seek health care-including delaying care, complex relationships with hearing the health messages, and the continued importance upon individuals accepted practices that came from ancestors. A HBM is reviewed to demonstrate the beliefs about susceptibility and severity of being unwell or ill including the behavioral comprehend, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy to behave differently to seek care, and the COM-B model used for the areas of opportunities, and how (using the HBM and COM-B as an integrated model for guiding theory) capability and motivation were all used to alter attitudes and behaviors strategically for sustainable change through different community capacity building methods. Examples are provided including intervention examples or in real-life scenarios and local strategies through culturally sensitive language adaptation, and indirectly through community dialogue with traditional healers, storytelling, and culturally relevant education methods. The chapter ends with suggestions to use to promote the importance of integrating culturally competent care and traditional practices while incorporating evidence-based practices with implications intended for future projects. 1. Introduction Health behavior in culturally rich communities such as Myanmar, must be considered in ways that transcend applying universal health models or standardized public health approaches. As a cultural backdrop, culture doesn't function as a mere passive determinant of health; it acts as a determinant that shapes people's understanding of symptoms, assessment of treatment options, and engagement with health systems (Handtke et al., 2019; EuroMed Info, 2019). In Myanmar, where they adhere and understand the deep connections between religious beliefs, communal beliefs, and traditional knowledge systems, cultural determinants need to be included in health behavior models for health interventions to be efficacious. In rural and peri-urban contexts in Myanmar, for example, individuals may defer engaging with a formal health service because of being influenced by social constructions of illness as related to a spiritual cause or taking on circumstance associated with karmic actions in one's sob. This influences not only the individual's treatment choices, but also when they engage with the health care service, and how much they trust biomedical service providers to ameliorate their health. Furthermore, health education messages that do not respect these cultural frames are rejected outright by individuals as foreign or irrelevant no matter how science-based they are. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the intersections of culture and health behavior through a synthesis of the lessons learned from fieldwork in Myanmar and several theoretical models such as the Health Belief Model (HBM) (Ogden, 2019) and the COM-B model (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation—Behavior) (Michie et al., 2011). These models offer structured pathways for exploring how beliefs, capabilities, social contexts, and motivations affect health decisions. Ultimately, through consideration of both models in situ with the lived realities of Myanmar communities, this chapter discusses culturally adaptive, sustainable, and respectful strategies that may b","author":[{"family":"Aung","given":"Htet"},{"family":"Thiri","given":"Htay"},{"family":"Win","given":"Nway"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15619072","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15619072","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15619073","type":"article-journal","title":"Health Behavior through Cultural Context and Behavior Change Models in Myanmar","abstract":"[Book] Principles of Modern Medicine and Health Science Chapter 2 Health Behavior through Cultural Context and Behavior Change Models in Myanmar (pp. 33 - 56) Abstract Health behaviors are influenced by culture, beliefs, and access to healthcare. Myanmar is a deeply spiritual and traditional location; therefore, health behavior needs to be understood through a cultural lens. This chapter discusses the health behavior influenced by culture and psychological models of health behavior including the Health Belief Model (HBM), and COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation—Behavior). The chapter is based on real world experience working in healthcare community in Myanmar and illustrates how cultural practices impact decisions to seek health care-including delaying care, complex relationships with hearing the health messages, and the continued importance upon individuals accepted practices that came from ancestors. A HBM is reviewed to demonstrate the beliefs about susceptibility and severity of being unwell or ill including the behavioral comprehend, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy to behave differently to seek care, and the COM-B model used for the areas of opportunities, and how (using the HBM and COM-B as an integrated model for guiding theory) capability and motivation were all used to alter attitudes and behaviors strategically for sustainable change through different community capacity building methods. Examples are provided including intervention examples or in real-life scenarios and local strategies through culturally sensitive language adaptation, and indirectly through community dialogue with traditional healers, storytelling, and culturally relevant education methods. The chapter ends with suggestions to use to promote the importance of integrating culturally competent care and traditional practices while incorporating evidence-based practices with implications intended for future projects. 1. Introduction Health behavior in culturally rich communities such as Myanmar, must be considered in ways that transcend applying universal health models or standardized public health approaches. As a cultural backdrop, culture doesn't function as a mere passive determinant of health; it acts as a determinant that shapes people's understanding of symptoms, assessment of treatment options, and engagement with health systems (Handtke et al., 2019; EuroMed Info, 2019). In Myanmar, where they adhere and understand the deep connections between religious beliefs, communal beliefs, and traditional knowledge systems, cultural determinants need to be included in health behavior models for health interventions to be efficacious. In rural and peri-urban contexts in Myanmar, for example, individuals may defer engaging with a formal health service because of being influenced by social constructions of illness as related to a spiritual cause or taking on circumstance associated with karmic actions in one's sob. This influences not only the individual's treatment choices, but also when they engage with the health care service, and how much they trust biomedical service providers to ameliorate their health. Furthermore, health education messages that do not respect these cultural frames are rejected outright by individuals as foreign or irrelevant no matter how science-based they are. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the intersections of culture and health behavior through a synthesis of the lessons learned from fieldwork in Myanmar and several theoretical models such as the Health Belief Model (HBM) (Ogden, 2019) and the COM-B model (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation—Behavior) (Michie et al., 2011). These models offer structured pathways for exploring how beliefs, capabilities, social contexts, and motivations affect health decisions. Ultimately, through consideration of both models in situ with the lived realities of Myanmar communities, this chapter discusses culturally adaptive, sustainable, and respectful strategies that may b","author":[{"family":"Aung","given":"Htet"},{"family":"Thiri","given":"Htay"},{"family":"Win","given":"Nway"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15619073","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15619073","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48494/realcorp2026.6062","type":"article-journal","title":"A Stakeholder-Driven Needs Assessment: Identifying Urban Challenges and Requirements for Satellite-Based Services Supporting Climate-Resilient Austrian Cities","abstract":"Cities and municipalities face major challenges in times of climate change. As key actors in the transition towards climate neutrality, they require analysis, planning, decision-making processes and services to help them prioritise and justify the necessary measures and activities. One option for data-based decision-making is the use of satellite-based services. The Urban Sky research project is therefore collaborating with representatives from Austrian cities of various sizes and structures to identify challenges and needs. This information will be used to develop satellite-based services concepts for urban planning, neighbourhood development, natural hazards, and urban mobility, while taking into account the relevant legal and normative framework conditions. The project focuses on using freely available data such as that from the Copernicus programme. The aim is to explore the potential of the satellite data, review its feasibility and combine it to create useful services. The project also assesses the added value for cities, the market potential and the research requirements, and categorises and prioritises the services, resulting in actionable recommendations. To achieve this, the following research questions are answered: (1) What challenges do Austrian cities face regarding urban and neighbourhood planning? (2) How can satellite data help to solve these challenges? (3) Taking into account spatial and temporal resolution, what additional data and information is required to use satellite data effectively to overcome these challenges? Following a literature review, the topics were narrowed down to the following areas: buildings; green spaces and biodiversity; infrastructure; mobility; natural hazards; urban planning; and spatial planning. These areas were further discussed and specified during the first Stakeholderworkshop, which was attended by representatives of several Austrian cities varying in population and structure. Particularly urgent needs were identified focussing e.g. on buildings and potential renovation, solutions to reduce heat energy losses and the potential for redensification. In the field of natural hazards, key topics included small-scale air temperature monitoring and the development of early warning systems for floods or agriculture. In the context of infrastructure, the focus was on the detection of damage after extreme weather events and the analysis of photovoltaic (PV) potential in car parks. In addition, priorities were identified in the following areas: recording of traffic movements and parking space usage (mobility); calculating the degree of greening and tree canopy cover to comply with the EU Nature Restoration Regulation; and smart irrigation management (green spaces). Other priorities included urban heat island monitoring and climate risk analysis (urban planning). The applications are primarily based on time-series data from optical satellite missions, such as Sentinel-2 and commercial very high-resolution satellites like Pléiades, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) missions (such as Sentinel-1, NISAR, and future ROSE-L), and thermal missions, e.g. TRISHNA, ECOSTRESS, and the upcoming Land Surface Temperature Mission (LSTM) from the European Space Agency (ESA). A key outcome of the Urban Sky project is a structured study on the potential of satellite technology for urban and neighborhood planning. The study identifies and analyses existing satellite applications in cities (both nationally and internationally), and assesses their compatibility with current geodata sources. Based on the stakeholders‘ requirements, the study proposes ten potential applications to serve as a foundation for further RTI (research, technology, and innovation) initiatives.","author":[{"family":"Berg","given":"Romana"},{"family":"Jung","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Link","given":"Eliza"},{"family":"Silvestru","given":"Diana"},{"family":"Gallaun","given":"Heinz"},{"family":"Hinterleitner","given":"Isabella"},{"family":"Kozlowska","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Peters-Anders","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Köglberger","given":"Katharina"},{"family":"Mentin","given":"Viktoria"},{"family":"Deutsch","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48494/realcorp2026.6062","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48494/realcorp2026.6062","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48494/realcorp2026.3012","type":"article-journal","title":"Stakeholder Mapping and User Perception of Mobility Management for Commuters and Students: A Comparison of 7 Case Studies in Central Europe – the GreenPATH Project","abstract":"The GreenPATH project is a collaborative initiative aimed at addressing sustainable commuting challenges in Central European Functional Urban Areas (FUAs). It focuses on students and employees, promoting innovative and green mobility solutions through co-designed strategies, action plans, and pilot projects. The project involves 11 public administrations, mobility agencies, operators, universities, and research bodies, along with 12 associated partners. Its primary goal is to reduce private vehicle dependency, improve air quality, and enhance commuter well-being by encouraging the use of sustainable transport modes such as public and shared transport, cycling, and walking. GreenPATH emphasizes the importance of stakeholder mapping and engagement to ensure the success of its initiatives. Stakeholders, including commuters, local administrations, businesses, and public transport operators, are identified and mapped based on their power and interest. Commuters and local governments are the most frequently identified stakeholders, with influence levels varying across pilot regions. This mapping process helps tailor strategies to the specific needs and challenges of each region. Awareness- raising campaigns are accompanying activities of the project. These campaigns aim to educate communities about the benefits of sustainable transport and provide information on available transportation options. Real- time information and personalized travel options are also offered to improve the commuting experience and encourage the adoption of sustainable modes of transport. Based on the results of the user surveys in the 7 pilot areas, the project highlights the need for improved infrastructure to support sustainable commuting. Key recommendations include better lighting, enhanced cycling paths, and pedestrian-friendly conditions to improve accessibility and safety. Gender-specific and accessibility-focused improvements are emphasized to reduce barriers for all commuters. Behavioral aspects, such as improving car drivers’ attitudes towards cyclists and pedestrians, are also identified as areas for improvement. Despite a general willingness to adopt sustainable commuting behaviors, only a small percentage of respondents have participated in mobility management initiatives before the GreenPATH project kicked of. This indicates the need for customized activities such as challenges and to improve awareness of available services and infrastructure. GreenPATH promotes role modelling by encouraging frequent users of sustainable transport modes, such as cyclists and public transport users, to share their experiences. This approach aims to inspire others to adopt similar behaviors, contributing to reduced private car usage and lower CO2 emissions. GreenPATH leverages transnational cooperation across countries like Italy, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Hungary, and Croatia to develop scalable solutions and formal agreements for long-term implementation. This collaboration helps overcome national legislative barriers and ensures the development of applicable mobility management tools across the region. The project’s outputs include collaborative solutions for sustainable mobility, a comprehensive strategy, and action plans for each FUA, which are expected to be endorsed by decision-makers to ensure their adoption and long-term impact. Acknowledgement: This work was carried out as part of the GreenPATH project, co-funded by the Interreg Central Europe Programme under the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).","author":[{"family":"Klementschitz","given":"Roman"},{"family":"Jeepjua","given":"Valerie"},{"family":"Roider","given":"Oliver"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48494/realcorp2026.3012","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48494/realcorp2026.3012","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.25576/asfera-cfa2026-50285","type":"article-journal","title":"COMPOSITION MOLÉCULAIRE DES AÉROSOLS ORGANIQUES DÉTERMINÉE PAR UNE COMBINAISON DE CHROMATOGRAPHIE ET DE SPECTROMÉTRIE DE MASSE.","abstract":"Les aérosols organiques (AO) jouent un rôle important dans la chimie atmosphérique, le changement climatique et la santé publique. Si les particules d'AO peuvent être émises directement dans l'atmosphère, elles peuvent également y être introduites par la formation d'aérosols organiques secondaires (AOS). Cependant, nos connaissances actuelles sur les voies d'oxydation et la composition chimique des AOS sont limitées et lacunaires, compte tenu de la difficulté des modèles de transport chimique à prédire la masse d'AO dans l'atmosphère. Il en résulte d'importantes incertitudes quant à l'estimation de l'impact des aérosols atmosphériques sur le climat et la qualité de l'air. Une meilleure compréhension des processus de formation des AOS est essentielle pour évaluer plus précisément les impacts sanitaires et environnementaux des particules atmosphériques. L'analyse de la phase particulaire à l'échelle moléculaire des aérosols organiques, qui représentent environ la moitié de la masse des particules fines (PM2,5) dans la troposphère, constitue un défi analytique considérable. Cette analyse est indispensable pour élucider leurs mécanismes de transformation dans l'environnement et identifier les marqueurs liés aux différentes sources et processus. De plus, l'analyse de la phase particulaire à l'échelle moléculaire permet de compléter et d'enrichir les données obtenues par l'analyse de la composition chimique globale de l'aérosol (par exemple, par spectrométrie de masse des aérosols (AMS)). Considérant la complexité et la diversité des espèces chimiques dans l'atmosphère, l'approche « traceurs » est souvent utilisée pour suivre les sources/émissions/formations et devenirs dans l'atmosphère, de familles de composés dans un environnement donné. Par définition, un traceur est une espèce spécifique d'une source ou d'un processus, identifiable et quantifiable et stable au cours de son séjour dans l'atmosphère. Dans ce contexte, différentes expériences en chambre et campagnes de terrain ont été menées afin de mieux comprendre la formation et le vieillissement des aérosols organiques dans l'atmosphère. Dans la chambre CESAM du LISA, installation nationale du CNRS INSU, différentes formations d'AOS issues de l'oxydation de précurseurs anthropiques individuels tels que les alcanes à longue chaîne (Lamkaddam et al. 2017, 2020), les composés monoaromatiques ou les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycyliques (HAP) (Pereira et al. 2026), ou de leurs mélanges, ont été étudiées dans des conditions environnementales variées et contrôlées. Des aérosols issus de combustion de biomasse ont aussi été étudiés dans la chambre CESAM (Almarj et al. 2026). Outre la production de masse d'aérosols, le mécanisme a également été étudié en mesurant la composition des AOS après échantillonnage sur filtre. Par ailleurs, dans le cadre de la campagne ACROSS (Chimie atmosphérique de la forêt périurbaine), menée de mi-juin à fin juillet 2022 afin d'améliorer la compréhension des impacts du mélange des masses d'air urbaines et biogéniques sur l'oxydation des COV atmosphériques, des filtres ont été collectés dans la zone urbaine et périurbaine (forêt de Rambouillet) de Paris (Pereira et al, 2025, 2026). La caractérisation chimique des aérosols organiques secondaires représente un défi analytique en raison de leur complexité, de leur grande diversité fonctionnelle, de leur solubilité et de leur polarité, ainsi que de leurs faibles concentrations, pouvant atteindre l'état de traces. Pour appréhender cette complexité, différentes techniques analytiques ont été utilisées, capables de détecter des espèces de faible et de haut poids moléculaire (oligomères et composés à longue chaîne hautement fonctionnalisés), grâce à une combinaison de chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse après extraction par fluide supercritique (SFE-GC-MS), de chromatographie liquide ultra-performante couplée à la spectrométrie de masse à temps de vol à quadripôle (UPLC-TOF-MS) et","author":[{"family":"Gratien","given":"A"},{"family":"Pereira","given":"DL"},{"family":"Giorio","given":"C"},{"family":"Almarj","given":"E"},{"family":"Lamkaddam","given":"H"},{"family":"Mebold","given":"E"},{"family":"Noyalet","given":"G"},{"family":"Gaimoz","given":"C"},{"family":"Bertin","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Chevaillier","given":"S"},{"family":"Cantrell","given":"C"},{"family":"Michoud","given":"V"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.25576/asfera-cfa2026-50285","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25576/asfera-cfa2026-50285","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.25967/650404","type":"article-journal","title":"Notlandeassistent für Urban Air Mobility Luftfahrzeuge","abstract":"Im vorliegenden Paper wird ein Trajektorienplanungsalgorithmus für Urban Air Vehicles mit Flügeln vorgestellt. Der Flugpfad wird approximiert durch eine endliche Zahl quasi-stationärer Kreis- und Geradensegmente im dreidimensionalen Raum. Das zugrunde liegende numerische Optimierungsproblem, für dessen Initialisierung ein zweidimensionaler Dubins-Pfad herangezogen wird, wird schließlich mittels NLP-Solver gelöst. Der Algorithmus wird anhand des Szenarios eines vollständigen Antriebsausfalls beschrieben und demonstriert. Dabei werden drei verschiedene Konstellationen aus Start- und Zielpunkten sowie drei verschiedene Kostenfunktionen betrachtet. Durch geschickte Annahmen, die im hinterlegten Modell getroffen werden, und dank der Initialisierung mit Dubins-Pfad, welche das nichtholonome Flugsystem annähernd abbilden, konvergiert der Algorithmus schnell und zuverlässig.","author":[{"family":"Settele","given":"F"},{"family":"Mothes","given":"F"},{"family":"Dehm","given":"M"},{"family":"Knoll","given":"A"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.25967/650404","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25967/650404","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/aerospace12080709","type":"article-journal","title":"Vertiport Location Selection and Optimization for Urban Air Mobility in Complex Urban Scenes","abstract":"Vertiports, as dedicated facilities for electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, are essential to ensure the efficiency and sustainability of Urban Air Mobility (UAM). However, UAM infrastructure site selection has become increasingly complex due to limited land availability, complex spatial conditions, and the need to balance multiple objectives. Focusing on passenger-carrying UAM operations, this study proposes a systematic framework for vertiport site selection. First, key factors are classified into high, medium, and low levels across the safety, economic, and social dimensions, forming a modular evaluation system. A GIS-based spatial screening process is developed to identify potential vertiport locations. Subsequently, a variable representing the level of demand satisfaction is incorporated into a progressive coverage model specifically designed for vertiport site optimization. A hybrid algorithm is designed to solve the model. Using Shenzhen as a case study, the proposed approach is validated through real-world data. The results show that vertiport size and spatial requirements significantly influence the selection of suitable land types. High economic constraints may cause facility over-concentration, while setting standards aligned with regional functions better supports equitable access. Locating vertiports in high-demand areas enhances demand satisfaction levels, and both service capacity and range strongly influence overall system performance. These findings provide practical insights for future vertiport planning, promoting the efficient use of urban resources and supporting the successful implementation and sustainability of UAM.","author":[{"family":"Lu","given":"Yannan"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Weili"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Wenbin"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Weiwei"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Ying"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/aerospace12080709","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12080709","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.est.2025.117128","type":"article-journal","title":"A robust adaptive battery state of charge estimation based on integrated Luenberger observer: An investigation for electric urban air mobility application","abstract":"Since the development of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft plays an important role in the realization of zero-emission urban air transportation (UAT), it has become the subject of much recent research. In the development of eVTOLs' battery power source, accuracy of the state of charge (SoC) estimation is a key challenge that has a direct effect on their flight performance and safety. This accuracy is affected by destructive factors including system nonlinearities and uncertainties, measurement noises and disturbances or even faults. This paper tackles these issues by introducing an innovative integrated Luenberger observer (ILO) which gathers the benefits of robust and adaptive observers to effectively estimate the SoC based on the prediction and rejection of the above-mentioned factors' effects. First, the uncertainties and nonlinearities together with the measurement faults are treated as an additional unwanted term to the battery model. As the battery has a low inertia, this term is considered to satisfy the Lipschitz condition , and the rate of their variation is considered limited. Then, to estimate the unwanted term and eliminate its effect on the SoC estimation, a mediating variable is designed to function as an augmented variable to the state space model of the battery. Based on the augmented model of the battery, a distinguished structure for the observer is introduced, and its gain is defined in such a way that the coupling term in the obtained estimation error dynamics is eliminated. In this way, the conservatism of the stability proof is reduced. After that, based on Lyapunov theory, the stability problem of the proposed observer is transformed into a linear matrix inequality (LMI) problem to be solved for the derivation of the control parameters. The effectiveness of the proposed observer is verified through real-time experiments of fresh and aged 2.4 Ah Li-ion battery cells under two test scenarios including hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) and an eVTOL flight demanded power profile. The results confirm the superiority of the proposed observer compared to a state-of-the-art robust and adaptive observer.","author":[{"family":"Rezaei","given":"Omid"},{"family":"Dinh","given":"Quang"},{"family":"Truong","given":"Dinh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.est.2025.117128","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2025.117128","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.16893400","type":"article-journal","title":"Impacts of integrated mobility concepts in residential complexes on residents' travel behavior","abstract":"Car-based mobility is a significant contributor to inefficient land use, global carbon emissions, and air pollution, exacerbating urban challenges such as congestion and mobility inequality. Integrated Mobility Concepts (IMCs) in residential complexes have emerged as a promising solution, combing urban planning with sustainable transport strategies through both restrictive (push) and incentive-based (pull) measures to reduce car dependency in residential complexes. This study investigates the impact of IMCs on travel behavior by analyzing survey data from 911 residents across 19 residential complexes in Switzerland, spanning both urban and suburban contexts. The methodology involved comparing mobility patterns between 10 complexes with IMCs and 9 without, utilizing both traditional statistical methods and machine learning models. Descriptive statistics and t-tests were used for group comparisons, while multivariate regression and machine learning techniques, such as Random Forest and Lasso regression, were applied to identify key predictors of car ownership and use. The results show that urban complexes with IMCs experience 39% lower car ownership and significantly reduced reliance on private motorized transport (9% of trips, compared to 17% in conventional complexes). Parking availability was identified as the most critical factor influencing car ownership and transport behavior, with a pronounced self-selection effect where residents with sustainable mobility preferences are more likely to choose these complexes. These findings emphasize the need for context-specific mobility solutions, as the impact of IMCs is heterogeneous and varies across different demographic and spatial contexts.","author":[{"family":"Stiebe","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Von Arx","given":"Widar"},{"family":"Thao Thi","given":"Vu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.16893400","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16893400","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.16893401","type":"article-journal","title":"Impacts of integrated mobility concepts in residential complexes on residents' travel behavior","abstract":"Car-based mobility is a significant contributor to inefficient land use, global carbon emissions, and air pollution, exacerbating urban challenges such as congestion and mobility inequality. Integrated Mobility Concepts (IMCs) in residential complexes have emerged as a promising solution, combing urban planning with sustainable transport strategies through both restrictive (push) and incentive-based (pull) measures to reduce car dependency in residential complexes. This study investigates the impact of IMCs on travel behavior by analyzing survey data from 911 residents across 19 residential complexes in Switzerland, spanning both urban and suburban contexts. The methodology involved comparing mobility patterns between 10 complexes with IMCs and 9 without, utilizing both traditional statistical methods and machine learning models. Descriptive statistics and t-tests were used for group comparisons, while multivariate regression and machine learning techniques, such as Random Forest and Lasso regression, were applied to identify key predictors of car ownership and use. The results show that urban complexes with IMCs experience 39% lower car ownership and significantly reduced reliance on private motorized transport (9% of trips, compared to 17% in conventional complexes). Parking availability was identified as the most critical factor influencing car ownership and transport behavior, with a pronounced self-selection effect where residents with sustainable mobility preferences are more likely to choose these complexes. These findings emphasize the need for context-specific mobility solutions, as the impact of IMCs is heterogeneous and varies across different demographic and spatial contexts.","author":[{"family":"Stiebe","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Von Arx","given":"Widar"},{"family":"Thao Thi","given":"Vu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.16893401","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16893401","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.03862","type":"manuscript","title":"CASH: Context-Aware Smart Handover for Reliable UAV Connectivity on Aerial Corridors","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) envisions aerial corridors for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to reduce ground traffic congestion by supporting 3D mobility, such as air taxis. A key challenge in these high-mobility aerial corridors is ensuring reliable connectivity, where frequent handovers can degrade network performance. To resolve this, we present a Context-Aware Smart Handover (CASH) protocol that uses a forward-looking scoring mechanism based on UAV trajectory to make proactive handover decisions. We evaluate the performance of the proposed CASH against existing handover protocols in a custom-built simulator. Results show that CASH reduces handover frequency by up to 78% while maintaining low outage probability. We then investigate the impact of base station density and safety margin on handover performance, where their optimal setups are empirically obtained to ensure reliable UAM communication.","author":[{"family":"Saboor","given":"Abdul"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Zhuangzhuang"},{"family":"Colpaert","given":"Achiel"},{"family":"Vinogradov","given":"Evgenii"},{"family":"Pollin","given":"Sofie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2508.03862","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.03862","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.12794","type":"manuscript","title":"Spatially Consistent Air-to-Ground Channel Modeling with Probabilistic LOS/NLOS Segmentation","abstract":"In this paper, we present a spatially consistent A2G channel model based on probabilistic LOS/NLOS segmentation to parameterize the deterministic path loss and stochastic shadow fading model. Motivated by the limitations of existing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) channel models that overlook spatial correlation, our approach reproduces LOS/NLOS transitions along ground user trajectories in urban environments. This model captures environment-specific obstructions by means of azimuth and elevation-dependent LOS probabilities without requiring a full detailed 3D representation of the surroundings. We validate our framework against a geometry-based simulator by evaluating it across various urban settings. The results demonstrate its accuracy and computational efficiency, enabling further realistic derivations of path loss and shadow fading models and thorough outage analysis.","author":[{"family":"Vinogradov","given":"Evgenii"},{"family":"Saboor","given":"Abdul"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Zhuangzhuang"},{"family":"Fakhreddine","given":"Aymen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2506.12794","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.12794","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2503.02690","type":"manuscript","title":"Generative Modeling of Microweather Wind Velocities for Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"Motivated by the pursuit of safe, reliable, and weather-tolerant urban air mobility (UAM) solutions, this work proposes a generative modeling approach for characterizing microweather wind velocities. Microweather, or the weather conditions in highly localized areas, is particularly complex in urban environments owing to the chaotic and turbulent nature of wind flows. Furthermore, traditional means of assessing local wind fields are not generally viable solutions for UAM applications: 1) field measurements that would rely on permanent wind profiling systems in operational air space are not practical, 2) physics-based models that simulate fluid dynamics at a sufficiently high resolution are not computationally tractable, and 3) data-driven modeling approaches that are largely deterministic ignore the inherent variability in turbulent flows that dictates UAM reliability. Thus, advancements in predictive capabilities are needed to help mitigate the unique operational safety risks that microweather winds pose for smaller, lighter weight UAM aircraft. This work aims to model microweather wind velocities in a manner that is computationally-efficient, captures random variability, and would only require a temporary, rather than permanent, field measurement campaign. Inspired by recent breakthroughs in conditional generative AI such as text-to-image generation, the proposed approach learns a probabilistic macro-to-microweather mapping between regional weather forecasts and measured local wind velocities using generative modeling (denoising diffusion probabilistic models, flow matching, and Gaussian mixture models). A simple proof of concept was implemented using a dataset comprised of local (micro) measurements from a Sonic Detection and Ranging (SoDAR) wind profiler along with (macro) forecast data from a nearby weather station over the same time period.","author":[{"family":"Shah","given":"Tristan"},{"family":"Stanley","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Warner","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2503.02690","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2503.02690","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2501.08941","type":"manuscript","title":"A Reinforcement Learning Approach to Quiet and Safe UAM Traffic Management","abstract":"Urban air mobility (UAM) is a transformative system that operates various small aerial vehicles in urban environments to reshape urban transportation. However, integrating UAM into existing urban environments presents a variety of complex challenges. Recent analyses of UAM's operational constraints highlight aircraft noise and system safety as key hurdles to UAM system implementation. Future UAM air traffic management schemes must ensure that the system is both quiet and safe. We propose a multi-agent reinforcement learning approach to manage UAM traffic, aiming at both vertical separation assurance and noise mitigation. Through extensive training, the reinforcement learning agent learns to balance the two primary objectives by employing altitude adjustments in a multi-layer UAM network. The results reveal the tradeoffs among noise impact, traffic congestion, and separation. Overall, our findings demonstrate the potential of reinforcement learning in mitigating UAM's noise impact while maintaining safe separation using altitude adjustments","author":[{"family":"Murthy","given":"Surya"},{"family":"Clarke","given":"John"},{"family":"Topcu","given":"Ufuk"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Zhenyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2501.08941","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2501.08941","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.bk3j9kdnn","type":"article-journal","title":"Fluttering in a changing world: Effects of urbanization and nectar plants on butterfly movement patterns","abstract":"We aimed to answer the general question whether urbanization affects butterfly movement patterns and more specific, whether (1) the mobility of the investigated small white (Pieris rapae) and the small heath butterfly (Coenonympha pamphilus) is affected differently and (2) these butterflies show altered tortuosity-patterns along a rural-urban gradient. The study sites were situated along a rural-urban gradient in the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan region (Germany). We recorded GPS-movement trajectories of two common butterfly species differing in territoriality, agility and habitat requirements. Movement trajectories were analyzed in terms of mobility (flight speed and time investment in stopping, resting and nectaring) and tortuosity measures and the effect of urbanization on the derived variables was investigated.","author":[{"family":"Gamrath","given":"Gabriela"},{"family":"Von Der Lippe","given":"Moritz"},{"family":"Buchholz","given":"Sascha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.bk3j9kdnn","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bk3j9kdnn","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.28017","type":"manuscript","title":"Securing Cooperative Sensing in UAV Swarms Against Conformity-Driven Byzantine Attacks","abstract":"In integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) enabled 6G unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm networks, the widely adopted imitation-based conformity cooperation mechanism can be exploited by Byzantine attackers to fabricate false consensus, causing the effective error probability of normal UAVs to evolve dynamically and far exceed their inherent sensing errors, which invalidates conventional fusion methods built on the independence assumption. This paper proposes a conformity-aware Byzantine-resilient fusion framework that couples evolutionary game theory with maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation. First, the strategy updates of normal UAVs are characterized by bounded-rational opinion dynamics, and the evolution dynamics of the misinformation ratio together with its evolutionarily stable state (ESS) are derived under death birth updating. Three theoretical results are then established: under heterogeneous per-node sensing errors, the zeroth-order ESS depends on the error distribution only through its mean; a closed-form first-order weak-selection correction to the ESS is obtained, together with an exact mean-field fixed point valid for arbitrary selection intensity; and it is revealed that swarm level misinformation can overwhelm the majority if and only if the attack probability exceeds one half, with this threshold independent of both the sensing error and the malicious ratio. Embedding the predicted error dynamics into a per-node MAP rule, the resulting fusion mechanism achieves nearly 100% situation-inference accuracy under different network topologies, attack intensities, network scales, and sensing-error distributions, and maintains accuracy above 99% under +-20% parameter mismatch. In contrast, majority voting, reputation weighting, and independent fusion collapse completely once the majority-flip threshold is crossed.","author":[{"family":"Ren","given":"Ruixing"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Junhui"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qiuping"},{"family":"Fang","given":"He"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jiamin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Dongming"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.28017","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.28017","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17244994","type":"article-journal","title":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-Based Precision AS-Built Surveying for Institutional Buildings","abstract":"This study utilizes UAV-based photogrammetry to perform a high-precision 3D as-built survey of newly constructed laboratory buildings at Bells University of Technology. The approach integrates GPS-enabled UAV data acquisition with advanced photogrammetric processing using Agisoft Metashape Professional, AutoCAD Carlson 2021, and Agisoft Viewer to produce high-resolution orthophotos and accurate 3D spatial models. Comparative analysis between orthophoto-derived measurements and architectural design specifications indicates dimensional deviations predominantly within ±5 mm across most building elements, confirming construction accuracy. However, the roofing components exhibit deviations of 90 mm in length and 100 mm in width, exceeding international tolerance thresholds, thereby indicating non-conformance that may impact structural performance and envelope integrity. Positional accuracy was further validated through geospatial overlay on Google Earth. The findings demonstrate the technical reliability of UAV-based as-built surveys for construction validation, offering a robust tool for quality assurance, regulatory compliance, and facility management in institutional infrastructure development.","author":[{"family":"Ogundele","given":"OS"},{"family":"Sulaiman","given":"AD"},{"family":"Ajadi","given":"TO"},{"family":"Ayanwole","given":"RA"},{"family":"Godwin","given":"GO"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17244994","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17244994","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17244995","type":"article-journal","title":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-Based Precision AS-Built Surveying for Institutional Buildings","abstract":"This study utilizes UAV-based photogrammetry to perform a high-precision 3D as-built survey of newly constructed laboratory buildings at Bells University of Technology. The approach integrates GPS-enabled UAV data acquisition with advanced photogrammetric processing using Agisoft Metashape Professional, AutoCAD Carlson 2021, and Agisoft Viewer to produce high-resolution orthophotos and accurate 3D spatial models. Comparative analysis between orthophoto-derived measurements and architectural design specifications indicates dimensional deviations predominantly within ±5 mm across most building elements, confirming construction accuracy. However, the roofing components exhibit deviations of 90 mm in length and 100 mm in width, exceeding international tolerance thresholds, thereby indicating non-conformance that may impact structural performance and envelope integrity. Positional accuracy was further validated through geospatial overlay on Google Earth. The findings demonstrate the technical reliability of UAV-based as-built surveys for construction validation, offering a robust tool for quality assurance, regulatory compliance, and facility management in institutional infrastructure development.","author":[{"family":"Ogundele","given":"OS"},{"family":"Sulaiman","given":"AD"},{"family":"Ajadi","given":"TO"},{"family":"Ayanwole","given":"RA"},{"family":"Godwin","given":"GO"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17244995","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17244995","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.20383/103.01757","type":"article-journal","title":"IDENT-MLT Fall 2020 and spring 2021 Orthomosaics","abstract":"Corresponding author: orane.mordacq@gmail.com. Orthomosaic from fall 2020 and spring 2021 for IDENT Montreal (https://treedivnet.ugent.be/ExpIDENT.html) experiment gathered from UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle). Each file is an orthomosaic in TIF format. The name contains the flight number (starting from 1 for each collecting season), the orthomosaic type (either RGB or NIR/RE) followed by the flight date (DDMMYYYY). The RGB and NIR/RE orthomosaics were created using Agisoft software from aerial images of IDENT-Montréal collected in fall 2020 and spring 2021, using a DJI Phantom 4 Pro drone and Sentera sensor. More details about the methodology can be found in Mordacq et al. (unpublished yet) and in the Supplementary Material S3 within (doi: XXXXX). To facilitate data sharing, we have compressed the files to reduce their size (originally around 500 MB each). We used R for compression, employing the RASTER export options \"COMPRESS=DEFLATE\", \"PREDICTOR=2\", \"ZLEVEL=6\", and subsequently reducing the bit depth from 32 to 24.","author":[{"family":"Mordacq","given":"Orane"},{"family":"Paquette","given":"Alain"},{"family":"Lapa","given":"Gauthier"},{"family":"Belluau","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027]]},"DOI":"10.20383/103.01757","URL":"https://doi.org/10.20383/103.01757","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19677496","type":"article-journal","title":"Aircraft Autopilot Navigation System  Using PID Control and Sensor Fusion","abstract":"This journal discusses the design and implementation of an aircraft autopilot navigation system by combining PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control and sensor fusion techniques. The main objective of this study is to improve flight stability, navigation accuracy, and efficiency in automated aircraft or UAV (drone) systems. The system utilizes multiple sensors such as GPS, IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit), and an altimeter to obtain data on the aircraft’s position, velocity, and orientation. The data from these sensors are then combined using sensor fusion methods (such as the Kalman Filter) to produce a more accurate estimation of the aircraft’s state. For control, a PID controller is used to maintain stability and ensure the aircraft can follow predefined routes (waypoints). In addition, the journal also explores advanced methods such as adaptive PID and fuzzy compensators to enhance system performance, especially in handling disturbances like wind or load changes. The results show that the combination of PID control and sensor fusion produces an autopilot system that is stable, accurate, and has minimal navigation error, while also being more energy-efficient compared to conventional methods.","author":[{"family":"Fariz","given":"MIA"},{"family":"Putra","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Ramelan","given":"Zaghi"},{"family":"Yumna","given":"Ghazy"},{"family":"Haq","given":"MZD"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19677496","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19677496","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19677497","type":"article-journal","title":"Aircraft Autopilot Navigation System  Using PID Control and Sensor Fusion","abstract":"This journal discusses the design and implementation of an aircraft autopilot navigation system by combining PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control and sensor fusion techniques. The main objective of this study is to improve flight stability, navigation accuracy, and efficiency in automated aircraft or UAV (drone) systems. The system utilizes multiple sensors such as GPS, IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit), and an altimeter to obtain data on the aircraft’s position, velocity, and orientation. The data from these sensors are then combined using sensor fusion methods (such as the Kalman Filter) to produce a more accurate estimation of the aircraft’s state. For control, a PID controller is used to maintain stability and ensure the aircraft can follow predefined routes (waypoints). In addition, the journal also explores advanced methods such as adaptive PID and fuzzy compensators to enhance system performance, especially in handling disturbances like wind or load changes. The results show that the combination of PID control and sensor fusion produces an autopilot system that is stable, accurate, and has minimal navigation error, while also being more energy-efficient compared to conventional methods.","author":[{"family":"Fariz","given":"MIA"},{"family":"Putra","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Ramelan","given":"Zaghi"},{"family":"Yumna","given":"Ghazy"},{"family":"Haq","given":"MZD"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19677497","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19677497","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22083452","type":"article-journal","title":"High-Resolution UAV Orthophoto Mosaics of Chamanculo C, Maputo (Mozambique)","abstract":"Description Dataset Overview This dataset contains high-resolution orthophoto mosaics generated from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) survey conducted in the Chamanculo C neighborhood, located in the Nlhamankulu urban district of Maputo, Mozambique. The flight operations were carried out on August 23, 2026, starting at 06:26 AM (CAT). Study Area: Chamanculo C Chamanculo C is an informal, densely populated peri-urban neighborhood in inner Maputo characterized by high architectural density, narrow unpaved pathways, complex informal infrastructure, and vulnerability to urban flooding. High-resolution spatial data for this area provides crucial baseline information for urban planning, risk mapping, informal settlement upgrading, and infrastructure management (Guy Norman et al. 2020, Marquez Martin et al. 2025, Sara Márquez Martín et al 2024) Acquisition & Camera Parameters Images were captured using a commercial DJI Mini 4 Pro drone. Flight parameters and optical sensor characteristics include: Flight Altitude: ~100 meters Above Ground Level (AGL) Ground Sampling Distance (GSD): ~2.3 cm/pixel (at 100 m AGL in standard 12 MP capture mode) Image Sensor: 1/1.3-inch CMOS sensor Effective Resolution: 12 Megapixels (4000 × 3000) / 48 Megapixels Native Lens / Lens Focal Length: FOV 82.1°, 6.72 mm actual focal length (24 mm full-frame equivalent focal length) Aperture: f/1.7 Data Capture & Flight Plan The survey covered the target area through a meshgrid grid layout divided into 5 flight tiles (arranged in a 10×15 grid structure). A total of 750 aerial photographs (~150 images per tile) were collected with standard longitudinal and lateral overlaps suited for photogrammetric reconstruction. Photogrammetric Processing The raw aerial imagery was processed using OpenDroneMap (OpenDroneMap Authors ODM 2020) , open-source Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry processing nodes. The pipeline performed feature matching, sparse/dense point cloud generation, Digital Surface Model (DSM) generation, and orthorectification, resulting in 5 distinct orthophoto GeoTIFF tiles.","author":[{"family":"Solana Arteche","given":"Gorka"},{"family":"Marquez Martin","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Orlando Oscar Pedro Mucuho","given":"Orlando"},{"family":"Guirao Bosch","given":"Lucía"},{"family":"Grande Bagazgoitia","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Garrido Manrique","given":"Jesús"},{"family":"Moreno Sanz","given":"Joan"},{"family":"Lizancos-Mora","given":"Placido"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22083452","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22083452","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22083451","type":"article-journal","title":"High-Resolution UAV Orthophoto Mosaics of Chamanculo C, Maputo (Mozambique)","abstract":"Description Dataset Overview This dataset contains high-resolution orthophoto mosaics generated from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) survey conducted in the Chamanculo C neighborhood, located in the Nlhamankulu urban district of Maputo, Mozambique. The flight operations were carried out on August 23, 2026, starting at 06:26 AM (CAT). Study Area: Chamanculo C Chamanculo C is an informal, densely populated peri-urban neighborhood in inner Maputo characterized by high architectural density, narrow unpaved pathways, complex informal infrastructure, and vulnerability to urban flooding. High-resolution spatial data for this area provides crucial baseline information for urban planning, risk mapping, informal settlement upgrading, and infrastructure management (Guy Norman et al. 2020, Marquez Martin et al. 2025, Sara Márquez Martín et al 2024) Acquisition & Camera Parameters Images were captured using a commercial DJI Mini 4 Pro drone. Flight parameters and optical sensor characteristics include: Flight Altitude: ~100 meters Above Ground Level (AGL) Ground Sampling Distance (GSD): ~2.3 cm/pixel (at 100 m AGL in standard 12 MP capture mode) Image Sensor: 1/1.3-inch CMOS sensor Effective Resolution: 12 Megapixels (4000 × 3000) / 48 Megapixels Native Lens / Lens Focal Length: FOV 82.1°, 6.72 mm actual focal length (24 mm full-frame equivalent focal length) Aperture: f/1.7 Data Capture & Flight Plan The survey covered the target area through a meshgrid grid layout divided into 5 flight tiles (arranged in a 10×15 grid structure). A total of 750 aerial photographs (~150 images per tile) were collected with standard longitudinal and lateral overlaps suited for photogrammetric reconstruction. Photogrammetric Processing The raw aerial imagery was processed using OpenDroneMap (OpenDroneMap Authors ODM 2020) , open-source Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry processing nodes. The pipeline performed feature matching, sparse/dense point cloud generation, Digital Surface Model (DSM) generation, and orthorectification, resulting in 5 distinct orthophoto GeoTIFF tiles.","author":[{"family":"Solana Arteche","given":"Gorka"},{"family":"Marquez Martin","given":"Sara"},{"family":"Orlando Oscar Pedro Mucuho","given":"Orlando"},{"family":"Guirao Bosch","given":"Lucía"},{"family":"Grande Bagazgoitia","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Garrido Manrique","given":"Jesús"},{"family":"Moreno Sanz","given":"Joan"},{"family":"Lizancos-Mora","given":"Placido"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22083451","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22083451","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.32220833.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"A cross-comparison of full Bayesian Poisson lognormal models for intersection-level traffic conflict analysis","abstract":"Traffic conflicts are commonly used as surrogate safety measures for intersection safety evaluation. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic cross-comparison of full Bayesian approaches for traffic conflict modeling. Five full Bayesian models were developed and compared, including Poisson lognormal (PLN) model, random intercept PLN (RI-PLN), random parameters PLN (RP-PLN), spatial PLN (S-PLN), and temporal PLN (T-PLN) models. The extended PLN models aim to account for unobserved heterogeneity and spatial/temporal correlation among traffic conflicts. The five models are estimated using traffic conflict data extracted from unmanned aerial vehicle-based vehicle trajectories collected at 17 urban intersections in Athens, Greece. Model performance is evaluated using the Deviance Information Criterion and posterior diagnostics. Results show that the T-PLN model provides the best goodness-of-fit, indicating the importance of temporal correlation in modeling traffic conflicts. Incorporating temporal correlation yields greater performance than accounting for spatial correlation or random parameters alone. Parameter estimates from the favorite model indicate that taxis, motorcycles, heavy vehicles, and signalized control are significantly associated with traffic conflicts. These findings highlight the importance of explicitly modeling temporal correlation in conflict-based safety analysis and offer practical insights for intersection safety management and signal operation optimization.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Yupeng"},{"family":"Yue","given":"Quansheng"},{"family":"Dai","given":"Shuai"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Yanyong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.32220833.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32220833.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.32220833","type":"article-journal","title":"A cross-comparison of full Bayesian Poisson lognormal models for intersection-level traffic conflict analysis","abstract":"Traffic conflicts are commonly used as surrogate safety measures for intersection safety evaluation. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic cross-comparison of full Bayesian approaches for traffic conflict modeling. Five full Bayesian models were developed and compared, including Poisson lognormal (PLN) model, random intercept PLN (RI-PLN), random parameters PLN (RP-PLN), spatial PLN (S-PLN), and temporal PLN (T-PLN) models. The extended PLN models aim to account for unobserved heterogeneity and spatial/temporal correlation among traffic conflicts. The five models are estimated using traffic conflict data extracted from unmanned aerial vehicle-based vehicle trajectories collected at 17 urban intersections in Athens, Greece. Model performance is evaluated using the Deviance Information Criterion and posterior diagnostics. Results show that the T-PLN model provides the best goodness-of-fit, indicating the importance of temporal correlation in modeling traffic conflicts. Incorporating temporal correlation yields greater performance than accounting for spatial correlation or random parameters alone. Parameter estimates from the favorite model indicate that taxis, motorcycles, heavy vehicles, and signalized control are significantly associated with traffic conflicts. These findings highlight the importance of explicitly modeling temporal correlation in conflict-based safety analysis and offer practical insights for intersection safety management and signal operation optimization.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Yupeng"},{"family":"Yue","given":"Quansheng"},{"family":"Dai","given":"Shuai"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Yanyong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.32220833","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32220833","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19845300","type":"article-journal","title":"Hyperspectral Drone Imagery: Bare Soil Fields","abstract":"This dataset contains georeferenced tiff images derived from drone-based hyperspectral imaging over bare soil agricultural fields. The fields Caritas, L1, L3, M5B, R6, RvK1A_B ans S24 were collected during September and October 2025, using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a hyperspectral sensor capturing six specific near-infrared bands: 670nm, 730nm, 800nm, 930nm, 970nm, and 1100nm. The raw sensor data underwent processing using OpenDroneMap software for image stitching, followed by georeferencing correction to ensure spatial accuracy. The resulting tiff files contain digital numbers (DN values) for each spectral band.This dataset may be valuable for agricultural research, soil property analysis, remote sensing development, and related environmental monitoring applications. Pixel-wise predictions of soil organic carbon (OC, % w/w) for eight agricultural fields in the Ghent region, Belgium (EPSG:32631), derived from UAV-acquired hyperspectral imagery corrected to surface reflectance using calibration panels. Three machine learning models were trained on ground-truth OC measurements from 90+ soil sample points using six spectral bands, their first-order derivatives, and normalised band differences as input features: a 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), a Random Forest (RF), and an XGBoost (XGB) regressor. Models were evaluated via 5-fold cross-validation. One predicted OC map (GeoTIFF) per field per model is provided (fields: B2, Caritas, L1, L3, M5B, R6, RvK1AB, S24).","author":[{"family":"Berkvens","given":"Nick"},{"family":"Coppens","given":"Tuna"},{"family":"Bauwens","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Chalazas","given":"Theodorus"},{"family":"De Man","given":"Wannes"},{"family":"Van Beek","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Callens","given":"Bert"},{"family":"Van Gehuchten","given":"Aaron"},{"family":"Kokka","given":"Alexander"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19845300","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19845300","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15297382","type":"article-journal","title":"Hyperspectral Drone Imagery: Bare Soil Fields","abstract":"This dataset contains georeferenced tiff images derived from drone-based hyperspectral imaging over bare soil agricultural fields. The fields Caritas, L1, L3, M5B, R6, RvK1A_B ans S24 were collected during September and October 2025, using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a hyperspectral sensor capturing six specific near-infrared bands: 670nm, 730nm, 800nm, 930nm, 970nm, and 1100nm. The raw sensor data underwent processing using OpenDroneMap software for image stitching, followed by georeferencing correction to ensure spatial accuracy. The resulting tiff files contain digital numbers (DN values) for each spectral band.This dataset may be valuable for agricultural research, soil property analysis, remote sensing development, and related environmental monitoring applications. Pixel-wise predictions of soil organic carbon (OC, % w/w) for eight agricultural fields in the Ghent region, Belgium (EPSG:32631), derived from UAV-acquired hyperspectral imagery corrected to surface reflectance using calibration panels. Three machine learning models were trained on ground-truth OC measurements from 90+ soil sample points using six spectral bands, their first-order derivatives, and normalised band differences as input features: a 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), a Random Forest (RF), and an XGBoost (XGB) regressor. Models were evaluated via 5-fold cross-validation. One predicted OC map (GeoTIFF) per field per model is provided (fields: B2, Caritas, L1, L3, M5B, R6, RvK1AB, S24). Two additional training strategies were explored to assess whether incorporating spatial neighbourhood context around each soil sample point improves OC prediction accuracy. Approach 1 – Aggregated features: For each sample point, pixel reflectance values within a circular neighbourhood of radius r were aggregated into per-band means and standard deviations, yielding one feature vector per sample point. Spectral indices (first-order derivatives and normalised band differences) were then computed on the mean bands. Random Forest and XGBoost models were trained using standard 5-fold cross-validation. Radii of 0.25 m, 0.5 m, and 1.0 m were evaluated during training. Approach 2 – Pixel augmentation: All pixels falling within a circular neighbourhood of radius r around each sample point were extracted individually, each inheriting the OC label of that plot. This increases the effective training set size proportionally to the neighbourhood area. To prevent data leakage, GroupKFold cross-validation was applied with sample-point identity as the grouping variable, ensuring all pixels from the same plot remain in the same fold. Random Forest, XGBoost, and CNN models were trained under this scheme. Radii of 0.25 m, 0.5 m, and 1.0 m were evaluated during training.","author":[{"family":"Berkvens","given":"Nick"},{"family":"Coppens","given":"Tuna"},{"family":"Bauwens","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Chalazas","given":"Theodorus"},{"family":"De Man","given":"Wannes"},{"family":"Van Beek","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Callens","given":"Bert"},{"family":"Van Gehuchten","given":"Aaron"},{"family":"Kokka","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Heikki","given":"Astola"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15297382","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15297382","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20612714","type":"article-journal","title":"Hyperspectral Drone Imagery: Bare Soil Fields","abstract":"This dataset contains georeferenced tiff images derived from drone-based hyperspectral imaging over bare soil agricultural fields. The fields Caritas, L1, L3, M5B, R6, RvK1A_B ans S24 were collected during September and October 2025, using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a hyperspectral sensor capturing six specific near-infrared bands: 670nm, 730nm, 800nm, 930nm, 970nm, and 1100nm. The raw sensor data underwent processing using OpenDroneMap software for image stitching, followed by georeferencing correction to ensure spatial accuracy. The resulting tiff files contain digital numbers (DN values) for each spectral band.This dataset may be valuable for agricultural research, soil property analysis, remote sensing development, and related environmental monitoring applications. Pixel-wise predictions of soil organic carbon (OC, % w/w) for eight agricultural fields in the Ghent region, Belgium (EPSG:32631), derived from UAV-acquired hyperspectral imagery corrected to surface reflectance using calibration panels. Three machine learning models were trained on ground-truth OC measurements from 90+ soil sample points using six spectral bands, their first-order derivatives, and normalised band differences as input features: a 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), a Random Forest (RF), and an XGBoost (XGB) regressor. Models were evaluated via 5-fold cross-validation. One predicted OC map (GeoTIFF) per field per model is provided (fields: B2, Caritas, L1, L3, M5B, R6, RvK1AB, S24).","author":[{"family":"Berkvens","given":"Nick"},{"family":"Coppens","given":"Tuna"},{"family":"Bauwens","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Chalazas","given":"Theodorus"},{"family":"De Man","given":"Wannes"},{"family":"Van Beek","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Callens","given":"Bert"},{"family":"Van Gehuchten","given":"Aaron"},{"family":"Kokka","given":"Alexander"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20612714","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20612714","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.26011","type":"manuscript","title":"Phantom Navigator: Stealthy and Precise Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Redirection with Real-Time Tracking and GPS Spoofing","abstract":"Redirecting unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) from their intended mission trajectories has been an active area of research. However, existing UAV redirection attacks lack reliability, precision, and covertness for a targeted diversion. They primarily rely on physical capture, communication hijacking, or sensor spoofing. Yet, physical interception is costly, offers only a single opportunity for success, and poses a high risk of collateral damage; network-based attacks demand deep technical expertise and access to encrypted communication channels; and sensor spoofing techniques typically fall short in achieving the accuracy and robustness required to steer a UAV toward a specified target. Consequently, we propose Phantom Navigator, a UAV redirection attack to mislead drones to a designated spoofing target, covertly and precisely. Our approach combines offline pre-redirection reachability analysis, which provides high-fidelity estimates of achievable redirect ranges, with an online closed-loop, stealthy execution layer that ensures successful redirection in practice. Based on this approach, we build a physical attack platform equipped with a LiDAR--camera detection, tracking, and spoofing stack that performs real-time identification, pose estimation, and computation of targeted spoofing signals to covertly and accurately redirect victim UAVs to a designated location. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our redirection methodology and the attack implementation in real-world case studies.","author":[{"family":"Meng","given":"Haocheng"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Shaocheng"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Songqiao"},{"family":"Pajic","given":"Miroslav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.26011","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.26011","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20270804","type":"article-journal","title":"Geometry Optimization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Hyperspectral Surveys for Water Quality Retrieval and Satellite Upscaling in Mining Impacted Waters (Chalkidiki and Kirki, Greece)","abstract":"Dataset description: Monitoring water quality is a critical component of environmental management at mining sites worldwide. This dataset accompanies the manuscript, \"Geometry Optimization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Hyperspectral Surveys for Water Quality Retrieval and Satellite Upscaling in Mining Impacted Waters\" It contains UAV-based visible and near-infrared (VNIR) spectra, associated metadata, and laboratory water chemistry data used in the study. Data collection and equipment: The dataset features Savitzky–Golay filtered reflectance spectra acquired over mining-impacted waters in the Kassandra and Kirki districts of Greece. The spectral data were collected using an Ocean Optics STS-VIS sensor (337–823 nm; 40 × 42 × 24 mm) mounted on a DJI Phantom 3 Advanced platform. Alongside the spectra, metadata is provided, including acquisition geometry (flight direction relative to water flow and solar azimuth) and site identifiers. For every sampling location, the spectral data are paired with corresponding laboratory measurements of water quality parameters, including total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved iron (diss Fe), and various other comprehensive hydrochemical analytes. Project context: Please note that this dataset includes data for only two of the three study areas discussed in the associated manuscript (Chalkidiki and Kirki). These two specific localities were surveyed as part of the MultiMiner project (European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovations actions programme under Grant Agreement No. 101091374.). Dataset structure and file overview: Dataset_description.docx: A document providing an overview of the dataset and containing the detailed information presented in this text. Localities_of_water_samples_and_spectral_measurement.csv: A master spreadsheet containing geospatial and descriptive metadata for all sampling locations. It includes longitude, latitude, altitude, and a brief description of the water body type (e.g., stream, pool, lake). The dataset is organized into one summary file and two main directories: In_Situ_Spectrum (Folder): This directory contains 12 files comprising the spectral data from both the Kassandra and Kirki areas. The data within these files are organized by: Filter settings: Processed using three different Savitzky-Golay filter configurations. Flight direction: Categorized by the drone's flight path relative to the target (upstream, downstream, diagonal, as well as a combined/aggregated mean dataset). Lab_Analysis (Folder): This directory contains the results of the comprehensive laboratory water chemistry analyses for all sampled geographic points in Chalkidiki and Kirki. Sun_Position (Folder): This folder contains two files providing time-series sun position metrics for the Chalkidiki and Kirki study areas in Greece. Each record pairs UTC timestamps with solar geometry parameters including solar azimuth, and sun elevation computed for the specific site coordinates.","author":[{"family":"Kýhos","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Jelenek","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Kopačkova-Strnadová","given":"Veronika"},{"family":"Gazea","given":"Emmy"},{"family":"Zabokas","given":"Giannis"},{"family":"Agali","given":"Athina"},{"family":"Gounaris","given":"Kostas"},{"family":"Galatsianou","given":"Anastasia"},{"family":"Anastasatou","given":"Marianthi"},{"family":"Liwata-Kenttälä","given":"Pauliina"},{"family":"Laakso","given":"Kati"},{"family":"Liakopoulos","given":"Alexandros"},{"family":"Mavrogonatos","given":"Constantinos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20270804","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20270804","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20270805","type":"article-journal","title":"Geometry Optimization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Hyperspectral Surveys for Water Quality Retrieval and Satellite Upscaling in Mining Impacted Waters (Chalkidiki and Kirki, Greece)","abstract":"Dataset description: Monitoring water quality is a critical component of environmental management at mining sites worldwide. This dataset accompanies the manuscript, \"Geometry Optimization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Hyperspectral Surveys for Water Quality Retrieval and Satellite Upscaling in Mining Impacted Waters\" It contains UAV-based visible and near-infrared (VNIR) spectra, associated metadata, and laboratory water chemistry data used in the study. Data collection and equipment: The dataset features Savitzky–Golay filtered reflectance spectra acquired over mining-impacted waters in the Kassandra and Kirki districts of Greece. The spectral data were collected using an Ocean Optics STS-VIS sensor (337–823 nm; 40 × 42 × 24 mm) mounted on a DJI Phantom 3 Advanced platform. Alongside the spectra, metadata is provided, including acquisition geometry (flight direction relative to water flow and solar azimuth) and site identifiers. For every sampling location, the spectral data are paired with corresponding laboratory measurements of water quality parameters, including total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved iron (diss Fe), and various other comprehensive hydrochemical analytes. Project context: Please note that this dataset includes data for only two of the three study areas discussed in the associated manuscript (Chalkidiki and Kirki). These two specific localities were surveyed as part of the MultiMiner project (European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovations actions programme under Grant Agreement No. 101091374.). Dataset structure and file overview: Dataset_description.docx: A document providing an overview of the dataset and containing the detailed information presented in this text. Localities_of_water_samples_and_spectral_measurement.csv: A master spreadsheet containing geospatial and descriptive metadata for all sampling locations. It includes longitude, latitude, altitude, and a brief description of the water body type (e.g., stream, pool, lake). The dataset is organized into one summary file and two main directories: In_Situ_Spectrum (Folder): This directory contains 12 files comprising the spectral data from both the Kassandra and Kirki areas. The data within these files are organized by: Filter settings: Processed using three different Savitzky-Golay filter configurations. Flight direction: Categorized by the drone's flight path relative to the target (upstream, downstream, diagonal, as well as a combined/aggregated mean dataset). Lab_Analysis (Folder): This directory contains the results of the comprehensive laboratory water chemistry analyses for all sampled geographic points in Chalkidiki and Kirki.","author":[{"family":"Kýhos","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Jelenek","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Kopačkova-Strnadová","given":"Veronika"},{"family":"Gazea","given":"Emmy"},{"family":"Zabokas","given":"Giannis"},{"family":"Agali","given":"Athina"},{"family":"Gounaris","given":"Kostas"},{"family":"Galatsianou","given":"Anastasia"},{"family":"Anastasatou","given":"Marianthi"},{"family":"Liwata-Kenttälä","given":"Pauliina"},{"family":"Laakso","given":"Kati"},{"family":"Liakopoulos","given":"Alexandros"},{"family":"Mavrogonatos","given":"Constantinos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20270805","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20270805","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21807360","type":"article-journal","title":"D3.1 Hierarchical Statistical Framework for Dynamic Ecological Assessment","abstract":"This deliverable presents the hierarchical statistical framework developed within the BioClima project for dynamic ecological assessment of biodiversity under changing climate and environmental conditions. The framework establishes a unified methodological foundation for integrating heterogeneous biodiversity observations, Earth Observation (EO) products, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data, and environmental covariates into a coherent, uncertainty-aware modelling system. At its core, the deliverable adopts hierarchical integrated species distribution models (ISDMs) that distinguish ecological processes from observation processes, enabling the robust integration of presence-only, detection/non-detection, and abundance data while explicitly accounting for spatial and temporal dependencies and observation bias. The document further describes the complementary role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques in supporting feature extraction, habitat mapping, biodiversity indicator generation, anomaly detection, ecological early warning, and decision support. The proposed framework is designed to accommodate diverse ecological conditions and monitoring requirements across the BioClima case studies through a modular and scalable architecture that supports pilot-specific adaptations while maintaining methodological consistency. By integrating Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs), Essential Climate Variables (ECVs), advanced statistical modelling, and AI-enhanced geospatial analytics, the deliverable provides the methodological backbone for biodiversity monitoring, ecological risk assessment, scenario analysis, and evidence-based environmental management throughout the BioClima project.","author":[{"family":"Mostert","given":"Philip"},{"family":"O'hara","given":"Bob"},{"family":"Paraskevas","given":"Charalampos"},{"family":"Kotsopoulos","given":"Stelios"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21807360","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21807360","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21807359","type":"article-journal","title":"D3.1 Hierarchical Statistical Framework for Dynamic Ecological Assessment","abstract":"This deliverable presents the hierarchical statistical framework developed within the BioClima project for dynamic ecological assessment of biodiversity under changing climate and environmental conditions. The framework establishes a unified methodological foundation for integrating heterogeneous biodiversity observations, Earth Observation (EO) products, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data, and environmental covariates into a coherent, uncertainty-aware modelling system. At its core, the deliverable adopts hierarchical integrated species distribution models (ISDMs) that distinguish ecological processes from observation processes, enabling the robust integration of presence-only, detection/non-detection, and abundance data while explicitly accounting for spatial and temporal dependencies and observation bias. The document further describes the complementary role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques in supporting feature extraction, habitat mapping, biodiversity indicator generation, anomaly detection, ecological early warning, and decision support. The proposed framework is designed to accommodate diverse ecological conditions and monitoring requirements across the BioClima case studies through a modular and scalable architecture that supports pilot-specific adaptations while maintaining methodological consistency. By integrating Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs), Essential Climate Variables (ECVs), advanced statistical modelling, and AI-enhanced geospatial analytics, the deliverable provides the methodological backbone for biodiversity monitoring, ecological risk assessment, scenario analysis, and evidence-based environmental management throughout the BioClima project.","author":[{"family":"Mostert","given":"Philip"},{"family":"O'hara","given":"Bob"},{"family":"Paraskevas","given":"Charalampos"},{"family":"Kotsopoulos","given":"Stelios"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21807359","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21807359","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33335054.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Gully management in the Maasai Mara, Kenya: a GIS-based soil erosion and intervention modelling strategy","abstract":"Gully erosion threatens land productivity and biodiversity, yet current management typically lacks spatially precise, evidence-based guidance for designing effective restoration interventions. This study presents a GIS-based intervention modelling approach to develop a targeted gully rehabilitation strategy within the Enarau Conservancy in Kenya. High-resolution topographic data from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) surveys, combined with soil and vegetation datasets, were used to simulate water flow and erosion using the Simulated Water Erosion Model (SIMWE). The model captured overland flow dynamics and erosion patterns to evaluate the effectiveness of three management interventions: vegetation plots, woven wooden dams, and sandbags, all aimed at reducing erosion. Results showed that site-specific measures led to a measurable reduction in erosion. The primary gully (S1) exhibited a 4.7 percent decrease in erosion rate, while the secondary gully (S2) showed an 87.9 percent reduction. Analysis across the broader simulation area confirmed that the interventions decreased sediment flux and surface water velocity, which helped mitigate soil loss. This study demonstrates the value of integrating UAV-derived data with GIS-based modelling for designing and assessing adaptable gully restoration strategies. The findings offer practical recommendations for erosion control and support the broader understanding of spatially targeted management in erosion-prone landscapes.","author":[{"family":"Leesten","given":"Wessel"},{"family":"Vogel","given":"Teun"},{"family":"Nabaala","given":"Harrison"},{"family":"Gichira","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Valli","given":"Raqib"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33335054.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33335054.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33335054","type":"article-journal","title":"Gully management in the Maasai Mara, Kenya: a GIS-based soil erosion and intervention modelling strategy","abstract":"Gully erosion threatens land productivity and biodiversity, yet current management typically lacks spatially precise, evidence-based guidance for designing effective restoration interventions. This study presents a GIS-based intervention modelling approach to develop a targeted gully rehabilitation strategy within the Enarau Conservancy in Kenya. High-resolution topographic data from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) surveys, combined with soil and vegetation datasets, were used to simulate water flow and erosion using the Simulated Water Erosion Model (SIMWE). The model captured overland flow dynamics and erosion patterns to evaluate the effectiveness of three management interventions: vegetation plots, woven wooden dams, and sandbags, all aimed at reducing erosion. Results showed that site-specific measures led to a measurable reduction in erosion. The primary gully (S1) exhibited a 4.7 percent decrease in erosion rate, while the secondary gully (S2) showed an 87.9 percent reduction. Analysis across the broader simulation area confirmed that the interventions decreased sediment flux and surface water velocity, which helped mitigate soil loss. This study demonstrates the value of integrating UAV-derived data with GIS-based modelling for designing and assessing adaptable gully restoration strategies. The findings offer practical recommendations for erosion control and support the broader understanding of spatially targeted management in erosion-prone landscapes.","author":[{"family":"Leesten","given":"Wessel"},{"family":"Vogel","given":"Teun"},{"family":"Nabaala","given":"Harrison"},{"family":"Gichira","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Valli","given":"Raqib"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33335054","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33335054","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33332461.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"A comparative analysis of individual tree and area-based approaches for above-ground biomass estimation and uncertainty analysis using LiDAR and hyperspectral data and machine learning","abstract":"Accurate uncertainty decomposition in above-ground biomass (AGB) estimation is indispensable for the quantification of the carbon sequestration potential. Although parametric models benefit from established uncertainty propagation techniques (e.g. Taylor series expansion), rapid adoption of nonparametric machine learning models necessitates a unified and systematic framework that comprehensively decomposes uncertainty sources across machine learning-based AGB estimation approaches. To address this gap, we propose a hybrid uncertainty quantification approach that synergistically embeds Monte Carlo simulations within machine learning methods. By utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle-mounted light detection and ranging and hyperspectral sensors, we compared the accuracy of four machine learning models and performed comparative uncertainty analysis across two AGB estimation frameworks: individual-tree approach (ITA) and area-based approach (ABA). Two key findings were revealed: 1) model residuals dominated the total uncertainty (contributed 58.8% and 79.6% of the uncertainty in the ITA and ABA, respectively) across all algorithms; 2) the uncertainty in the ITA was 33.9% higher than that in the ABA (16.2% vs. 12.1%), primarily due to cumulative errors in individual-tree detection. Our approach establishes a new paradigm for quantifying errors in machine learning-based carbon stock mapping.","author":[{"family":"Ma","given":"Ye"},{"family":"Zhen","given":"Zhen"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Dianfan"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Xingfeng"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Zunyi"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Jingyan"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yinghui"},{"family":"Li","given":"Miao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33332461.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33332461.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33332461","type":"article-journal","title":"A comparative analysis of individual tree and area-based approaches for above-ground biomass estimation and uncertainty analysis using LiDAR and hyperspectral data and machine learning","abstract":"Accurate uncertainty decomposition in above-ground biomass (AGB) estimation is indispensable for the quantification of the carbon sequestration potential. Although parametric models benefit from established uncertainty propagation techniques (e.g. Taylor series expansion), rapid adoption of nonparametric machine learning models necessitates a unified and systematic framework that comprehensively decomposes uncertainty sources across machine learning-based AGB estimation approaches. To address this gap, we propose a hybrid uncertainty quantification approach that synergistically embeds Monte Carlo simulations within machine learning methods. By utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle-mounted light detection and ranging and hyperspectral sensors, we compared the accuracy of four machine learning models and performed comparative uncertainty analysis across two AGB estimation frameworks: individual-tree approach (ITA) and area-based approach (ABA). Two key findings were revealed: 1) model residuals dominated the total uncertainty (contributed 58.8% and 79.6% of the uncertainty in the ITA and ABA, respectively) across all algorithms; 2) the uncertainty in the ITA was 33.9% higher than that in the ABA (16.2% vs. 12.1%), primarily due to cumulative errors in individual-tree detection. Our approach establishes a new paradigm for quantifying errors in machine learning-based carbon stock mapping.","author":[{"family":"Ma","given":"Ye"},{"family":"Zhen","given":"Zhen"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Dianfan"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Xingfeng"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Zunyi"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Jingyan"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yinghui"},{"family":"Li","given":"Miao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33332461","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33332461","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15133245","type":"article-journal","title":"Non-Synoptic Wind Loads on Solar Panels (ERIES-SOLAR)","abstract":"Dataset Description The research focuses on non-synoptic (tornado, downburst, bora) wind loads acting on an array of solar panels. The non-synoptic wind is simulated inside the Wind Engineering, Energy, and Environment (WindEEE), and the flow characteristics are measured using a mini-drone with a 2D sonic anemometer. The non-synoptic wind is then simulated over a 25 scale pressure model of the array of solar panels, allowing for the measurement of the aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the solar panels situated in the array. This research also aims to provide the necessary knowledge to suggest guidelines for improved resilience of solar panels exposed to non-synoptic winds. S0. Documentation This folder contains important documents that pertain to the project. S1. Wind Profile Measurement Rack 1 Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and downburst wind simulations without a model were tested at the WindEEE Dome testing facility. Velocity measurement devices were used to characterize the wind profile and were mounted onto a vertical rack at heights of 5, 7.5, 10.0, 15.0, 20, 30.0, and 40.0 cm above the ground surface. The location of the vertical profile varied between the experiments outlined below. E1. Straight Smooth Flow Profiling The 60-fan wall located on one side of the hexagonal-shaped WindEEE test chamber was used to generate the various ABL flows for this experiment. During the experiment, 3-D point measurements were taken to characterize the velocity profiles for four uniform smooth flows of various wind speeds. The vertical rack (where the measurements of the profile are taken) was positioned at radial distance (R) of 0 cm and at an azimuth angle (φ) of 0 degrees. An additional measurement, at a height of 120 cm, was used to take a reference measurement. These measurements aim to provide detailed characteristics of the wind profile. E2. BORA Wind Profiling During this experiment, the 60-fan wall was used to generate BORA (gusting) wind by varying the speed of the fans with time. BORA winds with gust speed ratios of 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 7:2, and 9:2, and gust duration ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 were profiled using the 3-D point measurements on the vertical rack. Additionally, field measurement simulations were also tested using time-varying fan speeds that were at no specific ratio for speed or duration. These tests were conducted with or without roughness elements. The vertical rack (where the measurements of the profile are taken) was positioned R=0 cm and φ=0 degrees. An additional position on the vertical rack (height of 120 cm) was used to take a reference measurement. These measurements aim to provide detailed characteristics of the wind profile. E3. Downburst Wind Profiling An impinging-jet style downburst is generated at the WindEEE dome through the release of pressure from a plenum above the testing chamber. These impinging jets can be combined with the 60-fan wall to achieve an ABL and downburst-like flow configurations. During this experiment, 3-D point measurements were taken to characterize the velocity profiles for downbursts with or without ABL wind. For the downburst simulations, three parameters were varied: the strength of the impinging jet flow, the strength of the ABL wind flow, and the position of the bell mouth (L) within the WindEEE dome. The vertical rack was positioned at radial distances from the center of the turntable (rm) at 75, 135, and 225 cm and with φ=180 degrees. Two additional locations for the vertical rack were at rm = 135cm with φ being 205 and 235 degrees. An additional vertical rack was positioned on the opposite side of the bell mouth as the profiling rack to take a reference measurement at a height of 7.5 cm. These measurements aim to provide detailed characteristics of the wind profile. S2. Wind Profile Measurement Rack 2 (Tornado) Translating tornado simulations without a model was tested at the WindEEE Dome testing facility. Four velocity measurement devices were used to charac","author":[{"family":"Kozmar","given":"Hrvoje"},{"family":"Škvorc","given":"Petar"},{"family":"Nieto","given":"Felix"},{"family":"Alvarez","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Van Beeck","given":"Jeroen"},{"family":"Glabeke","given":"Gertjan"},{"family":"De Decker","given":"Julien"},{"family":"Bitsuamlak","given":"Girma"},{"family":"Birhane","given":"Tibebu"},{"family":"Cormier","given":"Tristan"},{"family":"Costache","given":"Adrian"},{"family":"Faronov","given":"Maksim"},{"family":"Parker","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Windeee"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15133245","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15133245","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15133246","type":"article-journal","title":"Non-Synoptic Wind Loads on Solar Panels (ERIES-SOLAR)","abstract":"Dataset Description The research focuses on non-synoptic (tornado, downburst, bora) wind loads acting on an array of solar panels. The non-synoptic wind is simulated inside the Wind Engineering, Energy, and Environment (WindEEE), and the flow characteristics are measured using a mini-drone with a 2D sonic anemometer. The non-synoptic wind is then simulated over a 25 scale pressure model of the array of solar panels, allowing for the measurement of the aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the solar panels situated in the array. This research also aims to provide the necessary knowledge to suggest guidelines for improved resilience of solar panels exposed to non-synoptic winds. S0. Documentation This folder contains important documents that pertain to the project. S1. Wind Profile Measurement Rack 1 Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and downburst wind simulations without a model were tested at the WindEEE Dome testing facility. Velocity measurement devices were used to characterize the wind profile and were mounted onto a vertical rack at heights of 5, 7.5, 10.0, 15.0, 20, 30.0, and 40.0 cm above the ground surface. The location of the vertical profile varied between the experiments outlined below. E1. Straight Smooth Flow Profiling The 60-fan wall located on one side of the hexagonal-shaped WindEEE test chamber was used to generate the various ABL flows for this experiment. During the experiment, 3-D point measurements were taken to characterize the velocity profiles for four uniform smooth flows of various wind speeds. The vertical rack (where the measurements of the profile are taken) was positioned at radial distance (R) of 0 cm and at an azimuth angle (φ) of 0 degrees. An additional measurement, at a height of 120 cm, was used to take a reference measurement. These measurements aim to provide detailed characteristics of the wind profile. E2. BORA Wind Profiling During this experiment, the 60-fan wall was used to generate BORA (gusting) wind by varying the speed of the fans with time. BORA winds with gust speed ratios of 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 7:2, and 9:2, and gust duration ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 were profiled using the 3-D point measurements on the vertical rack. Additionally, field measurement simulations were also tested using time-varying fan speeds that were at no specific ratio for speed or duration. These tests were conducted with or without roughness elements. The vertical rack (where the measurements of the profile are taken) was positioned R=0 cm and φ=0 degrees. An additional position on the vertical rack (height of 120 cm) was used to take a reference measurement. These measurements aim to provide detailed characteristics of the wind profile. E3. Downburst Wind Profiling An impinging-jet style downburst is generated at the WindEEE dome through the release of pressure from a plenum above the testing chamber. These impinging jets can be combined with the 60-fan wall to achieve an ABL and downburst-like flow configurations. During this experiment, 3-D point measurements were taken to characterize the velocity profiles for downbursts with or without ABL wind. For the downburst simulations, three parameters were varied: the strength of the impinging jet flow, the strength of the ABL wind flow, and the position of the bell mouth (L) within the WindEEE dome. The vertical rack was positioned at radial distances from the center of the turntable (rm) at 75, 135, and 225 cm and with φ=180 degrees. Two additional locations for the vertical rack were at rm = 135cm with φ being 205 and 235 degrees. An additional vertical rack was positioned on the opposite side of the bell mouth as the profiling rack to take a reference measurement at a height of 7.5 cm. These measurements aim to provide detailed characteristics of the wind profile. S2. Wind Profile Measurement Rack 2 (Tornado) Translating tornado simulations without a model was tested at the WindEEE Dome testing facility. Four velocity measurement devices were used to charac","author":[{"family":"Kozmar","given":"Hrvoje"},{"family":"Škvorc","given":"Petar"},{"family":"Nieto","given":"Felix"},{"family":"Alvarez","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Van Beeck","given":"Jeroen"},{"family":"Glabeke","given":"Gertjan"},{"family":"De Decker","given":"Julien"},{"family":"Bitsuamlak","given":"Girma"},{"family":"Birhane","given":"Tibebu"},{"family":"Cormier","given":"Tristan"},{"family":"Costache","given":"Adrian"},{"family":"Faronov","given":"Maksim"},{"family":"Parker","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Windeee"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15133246","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15133246","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21702184","type":"article-journal","title":"A rule-screened dataset of UAV-related patent publications with manufacturer-resolution provenance","abstract":"This record contains a manufacturer-conditioned, rule-screened dataset of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-related patent publications and the provenance materials used for manufacturer-name resolution. Manufacturer and name-variant research produced an accepted one-to-many harmonized-assignee authority. Matching that authority against the source patent database yielded 337,138 unique manufacturer-matched publication records. Deterministic screening based on UAV-specific IPC classes, UAV terminology, aviation-platform terminology and enabling-technology context retained 20,492 candidates. Removing four records without an interpretable application year, 305 records from 2024 and one record from 2025 produced a formal release of 20,182 patent publications through application year 2023. The formal publication table contains 46 variables and is accompanied by 13,798 within-cohort citation edges, a data dictionary, validation reports, release manifests, screening replay files and observable enrichment provenance. A second archive preserves two Janes-derived manufacturer workbooks, the accepted-name authority, 42 historical SQL files, 40 historical query-result tables and integrity documentation. The dataset is not a legal-status database, a count of unique inventions or patent families, or an exhaustive census of all UAV patents. Manufacturer-name candidates were checked by one researcher, and no contemporaneous row-level acceptance/rejection log or independent duplicate-review record was retained.","author":[{"family":"Deng","given":"Yangu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xiaoge"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yuxi"},{"family":"She","given":"Ying"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21702184","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21702184","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21702185","type":"article-journal","title":"A rule-screened dataset of UAV-related patent publications with manufacturer-resolution provenance","abstract":"This record contains a manufacturer-conditioned, rule-screened dataset of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-related patent publications and the provenance materials used for manufacturer-name resolution. Manufacturer and name-variant research produced an accepted one-to-many harmonized-assignee authority. Matching that authority against the source patent database yielded 337,138 unique manufacturer-matched publication records. Deterministic screening based on UAV-specific IPC classes, UAV terminology, aviation-platform terminology and enabling-technology context retained 20,492 candidates. Removing four records without an interpretable application year, 305 records from 2024 and one record from 2025 produced a formal release of 20,182 patent publications through application year 2023. The formal publication table contains 46 variables and is accompanied by 13,798 within-cohort citation edges, a data dictionary, validation reports, release manifests, screening replay files and observable enrichment provenance. A second archive preserves two Janes-derived manufacturer workbooks, the accepted-name authority, 42 historical SQL files, 40 historical query-result tables and integrity documentation. The dataset is not a legal-status database, a count of unique inventions or patent families, or an exhaustive census of all UAV patents. Manufacturer-name candidates were checked by one researcher, and no contemporaneous row-level acceptance/rejection log or independent duplicate-review record was retained.","author":[{"family":"Deng","given":"Yangu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xiaoge"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Yuxi"},{"family":"She","given":"Ying"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21702185","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21702185","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21777294","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-Year Dynamics of Coastal Sargassum Accumulation Using Sentinel-2 and the Floating Algae Index: A Case Study from Southwestern Puerto Rico","abstract":"This dataset supports the manuscript: Multi-Year Dynamics of Coastal Sargassum Accumulation Using Sentinel-2 and the Floating Algae Index: A Case Study from Southwestern Puerto Rico The repository contains the processed datasets, environmental observations, validation data, documentation, and R scripts used to quantify coastal Sargassum accumulation within the La Parguera Natural Marine Reserve (LPNMR), southwestern Puerto Rico, from January 2016 through December 2024. Surface Sargassum accumulation was identified using Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (S2-MSI) imagery and the Floating Algae Index (FAI). Environmental variables, including sea surface temperature, wind speed, wind direction, surface current speed, and surface current direction, were obtained from NOAA National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) Station 42085 and the Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) Global Ocean Physics Reanalysis product. Satellite observations were validated using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery and in situ field observations. This repository includes: Processed Sentinel-2 Floating Algae Index (FAI) datasets NOAA NDBC environmental observations CMEMS surface current data Validation datasets Derived analyses R scripts used for data processing and analysis Documentation supporting data reuse and reproducibility This dataset accompanies the associated manuscript and is intended to support transparency, reproducibility, and future research on coastal Sargassum monitoring using satellite remote sensing.","author":[{"family":"Pérez-Pérez","given":"Jenniffer"},{"family":"Hernández","given":"William"},{"family":"Armstrong","given":"Roy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21777294","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21777294","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21555376","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-Year Dynamics of Coastal Sargassum Accumulation Using Sentinel-2 and the Floating Algae Index: A Case Study from Southwestern Puerto Rico","abstract":"This dataset supports the manuscript: Multi-Year Dynamics of Coastal Sargassum Accumulation Using Sentinel-2 and the Floating Algae Index: A Case Study from Southwestern Puerto Rico The repository contains the processed datasets, environmental observations, validation data, documentation, and R scripts used to quantify coastal Sargassum accumulation within the La Parguera Natural Marine Reserve (LPNMR), southwestern Puerto Rico, from January 2016 through December 2024. Surface Sargassum accumulation was identified using Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (S2-MSI) imagery and the Floating Algae Index (FAI). Environmental variables, including sea surface temperature, wind speed, wind direction, surface current speed, and surface current direction, were obtained from NOAA National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) Station 42085 and the Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) Global Ocean Physics Reanalysis product. Satellite observations were validated using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery and in situ field observations. This repository includes: Processed Sentinel-2 Floating Algae Index (FAI) datasets NOAA NDBC environmental observations CMEMS surface current data Validation datasets Derived analyses R scripts used for data processing and analysis Documentation supporting data reuse and reproducibility This dataset accompanies the associated manuscript and is intended to support transparency, reproducibility, and future research on coastal Sargassum monitoring using satellite remote sensing.","author":[{"family":"Pérez-Pérez","given":"Jenniffer"},{"family":"Hernández","given":"William"},{"family":"Armstrong","given":"Roy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21555376","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21555376","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21555377","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-Year Dynamics of Coastal Sargassum Accumulation Using Sentinel-2 and the Floating Algae Index: A Case Study from Southwestern Puerto Rico","abstract":"This dataset supports the manuscript: Multi-Year Dynamics of Coastal Sargassum Accumulation Using Sentinel-2 and the Floating Algae Index: A Case Study from Southwestern Puerto Rico The repository contains the processed datasets, environmental observations, validation data, documentation, and R scripts used to quantify coastal Sargassum accumulation within the La Parguera Natural Marine Reserve (LPNMR), southwestern Puerto Rico, from January 2016 through December 2024. Surface Sargassum accumulation was identified using Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (S2-MSI) imagery and the Floating Algae Index (FAI). Environmental variables, including sea surface temperature, wind speed, wind direction, surface current speed, and surface current direction, were obtained from NOAA National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) Station 42085 and the Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) Global Ocean Physics Reanalysis product. Satellite observations were validated using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery and in situ field observations. This repository includes: Processed Sentinel-2 Floating Algae Index (FAI) datasets NOAA NDBC environmental observations CMEMS surface current data Validation datasets Derived analyses R scripts used for data processing and analysis Documentation supporting data reuse and reproducibility This dataset accompanies the associated manuscript and is intended to support transparency, reproducibility, and future research on coastal Sargassum monitoring using satellite remote sensing.","author":[{"family":"Pérez-Pérez","given":"Jenniffer"},{"family":"Hernández","given":"William"},{"family":"Armstrong","given":"Roy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21555377","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21555377","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3334/ornldaac/2473","type":"article-journal","title":"ABoVE: Active Layer Soil Properties and Multispectral Images, Imnavait Creek AK, 2024","abstract":"This dataset provides active layer soil properties measurements and multi-spectral Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based imagery from Imnavait Creek, Alaska, USA in 2024 in support of the NASA Arctic and Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) Airborne Campaign. Soil properties include active layer thickness, soil roughness height, soil organic matter, bulk density, root biomass, soil carbon and nitrogen, and mineral texture. Soil samples were collected from the top 30 cm from 2024-08-17 to 2024-08-23. A DJI Matrice 210 v2 UAV was flown on 2024-09-04 to collect optical (RGB) images, optical derived digital surface model (DSM), and multispectral images. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated from multispectral images. This dataset provides a unique, comprehensive, and simultaneous characterization of the active layer, supporting analyses of fine scale heterogeneity of soil processes in the active layer in areas over permafrost and the drivers that influence topsoil organic matter in Arctic foothills tundra. The data is provided in comma separated values (CSV) and GeoTIFF formats.","author":[{"family":"Bakian-Dogaheh","given":"K"},{"family":"Du","given":"J"},{"family":"Endsley","given":"KA"},{"family":"Kim","given":"J"},{"family":"De Sobrino","given":"R"},{"family":"Tapia","given":"JN"},{"family":"Fulweber","given":"R"},{"family":"Young","given":"AB"},{"family":"Kimball","given":"JS"},{"family":"Moghaddam","given":"M"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3334/ornldaac/2473","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3334/ornldaac/2473","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.1594/pangaea.975532","type":"article-journal","title":"SubSurfaceGeoRobo: A Comprehensive Underground Dataset for SLAM-based Geomonitoring with Sensor Calibration","abstract":"With the introduction of mobile mapping technologies, geomonitoring has become increasingly efficient and automated. The integration of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) and robotics has effectively addressed the challenges posed by many mapping or monitoring technologies, such as GNSS and unmanned aerial vehicles, which fail to work in underground environments. However, the complexity of underground environments, the high cost of research in this area, and the limited availability of experimental sites have hindered the progress of relevant research in the field of SLAM-based underground geomonitoring. In response, we present SubSurfaceGeoRobo, a dataset specifically focused on underground environments with unique characteristics of subsurface settings, such as extremely narrow passages, high humidity, standing water, reflective surfaces, uneven illumination, dusty conditions, complex geometry, and texture less areas. This aims to provide researchers with a free platform to develop, test, and train their methods, ultimately promoting the advancement of SLAM, navigation, and SLAM-based geomonitoring in underground environments. SubSurfaceGeoRobo was collected in September 2024 in the Freiberg silver mine in Germany using an unmanned ground vehicle equipped with a multi-sensor system, including radars, 3D LiDAR, depth and RGB cameras, IMU, and 2D laser scanners. Data from all sensors are stored as bag files, allowing researchers to replay the collected data and export it into the desired format according to their needs. To ensure the accuracy and usability of the dataset, as well as the effective fusion of sensors, all sensors have been jointly calibrated. The calibration methods and results are included as part of this dataset. Finally, a 3D point cloud ground truth with an accuracy of less than 2 mm, captured using a RIEGL scanner, is provided as a reference standard.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Benndorf","given":"Jörg"},{"family":"Köhler","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Loskot","given":"Paulina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1594/pangaea.975532","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.975532","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/47d0718d-7146-44d3-965c-60e62a48b8cc","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of Gold Harbour, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_32","abstract":"Aerial survey of the Gold Harbour elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the post-processed imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_32 which was carried out on 2024-11-10. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/47d0718d-7146-44d3-965c-60e62a48b8cc","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/47d0718d-7146-44d3-965c-60e62a48b8cc","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/6ecb7be8-6b68-44a7-8aac-abbbb591b4e5","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of Hound Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_31","abstract":"Aerial survey of Hound Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the original RINEX GNSS (global navigation satellite system) base station files, the post-processed global navigation satellite system and imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_31 which was carried out on 2024-11-01. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/6ecb7be8-6b68-44a7-8aac-abbbb591b4e5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/6ecb7be8-6b68-44a7-8aac-abbbb591b4e5","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/236cbe3a-5f05-4cef-8e92-7145b0190f0b","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_30","abstract":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the original RINEX GNSS (global navigation satellite system) base station files, the post-processed global navigation satellite system and imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_30 which was carried out on 2024-11-01. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/236cbe3a-5f05-4cef-8e92-7145b0190f0b","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/236cbe3a-5f05-4cef-8e92-7145b0190f0b","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/2e870dac-9eb1-4f1d-a5ff-fe18090afd79","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_29","abstract":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the original RINEX GNSS (global navigation satellite system) base station files, the post-processed global navigation satellite system and imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_29 which was carried out on 2024-10-31. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/2e870dac-9eb1-4f1d-a5ff-fe18090afd79","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/2e870dac-9eb1-4f1d-a5ff-fe18090afd79","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/a6446ddc-d6bf-4267-9af6-599d2fcc2efa","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_26","abstract":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the original RINEX GNSS (global navigation satellite system) base station files, the post-processed global navigation satellite system and imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_26 which was carried out on 2024-10-30. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/a6446ddc-d6bf-4267-9af6-599d2fcc2efa","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/a6446ddc-d6bf-4267-9af6-599d2fcc2efa","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/5224ff55-e347-4d26-9cd5-28c9bb52a805","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_25","abstract":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the original RINEX GNSS (global navigation satellite system) base station files, the post-processed global navigation satellite system and imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_25 which was carried out on 2024-10-29. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/5224ff55-e347-4d26-9cd5-28c9bb52a805","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/5224ff55-e347-4d26-9cd5-28c9bb52a805","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/c8ddb9ad-a710-4cf3-b068-cf1c57ff31ae","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_24","abstract":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the original RINEX GNSS (global navigation satellite system) base station files, the post-processed global navigation satellite system and imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_24 which was carried out on 2024-10-28. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/c8ddb9ad-a710-4cf3-b068-cf1c57ff31ae","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/c8ddb9ad-a710-4cf3-b068-cf1c57ff31ae","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/85de16ff-a3b2-42b4-a898-aea94ee47b83","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of Hound Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_23","abstract":"Aerial survey of Hound Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the original RINEX GNSS (global navigation satellite system) base station files, the post-processed global navigation satellite system and imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_23 which was carried out on 2024-10-27. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/85de16ff-a3b2-42b4-a898-aea94ee47b83","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/85de16ff-a3b2-42b4-a898-aea94ee47b83","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/a0eac296-ccc6-4d25-b749-a96fec66d233","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_21","abstract":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the original RINEX GNSS (global navigation satellite system) base station files, the post-processed global navigation satellite system and imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_21 which was carried out on 2024-10-26. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/a0eac296-ccc6-4d25-b749-a96fec66d233","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/a0eac296-ccc6-4d25-b749-a96fec66d233","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/463ea06f-6c49-4d6e-a80b-21c88a71c3da","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of Hound Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_20","abstract":"Aerial survey of Hound Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the original RINEX GNSS (global navigation satellite system) base station files, the post-processed global navigation satellite system and imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_20 which was carried out on 2024-10-25. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/463ea06f-6c49-4d6e-a80b-21c88a71c3da","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/463ea06f-6c49-4d6e-a80b-21c88a71c3da","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/6e4a0ad0-8f43-4b8b-bca5-983db79d2627","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_19","abstract":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the original RINEX GNSS (global navigation satellite system) base station files, the post-processed global navigation satellite system and imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_19 which was carried out on 2024-10-25. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/6e4a0ad0-8f43-4b8b-bca5-983db79d2627","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/6e4a0ad0-8f43-4b8b-bca5-983db79d2627","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/fb560068-04ae-4afb-bbd1-86a1e0003474","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_17","abstract":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the original RINEX GNSS (global navigation satellite system) base station files, the post-processed global navigation satellite system and imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_17 which was carried out on 2024-10-22. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/fb560068-04ae-4afb-bbd1-86a1e0003474","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/fb560068-04ae-4afb-bbd1-86a1e0003474","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/865373e6-0b33-418e-9b80-9442dccbcd3e","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_16","abstract":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the original RINEX GNSS (global navigation satellite system) base station files, the post-processed global navigation satellite system and imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_16 which was carried out on 2024-01-21. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/865373e6-0b33-418e-9b80-9442dccbcd3e","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/865373e6-0b33-418e-9b80-9442dccbcd3e","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/a0c38c31-694c-4f07-a178-66f219fca5d9","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of Hound Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_15","abstract":"Aerial survey of Hound Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the original RINEX GNSS (global navigation satellite system) base station files, the post-processed global navigation satellite system and imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_15 which was carried out on 2024-10-21. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/a0c38c31-694c-4f07-a178-66f219fca5d9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/a0c38c31-694c-4f07-a178-66f219fca5d9","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/c2346fb2-7ef0-421c-9511-6ba7701f0f0a","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_12","abstract":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the original RINEX GNSS (global navigation satellite system) base station files, the post-processed global navigation satellite system and imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_12 which was carried out on 2024-10-20. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/c2346fb2-7ef0-421c-9511-6ba7701f0f0a","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/c2346fb2-7ef0-421c-9511-6ba7701f0f0a","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/14b142da-9341-471b-af7a-8613f0fbbb25","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_11","abstract":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the original RINEX GNSS (global navigation satellite system) base station files, the post-processed global navigation satellite system and imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_11 which was carried out on 2024-10-19. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/14b142da-9341-471b-af7a-8613f0fbbb25","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/14b142da-9341-471b-af7a-8613f0fbbb25","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/9c4cb255-a754-4b6b-9748-d8b355e029de","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_10","abstract":"Aerial survey of St Andrews Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the original RINEX GNSS (global navigation satellite system) base station files, the post-processed global navigation satellite system and imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_10 which was carried out on 2024-10-18. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/9c4cb255-a754-4b6b-9748-d8b355e029de","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/9c4cb255-a754-4b6b-9748-d8b355e029de","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/f5139bb9-79b2-44e1-963e-c2755ffd1d01","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial survey of Hound Bay, South Georgia, elephant seal colony during the 2024/2025 season, flight DLPUS_214_08","abstract":"Aerial survey of the Hound Bay elephant seal colony, Mirounga leonina, during the 2024/25 season conducted using a remotely piloted aerial system (RPAS). The aerial survey was conducted as part of the Darwin Plus (DPLUS) 214 project: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA). Dataset includes the original images and log files, the post-processed imagery data, along with the resulting georeferenced DSM (digital surface model) and an orthorectified mosaic of the imagery. This dataset is from flight number DPLUS_214_08 which was carried out on 2024-10-17. This work was supported by the Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund under Grant Darwin Plus ref: DPLUS214: Southwest Atlantic Elephant Seal Population Assessment (SAESPA).","author":[{"family":"Fenney","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Coleman","given":"Jamie"},{"family":"Bamford","given":"Connor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5285/f5139bb9-79b2-44e1-963e-c2755ffd1d01","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/f5139bb9-79b2-44e1-963e-c2755ffd1d01","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20407624","type":"article-journal","title":"Integrating Field Ecology and Sentinel-2-Compatible Remote Sensing for Monitoring Vegetation Succession in Natura 2000 Dry Grasslands","abstract":"Dry continental grasslands (Natura 2000 habitat type 6210 – Festuco-Brometalia) are increasingly threatened by land abandonment and vegetation succession (Management Plan for the Natura 2000 Sites Potok Dolje and Vejalnica and Krč and the Goranec Significant Landscape, 2023). This paper presents initial results of an ongoing remote sensing study aimed at developing a satellite-based framework for monitoring succession in these habitats, using Natura 2000 site Vejalnica and Krč (HR2001298) and the Goranec Significant Landscape (City of Zagreb, Croatia) as calibration and validation sites. Field surveys and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mapping were conducted in 2024–2025 across approximately 150 ha of (semi-)grassland areas. A modified EMBAL field protocol was applied for habitat delineation and ground-truth. UAV Red, Green, Blue (RGB) and multispectral imagery were processed to derive a canopy height model, from which four structural succession phases were defined. The study area was aligned to a 10 × 10 m grid compatible with Sentinel-2 pixels. Baseline mapping revealed strong spatial heterogeneity and widespread shrub and tree encroachment, providing a basis for modelling Sentinel-2 spectral metrics for monitoring succession phases in grassland habitats.","author":[{"family":"Megyery","given":"Tonko"},{"family":"Kutnjak","given":"Hrvoje"},{"family":"Jantol","given":"Nela"},{"family":"Mesić","given":"Zrinka"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20407624","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20407624","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20407625","type":"article-journal","title":"Integrating Field Ecology and Sentinel-2-Compatible Remote Sensing for Monitoring Vegetation Succession in Natura 2000 Dry Grasslands","abstract":"Dry continental grasslands (Natura 2000 habitat type 6210 – Festuco-Brometalia) are increasingly threatened by land abandonment and vegetation succession (Management Plan for the Natura 2000 Sites Potok Dolje and Vejalnica and Krč and the Goranec Significant Landscape, 2023). This paper presents initial results of an ongoing remote sensing study aimed at developing a satellite-based framework for monitoring succession in these habitats, using Natura 2000 site Vejalnica and Krč (HR2001298) and the Goranec Significant Landscape (City of Zagreb, Croatia) as calibration and validation sites. Field surveys and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mapping were conducted in 2024–2025 across approximately 150 ha of (semi-)grassland areas. A modified EMBAL field protocol was applied for habitat delineation and ground-truth. UAV Red, Green, Blue (RGB) and multispectral imagery were processed to derive a canopy height model, from which four structural succession phases were defined. The study area was aligned to a 10 × 10 m grid compatible with Sentinel-2 pixels. Baseline mapping revealed strong spatial heterogeneity and widespread shrub and tree encroachment, providing a basis for modelling Sentinel-2 spectral metrics for monitoring succession phases in grassland habitats.","author":[{"family":"Megyery","given":"Tonko"},{"family":"Kutnjak","given":"Hrvoje"},{"family":"Jantol","given":"Nela"},{"family":"Mesić","given":"Zrinka"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20407625","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20407625","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.34961/19430","type":"article-journal","title":"A systematic review of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for coastal ecosystem monitoring","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) remote sensing has gained increasing attention in the scientific community and has rapidly evolved into a widely used tool for diverse applications, particularly in coastal environment monitoring. This study presents a comprehensive review of UAV-based coastal ecosystem monitoring by analysing 1972 research articles published between 2020 and 2024. Following the PRISMA framework, 406 articles were systematically selected, from which 100 studies underwent detailed technical and ecological analysis. The review critically evaluates UAV platforms, sensor technologies, ecological applications, spatial resolutions, analytical algorithms, field validation approaches, software tools, and observed limitations. The study further provides an in-depth discussion on the current status, emerging trends, and technological advancements in the field, along with recommendations and research directions. Key findings reveal that multirotor platforms with RGB cameras remain dominant, while there is a clear shift towards multispectral, hyperspectral, and LiDAR integration. Additionally, the standardisation of SfM-MVS photogrammetric workflows and the increasing use of RTK/PPK positioning systems are apparent, although GCP-based validation still remains common. The analytical landscape has evolved toward automated machine learning and deep learning frameworks, though weak model interpretability remains a persistent bottleneck. UAVs demonstrated clear advantages for fine-scale ecological mapping, event-driven monitoring, and surveys in inaccessible environments, while geometric accuracy assessment was consistently prioritised in the field validation. Emerging opportunities include sensor/model fusion, explainable AI integration, and new ecological applications such as carbon flux estimation. Hence, this review provides a comprehensive foundation for researchers to effectively integrate UAVs into coastal monitoring applications and identify future research directions.","author":[{"family":"Makumbura","given":"Randika"},{"family":"Gibney","given":"Enda"},{"family":"Nash","given":"Roisin"},{"family":"Dooly","given":"Gerard"},{"family":"Duraibabu","given":"Dinesh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.34961/19430","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34961/19430","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.32296654","type":"article-journal","title":"Crown-BERT: a crown-morphology-aware deep learning framework for individual tree species classification using UAV LiDAR and hyperspectral data","abstract":"Accurate individual tree species classification using fused unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) hyperspectral (HSI) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data is fundamental for forest inventory and biodiversity assessment, yet remains challenging because of irregular crown morphology, limited species annotations, and the high model complexity induced by high-dimensional multimodal features. To address these challenges, we propose Crown-BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), a lightweight, crown-morphology-aware deep learning framework for crown-level HSI–LiDAR classification. Crown-BERT introduces dynamic crown masking (DCM) and crown positional encoding (CPE) to explicitly encode valid canopy boundaries and intra-crown spatial structure, and employs crown masked pixel modeling (CMPM) as a self-supervised pre-training strategy to learn transferable feature representations from abundant unlabeled crown samples. These components are integrated into a task-specific lightweight hybrid architecture that combines efficient convolutional operations with transformer-based global modeling, thereby reducing parameter redundancy while preserving classification performance. Under independent training and testing on three UAV datasets, Crown-BERT achieved overall accuracies of 83.1%, 85.4%, and 90.8% on MS-2021, MS-2022, and TH-2024 dataset, respectively, with only 0.9 million parameters. It outperformed standard CNN and Vision Transformer baselines by 17.9% to 23.5% in overall accuracy, and further exceeded representative HSI–LiDAR fusion-based classificaition models, improving overall accuracy by 5.1%–5.9% over hierarchical CNN and transformer (HCT) and by 9.7%–11.2% over 3D-CNN across the three datasets. Results from MS-2021 and MS-2022 indicate that the proposed framework maintained stable performance under interannual spectral variation, while the strong performance on TH-2024 further demonstrates its robustness under different ecological conditions; in addition, transfer-based adaptation with AdaBN further improved cross-year applicability. Therefore, Crown-BERT provides an efficient and morphology-aware solution for individual tree species classification in UAV-based forest monitoring under complex and variable stand conditions, with strong potential for improving classification accuracy and reducing manual annotation. A Crown-BERT model was proposed for classifying individual tree species using UAV HSI and LiDAR.Crown-BERT model explicitly considers crown morphology and spatial structure.Crown-BERT learns transferable symbols from unlabeled samples via self-supervised pre-training.Crown-BERT uses transfer strategies to adapt across years to interannual spectral variability.Crown-BERT remains effective when pretrained and fine-tuned on different datasets. A Crown-BERT model was proposed for classifying individual tree species using UAV HSI and LiDAR. Crown-BERT model explicitly considers crown morphology and spatial structure. Crown-BERT learns transferable symbols from unlabeled samples via self-supervised pre-training. Crown-BERT uses transfer strategies to adapt across years to interannual spectral variability. Crown-BERT remains effective when pretrained and fine-tuned on different datasets.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Xinbo"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Han","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yinghui"},{"family":"Zhen","given":"Zhen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.32296654","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32296654","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.32296654.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Crown-BERT: a crown-morphology-aware deep learning framework for individual tree species classification using UAV LiDAR and hyperspectral data","abstract":"Accurate individual tree species classification using fused unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) hyperspectral (HSI) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data is fundamental for forest inventory and biodiversity assessment, yet remains challenging because of irregular crown morphology, limited species annotations, and the high model complexity induced by high-dimensional multimodal features. To address these challenges, we propose Crown-BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), a lightweight, crown-morphology-aware deep learning framework for crown-level HSI–LiDAR classification. Crown-BERT introduces dynamic crown masking (DCM) and crown positional encoding (CPE) to explicitly encode valid canopy boundaries and intra-crown spatial structure, and employs crown masked pixel modeling (CMPM) as a self-supervised pre-training strategy to learn transferable feature representations from abundant unlabeled crown samples. These components are integrated into a task-specific lightweight hybrid architecture that combines efficient convolutional operations with transformer-based global modeling, thereby reducing parameter redundancy while preserving classification performance. Under independent training and testing on three UAV datasets, Crown-BERT achieved overall accuracies of 83.1%, 85.4%, and 90.8% on MS-2021, MS-2022, and TH-2024 dataset, respectively, with only 0.9 million parameters. It outperformed standard CNN and Vision Transformer baselines by 17.9% to 23.5% in overall accuracy, and further exceeded representative HSI–LiDAR fusion-based classificaition models, improving overall accuracy by 5.1%–5.9% over hierarchical CNN and transformer (HCT) and by 9.7%–11.2% over 3D-CNN across the three datasets. Results from MS-2021 and MS-2022 indicate that the proposed framework maintained stable performance under interannual spectral variation, while the strong performance on TH-2024 further demonstrates its robustness under different ecological conditions; in addition, transfer-based adaptation with AdaBN further improved cross-year applicability. Therefore, Crown-BERT provides an efficient and morphology-aware solution for individual tree species classification in UAV-based forest monitoring under complex and variable stand conditions, with strong potential for improving classification accuracy and reducing manual annotation. A Crown-BERT model was proposed for classifying individual tree species using UAV HSI and LiDAR.Crown-BERT model explicitly considers crown morphology and spatial structure.Crown-BERT learns transferable symbols from unlabeled samples via self-supervised pre-training.Crown-BERT uses transfer strategies to adapt across years to interannual spectral variability.Crown-BERT remains effective when pretrained and fine-tuned on different datasets. A Crown-BERT model was proposed for classifying individual tree species using UAV HSI and LiDAR. Crown-BERT model explicitly considers crown morphology and spatial structure. Crown-BERT learns transferable symbols from unlabeled samples via self-supervised pre-training. Crown-BERT uses transfer strategies to adapt across years to interannual spectral variability. Crown-BERT remains effective when pretrained and fine-tuned on different datasets.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Xinbo"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Han","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yinghui"},{"family":"Zhen","given":"Zhen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.32296654.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32296654.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19845011","type":"article-journal","title":"Hyperspectral Drone Imagery: Bare Soil Fields","abstract":"This dataset contains two georeferenced tiff images derived from drone-based hyperspectral imaging over bare soil agricultural fields. The fields R13 and S28 collected on September 20, 2024, using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a hyperspectral sensor capturing six specific near-infrared bands: 705nm, 740nm, 783nm, 842nm, 865nm, and 945nm. The fields Caritas, L1, L3, M5B, R6, RvK1A_B ans S24 were collected during September and October 2025, using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a hyperspectral sensor capturing six specific near-infrared bands: 670nm, 730nm, 800nm, 930nm, 970nm, and 1100nm. The raw sensor data underwent processing using OpenDroneMap software for image stitching, followed by georeferencing correction to ensure spatial accuracy. The resulting tiff files contain digital numbers (DN values) for each spectral band.This dataset may be valuable for agricultural research, soil property analysis, remote sensing development, and related environmental monitoring applications. Pixel-wise predictions of soil organic carbon (OC, % w/w) for eight agricultural fields in the Ghent region, Belgium (EPSG:32631), derived from UAV-acquired hyperspectral imagery corrected to surface reflectance using calibration panels. Three machine learning models were trained on ground-truth OC measurements from 90+ soil sample points using six spectral bands, their first-order derivatives, and normalised band differences as input features: a 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), a Random Forest (RF), and an XGBoost (XGB) regressor. Models were evaluated via 5-fold cross-validation. One predicted OC map (GeoTIFF) per field per model is provided (fields: B2, Caritas, L1, L3, M5B, R6, RvK1AB, S24).","author":[{"family":"Berkvens","given":"Nick"},{"family":"Bauwens","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Chalazas","given":"Theodorus"},{"family":"Van Beek","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Callens","given":"Bert"},{"family":"Van Gehuchten","given":"Aaron"},{"family":"Coppens","given":"Tuna"},{"family":"Kokka","given":"Alexander"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19845011","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19845011","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.5qfttdzmn","type":"article-journal","title":"Data from: UAV-based spatiotemporal phenotyping and growth modeling for forecasting potato yield","abstract":"Monitoring spatial variations in plant growth and forecasting yield before harvest provides valuable insights for optimizing agronomic decision-making in potato cultivation. Although unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing has recently enabled the development of tuber fresh weight (TW) estimation models, their integration into practical yield-forecasting systems remains limited. In this study, we developed machine learning models to estimate tuber weights at multiple preharvest time points using RGB and multispectral UAV imagery. Image-derived features were extracted from the orthomosaic and digital surface model (DSM) images for each plot, and a random forest regression model was trained for TW estimation. The estimated values were subsequently used to fit the Gompertz growth curves, which were then used to forecast the yield at the expected harvest time. The correlation between the estimated and observed values was strong in the UAV-based TW estimation, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.8 and coefficients of determination (R²) above 0.6 at all time points. Yield forecasts based on fitted growth curves achieved a correlation of 0.78 and an R² of -0.17 in 2023, and 0.70 and an R² of 0.47 in 2024. These results demonstrate that UAV-based sampling combined with machine learning is a feasible approach for monitoring spatiotemporal variations in tuber growth and forecasting potato yield at the plot level prior to harvest.","author":[{"family":"Imachi","given":"Yuto"},{"family":"Tanaka","given":"Kunihiro"},{"family":"Miyauchi","given":"Minato"},{"family":"Miyamoto","given":"Kyosuke"},{"family":"Okada","given":"Masahiro"},{"family":"Blok","given":"Pieter"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Iwata","given":"Hiroyoshi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.5qfttdzmn","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.5qfttdzmn","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18855038","type":"article-journal","title":"Digging Deep into Ghana's Slavery History - Archeogeophysics Survey Project","abstract":"The Digging Deep into Ghana’s Slavery History Project is a fully integrated multidisciplinary research program to systematically investigate sites associated with the slave trade in Ghana using state-of-the-art geophysical methods. The trans-Atlantic slave trade had devastating impacts on Africa. These slave relics and sites will provide crucial insights into slave trade routes and the living conditions of enslaved people. One of the sites investigated is the Fort at Tantumquery. The first archaeological and geophysical investigation of the Fort at Tantumquerry was conducted in September 2024. A team from the Department of Physics of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) and the University of Ghana’s Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies (DAHS), with a representative of the Ghana Museums and Monuments Board (GMMB), conducted excavations and geophysical prospections (Electrical Resistivity survey and Ground Penetrating Radar) of the ruinous site of the fort. Background The fort at Tantumquerry was constructed by the Royal African Company (RAC), an English Trading Company, in the 1720s as part of their expanding network of coastal fortifications. The fort’s strategic location enabled control over local trade routes. Historical records indicate that the fort functioned as both a military installation and a commercial hub, facilitating trade relationships with local communities while asserting British territorial claims. The fort is perched on the summit of a low hill, about 30 m above sea level, and about 250 m off the coast of Ekumfi Otuam. The fort at Tantumquery is in Otuam in the Ekumfi District of the Central Region of Ghana. Soils are predominantly sandy loam, grading to clay loam on upper slopes. The tropical climate is characterized by high humidity and distinct wet (April-October) and dry (November-March) seasons, with implications for seasonal variations in soil moisture, which can affect geophysical measurements. Data The workflow for the study involved site selection, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photography, geophysical surveys, archaeological excavation and documentation of archaeological relics. Unmanned aerial vehicle photography was conducted with a DJI Mini 3 Pro system equipped with high-resolution imaging. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) were selected based on site conditions, including surface topography and the anticipated complexity of subsurface archaeological features. A multichannel resistivity system was used to collect apparent resistivity data, whereas a MALA GPR ProEx system was used to acquire GPR data. The data in this collection are processed images of GPR and ERT data, images for site description, artifacts, general images of the team working in the field. The collection has the following data: Geophysics Ground Penetrating Radar processed data Electrical Resistivity processed data Photos Drone shots of site Photographs of Architectural Features Photographs of artifacts General photos of the team working in the field and off-site","author":[{"family":"Boateng","given":"Cyril"},{"family":"Dwomoh","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Dorcas","given":"Asiedu"},{"family":"Mutalabi","given":"Alhassan"},{"family":"Seyram","given":"Amenyo"},{"family":"Gideon","given":"Agyare"},{"family":"Akyana","given":"Britwum"},{"family":"Kennedy","given":"Atsutse"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18855038","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18855038","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18855037","type":"article-journal","title":"Digging Deep into Ghana's Slavery History - Archeogeophysics Survey Project","abstract":"The Digging Deep into Ghana’s Slavery History Project is a fully integrated multidisciplinary research program to systematically investigate sites associated with the slave trade in Ghana using state-of-the-art geophysical methods. The trans-Atlantic slave trade had devastating impacts on Africa. These slave relics and sites will provide crucial insights into slave trade routes and the living conditions of enslaved people. One of the sites investigated is the Fort at Tantumquery. The first archaeological and geophysical investigation of the Fort at Tantumquerry was conducted in September 2024. A team from the Department of Physics of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) and the University of Ghana’s Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies (DAHS), with a representative of the Ghana Museums and Monuments Board (GMMB), conducted excavations and geophysical prospections (Electrical Resistivity survey and Ground Penetrating Radar) of the ruinous site of the fort. Background The fort at Tantumquerry was constructed by the Royal African Company (RAC), an English Trading Company, in the 1720s as part of their expanding network of coastal fortifications. The fort’s strategic location enabled control over local trade routes. Historical records indicate that the fort functioned as both a military installation and a commercial hub, facilitating trade relationships with local communities while asserting British territorial claims. The fort is perched on the summit of a low hill, about 30 m above sea level, and about 250 m off the coast of Ekumfi Otuam. The fort at Tantumquery is in Otuam in the Ekumfi District of the Central Region of Ghana. Soils are predominantly sandy loam, grading to clay loam on upper slopes. The tropical climate is characterized by high humidity and distinct wet (April-October) and dry (November-March) seasons, with implications for seasonal variations in soil moisture, which can affect geophysical measurements. Data The workflow for the study involved site selection, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photography, geophysical surveys, archaeological excavation and documentation of archaeological relics. Unmanned aerial vehicle photography was conducted with a DJI Mini 3 Pro system equipped with high-resolution imaging. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) were selected based on site conditions, including surface topography and the anticipated complexity of subsurface archaeological features. A multichannel resistivity system was used to collect apparent resistivity data, whereas a MALA GPR ProEx system was used to acquire GPR data. The data in this collection are processed images of GPR and ERT data, images for site description, artifacts, general images of the team working in the field. The collection has the following data: Geophysics Ground Penetrating Radar processed data Electrical Resistivity processed data Photos Drone shots of site Photographs of Architectural Features Photographs of artifacts General photos of the team working in the field and off-site","author":[{"family":"Boateng","given":"Cyril"},{"family":"Dwomoh","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Dorcas","given":"Asiedu"},{"family":"Mutalabi","given":"Alhassan"},{"family":"Seyram","given":"Amenyo"},{"family":"Gideon","given":"Agyare"},{"family":"Akyana","given":"Britwum"},{"family":"Kennedy","given":"Atsutse"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18855037","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18855037","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18668418","type":"article-journal","title":"Hyperspectral Drone Imagery: Bare Soil Fields","abstract":"This dataset contains two georeferenced tiff images derived from drone-based hyperspectral imaging over bare soil agricultural fields. The fields R13 and S28 collected on September 20, 2024, using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a hyperspectral sensor capturing six specific near-infrared bands: 705nm, 740nm, 783nm, 842nm, 865nm, and 945nm. The fields Caritas, L1, L3, M5B, R6, RvK1A_B ans S24 were collected during September and October 2025, using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a hyperspectral sensor capturing six specific near-infrared bands: 670nm, 730nm, 800nm, 930nm, 970nm, and 1100nm. The raw sensor data underwent processing using OpenDroneMap software for image stitching, followed by georeferencing correction to ensure spatial accuracy. The resulting tiff files contain digital numbers (DN values) for each spectral band.This dataset may be valuable for agricultural research, soil property analysis, remote sensing development, and related environmental monitoring applications.","author":[{"family":"Berkvens","given":"Nick"},{"family":"Bauwens","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Chalazas","given":"Theodorus"},{"family":"Van Beek","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Callens","given":"Bert"},{"family":"Van Gehuchten","given":"Aaron"},{"family":"Coppens","given":"Tuna"},{"family":"Kokka","given":"Alexander"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18668418","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18668418","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.bzkh189nw","type":"article-journal","title":"Ground and aerial imagery dataset for strawberry breeding trials: Training deep learning models for runner detection and segmentation","abstract":"Runners play a crucial role in vegetative propagation and provide a cost-effective method for expanding strawberry production, excessive growth presents significant challenges. Uncontrolled runner development diverts energy from the mother plant, leading to smaller, lower-quality fruit and ultimately reducing overall yield. Accurate and efficient identification of strawberry runners is essential for optimizing crop management and propagation. This dataset was prepared to enhance the automation of strawberry runner identification in field environments by developing a deep learning-based approach. A diverse dataset of strawberry images was collected, encompassing a wide range of varieties, different growth stages, and multiple growing seasons. Images were captured using three different platforms and cameras at varying altitudes to improve dataset diversity: 0.5 m above the ground level (AGL) for ground imaging (GI), 10 m AGL for aerial imaging (AI10), and 5 m AGL for aerial imaging (AI5). All raw images were preprocessed to segment individual plants. out and saved. Runners were annotated using polygonal masks to delineate their boundaries, with a single class designated for runner identification.","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Xue"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xu"},{"family":"Whitaker","given":"Vance"},{"family":"Ji","given":"Liyike"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Daggubati","given":"Santhi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.bzkh189nw","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bzkh189nw","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.79cnp5j6n","type":"article-journal","title":"Tree mycorrhizal associations regulate relationships between plant and microbial communities and soil organic carbon stocks at local scales in a temperate forest","abstract":"Forests store substantial amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC), but SOC stocks differ strongly between forest ecosystems dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) or ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi. In temperate forests, nearly all tree species associate with either AM or EcM fungi, but it is unclear if variation in SOC stocks is linked to the dominance of AM vs. EcM trees at local scales. However, SOC stocks are also influenced by many other factors, including plant diversity, plant traits, soil properties and microbial community composition, that can vary substantially at small spatial scales. Thus, elucidating how tree mycorrhizal associations interact with other drivers of SOC formation at local scales could improve our understanding of forest SOC storage. Using multivariate data from a 25-ha temperate forest plot, we hypothesized that SOC stocks would be greater in AM-dominated than in EcM-dominated subplots, due to the rapid decomposition of labile litter inputs from AM trees. We expected that variation in SOC stocks would be explained by interactions between AM-associations, plant diversity or traits, and soil microbial communities. We also accounted for differences in soil abiotic conditions and used piecewise structural equation models to identify potential causal pathways. Forest stand attributes played a primary role in predicting forest SOC stocks (45% relative contribution), compared to microbial community composition (26%) and abiotic factors (20%). Forest SOC stocks increased with plant and litterfall diversity and root diameter but declined with soil clay-silt content. Importantly, forest SOC stocks were lower in subplots with a high ratio of EcM to saprotrophic fungi and subplots with high predominance of bacterial functions related to carbon and nitrogen cycling. Our models suggest that smaller SOC stocks in stands with high EcM dominance are indirectly linked to lower tree species diversity, greater litter carbon input and distinct soil microbial community composition. Our findings highlight that tree mycorrhizal type also influences SOC storage at local scales but stand-level relationships between SOC stocks and mycorrhizal dominance differ from regional and global patterns. We show that mycorrhizal associations regulate complex relationships between producers, decomposers, and soil properties at small spatial scales. Considering these linkages could therefore improve estimates and management of temperate forest SOC stocks.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Mengxu"},{"family":"Sayer","given":"Emma"},{"family":"Ye","given":"Ji"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Zuoqiang"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Fei"},{"family":"Hao","given":"Zhanqing"},{"family":"Fang","given":"Shuai"},{"family":"Mao","given":"Zikun"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Pengcheng"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Meihui"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xugao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.79cnp5j6n","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.79cnp5j6n","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.wh70rxwwx","type":"article-journal","title":"Data from: A new Middle Jurassic lagoon margin assemblage of theropod and sauropod dinosaur trackways from the Isle of Skye, Scotland","abstract":"Although globally scarce, Middle Jurassic dinosaur tracks are known from the Isle of Skye, Scotland, and help indicate the palaeoenvironmental preferences and behaviour of major dinosaur clades. Here, we report an extensive new tracksite from Skye: 131 in-situ dinosaur tracks at Prince Charles’s Point on the Trotternish Peninsula. The tracks occur in multiple horizons of rippled sandstones of the Late Bathonian aged Kilmaluag Formation, part of the Great Estuarine Group, which formed in a locally, shallowly submerged marginal lagoon. We assign these tracks to two morphotypes, further divided into four morphotype subgroups, most likely representing large megalosaurid theropods, and sauropods that are either non-neosauropods or basal neosauropods. The trackways, although relatively short, evidence time-averaged milling behaviour, as observed at other tracksites in the Great Estuarine Group. The presence of sequential manus and pes sauropod tracks amends their previous identification by geologists as fish resting burrows, raising the potential that other such structures locally and globally may in fact be dinosaur tracks, and emphasises the predominant occurrence of sauropods in lagoonal palaeoenvironments in the Great Estuarine Group. At Prince Charles’s Point, however, unlike previously described lagoonal assemblages, large theropod trackmakers are more abundant than sauropods.","author":[{"family":"Blakesley","given":"Tone"},{"family":"Depolo","given":"Paige"},{"family":"Wade","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Ross","given":"Dugald"},{"family":"Brusatte","given":"Stephen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.wh70rxwwx","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.wh70rxwwx","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.57760/sciencedb.35069","type":"article-journal","title":"A Himalayan marmot hole target recognition dataset incorporating habitat information","abstract":"The Himalayan marmot holes is a key indicator for monitoring the natural plague reservoirs on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing combined with deep learning technology provides an efficient means for identifying marmot holes. However, traditional annotation methods are prone to missed detections due to the occlusion of hole entrances. The annotation strategy that integrates habitat information can effectively improve the recognition accuracy. This dataset takes the typical Marmota himalayana plague focus in the Xizang Autonomous Region of China as the research area and uses the low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing images obtained from July 2021 to July 2024 as the data source.After cropping the UAV images with a 416×416 pixel window, a total of 375 typical image samples containing marmot holes were selected. The samples support two annotation formats: YOLO and COCO, and include two types of label sets: only the hole object representing the exposed marmot hole entrance, and the hole-mounds object integrating the surrounding soil and rock habitat information. The dataset is divided into training set, validation set, and test set in a 6:2:2 ratio.The above sample set was collected and produced in the academic paper titled \"Drone-based remote sensing identification of himalayan marmot holes integrating habitat information\". For other details, please refer to this paper.","author":[{"family":"Hongyan","given":"Ren"},{"family":"Kun","given":"Huang"},{"family":"Tashi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.57760/sciencedb.35069","URL":"https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.35069","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4121/8c78107e-e8ab-4ea6-a612-f3052e7f8fc3.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Orthorectified Images for Circular Scanline Fracture Analysis, Parmelan, France","abstract":"Orthorectified images from fracture networks in Lower Cretaceous carbonates of the Parmelan, France. The outcrop is used as an analogue to a fractured geothermal reservoir in the Geneva Basin. UAV missions with a Mavic 3 were executed June 2024. The photos taken during the missions are the input for modelling with Agisoft Metashape to create the orthorectified images. They are georeferenced in UTM 32N framework. Each image is accompanied by a *.tfw with the same name. Please get in contact if the original photos are needed. In the paper 'A Fracture Never Comes Alone: Associations of Fractures and Stylolites in Analogue Outcrops Improve Borehole Image Interpretations of Fractured Carbonate Geothermal Reservoirs', the location of the orthoimages is displayed in figure 4. Field observation in the form of circular scanlines are compared with data derived from the orthoimages, to evaluate the importance of ground measurements compared to UAV-derived data. On the images, targets (orange, green or red markers) indicate the locality where circular scanlines with radius of 1 meter are taken.","author":[{"family":"Hupkes","given":"Jasper"},{"family":"Bruna","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Bertotti","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Feliu","given":"Nil"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4121/8c78107e-e8ab-4ea6-a612-f3052e7f8fc3.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4121/8c78107e-e8ab-4ea6-a612-f3052e7f8fc3.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4121/8c78107e-e8ab-4ea6-a612-f3052e7f8fc3","type":"article-journal","title":"Orthorectified Images for Circular Scanline Fracture Analysis, Parmelan, France","abstract":"Orthorectified images from fracture networks in Lower Cretaceous carbonates of the Parmelan, France. The outcrop is used as an analogue to a fractured geothermal reservoir in the Geneva Basin. UAV missions with a Mavic 3 were executed June 2024. The photos taken during the missions are the input for modelling with Agisoft Metashape to create the orthorectified images. They are georeferenced in UTM 32N framework. Each image is accompanied by a *.tfw with the same name. Please get in contact if the original photos are needed. In the paper 'A Fracture Never Comes Alone: Associations of Fractures and Stylolites in Analogue Outcrops Improve Borehole Image Interpretations of Fractured Carbonate Geothermal Reservoirs', the location of the orthoimages is displayed in figure 4. Field observation in the form of circular scanlines are compared with data derived from the orthoimages, to evaluate the importance of ground measurements compared to UAV-derived data. On the images, targets (orange, green or red markers) indicate the locality where circular scanlines with radius of 1 meter are taken.","author":[{"family":"Hupkes","given":"Jasper"},{"family":"Bruna","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Bertotti","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Feliu","given":"Nil"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4121/8c78107e-e8ab-4ea6-a612-f3052e7f8fc3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4121/8c78107e-e8ab-4ea6-a612-f3052e7f8fc3","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5439/3000917","type":"article-journal","title":"Vertical column dual-comb spectroscopy to a TBS","abstract":"Open-path dual-frequency-comb spectroscopy (DCS) is a broadband, high spectral resolution, and high precision method for measuring gas concentrations over kilometer-scale paths. It has been used for detection and quantification of emissions of pollutants, hazardous gasses, and greenhouse gasses (GHGs). DCS has been shown to measure trace-gas mixing ratios with 0.14%-0.4% agreement between instruments. To achieve high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) with DCS, comb light is targeted onto a retroreflector at the end of the measurement path, which returns the signal to a detector co-located with the launch signal. Installing the retroreflector on a mobile platform such as a balloon or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) extends the capabilities of DCS by enabling variable path lengths, greater mobility, and access to higher altitudes. Mobile-target DCS has many uses in plume and leak detection, emissions modeling, and planetary boundary layer (PBL) studies. It is a promising method for observing vertical distributions of GHGs and mixing processes in the PBL, which are difficult to measure but important for pollution and climate monitoring as well as for understanding transport of gasses through the atmosphere. Tethered balloons are an intriguing platform because they enable longer flight durations and higher altitudes than easily obtainable with a UAV and thus allow for column measurements up to and above the PBL. New measurements completed in October/November 2024 reach the highest altitudes above ground level yet achieved by mobile-target DCS. For these measurements, the retroreflector was mounted on a 7 m diameter tethered helium balloon. An actively tracking gimbal on the ground holds the DCS launch telescope and keeps the 5 cm beam pointed onto the retroreflector while the balloon is lifted, lowered, and moved by wind and turbulence.","author":[{"family":"Kasic","given":"James"},{"family":"Coddington","given":"Ian"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Roger"},{"family":"Ruiz","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Dexheimer","given":"Darielle"},{"family":"Van","given":"Aaron"},{"family":"Christensen","given":"Allie"},{"family":"Urayama","given":"Junji"},{"family":"Schwindt","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5439/3000917","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5439/3000917","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/y3nv3ycdcv.1","type":"article-journal","title":"Synthetic RF Spectrograms and IQ Signals for UAV Detection (2.4 GHz band)","abstract":"This dataset provides a comprehensive collection of radio frequency (RF) signals captured in the 2.4 GHz band for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) detection and wireless communication classification. It contains 6,000 spectrogram images (.png) and 22,375 annotated instances across three distinct classes: Drone_Signal (DJI Phantom 4 Pro), WiFi (active and idle), and Bluetooth (frequency-hopping spread spectrum). The dataset is uniquely structured to support dual analysis pipelines. It includes both the processed time-frequency representations and the raw baseband In-phase/Quadrature (IQ) signals. The IQ signals are provided as NumPy arrays (.npy) generated through synthetic IQ generation frameworks based on the source time-frequency representations. Data acquisition was performed using a USRP B210 software-defined radio with a DJI Phantom 4 Pro as the transmitter, operating at a center frequency of 2.438 GHz. The sampling rate is primarily 56 MS/s, with variations at 30 and 40 MHz, and a receiver gain of 45 dB. The spectrograms were generated using a Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) with NFFT=512 and an overlap of 256, utilizing the Viridis colormap. Data was collected in both indoor (semi-controlled, high SNR) and outdoor (uncontrolled, multipath, low SNR) environments. The dataset folders are organized as follows: - iq_signals/: Raw and synthetic IQ signal files in NumPy (.npy) format. - signal_crops/ and images/: Spectrogram images in (.png) format. - labels/: YOLO-format annotation files (.txt). - classes.txt: Lists class IDs (0, 1, 2). - README.txt and License.txt: Detailed metadata and licensing information. Each annotation file follows the standard YOLO object detection format ( ). The images are directly compatible with YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 for object detection tasks, while the raw IQ signals are suitable for 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and signal processing experiments. This dataset serves as a valuable resource for developing robust machine learning models for RF sensing, spectrum monitoring, and anti-drone security systems.","author":[{"family":"Aloui","given":"Radhoine"},{"family":"Ghouil","given":"Chaima"},{"family":"Hamdi","given":"Bilel"},{"family":"Mhatli","given":"Sofien"},{"family":"Llamas-Garro","given":"Ignacio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17632/y3nv3ycdcv.1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/y3nv3ycdcv.1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/y3nv3ycdcv","type":"article-journal","title":"Synthetic RF Spectrograms and IQ Signals for UAV Detection (2.4 GHz band)","abstract":"This dataset provides a comprehensive collection of radio frequency (RF) signals captured in the 2.4 GHz band for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) detection and wireless communication classification. It contains 6,000 spectrogram images (.png) and 22,375 annotated instances across three distinct classes: Drone_Signal (DJI Phantom 4 Pro), WiFi (active and idle), and Bluetooth (frequency-hopping spread spectrum). The dataset is uniquely structured to support dual analysis pipelines. It includes both the processed time-frequency representations and the raw baseband In-phase/Quadrature (IQ) signals. The IQ signals are provided as NumPy arrays (.npy) generated through synthetic IQ generation frameworks based on the source time-frequency representations. Data acquisition was performed using a USRP B210 software-defined radio with a DJI Phantom 4 Pro as the transmitter, operating at a center frequency of 2.438 GHz. The sampling rate is primarily 56 MS/s, with variations at 30 and 40 MHz, and a receiver gain of 45 dB. The spectrograms were generated using a Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) with NFFT=512 and an overlap of 256, utilizing the Viridis colormap. Data was collected in both indoor (semi-controlled, high SNR) and outdoor (uncontrolled, multipath, low SNR) environments. The dataset folders are organized as follows: - iq_signals/: Raw and synthetic IQ signal files in NumPy (.npy) format. - signal_crops/ and images/: Spectrogram images in (.png) format. - labels/: YOLO-format annotation files (.txt). - classes.txt: Lists class IDs (0, 1, 2). - README.txt and License.txt: Detailed metadata and licensing information. Each annotation file follows the standard YOLO object detection format ( ). The images are directly compatible with YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 for object detection tasks, while the raw IQ signals are suitable for 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and signal processing experiments. This dataset serves as a valuable resource for developing robust machine learning models for RF sensing, spectrum monitoring, and anti-drone security systems.","author":[{"family":"Aloui","given":"Radhoine"},{"family":"Ghouil","given":"Chaima"},{"family":"Hamdi","given":"Bilel"},{"family":"Mhatli","given":"Sofien"},{"family":"Llamas-Garro","given":"Ignacio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17632/y3nv3ycdcv","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/y3nv3ycdcv","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22077253","type":"article-journal","title":"Geometry Optimization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Hyperspectral Surveys for Water Quality Retrieval and Satellite Upscaling in Mining Impacted Waters (Chalkidiki and Kirki, Greece)","abstract":"Dataset description: Monitoring water quality is a critical component of environmental management at mining sites worldwide. This dataset accompanies the manuscript, \"Geometry Optimization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Hyperspectral Surveys for Water Quality Retrieval and Satellite Upscaling in Mining Impacted Waters\" It contains UAV-based visible and near-infrared (VNIR) spectra, associated metadata, and laboratory water chemistry data used in the study. Data collection and equipment: The dataset features Savitzky–Golay filtered reflectance spectra acquired over mining-impacted waters in the Kassandra and Kirki districts of Greece. The spectral data were collected using an Ocean Optics STS-VIS sensor (337–823 nm; 40 × 42 × 24 mm) mounted on a DJI Phantom 3 Advanced platform. Alongside the spectra, metadata is provided, including acquisition geometry (flight direction relative to water flow and solar azimuth) and site identifiers. For every sampling location, the spectral data are paired with corresponding laboratory measurements of water quality parameters, including total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved iron (diss Fe), and various other comprehensive hydrochemical analytes. Project context: Please note that this dataset includes data for only two of the three study areas discussed in the associated manuscript (Chalkidiki and Kirki). These two specific localities were surveyed as part of the MultiMiner project (European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovations actions programme under Grant Agreement No. 101091374.). Dataset structure and file overview: Dataset_description.docx: A document providing an overview of the dataset and containing the detailed information presented in this text. Localities_of_water_samples_and_spectral_measurement.csv: A master spreadsheet containing geospatial and descriptive metadata for all sampling locations. It includes longitude, latitude, altitude, and a brief description of the water body type (e.g., stream, pool, lake). The dataset is organized into one summary file and two main directories: In_Situ_Spectrum (Folder): This directory contains 12 files comprising the spectral data from both the Kassandra and Kirki areas. The data within these files are organized by: Filter settings: Processed using three different Savitzky-Golay filter configurations. Flight direction: Categorized by the drone's flight path relative to the target (upstream, downstream, diagonal, as well as a combined/aggregated mean dataset). Lab_Analysis (Folder): This directory contains the results of the comprehensive laboratory water chemistry analyses for all sampled geographic points in Chalkidiki and Kirki. Sun_Position (Folder): This folder contains two files providing time-series sun position metrics for the Chalkidiki and Kirki study areas in Greece. Each record pairs UTC timestamps with solar geometry parameters including solar azimuth, and sun elevation computed for the specific site coordinates.","author":[{"family":"Kýhos","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Jelenek","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Kopačkova-Strnadová","given":"Veronika"},{"family":"Gazea","given":"Emmy"},{"family":"Zabokas","given":"Giannis"},{"family":"Agali","given":"Athina"},{"family":"Gounaris","given":"Kostas"},{"family":"Galatsianou","given":"Anastasia"},{"family":"Anastasatou","given":"Marianthi"},{"family":"Liwata-Kenttälä","given":"Pauliina"},{"family":"Laakso","given":"Kati"},{"family":"Liakopoulos","given":"Alexandros"},{"family":"Mavrogonatos","given":"Constantinos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22077253","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22077253","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22077201","type":"article-journal","title":"Geometry Optimization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Hyperspectral Surveys for Water Quality Retrieval and Satellite Upscaling in Mining Impacted Waters (Pyrite Belt, Spain)","abstract":"Dataset description: Monitoring water quality is a critical component of environmental management at mining sites worldwide. This dataset accompanies the manuscript, \" Geometry Optimization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Hyperspectral Surveys for Water Quality Retrieval and Satellite Upscaling in Mining Impacted Waters.\" It contains UAV-based visible and near-infrared (VNIR) spectra, associated metadata, and laboratory water chemistry data used in the study. Data collection and equipment: The dataset features Savitzky–Golay filtered reflectance spectra acquired over mining-impacted waters in the Pyrite Belt in Spain. The spectral data were collected using an Ocean Optics STS-VIS sensor (337–823 nm; 40 × 42 × 24 mm) mounted on a DJI Phantom 3 Advanced platform. Alongside the spectra, detailed metadata is provided, including acquisition geometry (flight direction relative to water flow and solar azimuth) and site identifiers. For every sampling location, the spectral data are paired with corresponding laboratory measurements of water quality parameters, including total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved iron (diss Fe), and various other comprehensive hydrochemical analytes. Project context: Please note that this dataset includes data for only one of the three study areas discussed in the associated manuscript (Pyrite Belt). This specific locality was surveyed as part of the Mineye project (European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovations actions programme under Grant Agreement No. 101138456). Dataset structure and file overview: Dataset_description.docx: A document providing an overview of the dataset and containing the detailed information presented in this text. Localities_of_water_samples_and_spectral_measurement.csv: A master spreadsheet containing geospatial and descriptive metadata for all sampling locations. It includes longitude, latitude, altitude, and a brief description of the water body type (e.g., stream, pool, lake). The dataset is organized into one summary file and two main directories: In_Situ_Spectrum (Folder): This directory contains 12 files comprising the spectral data from the Pyrite Belt. The data within these files are organized by: Filter settings: Processed using three different Savitzky-Golay filter configurations. Flight direction: Categorized by the drone's flight path relative to the target (upstream, downstream, diagonal, as well as a combined/aggregated mean dataset). Pyrite_Belt_Water_Lab_Analysis.csv: This CSV file contains the results of the comprehensive laboratory water chemistry analyses for all sampled geographic points in Pyrite Belt in Spain. Pyrite_Belt_Sun_Position.csv: This CSV file provides a time series of solar position geometry for the Iberian Pyrite Belt region. It pairs UTC timestamps with site-specific solar azimuth and sun elevation values.","author":[{"family":"Kýhos","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Jelenek","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Kořínková","given":"Barbora"},{"family":"López","given":"Martín"},{"family":"Tenorio Matanzo","given":"Sergio"},{"family":"Kopačkova-Strnadová","given":"Veronika"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22077201","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22077201","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20507163","type":"article-journal","title":"Geometry Optimization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Hyperspectral Surveys for Water Quality Retrieval and Satellite Upscaling in Mining Impacted Waters (Pyrite Belt, Spain)","abstract":"Dataset description: Monitoring water quality is a critical component of environmental management at mining sites worldwide. This dataset accompanies the manuscript, \" Geometry Optimization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Hyperspectral Surveys for Water Quality Retrieval and Satellite Upscaling in Mining Impacted Waters.\" It contains UAV-based visible and near-infrared (VNIR) spectra, associated metadata, and laboratory water chemistry data used in the study. Data collection and equipment: The dataset features Savitzky–Golay filtered reflectance spectra acquired over mining-impacted waters in the Pyrite Belt in Spain. The spectral data were collected using an Ocean Optics STS-VIS sensor (337–823 nm; 40 × 42 × 24 mm) mounted on a DJI Phantom 3 Advanced platform. Alongside the spectra, detailed metadata is provided, including acquisition geometry (flight direction relative to water flow and solar azimuth) and site identifiers. For every sampling location, the spectral data are paired with corresponding laboratory measurements of water quality parameters, including total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved iron (diss Fe), and various other comprehensive hydrochemical analytes. Project context: Please note that this dataset includes data for only one of the three study areas discussed in the associated manuscript (Pyrite Belt). This specific locality was surveyed as part of the Mineye project (European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovations actions programme under Grant Agreement No. 101138456). Dataset structure and file overview: Dataset_description.docx: A document providing an overview of the dataset and containing the detailed information presented in this text. Localities_of_water_samples_and_spectral_measurement.csv: A master spreadsheet containing geospatial and descriptive metadata for all sampling locations. It includes longitude, latitude, altitude, and a brief description of the water body type (e.g., stream, pool, lake). The dataset is organized into one summary file and two main directories: In_Situ_Spectrum (Folder): This directory contains 12 files comprising the spectral data from the Pyrite Belt. The data within these files are organized by: Filter settings: Processed using three different Savitzky-Golay filter configurations. Flight direction: Categorized by the drone's flight path relative to the target (upstream, downstream, diagonal, as well as a combined/aggregated mean dataset). Pyrite_Belt_Water_Lab_Analysis.csv: This CSV file contains the results of the comprehensive laboratory water chemistry analyses for all sampled geographic points in Pyrite Belt in Spain. Pyrite_Belt_Sun_Position.csv: This CSV file provides a time series of solar position geometry for the Iberian Pyrite Belt region. It pairs UTC timestamps with site-specific solar azimuth and sun elevation values.","author":[{"family":"Kýhos","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Jelenek","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Kořínková","given":"Barbora"},{"family":"López","given":"Martín"},{"family":"Tenorio Matanzo","given":"Sergio"},{"family":"Kopačkova-Strnadová","given":"Veronika"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20507163","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20507163","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.28938","type":"manuscript","title":"Optimistic Online LQR via Intrinsic Rewards","abstract":"Optimism in the face of uncertainty is a popular approach to balance exploration and exploitation in reinforcement learning. Here, we consider the online linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem, i.e., to learn the LQR corresponding to an unknown linear dynamical system by adapting the control policy online based on closed-loop data collected during operation. In this work, we propose Intrinsic Rewards LQR (IR-LQR), an optimistic online LQR algorithm that applies the idea of intrinsic rewards originating from reinforcement learning and the concept of variance regularization to promote uncertainty-driven exploration. IR-LQR typically retains the structure of a standard LQR synthesis problem by only modifying the cost function, resulting in an intuitively pleasing, simple, computationally cheap, and efficient algorithm. This is in contrast to existing optimistic online LQR formulations that rely on more complicated iterative search algorithms or solve computationally demanding optimization problems. We show that IR-LQR achieves the optimal worst-case regret rate of $\\sqrt{T}$, and compare it to various state-of-the-art online LQR algorithms via numerical experiments carried out on an aircraft pitch angle control and an unmanned aerial vehicle example.","author":[{"family":"Bartos","given":"Marcell"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Bruce"},{"family":"Treven","given":"Lenart"},{"family":"Krause","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Dörfler","given":"Florian"},{"family":"Zeilinger","given":"Melanie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2603.28938","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.28938","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.20906","type":"manuscript","title":"A Safety-Driven Architectural Framework for Fail-Operational Drone Swarms in Critical Missions","abstract":"The certification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarms for safety-critical operations requires verifiable design assurance. Airworthiness standards demand deterministic reliability, whereas multi-agent coordination algorithms execute non-deterministic models. This paper proposes a mixed-criticality architectural framework that applies SAE ARP4754B methods to swarm reconfiguration. First, a hardware-isolated Safety Monitor functions as a Run-Time Assurance (RTA) gateway, decoupling the flight-critical core from the non-deterministic Swarm Manager. Second, the monitor enforces formal safety contracts based on agent Health Vectors derived systematically from a Functional Hazard Assessment (FHA). Third, the framework propagates these Health Vectors to the collective planner to trigger fail-operational task reallocation, enabling intelligent swarm behaviors without compromising flight-critical isolation. Markov reliability modeling demonstrates that the $10^{-7}$ failures per flight hour Hazardous target is theoretically achievable for our SAIL IV scenario, provided the Safety Monitor meets $C_{monitor}&gt;0.9991$, consistent with DAL B CMD/MON implementations.","author":[{"family":"Giacomossi","given":"Luiz"},{"family":"Yigit","given":"Zafer"},{"family":"Shakarna","given":"Marwan"},{"family":"Saleemi","given":"Shoaib"},{"family":"Tomasic","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Çurüklü","given":"Baran"},{"family":"Forsberg","given":"Håkan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.20906","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.20906","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/rv2c7768hp.1","type":"article-journal","title":"Replication package: Flight Authorization Limits Emissions Abatement in Truck--Drone Last-Mile Delivery","abstract":"Code and results supporting the article of the same name, on how airspace flight authorization limits the emissions abatement achievable by hybrid truck-drone last-mile delivery. The code implements a multi-objective truck-UAV routing model in which emissions are an output of the routing decision rather than an assumption about it: a momentum-theory energy model with payload dependence in place of a distance proxy, well-to-wheel emissions accounting, an explicit truck-only counterfactual solved on the same instances, and SORA-derived authorization limits entering as arc eligibility. Twelve operating scenarios vary the authorization ceiling, population density, and whether a sheltering mitigation is claimed, repeated across five independently generated service areas. Solutions come from NSGA-II and MOPSO over a shared random-key encoding, validated against proven optima from a mixed-integer program on small instances. CONTENTS. code/ holds the model package (tdrp/) and the scripts that produce every reported result: run_multigeo.py for the main experiment, run_evan.py for the electric-van counterfactual, seed_scaling.py for the measurement-resolution diagnostic, run_validation.py and test_validation.py for validation against exact optima, and make_figs_multigeo.py, make_figs_converged.py and make_fronts.py for the figures. results/ holds the result files behind every table and figure. ASSUMPTIONS_REGISTER.md documents each modelling choice and its provenance. The reported emissions results are in results/results_multigeo_50seed.json: five service areas, twelve scenarios each, 2000 generations, 50 seeds, with the truck-only counterfactual solved once per seed and selected on minimum cost. Reproduction requires Python 3.10 or newer with NumPy pinned to 2.4.4; NumPy gives no guarantee that its random streams are stable across versions, so a different version changes every seeded run. code/HOW_TO_RUN.md gives step-by-step commands, the expected output at each stage, and the values to check against. Instances are determined entirely by customer count, scenario and random seed, so any result regenerates exactly on a matching environment.","author":[{"family":"Mahmoodi","given":"Armin"},{"family":"Davoodi","given":"Mehdi"},{"family":"Sajadi","given":"Seyed"},{"family":"Torkamani","given":"Elnaz"},{"family":"Easa","given":"Said"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17632/rv2c7768hp.1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/rv2c7768hp.1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/rv2c7768hp","type":"article-journal","title":"Replication package: Flight Authorization Limits Emissions Abatement in Truck--Drone Last-Mile Delivery","abstract":"Code and results supporting the article of the same name, on how airspace flight authorization limits the emissions abatement achievable by hybrid truck-drone last-mile delivery. The code implements a multi-objective truck-UAV routing model in which emissions are an output of the routing decision rather than an assumption about it: a momentum-theory energy model with payload dependence in place of a distance proxy, well-to-wheel emissions accounting, an explicit truck-only counterfactual solved on the same instances, and SORA-derived authorization limits entering as arc eligibility. Twelve operating scenarios vary the authorization ceiling, population density, and whether a sheltering mitigation is claimed, repeated across five independently generated service areas. Solutions come from NSGA-II and MOPSO over a shared random-key encoding, validated against proven optima from a mixed-integer program on small instances. CONTENTS. code/ holds the model package (tdrp/) and the scripts that produce every reported result: run_multigeo.py for the main experiment, run_evan.py for the electric-van counterfactual, seed_scaling.py for the measurement-resolution diagnostic, run_validation.py and test_validation.py for validation against exact optima, and make_figs_multigeo.py, make_figs_converged.py and make_fronts.py for the figures. results/ holds the result files behind every table and figure. ASSUMPTIONS_REGISTER.md documents each modelling choice and its provenance. The reported emissions results are in results/results_multigeo_50seed.json: five service areas, twelve scenarios each, 2000 generations, 50 seeds, with the truck-only counterfactual solved once per seed and selected on minimum cost. Reproduction requires Python 3.10 or newer with NumPy pinned to 2.4.4; NumPy gives no guarantee that its random streams are stable across versions, so a different version changes every seeded run. code/HOW_TO_RUN.md gives step-by-step commands, the expected output at each stage, and the values to check against. Instances are determined entirely by customer count, scenario and random seed, so any result regenerates exactly on a matching environment.","author":[{"family":"Mahmoodi","given":"Armin"},{"family":"Davoodi","given":"Mehdi"},{"family":"Sajadi","given":"Seyed"},{"family":"Torkamani","given":"Elnaz"},{"family":"Easa","given":"Said"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17632/rv2c7768hp","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/rv2c7768hp","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20264784","type":"article-journal","title":"ANCAMAN DRONE WARFARE TERHADAP INFRASTRUKTUR SAUDI ARAMCO DALAM KONFLIK TIMUR TENGAH 2026","abstract":"Kawasan Timur Tengah tetap menjadi episentrum energi dunia, namun kemunculan teknologi militer asimetris seperti drone warfare telah menciptakan kerentanan baru pada infrastruktur strategis. Ketegangan geopolitik pada tahun 2026 yang melibatkan kekuatan regional memicu serangan pesawat nirawak (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) terhadap fasilitas vital Saudi Aramco di Ras Tanura. Fenomena ini tidak hanya mengganggu stabilitas produksi minyak, tetapi juga menguji ketahanan sistem energi global. Meskipun penelitian terdahulu telah banyak membahas persaingan teknologi drone dalam kerangka perebutan hegemoni regional, namun penelitian yang memfokuskan pada proses sekuritisasi infrastruktur energi pasca serangan tahun 2026, masih sangat terbatas. Melalui metode kualitatif berbasis studi kepustakaan dan teori sekuritisasi, terlihat bahwa pemerintah Arab Saudi menggunakan retorika resmi dan respons keamanan luar biasa untuk mengangkat isu gangguan energi ini menjadi ancaman keamanan eksistensial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan drone warfare dalam konflik modern telah mengubah konfigurasi keamanan global, di mana perlindungan infrastruktur vital kini menjadi prioritas utama. Ketidakpastian geopolitik dan kemajuan teknologi militer menuntut adanya kolaborasi internasional yang lebih kuat serta modernisasi sistem pertahanan udara guna memitigasi risiko peperangan asimetris di masa depan. The Middle East remains the global energy epicenter; however, the emergence of asymmetric military technologies such as drone warfare has introduced new vulnerabilities to strategic infrastructure. Geopolitical tensions in 2026 involving regional powers triggered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) attacks on Saudi Aramco’s vital facilities at Ras Tanura. This phenomenon not only disrupts oil production stability but also tests the resilience of the global energy system. While previous studies have extensively discussed drone technology competition within the framework of regional hegemony, research specifically focusing on the securitization process of energy infrastructure following the 2026 attacks remains highly limited. Utilizing a qualitative approach and securitization theory, it is evident that the Saudi government employed official rhetoric and extraordinary security responses to elevate these energy disruptions into an existential security threat. The findings indicate that the use of drones in modern drone warfare has reshaped global security configurations, making the protection of critical infrastructure a top priority. Geopolitical uncertainty and military technological advancements demand stronger international collaboration and modernized air defense systems to mitigate the risks of future asymmetric drone warfare.","author":[{"family":"Gita","given":"Pebrianti"},{"family":"Nandita Oktaviani","given":"Putri"},{"family":"Nathania","given":"Widyaningsih"},{"family":"Septianis","given":"Afipah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20264784","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20264784","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20264785","type":"article-journal","title":"ANCAMAN DRONE WARFARE TERHADAP INFRASTRUKTUR SAUDI ARAMCO DALAM KONFLIK TIMUR TENGAH 2026","abstract":"Kawasan Timur Tengah tetap menjadi episentrum energi dunia, namun kemunculan teknologi militer asimetris seperti drone warfare telah menciptakan kerentanan baru pada infrastruktur strategis. Ketegangan geopolitik pada tahun 2026 yang melibatkan kekuatan regional memicu serangan pesawat nirawak (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) terhadap fasilitas vital Saudi Aramco di Ras Tanura. Fenomena ini tidak hanya mengganggu stabilitas produksi minyak, tetapi juga menguji ketahanan sistem energi global. Meskipun penelitian terdahulu telah banyak membahas persaingan teknologi drone dalam kerangka perebutan hegemoni regional, namun penelitian yang memfokuskan pada proses sekuritisasi infrastruktur energi pasca serangan tahun 2026, masih sangat terbatas. Melalui metode kualitatif berbasis studi kepustakaan dan teori sekuritisasi, terlihat bahwa pemerintah Arab Saudi menggunakan retorika resmi dan respons keamanan luar biasa untuk mengangkat isu gangguan energi ini menjadi ancaman keamanan eksistensial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan drone warfare dalam konflik modern telah mengubah konfigurasi keamanan global, di mana perlindungan infrastruktur vital kini menjadi prioritas utama. Ketidakpastian geopolitik dan kemajuan teknologi militer menuntut adanya kolaborasi internasional yang lebih kuat serta modernisasi sistem pertahanan udara guna memitigasi risiko peperangan asimetris di masa depan. The Middle East remains the global energy epicenter; however, the emergence of asymmetric military technologies such as drone warfare has introduced new vulnerabilities to strategic infrastructure. Geopolitical tensions in 2026 involving regional powers triggered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) attacks on Saudi Aramco’s vital facilities at Ras Tanura. This phenomenon not only disrupts oil production stability but also tests the resilience of the global energy system. While previous studies have extensively discussed drone technology competition within the framework of regional hegemony, research specifically focusing on the securitization process of energy infrastructure following the 2026 attacks remains highly limited. Utilizing a qualitative approach and securitization theory, it is evident that the Saudi government employed official rhetoric and extraordinary security responses to elevate these energy disruptions into an existential security threat. The findings indicate that the use of drones in modern drone warfare has reshaped global security configurations, making the protection of critical infrastructure a top priority. Geopolitical uncertainty and military technological advancements demand stronger international collaboration and modernized air defense systems to mitigate the risks of future asymmetric drone warfare.","author":[{"family":"Gita","given":"Pebrianti"},{"family":"Nandita Oktaviani","given":"Putri"},{"family":"Nathania","given":"Widyaningsih"},{"family":"Septianis","given":"Afipah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20264785","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20264785","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.19850","type":"manuscript","title":"Resilience in Trustworthy Wireless Systems","abstract":"Resilience has emerged as a fundamental capability for future wireless systems operating in dynamic and uncertain environments. Although resilience has attracted growing attention across academia, industry, and standardization, its conceptual scope, enabling mechanisms, and realization techniques remain fragmented. This paper presents a systematic framework of resilience in wireless systems from a trustworthiness perspective. We first formalize the concept of resilience and distinguish it from related uncertainty-aware terminologies, including reliability, robustness, adaptability, survivability, and recoverability. We then establish a hierarchical framework that organizes resilience into capability dimensions and enabling mechanisms, and that quantifies resilience through different technical aspects. We further use physical links and unmanned aerial vehicle networks as representative wireless scenarios to demonstrate how resilience can be systematically realized through the joint design of architectures, operations, and algorithms. Finally, we examine the fundamental trade-offs in resilience engineering: Improving resilience generally incurs costs in resource efficiency, nominal performance, information acquisition, implementation complexity, and latency.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Shixiong"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yumeng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Hongyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.19850","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.19850","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831275","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 284 Total size: 2.55 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:07 04:45:07 Flight end: 2024:04:07 04:56:11 Flight duration: 0h 11min 4sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 3.67 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831275","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831275","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831267","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 284 Total size: 2.55 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:07 04:45:07 Flight end: 2024:04:07 04:56:11 Flight duration: 0h 11min 4sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 3.67 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831267","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831267","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831268","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 284 Total size: 2.55 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:07 04:45:07 Flight end: 2024:04:07 04:56:11 Flight duration: 0h 11min 4sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 3.67 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831268","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831268","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831243","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 490 Total size: 4.0 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:07 05:01:13 Flight end: 2024:04:07 05:24:20 Flight duration: 0h 23min 7sec Median height: 30.0 m Area covered: 0.84 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831243","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831243","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831262","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 490 Total size: 4.0 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:07 05:01:13 Flight end: 2024:04:07 05:24:20 Flight duration: 0h 23min 7sec Median height: 30.0 m Area covered: 0.84 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831262","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831262","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831244","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 490 Total size: 4.0 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:07 05:01:13 Flight end: 2024:04:07 05:24:20 Flight duration: 0h 23min 7sec Median height: 30.0 m Area covered: 0.84 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831244","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831244","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831218","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 188 Total size: 1.77 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:07 04:26:45 Flight end: 2024:04:07 04:37:46 Flight duration: 0h 11min 1sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 3.08 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831218","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831218","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831211","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 188 Total size: 1.77 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:07 04:26:45 Flight end: 2024:04:07 04:37:46 Flight duration: 0h 11min 1sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 3.08 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831211","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831211","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831212","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu-Port, Réunion - 2024-04-07. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 188 Total size: 1.77 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:07 04:26:45 Flight end: 2024:04:07 04:37:46 Flight duration: 0h 11min 1sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 3.08 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831212","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831212","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831200","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-06","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-06. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 508 Total size: 4.23 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:03 15:30:51 Flight end: 2024:04:03 15:49:41 Flight duration: 0h 18min 50sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 7.11 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831200","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831200","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831175","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-06","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-06. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 508 Total size: 4.23 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:03 15:30:51 Flight end: 2024:04:03 15:49:41 Flight duration: 0h 18min 50sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 7.11 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831175","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831175","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831176","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-06","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-06. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 508 Total size: 4.23 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:03 15:30:51 Flight end: 2024:04:03 15:49:41 Flight duration: 0h 18min 50sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 7.11 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831176","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831176","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831129","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Hermitage, Réunion - 2024-04-06","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Hermitage, Réunion - 2024-04-06. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 753 Total size: 7.26 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:06 04:31:29 Flight end: 2024:04:06 05:16:18 Flight duration: 0h 44min 49sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 13.19 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831129","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831129","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831085","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Hermitage, Réunion - 2024-04-06","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Hermitage, Réunion - 2024-04-06. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 753 Total size: 7.26 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:06 04:31:29 Flight end: 2024:04:06 05:16:18 Flight duration: 0h 44min 49sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 13.19 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831085","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831085","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831086","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Hermitage, Réunion - 2024-04-06","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Hermitage, Réunion - 2024-04-06. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 753 Total size: 7.26 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:06 04:31:29 Flight end: 2024:04:06 05:16:18 Flight duration: 0h 44min 49sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 13.19 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831086","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831086","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831013","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Hermitage, Réunion - 2024-04-05","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Hermitage, Réunion - 2024-04-05. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 571 Total size: 5.63 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:05 04:50:29 Flight end: 2024:04:05 05:11:11 Flight duration: 0h 20min 42sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 6.79 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831013","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831013","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831047","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Hermitage, Réunion - 2024-04-05","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Hermitage, Réunion - 2024-04-05. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 571 Total size: 5.63 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:05 04:50:29 Flight end: 2024:04:05 05:11:11 Flight duration: 0h 20min 42sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 6.79 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831047","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831047","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831014","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Hermitage, Réunion - 2024-04-05","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Hermitage, Réunion - 2024-04-05. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 571 Total size: 5.63 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:05 04:50:29 Flight end: 2024:04:05 05:11:11 Flight duration: 0h 20min 42sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 6.79 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831014","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831014","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831003","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2024-04-04","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2024-04-04. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 90 Total size: 0.9 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:04 05:37:52 Flight end: 2024:04:04 05:41:14 Flight duration: 0h 3min 22sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 0.82 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831003","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831003","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15830999","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2024-04-04","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2024-04-04. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 90 Total size: 0.9 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:04 05:37:52 Flight end: 2024:04:04 05:41:14 Flight duration: 0h 3min 22sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 0.82 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15830999","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830999","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831000","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2024-04-04","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2024-04-04. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 90 Total size: 0.9 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:04 05:37:52 Flight end: 2024:04:04 05:41:14 Flight duration: 0h 3min 22sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 0.82 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831000","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831000","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15830981","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2024-04-04","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2024-04-04. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 786 Total size: 7.1 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:04 04:31:00 Flight end: 2024:04:04 05:05:23 Flight duration: 0h 34min 23sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 11.96 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15830981","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830981","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15830926","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2024-04-04","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2024-04-04. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 786 Total size: 7.1 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:04 04:31:00 Flight end: 2024:04:04 05:05:23 Flight duration: 0h 34min 23sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 11.96 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15830926","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830926","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15830927","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2024-04-04","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2024-04-04. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 786 Total size: 7.1 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:04 04:31:00 Flight end: 2024:04:04 05:05:23 Flight duration: 0h 34min 23sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 11.96 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15830927","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830927","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15830908","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 135 Total size: 1.2 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:03 06:10:45 Flight end: 2024:04:03 06:17:55 Flight duration: 0h 7min 10sec Median height: 49.9 m Area covered: 2.37 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15830908","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830908","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15830897","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 135 Total size: 1.2 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:03 06:10:45 Flight end: 2024:04:03 06:17:55 Flight duration: 0h 7min 10sec Median height: 49.9 m Area covered: 2.37 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15830897","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830897","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15830898","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 135 Total size: 1.2 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:03 06:10:45 Flight end: 2024:04:03 06:17:55 Flight duration: 0h 7min 10sec Median height: 49.9 m Area covered: 2.37 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15830898","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830898","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15830870","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 591 Total size: 6.15 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:03 05:31:58 Flight end: 2024:04:03 06:00:15 Flight duration: 0h 28min 17sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 7.25 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15830870","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830870","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15830769","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 591 Total size: 6.15 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:03 05:31:58 Flight end: 2024:04:03 06:00:15 Flight duration: 0h 28min 17sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 7.25 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15830769","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830769","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15830770","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 591 Total size: 6.15 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:03 05:31:58 Flight end: 2024:04:03 06:00:15 Flight duration: 0h 28min 17sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 7.25 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15830770","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830770","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15830715","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 336 Total size: 3.39 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:03 05:05:58 Flight end: 2024:04:03 05:19:44 Flight duration: 0h 13min 46sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 3.31 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15830715","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830715","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15830743","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 336 Total size: 3.39 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:03 05:05:58 Flight end: 2024:04:03 05:19:44 Flight duration: 0h 13min 46sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 3.31 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15830743","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830743","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15830716","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 336 Total size: 3.39 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:03 05:05:58 Flight end: 2024:04:03 05:19:44 Flight duration: 0h 13min 46sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 3.31 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15830716","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830716","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15830697","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 436 Total size: 4.03 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:03 04:20:48 Flight end: 2024:04:03 04:51:29 Flight duration: 0h 30min 41sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 6.15 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15830697","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830697","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15830660","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 436 Total size: 4.03 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:03 04:20:48 Flight end: 2024:04:03 04:51:29 Flight duration: 0h 30min 41sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 6.15 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True, 'use_exif': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15830660","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830660","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15830661","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2024-04-03. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 436 Total size: 4.03 Gb Flight start: 2024:04:03 04:20:48 Flight end: 2024:04:03 04:51:29 Flight duration: 0h 30min 41sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 6.15 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15830661","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15830661","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15297383","type":"article-journal","title":"Hyperspectral Drone Imagery: Bare Soil Fields","abstract":"This dataset contains two georeferenced tiff images derived from drone-based hyperspectral imaging over bare soil agricultural fields. The data was collected on September 20, 2024, using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a hyperspectral sensor capturing six specific near-infrared bands: 705nm, 740nm, 783nm, 842nm, 865nm, and 945nm. The raw sensor data underwent processing using OpenDroneMap software for image stitching, followed by georeferencing correction to ensure spatial accuracy. The resulting tiff files contain digital numbers (DN values) for each spectral band.This dataset may be valuable for agricultural research, soil property analysis, remote sensing development, and related environmental monitoring applications.","author":[{"family":"Berkvens","given":"Nick"},{"family":"Bauwens","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Chalazas","given":"Theodorus"},{"family":"Van Beek","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Callens","given":"Bert"},{"family":"Van Gehuchten","given":"Aaron"},{"family":"Coppens","given":"Tuna"},{"family":"Kokka","given":"Alexander"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15297383","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15297383","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15642013","type":"article-journal","title":"High-resolution UAV Orthomosaic, Point Cloud and DSM Dataset - Oil Spill Cleanup Site (Mackenzie River), NWT, CA 5 cm GSD [2022, 2024]","abstract":"This dataset provides high-resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data from a site along the Peel Channel of the Mackenzie River, Northwest Territories, Canada. The data was collected on two separate dates, September 18, 2022 (490 images), and September 18, 2024 (270 images), offering a multi-temporal view of substantial surface changes. For both years, the dataset includes a dense point cloud, a Digital Surface Model (DSM), and a high-resolution orthomosaic. The 2022 data captures the site in a relatively undisturbed state. In contrast, the 2024 data documents the area during a period of extensive ground disturbance and on-site industrial activity, including the presence of heavy machinery and temporary structures. This data was acquired as part of the \"UndercoverEisAgenten\" citizen science project. This multi-year dataset is valuable for applications in environmental monitoring, change detection, and the study of landscape alterations resulting from industrial or remediation activities in Arctic regions. The data was processed using Agisoft Metashape Professional.","author":[{"family":"Mueller","given":"Marlin"},{"family":"Thiel","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Adam","given":"Markus"},{"family":"Kaiser","given":"Soraya"},{"family":"Lenz","given":"Josefine"},{"family":"Langer","given":"Moritz"},{"family":"Fritz","given":"Oliver"},{"family":"Marx","given":"Sabrina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15642013","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15642013","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15642012","type":"article-journal","title":"High-resolution UAV Orthomosaic, Point Cloud and DSM Dataset - Oil Spill Cleanup Site (Mackenzie River), NWT, CA 5 cm GSD [2022, 2024]","abstract":"This dataset provides high-resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data from a site along the Peel Channel of the Mackenzie River, Northwest Territories, Canada. The data was collected on two separate dates, September 18, 2022 (490 images), and September 18, 2024 (270 images), offering a multi-temporal view of substantial surface changes. For both years, the dataset includes a dense point cloud, a Digital Surface Model (DSM), and a high-resolution orthomosaic. The 2022 data captures the site in a relatively undisturbed state. In contrast, the 2024 data documents the area during a period of extensive ground disturbance and on-site industrial activity, including the presence of heavy machinery and temporary structures. This data was acquired as part of the \"UndercoverEisAgenten\" citizen science project. This multi-year dataset is valuable for applications in environmental monitoring, change detection, and the study of landscape alterations resulting from industrial or remediation activities in Arctic regions. The data was processed using Agisoft Metashape Professional.","author":[{"family":"Mueller","given":"Marlin"},{"family":"Thiel","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Adam","given":"Markus"},{"family":"Kaiser","given":"Soraya"},{"family":"Lenz","given":"Josefine"},{"family":"Langer","given":"Moritz"},{"family":"Fritz","given":"Oliver"},{"family":"Marx","given":"Sabrina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15642012","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15642012","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.13953070","type":"article-journal","title":"Digital Orthophotos and water-land-boundaries at the Elbe eastuary (Germany), July 2022, Sat-Land-Fluss-project","abstract":"In July 2022 we mapped the tidal area of the Elbe near Cuxhaven and Brunsbüttel. The data was gathered by UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) with a RBG camera and a PDGNSS-Rover (Precice Differential Global Navigation Satellite System) in three areas: 1) Otterndorf at low tidal level (beach area), 2) Neufelderkoog at low tidal level (wadden area), 3) Neufeld at high tidal level (flooded reed area). For each area we provide a digital orthophoto and the correlation of the measurement timing to the local sea level. The measurements were obtained at the same time as the radar satellite Sentinel 1 crossed the area. The data is structured in three zip-archives corresponding to the study areas:1) 20220712_Tnw_Otterndorf.zip: provides the time series data as comma-separated text files (CSV) provides (a) a digital orthophoto at 1,5 cm resolution, (b) an overview jpg showing of the measurement times and the local sea level, (c) timing of the UAV-flightlines and (d) two PDGNSS measurement series collected simultaneously as csv. (downloadable as 10.4 GB zip archive), 2) 20220712_Tnw_NeufelderkoogPriel.zip: provides (a) a digital orthophoto at 2 cm resolution and (b) an overview jpg showing of the measurement times and the local sea level (downloadable as 6,3 GB zip archive), 3) 20220720_Thw_Neufeld.zip: provides (a) a digital orthophoto at 2 cm resolution and (b) an overview jpg showing of the measurement times and the local sea level (downloadable as 8,4 GB zip archive). The data is used in the frame of the project \"satellite based water-land-boundary detection\" (Sat-Land-Fluss), as validation for Sentinel-1 derived water-land determinations. Sat-Land-Fluss was a R&D project lasting from 2020-2024, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport in the 4th project call \"National Copernicus Application\" (50EW2015).","author":[{"family":"Mechernich","given":"Silke"},{"family":"Gessler","given":"Bastian"},{"family":"Jansen","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Brehm","given":"Tobias"},{"family":"Baschek","given":"Björn"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.13953070","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13953070","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.13953069","type":"article-journal","title":"Digital Orthophotos and water-land-boundaries at the Elbe eastuary (Germany), July 2022, Sat-Land-Fluss-project","abstract":"In July 2022 we mapped the tidal area of the Elbe near Cuxhaven and Brunsbüttel. The data was gathered by UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) with a RBG camera and a PDGNSS-Rover (Precice Differential Global Navigation Satellite System) in three areas: 1) Otterndorf at low tidal level (beach area), 2) Neufelderkoog at low tidal level (wadden area), 3) Neufeld at high tidal level (flooded reed area). For each area we provide a digital orthophoto and the correlation of the measurement timing to the local sea level. The measurements were obtained at the same time as the radar satellite Sentinel 1 crossed the area. The data is structured in three zip-archives corresponding to the study areas:1) 20220712_Tnw_Otterndorf.zip: provides the time series data as comma-separated text files (CSV) provides (a) a digital orthophoto at 1,5 cm resolution, (b) an overview jpg showing of the measurement times and the local sea level, (c) timing of the UAV-flightlines and (d) two PDGNSS measurement series collected simultaneously as csv. (downloadable as 10.4 GB zip archive), 2) 20220712_Tnw_NeufelderkoogPriel.zip: provides (a) a digital orthophoto at 2 cm resolution and (b) an overview jpg showing of the measurement times and the local sea level (downloadable as 6,3 GB zip archive), 3) 20220720_Thw_Neufeld.zip: provides (a) a digital orthophoto at 2 cm resolution and (b) an overview jpg showing of the measurement times and the local sea level (downloadable as 8,4 GB zip archive). The data is used in the frame of the project \"satellite based water-land-boundary detection\" (Sat-Land-Fluss), as validation for Sentinel-1 derived water-land determinations. Sat-Land-Fluss was a R&D project lasting from 2020-2024, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport in the 4th project call \"National Copernicus Application\" (50EW2015).","author":[{"family":"Mechernich","given":"Silke"},{"family":"Gessler","given":"Bastian"},{"family":"Jansen","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Brehm","given":"Tobias"},{"family":"Baschek","given":"Björn"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.13953069","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13953069","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3929/ethz-c-000801002","type":"article-journal","title":"Rill erosion dynamics in smallholder farming systems of wet tropical Africa","abstract":"Tropical Africa is globally one of the most sensitive regions to accelerated soil erosion, and much of its cropland is characterised by a substantial yield gap. In particular, the White Nile-Congo ridge (NiCo) region of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) and Uganda is a hotspot for issues relating to food security driven by soil degradation due to steep terrain, highly erosive rainfall and low soil cover. Most soil erosion studies in the region are based on plot or large-scale modelling. Both approaches lack information on inter-field connectivity processes, which are especially important in smallholder farming systems with average field sizes below 0.1 ha. To address this knowledge gap, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based high-spatial and temporal-resolution monitoring campaign was carried out over four smallholder farming areas within the eastern DR Congo and western Uganda, with substantial differences in cropland management and productivity. The campaign covered 833 individual fields, which were monitored up to twice per month (for two years) using UAV-based aerial photography to provide insight into event-based rill erosion processes and landscape connectivity. The aerial photography data were classified according to field conditions: (i) dense vegetation cover, (ii) low vegetation cover or bare soil without signs of rill erosion, (iii) low vegetation cover or bare soil with signs of rill erosion. Land-use patchiness associated with smallholder farming systems was found to reduce inter-field connectivity and to promote highly localised rill development. Furthermore, rill erosion in the NiCo region is not an episodic process but takes place regularly during the rainy season due to frequent storm events falling on bare soil in fields left fallow for individual cultivation periods. Soil erosion dynamics of smallholder farming regions in the study area, therefore, pose unresolved challenges regarding their implementation in large-scale predictions.","author":[{"family":"Wilken","given":"Florian"},{"family":"Fiener","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Batista","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Cooper","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Haist","given":"Jasmine"},{"family":"Muhindo","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Van Oost","given":"Kristof"},{"family":"Rueegg","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Doetterl","given":"Sebastian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3929/ethz-c-000801002","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-c-000801002","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.07801","type":"manuscript","title":"Integrating spectral and morphological plant features with decision-tree models for early-season cotton biomass and nitrogen status estimation from multi-year UAV data","abstract":"Precision nitrogen (N) management (PNM) for cotton requires in-season monitoring of crop growth parameters and N status indicators to decide fertilizer timing, placement, and application rates for optimal canopy development and yield. This study developed remote sensing and machine learning-based methods to estimate cotton dry biomass weight (DBW), plant N uptake (PNU), plant N concentration (PNC), critical N dilution (Nc), and nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) to support PNM. To achieve this, a three-year field-based N-management study was conducted and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based multispectral images were acquired between early vegetative growth and flowering stages, critical for fertilizer applications. Spatiotemporally consistent spectral and morphological plant features, including plant height (PH) and fractional canopy cover (FCC), provided reliable model training inputs. DBW, PNU, and PNC estimates from simple regression using vegetation indices (VIs), multiple linear regression (MLR) combining VIs, PH, and FCC, and decision-tree models, random forest regression (RFR) and extreme gradient boosting (XGB), combining spectral reflectance, PH, and FCC were evaluated using trial-held-out (THO) and leave-one-year-out (LOYO) validation methods. The best validation accuracies were from RFRTHO (R2 = 0.88 and MAPE = 23.14% for DBW; R2 = 0.84 and MAPE = 20.61% for PNU; R2 = 0.85 and MAPE = 7.82% for PNC) and XGBTHO (R2 = 0.87 and MAPE = 21.91% for DBW; R2 = 0.81 and MAPE = 21.40% for PNU; R2 = 0.86 and MAPE = 7.66% for PNC). Nc was calculated from model estimated DBW and PNC for high-yielding, medium-to-tall cotton varieties grown in the Texas Coastal Plains and validated using ground-truth biomass measurements. NNI derived from XGBTHO outputs performed marginally better than NNI from RFRTHO in identifying N-deficient plots and multi-level N-stress categorization.","author":[{"family":"Swaminathan","given":"Vaishali"},{"family":"Rajan","given":"Nithya"},{"family":"Thomasson","given":"JA"},{"family":"Shrestha","given":"Amrit"},{"family":"Capcha","given":"Karem"},{"family":"Hardin","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Pokhrel","given":"Pramod"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.07801","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.07801","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3929/ethz-c-000803821","type":"article-journal","title":"Linking organic fertilizer properties to in-season N dynamics using multispectral UAV imagery","abstract":"Purpose Alignment of crop nitrogen (N) demand with N supply is crucial to improve N use efficiency of organic fertilizers whose N is largely bound organically. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based multispectral imagery to monitor in-season N uptake and to assess how different organic fertilizers affect N dynamics.Methods A field trial in Wallbach, Switzerland, compared untreated cattle slurry, anaerobically digested slurry, solid digestate, a mineral N control, and a zero-N control over two winter cereal seasons. UAV-acquired multispectral data were combined with environmental data (weather, soil and fertilizer) to model dry matter, N concentration, N uptake and the nitrogen nutrition index using random forest regression.Results The random forest models combining UAV-based multispectral imagery with environmental data showed good performance in predicting in-season N uptake of winter wheat (R2 = 0.85, RMSE = 13.9 kg N ha- 1) and of winter barley (R &amp; sup2; = 0.78, RMSE = 9.3 kg N ha- 1). Predicted N dynamics revealed transient N uptake maxima in organic treatments before fertilization, likely due to legacy fertilizer effects. Post-fertilization, N uptake increased most under mineral fertilization. N uptake dynamics were affected by fertilizer properties, with low C/N ratio and high NH4-N proportion showing stronger effects.Conclusion Highly temporal UAV-based multispectral imagery captures in-season N uptake dynamic and reveals differences in fertilizer N release caused by quality differences of organic fertilizers. These insights support optimized fertilizer application for better synchronization of N mineralization with crop demand.","author":[{"family":"Diener","given":"Matthias"},{"family":"Agostini","given":"Lucilla"},{"family":"Argento","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Bunemann","given":"Else"},{"family":"Walter","given":"Achim"},{"family":"Mayer","given":"Jochen"},{"family":"Liebisch","given":"Frank"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3929/ethz-c-000803821","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-c-000803821","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33270683","type":"article-journal","title":"Analysis of factors affecting the severity of conflicts between right-turning heavy vehicles and non-motorized vehicles at road intersections","abstract":"To deconstruct the microscopic dynamic games and risk evolution mechanisms between right-turning heavy vehicles (HVs) and non-motorized vehicles (NMVs) at signalized intersections. High-fidelity unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) video data from three intersections in Nanjing were used to extract 527 conflict events and reconstruct five interaction patterns. Using time-to-collision (TTC) and post-encroachment time (PET) as surrogate safety measures, K-means clustering categorized conflict severity into potential, moderate, and severe levels. An ordered logit model (OLM) with interaction terms was developed to quantify the non-linear impacts of vehicle kinematics, behaviors, and environmental factors. HV speed and jerk (deceleration rate) are primary catalysts for severe conflicts. Microscopic behaviors exhibit a “double-edged sword” effect: proactive HV yielding reduces risk, but being “forced to stop” by NMVs during yielding increases severe conflict probability by 11.8%. A “safety in numbers” effect (&gt;4 NMVs) decreased risk by 6.0%, while comprehensive safety facilities reduced severe conflict probability by 7.7%. This study reveals dynamic risk mechanisms for right-turning HVs, providing an empirical basis for optimizing intersection facility deployment and advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) warning strategies to enhance traffic safety.","author":[{"family":"Gui","given":"Ling"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Jian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33270683","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33270683","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33270683.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Analysis of factors affecting the severity of conflicts between right-turning heavy vehicles and non-motorized vehicles at road intersections","abstract":"To deconstruct the microscopic dynamic games and risk evolution mechanisms between right-turning heavy vehicles (HVs) and non-motorized vehicles (NMVs) at signalized intersections. High-fidelity unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) video data from three intersections in Nanjing were used to extract 527 conflict events and reconstruct five interaction patterns. Using time-to-collision (TTC) and post-encroachment time (PET) as surrogate safety measures, K-means clustering categorized conflict severity into potential, moderate, and severe levels. An ordered logit model (OLM) with interaction terms was developed to quantify the non-linear impacts of vehicle kinematics, behaviors, and environmental factors. HV speed and jerk (deceleration rate) are primary catalysts for severe conflicts. Microscopic behaviors exhibit a “double-edged sword” effect: proactive HV yielding reduces risk, but being “forced to stop” by NMVs during yielding increases severe conflict probability by 11.8%. A “safety in numbers” effect (&gt;4 NMVs) decreased risk by 6.0%, while comprehensive safety facilities reduced severe conflict probability by 7.7%. This study reveals dynamic risk mechanisms for right-turning HVs, providing an empirical basis for optimizing intersection facility deployment and advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) warning strategies to enhance traffic safety.","author":[{"family":"Gui","given":"Ling"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Jian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33270683.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33270683.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21697268","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and Development of an Intelligent UAS Platform for Multi-Domain Monitoring and Signal Detection","abstract":"The rapid advancement of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) has significantly improved the capabilities of aerial surveillance, remote sensing, and intelligent monitoring across diverse operational environments. This research proposes the design and implementation of an intelligent UAS platform capable of performing multi-domain monitoring along with real-time signal detection and analysis. The system integrates an unmanned aerial vehicle with imaging sensors, wireless communication modules, positioning technology, and a Software Defined Radio (SDR) to collect both visual and radio frequency (RF) information during flight operations. The proposed platform incorporates autonomous navigation features that enable efficient area coverage, systematic data acquisition, and the identification of abnormal activities or communication signals. By combining aerial imaging with RF signal monitoring, the system provides comprehensive situational awareness while minimizing the need for continuous human intervention. The acquired information is transmitted securely to a ground control station, where it can be monitored, processed, and analyzed to support timely operational decisions. The developed UAS platform is intended for applications including border and perimeter surveillance, disaster response, infrastructure inspection, environmental observation, search-and-rescue missions, and spectrum monitoring. Its modular architecture allows the integration of additional sensors and communication technologies based on specific mission requirements. The proposed solution offers a practical, scalable, and cost-effective approach for enhancing monitoring efficiency, improving operational safety, and supporting intelligent decision-making in both civilian and defense-related applications. The study demonstrates the potential of integrating autonomous drone technology with real-time signal sensing to address emerging challenges in modern surveillance and monitoring system.","author":[{"family":"Ms","given":"Gokulnath"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21697268","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21697268","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21697269","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and Development of an Intelligent UAS Platform for Multi-Domain Monitoring and Signal Detection","abstract":"The rapid advancement of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) has significantly improved the capabilities of aerial surveillance, remote sensing, and intelligent monitoring across diverse operational environments. This research proposes the design and implementation of an intelligent UAS platform capable of performing multi-domain monitoring along with real-time signal detection and analysis. The system integrates an unmanned aerial vehicle with imaging sensors, wireless communication modules, positioning technology, and a Software Defined Radio (SDR) to collect both visual and radio frequency (RF) information during flight operations. The proposed platform incorporates autonomous navigation features that enable efficient area coverage, systematic data acquisition, and the identification of abnormal activities or communication signals. By combining aerial imaging with RF signal monitoring, the system provides comprehensive situational awareness while minimizing the need for continuous human intervention. The acquired information is transmitted securely to a ground control station, where it can be monitored, processed, and analyzed to support timely operational decisions. The developed UAS platform is intended for applications including border and perimeter surveillance, disaster response, infrastructure inspection, environmental observation, search-and-rescue missions, and spectrum monitoring. Its modular architecture allows the integration of additional sensors and communication technologies based on specific mission requirements. The proposed solution offers a practical, scalable, and cost-effective approach for enhancing monitoring efficiency, improving operational safety, and supporting intelligent decision-making in both civilian and defense-related applications. The study demonstrates the potential of integrating autonomous drone technology with real-time signal sensing to address emerging challenges in modern surveillance and monitoring system.","author":[{"family":"Ms","given":"Gokulnath"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21697269","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21697269","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17090518","type":"article-journal","title":"DeSARD: A Dataset for Aerial Human Detection in Desert Search and Rescue","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can support search and rescue (SAR) in desert environments, but progress is limited by the lack of public datasets for aerial human detection in arid terrain. We present DeSARD, a real and synthetic dataset for UAV-based human detection in desert SAR scenarios. The real subset contains 7,056 UAV images collected in desert terrain with 3,420 human bounding boxes and altitude metadata spanning 20--95 m. To complement the UAV imagery, DeSARD includes a procedurally generated synthetic subset created in Blender with randomized terrain, vegetation, lighting, human pose, camera height, and camera-quality post-processing, together with automatically generated annotations and metadata. We release 5,000 synthetic images together with their annotations the procedural generation pipeline used to create them. Technical validation using image classification and object detection shows that the real subset supports both image-level and object-level human-detection workflows. Synthetic augmentation produced model-dependent benefits by improving lightweight classifiers, with benefits dependent on the balance between real and synthetic training images. Overall, DeSARD provides a public resource for desert SAR perception, altitude-aware aerial analysis, and sim-to-real augmentation studies.","author":[{"family":"Irshaid","given":"Yousef"},{"family":"Hader","given":"Malik"},{"family":"Elmosalamy","given":"Adham"},{"family":"Alsaleh","given":"Ahmad"},{"family":"Alhajri","given":"Mohamed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17090518","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17090518","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20737545","type":"article-journal","title":"DeSARD: A Dataset for Aerial Human Detection in Desert Search and Rescue","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can support search and rescue (SAR) in desert environments, but progress is limited by the lack of public datasets for aerial human detection in arid terrain. We present DeSARD, a real and synthetic dataset for UAV-based human detection in desert SAR scenarios. The real subset contains 7,056 UAV images collected in desert terrain with 3,420 human bounding boxes and altitude metadata spanning 20--95 m. To complement the UAV imagery, DeSARD includes a procedurally generated synthetic subset created in Blender with randomized terrain, vegetation, lighting, human pose, camera height, and camera-quality post-processing, together with automatically generated annotations and metadata. We release 5,000 synthetic images together with their annotations the procedural generation pipeline used to create them. Technical validation using image classification and object detection shows that the real subset supports both image-level and object-level human-detection workflows. Synthetic augmentation produced model-dependent benefits by improving lightweight classifiers, with benefits dependent on the balance between real and synthetic training images. Overall, DeSARD provides a public resource for desert SAR perception, altitude-aware aerial analysis, and sim-to-real augmentation studies.","author":[{"family":"Irshaid","given":"Yousef"},{"family":"Hader","given":"Malik"},{"family":"Elmosalamy","given":"Adham"},{"family":"Alsaleh","given":"Ahmad"},{"family":"Alhajri","given":"Mohamed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20737545","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20737545","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.1594/pangaea.996057","type":"article-journal","title":"Drone-based ice station orthomosaics in local coordinate systems from the PS149/CONTRASTS expedition in the Arctic Ocean","abstract":"This dataset consists of high-resolution airborne orthomosaics of the working areas surrounding the 11 ice stations visited during the PS149/CONTRASTS expedition in the Arctic Ocean between 2nd of July and 1st of September 2025. Mentioned ice stations are comprised of a visit to one of three floes. These floes were located in first-, second-, or multi-year ice respectively. The orthomosaics were generated through photogrammetric processing of airborne RGB imagery using Agisoft Metashape. No brightness corrections were applied. The imagery was acquired during drone surveys conducted in a chessboard-like flight pattern using a DJI Matrice 350 RTK equipped with a DJI Zenmuse H20T camera. A DJI Mavic 3 was used exclusively during the fourth visit to ice station 2 (2d) due to adverse weather conditions. The chessboard-like survey pattern generally consisted of at least two image blocks flown at different altitudes. The first visit to ice station 2 (2a) represents an exception, with observations restricted to a single altitude. Survey parameters, including flight altitude, speed, and image overlap, varied depending on weather conditions and floe drift speed. The orthomosaics are referenced in local coordinate systems defined by black-and-white ground targets deployed on the ice and, where possible, scaled using tachymeter measurements. These coordinate systems were maintained as consistently as possible throughout repeated visits to the ice stations. For surveys in which no ground targets were deployed, target locations were approximated based on their positions during previous visits. Orthomosaics generated under these conditions are marked accordingly.","author":[{"family":"Blei","given":"Torben"},{"family":"Fuchs","given":"Niels"},{"family":"Birnbaum","given":"Gerit"},{"family":"Neckel","given":"Niklas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1594/pangaea.996057","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.996057","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.25310","type":"manuscript","title":"Human-in-the-Loop Signature Bootstrapping for UAV Hyperspectral PFM-1 Mine Detection","abstract":"Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is useful for material discrimination, but operational mine screening also depends on how many false alarms must be inspected before targets are found. This paper studies PFM-1 landmine detection in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) visible and near-infrared (VNIR) HSI using spectral angle mapper (SAM), matched filter (MF), adaptive coherence estimator (ACE), and constrained energy minimization (CEM). We compare a ground-measured SVC signature, a fully informed in-scene core-pixel signature, and a simulated human-in-the-loop signature bootstrap. Besides receiver operating characteristic area under the curve and average precision, we report target-discovery curves and spatial candidate-review counts. Full-review bootstrapping reaches the fully informed in-scene signature case after all seven target regions are verified, but the required inspection effort varies strongly: ACE confirms all regions in two rounds and nine candidate inspections, whereas the SAM variants need thousands of candidate reviews for their final target locations. Code is available at https://github.com/SagarLekhak/IEEE_WHISPERS_2026_UAV_HSI_PFM1.","author":[{"family":"Lekhak","given":"Sagar"},{"family":"Pulakurthi","given":"Prasanna"},{"family":"Ientilucci","given":"Emmett"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.25310","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.25310","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26187/deakin.32946311","type":"article-journal","title":"A Survey of Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for Persistent UAV Transportation in Low‐Altitude Economy: The Field–Motion Framework","abstract":"ABSTRACT The endurance limitations of onboard batteries and operational interruptions caused by static charging remain major barriers to scalable unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) deployment in emerging low‐altitude economy. Dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) has recently emerged as a key enabling technology for persistent aerial mobility by allowing energy replenishment during flight without landing. This paper presents a comprehensive survey and introduces a unified field‐motion system framework that links DWPT mechanisms with UAV mobility states and operational requirements. Existing DWPT approaches are systematically classified along two orthogonal dimensions: physical field characteristics (near‐field inductive coupling and far‐field radiative transmission) and motion dynamics (quasi‐static hovering to fully dynamic flight). The survey reveals that near‐field ground‐to‐air configurations achieve high efficiency and robustness through Parity‐Time (PT)‐symmetric compensation and three‐dimensional coil structures, while far‐field air‐to‐air energy transfer enabled by beam‐shaped laser and microwave arrays supports long‐range energy relay under dynamic alignment uncertainty. Building upon these insights, the paper proposes a layered heterogeneous energy architecture integrating high‐efficiency local charging nodes with flexible long‐distance energy relays, forming a multi‐tier aerial energy replenishment network analogous to aerial refuelling systems. By explicitly connecting energy transfer modalities with UAV operational dynamics, infrastructure deployment, and persistent mission planning, this review establishes a system‐level perspective for energy‐aware UAV transportation networks. The presented framework provides design guidelines and research directions toward scalable, continuously operating aerial logistics, inspection, and sensing services in future low‐altitude intelligent transportation systems.","author":[{"family":"Xue","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Guidong"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Samson"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Lihao"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Wenjie"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.26187/deakin.32946311","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26187/deakin.32946311","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.06706","type":"manuscript","title":"Vision Language Action (VLA) Models for Unmanned Aerial Robotics and Bimanual Manipulation: A Review","abstract":"Vision Language Action (VLA) models unify visual perception, natural-language understanding, and action generation within a single foundation model, allowing a robot to follow instructions such as fold the towel or fly to the red building directly from camera images. Because VLAs inherit world knowledge from internet-scale pre-training, they have become the dominant framework for learning-based manipulation, with bimanual coordination serving as the most demanding testbed: two arms with 7 degrees of freedom each must move in concert to fold, assemble, and reorient objects. Unmanned aerial robotics faces a structurally similar challenge: a drone must coordinate thrust, attitude, and increasingly gripper commands from visual observations under strict latency and payload constraints. This review covers 183 contributions spanning 2017-2026 and organized along seven dimensions: VLA architectures, training recipes, action representations, bimanual coordination (2022-2026), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) navigation and control (2017-2026), language grounding, and cross-cutting concerns including memory and world models. We show that the coordination strategies, training recipes, and action representations developed for bimanual VLAs transfer to unmanned aerial systems and identify fourteen research directions across both domains.","author":[{"family":"Sa","given":"Inkyu"},{"family":"Park","given":"Chanoh"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Hea"},{"family":"Noh","given":"Donghee"},{"family":"Ahn","given":"Ho"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.06706","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.06706","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.24412/2410-9916-2026-2-238-310","type":"article-journal","title":"Анализ работ, моделей и актуальных направлений исследований в области противовоздушной обороны. Часть 1. Моделирование действий по отражению воздушного удара. Обнаружение, опознавание, распознавание, сопровождение и целераспределение воздушных объектов","abstract":"Актуальность. Анализ современных военных конфликтов показывает, что одним из важных составляющих успеха при ведении боевых действий является противовоздушная оборона (ПВО). При этом целесообразным является развитие научно-методического аппарата боевого применения сил и средств ПВО и повышения их боевой эффективности. Такое развитие может быть основано на глубоком и всестороннем анализе научного задела, имеющегося по этой тематике. В связи с этим, актуальным является анализ известных работ и моделей, подходов к моделированию, а также актуальных направлений исследования. Целью работы является анализ известных публикаций, моделей и подходов к моделированию, а также актуальных направлений исследований в области ПВО. В данной части работы особое внимание уделено моделированию действий сил и средств ПВО по отражению воздушного удара, а также обнаружению, опознаванию, распознаванию, сопровождению и целераспределению воздушных объектов. Используемые методы. Решение задачи основано на использовании методов анализа, индукции и дедукции теории логики. Результат. На основе анализа более 180 источников, находящихся в открытом доступе, выявлены общие и частные закономерности исследования противовоздушных действий и оценки их эффективности, в частности: моделирования действий сил и средств ПВО по отражению воздушного удара, а также обнаружения, опознавания, распознавания, сопровождения и целераспределения воздушных объектов. Новизна. Элементами новизны работы являются выявленные общие и частные закономерности и подходы к исследованию боевых действий ПВО и ее боевой эффективности на основе использования различных подходов к моделированию и путем использования различного научно-методического аппарата. Практическая значимость. Представленный анализ может быть использован техническими специалистами для обоснования новых технологических решений в области совершенствования комплексов и систем ПВО, а также военными специалистами – для обоснования новых способов вооруженной борьбы в воздухе с учетом перспектив совершенствования средств ПВО. Кроме того, данный анализ будет полезен научным работникам и соискателям, ведущим научные исследования в области ПВО.","author":[{"family":"Иванович","given":"Макаренко"},{"family":"Евгеньевич","given":"Афонин"},{"family":"Артурович","given":"Тхакахов"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.24412/2410-9916-2026-2-238-310","URL":"https://doi.org/10.24412/2410-9916-2026-2-238-310","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.17247","type":"manuscript","title":"On the Value of Base Station Motion Knowledge for Goal-Oriented Remote Monitoring with Energy-Harvesting Sensors","abstract":"This paper investigates goal-oriented remote monitoring of an unobservable Markov source using energy-harvesting sensors that communicate with a mobile receiver, such as a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite or Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Unlike conventional systems that assume stationary base stations, the proposed framework explicitly accounts for receiver mobility, which induces time-varying channel characteristics modeled as a finite-state Markov process. The remote monitoring problem is formulated as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), which is transformed into a tractable belief-state MDP and solved using relative value iteration to obtain optimal sampling and transmission policies. Two estimation strategies are considered: Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Minimum Mean Distortion (MMD). Numerical results demonstrate that incorporating receiver mobility and channel state information into the optimization reduces the average distortion by 10% to 42% compared to baseline policies and constant-channel assumptions, highlighting the importance of base station motion knowledge for effective goal-oriented communication.","author":[{"family":"Siriwardana","given":"Sehani"},{"family":"Sant'ana","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Souza","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Zakeri","given":"Abolfazl"},{"family":"López","given":"Onel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.17247","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.17247","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.11890","type":"manuscript","title":"Integrating Symbolic RL Planning into a BDI-based Autonomous UAV Framework: System Integration and SIL Validation","abstract":"Modern autonomous drone missions increasingly require software frameworks capable of seamlessly integrating structured symbolic planning with adaptive reinforcement learning (RL). Although traditional rule-based architectures offer robust structured reasoning for drone autonomy, their capabilities fall short in dynamically complex operational environments that require adaptive symbolic planning. Symbolic RL (SRL), using the Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL), explicitly integrates domain-specific knowledge and operational constraints, significantly improving the reliability and safety of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) decision making. In this study, we propose the AMAD-SRL framework, an extended and refined version of the Autonomous Mission Agents for Drones (AMAD) cognitive multi-agent architecture, enhanced with symbolic reinforcement learning for dynamic mission planning and execution. We validated our framework in a Software-in-the-Loop (SIL) environment structured identically to an intended Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulation (HILS) platform, ensuring seamless transition to real hardware. Experimental results demonstrate stable integration and interoperability of modules, successful transitions between BDI-driven and symbolic RL-driven planning phases, and consistent mission performance. Specifically, we evaluate a target acquisition scenario in which the UAV plans a surveillance path followed by a dynamic reentry path to secure the target while avoiding threat zones. In this SIL evaluation, mission efficiency improved by approximately 75% over a coverage-based baseline, measured by travel distance reduction. This study establishes a robust foundation for handling complex UAV missions and discusses directions for further enhancement and validation.","author":[{"family":"Jeon","given":"Sangwoo"},{"family":"Shin","given":"Juchul"},{"family":"Cho","given":"Yeonje"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Gyeong"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Seongwoo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2508.11890","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.11890","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17878900","type":"article-journal","title":"Review on SUAV targets positioning and tracking with RTK GPS systems for LOS maintenance","abstract":"Abstract: The use of Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (SUAV’s) is rapidly increasing in civilian and military applications, but their cost, accessibility and easy usage make them potential tools for malicious activities. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of current SUAV detection and classification techniques. The SUAV detection methods include Radar Based Sensing, RF signal analysis, Acoustic signatures and Vision based systems. Findings show that single-sensor methods are insufficient, while hybrid approaches combining micro-Doppler, RF, and acoustic signatures offer higher detection accuracy. For precise SUAV navigation, this review discusses RTK GPS technology which uses carrier phase measurements and Integer ambiguity resolution by LAMBDA method for sub-centimetre accuracy. This paper also discusses IMU sensor integration with GPS sensor to provide high accuracy and real time positioning and navigation. The study also analyses Line of Sight (LOS) alignment strategies for air-to-ground and air-to-air communication, comparing gimbal-based alignment with monopulse tracking and FSOC based approaches. While gimbal mechanisms are reliable but slow, monopulse and EKF-based methods provide faster and more precise alignment. Overall, effective SUAV surveillance requires multi-sensor integration, advanced signal processing, and robust communication links. Future improvements in AI-driven fusion, swarm-based detection, GNSS alternatives, and autonomous FSO alignment can significantly enhance system reliability and performance. Keywords: SUAV, Micro-Doppler, RTK GPS, NMEA, RTCM, LoRa, NTRIP. Title: Review on SUAV targets positioning and tracking with RTK GPS systems for LOS maintenance Author: Aryan Mahindre, Aditya Raut, A.A. Bazil Raj, G. N. Gaikwad International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews ISSN 2348-697X (Online) Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025 Page No: 38-54 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 10-December-2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17878900 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/review-on-suav-targets-positioning-and-tracking-with-rtk-gps-systems-for-los-maintenance","author":[{"family":"Mahindre","given":"Aryan"},{"family":"Raut","given":"Aditya"},{"family":"Raj","given":"AAB"},{"family":"Gaikwad","given":"GN"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17878900","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17878900","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17878899","type":"article-journal","title":"Review on SUAV targets positioning and tracking with RTK GPS systems for LOS maintenance","abstract":"Abstract: The use of Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (SUAV’s) is rapidly increasing in civilian and military applications, but their cost, accessibility and easy usage make them potential tools for malicious activities. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of current SUAV detection and classification techniques. The SUAV detection methods include Radar Based Sensing, RF signal analysis, Acoustic signatures and Vision based systems. Findings show that single-sensor methods are insufficient, while hybrid approaches combining micro-Doppler, RF, and acoustic signatures offer higher detection accuracy. For precise SUAV navigation, this review discusses RTK GPS technology which uses carrier phase measurements and Integer ambiguity resolution by LAMBDA method for sub-centimetre accuracy. This paper also discusses IMU sensor integration with GPS sensor to provide high accuracy and real time positioning and navigation. The study also analyses Line of Sight (LOS) alignment strategies for air-to-ground and air-to-air communication, comparing gimbal-based alignment with monopulse tracking and FSOC based approaches. While gimbal mechanisms are reliable but slow, monopulse and EKF-based methods provide faster and more precise alignment. Overall, effective SUAV surveillance requires multi-sensor integration, advanced signal processing, and robust communication links. Future improvements in AI-driven fusion, swarm-based detection, GNSS alternatives, and autonomous FSO alignment can significantly enhance system reliability and performance. Keywords: SUAV, Micro-Doppler, RTK GPS, NMEA, RTCM, LoRa, NTRIP. Title: Review on SUAV targets positioning and tracking with RTK GPS systems for LOS maintenance Author: Aryan Mahindre, Aditya Raut, A.A. Bazil Raj, G. N. Gaikwad International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews ISSN 2348-697X (Online) Vol. 13, Issue 4, October 2025 - December 2025 Page No: 38-54 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 10-December-2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17878900 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/review-on-suav-targets-positioning-and-tracking-with-rtk-gps-systems-for-los-maintenance","author":[{"family":"Mahindre","given":"Aryan"},{"family":"Raut","given":"Aditya"},{"family":"Raj","given":"AAB"},{"family":"Gaikwad","given":"GN"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17878899","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17878899","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.00029","type":"manuscript","title":"An optimization framework for task allocation in the edge/hub/cloud paradigm","abstract":"With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), novel critical applications have emerged that leverage the edge/hub/cloud paradigm, which diverges from the conventional edge computing perspective. A growing number of such applications require a streamlined architecture for their effective execution, often comprising a single edge device with sensing capabilities, a single hub device (e.g., a laptop or smartphone) for managing and assisting the edge device, and a more computationally capable cloud server. Typical examples include the utilization of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for critical infrastructure inspection or a wearable biomedical device (e.g., a smartwatch) for remote patient monitoring. Task allocation in this streamlined architecture is particularly challenging, due to the computational, communication, and energy limitations of the devices at the network edge. Consequently, there is a need for a comprehensive framework that can address the specific task allocation problem optimally and efficiently. To this end, we propose a complete, binary integer linear programming (BILP) based formulation for an application-driven design-time approach, capable of providing an optimal task allocation in the targeted edge/hub/cloud environment. The proposed method minimizes the desired objective, either the overall latency or overall energy consumption, while considering several crucial parameters and constraints often overlooked in related literature. We evaluate our framework using a real-world use-case scenario, as well as appropriate synthetic benchmarks. Our extensive experimentation reveals that the proposed approach yields optimal and scalable results, enabling efficient design space exploration for different applications and computational devices.","author":[{"family":"Kouloumpris","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Stavrinides","given":"Georgios"},{"family":"Michael","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Theocharides","given":"Theocharis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2512.00029","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.00029","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.11687","type":"manuscript","title":"Agent-Based Anti-Jamming Techniques for UAV Communications in Adversarial Environments: A Comprehensive Survey","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle communications are encountering increasingly severe multi-source interference challenges in dynamic adversarial environments, which impose higher demands on their reliability and resilience. To address these challenges, agent-based autonomous anti-jamming techniques have emerged as a crucial research direction. This paper presents a comprehensive survey that first formalizes the concept of intelligent anti-jamming agents for UAV communications and establishes a closed-loop decision-making framework centered on the \"Perception-Decision-Action\" (P-D-A) paradigm. Within this framework, we systematically review key technologies at each stage, with particular emphasis on employing game theory to model UAV-jammer interactions and integrating reinforcement learning-based intelligent algorithms to derive adaptive anti-jamming strategies. Furthermore, we discuss potential limitations of current approaches, identify critical engineering challenges, and outline promising future research directions, aiming to provide valuable references for developing more intelligent and robust anti-jamming communication systems for UAVs.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Jingpu"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Mingxuan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Hang"},{"family":"Ji","given":"Fengxian"},{"family":"Lai","given":"Zhengzhao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yufeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2508.11687","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.11687","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.19609","type":"manuscript","title":"CRB-Driven Beamforming and Trajectory Optimization for UAV-assisted ISAC System","abstract":"In this paper, we study an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system, where a UAV enhances the sensing capability of a base station (BS) towards a target while ensuring reliable communication towards a downlink user. This architecture is practically attractive for future wireless networks due to the UAV's controllable mobility and adaptive sensing coverage in wireless environments. The sensing performance is characterized by the average Cramér-Rao bound (CRB), which quantifies the minimum variance of the unbiased angle-of-arrival estimation. To enhance the sensing performance, the UAV trajectory and beamforming parameters are jointly optimized under power and mobility constraints, while satisfying communication requirements to the downlink user. To address the resulting non-convex problem, we employ null-space projection for beamforming design and adopt deep reinforcement learning for the trajectory optimization over a discrete-time scale. In each time slot, beamforming is optimized based on the channel state information to improve CRB performance while mitigating interference between the BS and the communication user. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly reduces the time-averaged CRB by over 10%, compared with the ISAC system without UAV assistance, and also achieves a higher sensing accuracy than both the fixed-UAV-trajectory and the maximum-ratio-transmission-based beamforming benchmarks.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Qianqian"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Huaxia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.19609","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.19609","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21127295","type":"article-journal","title":"MAVHoney-D46: A 46-Day Multi-Continental Dataset of Real-World Attack Traffic Against MAVLink-Based UAV Communication","abstract":"MAVHoney-D46 is the first publicly available, multi-continental dataset of real-world network traffic targeting MAVLink-based Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Ground Control Stations (GCS). Deployed over 46 days (April 16 – May 31, 2026) across three geographic locations in India and the US, the dataset records 15.4 million log entries across 33,207 connections from 4,330 unique source IPs spanning 40+ countries. The dataset contains region-specific folders (india/, static/, and us/) with logs and CSVs detailing connection sessions, decoded MAVLink traffic, classification intent (SCANNER, RECON, CONTROL), firewall blocks, and concurrent SSH brute-force attempts. To protect threat actor privacy while retaining georegion characteristics, all public IPv4 source addresses are partially masked using a consistent A.B.x.x format. This dataset accompanies the paper \"MAVHoney-D46: A 46-Day Multi-Continental Dataset of Real-World Attack Traffic Against MAVLink-Based UAV Communication.\"","author":[{"family":"Mewundi","given":"Sapna"},{"family":"Chowdary","given":"Medaramitla"},{"family":"Honnavalli","given":"Prasad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21127295","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21127295","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21319056","type":"article-journal","title":"Real-Time Environmental Monitoring Dashboard and Multi-Modal AI Detection System for Marine Oil and Gas Facilities","abstract":"Abstract: Marine oil and gas infrastructures are continuously exposed to the risk of hydrocarbon spills, necessitating rapid, automated surveillance frameworks to mitigate ecological catastrophes. This paper presents a multi-modal, automated real-time environmental monitoring system that fuses computer vision with localized Internet of a Things (IoT) biochemical telemetry. The detection architecture is powered by an optimized lightweight deep learning network (YOLO) trained on a heterogeneous dataset compiling high-resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) RGB imagery and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Ground Range Detected (GRD) data from NASA Earthdata and the Copernicus Sentinel Data Hub. Simultaneously, an internet telemetry gateway continuously processes aquatic health parameters, including Water pH, Turbidity, and Dissolved Oxygen (DO). The backend infrastructure is built using the Django REST Framework to handle asynchronous image preprocessing, model inference, and a localized alert generation mechanism. Real-time visualization is rendered via a decoupled React.js single-page web dashboard. Empirically, the AI classification layer achieved an overall validation accuracy of 94.6% and an F1-score of 0.945, demonstrating a frame processing latency of 22 milliseconds. Combined with a systemic end-to-end telemetry response time of 1.84 seconds, the proposed framework offers an efficient, early-warning operational pipeline for environmental regulatory authorities and asset operators. Keywords: Oil Spill Detection, You Only Look Once (YOLO), Internet of a Things (IoT), Multi-Modal Fusion, Remote Sensing, Environmental Monitoring Dashboard. Title: Real-Time Environmental Monitoring Dashboard and Multi-Modal AI Detection System for Marine Oil and Gas Facilities Author: Nkue Dumka, Emmanuel Iwok Essien, Uliang Ibia Ibia, AniebietAbasi Prosper Daniel, Hameedat Bashir, Iwundu Elizabeth Chigozirim International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology Research ISSN 2348-1196 (print), ISSN 2348-120X (online) Vol. 14, Issue 3, July 2026 - September 2026 Page No: 17-23 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 11-July-2026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21319056 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/real-time-environmental-monitoring-dashboard-and-multi-modal-ai-detection-system-for-marine-oil-and-gas-facilities","author":[{"family":"Dumka","given":"Nkue"},{"family":"Essien","given":"Emmanuel"},{"family":"Ibia","given":"Uliang"},{"family":"Daniel","given":"Aniebietabasi"},{"family":"Bashir","given":"Hameedat"},{"family":"Chigozirim","given":"Iwundu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21319056","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21319056","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21319055","type":"article-journal","title":"Real-Time Environmental Monitoring Dashboard and Multi-Modal AI Detection System for Marine Oil and Gas Facilities","abstract":"Abstract: Marine oil and gas infrastructures are continuously exposed to the risk of hydrocarbon spills, necessitating rapid, automated surveillance frameworks to mitigate ecological catastrophes. This paper presents a multi-modal, automated real-time environmental monitoring system that fuses computer vision with localized Internet of a Things (IoT) biochemical telemetry. The detection architecture is powered by an optimized lightweight deep learning network (YOLO) trained on a heterogeneous dataset compiling high-resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) RGB imagery and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Ground Range Detected (GRD) data from NASA Earthdata and the Copernicus Sentinel Data Hub. Simultaneously, an internet telemetry gateway continuously processes aquatic health parameters, including Water pH, Turbidity, and Dissolved Oxygen (DO). The backend infrastructure is built using the Django REST Framework to handle asynchronous image preprocessing, model inference, and a localized alert generation mechanism. Real-time visualization is rendered via a decoupled React.js single-page web dashboard. Empirically, the AI classification layer achieved an overall validation accuracy of 94.6% and an F1-score of 0.945, demonstrating a frame processing latency of 22 milliseconds. Combined with a systemic end-to-end telemetry response time of 1.84 seconds, the proposed framework offers an efficient, early-warning operational pipeline for environmental regulatory authorities and asset operators. Keywords: Oil Spill Detection, You Only Look Once (YOLO), Internet of a Things (IoT), Multi-Modal Fusion, Remote Sensing, Environmental Monitoring Dashboard. Title: Real-Time Environmental Monitoring Dashboard and Multi-Modal AI Detection System for Marine Oil and Gas Facilities Author: Nkue Dumka, Emmanuel Iwok Essien, Uliang Ibia Ibia, AniebietAbasi Prosper Daniel, Hameedat Bashir, Iwundu Elizabeth Chigozirim International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology Research ISSN 2348-1196 (print), ISSN 2348-120X (online) Vol. 14, Issue 3, July 2026 - September 2026 Page No: 17-23 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 11-July-2026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21319056 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/real-time-environmental-monitoring-dashboard-and-multi-modal-ai-detection-system-for-marine-oil-and-gas-facilities","author":[{"family":"Dumka","given":"Nkue"},{"family":"Essien","given":"Emmanuel"},{"family":"Ibia","given":"Uliang"},{"family":"Daniel","given":"Aniebietabasi"},{"family":"Bashir","given":"Hameedat"},{"family":"Chigozirim","given":"Iwundu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21319055","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21319055","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.16644","type":"manuscript","title":"Enhancing Secret Key Generation for UAV Communications via Codeword Reconstruction","abstract":"With the rapid advancement of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), ensuring the security of communication links among UAVs has become crucial. In this paper, we propose a novel physical layer key generation scheme based on channel codeword reconstruction. In UAV communications, the high mobility of aerial nodes leads to short channel coherence time, which together with noise causes inevitable channel estimation errors. These errors significantly degrades the performance of wireless channel-based key generation. Therefore, we propose a codeword construction algorithm that achieves a polarization characteristic, which effectively segregates reliable keys from unreliable ones. Compared to the existing quantization-based key generation scheme, our approach maximize the utilization of raw channel information and employ soft-decision decoding to generate key. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme reduces the key disagreement rate for legitimate users and increases the number of consistently generated keys. Furthermore, our method ensures a lower key consistency rate for eavesdropper, which guarantees system security.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Yizhuo"},{"family":"Du","given":"Qinghe"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Ning"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Shijiao"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Lei"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Yang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.16644","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.16644","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.57760/sciencedb.ecodb.00334","type":"article-journal","title":"A Multi-Temporal UAV Multispectral Dataset for Land Cover Classification in a Heterogeneous Agricultural Landscape","abstract":"This dataset presents a multi-temporal unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing dataset covering a typical farmland–wetland composite landscape in Jurong City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China. The dataset comprises seven monthly observation periods from June to December 2025, each including RGB orthophotos, four-band multispectral imagery (green, red, red edge, near-infrared) and a digital surface model (DSM). Field surveys and remote sensing interpretation, conducted in parallel with the UAV aerial photography, provided ground-truth labels for 17 land cover classes, covering rice, dryland crops (maize, groundnuts, sweet potatoes), melons and vegetables (watermelons, loofahs, small vegetable plots), woodland, scrubland, nurseries, natural grassland, cultivated grassland, reed wetlands, ponds and reservoirs, residential areas, roads and greenhouse facilities. The seven-period time-series data provide comprehensive and in-depth coverage of the phenological cycle during the growing season, supporting the development and validation of phenology-aware classification algorithms. It is suitable for research into deep learning-based semantic segmentation, time-series classification and the fusion of spectral and structural data.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Shangxiao"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"Shengjun"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Yanwei"},{"family":"Niu","given":"Xiaonan"},{"family":"Leli","given":"Zong"},{"family":"Yi","given":"Liu"},{"family":"Ming","given":"Zhang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.57760/sciencedb.ecodb.00334","URL":"https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.ecodb.00334","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21889197","type":"article-journal","title":"Матеріали ХІІІ Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції «Управління високошвидкісними рухомими об'єктами та професійна підготовка операторів складних систем»","abstract":"Матеріали ХІІІ Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції «Управління високошвидкісними рухомими об’єктами та професійна підготовка операторів складних систем» Збірник містить матеріали доповідей учасників ХІІІ Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції, яка відбулася у місті Кропивницький 26 лютого 2025 року. Збірник тез наукових доповідей рекомендовано до друку Науково-методичною радою Української державної льотної академії (протокол № 2 від 26 лютого 2025 р.). У виданні висвітлено результати фундаментальних і прикладних досліджень за напрямами інноваційних методів керування літальними апаратами, безпеки польотів, підтримання льотної придатності та управління авіатранспортними процесами. Значну увагу приділено питанням професійної та авіаційної мовної підготовки, навігації, метеорологічного забезпечення, а також застосуванню штучного інтелекту та безпілотних технологій (БПЛА) в авіаційних системах. Окремо розглянуто економіко-управлінські та правові аспекти інноваційної діяльності, питання фізичної підготовки й спортивного дрон-рейсингу. Організаційний комітет (редколегія): Голова: Неділько С. М. – доктор тех. наук, професор, в.о. директора Української державної льотної академії. Заступники голови: Залевський А. В., Осадчий С. І. Міжнародний склад: Anželika Smagina (Інститут Транспорту та Телекомунікацій, Латвія), Дрозд Наталія (Університет прикладних наук м. Майнц, Німеччина), Enis Turhan Turgut (Технічний університет Ескішехіра, Туреччина), Ilze Ella Negribe (Ризький технічний університет, Латвія), Reshetiuk Volodymyr (Варшавський університет наук про життя, Польща). Члени оргкомітету: Стецюк Б. Р., Панченко В. А., Півень В. В., Пальоний А. С., Мандрик Я. С., Невиніцин А. М., Письменна М. С., Сікірда Ю. В., Суркова К. В., Півень М. І., Радул В. В., Ковальов Ю. Г. Видання зареєстровано в міжнародному реєстрі Zenodo із застосуванням цифрового ідентифікатора DOI, що забезпечує відкритість матеріалів для світової наукової спільноти та їх індексацію в наукометричних базах. Збірник тез буде корисним здобувачам, курсантам, магістрантам, аспірантам, докторантам та всім зацікавленим особам. Тези публікуються в авторській редакції. Автори несуть відповідальність за достовірність інформації, точність фактів, цитат, інших відомостей. При використанні матеріалів, опублікованих у збірнику тез конференції, збереження авторських прав обов'язкове. Корисні посилання: 🌐 Офіційний сайт УДЛА 📚 Сторінка «Наші видання»","author":[{"family":"Academy","given":"Ukrainian"},{"family":"Неділько","given":"Сергій"},{"family":"Залевський","given":"Анатолій"},{"family":"Осадчий","given":"Сергій"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21889197","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21889197","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21889198","type":"article-journal","title":"Матеріали ХІІІ Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції «Управління високошвидкісними рухомими об'єктами та професійна підготовка операторів складних систем»","abstract":"Матеріали ХІІІ Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції «Управління високошвидкісними рухомими об’єктами та професійна підготовка операторів складних систем» Збірник містить матеріали доповідей учасників ХІІІ Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції, яка відбулася у місті Кропивницький 26 лютого 2025 року. Збірник тез наукових доповідей рекомендовано до друку Науково-методичною радою Української державної льотної академії (протокол № 2 від 26 лютого 2025 р.). У виданні висвітлено результати фундаментальних і прикладних досліджень за напрямами інноваційних методів керування літальними апаратами, безпеки польотів, підтримання льотної придатності та управління авіатранспортними процесами. Значну увагу приділено питанням професійної та авіаційної мовної підготовки, навігації, метеорологічного забезпечення, а також застосуванню штучного інтелекту та безпілотних технологій (БПЛА) в авіаційних системах. Окремо розглянуто економіко-управлінські та правові аспекти інноваційної діяльності, питання фізичної підготовки й спортивного дрон-рейсингу. Організаційний комітет (редколегія): Голова: Неділько С. М. – доктор тех. наук, професор, в.о. директора Української державної льотної академії. Заступники голови: Залевський А. В., Осадчий С. І. Міжнародний склад: Anželika Smagina (Інститут Транспорту та Телекомунікацій, Латвія), Дрозд Наталія (Університет прикладних наук м. Майнц, Німеччина), Enis Turhan Turgut (Технічний університет Ескішехіра, Туреччина), Ilze Ella Negribe (Ризький технічний університет, Латвія), Reshetiuk Volodymyr (Варшавський університет наук про життя, Польща). Члени оргкомітету: Стецюк Б. Р., Панченко В. А., Півень В. В., Пальоний А. С., Мандрик Я. С., Невиніцин А. М., Письменна М. С., Сікірда Ю. В., Суркова К. В., Півень М. І., Радул В. В., Ковальов Ю. Г. Видання зареєстровано в міжнародному реєстрі Zenodo із застосуванням цифрового ідентифікатора DOI, що забезпечує відкритість матеріалів для світової наукової спільноти та їх індексацію в наукометричних базах. Збірник тез буде корисним здобувачам, курсантам, магістрантам, аспірантам, докторантам та всім зацікавленим особам. Тези публікуються в авторській редакції. Автори несуть відповідальність за достовірність інформації, точність фактів, цитат, інших відомостей. При використанні матеріалів, опублікованих у збірнику тез конференції, збереження авторських прав обов'язкове. Корисні посилання: 🌐 Офіційний сайт УДЛА 📚 Сторінка «Наші видання»","author":[{"family":"Academy","given":"Ukrainian"},{"family":"Неділько","given":"Сергій"},{"family":"Залевський","given":"Анатолій"},{"family":"Осадчий","given":"Сергій"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21889198","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21889198","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20746847","type":"article-journal","title":"Hyperspectral Drone Imagery: Bare Soil Fields","abstract":"This dataset contains georeferenced tiff images derived from drone-based hyperspectral imaging over bare soil agricultural fields. The fields Caritas, L1, L3, M5B, R6, RvK1A_B ans S24 were collected during September and October 2025, using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a hyperspectral sensor capturing six specific near-infrared bands: 670nm, 730nm, 800nm, 930nm, 970nm, and 1100nm. The raw sensor data underwent processing using OpenDroneMap software for image stitching, followed by georeferencing correction to ensure spatial accuracy. The resulting tiff files contain digital numbers (DN values) for each spectral band.This dataset may be valuable for agricultural research, soil property analysis, remote sensing development, and related environmental monitoring applications. Pixel-wise predictions of soil organic carbon (OC, % w/w) for eight agricultural fields in the Ghent region, Belgium (EPSG:32631), derived from UAV-acquired hyperspectral imagery corrected to surface reflectance using calibration panels. Three machine learning models were trained on ground-truth OC measurements from 90+ soil sample points using six spectral bands, their first-order derivatives, and normalised band differences as input features: a 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), a Random Forest (RF), and an XGBoost (XGB) regressor. Models were evaluated via 5-fold cross-validation. One predicted OC map (GeoTIFF) per field per model is provided (fields: B2, Caritas, L1, L3, M5B, R6, RvK1AB, S24). Two additional training strategies were explored to assess whether incorporating spatial neighbourhood context around each soil sample point improves OC prediction accuracy. Approach 1 – Aggregated features: For each sample point, pixel reflectance values within a circular neighbourhood of radius r were aggregated into per-band means and standard deviations, yielding one feature vector per sample point. Spectral indices (first-order derivatives and normalised band differences) were then computed on the mean bands. Random Forest and XGBoost models were trained using standard 5-fold cross-validation. Radii of 0.25 m, 0.5 m, and 1.0 m were evaluated during training. Approach 2 – Pixel augmentation: All pixels falling within a circular neighbourhood of radius r around each sample point were extracted individually, each inheriting the OC label of that plot. This increases the effective training set size proportionally to the neighbourhood area. To prevent data leakage, GroupKFold cross-validation was applied with sample-point identity as the grouping variable, ensuring all pixels from the same plot remain in the same fold. Random Forest, XGBoost, and CNN models were trained under this scheme. Radii of 0.25 m, 0.5 m, and 1.0 m were evaluated during training.","author":[{"family":"Berkvens","given":"Nick"},{"family":"Coppens","given":"Tuna"},{"family":"Bauwens","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Chalazas","given":"Theodorus"},{"family":"De Man","given":"Wannes"},{"family":"Van Beek","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Callens","given":"Bert"},{"family":"Van Gehuchten","given":"Aaron"},{"family":"Kokka","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Heikki","given":"Astola"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20746847","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20746847","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20627006","type":"article-journal","title":"Hyperspectral Drone Imagery: Bare Soil Fields","abstract":"This dataset contains georeferenced tiff images derived from drone-based hyperspectral imaging over bare soil agricultural fields. The fields Caritas, L1, L3, M5B, R6, RvK1A_B ans S24 were collected during September and October 2025, using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a hyperspectral sensor capturing six specific near-infrared bands: 670nm, 730nm, 800nm, 930nm, 970nm, and 1100nm. The raw sensor data underwent processing using OpenDroneMap software for image stitching, followed by georeferencing correction to ensure spatial accuracy. The resulting tiff files contain digital numbers (DN values) for each spectral band.This dataset may be valuable for agricultural research, soil property analysis, remote sensing development, and related environmental monitoring applications. Pixel-wise predictions of soil organic carbon (OC, % w/w) for eight agricultural fields in the Ghent region, Belgium (EPSG:32631), derived from UAV-acquired hyperspectral imagery corrected to surface reflectance using calibration panels. Three machine learning models were trained on ground-truth OC measurements from 90+ soil sample points using six spectral bands, their first-order derivatives, and normalised band differences as input features: a 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), a Random Forest (RF), and an XGBoost (XGB) regressor. Models were evaluated via 5-fold cross-validation. One predicted OC map (GeoTIFF) per field per model is provided (fields: B2, Caritas, L1, L3, M5B, R6, RvK1AB, S24).","author":[{"family":"Berkvens","given":"Nick"},{"family":"Coppens","given":"Tuna"},{"family":"Bauwens","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Chalazas","given":"Theodorus"},{"family":"De Man","given":"Wannes"},{"family":"Van Beek","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Callens","given":"Bert"},{"family":"Van Gehuchten","given":"Aaron"},{"family":"Kokka","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Heikki","given":"Astola"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20627006","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20627006","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.02700","type":"manuscript","title":"A UAV-Based VNIR Hyperspectral Benchmark Dataset for Landmine and UXO Detection","abstract":"This paper introduces a novel benchmark dataset of Visible and Near-Infrared (VNIR) hyperspectral imagery acquired via an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform for landmine and unexploded ordnance (UXO) detection research. The dataset was collected over a controlled test field seeded with 143 realistic surrogate landmine and UXO targets, including surface, partially buried, and fully buried configurations. Data acquisition was performed using a Headwall Nano-Hyperspec sensor mounted on a multi-sensor drone platform, flown at an altitude of approximately 20.6 m, capturing 270 contiguous spectral bands spanning 398-1002 nm. Radiometric calibration, orthorectification, and mosaicking were performed followed by reflectance retrieval using a two-point Empirical Line Method (ELM), with reference spectra acquired using an SVC spectroradiometer. Cross-validation against six reference objects yielded RMSE values below 1.0 and SAM values between 1 and 6 degrees in the 400-900 nm range, demonstrating high spectral fidelity. The dataset is released alongside raw radiance cubes, GCP/AeroPoint data, and reference spectra to support reproducible research. This contribution fills a critical gap in open-access UAV-based hyperspectral data for landmine detection and offers a multi-sensor benchmark when combined with previously published drone-based electromagnetic induction (EMI) data from the same test field.","author":[{"family":"Lekhak","given":"Sagar"},{"family":"Ientilucci","given":"Emmett"},{"family":"Baur","given":"Jasper"},{"family":"Ghosh","given":"Susmita"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.02700","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.02700","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.18931zd4g","type":"article-journal","title":"AERPAW Find-a-Rover (AFAR) Challenge in December 2023","abstract":"Introduction In December 2023, the AERPAW Find-a-Rover (AFAR) Challenge marked a significant advancement in the field of unmanned aerial and ground vehicle collaboration. The challenge, hosted by AERPAW (Aerial Experimentation and Research Platform for Advanced Wireless), focused on the integration of cutting-edge technologies in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs). Objective of the Challenge The primary objective of the AFAR Challenge was to demonstrate the capability of UAVs in accurately and swiftly localizing a UGV. Competitors were tasked with utilizing a UAV equipped with a software-defined radio (SDR) to detect and localize the UGV. The SDR on the UAV was designed to continuously receive a specific channel-sounding waveform, as detailed in the GE2 example experiment from the AERPAW user manual. Technical Specifications and Constraints Waveform Characteristics: The challenge mandated the use of a narrowband waveform with a bandwidth of 125 KHz. Competitors were restricted from altering the waveform parameters at the UGV, ensuring a standardized test environment. Antenna Configuration: The system setup included one transmit antenna and one receiver antenna, with the antenna patterns for both being provided to the participants. Environmental Data: Competitors were also given a geographical map of the environment to aid in the strategic deployment of the UAV. Challenge Execution Participants in the challenge had the flexibility to either use fixed waypoints for the UAV or develop their own algorithms for trajectory updates. These algorithms could instruct the UAV on the next waypoint to fly to, based on the observed signal strength received from the UGV. While the experiments have been executed and the data has been collected by the AERPAW Operations team in the real-world testbed environment, the experiments have been originally developed by the participating teams in AERPAW's digital twin. This public dataset includes data for all teams from both the development environment and the real-world environment. Names of the teams, their corresponding institutions, and the names of the team leads, are as follows.1) Eagles, University of North Texas (Lead: Jaya Sravani Mandapaka)2) NYU Wireless, NYU (Lead: Weijie Wang)3) Team SunLab, University of Georgia (Lead: Paul Kudyba)4) Team Wolfpack, NC State University (Lead: Cole Dickerson)5) Daedalic Wings, NC State University (Lead: Baisakhi Chatterjee)","author":[{"family":"Gurses","given":"Anil"},{"family":"Fahim Raouf","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Maeng","given":"Sung"},{"family":"Ozdemir","given":"Ozgur"},{"family":"Guvenc","given":"Ismail"},{"family":"Sichitiu","given":"Mihail"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.18931zd4g","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.18931zd4g","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.06749","type":"manuscript","title":"Semi-distributed Cross-modal Air-Ground Relative Localization","abstract":"Efficient, accurate, and flexible relative localization is crucial in air-ground collaborative tasks. However, current approaches for robot relative localization are primarily realized in the form of distributed multi-robot SLAM systems with the same sensor configuration, which are tightly coupled with the state estimation of all robots, limiting both flexibility and accuracy. To this end, we fully leverage the high capacity of Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) to integrate multiple sensors, enabling a semi-distributed cross-modal air-ground relative localization framework. In this work, both the UGV and the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) independently perform SLAM while extracting deep learning-based keypoints and global descriptors, which decouples the relative localization from the state estimation of all agents. The UGV employs a local Bundle Adjustment (BA) with LiDAR, camera, and an IMU to rapidly obtain accurate relative pose estimates. The BA process adopts sparse keypoint optimization and is divided into two stages: First, optimizing camera poses interpolated from LiDAR-Inertial Odometry (LIO), followed by estimating the relative camera poses between the UGV and UAV. Additionally, we implement an incremental loop closure detection algorithm using deep learning-based descriptors to maintain and retrieve keyframes efficiently. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves outstanding performance in both accuracy and efficiency. Unlike traditional multi-robot SLAM approaches that transmit images or point clouds, our method only transmits keypoint pixels and their descriptors, effectively constraining the communication bandwidth under 0.3 Mbps. Codes and data will be publicly available on https://github.com/Ascbpiac/cross-model-relative-localization.git.","author":[{"family":"Lu","given":"Weining"},{"family":"Bin","given":"Deer"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Lian"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Ming"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Zhihao"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xiangyang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Longfei"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Yixiao"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Zhouxian"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Yongliang"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Bin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2511.06749","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.06749","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4230/oasics.dx.2025.11","type":"article-journal","title":"A Data-Driven Particle Filter Approach for System-Level Prediction of Remaining Useful Life","abstract":"Accurate estimation of the remaining useful life (RUL) of industrial systems is a critical component of predictive maintenance strategies. This work presents a data-driven method for RUL prediction that also quantifies uncertainty, drawing inspiration from model-based particle filtering techniques. Instead of simulating system state transitions, we model degradation as a stochastic process governed by performance metrics and use a Bayesian particle filtering framework to infer its underlying parameters. Our approach bypasses traditional state-space modeling by directly estimating the end-of-life distribution from observed performance data. Key characteristics of the filter, such as propagation noise and observation correction strength, are adapted over time based on current observations and past predictive performance, enabling better capture of future uncertainty. We evaluate the proposed method using an unmanned aerial vehicle simulation dataset developed for system-level prognostics research, which includes high-fidelity degradation signals and ground-truth system performance metrics for validating predictive accuracy.","author":[{"family":"Diaz-Gonzalez","given":"Abel"},{"family":"Coursey","given":"Austin"},{"family":"Quinones-Grueiro","given":"Marcos"},{"family":"Biswas","given":"Gautam"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4230/oasics.dx.2025.11","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4230/oasics.dx.2025.11","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.00055","type":"manuscript","title":"Exploring Federated Learning for Thermal Urban Feature Segmentation -- A Comparison of Centralized and Decentralized Approaches","abstract":"Federated Learning (FL) is an approach for training a shared Machine Learning (ML) model with distributed training data and multiple participants. FL allows bypassing limitations of the traditional Centralized Machine Learning CL if data cannot be shared or stored centrally due to privacy or technical restrictions -- the participants train the model locally with their training data and do not need to share it among the other participants. This paper investigates the practical implementation and effectiveness of FL in a real-world scenario, specifically focusing on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based thermal images for common thermal feature detection in urban environments. The distributed nature of the data arises naturally and makes it suitable for FL applications, as images captured in two German cities are available. This application presents unique challenges due to non-identical distribution and feature characteristics of data captured at both locations. The study makes several key contributions by evaluating FL algorithms in real deployment scenarios rather than simulation. We compare several FL approaches with a centralized learning baseline across key performance metrics such as model accuracy, training time, communication overhead, and energy usage. This paper also explores various FL workflows, comparing client-controlled workflows and server-controlled workflows. The findings of this work serve as a valuable reference for understanding the practical application and limitations of the FL methods in segmentation tasks in UAV-based imaging.","author":[{"family":"Duda","given":"Leonhard"},{"family":"Alibabaei","given":"Khadijeh"},{"family":"Vollmer","given":"Elena"},{"family":"Klug","given":"Leon"},{"family":"Kozlov","given":"Valentin"},{"family":"Berberi","given":"Lisana"},{"family":"Benz","given":"Mishal"},{"family":"Volk","given":"Rebekka"},{"family":"Muriedas","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Götz","given":"Markus"},{"family":"Díaz","given":"Judith"},{"family":"García","given":"Álvaro"},{"family":"Schultmann","given":"Frank"},{"family":"Streit","given":"Achim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2511.00055","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.00055","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17192780","type":"article-journal","title":"Dataset for: Soliton Gas Dynamics and Rogue Wave Enhancement in a Natural Coastal Environment","abstract":"This repository contains the dataset reported in the article \"Soliton Gas Dynamics and Rogue Wave Enhancement in a Natural Coastal Environment\" by Cienfuegos et al. (2025), https://doi.org/10.1103/9zhq-j1sj The dataset contains:•⁠ ⁠Bottom-moored pressure signals (and velocities in the case of the ADVs)•⁠ ⁠Fixed camera recording•⁠ ⁠Unmanned aerial vehicle videos•⁠ ⁠Animation from the Serre-Green-Naghdi numerical experiment They are detailed next. # Bottom-moored pressure signals •⁠ ⁠RawData.zip : contains the raw dataset from the instruments•⁠ ⁠ReadPressureSensors.m: Matlab script to read the dataset as used in the manuscript•⁠ ⁠FSReconstruction.m: Matlab script to reconstruct the free surface elevation (ie water depth) from the pressure data as described in the manuscript # Fixed camera recording Footage from August 2nd, 2023, 10:00 hours.•⁠ ⁠20230802-1000.mp4 Rectified footage from August 2nd, 2023, 10 hours.•⁠ ⁠20230802-1000.mp4 Footage from August 2nd, 2023, 10:22 hours.•⁠ ⁠20230802-1022.mp4 Rectified footage from August 2nd, 2023, 10:22 hours.•⁠ ⁠20230802-1022-rect.mp4 # Unmanned aerial vehicle videos Tidal flood August 1st 2023, 10 hrs:•⁠ ⁠DJI_0250.mp4 Tidal flood August 2nd 2023, 10 hrs (footage used in the article):•⁠ ⁠DJI_0001.mp4 Stable and rectified video for the tidal flood of August 2nd 2023, 10 hrs (accelerated 12 times):•⁠ ⁠rect_video_12x.mp4 Uncompressed UAV videos are available upon request. # Animation from the Serre-Green-Naghdi numerical simulation •⁠ ⁠SGNsimulation.mp4","author":[{"family":"Cienfuegos","given":"Rodrigo"},{"family":"Catalan","given":"Patricio"},{"family":"Flores","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Guerra","given":"Maricarmen"},{"family":"Galaz Mora","given":"José"},{"family":"Magaña","given":"Efraín"},{"family":"Lucero","given":"Felipe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17192780","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17192780","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.05378","type":"manuscript","title":"A Compendium of Autonomous Navigation using Object Detection and Tracking in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are one of the most revolutionary inventions of 21st century. At the core of a UAV lies the central processing system that uses wireless signals to control their movement. The most popular UAVs are quadcopters that use a set of four motors, arranged as two on either side with opposite spin. An autonomous UAV is called a drone. Drones have been in service in the US army since the 90's for covert missions critical to national security. It would not be wrong to claim that drones make up an integral part of the national security and provide the most valuable service during surveillance operations. While UAVs are controlled using wireless signals, there reside some challenges that disrupt the operation of such vehicles such as signal quality and range, real time processing, human expertise, robust hardware and data security. These challenges can be solved by programming UAVs to be autonomous, using object detection and tracking, through Computer Vision algorithms. Computer Vision is an interdisciplinary field that seeks the use of deep learning to gain a high-level understanding of digital images and videos for the purpose of automating the task of human visual system. Using computer vision, algorithms for detecting and tracking various objects can be developed suitable to the hardware so as to allow real time processing for immediate judgement. This paper attempts to review the various approaches several authors have proposed for the purpose of autonomous navigation of UAVs by through various algorithms of object detection and tracking in real time, for the purpose of applications in various fields such as disaster management, dense area exploration, traffic vehicle surveillance etc.","author":[{"family":"Arora","given":"Mohit"},{"family":"Shukla","given":"Pratyush"},{"family":"Chopra","given":"Shivali"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2506.05378","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.05378","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.19562","type":"manuscript","title":"Learning-Accelerated Optimization-based Trajectory Planning for Cooperative Aerial-Ground Handover Missions","abstract":"This paper presents a learning-augmented trajectory planning framework for cooperative unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) handover missions. While centralized trajectory optimization ensures dynamic feasibility and task optimality, its high computational cost limits real-time applicability. We propose a neural surrogate planner utilizing decoupled encoder-decoder long short-term memory (LSTM) networks to generate coordinated handover trajectory predictions from the task specifications. These predictions serve as informed warm starts for the downstream centralized optimizer, thereby accelerating convergence to dynamically feasible solutions. Benchmark evaluations demonstrate that the learning-augmented planning framework achieves more than a threefold speedup and 100% optimization success rate compared to cold start optimization. The results indicate that combining data-driven inference with model-based refinement enables fast and reliable trajectory generation for heterogeneous multi-robot systems.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Jingshan"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Bochen"},{"family":"Ebel","given":"Henrik"},{"family":"Eberhard","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.19562","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.19562","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.13782","type":"manuscript","title":"LMPath: Language-Mediated Priors and Path Generation for Aerial Exploration","abstract":"Traditional autonomous UAV search missions rely on geometric coverage patterns that ignore the semantic context of the target, leading to significant time waste in large-scale environments. In this paper we present LMPath, a pipeline for generating language-mediated exploration priors for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) search missions that leverages semantics. Given a basic geofence and an object of interest prompt, LMPath uses generative language models to determine what regions of the environment should contain that object and a foundation vision model ran over satellite imagery to segment sub-regions that form the exploration prior. This prior can then be used to generate UAV paths with various objectives, such as minimizing the expected time to locate the object of interest, maximizing the probability that the object is found given a limited travel distance, or narrowing down the search space to sub-regions that are most likely to contain the object. To demonstrate it's capabilities, we used LMPath to generate various UAV paths and ran them using a real UAV over large-scale environments. We also ran simulations to demonstrate how paths generated using LMPath outperform traditional path planning approaches for search missions.","author":[{"family":"Diller","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Cladera","given":"Fernando"},{"family":"Taylor","given":"Camillo"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Vijay"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.13782","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.13782","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.11183","type":"manuscript","title":"Mitigating Error Accumulation in Continuous Navigation via Memory-Augmented Kalman Filtering","abstract":"Continuous navigation in complex environments is critical for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). However, the existing Vision-Language Navigation (VLN) models follow the dead-reckoning, which iteratively updates its position for the next waypoint prediction, and subsequently construct the complete trajectory. Then, such stepwise manner will inevitably lead to accumulated errors of position over time, resulting in misalignment between internal belief and objective coordinates, which is known as \"state drift\" and ultimately compromises the full trajectory prediction. Drawing inspiration from classical control theory, we propose to correct for errors by formulating such sequential prediction as a recursive Bayesian state estimation problem. In this paper, we design NeuroKalman, a novel framework that decouples navigation into two complementary processes: a Prior Prediction, based on motion dynamics and a Likelihood Correction, from historical observation. We first mathematically associate Kernel Density Estimation of the measurement likelihood with the attention-based retrieval mechanism, which then allows the system to rectify the latent representation using retrieved historical anchors without gradient updates. Comprehensive experiments on TravelUAV benchmark demonstrate that, with only 10% of the training data fine-tuning, our method clearly outperforms strong baselines and regulates drift accumulation.","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Yin"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Jiawei"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jinrui"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Alex"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Deyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.11183","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.11183","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2503.10692","type":"manuscript","title":"Exploring the best way for UAV visual localization under Low-altitude Multi-view Observation Condition: a Benchmark","abstract":"Absolute Visual Localization (AVL) enables an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to determine its position in GNSS-denied environments by establishing geometric relationships between UAV images and geo-tagged reference maps. While many previous works have achieved AVL with image retrieval and matching techniques, research in low-altitude multi-view scenarios still remains limited. Low-altitude multi-view conditions present greater challenges due to extreme viewpoint changes. To investigate effective UAV AVL approaches under such conditions, we present this benchmark. Firstly, a large-scale low-altitude multi-view dataset called AnyVisLoc was constructed. This dataset includes 18,000 images captured at multiple scenes and altitudes, along with 2.5D reference maps containing aerial photogrammetry maps and historical satellite maps. Secondly, a unified framework was proposed to integrate the state-of-the-art AVL approaches and comprehensively test their performance. The best combined method was chosen as the baseline, and the key factors influencing localization accuracy are thoroughly analyzed based on it. This baseline achieved a 74.1% localization accuracy within 5 m under low-altitude, multi-view conditions. In addition, a novel retrieval metric called PDM@K was introduced to better align with the characteristics of the UAV AVL task. Overall, this benchmark revealed the challenges of low-altitude, multi-view UAV AVL and provided valuable guidance for future research. The dataset and code are available at https://github.com/UAV-AVL/Benchmark","author":[{"family":"Ye","given":"Yibin"},{"family":"Teng","given":"Xichao"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Shuo"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Leqi"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Kun"},{"family":"Song","given":"Xiaokai"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2503.10692","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2503.10692","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.25327","type":"manuscript","title":"MMEdge: Accelerating On-device Multimodal Inference via Pipelined Sensing and Encoding","abstract":"Real-time multimodal inference on resource-constrained edge devices is essential for applications such as autonomous driving, human-computer interaction, and mobile health. However, prior work often overlooks the tight coupling between sensing dynamics and model execution, as well as the complex inter-modality dependencies. In this paper, we propose MMEdge, a new on-device multimodal inference framework based on pipelined sensing and encoding. Instead of waiting for complete sensor inputs, MMEdge decomposes the entire inference process into a sequence of fine-grained sensing and encoding units, allowing computation to proceed incrementally as data arrive. MMEdge also introduces a lightweight but effective temporal aggregation module that captures rich temporal dynamics across different pipelined units to maintain accuracy performance. Such pipelined design also opens up opportunities for fine-grained cross-modal optimization and early decision-making during inference. To further enhance system performance under resource variability and input data complexity, MMEdge incorporates an adaptive multimodal configuration optimizer that dynamically selects optimal sensing and model configurations for each modality under latency constraints, and a cross-modal speculative skipping mechanism that bypasses future units of slower modalities when early predictions reach sufficient confidence. We evaluate MMEdge using two public multimodal datasets and deploy it on a real-world unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based multimodal testbed. The results show that MMEdge significantly reduces end-to-end latency while maintaining high task accuracy across various system and data dynamics. A video demonstration of MMEdge's performance in real world is available at https://youtu.be/qRew7sT-iWw.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Runxi"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Mingxuan"},{"family":"Tsoi","given":"Mingyu"},{"family":"Ouyang","given":"Xiaomin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.25327","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.25327","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.27541","type":"manuscript","title":"A Novel Immune Algorithm for Multiparty Multiobjective Optimization","abstract":"Traditional multiobjective optimization problems (MOPs) are insufficiently equipped for scenarios involving multiple decision makers (DMs), which are prevalent in many practical applications. These scenarios are categorized as multiparty multiobjective optimization problems (MPMOPs). For MPMOPs, the goal is to find a solution set that is as close to the Pareto front of each DM as much as possible. This poses challenges for evolutionary algorithms in terms of searching and selecting. To better solve MPMOPs, this paper proposes a novel approach called the multiparty immune algorithm (MPIA). The MPIA incorporates an inter-party guided crossover strategy based on the individual's non-dominated sorting ranks from different DM perspectives and an adaptive activation strategy based on the proposed multiparty cover metric (MCM). These strategies enable MPIA to activate suitable individuals for the next operations, maintain population diversity from different DM perspectives, and enhance the algorithm's search capability. To evaluate the performance of MPIA, we compare it with ordinary multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) and state-of-the-art multiparty multiobjective optimization evolutionary algorithms (MPMOEAs) by solving synthetic multiparty multiobjective problems and real-world biparty multiobjective unmanned aerial vehicle path planning (BPUAV-PP) problems involving multiple DMs. Experimental results demonstrate that MPIA outperforms other algorithms.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Kesheng"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Wenjian"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yujiang"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Peilan"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Yuhui"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2603.27541","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.27541","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08150","type":"manuscript","title":"Edged USLAM: Edge-Aware Event-Based SLAM with Learning-Based Depth Priors","abstract":"Conventional visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithms often fail under rapid motion, low illumination, or abrupt lighting transitions due to motion blur and limited dynamic range. Event cameras mitigate these issues with high temporal resolution and high dynamic range (HDR), but their sparse, asynchronous outputs complicate feature extraction and integration with other sensors; e.g. inertial measurement units (IMUs) and standard cameras. We present Edged USLAM, a hybrid visual-inertial system that extends Ultimate SLAM (USLAM) with an edge-aware front-end and a lightweight depth module. The frontend enhances event frames for robust feature tracking and nonlinear motion compensation, while the depth module provides coarse, region-of-interest (ROI)-based scene depth to improve motion compensation and scale consistency. Evaluations across public benchmarks and real-world unmanned air vehicle (UAV) flights demonstrate that performance varies significantly by scenario. For instance, event-only methods like point-line event-based visual-inertial odometry (PL-EVIO) or learning-based pipelines such as deep event-based visual odometry (DEVO) excel in highly aggressive or extreme HDR conditions. In contrast, Edged USLAM provides superior stability and minimal drift in slow or structured trajectories, ensuring consistently accurate localization on real flights under challenging illumination. These findings highlight the complementary strengths of event-only, learning-based, and hybrid approaches, while positioning Edged USLAM as a robust solution for diverse aerial navigation tasks.","author":[{"family":"Sarıözkan","given":"Şebnem"},{"family":"Şahin","given":"Hürkan"},{"family":"Álvarez-Tuñón","given":"Olaya"},{"family":"Kayacan","given":"Erdal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2603.08150","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.08150","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.01041","type":"manuscript","title":"ROSplane 2.0: A Fixed-Wing Autopilot for Research","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) research requires the integration of cutting-edge technology into existing autopilot frameworks. This process can be arduous, requiring extensive resources, time, and detailed knowledge of the existing system. ROSplane is a lean, open-source fixed-wing autonomy stack built by researchers for researchers. It is designed to accelerate research by providing clearly defined interfaces with an easily modifiable framework. Built around ROS 2, ROSplane allows for rapid integration of low or high-level control, path planning, or estimation algorithms. A focus on lean, easily-understood code and extensive documentation lowers the barrier to entry for researchers. Recent developments to ROSplane improve its capacity to accelerate UAV research, including the transition from ROS 1 to ROS 2, enhanced estimation and control algorithms, increased modularity, and an improved aerodynamic modeling pipeline. This aerodynamic modeling pipeline significantly reduces the effort of transitioning from simulation to real-world testing without requiring costly system identification or computational fluid dynamics tools. ROSplane's architecture reduces the effort required to integrate new research tools and methods, expediting hardware experimentation.","author":[{"family":"Reid","given":"Ian"},{"family":"Ritchie","given":"Joseph"},{"family":"Moore","given":"Jacob"},{"family":"Sutherland","given":"Brandon"},{"family":"Snow","given":"Gabe"},{"family":"Tokumaru","given":"Phillip"},{"family":"Mclain","given":"Tim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.01041","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.01041","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.01069","type":"manuscript","title":"SHIELD8-UAV: Sequential 8-bit Hardware Implementation of a Precision-Aware 1D-F-CNN for Low-Energy UAV Acoustic Detection and Temporal Tracking","abstract":"Real-time unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) acoustic detection at the edge demands low-latency inference under strict power and hardware limits. This paper presents SHIELD8-UAV, a sequential 8-bit hardware implementation of a precision-aware 1D feature-driven CNN (1D-F-CNN) accelerator for continuous acoustic monitoring. The design performs layer-wise execution on a shared multi-precision datapath, eliminating the need for replicated processing elements. A layer-sensitivity quantisation framework supports FP32, BF16, INT8, and FXP8 modes, while structured channel pruning reduces the flattened feature dimension from 35,072 to 8,704 (75%), thereby lowering serialised dense-layer cycles. The model achieves 89.91% detection accuracy in FP32 with less than 2.5% degradation in 8-bit modes. The accelerator uses 2,268 LUTs and 0.94 W power with 116 ms end-to-end latency, achieving 37.8% and 49.6% latency reduction compared with QuantMAC and LPRE, respectively, on a Pynq-Z2 FPGA, and 5-9% lower logic usage than parallel designs. ASIC synthesis in UMC 40 nm technology shows a maximum operating frequency of 1.56 GHz, 3.29 mm2 core area, and 1.65 W total power. These results demonstrate that sequential execution combined with precision-aware quantisation and serialisation-aware pruning enables practical low-energy edge inference without relying on massive parallelism.","author":[{"family":"Ghanta","given":"Susmita"},{"family":"Nathwani","given":"Karan"},{"family":"Chaurasiya","given":"Rohit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2603.01069","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.01069","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.13440","type":"manuscript","title":"Learning on the Fly: Replay-Based Continual Object Perception for Indoor Drones","abstract":"Autonomous agents such as indoor drones must learn new object classes in real-time while limiting catastrophic forgetting, motivating Class-Incremental Learning (CIL). However, most unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) datasets focus on outdoor scenes and offer limited temporally coherent indoor videos. We introduce an indoor dataset of $14,400$ frames capturing inter-drone and ground vehicle footage, annotated via a semi-automatic workflow with a $98.6\\%$ first-pass labeling agreement before final manual verification. Using this dataset, we benchmark 3 replay-based CIL strategies: Experience Replay (ER), Maximally Interfered Retrieval (MIR), and Forgetting-Aware Replay (FAR), using YOLOv11-nano as a resource-efficient detector for deployment-constrained UAV platforms. Under tight memory budgets ($5-10\\%$ replay), FAR performs better than the rest, achieving an average accuracy (ACC, $mAP_{50-95}$ across increments) of $82.96\\%$ with $5\\%$ replay. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) analysis shows attention shifts across classes in mixed scenes, which is associated with reduced localization quality for drones. The experiments further demonstrate that replay-based continual learning can be effectively applied to edge aerial systems. Overall, this work contributes an indoor UAV video dataset with preserved temporal coherence and an evaluation of replay-based CIL under limited replay budgets. Project page: https://spacetime-vision-robotics-laboratory.github.io/learning-on-the-fly-cl","author":[{"family":"Nae","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"Barbu","given":"Mihai"},{"family":"Mocanu","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"Leordeanu","given":"Marius"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.13440","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.13440","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.12055","type":"manuscript","title":"Multi UAVs Preflight Planning in a Shared and Dynamic Airspace","abstract":"Preflight planning for large-scale Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) fleets in dynamic, shared airspace presents significant challenges, including temporal No-Fly Zones (NFZs), heterogeneous vehicle profiles, and strict delivery deadlines. While Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) provides a formal framework, existing methods often lack the scalability and flexibility required for real-world Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM). We propose DTAPP-IICR: a Delivery-Time Aware Prioritized Planning method with Incremental and Iterative Conflict Resolution. Our framework first generates an initial solution by prioritizing missions based on urgency. Secondly, it computes roundtrip trajectories using SFIPP-ST, a novel 4D single-agent planner (Safe Flight Interval Path Planning with Soft and Temporal Constraints). SFIPP-ST handles heterogeneous UAVs, strictly enforces temporal NFZs, and models inter-agent conflicts as soft constraints. Subsequently, an iterative Large Neighborhood Search, guided by a geometric conflict graph, efficiently resolves any residual conflicts. A completeness-preserving directional pruning technique further accelerates the 3D search. On benchmarks with temporal NFZs, DTAPP-IICR achieves near-100% success with fleets of up to 1,000 UAVs and gains up to 50% runtime reduction from pruning, outperforming batch Enhanced Conflict-Based Search in the UTM context. Scaling successfully in realistic city-scale operations where other priority-based methods fail even at moderate deployments, DTAPP-IICR is positioned as a practical and scalable solution for preflight planning in dense, dynamic urban airspace.","author":[{"family":"Sow","given":"Amath"},{"family":"Cesen","given":"Mauricio"},{"family":"De Oliveira","given":"Fabiola"},{"family":"Wzorek","given":"Mariusz"},{"family":"De Leng","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Tiger","given":"Mattias"},{"family":"Heintz","given":"Fredrik"},{"family":"Rothenberg","given":"Christian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.12055","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.12055","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.21475","type":"manuscript","title":"Task-free Adaptive Meta Black-box Optimization","abstract":"Handcrafted optimizers become prohibitively inefficient for complex black-box optimization (BBO) tasks. MetaBBO addresses this challenge by meta-learning to automatically configure optimizers for low-level BBO tasks, thereby eliminating heuristic dependencies. However, existing methods typically require extensive handcrafted training tasks to learn meta-strategies that generalize to target tasks, which poses a critical limitation for realistic applications with unknown task distributions. To overcome the issue, we propose the Adaptive meta Black-box Optimization Model (ABOM), which performs online parameter adaptation using solely optimization data from the target task, obviating the need for predefined task distributions. Unlike conventional metaBBO frameworks that decouple meta-training and optimization phases, ABOM introduces a closed-loop adaptive parameter learning mechanism, where parameterized evolutionary operators continuously self-update by leveraging generated populations during optimization. This paradigm shift enables zero-shot optimization: ABOM achieves competitive performance on synthetic BBO benchmarks and realistic unmanned aerial vehicle path planning problems without any handcrafted training tasks. Visualization studies reveal that parameterized evolutionary operators exhibit statistically significant search patterns, including natural selection and genetic recombination.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Jiao","given":"Licheng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Lingling"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Jiaxuan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Guanchun"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Fang"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Shuyuan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2601.21475","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.21475","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17475742","type":"article-journal","title":"In-situ and UAV dataset with crop and soil parameters obtained from winter wheat fields","abstract":"This dataset was created as a result of two seasons of ground observation and measurements conducted on commercial winter wheat fields in Zlatia test site, Bulgaria. The study was part of the TS2AgroBg project (“Testing Sentinel-2 vegetation indices for the assessment of the state of winter crops in Bulgaria”) funded by the European Space Agency (Contract № 4000117474/16/NL/NDe) under the Plan for European Cooperating States. The aim of the field campaigns was to collect in-situ data for different biophysical, biochemical, phenological, and other crop and soil parameters that characterize and affect the crop status and the spectral reflectance of the crop-soil system. The data were used to calibrate and validate empirical models for prediction and mapping of important crop parameters, such as leaf area index, biomass, chlorophyll content, etc., based on spectral data from the Sentinel-2 satellites. In addition, a methodology for integral assessment of crop status based on a combination of such parameters was developed. The dataset consists of two main parts. The first part contains data collected from 20 m by 20 m plots (Elementary Sampling Units, ESUs), includes the following parameters: Leaf Area Index (LAI); Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR); Fraction of Intercepted Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fIPAR); Vegetation cover fraction (fCover); Chlorophyll Content (CC); Above ground biomass (AGB): fresh and dry; Plant nitrogen content; Biological yield; Soil moisture content at the surface layer; Reflectance in the 350 nm to 2500 nm spectral range; Crop development stage; Crop density; Crop height; Total area coverage; Assessment score of damages caused by diseases or pests; Weeds: type, biomass, development stage, height, and overall weed score. The second part contains auxiliary data, including: Soil profile data from four locations within the study fields; Crop calendar and management information; Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) multispectral imagery; Meteorological data from an automated weather station installed in the study area.","author":[{"family":"Dimitrov","given":"Petar"},{"family":"Roumenina","given":"Eugenia"},{"family":"Jelev","given":"Georgi"},{"family":"Filchev","given":"Lachezar"},{"family":"Gikov","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Kamenova","given":"Ilina"},{"family":"Ilieva","given":"Iliana"},{"family":"Ganeva","given":"Dessislava"},{"family":"Kercheva","given":"Milena"},{"family":"Banov","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Krasteva","given":"Veneta"},{"family":"Kolchakov","given":"Viktor"},{"family":"Dimitrov","given":"Emil"},{"family":"Miteva","given":"Nevena"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17475742","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17475742","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17475741","type":"article-journal","title":"In-situ and UAV dataset with crop and soil parameters obtained from winter wheat fields","abstract":"This dataset was created as a result of two seasons of ground observation and measurements conducted on commercial winter wheat fields in Zlatia test site, Bulgaria. The study was part of the TS2AgroBg project (“Testing Sentinel-2 vegetation indices for the assessment of the state of winter crops in Bulgaria”) funded by the European Space Agency (Contract № 4000117474/16/NL/NDe) under the Plan for European Cooperating States. The aim of the field campaigns was to collect in-situ data for different biophysical, biochemical, phenological, and other crop and soil parameters that characterize and affect the crop status and the spectral reflectance of the crop-soil system. The data were used to calibrate and validate empirical models for prediction and mapping of important crop parameters, such as leaf area index, biomass, chlorophyll content, etc., based on spectral data from the Sentinel-2 satellites. In addition, a methodology for integral assessment of crop status based on a combination of such parameters was developed. The dataset consists of two main parts. The first part contains data collected from 20 m by 20 m plots (Elementary Sampling Units, ESUs), includes the following parameters: Leaf Area Index (LAI); Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR); Fraction of Intercepted Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fIPAR); Vegetation cover fraction (fCover); Chlorophyll Content (CC); Above ground biomass (AGB): fresh and dry; Plant nitrogen content; Biological yield; Soil moisture content at the surface layer; Reflectance in the 350 nm to 2500 nm spectral range; Crop development stage; Crop density; Crop height; Total area coverage; Assessment score of damages caused by diseases or pests; Weeds: type, biomass, development stage, height, and overall weed score. The second part contains auxiliary data, including: Soil profile data from four locations within the study fields; Crop calendar and management information; Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) multispectral imagery; Meteorological data from an automated weather station installed in the study area.","author":[{"family":"Dimitrov","given":"Petar"},{"family":"Roumenina","given":"Eugenia"},{"family":"Jelev","given":"Georgi"},{"family":"Filchev","given":"Lachezar"},{"family":"Gikov","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Kamenova","given":"Ilina"},{"family":"Ilieva","given":"Iliana"},{"family":"Ganeva","given":"Dessislava"},{"family":"Kercheva","given":"Milena"},{"family":"Banov","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Krasteva","given":"Veneta"},{"family":"Kolchakov","given":"Viktor"},{"family":"Dimitrov","given":"Emil"},{"family":"Miteva","given":"Nevena"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17475741","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17475741","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.08341","type":"manuscript","title":"Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Collaborative UAV Relay Networks under Jamming Atatcks","abstract":"The deployment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarms as dynamic communication relays is critical for next-generation tactical networks. However, operating in contested environments requires solving a complex trade-off, including maximizing system throughput while ensuring collision avoidance and resilience against adversarial jamming. Existing heuristic-based approaches often struggle to find effective solutions due to the dynamic and multi-objective nature of this problem. This paper formulates this challenge as a cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) problem, solved using the Centralized Training with Decentralized Execution (CTDE) framework. Our approach employs a centralized critic that uses global state information to guide decentralized actors which operate using only local observations. Simulation results show that our proposed framework significantly outperforms heuristic baselines, increasing the total system throughput by approximately 50% while simultaneously achieving a near-zero collision rate. A key finding is that the agents develop an emergent anti-jamming strategy without explicit programming. They learn to intelligently position themselves to balance the trade-off between mitigating interference from jammers and maintaining effective communication links with ground users.","author":[{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Thai"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Ngoc"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Thanh"},{"family":"Van Huynh","given":"Nguyen"},{"family":"Tran","given":"Dinh"},{"family":"Chatzinotas","given":"Symeon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2512.08341","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.08341","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.27133","type":"manuscript","title":"WildfireX-SLAM: A Large-scale Low-altitude RGB-D Dataset for Wildfire SLAM and Beyond","abstract":"3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS) and its subsequent variants have led to remarkable progress in simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). While most recent 3DGS-based SLAM works focus on small-scale indoor scenes, developing 3DGS-based SLAM methods for large-scale forest scenes holds great potential for many real-world applications, especially for wildfire emergency response and forest management. However, this line of research is impeded by the absence of a comprehensive and high-quality dataset, and collecting such a dataset over real-world scenes is costly and technically infeasible. To this end, we have built a large-scale, comprehensive, and high-quality synthetic dataset for SLAM in wildfire and forest environments. Leveraging the Unreal Engine 5 Electric Dreams Environment Sample Project, we developed a pipeline to easily collect aerial and ground views, including ground-truth camera poses and a range of additional data modalities from unmanned aerial vehicle. Our pipeline also provides flexible controls on environmental factors such as light, weather, and types and conditions of wildfire, supporting the need for various tasks covering forest mapping, wildfire emergency response, and beyond. The resulting pilot dataset, WildfireX-SLAM, contains 5.5k low-altitude RGB-D aerial images from a large-scale forest map with a total size of 16 km2. On top of WildfireX-SLAM, a thorough benchmark is also conducted, which not only reveals the unique challenges of 3DGS-based SLAM in the forest but also highlights potential improvements for future works. The dataset and code will be publicly available. Project page: https://zhicongsun.github.io/wildfirexslam.","author":[{"family":"Sun","given":"Zhicong"},{"family":"Lo","given":"Jacqueline"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Jinxing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.27133","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.27133","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17192781","type":"article-journal","title":"Dataset for: Soliton Gas Dynamics and Rogue Wave Enhancement in a Natural Coastal Environment","abstract":"This repository contains the dataset reported in the article \"Soliton Gas Dynamics and Rogue Wave Enhancement in a Natural Coastal Environment\" by Cienfuegos et al. (2025), https://doi.org/10.1103/9zhq-j1sj The dataset contains:•⁠ ⁠Bottom-moored pressure signals (and velocities in the case of the ADVs)•⁠ ⁠Fixed camera recording•⁠ ⁠Unmanned aerial vehicle videos•⁠ ⁠Animation from the Serre-Green-Naghdi numerical experiment They are detailed next. # Bottom-moored pressure signals •⁠ ⁠RawData.zip : contains the raw dataset from the instruments•⁠ ⁠ReadPressureSensors.m: Matlab script to read the dataset as used in the manuscript•⁠ ⁠FSReconstruction.m: Matlab script to reconstruct the free surface elevation (ie water depth) from the pressure data as described in the manuscript # Fixed camera recording Footage from August 2nd, 2023, 10:00 hours.•⁠ ⁠20230802-1000.mp4 Rectified footage from August 2nd, 2023, 10 hours.•⁠ ⁠20230802-1000.mp4 Footage from August 2nd, 2023, 10:22 hours.•⁠ ⁠20230802-1022.mp4 Rectified footage from August 2nd, 2023, 10:22 hours.•⁠ ⁠20230802-1022-rect.mp4 # Unmanned aerial vehicle videos Tidal flood August 1st 2023, 10 hrs:•⁠ ⁠DJI_0250.mp4 Tidal flood August 2nd 2023, 10 hrs (footage used in the article):•⁠ ⁠DJI_0001.mp4 Stable and rectified video for the tidal flood of August 2nd 2023, 10 hrs (accelerated 12 times):•⁠ ⁠rect_video_12x.mp4 Uncompressed UAV videos are available upon request. # Animation from the Serre-Green-Naghdi numerical simulation •⁠ ⁠SGNsimulation.mp4","author":[{"family":"Cienfuegos","given":"Rodrigo"},{"family":"Catalan","given":"Patricio"},{"family":"Flores","given":"Raul"},{"family":"Guerra","given":"Maricarmen"},{"family":"Galaz Mora","given":"José"},{"family":"Magaña","given":"Efraín"},{"family":"Lucero","given":"Felipe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17192781","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17192781","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.22668","type":"manuscript","title":"Semantic-Aware Edge Intelligence for UAV Handover in 6G Networks","abstract":"6G wireless networks aim to exploit semantic awareness to optimize radio resources. By optimizing the transmission through the lens of the desired goal, the energy consumption of transmissions can also be reduced, and the latency can be improved. To that end, this paper investigates a paradigm in which the capabilities of generative AI (GenAI) on the edge are harnessed for network optimization. In particular, we investigate an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) handover framework that takes advantage of GenAI and semantic communication to maintain reliable connectivity. To that end, we propose a framework in which a lightweight MobileBERT language model, fine-tuned using Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), is deployed on the UAV. This model processes multi-attribute flight and radio measurements and performs multi-label classification to determine appropriate handover action. Concurrently, the model identifies an appropriate set of contextual \"Reason Tags\" that elucidate the decision's rationale. Our model, evaluated on a rule-based synthetic dataset of UAV handover scenarios, demonstrates the model's high efficacy in learning these rules, achieving high accuracy in predicting the primary handover decision. The model also shows strong performance in identifying supporting reasons, with an F1 micro-score of approximately 0.9 for reason tags.","author":[{"family":"Al-Hameed","given":"Aubida"},{"family":"Qazzaz","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Hafeez","given":"Maryam"},{"family":"Zaidi","given":"Syed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2509.22668","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.22668","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.21405","type":"manuscript","title":"Object Identification Under Known Dynamics: A PIRNN Approach for UAV Classification","abstract":"This work addresses object identification under known dynamics in unmanned aerial vehicle applications, where learning and classification are combined through a physics-informed residual neural network. The proposed framework leverages physics-informed learning for state mapping and state-derivative prediction, while a softmax layer enables multi-class confidence estimation. Quadcopter, fixed-wing, and helicopter aerial vehicles are considered as case studies. The results demonstrate high classification accuracy with reduced training time, offering a promising solution for system identification problems in domains where the underlying dynamics are well understood.","author":[{"family":"Aung","given":"Nyi"},{"family":"Muralles","given":"Neil"},{"family":"Stein","given":"Adrian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2509.21405","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.21405","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17101991","type":"article-journal","title":"RL-based Trajectory Optimization of UAV-enabled Joint Communication, Sensing and Power Transfer","abstract":"In this work, an integrated communication, sensing and power transfer (ICSPT) system is investigated, which is assisted by the employment of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) acting as a base station. Under this system, the optimization of the UAV trajectory is studied for limited battery lifetime, so that the weighted sensing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), communication SNR and harvested power is maximized subject to the service area and flight duration constraints. A general and flexible theoretical framework is proposed for the solution of the formulated optimization problem, based on tools from reinforcement learning (RL), that models the considered ICSPT system as a Markov decision process (MDP). In order to solve the developed MDP, a novel model-free algorithm is provided based on the Q-learning method. We show, through numerical simulation results, the validity of the proposed framework and its superiority compared to other benchmark scenarios that consider a fixed UAV trajectory or random UAV movements.","author":[{"family":"Nicolaides","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Psomas","given":"Constantinos"},{"family":"Krikidis","given":"Ioannis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17101991","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17101991","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17101992","type":"article-journal","title":"RL-based Trajectory Optimization of UAV-enabled Joint Communication, Sensing and Power Transfer","abstract":"In this work, an integrated communication, sensing and power transfer (ICSPT) system is investigated, which is assisted by the employment of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) acting as a base station. Under this system, the optimization of the UAV trajectory is studied for limited battery lifetime, so that the weighted sensing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), communication SNR and harvested power is maximized subject to the service area and flight duration constraints. A general and flexible theoretical framework is proposed for the solution of the formulated optimization problem, based on tools from reinforcement learning (RL), that models the considered ICSPT system as a Markov decision process (MDP). In order to solve the developed MDP, a novel model-free algorithm is provided based on the Q-learning method. We show, through numerical simulation results, the validity of the proposed framework and its superiority compared to other benchmark scenarios that consider a fixed UAV trajectory or random UAV movements.","author":[{"family":"Nicolaides","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Psomas","given":"Constantinos"},{"family":"Krikidis","given":"Ioannis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17101992","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17101992","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.57760/sciencedb.j00104.00103","type":"article-journal","title":"An open flame and smoke detection dataset for deep learning in remote sensing based fire detection","abstract":"FASDD is a largest and most generalized Flame And Smoke Detection Dataset for object detection tasks, characterized by the utmost complexity in fire scenes, the highest heterogeneity in feature distribution, and the most significant variations in image size and shape. FASDD serves as a benchmark for developing advanced fire detection models, which can be deployed on watchtowers, drones, or satellites in a space-air-ground integrated observation network for collaborative fire warning. This endeavor provides valuable insights for government decision-making and fire rescue operations. FASDD contains fire, smoke, and confusing non-fire/non-smoke images acquired at different distances (near and far), different scenes (indoor and outdoor), different light intensities (day and night), and from various visual sensors (surveillance cameras, UAVs, and satellites). FASDD consists of three sub-datasets, a Computer Vision (CV) dataset (i.e. FASDD_CV), a Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) dataset (i.e. FASDD_UAV), and an Remote Sensing (RS) dataset (i.e. FASDD_RS). FASDD comprises 122,634 samples, with 70,581 annotated as positive samples and 52,073 labeled as negative samples. There are 113,154 instances of flame objects and 73,072 instances of smoke objects in the entire dataset. FASDD_CV contains 95,314 samples for general computer vision, while FASDD_UAV consists of 25,097 samples captured by UAV, and FASDD_RS comprises 2,223 samples from satellite imagery. FASDD_CV contains 73,297 fire instances and 53,080 smoke instances. The CV dataset exhibits considerable variation in image size, ranging from 78 to 10,600 pixels in width and 68 to 8,858 pixels in height. The aspect ratios of the images also vary significantly, ranging from 1:6.6 to 1:0.18. FASDD_UAV contains 36,308 fire instances and 17,222 smoke instances, with image aspect ratios primarily distributed between 4:3 and 16:9. In FASDD_RS, there are 2,770 smoke instances and 3,549 flame instances. The sizes of remote sensing images are predominantly around 1,000×1,000 pixels.FASDD is provided in three compressed files: FASDD_CV.zip, FASDD_UAV.zip, and FASDD_RS.zip, which correspond to the CV dataset, the UAV dataset, and the RS dataset, respectively. Additionally, there is a FASDD_RS_SWIR. zip folder storing pseudo-color images for detecting flame objects in remote sensing imagery. Each zip file contains two folders: \"images\" for storing the source data and \"annotations\" for storing the labels. The \"annotations\" folder consists of label files in four formats: YOLO, VOC, COCO, and TDML. The dataset is divided randomly into training, validation, and test sets, with a ratio of 1/2, 1/3, and 1/6, respectively, within each label format. In FASDD_CV, FASDD_UAV, and FASDD_RS, images and their corresponding annotation files have been individually sorted starting from 0. The flame and smoke objects in FASDD are given the labels \"fire\" and \"smoke\" for the object detection task, respectively. The names of all images and annotation files are prefixed with \"Fire\", \"Smoke\", \"FireAndSmoke\", and \"NeitherFireNorSmoke\", representing different categories for scene classification tasks.When using this dataset, please cite the following paper. Thank you very much for your support and cooperation：################################################################################使用数据集请引用对应论文，非常感谢您的关注和支持：Wang, M., Yue, P., Jiang, L., Yu, D., Tuo, T., &amp; Li, J. (2025). An open flame and smoke detection dataset for deep learning in remote sensing based fire detection. Geo-spatial Information Science, 28(2), 511-526.################################################################################","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Ming"},{"family":"Yue","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Liangcun"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Dayu"},{"family":"Tuo","given":"Tianyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.57760/sciencedb.j00104.00103","URL":"https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00104.00103","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.04412","type":"manuscript","title":"Relative Localization of UAV Swarms in GNSS-Denied Conditions","abstract":"Relative localization of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) denied environments is essential for emergency rescue and battlefield reconnaissance. Existing methods suffer from significant localization errors among UAVs due to packet loss and high computational complexity in large swarms. This paper proposes a clustering-based framework where the UAVs simultaneously use communication signals for channel estimation and ranging. Firstly, the spectral clustering is utilized to divide the UAV swarm into different sub-clusters, where matrix completion and multidimensional scaling yield high-precision relative coordinates. Subsequently, a global map is created by the inter-cluster anchor fusion. A case study of UAV integrated communication and sensing (ISAC) system is presented, where the Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) is adopted for ranging and communication. Experimental results show that the proposed method reduces localization errors in large swarms and loss of range information. It also explores the impact of signal parameters on communication and localization, highlighting the interplay between communication and localization performance.","author":[{"family":"Lei","given":"Guangyu"},{"family":"Ping","given":"Yuqi"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Tianhao"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Huahao"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Tingting"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2509.04412","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.04412","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.00261","type":"manuscript","title":"Energy Efficient Trajectory Control and Resource Allocation in Multi-UAV-assisted MEC via Deep Reinforcement Learning","abstract":"Mobile edge computing (MEC) is a promising technique to improve the computational capacity of smart devices (SDs) in Internet of Things (IoT). However, the performance of MEC is restricted due to its fixed location and limited service scope. Hence, we investigate an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted MEC system, where multiple UAVs are dispatched and each UAV can simultaneously provide computing service for multiple SDs. To improve the performance of system, we formulated a UAV-based trajectory control and resource allocation multi-objective optimization problem (TCRAMOP) to simultaneously maximize the offloading number of UAVs and minimize total offloading delay and total energy consumption of UAVs by optimizing the flight paths of UAVs as well as the computing resource allocated to served SDs. Then, consider that the solution of TCRAMOP requires continuous decision-making and the system is dynamic, we propose an enhanced deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm, namely, distributed proximal policy optimization with imitation learning (DPPOIL). This algorithm incorporates the generative adversarial imitation learning technique to improve the policy performance. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed DPPOIL and prove that the learned strategy of DPPOIL is better compared with other baseline methods.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Saichao"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Geng"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chuang"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xuejie"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jiacheng"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Changyuan"},{"family":"Niyato","given":"Dusit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2508.00261","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.00261","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.23782","type":"manuscript","title":"4,500 Seconds: Small Data Training Approaches for Deep UAV Audio Classification","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) usage is expected to surge in the coming decade, raising the need for heightened security measures to prevent airspace violations and security threats. This study investigates deep learning approaches to UAV classification focusing on the key issue of data scarcity. To investigate this we opted to train the models using a total of 4,500 seconds of audio samples, evenly distributed across a 9-class dataset. We leveraged parameter efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) and data augmentations to mitigate the data scarcity. This paper implements and compares the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and attention-based transformers. Our results show that, CNNs outperform transformers by 1-2\\% accuracy, while still being more computationally efficient. These early findings, however, point to potential in using transformers models; suggesting that with more data and further optimizations they could outperform CNNs. Future works aims to upscale the dataset to better understand the trade-offs between these approaches.","author":[{"family":"Berg","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Qian"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Mia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.23782","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.23782","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15845070","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in La-Saline, Réunion - 2025-05-16","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in La-Saline, Réunion - 2025-05-16. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 539 Total size: 4.73 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:16 05:10:53 Flight end: 2025:05:16 05:30:21 Flight duration: 0h 19min 28sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 10.95 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15845070","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15845070","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15845095","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in La-Saline, Réunion - 2025-05-16","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in La-Saline, Réunion - 2025-05-16. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 539 Total size: 4.73 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:16 05:10:53 Flight end: 2025:05:16 05:30:21 Flight duration: 0h 19min 28sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 10.95 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15845095","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15845095","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15845071","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in La-Saline, Réunion - 2025-05-16","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in La-Saline, Réunion - 2025-05-16. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 539 Total size: 4.73 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:16 05:10:53 Flight end: 2025:05:16 05:30:21 Flight duration: 0h 19min 28sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 10.95 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15845071","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15845071","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15845008","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Etang-Sale, Réunion - 2025-06-18","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Etang-Sale, Réunion - 2025-06-18. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 341 Total size: 4.52 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:18 06:57:43 Flight end: 2025:06:18 07:13:35 Flight duration: 0h 15min 52sec Median height: 39.9 m Area covered: 2.04 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15845008","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15845008","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15845031","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Etang-Sale, Réunion - 2025-06-18","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Etang-Sale, Réunion - 2025-06-18. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 341 Total size: 4.52 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:18 06:57:43 Flight end: 2025:06:18 07:13:35 Flight duration: 0h 15min 52sec Median height: 39.9 m Area covered: 2.04 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15845031","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15845031","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15845009","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Etang-Sale, Réunion - 2025-06-18","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Etang-Sale, Réunion - 2025-06-18. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 341 Total size: 4.52 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:18 06:57:43 Flight end: 2025:06:18 07:13:35 Flight duration: 0h 15min 52sec Median height: 39.9 m Area covered: 2.04 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15845009","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15845009","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15844876","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Etang-Sale, Réunion - 2025-06-18","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Etang-Sale, Réunion - 2025-06-18. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 1783 Total size: 20.96 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:18 05:16:20 Flight end: 2025:06:18 06:42:34 Flight duration: 1h 26min 14sec Median height: 49.9 m Area covered: 16.85 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15844876","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15844876","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15844980","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Etang-Sale, Réunion - 2025-06-18","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Etang-Sale, Réunion - 2025-06-18. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 1783 Total size: 20.96 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:18 05:16:20 Flight end: 2025:06:18 06:42:34 Flight duration: 1h 26min 14sec Median height: 49.9 m Area covered: 16.85 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15844980","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15844980","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15844877","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Etang-Sale, Réunion - 2025-06-18","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Etang-Sale, Réunion - 2025-06-18. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 1783 Total size: 20.96 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:18 05:16:20 Flight end: 2025:06:18 06:42:34 Flight duration: 1h 26min 14sec Median height: 49.9 m Area covered: 16.85 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15844877","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15844877","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15844824","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in La-Saline, Réunion - 2025-05-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in La-Saline, Réunion - 2025-05-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 592 Total size: 5.2 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:17 04:29:30 Flight end: 2025:05:17 05:02:15 Flight duration: 0h 32min 45sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 16.38 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15844824","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15844824","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15844847","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in La-Saline, Réunion - 2025-05-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in La-Saline, Réunion - 2025-05-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 592 Total size: 5.2 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:17 04:29:30 Flight end: 2025:05:17 05:02:15 Flight duration: 0h 32min 45sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 16.38 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15844847","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15844847","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15844825","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in La-Saline, Réunion - 2025-05-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in La-Saline, Réunion - 2025-05-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 592 Total size: 5.2 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:17 04:29:30 Flight end: 2025:05:17 05:02:15 Flight duration: 0h 32min 45sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 16.38 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15844825","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15844825","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15832240","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-20","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-20. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 604 Total size: 6.04 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:20 06:42:53 Flight end: 2025:06:20 07:08:26 Flight duration: 0h 25min 33sec Median height: 39.9 m Area covered: 3.72 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15832240","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15832240","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15832254","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-20","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-20. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 604 Total size: 6.04 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:20 06:42:53 Flight end: 2025:06:20 07:08:26 Flight duration: 0h 25min 33sec Median height: 39.9 m Area covered: 3.72 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15832254","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15832254","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15832241","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-20","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-20. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 604 Total size: 6.04 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:20 06:42:53 Flight end: 2025:06:20 07:08:26 Flight duration: 0h 25min 33sec Median height: 39.9 m Area covered: 3.72 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15832241","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15832241","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15832227","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-20","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-20. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 123 Total size: 0.99 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:20 05:47:56 Flight end: 2025:06:20 05:52:45 Flight duration: 0h 4min 49sec Median height: 39.9 m Area covered: 1.93 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15832227","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15832227","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15832222","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-20","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-20. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 123 Total size: 0.99 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:20 05:47:56 Flight end: 2025:06:20 05:52:45 Flight duration: 0h 4min 49sec Median height: 39.9 m Area covered: 1.93 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15832222","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15832222","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15832223","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-20","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-20. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 123 Total size: 0.99 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:20 05:47:56 Flight end: 2025:06:20 05:52:45 Flight duration: 0h 4min 49sec Median height: 39.9 m Area covered: 1.93 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15832223","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15832223","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15832159","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2025-06-20","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2025-06-20. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 543 Total size: 5.97 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:20 06:06:21 Flight end: 2025:06:20 06:32:20 Flight duration: 0h 25min 59sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 7.18 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15832159","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15832159","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15832088","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2025-06-20","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2025-06-20. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 543 Total size: 5.97 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:20 06:06:21 Flight end: 2025:06:20 06:32:20 Flight duration: 0h 25min 59sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 7.18 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15832088","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15832088","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15832089","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2025-06-20","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2025-06-20. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 543 Total size: 5.97 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:20 06:06:21 Flight end: 2025:06:20 06:32:20 Flight duration: 0h 25min 59sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 7.18 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15832089","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15832089","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15832016","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2025-06-20","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2025-06-20. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 725 Total size: 5.77 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:20 04:56:16 Flight end: 2025:06:20 05:40:05 Flight duration: 0h 43min 49sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 10.08 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15832016","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15832016","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15832060","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2025-06-20","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2025-06-20. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 725 Total size: 5.77 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:20 04:56:16 Flight end: 2025:06:20 05:40:05 Flight duration: 0h 43min 49sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 10.08 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15832060","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15832060","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15832017","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2025-06-20","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Tessier, Réunion - 2025-06-20. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 725 Total size: 5.77 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:20 04:56:16 Flight end: 2025:06:20 05:40:05 Flight duration: 0h 43min 49sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 10.08 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15832017","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15832017","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831995","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-19","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-19. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 212 Total size: 2.69 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:19 06:24:30 Flight end: 2025:06:19 06:32:36 Flight duration: 0h 8min 6sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 2.35 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831995","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831995","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831973","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-19","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-19. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 212 Total size: 2.69 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:19 06:24:30 Flight end: 2025:06:19 06:32:36 Flight duration: 0h 8min 6sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 2.35 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831973","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831973","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831974","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-19","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-19. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 212 Total size: 2.69 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:19 06:24:30 Flight end: 2025:06:19 06:32:36 Flight duration: 0h 8min 6sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 2.35 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831974","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831974","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831879","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-19","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-19. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 1073 Total size: 8.07 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:19 04:51:01 Flight end: 2025:06:19 05:31:53 Flight duration: 0h 40min 52sec Median height: 39.9 m Area covered: 6.4 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831879","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831879","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831938","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-19","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-19. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 1073 Total size: 8.07 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:19 04:51:01 Flight end: 2025:06:19 05:31:53 Flight duration: 0h 40min 52sec Median height: 39.9 m Area covered: 6.4 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├─��� METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831938","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831938","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831880","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-19","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-06-19. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 1073 Total size: 8.07 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:19 04:51:01 Flight end: 2025:06:19 05:31:53 Flight duration: 0h 40min 52sec Median height: 39.9 m Area covered: 6.4 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831880","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831880","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831857","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 86 Total size: 1.04 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:17 06:36:23 Flight end: 2025:06:17 06:39:59 Flight duration: 0h 3min 36sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 0.82 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831857","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831857","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831855","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 86 Total size: 1.04 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:17 06:36:23 Flight end: 2025:06:17 06:39:59 Flight duration: 0h 3min 36sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 0.82 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831855","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831855","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831856","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 86 Total size: 1.04 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:17 06:36:23 Flight end: 2025:06:17 06:39:59 Flight duration: 0h 3min 36sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 0.82 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831856","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831856","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831848","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 182 Total size: 2.33 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:17 06:19:57 Flight end: 2025:06:17 06:27:29 Flight duration: 0h 7min 32sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 2.13 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831848","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831848","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831830","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 182 Total size: 2.33 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:17 06:19:57 Flight end: 2025:06:17 06:27:29 Flight duration: 0h 7min 32sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 2.13 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831830","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831830","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831831","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 182 Total size: 2.33 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:17 06:19:57 Flight end: 2025:06:17 06:27:29 Flight duration: 0h 7min 32sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 2.13 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831831","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831831","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831821","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 345 Total size: 3.49 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:17 05:46:07 Flight end: 2025:06:17 06:04:45 Flight duration: 0h 18min 38sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 3.25 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831821","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831821","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831796","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 345 Total size: 3.49 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:17 05:46:07 Flight end: 2025:06:17 06:04:45 Flight duration: 0h 18min 38sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 3.25 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831796","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831796","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831797","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 345 Total size: 3.49 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:17 05:46:07 Flight end: 2025:06:17 06:04:45 Flight duration: 0h 18min 38sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 3.25 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831797","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831797","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831756","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 328 Total size: 2.77 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:17 05:16:11 Flight end: 2025:06:17 05:34:22 Flight duration: 0h 18min 11sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 5.01 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831756","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831756","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831588","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 328 Total size: 2.77 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:17 05:16:11 Flight end: 2025:06:17 05:34:22 Flight duration: 0h 18min 11sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 5.01 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831588","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831588","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831589","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 328 Total size: 2.77 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:17 05:16:11 Flight end: 2025:06:17 05:34:22 Flight duration: 0h 18min 11sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 5.01 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831589","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831589","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831549","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 363 Total size: 3.13 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:17 04:44:59 Flight end: 2025:06:17 05:08:20 Flight duration: 0h 23min 21sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 5.11 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831549","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831549","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831521","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 363 Total size: 3.13 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:17 04:44:59 Flight end: 2025:06:17 05:08:20 Flight duration: 0h 23min 21sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 5.11 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831521","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831521","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831522","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-06-17. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 363 Total size: 3.13 Gb Flight start: 2025:06:17 04:44:59 Flight end: 2025:06:17 05:08:20 Flight duration: 0h 23min 21sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 5.11 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831522","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831522","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831415","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-19","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-19. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 457 Total size: 3.96 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:19 05:06:55 Flight end: 2025:05:19 05:42:18 Flight duration: 0h 35min 23sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 4.86 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831415","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831415","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831490","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-19","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-19. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 457 Total size: 3.96 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:19 05:06:55 Flight end: 2025:05:19 05:42:18 Flight duration: 0h 35min 23sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 4.86 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831490","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831490","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831416","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-19","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-19. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 457 Total size: 3.96 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:19 05:06:55 Flight end: 2025:05:19 05:42:18 Flight duration: 0h 35min 23sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 4.86 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831416","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831416","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831390","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-05-16","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-05-16. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 703 Total size: 6.13 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:16 04:27:10 Flight end: 2025:05:16 05:02:55 Flight duration: 0h 35min 45sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 19.72 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831390","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831390","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831370","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-05-16","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-05-16. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 703 Total size: 6.13 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:16 04:27:10 Flight end: 2025:05:16 05:02:55 Flight duration: 0h 35min 45sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 19.72 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831370","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831370","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831371","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-05-16","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Trou-Deau, Réunion - 2025-05-16. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 703 Total size: 6.13 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:16 04:27:10 Flight end: 2025:05:16 05:02:55 Flight duration: 0h 35min 45sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 19.72 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831371","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831371","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831344","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 229 Total size: 2.85 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:14 05:58:39 Flight end: 2025:05:14 06:07:17 Flight duration: 0h 8min 38sec Median height: 60.0 m Area covered: 1.66 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831344","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831344","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831365","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 229 Total size: 2.85 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:14 05:58:39 Flight end: 2025:05:14 06:07:17 Flight duration: 0h 8min 38sec Median height: 60.0 m Area covered: 1.66 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831365","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831365","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831345","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 229 Total size: 2.85 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:14 05:58:39 Flight end: 2025:05:14 06:07:17 Flight duration: 0h 8min 38sec Median height: 60.0 m Area covered: 1.66 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831345","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831345","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831332","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 442 Total size: 4.01 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:14 05:09:26 Flight end: 2025:05:14 05:39:50 Flight duration: 0h 30min 24sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 6.14 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831332","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831332","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831316","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 442 Total size: 4.01 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:14 05:09:26 Flight end: 2025:05:14 05:39:50 Flight duration: 0h 30min 24sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 6.14 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831316","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831316","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831317","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 442 Total size: 4.01 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:14 05:09:26 Flight end: 2025:05:14 05:39:50 Flight duration: 0h 30min 24sec Median height: 59.9 m Area covered: 6.14 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831317","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831317","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831283","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 274 Total size: 2.44 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:14 04:37:40 Flight end: 2025:05:14 04:52:40 Flight duration: 0h 15min 0sec Median height: 60.0 m Area covered: 4.42 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831283","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831283","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831307","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 274 Total size: 2.44 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:14 04:37:40 Flight end: 2025:05:14 04:52:40 Flight duration: 0h 15min 0sec Median height: 60.0 m Area covered: 4.42 a Photogrammetry OpenDroneMap software was used to create an orthophoto from the raw images. Here is the list of parameters different from the default values for the orthophoto generation. For more details, you can read the log.json file or the 000_photogrammatry_report.pdf report. {'auto_boundary': True, 'cog': True, 'fast_orthophoto': True, 'feature_quality': 'ultra', 'max_concurrency': 128, 'optimize_disk_space': True, 'orthophoto_resolution': 1.0, 'rolling_shutter': True, 'skip_3dmodel': True} Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831307","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831307","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15831284","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial images collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14","abstract":"This dataset was collected by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in St-Leu, Réunion - 2025-05-14. Underwater or aerial images collected by scientists or citizens can have a wide variety of use for science, management, or conservation. These images can be annotated and shared to train IA models which can in turn predict the objects on the images. We provide a set of tools (hardware and software) to collect marine data, predict species or habitat, and provide maps. This dataset is part of larger collection referencing numerous underwater and aerial images Seatizen Altas. Methods, tools and scientific objectives are also described in a dedicated data paper. Survey information Camera: Hasselblad L1D-20c Number of images: 274 Total size: 2.44 Gb Flight start: 2025:05:14 04:37:40 Flight end: 2025:05:14 04:52:40 Flight duration: 0h 15min 0sec Median height: 60.0 m Area covered: 4.42 a Generic folder structure YYYYMMDD_COUNTRYCODE-optionalplace_device_session-number ├── DCIM : folder to store videos and photos depending on the media collected. ├── GPS : folder to store any positioning related file. If any kind of correction is possible on files (e.g. Post-Processed Kinematic thanks to rinex data) then the distinction between device data and base data is made. If, on the other hand, only device position data are present and the files cannot be corrected by post-processing techniques (e.g. gpx files), then the distinction between base and device is not made and the files are placed directly at the root of the GPS folder. │ ├── BASE : files coming from rtk station or any static positioning instrument. │ └── DEVICE : files coming from the device. ├── METADATA : folder with general information files about the session. ├── PROCESSED_DATA : contain all the folders needed to store the results of the data processing of the current session. │ ├── BATHY : output folder for bathymetry raw data extracted from mission logs. │ ├── FRAMES : output folder for georeferenced frames extracted from DCIM videos. │ ├── IA : destination folder for image recognition predictions. │ └── PHOTOGRAMMETRY : destination folder for reconstructed models in photogrammetry. └── SENSORS : folder to store files coming from other sources (bathymetry data from the echosounder, log file from the autopilot, mission plan etc.). Software All the raw data was processed using our worflow. All predictions were generated by our inference pipeline. You can find all the necessary scripts to download this data in this repository. Enjoy your data with SeatizenDOI!","author":[{"family":"Contini","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Bonhommeau","given":"Sylvain"},{"family":"Bernard","given":"Serge"},{"family":"Barde","given":"Julien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15831284","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15831284","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.10770","type":"manuscript","title":"Geofenced Unmanned Aerial Robotic Defender for Deer Detection and Deterrence (GUARD)","abstract":"Wildlife-induced crop damage, particularly from deer, threatens agricultural productivity. Traditional deterrence methods often fall short in scalability, responsiveness, and adaptability to diverse farmland environments. This paper presents an integrated unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system designed for autonomous wildlife deterrence, developed as part of the Farm Robotics Challenge. Our system combines a YOLO-based real-time computer vision module for deer detection, an energy-efficient coverage path planning algorithm for efficient field monitoring, and an autonomous charging station for continuous operation of the UAV. In collaboration with a local Minnesota farmer, the system is tailored to address practical constraints such as terrain, infrastructure limitations, and animal behavior. The solution is evaluated through a combination of simulation and field testing, demonstrating robust detection accuracy, efficient coverage, and extended operational time. The results highlight the feasibility and effectiveness of drone-based wildlife deterrence in precision agriculture, offering a scalable framework for future deployment and extension.","author":[{"family":"Temesgen","given":"Ebasa"},{"family":"Jerez","given":"Mario"},{"family":"Brown","given":"Greta"},{"family":"Wilson","given":"Graham"},{"family":"Divakarla","given":"Sree"},{"family":"Boelter","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Nelson","given":"Oscar"},{"family":"Mcpherson","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Gini","given":"Maria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.10770","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.10770","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.08382","type":"manuscript","title":"Continuous World Coverage Path Planning for Fixed-Wing UAVs using Deep Reinforcement Learning","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Coverage Path Planning (CPP) is critical for applications such as precision agriculture and search and rescue. While traditional methods rely on discrete grid-based representations, real-world UAV operations require power-efficient continuous motion planning. We formulate the UAV CPP problem in a continuous environment, minimizing power consumption while ensuring complete coverage. Our approach models the environment with variable-size axis-aligned rectangles and UAV motion with curvature-constrained Bézier curves. We train a reinforcement learning agent using an action-mapping-based Soft Actor-Critic (AM-SAC) algorithm employing a self-adaptive curriculum. Experiments on both procedurally generated and hand-crafted scenarios demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in learning energy-efficient coverage strategies.","author":[{"family":"Theile","given":"Mirco"},{"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Andres"},{"family":"Caccamo","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Sangiovanni-Vincentelli","given":"Alberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.08382","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.08382","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.00995","type":"manuscript","title":"Optimizing Indoor Farm Monitoring Efficiency Using UAV: Yield Estimation in a GNSS-Denied Cherry Tomato Greenhouse","abstract":"As the agricultural workforce declines and labor costs rise, robotic yield estimation has become increasingly important. While unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) are commonly used for indoor farm monitoring, their deployment in greenhouses is often constrained by infrastructure limitations, sensor placement challenges, and operational inefficiencies. To address these issues, we develop a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with an RGB-D camera, a 3D LiDAR, and an IMU sensor. The UAV employs a LiDAR-inertial odometry algorithm for precise navigation in GNSS-denied environments and utilizes a 3D multi-object tracking algorithm to estimate the count and weight of cherry tomatoes. We evaluate the system using two dataset: one from a harvesting row and another from a growing row. In the harvesting-row dataset, the proposed system achieves 94.4\\% counting accuracy and 87.5\\% weight estimation accuracy within a 13.2-meter flight completed in 10.5 seconds. For the growing-row dataset, which consists of occluded unripened fruits, we qualitatively analyze tracking performance and highlight future research directions for improving perception in greenhouse with strong occlusions. Our findings demonstrate the potential of UAVs for efficient robotic yield estimation in commercial greenhouses.","author":[{"family":"Park","given":"Taewook"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Jinwoo"},{"family":"Oh","given":"Hyondong"},{"family":"Yun","given":"Won"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Kyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.00995","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.00995","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.21428","type":"manuscript","title":"UAV Marketplace Simulation Tool for BVLOS Operations","abstract":"We present a simulation tool for evaluating team formation in autonomous multi-UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) missions that operate Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS). The tool models UAV collaboration and mission execution in dynamic and adversarial conditions, where Byzantine UAVs attempt to disrupt operations. Our tool allows researchers to integrate and compare various team formation strategies in a controlled environment with configurable mission parameters and adversarial behaviors. The log of each simulation run is stored in a structured way along with performance metrics so that statistical analysis could be done straightforwardly. The tool is versatile for testing and improving UAV coordination strategies in real-world applications.","author":[{"family":"Şerefoğlu","given":"Kıvanç"},{"family":"Gürcan","given":"Önder"},{"family":"Aydoğan","given":"Reyhan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2504.21428","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.21428","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.13088","type":"manuscript","title":"Imperative MPC: An End-to-End Self-Supervised Learning with Differentiable MPC for UAV Attitude Control","abstract":"Modeling and control of nonlinear dynamics are critical in robotics, especially in scenarios with unpredictable external influences and complex dynamics. Traditional cascaded modular control pipelines often yield suboptimal performance due to conservative assumptions and tedious parameter tuning. Pure data-driven approaches promise robust performance but suffer from low sample efficiency, sim-to-real gaps, and reliance on extensive datasets. Hybrid methods combining learning-based and traditional model-based control in an end-to-end manner offer a promising alternative. This work presents a self-supervised learning framework combining learning-based inertial odometry (IO) module and differentiable model predictive control (d-MPC) for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) attitude control. The IO denoises raw IMU measurements and predicts UAV attitudes, which are then optimized by MPC for control actions in a bi-level optimization (BLO) setup, where the inner MPC optimizes control actions and the upper level minimizes discrepancy between real-world and predicted performance. The framework is thus end-to-end and can be trained in a self-supervised manner. This approach combines the strength of learning-based perception with the interpretable model-based control. Results show the effectiveness even under strong wind. It can simultaneously enhance both the MPC parameter learning and IMU prediction performance.","author":[{"family":"He","given":"Haonan"},{"family":"Qiu","given":"Yuheng"},{"family":"Geng","given":"Junyi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2504.13088","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.13088","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.02311","type":"manuscript","title":"MAGNNET: Multi-Agent Graph Neural Network-based Efficient Task Allocation for Autonomous Vehicles with Deep Reinforcement Learning","abstract":"This paper addresses the challenge of decentralized task allocation within heterogeneous multi-agent systems operating under communication constraints. We introduce a novel framework that integrates graph neural networks (GNNs) with a centralized training and decentralized execution (CTDE) paradigm, further enhanced by a tailored Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm for multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MARL). Our approach enables unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) to dynamically allocate tasks efficiently without necessitating central coordination in a 3D grid environment. The framework minimizes total travel time while simultaneously avoiding conflicts in task assignments. For the cost calculation and routing, we employ reservation-based A* and R* path planners. Experimental results revealed that our method achieves a high 92.5% conflict-free success rate, with only a 7.49% performance gap compared to the centralized Hungarian method, while outperforming the heuristic decentralized baseline based on greedy approach. Additionally, the framework exhibits scalability with up to 20 agents with allocation processing of 2.8 s and robustness in responding to dynamically generated tasks, underscoring its potential for real-world applications in complex multi-agent scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Ratnabala","given":"Lavanya"},{"family":"Fedoseev","given":"Aleksey"},{"family":"Peter","given":"Robinroy"},{"family":"Tsetserukou","given":"Dzmitry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2502.02311","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.02311","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21224679","type":"article-journal","title":"Data-extraction and adversary-model coding dataset for \"UAV Path Planning in the Presence of Jamming: A Survey\"","abstract":"This dataset supports the survey \"UAV Path Planning in the Presence of Jamming\" (submitted to Computer Science Review). It contains the list of the 79 studies included in the synthesis with complete DOIs (CSV and BibTeX, keyed to the manuscript's citations), the per-database search strings and record counts of the PRISMA-ScR-informed literature search (2,374 records identified; 1,127 screened after deduplication; 98 assessed in full text; 79 included), and the per-study data-extraction and adversary-model coding spreadsheet. The coding covers jammer location knowledge (known/partial/unknown), jammer reactivity, jammer mobility (static/dynamic/hybrid), jammer operational type (barrage/sweep/spot/unspecified), the derived adversary levels E1–E4 (priority rule: mobility, then reactivity, then knowledge uncertainty), path-planning algorithm family and sub-type, platform (single-UAV/swarm), mission code, and performance-metric coverage. A README documents all files and the column dictionary.","author":[{"family":"Abu Aram","given":"Layth"},{"family":"Eldesouky","given":"Omar"},{"family":"Oligeri","given":"Gabriele"},{"family":"Di Pietro","given":"Roberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21224679","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21224679","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.14306","type":"manuscript","title":"Sensor-Driven Mission Synthesis for UAV/UGV Swarms: A TB-CSPN Coordination Architecture with Hardware-Enforced Safety","abstract":"This paper presents a coordination architecture for heterogeneous UAV/UGV swarms that synthesises mission actions from uncertain, multi-modal sensor evidence while preserving hardware-enforced safety at the actuation boundary. The approach combines radar, RF, acoustic, and visual observations with Topic-Based Communication Space Petri Net (TB-CSPN) orchestration to support incremental mission formation under partial and evolving information. Consultant agents transform sensor outputs into temporally bounded semantic tokens, while supervisor agents provide authorisation and policy-governed release of mission transitions. This separation between interpretation, coordination, and execution yields auditable decision paths, constrains non-determinism within the coordination layer through guards and synchronisation, and enables bounded-time integration of heterogeneous evidence. To improve resilience in contested environments, including cyber compromise, spoofing, jamming, and communication loss, the digital coordination layer is complemented by independent analogue safety envelopes that clamp or veto unsafe actuator commands issued to individual vehicles. A coastal-surveillance case study illustrates how the proposed architecture enables dependable, governed, and physically safe swarm coordination under operational uncertainty.","author":[{"family":"Borghoff","given":"Uwe"},{"family":"Bottoni","given":"Paolo"},{"family":"Pareschi","given":"Remo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.14306","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.14306","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21922421","type":"article-journal","title":"Biomimetic route planning for micro-UAVs using honeybee- inspired optimization","abstract":"A biomimetic route optimization framework for micro-UAV systems is proposed in this work, which is inspired by the foraging process of honeybees (Apis mellifera) and employs AI. The research is field documented, expert interviews were held, and in combination with supporting microscopic evidence on the morphology of honeybees. The hive entry-exit processes, weather parameters, activity intensity and the environment were registered at three observation points in Goygol and Dashkasan regions of Azerbaijan at 10-minute intervals in the field. These data were analyzed as behavioral indices of adaptive resource search, route choice and group organization. Expert interviews about the behavior of honeybees revealed that honeybees select feeding sites based on distance, availability of nectar/pollen, odor, sight, and energy conservation; and that the information about promising feeding sites is transmitted within the colony through their movement. At the same time, the scientific community of artificial intelligence (AI) confirmed the validity of the use of swarm intelligence and bee colony modelling for routing, resource allocation and real-time adaptation problems in complex systems. From this the paper suggests a conceptual model to translate the searching logic of the honeybee to micro-UAV route optimization idea, such as decentralized search, adaptive path selection, exploration-exploitation balance and environmental responsiveness. Biomimetic evidence is provided by the presence of compound eyes and wing structures, in the form of the microscope images, to the concepts of multi-sensor perception and lightweight mobility. The results indicate that the bioinspired AI models can help to improve the energy efficiency, adaptiveness, and resilience of micro-UAVs, especially in the fields of environmental monitoring, search and rescue missions, and distributed observation systems.","author":[{"family":"Qadimli","given":"Nushaba"},{"family":"Mammadov","given":"Ulvi"},{"family":"Hasilov","given":"Elvin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21922421","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21922421","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21922420","type":"article-journal","title":"Biomimetic route planning for micro-UAVs using honeybee- inspired optimization","abstract":"A biomimetic route optimization framework for micro-UAV systems is proposed in this work, which is inspired by the foraging process of honeybees (Apis mellifera) and employs AI. The research is field documented, expert interviews were held, and in combination with supporting microscopic evidence on the morphology of honeybees. The hive entry-exit processes, weather parameters, activity intensity and the environment were registered at three observation points in Goygol and Dashkasan regions of Azerbaijan at 10-minute intervals in the field. These data were analyzed as behavioral indices of adaptive resource search, route choice and group organization. Expert interviews about the behavior of honeybees revealed that honeybees select feeding sites based on distance, availability of nectar/pollen, odor, sight, and energy conservation; and that the information about promising feeding sites is transmitted within the colony through their movement. At the same time, the scientific community of artificial intelligence (AI) confirmed the validity of the use of swarm intelligence and bee colony modelling for routing, resource allocation and real-time adaptation problems in complex systems. From this the paper suggests a conceptual model to translate the searching logic of the honeybee to micro-UAV route optimization idea, such as decentralized search, adaptive path selection, exploration-exploitation balance and environmental responsiveness. Biomimetic evidence is provided by the presence of compound eyes and wing structures, in the form of the microscope images, to the concepts of multi-sensor perception and lightweight mobility. The results indicate that the bioinspired AI models can help to improve the energy efficiency, adaptiveness, and resilience of micro-UAVs, especially in the fields of environmental monitoring, search and rescue missions, and distributed observation systems.","author":[{"family":"Qadimli","given":"Nushaba"},{"family":"Mammadov","given":"Ulvi"},{"family":"Hasilov","given":"Elvin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21922420","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21922420","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4411952085","type":"article-journal","title":"Real-Time eVTOL Powertrain Modeling for the NASA Vertical Flight Simulator","abstract":"This paper presents the development, verification, and validation results of an electrical Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) powertrain model. To better understand the potential impact of powertrain limitations on eVTOL aircraft handling qualities, a powertrain model was developed, integrated into revolutionary vertical lift technology (RVLT) reference vehicle designs, and tested in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS). The high computational complexity required to capture the relevant powertrain physics may conflict with the ability to execute the simulation models in real time. In this paper, the authors present models and modeling decisions related to motors, batteries, and interconnections. Physics-based models and empirical models are used in tandem to support the modeling effort. Simulated motor-data comparisons are made to data collected from the NASA Scaled Power ElEctrified Drivetrain (SPEED) and Advanced Reconfigurable Electrified Aircraft Lab (AREAL) testbeds. The empirical battery model is compared to experimental 18650 battery data.","author":[{"family":"Suh","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Hanlon","given":"P"},{"family":"Hunker","given":"Keith"},{"family":"Barnes","given":"Kyle"},{"family":"Fernandez","given":"Xavier"},{"family":"Sadey","given":"David"},{"family":"Valco","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Tallerico","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Malpica","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Trevino","given":"Julio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0169","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0169","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7140283234","type":"article-journal","title":"Performance Comparison of Two Modular Permanent Magnet Machines With E-Core Stators for eVTOL Hovering Propulsion System","abstract":"This paper proposes and investigates two novel phase-unit modular (PUM) permanent magnet machines with E-core stators (ECS) for electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft propulsion. First, the propulsion requirements of eVTOL aircraft are identified, and two representative ECS topologies are introduced, with detailed analyses of operating principles, slot-pole combinations, and winding configurations. Subsequently, the analytical models of the proposed two PUM machines are developed, e.g., armature magnetomotive force (MMF), inductance, back electromotive force (EMF), and torque characteristic. Based on these models, the two machines are designed and optimized, with emphasis on the effects of stator module number, magnet configuration, and geometric parameters. For overall performance benchmarking and validation, a series of conventional machine models are also established for comparison, which can demonstrate the pros and cons of two PUM machines. Eventually, two prototypes of PUM machines are fabricated and experimentally tested, and the results exhibit a good agreement with previous analytical predictions and finite element analysis (FEA). This paper aims to evaluate a series of modular machine topologies as a promising alternative for eVTOL propulsion systems.","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Yanlei"},{"family":"Chai","given":"Feng"},{"family":"Pei","given":"Yulong"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Christopher"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tte.2026.3677414","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tte.2026.3677414","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4408735111","type":"article-journal","title":"Advanced Air Mobility for commuting? An exploration of economic, energy, and environmental feasibility","abstract":"Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) presents an emerging alternative to traditional car driving for commuting in metropolitan areas. However, its feasibility has not been thoroughly studied nor well understood at the operational level. Given that AAM has not been in place, this study explores the economic, energy, and environmental feasibility of AAM for commuting at an early stage of AAM deployment. We propose a time-expanded network model to characterize the dynamics of eVTOL operations between a vertiport pair in different states: in-service flying, relocation flying, charging, and parking, while respecting various operational and commuter time window constraints. By jointly considering eVTOL flying with vertiport access and egress and using real-world data, we demonstrate an application of the model in the Chicago metropolitan area in the US. Different vertiport pairs and eVTOL aircraft models are investigated. We find substantial travel time saving if commuting by AAM. While vehicle operating cost will be higher using eVTOLs than using auto, the generalized travel cost will be less for commuters. On the other hand, with current eVTOL power requirement, the energy consumption and CO 2 emissions of AAM will be greater than those of auto driving, with an important contributor being the significance presence of empty flights relocation. These findings, along with sensitivity analysis, shed light on future eVTOL development to enhance the competitiveness of AAM as a viable option for commuting.","author":[{"family":"Pérez","given":"Daniela"},{"family":"Shon","given":"Heeseung"},{"family":"Zou","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Kuhn","given":"Kenneth"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.team.2025.03.001","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.team.2025.03.001","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412977681","type":"article-journal","title":"Mechanistic Interrogation of Li Stripping under Dynamic Operation in Solid-State Batteries","abstract":"Solid-state batteries (SSBs) offer tremendous promise for electric aviation due to their high energy density and inherent safety advantages. However, the stability of solid/solid interfaces under dynamic, high-power discharge conditions, such as those in electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, remains poorly understood. In this work, we reveal the mission-dependent nature of void growth at the lithium/solid-electrolyte interface across various eVTOL profiles and external pressures. We demonstrate how mission specifications like takeoff hover, altitude, and landing power drive contact loss, while low-power segments (e.g., cruise) promote contact recovery. A mechanistic paradigm linking contact loss and recovery to the interplay between reaction heterogeneity, chemomechanics, and lithium diffusion is established. We also quantify critical stack pressure regimes that govern void formation across the payload–range design space. These insights provide a foundational framework for designing mission-specific SSB architectures and pressure-control strategies tailored to the unique demands of electric aviation.","author":[{"family":"Kausthubharam"},{"family":"Ayyaswamy","given":"Abhinand"},{"family":"Vishnugopi","given":"Bairav"},{"family":"Tewari","given":"DP"},{"family":"Kannan","given":"Dhevathi"},{"family":"Premnath","given":"Vinay"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Wan"},{"family":"Jeevarajan","given":"Judith"},{"family":"Mukherjee","given":"Partha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acsenergylett.5c01911","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.5c01911","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4415374001","type":"article-journal","title":"A physics-inspired-data-driven model of eVTOL in-ground-effect thrust based on meta-learning and BEMT","abstract":"Abstract Electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft with ducted fans have high efficiency, high reliability, and low noise, and have great potential to become the majority of future urban air mobility. Nonetheless, the ground effect will cause fluctuations in ducted fan thrust during take-off and landing conditions. Conventional physical models fail to reflect its transient and non-linear nature. In this paper, a physics-inspired-data-driven (PIDD) model for predicting the in-ground-effect (IGE) thrust of ducted fans is presented. The total thrust is treated as the composition of average thrust and transient thrust. For the average part, hypotheses of ideal twist and exponential function are adopted based on the structure of blade element momentum theory (BEMT). For the transient part, a classification task based on cross entropy is added to the meta-learning algorithm. Altitude related and altitude unrelated items are constructed to obtain the PIDD model and enhance its generalization ability. The features of the model are rotary speed, voltage, and current, while the label is IGE thrust. Few-shot training indicates that the proposed model can predict transient thrust accurately. With mean error on training and testing sets is 1.1% and 0.7% respectively, the PIDD model outperforms the conventional physical model by 4.6% and 1.7% and the data-driven model by 1.5% and 2.7%. The PIDD model constructed succeeds in predicting transient IGE thrust and provides new ideas for relevant research.","author":[{"family":"He","given":"Yuhang"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Yiwei"},{"family":"Qian","given":"Yuping"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yangjun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s44270-025-00016-8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44270-025-00016-8","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7118944807","type":"article-journal","title":"Safety Assessment of Critical Aircraft Systems Under Multisource Uncertainty Based on Evidence Network","abstract":"As civil aircraft components become more autonomous in China, airworthiness certification is facing the problem of insufficient failure data, leading to challenges in terms of uncertainty. Traditional probabilistic models struggle to effectively integrate multisource uncertainties, limiting their application in data‐scarce scenarios. This study therefore proposes a framework based on evidential networks for quantifying uncertainty risk, including: (1) classifying the failure rates of bottom events into handbook data, flight operation data, and expert experience; (2) quantifying uncertainties through log‐normal distributions and evidence combination rules; (3) converting fault trees into evidential networks and propagating uncertainties through logical gates. In the analysis of the flap control system, the probability intervals for catastrophic failure condition uncommanded motion of flaps are [3.449 × 10 −11 and 4.811 × 10 −9 ]. After the improved pignistic decision probability transformation, the point estimate is 1.638 × 10 −9 . For the eVTOL aircraft power system, the failure probability intervals of the catastrophic failure condition battery thermal runaway causes uncontrolled fire are [1.604 × 10 −10 and 2.287 × 10 −9 ], with a point estimate of 9.227 × 10 −10 . The result shows that by accommodating heterogeneous data sources and transparently propagating uncertainties, this method demonstrates significant applicability in both traditional aircraft components and new eVTOL aircraft systems, highlighting its effectiveness. It provides an extensible framework for safety assessment and airworthiness certification.","author":[{"family":"Xiao","given":"Nve"},{"family":"Li","given":"Boyang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xiaocong"},{"family":"Bai","given":"Jie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1155/ijae/2052804","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijae/2052804","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7130349660","type":"article-journal","title":"On the aerodynamics of an electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft using lattice Boltzmann method","abstract":"This study investigates the static stability and flow field of a cruising Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft with a compound-wing configuration using Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). Numerical accuracy of Finite Volume Method (FVM) and LBM is validated and comparatively analyzed based on isolated-rotor simulations. The LBM-based simulations are 8–9 times faster than those based on FVM for weakly compressible flows, which exhibits a significant advantage in computational efficiency and cost. The maximum error of thrust is ∼ 11% for LBM-based simulations and that of torque is ∼ 7%, which is similar to that of FVM. Unsteady simulations based on LBM are conducted for the whole eVTOL aircraft, and flow field structures and static stability are further analyzed. The results reveal that four varieties of vortical structures dominate the flow field, including wingtip and root vortices, vortices generated by static lift rotors, and vortices originating from the counter-rotating tail-propeller pair, varying with angle of attack and angle of sideslip. Their developing mechanisms and mutual interactions are examined in detail. The aircraft is unstable in terms of longitudinal and directional static stabilities, while it is stable in lateral, enhanced by wingtip vortices. Moreover, tail-mounted propulsion places higher demands on thrust propellers. In addition, vortices generating at the leading edges of the upper lift rotors delay separation on the wing upper surface but imposes negative effects on both longitudinal and lateral stability. The high computational efficiency, accurate flow prediction, and realizable aerodynamic forces demonstrated by LBM provide engineering insight for future aerodynamic performance analysis and development of eVTOL aircraft.","author":[{"family":"Mo","given":"Reng"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Quan"},{"family":"Jia","given":"Qing"},{"family":"Xia","given":"CC"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Huanxia"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Zhigang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1063/5.0314603","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0314603","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407168272","type":"article-journal","title":"Review of Cryogenic Power Electronics for All-Electric Aircraft","abstract":"To tackle emissions from the aviation industry and make it sustainable, research has been targeting electrifying aircraft. For this aim, articles have been focusing on how to replace regular jet engines with liquid hydrogen as fuel. This would be beneficial as hydrogen is expected to play a dual role, providing fuel for fuel cells to propel the aircraft electrically and to supply cooling to enable high-power density technologies such as superconducting machines and cryogenic power electronics circuits. However, using higher power density, especially cryogenic power electronics, can be challenging. This article investigates cryogenic power electronics for use on all-electric aircraft across different aspects, where it lays out how to integrate power electronics at cryogenic temperature into the architecture of the all-electric aircraft, how to use them with hydrogen fuel cells, and the voltage levels of the system. It reviews different semiconductor device technologies, circuit topologies, and passive devices to be used in power electronics circuitry, as well as logic circuits that are suitable for use at cryogenic temperatures. In addition, the article discusses the challenges of using semiconductor devices at such low temperatures, including the reliability, overall cooling, and recycling of hydrogen.","author":[{"family":"Elwakeel","given":"Abdelrahman"},{"family":"Liao","given":"Yuchuan"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"Yudi"},{"family":"Peñaalzola","given":"Rafael"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Min"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Weijia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109/access.2025.3539572","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3539572","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4415883064","type":"article-journal","title":"Winding Configuration of REBCO Fully Superconducting Linear Synchronous Motor of Launch System for eVTOL","abstract":"A new launch system, designed to enhance the flight range and payload of an electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, used a REBa2Cu3Oy(Rare-Earth Barium Copper Oxide, REBCO) fully superconducting linear synchronous motor for lightweight and compact design. Magnetic fields generated by the air-core windings in the motor may include significant harmonic components leading thrust ripple and AC loss. Pulse-width modulation (PWM)-based winding-configuration optimization was investigated to reduce these harmonics. Motor performance was calculated using finite element method-based electromagnetic analysis. The PWM-based winding optimization was found to reduce the magnetic-field harmonics generated by the windings. Stator- and mover-winding optimization was effective in thrust-ripple reduction. Though the AC loss in the stator windings could not be reduced, that in the mover windings was effectively reduced by stator-winding optimization.","author":[{"family":"Sasa","given":"Hiromasa"},{"family":"Yoshida","given":"Takashi"},{"family":"Iwakuma","given":"M"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tasc.2025.3628593","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2025.3628593","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7162006538","type":"article-journal","title":"Design, Development, and Subscale Flight Testing of an Emergency Response eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"This paper presents the design, development, and subscale flight testing of an optionally-autonomous lift-plus-cruise (LPC) eVTOL aircraft for emergency response missions that bridges the gap between existing aerial capabilities and the needs of first responders. A 4+1 LPC configuration consisting of four vertical lift propellers and a single pusher propeller was selected to balance hover performance and cruise efficiency. The vehicle is sized around a 600 lbs gross takeoff weight with a 125 lbs payload capacity. VTOL and Pusher propeller blades were optimized using parametric studies, resulting in a high Figure of Merit and propulsive efficiency. Trim analysis demonstrates efficient hover to cruise transition, lift-to-drag ratios of 10-11 between 70-90 knots, and propulsive efficiency exceeding 0.9 at the cruise speed of 100 knots. The subscale configuration utilized a simulation framework for trim and optimization of flight control laws, which were subsequently implemented on a 1/3-scale subscale demonstrator. Subscale flight tests showed stable hover and robust trajectory tracking under wind disturbances throughout the flight envelope, which demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed LPC architecture.","author":[{"family":"Sarker","given":"RI"},{"family":"Pudasaini","given":"Anup"},{"family":"Bhandari","given":"Pratribha"},{"family":"Atkinson","given":"Zach"},{"family":"Comer","given":"Anthony"},{"family":"Fardin","given":"Nabia"},{"family":"Dabaghian","given":"Pedram"},{"family":"Halder","given":"Atanu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/tm-2026-vlada-5186","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/tm-2026-vlada-5186","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4416066181","type":"article-journal","title":"Demand Assessment and Integration Feasibility Analysis for Advanced and Urban Air Mobility in Illinois","abstract":"Advanced and Urban Air Mobility (AAM and UAM) represent emerging transportation concepts that involve the use of novel aircraft technologies to transport passengers and cargo within urban, regional, and intra-regional environments. These systems may include Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft, Short Take-off and Landing (STOL) aircraft, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which are being considered for a range of applications including passenger transport, cargo delivery, and other specialized operations. This study introduced a state-specific analytical framework that integrates different methodologies and data to enable a more precise evaluation of AAM viability in the State of Illinois, compared to generic national or global assessments, capturing the state’s unique mobility patterns, infrastructure constraints, and demographic distributions. One of the main goals is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the potential implications—both challenges and opportunities—associated with AAM and UAM operations. The analysis examines potential impacts on mobility, infrastructure, economic development, and public services, with particular emphasis on identifying key considerations for policy development. The research framework categorizes use cases into two broad types: AAM for the transportation of people and cargo, and AAM for functional applications such as emergency response, agriculture, and infrastructure monitoring. The study provides a detailed quantitative assessment of passenger air taxi services, including demand estimation, business model feasibility analysis, integration effects on existing transportation systems, and infrastructure requirements. For other AAM applications, the analysis identifies operational considerations, regulatory implications, and potential barriers to implementation, establishing a foundation for future detailed evaluation.","author":[{"family":"Volakakis","given":"Vasileios"},{"family":"Cummings","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Audenaerd","given":"Laurence"},{"family":"Viste","given":"William"},{"family":"Mahmassani","given":"Hani"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app152211901","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211901","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413392570","type":"article-journal","title":"Hybrid Power Units (HPUs) for eVTOL Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Vehicles: A Conceptual Analysis and Future Research Directions","abstract":"This article explores hybrid power systems (HPSs) as a promising solution to enhance payload (PL) capacity and flight endurance (FE), promoting the adoption of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) technology for Urban Air Mobility (UAM). First, a review of relevant aviation technologies, including fully electric and hybrid eVTOL vehicles, is conducted. Second, an algorithm is introduced, systematically utilizing key performance metrics such as maximum takeoff weight (MTOW), power-to-MTOW, fuel weight (FW), FE, and total energy generation (TE). A new metric, usable weight (UW), is proposed to quantify the increase in FE or PL capacity. Third, five distinct hybrid power unit (HPU) case studies are analyzed based on the proposed algorithm, incorporating a supercar piston engine (PE), a turboshaft engine (TSE), a Wankel engine, a fixed-wing adapted engine, and a new proposed engine. Each HPU is virtually run with a predefined flight profile. This analysis estimates FE, TE, and total FW, highlighting that the proposed PE represents a trade-off between power, weight, and fuel efficiency. Fourth, a comparative framework evaluates the TE output of five HPUs and a fuel cell (FC)–battery hybrid system from the literature, each with a maximum power output of 450 kW, for a 2000 kg MTOW eVTOL and a powertrain weight limit of 560 kg (including fuel). Fifth, seven commercial aircraft PEs were assessed for their suitability as prime movers in eVTOL UAM applications. The analysis identified only one candidate engine, with a power-to-weight ratio (PWR) of 1.4 kW/kg, capable of delivering FE of ≥1 hour. Finally, virtual aviation engines with power outputs up to 450 kW (dual 225 kW configuration) and PWR spanning 1–3 kW/kg were investigated. Results demonstrate that engines with PWR ≤1.1 kW/kg fail to satisfy the minimum power density requirements for sustained eVTOL FE (≥1 hour). By establishing a systematic framework for HPU prime mover selection, this study advances the design of next-generation eVTOLs for UAM with medium-to-long endurance capabilities, while simultaneously providing actionable insights to connect academic research with industrial development.","author":[{"family":"Saif","given":"Eiad"},{"family":"Çelik","given":"Mehmet"},{"family":"Keskin","given":"Burcu"},{"family":"Eminoğlu","given":"İlyas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tte.2025.3601382","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tte.2025.3601382","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413177746","type":"article-journal","title":"A review and bibliometric analysis of intelligent techniques for advanced battery state estimation in aviation propulsion systems","abstract":"This review assesses advanced battery state estimation techniques for electric aviation, focusing on machine learning (ML), filtering methods, and fuzzy-based energy management strategies. Aviation batteries face unique challenges, including extreme fluctuations in power demand and significant variations in temperature and pressure across flight phases. These conditions disturb battery behavior and complicate state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), and remaining useful life (RUL) estimations. Filtering methods such as Kalman and particle filters demonstrate resistance to noise and dynamic loads. However, their application remains mostly limited to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), with minimal studies addressing hybrid-electric aircraft (HEA) and none focused on electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. ML techniques, including deep and hybrid models, offer adaptability under harsh conditions. Nevertheless, most studies rely on non-benchmarked or static-temperature datasets, limiting real-world relevance, especially in eVTOL aircraft applications. Transformer models outperform traditional deep learning approaches in low temperatures, showing promise for HEAs. Fuzzy-based techniques, while less suited for regression tasks, are widely adopted for energy management due to their ability to incorporate expert-defined logic via membership functions and rule-based control. However, most hybrid fuzzy systems lack interpretability evaluation, which poses a barrier to certification and deployment. This review highlights critical gaps, including the insufficient aviation-specific datasets, the underutilization of lithium polymer batteries in intelligent models, and the need for adaptive, context-aware estimation architectures tailored to dynamic aviation missions.","author":[{"family":"Osman","given":"Abdeen"},{"family":"Mistarihi","given":"Mahmoud"},{"family":"Ramadan","given":"Mohamad"},{"family":"Ghazal","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Alkhedher","given":"Mohammad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106741","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106741","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412485512","type":"article-journal","title":"Simulating System and Powerplant Dynamics of an e-VTOL Aircraft for a Full Flight Mission Including Transition","abstract":"As Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing aircraft approach their introduction to service in advanced air mobility operations, their operational versatility makes them a key testbed for the further electrification of aviation. Publicly available tools are needed to understand, predict, and optimize the impact these aircraft will have on energy, emissions, and mobility infrastructure. To meet this need, we have developed a 6-Degree-of-Freedom (6-DOF) eVTOL aircraft model in the Aeronomie simulation tool to capture aircraft and powerplant dynamics. This paper, the final in a series detailing our eVTOL modeling efforts addresses the flight dynamics of the critical transition phase between vertical and forward flight. We present the development of the dynamic model and control system required to simulate this complex maneuver.","author":[{"family":"Prabhakar","given":"Nirmit"},{"family":"Salucci","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Karbowski","given":"Dominik"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2025-3558","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-3558","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4409656543","type":"article-journal","title":"On-demand ridesharing based on dynamic scheduling in urban air mobility","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) utilizes electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft to provide fast, reliable air transport services in cities and surrounding areas. As a flexible mode of transportation service, UAM ridesharing can provide convenient and adaptive multi-modal on-demand travel. In this scenario, multi-modal mobility-on-demand service providers can offer traditional door-to-door ridesharing with an integrated solution, through connecting users to eVTOL vertiports. We establish the integrated dynamic scheduling model for UAM ridesharing, and develop a cloud-edge collaborative multi-modal mobility-on-demand service architecture. This architecture integrates ordinary, multi-hop ridesharing and air-ground integrated mobility, offering flexible travel combinations tailored to user needs. We propose a multi-modal transportation dynamic scheduling algorithm based on this architecture to solve the problem. The solution process is divided into four stages: travel service plan planning, available resource search, dynamic cooperative multiple task assignment, and vehicle rebalancing. In the first two stages, an improved pulse algorithm is used to search for feasible service plans and filter available transport resources. In the dynamic cooperative multiple task assignment stages, we use a hybrid adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm to select travel plans, allocate transport resources, and plan vehicle routes. The graph structure of the task network is used in the algorithm to decouple the original problem, thereby effectively controlling the problem size. Finally, in the vehicle rebalancing stage, idle vehicles are repositioned based on demand distribution to improve supply–demand matching efficiency. Experiments based on New York City travel data indicate that compared to traditional ridesharing, our system can significantly improve the service rate and reduce user travel time. In the best-case scenario, the service rate increased by approximately 25%, while the average detour time decreased by around 52%. This demonstrates the possibility of enhancing convenience and attractiveness of UAM, which can also provide support and reference for the design and operation of future multi-modal transportation systems.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Xi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Tengfei"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"Yiyong"},{"family":"Li","given":"Daqing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.trc.2025.105111","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2025.105111","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4415970923","type":"article-journal","title":"Joint Resource Estimation and Trajectory Optimization for eVTOL-Involved CR Network: A Monte Carlo Tree Search-Based Approach","abstract":"Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft, pivotal to Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), are emerging as a transformative transportation paradigm with the potential to redefine urban and regional mobility. While these systems offer unprecedented efficiency in transporting people and goods, they rely heavily on computation capability, safety-critical operations such as real-time navigation, environmental sensing, and trajectory tracking—necessitating robust offboard computational support. A widely adopted solution involves offloading these tasks to terrestrial base stations (BSs) along the flight path. However, air-to-ground connectivity is often constrained by spectrum conflicts with terrestrial users, which poses a significant challenge to maintaining reliable task execution. Cognitive radio (CR) techniques offer promising capabilities for dynamic spectrum access, making them a natural fit for addressing this issue. Existing studies often overlook the time-varying nature of BS resources, such as spectrum availability and Central Processing Unit (CPU) cycles, which leads to inaccurate trajectory planning, suboptimal offloading success rates, excessive energy consumption, and operational delays. To address these challenges, we propose a trajectory optimization framework for eVTOL swarms that maximizes task offloading success probability while minimizing both energy consumption and resource competition (e.g., spectrum and CPU cycles) with primary terrestrial users. The proposed algorithm integrates a Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB) model to dynamically estimate BS resource availability and a Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) algorithm to determine optimal offloading decisions, selecting both the BSs and access time windows that align with energy and temporal constraints. Furthermore, the framework incorporates adaptive trajectory re-planning to account for BS access failures during execution. Simulation results reveal that the proposed approach outperforms benchmark methods, achieving up to a 60% improvement in energy efficiency and a 17% increase in task completion probability, demonstrating its suitability for large-scale AAM deployments.","author":[{"family":"Xiong","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Chenxin"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Yujie"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Wanzhi"},{"family":"Yuen","given":"Chau"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tccn.2025.3630004","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3630004","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413329722","type":"article-journal","title":"Tailored composites and digital optimization for efficient eVTOL propellers","abstract":"Abstract Electrified urban air mobility (UAM) aircraft, including small drones and electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles, require highly efficient, lightweight propellers. These propellers must meet stringent mechanical performance requirements while being manufacturable at high volumes and low cost. This study explores a holistic optimization approach for eVTOL propellers using stitch-free, adhesive bonded T-NCFs and a semi-automated design tool “Proptimize”. The developed propeller design tool integrates mechanical performance, manufacturing quality, and economic considerations, enabling systematic optimization. Compared to a benchmark, the optimized propeller demonstrator achieved a weighted performance increase of approximately 45%. The key improvements include an over 80% increase in bending and torsional stiffness, a 30% reduction in manual labor and production time, slight gains in propeller thrust at minimal increase in overall weight. Additionally, lightweight performance—measured as longitudinal and torsional stiffness per kilogram—was enhanced by up to 94%.","author":[{"family":"Hubert","given":"RA"},{"family":"Weber","given":"Tobias"},{"family":"Linnemann","given":"Lars"},{"family":"Falzon","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Orifici","given":"Adrian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s13272-025-00880-9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-025-00880-9","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5762/kais.2023.24.12.452","type":"article-journal","title":"A Study on the Application of the eVTOL Aircraft Airworthiness Certification System","abstract":"최근들어 4차 산업혁명 시대에 접어들면서 과학기술의 비약적 발전과 함께 도심항공교통(Urban Air Mobility, UAM)에 대한 관심이 집중되고 있다. UAM은 민수용뿐만 아니라 군사용으로도 그 용도를 인정받아 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이러한 UAM은 일반적으로 전기를 동력원으로 하는 수직이착륙기인 eVTOL(Multi-rotor electric Vertical Take Off and Landing)을 중심으로 발전해 나가고 있다. 그리고 각 국가와 기업들은 eVTOL 산업과 기술 및 표준을 선도하기 위하여 많은 연구를 진행하고 있다. 항공기인 eVTOL이 도시 내에서 이동수단으로써 원활한 운영을 보장받기 위해서는 항공기의 안전이 충분히 보장되어야 한다. 항공기의 안전은 감항인증(증명)이라는 법적 테두리 속에서 보장받을 수 있으나, 현재 eVTOL과 같은 신개념 항공기에 대한 감항인증은 명확한 기준이 없는 것이 사실이다. 하지만, 2019년 유럽항공안전청(European Aviation Safety Agency, EASA)에서 미연방항공청(Federal Aviation Administration, FAA)보다 앞서 VTOL에 대한 인증기준인 SC-VTOL(Special Condition for VTOL)을 발표하였다. 본 연구에서는 EASA의 SC-VTOL을 분석하여 그 특징을 정의하고, 이를 근거로 우리나라에서 적용 가능한 수준의 eVTOL 감항인증의 방향성을 제시하였다. 본 연구가 향후 eVTOL의 연구개발에 있어 eVTOL 감항인증의 시발점이 될 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.","author":[{"family":"Lim","given":"Kang"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Seong"},{"family":"Shin","given":"Seung"},{"family":"Kang","given":"Kyung"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Seong‐hun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5762/kais.2023.24.12.452","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5762/kais.2023.24.12.452","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1109/gpecom61896.2024.10582627","type":"article-journal","title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Advanced Display and Control Systems for eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"This study presents a comprehensive approach for assessing Advanced Display and Control Systems (ADCS) in Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Integrating Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) modeling with a review of patented technologies using the European Patent Office (EPO) database, Espacenet, the research systematically evaluates ADCS effectiveness, safety, and usability. The AHP model facilitates multi-criteria decision-making from the operator’s point of view, while patent analysis identifies innovative solutions for ADCS design optimization. Findings demonstrate the significance of trajectory planning algorithms, collision avoidance systems, and intuitive user interfaces in enhancing eVTOL operational efficiency and safety. The synergistic integration of AHP analysis and patent review offers engineers and regulatory bodies a robust framework to optimize ADCS design, ensuring safe and efficient eVTOL operations.","author":[{"family":"Alharasees","given":"Omar"},{"family":"Zolfaghari","given":"Farzad"},{"family":"Kale","given":"Utku"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/gpecom61896.2024.10582627","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/gpecom61896.2024.10582627","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100393","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban aerial mobility: Network structure, transportation benefits, and Sino-US comparison.","abstract":"Large cities worldwide suffer from traffic congestion, leading to huge economic, social, and environmental costs.1Zhang L. Zeng G. Li D. et al.Scale-free resilience of real traffic jams.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2019; 116: 8673-8678Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar Various measures have been taken, spanning congestion pricing, public transportation promotion, high-occupancy driving lanes, and road space rationing to recent on-demand ride-sharing models, etc.2Hanna R. Kreindler G. Olken B.A. Citywide effects of high-occupancy vehicle restrictions: evidence from “three-in-one” in Jakarta.Science. 2017; 357: 89-93Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar,3Vazifeh M.M. Santi P. Resta G. et al.Addressing the minimum fleet problem in on-demand urban mobility.Nature. 2018; 557: 534-538Crossref PubMed Scopus (211) Google Scholar,4Eliasson J. Efficient transport pricing–why, what, and when?.Commun. Trans. Res. 2021; 1: 100006Crossref Scopus (24) Google Scholar However, none of them can solve this inherent problem due to the asymmetry between transport infrastructure and dynamic travel demand. Opportunities to expand road capacity are rare, but an emerging on-demand transportation mode, urban aerial mobility (UAM), is unlocking tremendous traffic capacity in the urban low-altitude space, leading to a perfect solution to traffic congestion.5McKinsey & CompanyThe future of air mobility: electric aircraft and flying taxis.https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/the-next-normal/air-taxisDate: 2022Google Scholar The rise of UAM is thanks to the recent developments of electric vertical-takeoff-and-landing (eVTOL) vehicles. These vehicles leverage the infrastructure of vertiports for takeoff and landing and are coupled with ground vehicles to provide commuting services, where ground vehicles offer first-mile and last-mile travels to and from vertiports, and eVTOLs are used to commute between vertiports.6Kai W. Jacquillat A. Vaze V. Vertiport planning for urban aerial mobility: an adaptive discretization approach.Manuf. Serv. Oper. Manag. 2022; 24: 3215-3235Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar The whole UAM industry is expecting a bright future, but there is a lack of systematic understanding of it. Specifically, what would be the network structure of UAM in cities? What are the transportation benefits of UAM? How does UAM affect traffic congestion? These questions will be fundamental for stakeholders to invest in UAM, for city authorities to promote UAM as a new commuting option, for regulation makers and UAM operators to plan for the deployment, etc. To fully understand UAM, the first step is to deploy the vertiport network since it constitutes the foundation of UAM, and the next is to investigate UAM operations and the potential demands for interpreting the transportation benefits of UAM. Specifically, inside a metropolitan area, how do we select the locations of vertiports to support UAM operations? Built upon a UAM network, what would be the interactions between the supply side of UAM operations and the demand side of passengers’ adoption? Once we have the UAM network and the interactions between supply and demand, we can proceed to interpret the UAM system. Here, we leverage the integrated UAM planning model proposed by Wang et al.6Kai W. Jacquillat A. Vaze V. Vertiport planning for urban aerial mobility: an adaptive discretization approach.Manuf. Serv. Oper. Manag. 2022; 24: 3215-3235Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar We investigate the UAM systems of major metropolitan areas or cities in the US and China to have a systematic understanding of UAM and to make comparisons. At a city or a metropolitan area level, the physical existence of a UAM system lies in the network of vertiports that constitutes the foundation of UAM operations. Figure 1A shows the networks of four representative metropolitan areas or cities in the US and China, respectively. In general, a UAM network is a hub-and-spoke network structure where flying by e","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Li","given":"Aoyong"},{"family":"Qu","given":"Xiaobo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100393","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100393","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2024-3939","type":"article-journal","title":"Optimized eVTOL Aircraft Scheduling - An Answer Set Programming Based Approach","abstract":"The emergence of electric vertical-take-off-and-landing (eVTOL) aircraft as a potential and robust transportation means brings a lot of excitement and several challenges. Among the challenges is the eVTOLs scheduling problem that is concerned with identifying the routes for available eVTOLs to service a set of requests such that the schedule satisfies certain optimization criteria. eVTOLs scheduling problems could be solved using heuristic search methods developed for computing solutions of drone scheduling for the delivery of goods. This paper presents an implementation of an answer set programming-based approach to solving eVOTLs scheduling problems. The new system differs from earlier systems for drone scheduling problems in its use of a declarative programming paradigm, called answer set programming, to represent the problem and compute solutions. The paper includes an experimental validation of the system and discusses future directions that may be needed for its deployment.","author":[{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Anh"},{"family":"Pham","given":"Loc"},{"family":"Lindsay","given":"Nathan"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Liang"},{"family":"Tran","given":"Son"},{"family":"Son","given":"Tran"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2024-3939","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-3939","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2024-4614","type":"article-journal","title":"Construction of Aerodynamic Database and Investigation of Power-On Effect for Lift-Cruise Type eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"The stability and operational procedures of UAM aircraft are validated using a flight simulator that simulates various flight scenarios in a virtual environment. The development of flight simulators requires an aerodynamic database (aero DB) which is implemented into the flight dynamic model of specific flight vehicles. This study presents the design and construction strategy of an aerodynamic database for a lift-cruise type eVTOL aircraft to be integrated into UAM flight simulators. This strategy applies the concept of the component build-up method with the DB classified into forward and hover flight modes. A two-stage sequential database construction is proposed, and the Aero DB, in the preliminary stage, is constructed. Additionally, the power-on effect, which is one of the components of the aerodynamic database in the second stage, is investigated by RANS-based CFD simulation using the sliding mesh method. Additionally, the power-on effect, which is one of the components of the aerodynamic database in the second stage, is investigated by RANS-based CFD simulation using the sliding mesh method.","author":[{"family":"Lee","given":"Wooseung"},{"family":"Tai","given":"Myungsik"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Dahye"},{"family":"Park","given":"Donghun"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Seongwook"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Wooseung"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2024-4614","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-4614","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0080-2024-1279","type":"article-journal","title":"Full Flight Regime Controller Design for a Lift+Cruise eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Full flight regime trim strategies are examined for a Lift+Cruise eVTOL aircraft. Control laws are designed for hover, transition, and cruise conditions to satisfy standard flying-qualities requirements based on the characteristic behavior of the vehicle (rotorcraft versus fixed wing) while ensuring realistic motor limits (peak and continuous) are satisfied. CONDUIT® is used to optimize control laws to minimize actuator activity while meeting flying-qualities constraints. Variable-RPM control is shown to be sufficient to satisfy Level 1 flying-qualities requirements in hover and low-speed flight where control surfaces have inadequate control authority. Time domain simulations are presented to verify controller performance and ensure actuator limits are not violated while following step commands. The aircraft is able to follow commands well in all axes and flight regimes. Transition through the full flight regime (hover to cruise) is simulated using a stitched model.","author":[{"family":"Keller","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Gandhi","given":"Farhan"},{"family":"Niemiec","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Walter","given":"Ariel"},{"family":"Keller","given":"A"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0080-2024-1279","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0080-2024-1279","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1109/cac59555.2023.10451698","type":"article-journal","title":"Motion Control for a Manned eVTOL Aircraft with Cross Tilting Propellers","abstract":"This paper considers the motion control of a manned electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft with cross tilting propellers. This article mainly focuses on the challenging technical aspects of eVTOLs, including aerodynamic effects and cross-tilted rotor blade design, battery discharge effects, and control law design. First, we develop a system simulation platform for a large-scale manned eVTOL, incorporating aerodynamic effects and a discharge model for the power battery. Second, we design a cross-tilted configuration for rotor blades to enhance yaw channel control sensitivity and reduce power consumption in that channel significantly. Third, PID control law and Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) are integrated as the flight control algorithm for the large-scale manned eVTOL, achieving excellent experimental results in hover flight, waypoint tracking, path following, and other motion control tasks. This algorithm enables stable flight even in the presence of external disturbances. Simulations and experimental results complete the work.","author":[{"family":"Niu","given":"Hongjiao"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Anhuan"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Xufei"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Shiqiang"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Yiren"},{"family":"Han","given":"Xiaojia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/cac59555.2023.10451698","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cac59555.2023.10451698","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1109/icuas57906.2023.10156619","type":"article-journal","title":"Transition Control Planning and Optimization for a Boxed-wing eVTOL Tiltrotor Vehicle using Trim Analysis","abstract":"Electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOL) is a rapidly growing research field with immense potential for its applications in urban air mobility (UAM). One particular type of eVTOL, the Tiltrotor, stands out for its ability to switch between helicopter and fixed-wing modes during the transition flight period. During this phase, the direction of the propulsion system thrust is adjusted, causing a change in the aircraft’s shape. Proper tilt angle control is crucial for ensuring stable transition flight, as it is influenced by both the propulsion system and aerodynamics. In this study, we employ trim analysis to identify the tilt corridor and formulate a tilt angle control strategy. The flight performance of the Tiltrotor is then evaluated through simulations that utilize optimization algorithms such as Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) to find the optimal values of parameters related to the transition flight.Our approach provides valuable insights into the impact of tilt angle control on the stability and efficiency of Tiltrotor eVTOLs during transition flight.","author":[{"family":"Hyun","given":"Jeongseok"},{"family":"Jang","given":"Minseok"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Tuan"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Jae"},{"family":"Nguyễn","given":"Tuấn"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Jae"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/icuas57906.2023.10156619","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icuas57906.2023.10156619","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0079-2023-1151","type":"article-journal","title":"Dynamic Shock Load Analysis of an eVTOL Aircraft Transmission System","abstract":"Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft are considered as a solution to support urban transportation, including cargo delivery (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, UAVs) and passenger travel (Urban Air Mobility, UAM). Over the last few years many different concepts have been derived and tested to varying levels of maturity. The race for the most efficient, safe and reliable system solution ongoing, with many new challenges in the propulsion system and energy storage technology and design space, including specifically the power electronics, electrical machine (e-machine) and transmission design and verification.This paper presents an integrated '3in1' eVTOL e-Propulsion concept that has been developed utilizing a novel, integrated, model-based system engineering (MBSE) workflow that is enabled via newly developed model-translation capabilities and software interfaces. It starts with the design of the drivetrain based on a steady-state approach with low computational effort, which is then rapidly translated into a multibody model and directly coupled to a high-fidelity behavioral model of the e-machine, the inverter and control system, to represent reaction loads with even higher fidelity. The resulting holistic model can be used for assessing performance, efficiency and robustness, including various foreseeable dynamic loads such as turbulence. It was found that this workflow was valuable in supporting the risk-reduction exercise during the development of a complex aerospace propulsion system, promoting reliability and safety engineering methodology from the outset.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Dexin"},{"family":"Johnston","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Valente","given":"Giorgio"},{"family":"Riache","given":"Younes"},{"family":"Peeples","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Mahmoud","given":"Hanafy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0079-2023-1151","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0079-2023-1151","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0079-2023-17938","type":"article-journal","title":"Investigation of Departure Transition Noise for Lift-plus-Cruise eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"This paper investigates the acoustics and performance during departure transition maneuvers for an eVTOL aircraft design of lift-plus-cruise configuration. A variable pitch lift rotor thrust control scheme with an airspeed-dependent schedule of rotor RPMs was used to fly the transition maneuvers. Parametric sweeps at different flight speeds were used to develop a schedule that would meet the goals of low noise and low power consumption. The aircraft forces and moments were studied throughout the departure transition maneuver and significant, unsymmetrical rotor-wing interaction occurred in the range of 40 - 70 knots. A change in the control mixer was found to reduce the impact of rotor-wing interactions on motor power consumption, improving the power margin and safety of the aircraft. Three departure transition maneuvers were studied to compare the power and energy required and the acoustic impact. First, a level acceleration maneuver prioritized airspeed gain; second, an axial climb maneuver prioritized altitude gain; and third a continuous climb maneuver was a combination of both strategies, as it accelerated and climbed at the same rate as the other two maneuvers. In general, it was observed that transitioning to wing-borne flight as quickly as possible reduced both acoustic impact and energy consumption during the departure maneuvers.","author":[{"family":"Mukherjee","given":"Bhasker"},{"family":"Jue","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Theron","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Brentner","given":"Kenneth"},{"family":"Greenwood","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Horn","given":"Joseph"},{"family":"Théron","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Brentner","given":"Kenneth"},{"family":"Horn","given":"Joseph"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0079-2023-17938","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0079-2023-17938","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0079-2023-18052","type":"article-journal","title":"Rotor Cross-Tilt Optimization of Manned Multi-rotor eVTOL Aircraft for Yaw Control Efficiency","abstract":"This paper proposed a rotor cross-tilt optimization method of manned multi-rotor eVTOL aircraft for yaw control efficiency improvement. Firstly, the flight dynamics model of a 500kg low-altitude manned multi-rotor eVTOL aircraft is established, and the accuracy of the model is verified by single arm test platform and flight test data. Then, a rotor cross-tilt optimization method which simultaneously completes the trim and optimization calculation, is designed to maximize the overall control efficiency under different loads, forward flight speeds and rotor mounting angle errors. The manipulation derivative is applied to analyze the influence of the optimal rotor tilt angle on the control efficiency of each control channel. Finally, the feasibility of the optimization method is verified by comparing the ground(3DOF test platform) and flight test data of the prototype before and after optimization. Results show that the control efficiency of yaw channel is improved while the control efficiency of other control channels are basically maintained, so as to achieve the overall optimal control performance. In addition, the endurance time of the prototype is also improved, and the greater the load, the more obvious the improvement.","author":[{"family":"Yan","given":"Xufei"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Jiandong"},{"family":"Lou","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Yiren"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Anhuan"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Shiqiang"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Libo"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xiaobo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0079-2023-18052","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0079-2023-18052","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2024-4521","type":"article-journal","title":"Numerical Study on Aerodynamic Characteristics of Loop Propeller Toward Quiet eVTOL","abstract":"Electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft are used for a variety of purposes. To reduce the aerodynamic noise generated by the propeller, a loop-type propeller, named as “Looprop”, has been developed in JAXA. In this study, numerical analyses on the flow around the Looprop have been performed, including the inviscid and viscid simulations, to investigate the flow field and aerodynamic characteristics of the Looprop. From the inviscid simulation, the generation of tip vortex from the Loop blade is clearly visualized. The merging of each vortex from the forward and backward blades forms one blade-tip vortex of the Looprop. The differences in aerodynamic performance between the forward and backward blades can be reduced by applying a twist with different pitch angles for the forward and backward blades. Viscous simulations show that flow separation occurs near the blade-tip on both blades, resulting in the low aerodynamic performance.","author":[{"family":"Nakaniida","given":"Yoshiki"},{"family":"Sato","given":"Makoto"},{"family":"Shima","given":"Eiji"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2024-4521","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-4521","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2024-3333","type":"article-journal","title":"High-Fidelity Simulations of Vertiport Ground Effects on eVTOL Rotor Noise","abstract":"Rotor noise is a significant challenge for e-VTOL (Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing), as it impacts the community around it. This study investigates the complex aerodynamic interactions and aeroacoustics of rotor systems in e-VTOL aircraft. The research encompasses three simulations, including an isolated rotor, full ground, and half ground to simulate proximity to a building top. An OpenFOAM solver is utilized to conduct a hybrid Large Eddy Simulation (LES)-Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations, and the noise will be calculated using the FW-H equation. The goal is to assess the impact of full and partial ground-effects and vortical interactions on aerodynamic efficiency and performance of small rotors. Preliminary results have demonstrated promising alignment with experimental thrust values, suggesting the effectiveness of the chosen approaches.","author":[{"family":"Goncalves","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Golubev","given":"Vladimir"},{"family":"Lyrintzis","given":"Anastasios"},{"family":"Mankbadi","given":"Reda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2024-3333","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-3333","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1109/syscon61195.2024.10553491","type":"article-journal","title":"Application of MBSE Approach in eVTOL Development for Air Ambulance Service","abstract":"Today, the demand of quick, eco-friendly, and efficient travel facilitates the global UAV market [1] has given rise to the emergence of air ambulance service as a critical segment from UAM sector. This paper describes the application of systems engineering application in the development of eVTOL aircraft for Emergency Medical Service mission. By employing MBSE methodologies and leveraging complementary tools like UML, Drawio and Capella, this paper demonstrates a systematic and effective translation of engineering concepts into comprehensive system functional design and physical architecture solutions. The results of the potential users uncover design precisions and key stakeholders communication, while also noting encountered challenges such as integration complexities, notably in the domains of spatial considerations and payload requirements. The purpose of the paper exists not only to show how design engineering methodologies to support system design and architecture analysis but also contributes the critical data in UAV air emergency medical service and lessons learned, setting the stage for future research directions.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Gangopadhyay","given":"Spandan"},{"family":"Rathore","given":"Aakash"},{"family":"Azar","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Qiao","given":"Tian"},{"family":"Gangopadhyay","given":"SK"},{"family":"Azar","given":"MB"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Qiao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/syscon61195.2024.10553491","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/syscon61195.2024.10553491","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1109/td47997.2024.10555999","type":"article-journal","title":"Study of eVTOL Charging Impact on Airport Electrical Grids","abstract":"Growth in commercial air traffic has increased the aviation industry’s contribution to global emissions. Aircraft electrification can reduce greenhouse gas emissions along with being efficient and reliable. Advanced air mobility introduces the idea of an advanced and more efficient air transportation system. Electric and hybrid aircraft designs, such as electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL), are being considered for a number of applications, such as urban air mobility, cargo delivery, and medical emergencies. Although the electrification of aircraft provides environmental benefits, their charging needs will place significant demand on the electrical grid. This work presents a grid impact study and infrastructure upgrade requirements analysis of eVTOL charging on a realistic distribution grid through power flow simulation analysis. The case study results show that the eVTOL charging can lead to power quality issues, such as undervoltage and equipment capacity overloading. Grid infrastructure, such as lines and transformers, would need to be upgraded, and voltage management strategies would need to be deployed to accommodate eVTOL charging at an existing airport.","author":[{"family":"Paudyal","given":"Priti"},{"family":"Abraham","given":"Sherin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jiyu"},{"family":"Padullaparti","given":"Harsha"},{"family":"Solanki","given":"Bharatkumar"},{"family":"Solanki","given":"Bharatkumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/td47997.2024.10555999","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/td47997.2024.10555999","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0080-2024-1167","type":"article-journal","title":"Multifidelity Uncertainty Quantification in Battery Performance for eVTOL Flights Under Material and Loading Uncertainties","abstract":"This study addresses safety concerns within the rapidly evolving Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft domain, focusing on efficient tools to quantify uncertainties in lithium-ion battery behavior - a critical aspect of eVTOL. One major issue with quantifying uncertainty is the prohibitive computational cost associated with many queries of an expensive-to-evaluate computational model. This work employs three physics-based battery models models of varying fidelity and cost to estimate the mean and the variance of the selected quantities of interest through a multifidelity method to reduce the computation cost. By combining information from multiple cheaper, lower-fidelity models through the Multifidelity Monte Carlo method, we significantly reduce the number of high-fidelity samples required for a prescribed mean-squared error, consequently reducing computational costs down to a tractable level. The proposed methodology is applied to estimate the mean and the variance of the battery temperature and voltage, accounting for uncertainties in flight conditions and materials. The first example focuses on a 580-second flight and is benchmarked against a standard Monte Carlo sampling technique. Results indicate a notable fourfold speed-up using the Multifidelity Monte Carlo method compared to the standard Monte Carlo method for the same mean-squared error for the voltage estimate. To showcase the method's generality, the multifidelity method is then applied to a longer flight of 3580 seconds for estimating the mean and the variance and utilizing these statistics to approximately estimate the probability of the flight completion. This demonstrates the adaptability of the methodology to various power profiles and considered uncertainties, with potential extensions to any battery chemistry. In conclusion, the presented multifidelity method offers a robust approach to enhance eVTOL safety by efficiently estimating uncertainties in battery behavior.","author":[{"family":"Caminero","given":"Alvaro"},{"family":"Kim","given":"HA"},{"family":"Chaudhuri","given":"Anirban"},{"family":"Guibert","given":"Alexandre"},{"family":"Kim","given":"HA"},{"family":"Guibert","given":"AG"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0080-2024-1167","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0080-2024-1167","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.21949/1528241","type":"article-journal","title":"Aviation Safety Research on Developing Mission Task Elements, Means of Compliance/Methods of Compliance, for Certification of General Aviation, VTOL, VSTOL, or Hybrid Aircraft","abstract":"Aircraft manufacturers are currently advancing the implementation of Automatic Flight Control Systems (AFCS) in General Aviation (GA) aircraft, certifiable under 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 23 regulations. Additionally, several startup companies, often backed up by larger manufacturers, are developing an entirely new technology with the ultimate vision of deploying Urban Air Mobility (UAM) to a large scale; electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft will be certified under 14 CFR 21.17(b) as powered lift aircraft. Other companies are trying to efficiently fill the gap between short distance ground transportation and long-range air transportation, designing economically viable Regional Air Mobility (RAM) vehicles. Different manufacturers are following different approaches, ranging from retro-fitting existing conventional flight control designs with AFCSs to exploit the capabilities of Fly-By-Wire (FBW) systems and integrated avionics, to developing completely new configurations capable of quiet, emission-free, vertical and forward flight. Common traits of most of these projects are FBW technology and electric propulsion.","author":[{"family":"Lotterio","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Pingitore","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Di Francesco","given":"Gabriele"},{"family":"School","given":"National"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.21949/1528241","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21949/1528241","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.21949/1528235","type":"article-journal","title":"Developing Means of Compliance for eVTOL Vehicles: Phase II Final Report","abstract":"Development of new air vehicles types (e.g., personal air vehicles, urban taxis, etc.) have led to a proliferation of Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) vehicle concepts including electric vehicles, many of which are well funded and are in various stages of prototype development and testing. These vehicles almost exclusively feature fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control systems with advanced flight control system response-types. The processes and requirements needed to certify these disparate vehicles for operation within the National Airspace System are still emerging. To aid in the requirements and certification process, a mission-oriented approach is being applied to define Mission Task Elements (MTEs), often referred to as Flight Test Maneuvers (FTMs), that will serve as a means of compliance with Part 21.17(b) of certification regulations. This report summarizes the Phase II effort of this program wherein an industry representative lift plus cruise electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) configuration was used to develop and exercise via analysis and fixed-base simulation candidate Handling Qualities Task Elements (HQTEs), a subset of MTEs/FTMs, that address control law transitions, envelope protections, and automation. MTEs/FTMs are repeatable tests based on the vehicle Concept of Operations (CONOPS) and tailored to evaluate aircraft characteristics that assure safe operations within the flight envelope and the ability to perform the intended mission(s) with acceptable pilot workload/compensation.","author":[{"family":"Klyde","given":"DH"},{"family":"Jones","given":"MG"},{"family":"Kotikalpudi","given":"A"},{"family":"Lotterio","given":"M"},{"family":"Systems Technology","given":"Inc"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.21949/1528235","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21949/1528235","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.21949/kew3-6v38","type":"article-journal","title":"Evaluation Of Novel V/STOL Aircraft Pilot Interface Concepts — Version 1.15","abstract":"This report documents a response to a request from the FAA UAS Integration Office to provide recommendations for candidate methods for evaluating the airworthiness of a broad range of new aircraft concepts. The UAS Integration Office is facing an unprecedented diversity of applicant aircraft and automation configurations in aviation segments generally referred to as advanced air mobility (AAM). The research activity is aimed at developing evaluation methods that accommodate a range of automated aircraft systems (i.e. pilot on-onboard, remotely operated, or autonomous) and a diversity of aircraft configurations, specifically aircraft with vertical/short take-off and landing (V/STOL) capabilities, including vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft with electric propulsion (eVTOL). This report describes the results from a series of simulator studies to examine the efficacy of flight test maneuvers. These initial studies focused on the assessment of piloted eVTOL aircraft with Indirect Flight Control Systems (IFCS), reflecting the state of the leading industry airworthiness applications and FAA needs. The investigations revealed that the methodology is adaptable to the new class of powered V/STOL aircraft. The research successfully produced and assessed an initial set of eleven maneuvers, performance criteria, and test course specifications applicable to AAM operations.","author":[{"family":"Feary","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Kaneshige","given":"John"},{"family":"Lombaerts","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Haworth","given":"Loran"},{"family":"Archdeacon","given":"John"},{"family":"Iwai","given":"Nelson"},{"family":"Shish","given":"Kimberlee"},{"family":"Deshmukh","given":"Rohit"},{"family":"Torron","given":"Isabel"},{"family":"Hardy","given":"Gordon"},{"family":"Center","given":"Ames"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.21949/kew3-6v38","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21949/kew3-6v38","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.13968751","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerodynamic interaction between tandem propellers in eVTOL transition flight configurations","abstract":"The present study investigates the aerodynamic interactions in a tandem propellers configuration typical of a tilt-wing eVTOL aircraft during the transition manoeuvre. Particular focus is on how the relative position and the propeller’s tilting angle influence the aerodynamic performance. A systematic series of wind tunnel tests, including thrust and torque measurements with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) surveys, were performed on two co-rotating propellers models with fixed axial distance while the propellers tilting angle and the lateral separation distance were changed. The comprehensive wind tunnel campaign explored all the phases of the transition from take-off to cruise, thus highlighting possible detrimental effects on the multi-rotor system due to aerodynamic interactional mechanisms occurring due to front propeller impingement on rear propeller disks. To achieve detailed insights into the physical comprehension of the complex interactional effects produced on the rear propeller disk, the activity was completed by a numerical investigation performed through the mid-fidelity solver DUST, based on Vortex Particle Method for the wake modelling. From the perspective of a preliminary design phase of eVTOL concepts, this work showed that particular attention must be paid to the transition flight regime since both the tilting angle of attack of propellers and the free-stream velocity heavily affects the propulsive system behaviour. As a general outcome, higher vertical distances between propellers guarantee to reduce the performance losses on the rear propeller despite the presence of mutual interference phenomena.","author":[{"family":"Zanotti","given":"Alex"},{"family":"Velo","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Pepe","given":"Chiara"},{"family":"Savino","given":"Alberto"},{"family":"Grassi","given":"Donato"},{"family":"Riccobene","given":"Luca"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.13968751","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13968751","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.13968750","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerodynamic interaction between tandem propellers in eVTOL transition flight configurations","abstract":"The present study investigates the aerodynamic interactions in a tandem propellers configuration typical of a tilt-wing eVTOL aircraft during the transition manoeuvre. Particular focus is on how the relative position and the propeller’s tilting angle influence the aerodynamic performance. A systematic series of wind tunnel tests, including thrust and torque measurements with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) surveys, were performed on two co-rotating propellers models with fixed axial distance while the propellers tilting angle and the lateral separation distance were changed. The comprehensive wind tunnel campaign explored all the phases of the transition from take-off to cruise, thus highlighting possible detrimental effects on the multi-rotor system due to aerodynamic interactional mechanisms occurring due to front propeller impingement on rear propeller disks. To achieve detailed insights into the physical comprehension of the complex interactional effects produced on the rear propeller disk, the activity was completed by a numerical investigation performed through the mid-fidelity solver DUST, based on Vortex Particle Method for the wake modelling. From the perspective of a preliminary design phase of eVTOL concepts, this work showed that particular attention must be paid to the transition flight regime since both the tilting angle of attack of propellers and the free-stream velocity heavily affects the propulsive system behaviour. As a general outcome, higher vertical distances between propellers guarantee to reduce the performance losses on the rear propeller despite the presence of mutual interference phenomena.","author":[{"family":"Zanotti","given":"Alex"},{"family":"Velo","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Pepe","given":"Chiara"},{"family":"Savino","given":"Alberto"},{"family":"Grassi","given":"Donato"},{"family":"Riccobene","given":"Luca"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.13968750","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13968750","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.13939685","type":"article-journal","title":"Experimental investigation of wing-propeller aerodynamic interaction in eVTOL configurations","abstract":"The present study is aimed at the experimental investigation of the effects of wing-propeller aerodynamic interaction in a boom-mounted configuration typically used in eVTOL aircraft. The investigation was focused on the repercussions on wing and propeller performance coming from the variation of angle of attack, advance ratio and blades sense of rotation. Moreover, particular attention was devoted to the evaluation of the effect of the propeller’s longitudinal offset. Results of a comprehensive wind tunnel campaign performed on a propellermounted wing scaled model confirmed the advantageous effects of an inboard-up rotating propeller on lift generation and drag reduction, while outlined the opposite sensitivity of wing and propeller performances when exposed to a non-zero angle of attack. Propeller’s longitudinal offset instead led to slight alterations on wing and propeller aerodynamic performance, while a noteworthy sensitivity on the mounting setup was perceived by propeller aerodynamic performance. Moreover, PIV measurements allowed to evaluate quantitatively the effects of the investigated parameters on propeller slipstream behaviour and blade tip vortices pattern.","author":[{"family":"Zanotti","given":"Alex"},{"family":"Menini","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Savino","given":"Alberto"},{"family":"Riccobene","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Grassi","given":"Donato"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.13939685","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13939685","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.13898638","type":"article-journal","title":"Experimental investigation of wing-propeller aerodynamic interaction in eVTOL configurations","abstract":"The present study is aimed at the experimental investigation of the effects of wing-propeller aerodynamic interaction in a boom-mounted configuration typically used in eVTOL aircraft. The investigation was focused on the repercussions on wing and propeller performance coming from the variation of angle of attack, advance ratio and blades sense of rotation. Moreover, particular attention was devoted to the evaluation of the effect of the propeller’s longitudinal offset. Results of a comprehensive wind tunnel campaign performed on a propellermounted wing scaled model confirmed the advantageous effects of an inboard-up rotating propeller on lift generation and drag reduction, while outlined the opposite sensitivity of wing and propeller performances when exposed to a non-zero angle of attack. Propeller’s longitudinal offset instead led to slight alterations on wing and propeller aerodynamic performance, while a noteworthy sensitivity on the mounting setup was perceived by propeller aerodynamic performance. Moreover, PIV measurements allowed to evaluate quantitatively the effects of the investigated parameters on propeller slipstream behaviour and blade tip vortices pattern.","author":[{"family":"Zanotti","given":"Alex"},{"family":"Menini","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Savino","given":"Alberto"},{"family":"Riccobene","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Grassi","given":"Donato"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.13898638","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13898638","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.13899419","type":"article-journal","title":"Experimental investigation of wing-propeller aerodynamic interaction in eVTOL configurations","abstract":"The present study is aimed at the experimental investigation of the effects of wing-propeller aerodynamic interaction in a boom-mounted configuration typically used in eVTOL aircraft. The investigation was focused on the repercussions on wing and propeller performance coming from the variation of angle of attack, advance ratio and blades sense of rotation. Moreover, particular attention was devoted to the evaluation of the effect of the propeller’s longitudinal offset. Results of a comprehensive wind tunnel campaign performed on a propellermounted wing scaled model confirmed the advantageous effects of an inboard-up rotating propeller on lift generation and drag reduction, while outlined the opposite sensitivity of wing and propeller performances when exposed to a non-zero angle of attack. Propeller’s longitudinal offset instead led to slight alterations on wing and propeller aerodynamic performance, while a noteworthy sensitivity on the mounting setup was perceived by propeller aerodynamic performance. Moreover, PIV measurements allowed to evaluate quantitatively the effects of the investigated parameters on propeller slipstream behaviour and blade tip vortices pattern.","author":[{"family":"Zanotti","given":"Alex"},{"family":"Menini","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Savino","given":"Alberto"},{"family":"Riccobene","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Grassi","given":"Donato"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.13899419","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13899419","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2403.18166","type":"manuscript","title":"Incentive-Compatible Vertiport Reservation in Advanced Air Mobility: An Auction-Based Approach","abstract":"The rise of advanced air mobility (AAM) is expected to become a multibillion-dollar industry in the near future. Market-based mechanisms are touted to be an integral part of AAM operations, which comprise heterogeneous operators with private valuations. In this work, we study the problem of designing a mechanism to coordinate the movement of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, operated by multiple operators each having heterogeneous valuations associated with their fleet, between vertiports, while enforcing the arrival, departure, and parking constraints at vertiports. Particularly, we propose an incentive-compatible and individually rational vertiport reservation mechanism that maximizes a social welfare metric, which encapsulates the objective of maximizing the overall valuations of all operators while minimizing the congestion at vertiports. Additionally, we improve the computational tractability of designing the reservation mechanism by proposing a mixed binary linear programming approach that leverages the network flow structure.","author":[{"family":"Su","given":"Pan"},{"family":"Maheshwari","given":"Chinmay"},{"family":"Tuck","given":"Victoria"},{"family":"Sastry","given":"Shankar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2403.18166","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.18166","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.13836066","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban Air Mobility Operations: Evaluating Exposure to Lightning Strikes","abstract":"The escalating demand for innovative modes of commuting within sprawling urban conglomerations has spurred the necessity for new transportation services. Predominantly utilizing electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) technology, Urban Air Mobility (UAM) envisages operations at lower altitudes and speeds, facilitating connectivity between vertiports across cities or acting as shuttles linking various points within airports. UAM is subjected to rigorous regulatory scrutiny, reflecting the innovative characteristics inherent in its design. An important concern in regulatory considerations is the effect of the atmospheric electric environment on UAM operations. Notably, the eVTOL requires a lightweight design to meet operational viability, constrained by the weight limitations imposed by its electric motors. Using primarily composite materials for its construction results in a lighter structure, albeit offering a distinct level of lightning protection compared to metallic structures. Given the multiple challenges and complexities inherent in its operation, understanding the electrical environment where the eVTOL will operate in cities is of great value. In urban areas, aerosols and heat islands enhance lightning activity by intensifying the severity of thunderstorms. Therefore, the trajectory of UAM flights will require navigating around cumulonimbus clouds and associated convective structures, which pose a significant risk of lightning incidence and strong wind gusts. Based on these considerations, this work investigates how urban atmospheric environments affect the operation of eVTOLs by analyzing lightning strike probabilities in dense cityscapes. Through a literature review and theoretical frameworks, the study examines the regulatory landscape, technological constraints, and environmental characteristics to assess this critical aspect of UAM safety and contribute to the ongoing discussion on UAM, specifically concerning lightning exposure and possible strategies to mitigate incidents and/or accidents.","author":[{"family":"Fernandes Ledema","given":"Evandro"},{"family":"Pinheiro Naccarato","given":"Kleber"},{"family":"Guimarães Sousa","given":"Marina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.13836066","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13836066","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.13836065","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban Air Mobility Operations: Evaluating Exposure to Lightning Strikes","abstract":"The escalating demand for innovative modes of commuting within sprawling urban conglomerations has spurred the necessity for new transportation services. Predominantly utilizing electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) technology, Urban Air Mobility (UAM) envisages operations at lower altitudes and speeds, facilitating connectivity between vertiports across cities or acting as shuttles linking various points within airports. UAM is subjected to rigorous regulatory scrutiny, reflecting the innovative characteristics inherent in its design. An important concern in regulatory considerations is the effect of the atmospheric electric environment on UAM operations. Notably, the eVTOL requires a lightweight design to meet operational viability, constrained by the weight limitations imposed by its electric motors. Using primarily composite materials for its construction results in a lighter structure, albeit offering a distinct level of lightning protection compared to metallic structures. Given the multiple challenges and complexities inherent in its operation, understanding the electrical environment where the eVTOL will operate in cities is of great value. In urban areas, aerosols and heat islands enhance lightning activity by intensifying the severity of thunderstorms. Therefore, the trajectory of UAM flights will require navigating around cumulonimbus clouds and associated convective structures, which pose a significant risk of lightning incidence and strong wind gusts. Based on these considerations, this work investigates how urban atmospheric environments affect the operation of eVTOLs by analyzing lightning strike probabilities in dense cityscapes. Through a literature review and theoretical frameworks, the study examines the regulatory landscape, technological constraints, and environmental characteristics to assess this critical aspect of UAM safety and contribute to the ongoing discussion on UAM, specifically concerning lightning exposure and possible strategies to mitigate incidents and/or accidents.","author":[{"family":"Fernandes Ledema","given":"Evandro"},{"family":"Pinheiro Naccarato","given":"Kleber"},{"family":"Guimarães Sousa","given":"Marina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.13836065","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13836065","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.13836044","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban Air Mobility Operations: Evaluating Exposure to Lightning Strikes","abstract":"The escalating demand for innovative modes of commuting within sprawling urban conglomerations has spurred the necessity for new transportation services. Predominantly utilizing electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) technology, Urban Air Mobility (UAM) envisages operations at lower altitudes and speeds, facilitating connectivity between vertiports across cities or acting as shuttles linking various points within airports. UAM is subjected to rigorous regulatory scrutiny, reflecting the innovative characteristics inherent in its design. An important concern in regulatory considerations is the effect of the atmospheric electric environment on UAM operations. Notably, the eVTOL requires a lightweight design to meet operational viability, constrained by the weight limitations imposed by its electric motors. Using primarily composite materials for its construction results in a lighter structure, albeit offering a distinct level of lightning protection compared to metallic structures. Given the multiple challenges and complexities inherent in its operation, understanding the electrical environment where the eVTOL will operate in cities is of great value. In urban areas, aerosols and heat islands enhance lightning activity by intensifying the severity of thunderstorms. Therefore, the trajectory of UAM flights will require navigating around cumulonimbus clouds and associated convective structures, which pose a significant risk of lightning incidence and strong wind gusts. Based on these considerations, this work investigates how urban atmospheric environments affect the operation of eVTOLs by analyzing lightning strike probabilities in dense cityscapes. Through a literature review and theoretical frameworks, the study examines the regulatory landscape, technological constraints, and environmental characteristics to assess this critical aspect of UAM safety and contribute to the ongoing discussion on UAM, specifically concerning lightning exposure and possible strategies to mitigate incidents and/or accidents.","author":[{"family":"Pinheiro Naccarato","given":"Kleber"},{"family":"Guimarães Sousa","given":"Marina"},{"family":"Fernandes Ledema","given":"Evandro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.13836044","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13836044","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.13836043","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban Air Mobility Operations: Evaluating Exposure to Lightning Strikes","abstract":"The escalating demand for innovative modes of commuting within sprawling urban conglomerations has spurred the necessity for new transportation services. Predominantly utilizing electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) technology, Urban Air Mobility (UAM) envisages operations at lower altitudes and speeds, facilitating connectivity between vertiports across cities or acting as shuttles linking various points within airports. UAM is subjected to rigorous regulatory scrutiny, reflecting the innovative characteristics inherent in its design. An important concern in regulatory considerations is the effect of the atmospheric electric environment on UAM operations. Notably, the eVTOL requires a lightweight design to meet operational viability, constrained by the weight limitations imposed by its electric motors. Using primarily composite materials for its construction results in a lighter structure, albeit offering a distinct level of lightning protection compared to metallic structures. Given the multiple challenges and complexities inherent in its operation, understanding the electrical environment where the eVTOL will operate in cities is of great value. In urban areas, aerosols and heat islands enhance lightning activity by intensifying the severity of thunderstorms. Therefore, the trajectory of UAM flights will require navigating around cumulonimbus clouds and associated convective structures, which pose a significant risk of lightning incidence and strong wind gusts. Based on these considerations, this work investigates how urban atmospheric environments affect the operation of eVTOLs by analyzing lightning strike probabilities in dense cityscapes. Through a literature review and theoretical frameworks, the study examines the regulatory landscape, technological constraints, and environmental characteristics to assess this critical aspect of UAM safety and contribute to the ongoing discussion on UAM, specifically concerning lightning exposure and possible strategies to mitigate incidents and/or accidents.","author":[{"family":"Pinheiro Naccarato","given":"Kleber"},{"family":"Guimarães Sousa","given":"Marina"},{"family":"Fernandes Ledema","given":"Evandro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.13836043","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13836043","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.03710","type":"manuscript","title":"Self-organized free-flight arrival for urban air mobility","abstract":"Urban air mobility is an innovative mode of transportation in which electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles operate between nodes called vertiports. We outline a self-organized vertiport arrival system based on deep reinforcement learning. The airspace around the vertiport is assumed to be circular, and the vehicles can freely operate inside. Each aircraft is considered an individual agent and follows a shared policy, resulting in decentralized actions that are based on local information. We investigate the development of the reinforcement learning policy during training and illustrate how the algorithm moves from suboptimal local holding patterns to a safe and efficient final policy. The latter is validated in simulation-based scenarios, including robustness analyses against sensor noise and a changing distribution of inbound traffic. Lastly, we deploy the final policy on small-scale unmanned aerial vehicles to showcase its real-world usability.","author":[{"family":"Waltz","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Okhrin","given":"Ostap"},{"family":"Schultz","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2404.03710","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2404.03710","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.09621","type":"manuscript","title":"AAM-VDT: Vehicle Digital Twin for Tele-Operations in Advanced Air Mobility","abstract":"This study advanced tele-operations in Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) through the creation of a Vehicle Digital Twin (VDT) system for eVTOL aircraft, tailored to enhance remote control safety and efficiency, especially for Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) operations. By synergizing digital twin technology with immersive Virtual Reality (VR) interfaces, we notably elevate situational awareness and control precision for remote operators. Our VDT framework integrates immersive tele-operation with a high-fidelity aerodynamic database, essential for authentically simulating flight dynamics and control tactics. At the heart of our methodology lies an eVTOL's high-fidelity digital replica, placed within a simulated reality that accurately reflects physical laws, enabling operators to manage the aircraft via a master-slave dynamic, substantially outperforming traditional 2D interfaces. The architecture of the designed system ensures seamless interaction between the operator, the digital twin, and the actual aircraft, facilitating exact, instantaneous feedback. Experimental assessments, involving propulsion data gathering, simulation database fidelity verification, and tele-operation testing, verify the system's capability in precise control command transmission and maintaining the digital-physical eVTOL synchronization. Our findings underscore the VDT system's potential in augmenting AAM efficiency and safety, paving the way for broader digital twin application in autonomous aerial vehicles.","author":[{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Tuan"},{"family":"Kwag","given":"Taeho"},{"family":"Pham","given":"Vinh"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Viet"},{"family":"Hyun","given":"Jeongseok"},{"family":"Jang","given":"Minseok"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Jae"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2404.09621","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2404.09621","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2312.10809","type":"manuscript","title":"Deep-Dispatch: A Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Vehicle Dispatch Algorithm for Advanced Air Mobility","abstract":"Near future air taxi operations with electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft will be constrained by the need for frequent recharging of eVTOLs, limited takeoff and landing pads in vertiports, and subject to time-varying demand and electricity prices, making the eVTOL dispatch problem unique and particularly challenging to solve. Previously, we have developed optimization models to address this problem. Such optimization models however suffer from prohibitively high computational run times when the scale of the problem increases, making them less practical for real world implementation. To overcome this issue, we have developed two deep reinforcement learning-based eVTOL dispatch algorithms, namely single-agent and multi-agent deep Q-learning eVTOL dispatch algorithms, where the objective is to maximize operating profit. An eVTOL-based passenger transportation simulation environment was built to assess the performance of our algorithms across $36$ numerical cases with varying number of eVTOLs, vertiports, and demand. The results indicate that the multi-agent eVTOL dispatch algorithm can closely approximate the optimal dispatch policy with significantly less computational expenses compared to the benchmark optimization model. The multi-agent algorithm was found to outperform the single-agent counterpart with respect to both profits generated and training time.","author":[{"family":"Varnousfaderani","given":"Elaheh"},{"family":"Shihab","given":"Syed"},{"family":"Dulia","given":"Esrat"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2312.10809","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2312.10809","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2311.10805","type":"manuscript","title":"Towards a Standardized Reinforcement Learning Framework for AAM Contingency Management","abstract":"Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) is the next generation of air transportation that includes new entrants such as electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, increasingly autonomous flight operations, and small UAS package delivery. With these new vehicles and operational concepts comes a desire to increase densities far beyond what occurs today in and around urban areas, to utilize new battery technology, and to move toward more autonomously-piloted aircraft. To achieve these goals, it becomes essential to introduce new safety management system capabilities that can rapidly assess risk as it evolves across a span of complex hazards and, if necessary, mitigate risk by executing appropriate contingencies via supervised or automated decision-making during flights. Recently, reinforcement learning has shown promise for real-time decision making across a wide variety of applications including contingency management. In this work, we formulate the contingency management problem as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and integrate the contingency management MDP into the AAM-Gym simulation framework. This enables rapid prototyping of reinforcement learning algorithms and evaluation of existing systems, thus providing a community benchmark for future algorithm development. We report baseline statistical information for the environment and provide example performance metrics.","author":[{"family":"Alvarez","given":"Luis"},{"family":"Brittain","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Breeden","given":"Kara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2311.10805","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2311.10805","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.8056300","type":"article-journal","title":"Midterm Report - Aetheria, hydrogen-based long-range eVTOL designed for crashworthiness","abstract":"Midterm Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2023, group 11, assignment \"hydrogen-based long-range eVTOL designed for crashworthiness\". Tutors: Saullo G. P. Castro &amp; Fulvio Scarano Coaches: Marina B. Lopez &amp; Justus Benad Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Monday 29th of May, 2023 Summary There has been a significant increase in research and development for alternative modes of transportation in the quest for faster, more effective, and more sustainable travel options in recent years. Additionally, the need for solutions has become more urgent due to air pollution and traffic congestion. Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft may hold the key to this issue’s resolution. The addition of hydrogen-based propulsion to the eVTOL design is a development that will increase the aircraft’s potential range. Therefore, the goal of this DSE project is to use hydrogen to improve the performance of battery-powered long-range eVTOLs. The Mission Need Statement (MNS) of the project is as follows: Design a safe and sustainable long-range hydrogen eVTOL that can transport four passengers This report will serve as the basis for creating the final, detailed design of an eVTOL called Aetheria. Tradeoffs will be performed based on three predetermined configurations. Preliminary estimates are made for parameters in each technical department for each configuration, and given a score relative to one another. Finally, the scores will be used to pick one design to pursue in the final report. Design Options and Trade-Off Criteria Three designs are evaluated, involving design J1 that is inspired by Joby Aviation and has two tilting rotors on each wing, and another tilting rotor on the horizontal stabiliser. The second design is the L1, inspired by Lilium, which features a tandem wing and has tilting ducted fans on each wing. The last one is the W1, inspired by the Wigeon group, and has tilting tandem wings with fixed rotors. To assess each design, trade-off criteria have been made, each with its own score. These are the mission energy, stability &amp; controllability, crashworthiness, noise, production costs, and operational costs excluding fuel criteria. Each has been given relative weights of 30%, 20%, 20%, 10%, 10% and 10%, respectively. Based on the centre-of-gravity envelopes, a trade-off value has been given to each conceptual design based on how restrictive stability and control is for them. A high value corresponds to a low compromise, flexible design concept. If a design cannot meet the cg excursion requirements it is automatically discarded. Due to this, a new design J2 had to be introduced, which is an improvement on the J1, due to J1’s unacceptable vertical flight controllability characteristics. Trade-Off Based on the trade-off criteria, the design J2 was chosen as it received a score of 2.4/3, a big lead compared to the other W1 which received a score of 1.8/3 and L1 which received a score of 1.5/3. Design J1 was discarded, as it did not meet control &amp; stability requirements.","author":[{"family":"Albers","given":"W"},{"family":"Arends","given":"J"},{"family":"Battum","given":"BAV"},{"family":"Hadzhiyski","given":"E"},{"family":"Karaca","given":"C"},{"family":"Keijzer","given":"DM"},{"family":"Middendorp","given":"L"},{"family":"Rijke","given":"SD"},{"family":"Sarıgöl","given":"B"},{"family":"Soria","given":"CS"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.8056300","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056300","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.8056301","type":"article-journal","title":"Midterm Report - Aetheria, hydrogen-based long-range eVTOL designed for crashworthiness","abstract":"Midterm Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2023, group 11, assignment \"hydrogen-based long-range eVTOL designed for crashworthiness\". Tutors: Saullo G. P. Castro &amp; Fulvio Scarano Coaches: Marina B. Lopez &amp; Justus Benad Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Monday 29th of May, 2023 Summary There has been a significant increase in research and development for alternative modes of transportation in the quest for faster, more effective, and more sustainable travel options in recent years. Additionally, the need for solutions has become more urgent due to air pollution and traffic congestion. Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft may hold the key to this issue’s resolution. The addition of hydrogen-based propulsion to the eVTOL design is a development that will increase the aircraft’s potential range. Therefore, the goal of this DSE project is to use hydrogen to improve the performance of battery-powered long-range eVTOLs. The Mission Need Statement (MNS) of the project is as follows: Design a safe and sustainable long-range hydrogen eVTOL that can transport four passengers This report will serve as the basis for creating the final, detailed design of an eVTOL called Aetheria. Tradeoffs will be performed based on three predetermined configurations. Preliminary estimates are made for parameters in each technical department for each configuration, and given a score relative to one another. Finally, the scores will be used to pick one design to pursue in the final report. Design Options and Trade-Off Criteria Three designs are evaluated, involving design J1 that is inspired by Joby Aviation and has two tilting rotors on each wing, and another tilting rotor on the horizontal stabiliser. The second design is the L1, inspired by Lilium, which features a tandem wing and has tilting ducted fans on each wing. The last one is the W1, inspired by the Wigeon group, and has tilting tandem wings with fixed rotors. To assess each design, trade-off criteria have been made, each with its own score. These are the mission energy, stability &amp; controllability, crashworthiness, noise, production costs, and operational costs excluding fuel criteria. Each has been given relative weights of 30%, 20%, 20%, 10%, 10% and 10%, respectively. Based on the centre-of-gravity envelopes, a trade-off value has been given to each conceptual design based on how restrictive stability and control is for them. A high value corresponds to a low compromise, flexible design concept. If a design cannot meet the cg excursion requirements it is automatically discarded. Due to this, a new design J2 had to be introduced, which is an improvement on the J1, due to J1’s unacceptable vertical flight controllability characteristics. Trade-Off Based on the trade-off criteria, the design J2 was chosen as it received a score of 2.4/3, a big lead compared to the other W1 which received a score of 1.8/3 and L1 which received a score of 1.5/3. Design J1 was discarded, as it did not meet control &amp; stability requirements.","author":[{"family":"Albers","given":"W"},{"family":"Arends","given":"J"},{"family":"Battum","given":"BAV"},{"family":"Hadzhiyski","given":"E"},{"family":"Karaca","given":"C"},{"family":"Keijzer","given":"DM"},{"family":"Middendorp","given":"L"},{"family":"Rijke","given":"SD"},{"family":"Sarıgöl","given":"B"},{"family":"Soria","given":"CS"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.8056301","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8056301","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.8055975","type":"article-journal","title":"Baseline Report - Aetheria, hydrogen-based long-range eVTOL designed for crashworthiness","abstract":"Baseline Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2023, group 11, assignment \"hydrogen-based long-range eVTOL designed for crashworthiness\". Tutors: Saullo G. P. Castro &amp; Fulvio Scarano Coaches: Marina B. Lopez &amp; Justus Benad Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Thrusday 11th of May, 2023 Executive Overview In recent years, the research and development for alternative means of travel have surged in search for faster, more efficient and more sustainable travel options. Moreover, increasing congestion and air pollution require ever more urgent solutions. Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft have the potential to be the solution to this problem. This new type of aircraft provides capabilities of flying over a congested city in a matter of minutes and providing point-to-point transport. An extension of the eVTOL design is the inclusion of hydrogen-based propulsion, which will yield a larger possible range for the aircraft. Therefore, this DSE project will focus on using hydrogen to increase the efficiency of long-range eVTOLs powered by batteries. The Mission Need Statement (MNS) of the project is as follows: Design a sustainable long-range hydrogen eVTOL for crashworthiness that can transport four passengers This report serves as the foundation based on which the final detailed design will be made. Literature studies on the current eVTOL market, as well as technical risks and requirements assessment and a sustainability analysis, are done. Finally, some preliminary designs are presented which will be further investigated in future reports.","author":[{"family":"Albers","given":"W"},{"family":"Arends","given":"J"},{"family":"Battum","given":"BAV"},{"family":"Hadzhiyski","given":"E"},{"family":"Karaca","given":"C"},{"family":"Keijzer","given":"DM"},{"family":"Middendorp","given":"L"},{"family":"Rijke","given":"SD"},{"family":"Sarıgöl","given":"B"},{"family":"Soria","given":"CS"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.8055975","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8055975","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.8055976","type":"article-journal","title":"Baseline Report - Aetheria, hydrogen-based long-range eVTOL designed for crashworthiness","abstract":"Baseline Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2023, group 11, assignment \"hydrogen-based long-range eVTOL designed for crashworthiness\". Tutors: Saullo G. P. Castro &amp; Fulvio Scarano Coaches: Marina B. Lopez &amp; Justus Benad Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Thrusday 11th of May, 2023 Executive Overview In recent years, the research and development for alternative means of travel have surged in search for faster, more efficient and more sustainable travel options. Moreover, increasing congestion and air pollution require ever more urgent solutions. Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft have the potential to be the solution to this problem. This new type of aircraft provides capabilities of flying over a congested city in a matter of minutes and providing point-to-point transport. An extension of the eVTOL design is the inclusion of hydrogen-based propulsion, which will yield a larger possible range for the aircraft. Therefore, this DSE project will focus on using hydrogen to increase the efficiency of long-range eVTOLs powered by batteries. The Mission Need Statement (MNS) of the project is as follows: Design a sustainable long-range hydrogen eVTOL for crashworthiness that can transport four passengers This report serves as the foundation based on which the final detailed design will be made. Literature studies on the current eVTOL market, as well as technical risks and requirements assessment and a sustainability analysis, are done. Finally, some preliminary designs are presented which will be further investigated in future reports.","author":[{"family":"Albers","given":"W"},{"family":"Arends","given":"J"},{"family":"Battum","given":"BAV"},{"family":"Hadzhiyski","given":"E"},{"family":"Karaca","given":"C"},{"family":"Keijzer","given":"DM"},{"family":"Middendorp","given":"L"},{"family":"Rijke","given":"SD"},{"family":"Sarıgöl","given":"B"},{"family":"Soria","given":"CS"},{"family":"Albers","given":"Wulf"},{"family":"Battum","given":"BAV"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.8055976","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8055976","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.8125989","type":"article-journal","title":"Final Report - Aetheria, hydrogen-based long-range eVTOL designed for crashworthiness","abstract":"Final Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2023, group 11, assignment \"hydrogen-based long-range eVTOL designed for crashworthiness\". Tutors: Saullo G. P. Castro &amp; Fulvio Scarano Coaches: Marina B. Lopez &amp; Justus Benad Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Tuesday 27th of June, 2023 Summary In light of increasing research and development efforts exploring alternative modes of transporta- tion, there has been a noticeable increase in the quest for faster, more efficient, and sustainable travel options. This has gained urgency due to the substantial increase in air pollution and traffic congestion. As one of the solutions, the Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft may hold the key to this issue’s resolution. Particularly, the addition of hydrogen-based propulsion to the eVTOL design has emerged as a significant enhancement, increasing the aircraft’s potential range. Therefore, the goal of this Design Synthesis Exercise (DSE) is to implement hydrogen as a means to improve the performance of battery-powered long-range eVTOLs. The Mission Need Statement (MNS) of the project is formulated as follows: Design a safe and sustainable long-range hydrogen eVTOL that can transport four passengers The team has organized itself into both managerial and technical roles, with each team member connected to a specific department. The functional flow diagram (FFD) and the functional break- down structure (FBS) were updated from the baseline report, and presented in more depth in order to demonstrate the tasks as they become clearer and more specific. Additionally, a project design and development logic diagram demonstrates the progression of the project beyond the prelimi- nary design phase, including detailed design, prototype construction, testing, certification, mass production, commercialization, regular inspections, and eventual recycling and disposal.","author":[{"family":"Albers","given":"W"},{"family":"Arends","given":"J"},{"family":"Battum","given":"BAV"},{"family":"Hadzhiyski","given":"E"},{"family":"Karaca","given":"C"},{"family":"Keijzer","given":"DM"},{"family":"Middendorp","given":"L"},{"family":"Rijke","given":"SD"},{"family":"Sarıgöl","given":"B"},{"family":"Soria","given":"CS"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.8125989","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8125989","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.8125990","type":"article-journal","title":"Final Report - Aetheria, hydrogen-based long-range eVTOL designed for crashworthiness","abstract":"Final Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2023, group 11, assignment \"hydrogen-based long-range eVTOL designed for crashworthiness\". Tutors: Saullo G. P. Castro &amp; Fulvio Scarano Coaches: Marina B. Lopez &amp; Justus Benad Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Tuesday 27th of June, 2023 Summary In light of increasing research and development efforts exploring alternative modes of transporta- tion, there has been a noticeable increase in the quest for faster, more efficient, and sustainable travel options. This has gained urgency due to the substantial increase in air pollution and traffic congestion. As one of the solutions, the Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft may hold the key to this issue’s resolution. Particularly, the addition of hydrogen-based propulsion to the eVTOL design has emerged as a significant enhancement, increasing the aircraft’s potential range. Therefore, the goal of this Design Synthesis Exercise (DSE) is to implement hydrogen as a means to improve the performance of battery-powered long-range eVTOLs. The Mission Need Statement (MNS) of the project is formulated as follows: Design a safe and sustainable long-range hydrogen eVTOL that can transport four passengers The team has organized itself into both managerial and technical roles, with each team member connected to a specific department. The functional flow diagram (FFD) and the functional break- down structure (FBS) were updated from the baseline report, and presented in more depth in order to demonstrate the tasks as they become clearer and more specific. Additionally, a project design and development logic diagram demonstrates the progression of the project beyond the prelimi- nary design phase, including detailed design, prototype construction, testing, certification, mass production, commercialization, regular inspections, and eventual recycling and disposal.","author":[{"family":"Albers","given":"W"},{"family":"Arends","given":"J"},{"family":"Battum","given":"BAV"},{"family":"Hadzhiyski","given":"E"},{"family":"Karaca","given":"C"},{"family":"Keijzer","given":"DM"},{"family":"Middendorp","given":"L"},{"family":"Rijke","given":"SD"},{"family":"Sarıgöl","given":"B"},{"family":"Soria","given":"CS"},{"family":"Albers","given":"Willem"},{"family":"Battum","given":"BAV"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.8125990","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8125990","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2304.14889","type":"manuscript","title":"Large-scale multidisciplinary design optimization of the NASA lift-plus-cruise concept using a novel aircraft design framework","abstract":"The conceptual design of eVTOL aircraft is a high-dimensional optimization problem that involves large numbers of continuous design parameters. Therefore, eVTOL design method would benefit from numerical optimization algorithms capable of systematically searching these high-dimensional parameters spaces, using comprehensive and multidisciplinary models of the aircraft. By leveraging recent progress in sensitivity analysis methods, a computational framework called the Comprehensive Aircraft high-Dimensional DEsign Environment (CADDEE) has been developed for large-scale multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) of electric air taxis. CADDEE uses a geometry-centric approach that propagates geometry changes in a differentiable manner to meshes for physics-based models of arbitrary fidelity level. The paper demonstrates the capabilities of this new aircraft design tool, by presenting large-scale MDO results for NASA's Lift+Cruise eVTOL concept. MDO with over 100 design variables, 17 constraints, and low-fidelity predictive models for key disciplines is demonstrated with an optimization time of less than one hour with a desktop computer. The results show a reduction in gross weight of 11.4% and suggest that CADDEE can be valuable in the conceptual design and optimization of eVTOL aircraft.","author":[{"family":"Ruh","given":"Marius"},{"family":"Sarojini","given":"Darshan"},{"family":"Fletcher","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Asher","given":"Isaac"},{"family":"Hwang","given":"John"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2304.14889","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2304.14889","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2301.12316","type":"manuscript","title":"Wind Tunnel Testing and Aerodynamic Characterization of a QuadPlane Uncrewed Aircraft System","abstract":"Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles will open new opportunities in aviation. This paper describes the design and wind tunnel analysis of an eVTOL uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) prototype with a traditional aircraft wing, tail, and puller motor along with four vertical thrust pusher motors. Vehicle design and construction are summarized. Dynamic thrust from propulsion modules is experimentally determined at different airspeeds over a large sweep of propeller angles of attack. Wind tunnel tests with the vehicle prototype cover a suite of hover, transition and cruise flight conditions. Net aerodynamic forces and moments are distinctly computed and compared for plane, quadrotor and hybrid flight modes. Coefficient-based models are developed. Polynomial curve fits accurately capture observed data over all test configurations. To our knowledge, the presented wind tunnel experimental analysis for a multi-mode eVTOL platform is novel. Increased drag and reduced dynamic thrust likely due to flow interactions will be important to address in future designs.","author":[{"family":"Mathur","given":"Akshay"},{"family":"Atkins","given":"Ella"},{"family":"Mathur","given":"Akshay"},{"family":"Atkins","given":"Ella"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2301.12316","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2301.12316","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.21256/zhaw-30248","type":"article-journal","title":"Navigation needs for the unpiloted airspace","abstract":"The paper discusses the challenges of providing resilient navigation services to Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) and Uncrewed Aeronautical Systems (UAS) in various types of environments in, around and above urban areas. The analysis shows that at least three different types of urban/suburban environments are relevant, and the paper proposes a criterion to distinguish them, based on how much surrounding buildings influence radio propagation in a particular volume. Finally, the paper also proposes pathways to solving the foreseeable problems with three concepts that will enable higher navigation accuracy in urban environments: a low-power terrestrial navigation aid based on multifunction communication systems, a GNSS augmentation service with reduced time-to-alert, and a landing system for AAM aircraft drones in urban environments.","author":[{"family":"Osechas","given":"Okuary"},{"family":"Felux","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Mcgraw","given":"Gary"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.21256/zhaw-30248","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-30248","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.24406/publica-4533","type":"article-journal","title":"Integrating Topographical Map Information in SUMO to Simulate Realistic Micromobility Trips in Hilly and Steep Terrains","abstract":"Nowadays, shared micromobility has become a trend in cities as an alternative to conventional automotive vehicles, especially for short-distance travel. It also plays an important role in the reduction of the number of automotive vehicles which results in a decrease of air pollution and traffic congestion. Shared micromobility is, however, influenced by the terrain characteristics. Varying elevation within a fleet operational area can cause imbalances in the use of micromobility stations if a steep terrainlies between stations. It also impacts the energy consumption of electric micromobility vehicles such as e-bicycles and e-scooters. Therefore, to simulate the state of charge (SOC) of traction batteries for micromobility close to reality, it is essential to include elevation data into the simulation model. This paper proposes a workflow for Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) comprising several steps with concrete implementation and validation in order to prepare and define the simulation model with micromobility stations and the integration of elevation data using a REST API. The integration of elevation and bike station data is validated with a defined vehicle type following a routein the hilly part of Stuttgart, Germany. A comparison of micromobility trips, with and without elevation data, was performed through a simulation by recording changes in energy consumption and driven altitude differences. The proposed workflow provides a basis for more complex use cases such as analysing micromobility business areas, improving vehicle distributions and developing incentive strategies for hilly and steep terrains.","author":[{"family":"Freymann","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Reichsöllner","given":"Emanuel"},{"family":"Ravlija","given":"Damir"},{"family":"Trautwein","given":"Ingo"},{"family":"Sonntag","given":"Mirko"},{"family":"Unav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.24406/publica-4533","URL":"https://doi.org/10.24406/publica-4533","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2408.01152","type":"manuscript","title":"Vertiport Terminal Scheduling and Throughput Analysis for Multiple Surface Directions","abstract":"Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) vehicles are gaining traction in both the delivery drone market and passenger transportation, driving the development of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) systems. UAM seeks to alleviate road congestion in dense urban areas by leveraging urban airspace. To handle UAM traffic, vertiport terminals (vertiminals) play a critical role in supporting VTOL vehicle operations such as take-offs, landings, taxiing, passenger boarding, refueling or charging, and maintenance. Efficient scheduling algorithms are essential to manage these operations and optimize vertiminal throughput while ensuring safety protocols. Unlike fixed-wing aircraft, which rely on runways for take-off and climbing in fixed directions, VTOL vehicles can utilize multiple surface directions for climbing and approach. This flexibility necessitates specialized scheduling methods. We propose a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) formulation to holistically optimize vertiminal operations, including taxiing, climbing (or approach) using multiple directions, and turnaround at gates. The proposed MILP reduces delays by up to 50%. Additionally, we derive equations to compute upper bounds of the throughput capacity of vertiminals, considering its core elements: the TLOF pad system, taxiway system, and gate system. Our results demonstrate that the MILP achieves throughput levels consistent with the theoretical maximum derived from these equations. We also validate our framework through a case study using a well-established vertiminal topology from the literature. Our MILP can be used to find the optimal configuration of vertiminal. This dual approach, MILP and throughput analysis, allows for comprehensive capacity analysis without requiring simulations while enabling efficient scheduling through the MILP formulation.","author":[{"family":"Saxena","given":"Ravi"},{"family":"Prabhakar","given":"TV"},{"family":"Kuri","given":"Joy"},{"family":"Yadav","given":"Manogna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2408.01152","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2408.01152","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.34657/21509","type":"article-journal","title":"Kielflex - Kiel als Vorbild für die Errichtung von Ladeinfrastruktur in einem flexiblen Stromnetz zur Umsetzung einer Emissionsreduktion im Transportsektor","abstract":"Das Projekt Kielflex hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, verkehrstechnisch bedingte Emissionen, insbesondere NOx, zu reduzieren. Hierbei wurde sowohl der innerstädtische Verkehr mit dem Fokus auf Individualverkehr und ÖPNV (öffentlichen Personennahverkehr) einbezogen und Maßnahmen zur Erhöhung der Elektrifizierung untersucht, umgesetzt und evaluiert sowie demonstriert. Zur Gewährleistung eines sicheren und nachhaltigen Betriebs des Gesamtsystems unter Berücksichtigung der Gegebenheiten der elektrischen Infrastruktur wurden weitere Maßnahmen innerhalb des Vorhabens umgesetzt, welche eine integrierte, optimale Standortplanung für Ladestellen beinhaltet, die sowohl die Gegebenheiten der elektrischen als auch der verkehrstechnischen Infrastruktur berücksichtigt. Darüber hinaus wurden Maßnahmen zur Sicherstellung der Qualität im elektrischen Netz untersucht und exemplarisch umgesetzt, wie bspw. die Integration leistungselektronischer Komponenten und Speichersysteme bzw. der Einsatz angebundener elektrischer (mobiler) Verbraucher als flexible Last. Für die Überwachung und Steuerung des Gesamtsystems wurde innerhalb des Vorhabens ein E-Mobility-Management-System entwickelt, integriert und mit dem Gesamtsystem getestet, welches es erlaubt, den Gesamtzustand des elektrischen und verkehrstechnischen Systems zu erfassen und ggf. erforderliche Maßnahmen für den optimierten Systembetrieb abzuleiten. Entsprechend dieser Maßnahmen wurden integrierte Systemkomponenten gesteuert bzw. beeinflusst, um einen optimalen Systembetrieb sicherzustellen. Darüber hinaus wurde mit dezidierten Demonstratoren die Funktionalität des Gesamtsystems, sowie dessen Komponenten und deren Zusammenspiel dem Fachpublikum sowie dem interessierten Nutzer präsentiert. Um die innerstädtische NOx-Belastung in der Landeshauptstadt Kiel kurzfristig und nachhaltig zu senken, hat sich das Vorhaben Kielflex als grundsätzliches Ziel gesetzt, durch wissenschaftliche Untersuchung und deren praktische Demonstration sowie durch Feldtests auf kommunaler Ebene zu zeigen, dass durch die intelligente Nutzung der geplanten Ladeinfrastruktur eine Minimierung des notwenigen Netzausbaus möglich ist. Die Einbindung von Flexibilität in das Kieler Stromnetz ist die Schlüsselidee und hebt Kiel in eine Vorbildfunktion für Deutschland. Übergeordnetes Ziel des Kielflex-Projektes ist es, durch ein intelligentes Netzmanagement den Ausbau der Ladeinfrastruktur und die Elektrifizierung des städtischen ÖPNV mit der vorhandenen Infrastruktur des Kieler Stromnetzes zu erreichen, sodass diese Maßnahmen ohne Netzausbau und daher als Sofortmaßnahmen umgesetzt werden können. Es wurden dabei folgende Aspekte berücksichtigt: • Verbesserung der städtischen Luftqualität durch die Elektrifizierung der Mobilität • Erhöhung der Integration der volatilen Energieerzeugung durch die Steigerung der Flexibilitätsoptionen in städtischen Systemen • Untersuchung der Flexibilität geeigneter Lasten sowohl als Option für die Integration der volatilen erneuerbaren Energie als auch für netzdienstliche Anwendungen. Das intelligente Netzmanagement beinhaltet dabei folgende Maßnahmen: • als \"dezentralisierter\" Ansatz durch die Nutzung von kleineren Speichersystemen an Ladestationen, die nicht nur als klassische Leistungsspeicher den Spitzenleistungsbedarf abfangen, sondern auch als Spannungsregler durch ein intelligentes Steuerkonzept das Spannungsprofil im Netz beeinflussen können. Diese Funktion wirkt als Multiplikator der installierten Speicherleistung zur Maximierung der Anschlussleistung der Ladeinfrastruktur • als \"zentralisierter\" Ansatz durch die Nutzung von großen Lasten, die keine außergewöhnlichen Anforderungen haben und als Dämpfungslast in transienten Vorgängen gemäß des \"Electric Spring\" Konzepts genutzt werden, um der Belastung durch Ladeprozesse von Elektrofahrzeugen in Phasen starker Netzauslastung entgegenzuwirken. Der Leuchtturmcharakter des Kielflex-Projektes wurde durch die inhaltliche Organisation anhand von Use und","author":[{"family":"Liserre","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Langwasser","given":"Marius"},{"family":"Vadakkedath Madhavan","given":"Hrishikesan"},{"family":"Riese","given":"Leonie"},{"family":"Schmidt","given":"Peer"},{"family":"Dietrich","given":"Stefan"},{"family":"Petranovic","given":"Ricard"},{"family":"Lombardi","given":"Pio"},{"family":"Götze","given":"Jens"},{"family":"Mau","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Schirdewahn","given":"Sabine"},{"family":"Bonow","given":"Wiebke"},{"family":"Berthold","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Wenige","given":"Christoph"},{"family":"Hecker","given":"Dominik"},{"family":"Bierstedt","given":"Karen"},{"family":"Rose","given":"Malten"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.34657/21509","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34657/21509","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2412.06807","type":"manuscript","title":"Demand Modeling for Advanced Air Mobility","abstract":"In recent years, the rapid pace of urbanization has posed profound challenges globally, exacerbating environmental concerns and escalating traffic congestion in metropolitan areas. To mitigate these issues, Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) has emerged as a promising transportation alternative. However, the effective implementation of AAM requires robust demand modeling. This study delves into the demand dynamics of AAM by analyzing employment based trip data across Tennessee's census tracts, employing statistical techniques and machine learning models to enhance accuracy in demand forecasting. Drawing on datasets from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and additional sources, we perform cost, time, and risk assessments to compute the Generalized Cost of Trip (GCT). Our findings indicate that trips are more likely to be viable for AAM if air transportation accounts for over 70\\% of the GCT and the journey spans more than 250 miles. The study not only refines the understanding of AAM demand but also guides strategic planning and policy formulation for sustainable urban mobility solutions. The data and code can be accessed on GitHub.{https://github.com/lotussavy/IEEEBigData-2024.git }","author":[{"family":"Acharya","given":"Kamal"},{"family":"Lad","given":"Mehul"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Liang"},{"family":"Song","given":"Houbing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2412.06807","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2412.06807","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2407.12113","type":"manuscript","title":"A Graph-based Adversarial Imitation Learning Framework for Reliable &amp; Realtime Fleet Scheduling in Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"The advent of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) presents the scope for a transformative shift in the domain of urban transportation. However, its widespread adoption and economic viability depends in part on the ability to optimally schedule the fleet of aircraft across vertiports in a UAM network, under uncertainties attributed to airspace congestion, changing weather conditions, and varying demands. This paper presents a comprehensive optimization formulation of the fleet scheduling problem, while also identifying the need for alternate solution approaches, since directly solving the resulting integer nonlinear programming problem is computationally prohibitive for daily fleet scheduling. Previous work has shown the effectiveness of using (graph) reinforcement learning (RL) approaches to train real-time executable policy models for fleet scheduling. However, such policies can often be brittle on out-of-distribution scenarios or edge cases. Moreover, training performance also deteriorates as the complexity (e.g., number of constraints) of the problem increases. To address these issues, this paper presents an imitation learning approach where the RL-based policy exploits expert demonstrations yielded by solving the exact optimization using a Genetic Algorithm. The policy model comprises Graph Neural Network (GNN) based encoders that embed the space of vertiports and aircraft, Transformer networks to encode demand, passenger fare, and transport cost profiles, and a Multi-head attention (MHA) based decoder. Expert demonstrations are used through the Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning (GAIL) algorithm. Interfaced with a UAM simulation environment involving 8 vertiports and 40 aircrafts, in terms of the daily profits earned reward, the new imitative approach achieves better mean performance and remarkable improvement in the case of unseen worst-case scenarios, compared to pure RL results.","author":[{"family":"Poddar","given":"Prithvi"},{"family":"Paul","given":"Steve"},{"family":"Chowdhury","given":"Souma"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.12113","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2407.12113","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2402.07375","type":"manuscript","title":"A Unified MPC Strategy for a Tilt-rotor VTOL UAV Towards Seamless Mode Transitioning","abstract":"Capabilities of long-range flight and vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) are essential for Urban Air Mobility (UAM). Tiltrotor VTOLs have the advantage of balancing control simplicity and system complexity due to their redundant control authority. Prior work on controlling these aircraft either requires separate controllers and switching modes for different vehicle configurations or performs the control allocation on separate actuator sets, which cannot fully use the potential of the redundancy of tiltrotor. This paper introduces a unified MPC-based control strategy for a customized tiltrotor VTOL Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), which does not require mode-switching and can perform the control allocation in a consistent way. The incorporation of four independently controllable rotors in VTOL design offers an extra level of redundancy, allowing the VTOL to accommodate actuator failures. The result shows that our approach outperforms PID controllers while maintaining unified control. It allows the VTOL to perform smooth acceleration/deceleration, and precise coordinated turns. In addition, the independently controlled tilts enable the vehicle to handle actuator failures, ensuring that the aircraft remains operational even in the event of a servo or motor malfunction.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Qizhao"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Ziqi"},{"family":"Geng","given":"Junyi"},{"family":"Bai","given":"Dongwei"},{"family":"Mousaei","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Scherer","given":"Sebastian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.07375","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2402.07375","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2312.02505","type":"manuscript","title":"Evaluating eVTOL Network Performance and Fleet Dynamics through Simulation-Based Analysis","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) represents a promising solution for future transportation. In this study, we introduce VertiSim, an advanced event-driven simulator developed to evaluate e-VTOL transportation networks. Uniquely, VertiSim simultaneously models passenger, aircraft, and energy flows, reflecting the interrelated complexities of UAM systems. We utilized VertiSim to assess 19 operational scenarios serving a daily demand for 2,834 passengers with varying fleet sizes and vertiport distances. The study aims to support stakeholders in making informed decisions about fleet size, network design, and infrastructure development by understanding tradeoffs in passenger delay time, operational costs, and fleet utilization. Our simulations, guided by a heuristic dispatch and charge policy, indicate that fleet size significantly influences passenger delay and energy consumption within UAM networks. We find that increasing the fleet size can reduce average passenger delays, but this comes at the cost of higher operational expenses due to an increase in the number of repositioning flights. Additionally, our analysis highlights how vertiport distances impact fleet utilization: longer distances result in reduced total idle time and increased cruise and charge times, leading to more efficient fleet utilization but also longer passenger delays. These findings are important for UAM network planning, especially in balancing fleet size with vertiport capacity and operational costs. Simulator demo is available at: https://tinyurl.com/vertisim-vis","author":[{"family":"Onat","given":"Emin"},{"family":"Bulusu","given":"Vishwanath"},{"family":"Chakrabarty","given":"Anjan"},{"family":"Hansen","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Sengupta","given":"Raja"},{"family":"Sridar","given":"Banavar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2312.02505","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2312.02505","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2401.04851","type":"manuscript","title":"Graph Learning-based Fleet Scheduling for Urban Air Mobility under Operational Constraints, Varying Demand &amp; Uncertainties","abstract":"This paper develops a graph reinforcement learning approach to online planning of the schedule and destinations of electric aircraft that comprise an urban air mobility (UAM) fleet operating across multiple vertiports. This fleet scheduling problem is formulated to consider time-varying demand, constraints related to vertiport capacity, aircraft capacity and airspace safety guidelines, uncertainties related to take-off delay, weather-induced route closures, and unanticipated aircraft downtime. Collectively, such a formulation presents greater complexity, and potentially increased realism, than in existing UAM fleet planning implementations. To address these complexities, a new policy architecture is constructed, primary components of which include: graph capsule conv-nets for encoding vertiport and aircraft-fleet states both abstracted as graphs; transformer layers encoding time series information on demand and passenger fare; and a Multi-head Attention-based decoder that uses the encoded information to compute the probability of selecting each available destination for an aircraft. Trained with Proximal Policy Optimization, this policy architecture shows significantly better performance in terms of daily averaged profits on unseen test scenarios involving 8 vertiports and 40 aircraft, when compared to a random baseline and genetic algorithm-derived optimal solutions, while being nearly 1000 times faster in execution than the latter.","author":[{"family":"Paul","given":"Steve"},{"family":"Witter","given":"Jhoel"},{"family":"Chowdhury","given":"Souma"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2401.04851","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2401.04851","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2412.09505","type":"manuscript","title":"Integrating Vision Systems and STPA for Robust Landing and Take-Off in VTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are versatile platforms widely used in applications such as surveillance, search and rescue, and urban air mobility. Despite their potential, the critical phases of take-off and landing in uncertain and dynamic environments pose significant safety challenges due to environmental uncertainties, sensor noise, and system-level interactions. This paper presents an integrated approach combining vision-based sensor fusion with System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to enhance the safety and robustness of VTOL UAV operations during take-off and landing. By incorporating fiducial markers, such as AprilTags, into the control architecture, and performing comprehensive hazard analysis, we identify unsafe control actions and propose mitigation strategies. Key contributions include developing the control structure with vision system capable of identifying a fiducial marker, multirotor controller and corresponding unsafe control actions and mitigation strategies. The proposed solution is expected to improve the reliability and safety of VTOL UAV operations, paving the way for resilient autonomous systems.","author":[{"family":"Banik","given":"Sandeep"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Jinrae"},{"family":"Hovakimyan","given":"Naira"},{"family":"Carlone","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Thomas","given":"John"},{"family":"Leveson","given":"Nancy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2412.09505","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2412.09505","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.14223290","type":"article-journal","title":"High-Resolution UAV Imagery and Ground Truth Tree Data of Deciduous Forests in Fruška gora National Park, Serbia","abstract":"Study AreaThe imagery covers a section of the Fruška Gora National Park in Serbia. More than 90% of the area is covered by deciduous forests at elevations above 300 m. The forest primarily comprises mixed stands with the following dominant species: Quercus petraea, Tilia spp., Carpinus betulus and Fagus sylvatica.The park's highest peak is 539 meters above sea level. More than 80% of the forest is of coppice origin, and it is a managed forest. The imagery captures forest stands of varying ages, from very young to old-growth stands. Ground truth data focuses on stands more than 70 years old. Data Collection Overview1. RGB Imagery Equipment: High-resolution RGB images were captured using a Sony UMC-R10C camera mounted on a Quantum Systems Trinity F90+ UAV. Altitude: 134 meters. Ground Sampling Distance (GSD): 4.13 cm/pix. Coordinate System: Processed in EPSG:32634 (WGS 84 / UTM zone 34N). 2. Multispectral (MS) Imagery Equipment: Multispectral data captured with a Dual MicaSense Camera, covering 10 spectral bands spanning visible, red-edge, and near-infrared regions. Altitude: 135 meters. Ground Sampling Distance (GSD): 9.35 cm/pix. Coordinate System: Processed in EPSG:4326 (WGS 84). 3. Ground Truth Tree Data Sampling Methodology: Data was collected along transects representing monodominant or mixed forest stands, focusing on Quercus petraea, Fagus sylvatica, and Tilia spp. Tree Count: Approximately 120 trees were geolocated and measured. Measurement Tools and Procedures: Geographic Coordinates: Recorded with a Garmin eTrex 20 GPS and manually corrected using RGB aerial imagery for improved precision. Tree Crowns: Delineated manually in QGIS 3.38.3 using RGB imagery. Tree Diameter: Measured at breast height (1.3m) using a diameter tape. Tree Height: Measured using a Haglöf EC II-D electronic clinometer. Tree Attributes Recorded: Species latin name. Diameter at breast height (DBH). Tree height (H). Geographic coordinates (center of the tree crown). Elevation. Temporal Coverage Field data collection occurred during autumn 2024.","author":[{"family":"Tarčak","given":"Sonja"},{"family":"Ivošević","given":"Bojana"},{"family":"Buđen","given":"Maša"},{"family":"Pendić","given":"Jugoslav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.14223290","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14223290","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.14223291","type":"article-journal","title":"High-Resolution UAV Imagery and Ground Truth Tree Data of Deciduous Forests in Fruška gora National Park, Serbia","abstract":"Study AreaThe imagery covers a section of the Fruška Gora National Park in Serbia. More than 90% of the area is covered by deciduous forests at elevations above 300 m. The forest primarily comprises mixed stands with the following dominant species: Quercus petraea, Tilia spp., Carpinus betulus and Fagus sylvatica.The park's highest peak is 539 meters above sea level. More than 80% of the forest is of coppice origin, and it is a managed forest. The imagery captures forest stands of varying ages, from very young to old-growth stands. Ground truth data focuses on stands more than 70 years old. Data Collection Overview1. RGB Imagery Equipment: High-resolution RGB images were captured using a Sony UMC-R10C camera mounted on a Quantum Systems Trinity F90+ UAV. Altitude: 134 meters. Ground Sampling Distance (GSD): 4.13 cm/pix. Coordinate System: Processed in EPSG:32634 (WGS 84 / UTM zone 34N). 2. Multispectral (MS) Imagery Equipment: Multispectral data captured with a Dual MicaSense Camera, covering 10 spectral bands spanning visible, red-edge, and near-infrared regions. Altitude: 135 meters. Ground Sampling Distance (GSD): 9.35 cm/pix. Coordinate System: Processed in EPSG:4326 (WGS 84). 3. Ground Truth Tree Data Sampling Methodology: Data was collected along transects representing monodominant or mixed forest stands, focusing on Quercus petraea, Fagus sylvatica, and Tilia spp. Tree Count: Approximately 120 trees were geolocated and measured. Measurement Tools and Procedures: Geographic Coordinates: Recorded with a Garmin eTrex 20 GPS and manually corrected using RGB aerial imagery for improved precision. Tree Crowns: Delineated manually in QGIS 3.38.3 using RGB imagery. Tree Diameter: Measured at breast height (1.3m) using a diameter tape. Tree Height: Measured using a Haglöf EC II-D electronic clinometer. Tree Attributes Recorded: Species latin name. Diameter at breast height (DBH). Tree height (H). Geographic coordinates (center of the tree crown). Elevation. Temporal Coverage Field data collection occurred during autumn 2024.","author":[{"family":"Tarčak","given":"Sonja"},{"family":"Ivošević","given":"Bojana"},{"family":"Buđen","given":"Maša"},{"family":"Pendić","given":"Jugoslav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.14223291","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14223291","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.10654550","type":"article-journal","title":"Datasets of synthetic task flow graphs for evaluating a latency/energy optimization task allocation framework","abstract":"These datasets of synthetic task flow graphs were generated to evaluate the performance and scalability of an optimal task allocation approach for applications of various structures and sizes in an environment following the edge/hub/cloud paradigm. The system under study comprised an edge device (e.g., a single-board computer attached to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)) interacting with a hub device (e.g., a laptop), which in turn communicated with a more computationally capable cloud server. The objective was the minimization of either overall latency or overall energy consumption, under memory, storage, energy, and task precedence constraints. We considered that a percentage of the tasks required fixed allocation on the edge or hub device. We generated 18 task flow graphs of parallel, serial, and mixed (a combination of parallel and serial) structure with 10, 100, and 1000 nodes, and various in/out degrees, utilizing the Task Graphs For Free (TGFF) random task graph generator [1],[2]. Additional task parameters (e.g., execution time, power consumption, memory, storage, output data size) were included post-generation, using representative random values. More details are provided in README.txt and in [3].References:[1] R. P. Dick, D. L. Rhodes, and W. Wolf, \"TGFF: Task graphs for free,\" Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Hardware/Software Codesign (CODES/CASHE), 1998, pp. 97-101, doi: 10.1109/HSC.1998.666245.[2] R. P. Dick, D. L. Rhodes, and K. Vallerio, \"TGFF,\" https://robertdick.org/projects/tgff/.[3] A. Kouloumpris, G. L. Stavrinides, M. K. Michael, and T. Theocharides, \"An optimization framework for task allocation in the edge/hub/cloud paradigm,\" Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 155, pp. 354-366, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.future.2024.02.005.","author":[{"family":"Kouloumpris","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Stavrinides","given":"Georgios"},{"family":"Michael","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Theocharides","given":"Theocharis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.10654550","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10654550","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.10654551","type":"article-journal","title":"Datasets of synthetic task flow graphs for evaluating a latency/energy optimization task allocation framework","abstract":"These datasets of synthetic task flow graphs were generated to evaluate the performance and scalability of an optimal task allocation approach for applications of various structures and sizes in an environment following the edge/hub/cloud paradigm. The system under study comprised an edge device (e.g., a single-board computer attached to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)) interacting with a hub device (e.g., a laptop), which in turn communicated with a more computationally capable cloud server. The objective was the minimization of either overall latency or overall energy consumption, under memory, storage, energy, and task precedence constraints. We considered that a percentage of the tasks required fixed allocation on the edge or hub device. We generated 18 task flow graphs of parallel, serial, and mixed (a combination of parallel and serial) structure with 10, 100, and 1000 nodes, and various in/out degrees, utilizing the Task Graphs For Free (TGFF) random task graph generator [1],[2]. Additional task parameters (e.g., execution time, power consumption, memory, storage, output data size) were included post-generation, using representative random values. More details are provided in README.txt and in [3].References:[1] R. P. Dick, D. L. Rhodes, and W. Wolf, \"TGFF: Task graphs for free,\" Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Hardware/Software Codesign (CODES/CASHE), 1998, pp. 97-101, doi: 10.1109/HSC.1998.666245.[2] R. P. Dick, D. L. Rhodes, and K. Vallerio, \"TGFF,\" https://robertdick.org/projects/tgff/.[3] A. Kouloumpris, G. L. Stavrinides, M. K. Michael, and T. Theocharides, \"An optimization framework for task allocation in the edge/hub/cloud paradigm,\" Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 155, pp. 354-366, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.future.2024.02.005.","author":[{"family":"Kouloumpris","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Stavrinides","given":"Georgios"},{"family":"Michael","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Theocharides","given":"Theocharis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.10654551","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10654551","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.11031941","type":"article-journal","title":"Datasets of synthetic workflows for cyber-physical edge-hub-cloud systems","abstract":"These datasets of synthetic workflows were generated to evaluate the performance and scalability of a multi-constrained scheduling approach for workflow applications of various structures, sizes, and sensing/actuating requirements in a cyber-physical system (CPS) following the edge-hub-cloud paradigm. The examined CPS comprised four edge devices (i.e., single-board computers, each attached to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with sensors/actuators) interacting with a hub device (e.g., a laptop), which in turn communicated with a more computationally capable cloud server. All system devices featured heterogeneous multicore processors and varied sensing/actuating or other specialized capabilities. The problem objective was the minimization of the overall latency of the application under deadline, memory, storage, energy, capability, and task precedence constraints. We generated 25 random workflows (task graphs) with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 nodes (5 task graphs for each size), utilizing the Task Graphs For Free (TGFF) random task graph generator [1],[2]. Additional task parameters (e.g., execution time, power consumption, memory, storage, output data size, capability) were included post-generation, using appropriate values. More details are provided in README.txt and in [3].References:[1] R. P. Dick, D. L. Rhodes, and W. Wolf, \"TGFF: Task graphs for free,\" in Proc. Sixth International Workshop on Hardware/Software Codesign (CODES/CASHE), 1998, pp. 97-101, doi: 10.1109/HSC.1998.666245. [2] R. P. Dick, D. L. Rhodes, and K. Vallerio, \"TGFF,\" https://robertdick.org/projects/tgff/. [3] A. Kouloumpris, G. L. Stavrinides, M. K. Michael, and T. Theocharides, “Optimal multi-constrained workflow scheduling for cyber-physical systems in the edge-cloud continuum,” in Proc. 2024 IEEE 48th Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conference (COMPSAC), Jul. 2024, pp. 483-492, doi: 10.1109/COMPSAC61105.2024.00072.","author":[{"family":"Kouloumpris","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Stavrinides","given":"Georgios"},{"family":"Michael","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Theocharides","given":"Theocharis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.11031941","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11031941","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.11031940","type":"article-journal","title":"Datasets of synthetic workflows for cyber-physical edge-hub-cloud systems","abstract":"These datasets of synthetic workflows were generated to evaluate the performance and scalability of a multi-constrained scheduling approach for workflow applications of various structures, sizes, and sensing/actuating requirements in a cyber-physical system (CPS) following the edge-hub-cloud paradigm. The examined CPS comprised four edge devices (i.e., single-board computers, each attached to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with sensors/actuators) interacting with a hub device (e.g., a laptop), which in turn communicated with a more computationally capable cloud server. All system devices featured heterogeneous multicore processors and varied sensing/actuating or other specialized capabilities. The problem objective was the minimization of the overall latency of the application under deadline, memory, storage, energy, capability, and task precedence constraints. We generated 25 random workflows (task graphs) with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 nodes (5 task graphs for each size), utilizing the Task Graphs For Free (TGFF) random task graph generator [1],[2]. Additional task parameters (e.g., execution time, power consumption, memory, storage, output data size, capability) were included post-generation, using appropriate values. More details are provided in README.txt and in [3].References:[1] R. P. Dick, D. L. Rhodes, and W. Wolf, \"TGFF: Task graphs for free,\" in Proc. Sixth International Workshop on Hardware/Software Codesign (CODES/CASHE), 1998, pp. 97-101, doi: 10.1109/HSC.1998.666245. [2] R. P. Dick, D. L. Rhodes, and K. Vallerio, \"TGFF,\" https://robertdick.org/projects/tgff/. [3] A. Kouloumpris, G. L. Stavrinides, M. K. Michael, and T. Theocharides, “Optimal multi-constrained workflow scheduling for cyber-physical systems in the edge-cloud continuum,” in Proc. 2024 IEEE 48th Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conference (COMPSAC), Jul. 2024, pp. 483-492, doi: 10.1109/COMPSAC61105.2024.00072.","author":[{"family":"Kouloumpris","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Stavrinides","given":"Georgios"},{"family":"Michael","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Theocharides","given":"Theocharis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.11031940","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11031940","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2410.17585","type":"manuscript","title":"Energy-Optimal Planning of Waypoint-Based UAV Missions -- Does Minimum Distance Mean Minimum Energy?","abstract":"Multirotor unmanned aerial vehicle is a prevailing type of aerial robots with wide real-world applications. The energy efficiency of the robot is a critical aspect of its performance, determining the range and duration of the missions that can be performed. This paper studies the energy-optimal planning of the multirotor, which aims at finding the optimal ordering of waypoints with the minimum energy consumption for missions in 3D space. The study is performed based on a previously developed model capturing first-principle energy dynamics of the multirotor. We found that in majority of the cases (up to 95%) the solutions of the energy-optimal planning are different from those of the traditional traveling salesman problem which minimizes the total distance. The difference can be as high as 14.9%, with the average at 1.6%-3.3% and 90th percentile at 3.7%-6.5% depending on the range and number of waypoints in the mission. We then identified and explained the key features of the minimum-energy order by correlating to the underlying flight energy dynamics. It is shown that instead of minimizing the distance, coordination of vertical and horizontal motion to promote aerodynamic efficiency is the key to optimizing energy consumption.","author":[{"family":"Michel","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Patnaik","given":"Ayush"},{"family":"Kong","given":"Zhaodan"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Xinfan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2410.17585","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.17585","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21581905","type":"article-journal","title":"Compact Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with Carbon Fibre Frame and Propellor for Underground Application : An Approach","abstract":"A drone is a device useful for surveillance, security and improve safety aspects. Drone has many applications contributing in societal developments which is the motivation for the present project work. Drone is being emerged by various military organization, commercial capacity and its applications is increasing day-by-day. Unmanned aerial vehicles are designed as a self-operating device based on receiving feedback from signals and sensors. Brushless DC motor, frames, transmitter, receiver, propellor, flight control board, LiPo battery, electronic speed controllers were used to perform the experimental set-up. An attempt has been made to design light weight drone compared to the conventional drones available. The drone is fabricated in such a manner that initially it performs downward motion into the well followed by the upward motion. All the components of a proposed drone have been fixed and checked for its working. The drone operates in a stable manner with four propellors and contributed its excellence for the underground application.","author":[{"family":"Vaidhyanathan","given":"Yogesh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21581905","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21581905","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21581906","type":"article-journal","title":"Compact Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with Carbon Fibre Frame and Propellor for Underground Application : An Approach","abstract":"A drone is a device useful for surveillance, security and improve safety aspects. Drone has many applications contributing in societal developments which is the motivation for the present project work. Drone is being emerged by various military organization, commercial capacity and its applications is increasing day-by-day. Unmanned aerial vehicles are designed as a self-operating device based on receiving feedback from signals and sensors. Brushless DC motor, frames, transmitter, receiver, propellor, flight control board, LiPo battery, electronic speed controllers were used to perform the experimental set-up. An attempt has been made to design light weight drone compared to the conventional drones available. The drone is fabricated in such a manner that initially it performs downward motion into the well followed by the upward motion. All the components of a proposed drone have been fixed and checked for its working. The drone operates in a stable manner with four propellors and contributed its excellence for the underground application.","author":[{"family":"Vaidhyanathan","given":"Yogesh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21581906","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21581906","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17605/osf.io/g6ju5","type":"article-journal","title":"Systematic Review of the Multifaceted Impacts of Electric Vehicle Adoption: Technological, Environmental, Organizational, and Policy Perspectives","abstract":"This project aims to conduct a systematic review to explore the diverse impacts associated with the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), focusing on technological, environmental, organizational, and policy dimensions. With the global shift toward sustainable transportation, a comprehensive understanding of these multifaceted impacts is crucial for stakeholders across various sectors. Our methodology will involve a bibliometric and content analysis of peer-reviewed articles selected based on predefined criteria. The review will assess how advancements in EV technology, supportive policy frameworks, and evolving market dynamics contribute to sustainable mobility, aiming to integrate these interconnected elements for a holistic view. The objectives of this project are to: 1. Analyze potential technological advancements in EVs and their implications for energy efficiency and operational performance. 2. Evaluate the potential environmental benefits of EVs, particularly in terms of reducing carbon emissions and improving urban air quality. 3. Assess the influence of policy and regulatory frameworks on the adoption and integration of EVs into transportation systems. 4. Explore the economic and organizational impacts of EV adoption on a global scale, identifying strategies that organizations can employ to facilitate this transition.","author":[{"family":"Alghoush","given":"Mohamad"},{"family":"Alhammadi","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Zaino","given":"Rami"},{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Vian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.17605/osf.io/g6ju5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/g6ju5","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.15488/19907","type":"article-journal","title":"Joint Communication, Sensing, and Localization in Airborne Applications: Waveform Design and Multi-Mode Multi-Port Antennas","abstract":"The anticipated trends in mobility, either autonomous driving or urban air mobility (UAM), require wireless services to achieve mandatory reliability and safety levels. The number of wireless systems already in-use, especially airborne, occupy regulated spectra. In order to mitigate the impact of a large number of systems mounted to airborne platforms, we propose to combine enabling techniques. These include the joint waveform design, multi-mode multi-port antennas (M 3 PAs), and appropriate beamforming techniques for joint communication, sensing and localization (JCSL). Our study finds that employing DFT-spread OFDM results in a more consistent radar performance compared to conventional OFDM, highlighting a novel application of this waveform design in JCSL systems. M 3 PAs are explored as a candidate system for performing JCSL using a single antenna radiator. It is shown how the orthogonality properties of M 3 PAs are beneficial for avoiding crosstalk in JCSL. We therefore review mature and actively employed techniques and discuss the applicability of M 3 PAs and novel waveform designs for JCSL. This study aims to conduct a thorough analysis of current systems in operation. Furthermore, design concepts that facilitate the implementation of the JCSL concept in UAM and airborne applications are introduced and discussed.","author":[{"family":"Johannsen","given":"Nils"},{"family":"Schurwanz","given":"Max"},{"family":"Grundmann","given":"Lukas"},{"family":"Mietzner","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Manteuffel","given":"Dirk"},{"family":"Hoeher","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.15488/19907","URL":"https://doi.org/10.15488/19907","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17863/cam.92449","type":"article-journal","title":"Air quality management strategies in Africa: A scoping review of the content, context, co-benefits and unintended consequences.","abstract":"One of the major consequences of Africa's rapid urbanisation is the worsening air pollution, especially in urban centres. However, existing societal challenges such as recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, poverty, intensifying effects of climate change are making prioritisation of addressing air pollution harder. We undertook a scoping review of strategies developed and/or implemented in Africa to provide a repository to stakeholders as a reference that could be applied for various local contexts. The review includes strategies assessed for effectiveness in improving air quality and/or health outcomes, co-benefits of the strategies, potential collaborators, and pitfalls. An international multidisciplinary team convened to develop well-considered research themes and scope from a contextual lens relevant to the African continent. From the initial 18,684 search returns, additional 43 returns through reference chaining, contacting topic experts and policy makers, 65 studies and reports were included for final analysis. Three main strategy categories obtained from the review included technology (75%), policy (20%) and education/behavioural change (5%). Most strategies (83%) predominantly focused on household air pollution compared to outdoor air pollution (17%) yet the latter is increasing due to urbanisation. Mobility strategies were only 6% compared to household energy strategies (88%) yet motorised mobility has rapidly increased over recent decades. A cost effective way to tackle air pollution in African cities given the competing priorities could be by leveraging and adopting implemented strategies, collaborating with actors involved whilst considering local contextual factors. Lessons and best practices from early adopters/implementers can go a long way in identifying opportunities and mitigating potential barriers related to the air quality management strategies hence saving time on trying to \"reinvent the wheel\" and prevent pitfalls. We suggest collaboration of various stakeholders, such as policy makers, academia, businesses and communities in order to formulate strategies that are suitable and practical to various local contexts.","author":[{"family":"Okello","given":"Gabriel"},{"family":"Nantanda","given":"Rebecca"},{"family":"Awokola","given":"Babatunde"},{"family":"Thondoo","given":"Meelan"},{"family":"Okure","given":"Deo"},{"family":"Tatah","given":"Lambed"},{"family":"Bainomugisha","given":"Engineer"},{"family":"Oni","given":"Tolu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.17863/cam.92449","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.92449","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48441/4427.2235","type":"article-journal","title":"Joint communication, sensing, and localization in airborne applications : waveform design and multi-mode multi-port antennas","abstract":"The anticipated trends in mobility, either autonomous driving or urban air mobility (UAM), require wireless services to achieve mandatory reliability and safety levels. The number of wireless systems already in-use, especially airborne, occupy regulated spectra. In order to mitigate the impact of a large number of systems mounted to airborne platforms, we propose to combine enabling techniques. These include the joint waveform design, multi-mode multi-port antennas (M3PAs), and appropriate beamforming techniques for joint communication, sensing and localization (JCSL). Our study finds that employing DFT-spread OFDM results in a more consistent radar performance compared to conventional OFDM, highlighting a novel application of this waveform design in JCSL systems. M3PAs are explored as a candidate system for performing JCSL using a single antenna radiator. It is shown how the orthogonality properties of M3PAs are beneficial for avoiding crosstalk in JCSL. We therefore review mature and actively employed techn","author":[{"family":"Johannsen","given":"Nils"},{"family":"Schurwanz","given":"Max"},{"family":"Grundmann","given":"Lukas"},{"family":"Mietzner","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Manteuffel","given":"Dirk"},{"family":"Hoeher","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48441/4427.2235","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48441/4427.2235","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2412.07241","type":"manuscript","title":"Human-Computer Interaction and Human-AI Collaboration in Advanced Air Mobility: A Comprehensive Review","abstract":"The increasing rates of global urbanization and vehicle usage are leading to a shift of mobility to the third dimension-through Advanced Air Mobility (AAM)-offering a promising solution for faster, safer, cleaner, and more efficient transportation. As air transportation continues to evolve with more automated and autonomous systems, advancements in AAM require a deep understanding of human-computer interaction and human-AI collaboration to ensure safe and effective operations in complex urban and regional environments. There has been a significant increase in publications regarding these emerging applications; thus, there is a need to review developments in this area. This paper comprehensively reviews the current state of research on human-computer interaction and human-AI collaboration in AAM. Specifically, we focus on AAM applications related to the design of human-machine interfaces for various uses, including pilot training, air traffic management, and the integration of AI-assisted decision-making systems with immersive technologies such as extended, virtual, mixed, and augmented reality devices. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the challenges AAM encounters in integrating human-computer frameworks, including unique challenges associated with these interactions, such as trust in AI systems and safety concerns. Finally, we highlight emerging opportunities and propose future research directions to bridge the gap between human factors and technological advancements in AAM.","author":[{"family":"Sagirli","given":"Fatma"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Xiaopeng"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhenbo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2412.07241","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2412.07241","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2304.04728","type":"manuscript","title":"Visual anemometry: physics-informed inference of wind for renewable energy, urban sustainability, and environmental science","abstract":"Accurate measurements of atmospheric flows at meter-scale resolution are essential for a broad range of sustainability applications, including optimal design of wind and solar farms, safe and efficient urban air mobility, monitoring of environmental phenomena such as wildfires and air pollution dispersal, and data assimilation into weather and climate models. Measurement of the relevant microscale wind flows is inherently challenged by the optical transparency of the wind. This review explores new ways in which physics can be leveraged to \"see\" environmental flows non-intrusively, that is, without the need to place measurement instruments directly in the flows of interest. Specifically, while the wind itself is transparent, its effect can be visually observed in the motion of objects embedded in the environment and subjected to wind -- swaying trees and flapping flags are commonly encountered examples. We describe emerging efforts to accomplish visual anemometry, the task of quantitatively inferring local wind conditions based on the physics of observed flow-structure interactions. Approaches based on first-principles physics as well as data-driven, machine learning methods will be described, and remaining obstacles to fully generalizable visual anemometry will be discussed.","author":[{"family":"Dabiri","given":"John"},{"family":"Howland","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Goldshmid","given":"Roni"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2304.04728","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2304.04728","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.18739/a2pg1hq5m","type":"article-journal","title":"Ice thickness and surface elevation survey of Teshekpuk Lake in northern Alaska during late winter 2024","abstract":"At 850 square kilometers (km2), freshwater Teshekpuk Lake stands out among abundant thermokarst lakes of the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska. Its size, latitude, and proximity to the Beaufort Sea coast make long (&gt;9 months) seasonal ice-cover its dominant regime, which likely plays a role in the regions value in waterbird and caribou habitat. Despite these important characteristics related to ice regime, little scientific attention has been given to this lentic system. Extensive ice thickness and snow depth surveys conducted using ice penetrating radar and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imaging in April 2024 is helping us understand surface patterns across this massive lake in relation to winter wind-fetch, pressure ridges, and bathymetry. Data are organized by ground-penetrating radar transects summarized at 10-meter (m) increments of ice thickness with calibration ice thickness and snow depth measurements collected at transect endpoints. Drone (UAS) surveys with real-time kinematic elevation base-station corrections were made along portions of these transects and opus-corrected structure-for-motion digital elevation models were used to estimate surface elevations. These data are primarily intended to severe as calibration and validation data for the new Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission and similar remote sensing applications, but also provide an opportunity to understand ice and snow variability and the formation and impact of pressure ridges and lake bathymetry in this unusually large arctic lake. During this survey, water samples were also collected for environmental DNA analysis to assess fish community presence and these will be reported elsewhere.","author":[{"family":"Arp","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Bondurant","given":"Allen"},{"family":"Drew","given":"Katie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.18739/a2pg1hq5m","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18739/a2pg1hq5m","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2411.18519","type":"manuscript","title":"A Talent-infused Policy-gradient Approach to Efficient Co-Design of Morphology and Task Allocation Behavior of Multi-Robot Systems","abstract":"Interesting and efficient collective behavior observed in multi-robot or swarm systems emerges from the individual behavior of the robots. The functional space of individual robot behaviors is in turn shaped or constrained by the robot's morphology or physical design. Thus the full potential of multi-robot systems can be realized by concurrently optimizing the morphology and behavior of individual robots, informed by the environment's feedback about their collective performance, as opposed to treating morphology and behavior choices disparately or in sequence (the classical approach). This paper presents an efficient concurrent design or co-design method to explore this potential and understand how morphology choices impact collective behavior, particularly in an MRTA problem focused on a flood response scenario, where the individual behavior is designed via graph reinforcement learning. Computational efficiency in this case is attributed to a new way of near exact decomposition of the co-design problem into a series of simpler optimization and learning problems. This is achieved through i) the identification and use of the Pareto front of Talent metrics that represent morphology-dependent robot capabilities, and ii) learning the selection of Talent best trade-offs and individual robot policy that jointly maximizes the MRTA performance. Applied to a multi-unmanned aerial vehicle flood response use case, the co-design outcomes are shown to readily outperform sequential design baselines. Significant differences in morphology and learned behavior are also observed when comparing co-designed single robot vs. co-designed multi-robot systems for similar operations.","author":[{"family":"Krisshnakumar","given":"Prajit"},{"family":"Paul","given":"Steve"},{"family":"Chowdhury","given":"Souma"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2411.18519","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2411.18519","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.20350/digitalcsic/16672","type":"article-journal","title":"LiDAR Point Cloud and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the Poyo`s Gully (Valencia, Spain) after the impact of the Cut-off Low on October 29, 2024","abstract":"This repository contains the topographic products generated from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flights equipped with an LiDAR sensor, conducted over the Poyo´s Gully on November 10, 2024, after 12 days of the Cut-Off Low that occurred in Valencia on October 29, 2024. This repository includes a LiDAR point cloud and a centimeter-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM), covering the gully course from El Boni area at the Albufera (Latitude: 39.384528º; Longitude: -0.359503°) up to Torrent village (Latitude: 39.442071°; Longitude: -0.455153°). The equipment used were a DJI Zenmuse L2 sensor mounted on the DJI Matrice 300 RTK multirotor UAV, supported by positioning information provided by the EMLID Reach 2 antenna used as a base station. This information is useful for quickly assessing damage of infrastructures or the amount of sediment accumulated along the couser of the Gully, among others. The data will help technicians and managers in assisting in decision-making for restoration and prevention.","author":[{"family":"Román","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Tovar-Sánchez","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Navarro","given":"Gabriel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.20350/digitalcsic/16672","URL":"https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalcsic/16672","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/4bcc9b4e-fab5-46cd-aac3-56c28e61cff1","type":"article-journal","title":"Processed aeromagnetic line data flown from Rothera station with a Windracers Ultra UAV (2023/24 season)","abstract":"Airborne magnetic data provides insight into the subsurface geology and tectonic history. This dataset includes processed airborne magnetic data collected over Marguerite Bay during the 2023/2024 Antarctic field season. This survey was carried out as part of a wider UKRI Innovate UK Future Flight-3 SWARM project in collaboration with Windracers Ltd to demonstrate their Ultra Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) as a platform for environmental science. As part of this project ~1600 km of new high resolution aeromagnetic data with a ground clearance of 500m was collected around Rothera research station, West Antarctica. Data were acquired using a GEMSys GSMP-35U UAV magnetometer mounted on a Windracers Ultra UAV. Magnetic line data is provided as comma separated ASCII file. This study was funded by Innovate UK through their Future flight challenge support for the \"Protecting environments with unmanned aerial vehicle swarms\" project (reference: 10023377). We thank BAS operations for their support and specifically the BAS air unit and ground support staff whose close cooperation and engagement with the UAV deployment made the project successful. We also thank staff at Windracers and Distributed avionics who provided remote support for UAV operations across the field season.","author":[{"family":"Jordan","given":"Tom"},{"family":"Lowe","given":"Maximilian"},{"family":"Robinson","given":"Carl"},{"family":"Reed","given":"Tom"},{"family":"Toomey","given":"Rebecca"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5285/4bcc9b4e-fab5-46cd-aac3-56c28e61cff1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/4bcc9b4e-fab5-46cd-aac3-56c28e61cff1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2411.05586","type":"manuscript","title":"Tangled Program Graphs as an alternative to DRL-based control algorithms for UAVs","abstract":"Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is currently the most popular AI-based approach to autonomous vehicle control. An agent, trained for this purpose in simulation, can interact with the real environment with a human-level performance. Despite very good results in terms of selected metrics, this approach has some significant drawbacks: high computational requirements and low explainability. Because of that, a DRL-based agent cannot be used in some control tasks, especially when safety is the key issue. Therefore we propose to use Tangled Program Graphs (TPGs) as an alternative for deep reinforcement learning in control-related tasks. In this approach, input signals are processed by simple programs that are combined in a graph structure. As a result, TPGs are less computationally demanding and their actions can be explained based on the graph structure. In this paper, we present our studies on the use of TPGs as an alternative for DRL in control-related tasks. In particular, we consider the problem of navigating an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) through the unknown environment based solely on the on-board LiDAR sensor. The results of our work show promising prospects for the use of TPGs in control related-tasks.","author":[{"family":"Szolc","given":"Hubert"},{"family":"Desnos","given":"Karol"},{"family":"Kryjak","given":"Tomasz"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2411.05586","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2411.05586","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2408.11429","type":"manuscript","title":"Long-Range Vision-Based UAV-assisted Localization for Unmanned Surface Vehicles","abstract":"The global positioning system (GPS) has become an indispensable navigation method for field operations with unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) in marine environments. However, GPS may not always be available outdoors because it is vulnerable to natural interference and malicious jamming attacks. Thus, an alternative navigation system is required when the use of GPS is restricted or prohibited. To this end, we present a novel method that utilizes an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to assist in localizing USVs in GNSS-restricted marine environments. In our approach, the UAV flies along the shoreline at a consistent altitude, continuously tracking and detecting the USV using a deep learning-based approach on camera images. Subsequently, triangulation techniques are applied to estimate the USV's position relative to the UAV, utilizing geometric information and datalink range from the UAV. We propose adjusting the UAV's camera angle based on the pixel error between the USV and the image center throughout the localization process to enhance accuracy. Additionally, visual measurements are integrated into an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) for robust state estimation. To validate our proposed method, we utilize a USV equipped with onboard sensors and a UAV equipped with a camera. A heterogeneous robotic interface is established to facilitate communication between the USV and UAV. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach through a series of experiments conducted during the ``Muhammad Bin Zayed International Robotic Challenge (MBZIRC-2024)'' in real marine environments, incorporating noisy measurements and ocean disturbances. The successful outcomes indicate the potential of our method to complement GPS for USV navigation.","author":[{"family":"Akram","given":"Waseem"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Siyuan"},{"family":"Kuang","given":"Hailiang"},{"family":"He","given":"Xiaoyu"},{"family":"Din","given":"Muhayy"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Yihao"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Defu"},{"family":"Seneviratne","given":"Lakmal"},{"family":"He","given":"Shaoming"},{"family":"Hussain","given":"Irfan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2408.11429","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2408.11429","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2406.00504","type":"manuscript","title":"Research on an Autonomous UAV Search and Rescue System Based on the Improved","abstract":"The demand is to solve the issue of UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) operating autonomously and implementing practical functions such as search and rescue in complex unknown environments. This paper proposes an autonomous search and rescue UAV system based on an EGO-Planner algorithm, which is improved by innovative UAV body application and takes the methods of inverse motor backstepping to enhance the overall flight efficiency of the UAV and miniaturization of the whole machine. At the same time, the system introduced the EGO-Planner planning tool, which is optimized by a bidirectional A* algorithm along with an object detection algorithm. It solves the issue of intelligent obstacle avoidance and search and rescue. Through the simulation and field verification work, and compared with traditional algorithms, this method shows more efficiency and reliability in the task. In addition, due to the existing algorithm's improved robustness, this application shows good prospection.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Haobin"},{"family":"Tao","given":"Junyu"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Bize"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xiaoyan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2406.00504","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2406.00504","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2405.01857","type":"manuscript","title":"TinySeg: Model Optimizing Framework for Image Segmentation on Tiny Embedded Systems","abstract":"Image segmentation is one of the major computer vision tasks, which is applicable in a variety of domains, such as autonomous navigation of an unmanned aerial vehicle. However, image segmentation cannot easily materialize on tiny embedded systems because image segmentation models generally have high peak memory usage due to their architectural characteristics. This work finds that image segmentation models unnecessarily require large memory space with an existing tiny machine learning framework. That is, the existing framework cannot effectively manage the memory space for the image segmentation models. This work proposes TinySeg, a new model optimizing framework that enables memory-efficient image segmentation for tiny embedded systems. TinySeg analyzes the lifetimes of tensors in the target model and identifies long-living tensors. Then, TinySeg optimizes the memory usage of the target model mainly with two methods: (i) tensor spilling into local or remote storage and (ii) fused fetching of spilled tensors. This work implements TinySeg on top of the existing tiny machine learning framework and demonstrates that TinySeg can reduce the peak memory usage of an image segmentation model by 39.3% for tiny embedded systems.","author":[{"family":"Chae","given":"Byungchul"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Jiae"},{"family":"Heo","given":"Seonyeong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2405.01857","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2405.01857","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2405.02681","type":"manuscript","title":"Spider RIS: Mobilizing Intelligent Surfaces for Enhanced Wireless Communications","abstract":"In this study, we introduce Spider RIS technology, which offers an innovative solution to the challenges encountered in movable antennas (MAs) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled communication systems. By combining the dynamic adaptation capability of MAs and the flexible location advantages of UAVs, this technology offers a dynamic and movable RIS, which can flexibly optimize physical locations within the two-dimensional movement platform. Spider RIS aims to enhance the communication efficiency and reliability of wireless networks, particularly in obstructive environments, by elevating the signal quality and achievable rate. The motivation of Spider RIS is based on the ability to fully exploit the spatial variability of wireless channels and maximize channel capacity even with a limited number of reflecting elements by overcoming the limitations of traditional fixed RIS and energy-intensive UAV systems. Considering the geometry-based millimeter wave channel model, we present the design of a three-stage angular-based hybrid beamforming system empowered by Spider RIS: First, analog beamformers are designed using angular information, followed by the generation of digital precoder/combiner based on the effective channel observed from baseband stage. Subsequently, the joint dynamic positioning with phase shift design of the Spider RIS is optimized using particle swarm optimization, maximizing the achievable rate of the systems.","author":[{"family":"Yildirim","given":"Ibrahim"},{"family":"Mahmood","given":"Mobeen"},{"family":"Basar","given":"Ertugrul"},{"family":"Le-Ngoc","given":"Tho"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2405.02681","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2405.02681","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.24406/publica-6287","type":"article-journal","title":"Optimized Phase-Based Position Estimation With a Multidimensional Radar on a Hovering UAV","abstract":"Radars on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be used in indoor rescue scenarios to detect missing people based on their motion. The phase of the radar signal provides information about submillimeter changes in distance to the reflecting objects. However, to evaluate the motion of a missing person, the relative position variation in the unmanned vehicle itself must be known and compensated for. To estimate the position variation in the unmanned vehicle, the radar system measures the phase information for multiple static objects in the radar's environment. A model describing how a position change in the radar affects the phase signals is used to build a system of equations with the current position being the solution. The accuracy of the estimated position depends on how accurately the phase measurements represent the model. By analytically decomposing the errors in the measurement model, it is shown that the radar's limited angular resolution induces a significant error. To mitigate this source of error, a weighted least squares (WLS) approach that minimizes the influence of the angular resolution on the position error is derived. By calculating the position error distribution with and without the weighting approach, the benefits of the proposed algorithms are stated. Furthermore, the results are validated using simulations and real-world measurements, showing that the proposed algorithm achieves submillimeter position accuracy.","author":[{"family":"Stockel","given":"Philipp"},{"family":"Froehly","given":"André"},{"family":"Wallrath","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Herschel","given":"Reinhold"},{"family":"Pohl","given":"Nils"},{"family":"Unav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.24406/publica-6287","URL":"https://doi.org/10.24406/publica-6287","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.10605","type":"manuscript","title":"UAV Trajectory Optimization for Sensing Exploiting Target Location Distribution Map","abstract":"In this paper, we study the trajectory optimization of a cellular-connected unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) which aims to sense the location of a target while maintaining satisfactory communication quality with the ground base stations (GBSs). In contrast to most existing works which assumed the target's location is known, we focus on a more challenging scenario where the exact location of the target to be sensed is unknown and random, while its distribution is known a priori and stored in a novel target location distribution map. Based on this map, the probability for the UAV to successfully sense the target can be expressed as a function of the UAV's trajectory. We aim to optimize the UAV's trajectory between two pre-determined locations to maximize the overall sensing probability during its flight, subject to a GBS-UAV communication quality constraint at each time instant and a maximum mission completion time constraint. Despite the non-convexity and NP-hardness of this problem, we devise three high-quality suboptimal solutions tailored for it with polynomial complexity. Numerical results show that our proposed designs outperform various benchmark schemes.","author":[{"family":"Du","given":"Xiangming"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Shuowen"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Liang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2404.10605","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2404.10605","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.25728/cs.2024.1.1","type":"article-journal","title":"RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION IN TRANSPORT APPLICATIONS","abstract":"RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) has been widely used in many areas of science and technology as well as everyday life. An intensively developing line of RFID applications is the identification of fast-moving transport objects. Despite numerous scientific articles, the latest results on the subject are poorly reflected in the existing surveys. This paper fills the gap by overviewing key publications on RFID technologies and standards and the features of signal propagation in a wireless communication channel between RFID tags and a reader. We describe related theoretical and experimental results as well as the architecture and hardware and software tools for the practical implementation of ground vehicle identification systems. In addition, this survey covers publications on utilizing RFID on the base of unmanned aerial vehicles.","author":[{"family":"Abramian","given":"VL"},{"family":"Vishnevsky","given":"VM"},{"family":"Larionov","given":"AA"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.25728/cs.2024.1.1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25728/cs.2024.1.1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2403.11875","type":"manuscript","title":"Towards Real-Time Fast Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Detection Using Dynamic Vision Sensors","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are gaining popularity in civil and military applications. However, uncontrolled access to restricted areas threatens privacy and security. Thus, prevention and detection of UAVs are pivotal to guarantee confidentiality and safety. Although active scanning, mainly based on radars, is one of the most accurate technologies, it can be expensive and less versatile than passive inspections, e.g., object recognition. Dynamic vision sensors (DVS) are bio-inspired event-based vision models that leverage timestamped pixel-level brightness changes in fast-moving scenes that adapt well to low-latency object detection. This paper presents F-UAV-D (Fast Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Detector), an embedded system that enables fast-moving drone detection. In particular, we propose a setup to exploit DVS as an alternative to RGB cameras in a real-time and low-power configuration. Our approach leverages the high-dynamic range (HDR) and background suppression of DVS and, when trained with various fast-moving drones, outperforms RGB input in suboptimal ambient conditions such as low illumination and fast-moving scenes. Our results show that F-UAV-D can (i) detect drones by using less than &lt;15 W on average and (ii) perform real-time inference (i.e., &lt;50 ms) by leveraging the CPU and GPU nodes of our edge computer.","author":[{"family":"Mandula","given":"Jakub"},{"family":"Kühne","given":"Jonas"},{"family":"Pascarella","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Magno","given":"Michele"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2403.11875","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.11875","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.25728/pu.2024.1.1","type":"article-journal","title":"Применение радиочастотной идентификации на транспорте","abstract":"Технология RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) нашла широкое применение во многих областях науки и техники и повседневной жизни людей. Одним из интенсивно развивающихся направлений применения RFID является идентификация быстродвижущихся транспортных объектов. Несмотря на большое количество научных статей, посвященных данной тематике, последние результаты в этой области нашли слабое отражение в существующих обзорах. Настоящая статья призвана восполнить этот пробел. Приведен обзор публикаций в области технологий и стандартов RFID, а также особенностей распространения сигналов в беспроводном канале связи между RFID-метками и считывателем. Дано описание теоретических и экспериментальных результатов, а также архитектуры и аппаратно-программных средств практической реализации систем идентификации наземных транспортных средств. Приведен также обзор публикаций о применении RFID на беспилотных летательных аппаратах.","author":[{"family":"Абрамян","given":"ВЛ"},{"family":"Вишневский","given":"ВМ"},{"family":"Ларионов","given":"АА"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.25728/pu.2024.1.1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25728/pu.2024.1.1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.10727413","type":"article-journal","title":"Ultra-high-resolution modified RGB UAV-imaging of Alternaria solani","abstract":"This dataset is collected from both symptomatic and non-symptomatic plants during the growing seasons of 2019 and 2022, on 40x20 m experimental fields in Lemberge (Merelbeke), Belgium (50.986544°N, 3.774066°E) using a DJI M600 PRO unmanned aerial vehicle equiped with a modified Sony Alpha 7III camera with 135 mm lens. The field trial is conducted in analogy to the method described by Van De Vijver et al. (2020, 2022), using two different cultivers, Spunta (2019) and Fontane (2022) respectively. The dataset of 2019 comprises data from three different flights (3, 6 and 9 days after inoculation) and the dataset of 2022 from four different flights (5,7, 9 and 13 days after inoculation). This dataset consists out of 7660 patches of 256x256 pixels, cropped out of the original images, labeled and sorted in two categories (1: Alternaria, 0: no Alternaria), accompagned by a csv file containing the following information: Original patch name Random patch name (used during the labeling process) Row patch number Column patch number Block number, column block number and row block number Original mage name Coordinates of original image: latitude, longitude, altitude Date of flight Label (0: no Alternaria, 1: Alternaria) More detailed information about this dataset (both the collection and the preprocessing) can be found in the corresponding article 'Ultra-high-resolution UAV-Imaging and Supervised Deep Learning for Accurate Detection of Alternaria Solani in Potato Fields.' If you use this dataset, please refer to the related journal paper as follows: \"Wieme J, Leroux S, Cool SR, Van Beek J, Pieters JG and Maes WH (2024) Ultra-highresolution UAV-imaging and supervised deep learning for accurate detection of Alternaria solani in potato fields. Front. Plant Sci. 15:1206998. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1206998\" This dataset was gathered within the Proeftuin Smart Farming 4.0 project (180503) within the Industry 4.0 Living Labs with funding from Flanders innovation & entrepreneurship (VLAIO, Belgium) and in the Horizon 2020 project SmartAgriHubs - Connecting the dots to unleash the innovation potential for digital transformation of the European agrifood sector with funding from the European Union under grant agreement No. 818182. Jana Wieme is funded by grant 1SE3921N of Research Foundation Flanders (FWO).","author":[{"family":"Wieme","given":"Jana"},{"family":"Leroux","given":"Sam"},{"family":"Cool","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Van Beek","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Pieters","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Maes","given":"Wouter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.10727413","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10727413","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.10727412","type":"article-journal","title":"Ultra-high-resolution modified RGB UAV-imaging of Alternaria solani","abstract":"This dataset is collected from both symptomatic and non-symptomatic plants during the growing seasons of 2019 and 2022, on 40x20 m experimental fields in Lemberge (Merelbeke), Belgium (50.986544°N, 3.774066°E) using a DJI M600 PRO unmanned aerial vehicle equiped with a modified Sony Alpha 7III camera with 135 mm lens. The field trial is conducted in analogy to the method described by Van De Vijver et al. (2020, 2022), using two different cultivers, Spunta (2019) and Fontane (2022) respectively. The dataset of 2019 comprises data from three different flights (3, 6 and 9 days after inoculation) and the dataset of 2022 from four different flights (5,7, 9 and 13 days after inoculation). This dataset consists out of 7660 patches of 256x256 pixels, cropped out of the original images, labeled and sorted in two categories (1: Alternaria, 0: no Alternaria), accompagned by a csv file containing the following information: Original patch name Random patch name (used during the labeling process) Row patch number Column patch number Block number, column block number and row block number Original mage name Coordinates of original image: latitude, longitude, altitude Date of flight Label (0: no Alternaria, 1: Alternaria) More detailed information about this dataset (both the collection and the preprocessing) can be found in the corresponding article 'Ultra-high-resolution UAV-Imaging and Supervised Deep Learning for Accurate Detection of Alternaria Solani in Potato Fields.' If you use this dataset, please refer to the related journal paper as follows: \"Wieme J, Leroux S, Cool SR, Van Beek J, Pieters JG and Maes WH (2024) Ultra-highresolution UAV-imaging and supervised deep learning for accurate detection of Alternaria solani in potato fields. Front. Plant Sci. 15:1206998. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1206998\" This dataset was gathered within the Proeftuin Smart Farming 4.0 project (180503) within the Industry 4.0 Living Labs with funding from Flanders innovation & entrepreneurship (VLAIO, Belgium) and in the Horizon 2020 project SmartAgriHubs - Connecting the dots to unleash the innovation potential for digital transformation of the European agrifood sector with funding from the European Union under grant agreement No. 818182. Jana Wieme is funded by grant 1SE3921N of Research Foundation Flanders (FWO).","author":[{"family":"Wieme","given":"Jana"},{"family":"Leroux","given":"Sam"},{"family":"Cool","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Van Beek","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Pieters","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Maes","given":"Wouter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.10727412","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10727412","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2402.03342","type":"manuscript","title":"MADRL-based UAVs Trajectory Design with Anti-Collision Mechanism in Vehicular Networks","abstract":"In upcoming 6G networks, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are expected to play a fundamental role by acting as mobile base stations, particularly for demanding vehicle-to-everything (V2X) applications. In this scenario, one of the most challenging problems is the design of trajectories for multiple UAVs, cooperatively serving the same area. Such joint trajectory design can be performed using multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) algorithms, but ensuring collision-free paths among UAVs becomes a critical challenge. Traditional methods involve imposing high penalties during training to discourage unsafe conditions, but these can be proven to be ineffective, whereas binary masks can be used to restrict unsafe actions, but naively applying them to all agents can lead to suboptimal solutions and inefficiencies. To address these issues, we propose a rank-based binary masking approach. Higher-ranked UAVs move optimally, while lower-ranked UAVs use this information to define improved binary masks, reducing the number of unsafe actions. This approach allows to obtain a good trade-off between exploration and exploitation, resulting in enhanced training performance, while maintaining safety constraints.","author":[{"family":"Spampinato","given":"Leonardo"},{"family":"Testi","given":"Enrico"},{"family":"Buratti","given":"Chiara"},{"family":"Marini","given":"Riccardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.03342","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2402.03342","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.10978008","type":"article-journal","title":"Datasets of synthetic workflows for evaluating a multi-objective and multi-constrained scheduling approach for cyber-physical applications","abstract":"These datasets of synthetic workflows (task graphs) were generated to evaluate the performance and scalability of a multi-objective and multi-constrained scheduling approach for workflow applications of various structures, sizes, and sensing/actuating requirements in a cyber-physical system (CPS) based on the edge-hub-cloud paradigm. The examined CPS comprised four edge devices (i.e., single-board computers, each attached to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with sensors/actuators) interacting with a hub device (e.g., a laptop), which in turn communicated with a more computationally capable cloud server. All system devices featured heterogeneous multicore processors with different processing core failure rates and varied sensing/actuating or other specialized capabilities. Our objectives were the minimization of the overall latency, the minimization of the overall energy consumption, and the maximization of the overall reliability of the workflow application in the specific CPS, under deadline, reliability, memory, storage, energy, capability, and task precedence constraints. We generated 25 random task graphs with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 nodes (5 task graphs for each size), utilizing the Task Graphs For Free (TGFF) random task graph generator [1],[2]. Additional task parameters (e.g., execution time, power consumption, memory, storage, output data size, capability, reliability threshold) were included post-generation, using appropriate values. More details are provided in README.txt.References:[1] R. P. Dick, D. L. Rhodes, and W. Wolf, \"TGFF: Task graphs for free,\" Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Hardware/Software Codesign (CODES/CASHE), 1998, pp. 97-101, doi: 10.1109/HSC.1998.666245.[2] R. P. Dick, D. L. Rhodes, and K. Vallerio, \"TGFF,\" https://robertdick.org/projects/tgff/.","author":[{"family":"Kouloumpris","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Stavrinides","given":"Georgios"},{"family":"Michael","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Theocharides","given":"Theocharis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.10978008","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10978008","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.10978009","type":"article-journal","title":"Datasets of synthetic workflows for evaluating a multi-objective and multi-constrained scheduling approach for cyber-physical applications","abstract":"These datasets of synthetic workflows (task graphs) were generated to evaluate the performance and scalability of a multi-objective and multi-constrained scheduling approach for workflow applications of various structures, sizes, and sensing/actuating requirements in a cyber-physical system (CPS) based on the edge-hub-cloud paradigm. The examined CPS comprised four edge devices (i.e., single-board computers, each attached to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with sensors/actuators) interacting with a hub device (e.g., a laptop), which in turn communicated with a more computationally capable cloud server. All system devices featured heterogeneous multicore processors with different processing core failure rates and varied sensing/actuating or other specialized capabilities. Our objectives were the minimization of the overall latency, the minimization of the overall energy consumption, and the maximization of the overall reliability of the workflow application in the specific CPS, under deadline, reliability, memory, storage, energy, capability, and task precedence constraints. We generated 25 random task graphs with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 nodes (5 task graphs for each size), utilizing the Task Graphs For Free (TGFF) random task graph generator [1],[2]. Additional task parameters (e.g., execution time, power consumption, memory, storage, output data size, capability, reliability threshold) were included post-generation, using appropriate values. More details are provided in README.txt.References:[1] R. P. Dick, D. L. Rhodes, and W. Wolf, \"TGFF: Task graphs for free,\" Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Hardware/Software Codesign (CODES/CASHE), 1998, pp. 97-101, doi: 10.1109/HSC.1998.666245.[2] R. P. Dick, D. L. Rhodes, and K. Vallerio, \"TGFF,\" https://robertdick.org/projects/tgff/.","author":[{"family":"Kouloumpris","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Stavrinides","given":"Georgios"},{"family":"Michael","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Theocharides","given":"Theocharis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.10978009","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10978009","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.10357100","type":"article-journal","title":"Datasets of synthetic task graphs for evaluating a reliability and latency multi-objective task allocation framework","abstract":"These datasets of synthetic task graphs were generated to evaluate the performance and scalability of a multi-objective task allocation approach for workflow applications of various structures and sizes in a system based on the edge-hub-cloud paradigm. The targeted architecture comprised an edge device (e.g., a single-board computer attached to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)) interacting with a hub device (e.g., a laptop), which in turn communicated with a more computationally capable cloud server. The objectives were the maximization of the overall reliability and the minimization of the overall latency of the application, under memory, storage, energy, and task precedence constraints. We considered that a percentage of the tasks required fixed allocation on the edge or hub device. Each task had a different vulnerability factor (i.e., probability of failure) on each device. We generated nine task graphs of serial, parallel, and mixed (a combination of serial and parallel) structure with 10, 100, and 1000 nodes, utilizing the Task Graphs For Free (TGFF) random task graph generator [1]. Additional task parameters (e.g., execution time, power consumption, vulnerability factor, memory, storage, output data size) were included post-generation, using representative random values. More details are provided in README.txt. References: [1] R. P. Dick, D. L. Rhodes and W. Wolf, \"TGFF: Task graphs for free,\" Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Hardware/Software Codesign (CODES/CASHE'98), Seattle, WA, USA, 1998, pp. 97-101, doi: 10.1109/HSC.1998.666245.","author":[{"family":"Kouloumpris","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Stavrinides","given":"Georgios"},{"family":"Michael","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Theocharides","given":"Theocharis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.10357100","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10357100","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.10357101","type":"article-journal","title":"Datasets of synthetic task graphs for evaluating a reliability and latency multi-objective task allocation framework","abstract":"These datasets of synthetic task graphs were generated to evaluate the performance and scalability of a multi-objective task allocation approach for workflow applications of various structures and sizes in a system based on the edge-hub-cloud paradigm. The targeted architecture comprised an edge device (e.g., a single-board computer attached to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)) interacting with a hub device (e.g., a laptop), which in turn communicated with a more computationally capable cloud server. The objectives were the maximization of the overall reliability and the minimization of the overall latency of the application, under memory, storage, energy, and task precedence constraints. We considered that a percentage of the tasks required fixed allocation on the edge or hub device. Each task had a different vulnerability factor (i.e., probability of failure) on each device. We generated nine task graphs of serial, parallel, and mixed (a combination of serial and parallel) structure with 10, 100, and 1000 nodes, utilizing the Task Graphs For Free (TGFF) random task graph generator [1]. Additional task parameters (e.g., execution time, power consumption, vulnerability factor, memory, storage, output data size) were included post-generation, using representative random values. More details are provided in README.txt. References: [1] R. P. Dick, D. L. Rhodes and W. Wolf, \"TGFF: Task graphs for free,\" Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Hardware/Software Codesign (CODES/CASHE'98), Seattle, WA, USA, 1998, pp. 97-101, doi: 10.1109/HSC.1998.666245.","author":[{"family":"Kouloumpris","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Stavrinides","given":"Georgios"},{"family":"Michael","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Theocharides","given":"Theocharis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.10357101","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10357101","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.28062891","type":"article-journal","title":"A compact aerosol mobility imager (AMI) for instantaneous aerosol size distribution measurements, part I: Design and model evaluation","abstract":"Aerosol Mobility Imager (AMI), a compact instrument for rapid measurements of aerosol size distribution, is presented. AMI employs a parallel plate mobility separator wherein the electric field strength varies along the width of the plate. Under the influence of the electric field, charged particles are spatially separated inside the separator according to their electrical mobility. A novel extraction growth cell (EGC) then extracts a portion of the flow carrying the spatially separated particles and converges the extracted flow into a narrow focusing nozzle slit, while simultaneously growing the particles by water condensation. Grown particles exiting the focusing slit are imaged to capture both the number and mobility dependent position of the particles, which allows for derivation of aerosol size distribution. The employment of the new EGC significantly reduces the instrument size, weight, and power consumption compared to the previously developed Fast Integrated Mobility Spectrometer (FIMS). The combination of a compact size and fast measurement speed is expected to make AMI an ideal instrument for deployments in many laboratory studies and field observations, including onboard platforms such as the unmanned aerial vehicle and tethered balloon system. In this first of a series of two papers, we present numerical simulations of particle trajectories and growth of spatially separated particles in AMI. The AMI performance characteristics, including transfer function, transmission efficiency, and mobility resolution, are derived from the simulated particle trajectories. The results indicate that AMI can match the 1 Hz time resolution of FIMS with a comparable dynamic size range of 8–400 nm in particle diameter, while maintaining a mobility resolution above 3. The experimental demonstration and characterization of AMI are presented in an accompanying paper. Copyright © 2025 American Association for Aerosol Research","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jiaoshi"},{"family":"Spielman","given":"Steven"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xiaoyu"},{"family":"Hering","given":"Susanne"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.28062891","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28062891","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.28062891.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"A compact aerosol mobility imager (AMI) for instantaneous aerosol size distribution measurements, part I: Design and model evaluation","abstract":"Aerosol Mobility Imager (AMI), a compact instrument for rapid measurements of aerosol size distribution, is presented. AMI employs a parallel plate mobility separator wherein the electric field strength varies along the width of the plate. Under the influence of the electric field, charged particles are spatially separated inside the separator according to their electrical mobility. A novel extraction growth cell (EGC) then extracts a portion of the flow carrying the spatially separated particles and converges the extracted flow into a narrow focusing nozzle slit, while simultaneously growing the particles by water condensation. Grown particles exiting the focusing slit are imaged to capture both the number and mobility dependent position of the particles, which allows for derivation of aerosol size distribution. The employment of the new EGC significantly reduces the instrument size, weight, and power consumption compared to the previously developed Fast Integrated Mobility Spectrometer (FIMS). The combination of a compact size and fast measurement speed is expected to make AMI an ideal instrument for deployments in many laboratory studies and field observations, including onboard platforms such as the unmanned aerial vehicle and tethered balloon system. In this first of a series of two papers, we present numerical simulations of particle trajectories and growth of spatially separated particles in AMI. The AMI performance characteristics, including transfer function, transmission efficiency, and mobility resolution, are derived from the simulated particle trajectories. The results indicate that AMI can match the 1 Hz time resolution of FIMS with a comparable dynamic size range of 8–400 nm in particle diameter, while maintaining a mobility resolution above 3. The experimental demonstration and characterization of AMI are presented in an accompanying paper. Copyright © 2025 American Association for Aerosol Research","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jiaoshi"},{"family":"Spielman","given":"Steven"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xiaoyu"},{"family":"Hering","given":"Susanne"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.28062891.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28062891.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2409.05985","type":"manuscript","title":"Advance and Refinement: The Evolution of UAV Detection and Classification Technologies","abstract":"This review provides a detailed analysis of the advancements in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) detection and classification systems from 2020 to today. It covers various detection methodologies such as radar, radio frequency, optical, and acoustic sensors, and emphasizes their integration via sophisticated sensor fusion techniques. The fundamental technologies driving UAV detection and classification are thoroughly examined, with a focus on their accuracy and range. Additionally, the paper discusses the latest innovations in artificial intelligence and machine learning, illustrating their impact on improving the accuracy and efficiency of these systems. The review concludes by predicting further technological developments in UAV detection, which are expected to enhance both performance and reliability.","author":[{"family":"Semenyuk","given":"Vladislav"},{"family":"Kurmashev","given":"Ildar"},{"family":"Lupidi","given":"Alberto"},{"family":"Alyoshin","given":"Dmitriy"},{"family":"Kurmasheva","given":"Liliya"},{"family":"Cantelli-Forti","given":"Alessandro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2409.05985","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2409.05985","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2408.08496","type":"manuscript","title":"Generative AI for Energy Harvesting Internet of Things Network: Fundamental, Applications, and Opportunities","abstract":"Internet of Things (IoT) devices are typically powered by small-sized batteries with limited energy storage capacity, requiring regular replacement or recharging. To reduce costs and maintain connectivity in IoT networks, energy harvesting technologies are regarded as a promising solution. Notably, due to its robust analytical and generative capabilities, generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has demonstrated significant potential in optimizing energy harvesting networks. Therefore, we discuss key applications of GenAI in improving energy harvesting wireless networks for IoT in this article. Specifically, we first review the key technologies of GenAI and the architecture of energy harvesting wireless networks. Then, we show how GenAI can address different problems to improve the performance of the energy harvesting wireless networks. Subsequently, we present a case study of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled data collection and energy transfer. The case study shows distinctively the necessity of energy harvesting technology and verify the effectiveness of GenAI-based methods. Finally, we discuss some important open directions.","author":[{"family":"Xie","given":"Wenwen"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Geng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jiahui"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jiacheng"},{"family":"Du","given":"Hongyang"},{"family":"Niyato","given":"Dusit"},{"family":"Dobre","given":"Octavia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2408.08496","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2408.08496","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.00954","type":"manuscript","title":"Digital Twins and Testbeds for Supporting AI Research with Autonomous Vehicle Networks","abstract":"Digital twins (DTs), which are virtual environments that simulate, predict, and optimize the performance of their physical counterparts, hold great promise in revolutionizing next-generation wireless networks. While DTs have been extensively studied for wireless networks, their use in conjunction with autonomous vehicles featuring programmable mobility remains relatively under-explored. In this paper, we study DTs used as a development environment to design, deploy, and test artificial intelligence (AI) techniques that utilize real-world (RW) observations, e.g. radio key performance indicators, for vehicle trajectory and network optimization decisions in autonomous vehicle networks (AVN). We first compare and contrast the use of simulation, digital twin (software in the loop (SITL)), sandbox (hardware-in-the-loop (HITL)), and physical testbed (PT) environments for their suitability in developing and testing AI algorithms for AVNs. We then review various representative use cases of DTs for AVN scenarios. Finally, we provide an example from the NSF AERPAW platform where a DT is used to develop and test AI-aided solutions for autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles for localizing a signal source based solely on link quality measurements. Our results in the physical testbed show that SITL DTs, when supplemented with data from RW measurements and simulations, can serve as an ideal environment for developing and testing innovative AI solutions for AVNs.","author":[{"family":"Gürses","given":"Anıl"},{"family":"Reddy","given":"Gautham"},{"family":"Masrur","given":"Saad"},{"family":"Özdemir","given":"Özgür"},{"family":"Güvenç","given":"İsmail"},{"family":"Sichitiu","given":"Mihail"},{"family":"Şahin","given":"Alphan"},{"family":"Alkhateeb","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Mushi","given":"Magreth"},{"family":"Dutta","given":"Rudra"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2404.00954","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2404.00954","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/9yvr5-c4m81","type":"article-journal","title":"Geomatic tools used in the management of agricultural activities: a systematic review","abstract":"Abstract Managing agricultural activity encompasses technology, geographic information, spatial data and geomatic tools as support techniques. In this framework, agricultural mapping is an essential geomatic application due to its importance in managing food systems. This research aims to analyze the state of knowledge of geomatics tools and their applications in agriculture through a systematic review of scientific documents and methodological approaches, highlighting the use of geomatics in agricultural mapping to evaluate trends in agriculture management. The study methodology consists of a scientific base of publications on geomatics and its applications in sustainable agriculture, with a quantitative analysis of production and its approaches. Subsequently, PRISMA establishes a systematic review in search of the subject's methods, applications and trends. The results show that of the total data analyzed, 60% corresponds to general agricultural mapping for crop/water/soil mapping using satellite images. Twenty percent for land use and coverage, considering the georeferencing that contributes to agricultural territorial planning. Nine percent consider geomatic key for agricultural cadastre (plot management). In addition, 6% corresponds to precision agriculture and 5% to watershed management. The most predominant geomatics tools are: Geographic Information System (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and remote sensing (RS). Also, among the most used geomatic techniques in agricultural cartography, photogrammetry in crop phenology and multispectral analysis in the optimisation and monitoring of agricultural production stand out. Studies show that the geomatic application promotes sustainability practices such as crop rotation, seeds dispersed and germinated by animals, agricultural irrigation through rivers/basins/streams, family gardens and generation of employment sources. The geomatics use is of great utility/potential for the acquisition and generation of geospatial data accurately, with time and cost savings that contribute to the decision-making of city councils, public cadastral administrations, enterprises, educational institutions and agricultural foundations.","author":[{"family":"Escandón-Panchana","given":"Paulo"},{"family":"Martínez-Cuevas","given":"Sandra"},{"family":"Jaya-Montalvo","given":"María"},{"family":"Herrera-Franco","given":"Gricelda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.60692/9yvr5-c4m81","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/9yvr5-c4m81","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/v1sdm-tjt39","type":"article-journal","title":"Geomatic tools used in the management of agricultural activities: a systematic review","abstract":"Abstract Managing agricultural activity encompasses technology, geographic information, spatial data and geomatic tools as support techniques. In this framework, agricultural mapping is an essential geomatic application due to its importance in managing food systems. This research aims to analyze the state of knowledge of geomatics tools and their applications in agriculture through a systematic review of scientific documents and methodological approaches, highlighting the use of geomatics in agricultural mapping to evaluate trends in agriculture management. The study methodology consists of a scientific base of publications on geomatics and its applications in sustainable agriculture, with a quantitative analysis of production and its approaches. Subsequently, PRISMA establishes a systematic review in search of the subject's methods, applications and trends. The results show that of the total data analyzed, 60% corresponds to general agricultural mapping for crop/water/soil mapping using satellite images. Twenty percent for land use and coverage, considering the georeferencing that contributes to agricultural territorial planning. Nine percent consider geomatic key for agricultural cadastre (plot management). In addition, 6% corresponds to precision agriculture and 5% to watershed management. The most predominant geomatics tools are: Geographic Information System (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and remote sensing (RS). Also, among the most used geomatic techniques in agricultural cartography, photogrammetry in crop phenology and multispectral analysis in the optimisation and monitoring of agricultural production stand out. Studies show that the geomatic application promotes sustainability practices such as crop rotation, seeds dispersed and germinated by animals, agricultural irrigation through rivers/basins/streams, family gardens and generation of employment sources. The geomatics use is of great utility/potential for the acquisition and generation of geospatial data accurately, with time and cost savings that contribute to the decision-making of city councils, public cadastral administrations, enterprises, educational institutions and agricultural foundations.","author":[{"family":"Escandón-Panchana","given":"Paulo"},{"family":"Martínez-Cuevas","given":"Sandra"},{"family":"Jaya-Montalvo","given":"María"},{"family":"Herrera-Franco","given":"Gricelda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.60692/v1sdm-tjt39","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/v1sdm-tjt39","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/fgyx5-bev95","type":"article-journal","title":"Ethical considerations related to drone use for environment and health research: A scoping review protocol","abstract":"Introduction The use of drones in environment and health research is a relatively new phenomenon. A principal research activity drones are used for is environmental monitoring, which can raise concerns in local communities. Existing ethical guidance for researchers is often not specific to drone technology and practices vary between research settings. Therefore, this scoping review aims to gather the evidence available on ethical considerations surrounding drone use as perceived by local communities, ethical considerations reported on by researchers implementing drone research, and published ethical guidance related to drone deployment. Methods and analysis This scoping review will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines. The literature search will be conducted using academic databases and grey literature sources. After pilot testing the inclusion criteria and data extraction tool, two researchers will double-screen and then chart available evidence independently. A content analysis will be carried out to identify patterns of categories or terms used to describe ethical considerations related to drone usage for environmental monitoring in the literature using the R Package RQDA. Discrepancies in any phase of the project will be solved through consensus between the two reviewers. If consensus cannot be reached, a third arbitrator will be consulted. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval is not required; only secondary data will be used. This protocol is registered on the Open Science Framework ( osf.io/a78et ). The results will be disseminated through publication in a scientific journal and will be used to inform drone field campaigns in the Wellcome Trust funded HARMONIZE project. HARMONIZE aims to develop cost-effective and reproducible digital infrastructure for stakeholders in climate change hotspots in Latin America & the Caribbean and will use drone technology to collect data on fine scale landscape changes.","author":[{"family":"Spaans","given":"Remy"},{"family":"Drumond","given":"Bruna"},{"family":"Daalen","given":"Kim"},{"family":"Vitor","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Derbyshire","given":"Alison"},{"family":"Silva","given":"Adriano"},{"family":"Lana","given":"Raquel"},{"family":"Vega","given":"Mauricio"},{"family":"Carrasco-Escobar","given":"Gabriel"},{"family":"Escada","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Codeço","given":"Cláudia"},{"family":"Lowe","given":"Rachel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.60692/fgyx5-bev95","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/fgyx5-bev95","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/831fc-06164","type":"article-journal","title":"Ethical considerations related to drone use for environment and health research: A scoping review protocol","abstract":"Introduction The use of drones in environment and health research is a relatively new phenomenon. A principal research activity drones are used for is environmental monitoring, which can raise concerns in local communities. Existing ethical guidance for researchers is often not specific to drone technology and practices vary between research settings. Therefore, this scoping review aims to gather the evidence available on ethical considerations surrounding drone use as perceived by local communities, ethical considerations reported on by researchers implementing drone research, and published ethical guidance related to drone deployment. Methods and analysis This scoping review will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines. The literature search will be conducted using academic databases and grey literature sources. After pilot testing the inclusion criteria and data extraction tool, two researchers will double-screen and then chart available evidence independently. A content analysis will be carried out to identify patterns of categories or terms used to describe ethical considerations related to drone usage for environmental monitoring in the literature using the R Package RQDA. Discrepancies in any phase of the project will be solved through consensus between the two reviewers. If consensus cannot be reached, a third arbitrator will be consulted. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval is not required; only secondary data will be used. This protocol is registered on the Open Science Framework ( osf.io/a78et ). The results will be disseminated through publication in a scientific journal and will be used to inform drone field campaigns in the Wellcome Trust funded HARMONIZE project. HARMONIZE aims to develop cost-effective and reproducible digital infrastructure for stakeholders in climate change hotspots in Latin America & the Caribbean and will use drone technology to collect data on fine scale landscape changes.","author":[{"family":"Spaans","given":"Remy"},{"family":"Drumond","given":"Bruna"},{"family":"Daalen","given":"Kim"},{"family":"Vitor","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Derbyshire","given":"Alison"},{"family":"Silva","given":"Adriano"},{"family":"Lana","given":"Raquel"},{"family":"Vega","given":"Mauricio"},{"family":"Carrasco-Escobar","given":"Gabriel"},{"family":"Escada","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Codeço","given":"Cláudia"},{"family":"Lowe","given":"Rachel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.60692/831fc-06164","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/831fc-06164","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.13016/m2mrre-ygjl","type":"article-journal","title":"UAV-Assisted IoT Applications, QoS Requirements and Challenges with Future Research Directions","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-assisted Internet of Things application communication is an emerging concept that effectuate the foreknowledge of innovative technologies. With the accelerated advancements in IoT applications, the importance of this technology became more impactful and persistent. Moreover, this technology have demonstrated useful contributions across various domains, ranging from general to specific applications. Examples include wildfire monitoring, coastal area monitoring, deforestation monitoring, and sensitive military operations, where human access is limited or not feasible. These examples underscore the technology’s importance in scenarios where direct human involvement is challenging or impossible. Although this technology offers numerous benefits, it is essential to note that it also faces several challenges. Among these, Quality of Service (QoS) is a key concern, which limits its useability in various applications. Unfortunately, most researchers in the present literature have overlooked this important factor without giving it considerable attention. To fill this gap, we are presenting a systematic review of the present literature associated with the QoS metrics of this emerging technology from 2015 to 2023 to highlight their contributions and limitations. Based on the systematic review, we highlight the open challenges of this technology to set a roadmap for futuristic research. Finally, we compared each portion of this work with the previously published review articles to confirm the essence of this work, along with an explanation of why this survey is needed and in-time.","author":[{"family":"Adil","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Song","given":"Houbing"},{"family":"Jan","given":"Mian"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"He","given":"Xiangjian"},{"family":"Farouk","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Jin","given":"Zhanpeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.13016/m2mrre-ygjl","URL":"https://doi.org/10.13016/m2mrre-ygjl","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.10556","type":"manuscript","title":"Generative AI for Advanced UAV Networking","abstract":"With the impressive achievements of chatGPT and Sora, generative artificial intelligence (GAI) has received increasing attention. Not limited to the field of content generation, GAI is also widely used to solve the problems in wireless communication scenarios due to its powerful learning and generalization capabilities. Therefore, we discuss key applications of GAI in improving unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication and networking performance in this article. Specifically, we first review the key technologies of GAI and the important roles of UAV networking. Then, we show how GAI can improve the communication, networking, and security performances of UAV systems. Subsequently, we propose a novel framework of GAI for advanced UAV networking, and then present a case study of UAV-enabled spectrum map estimation and transmission rate optimization based on the proposed framework to verify the effectiveness of GAI-enabled UAV systems. Finally, we discuss some important open directions.","author":[{"family":"Sun","given":"Geng"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Wenwen"},{"family":"Niyato","given":"Dusit"},{"family":"Du","given":"Hongyang"},{"family":"Kang","given":"Jiawen"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Sumei"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ping"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2404.10556","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2404.10556","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2305.16871","type":"manuscript","title":"Modelling, Analysis and Control of OmniMorph: an Omnidirectional Morphing Multi-rotor UAV","abstract":"This paper introduces for the first time the design, modelling, and control of a novel morphing multi-rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) that we call the OmniMorph. The morphing ability allows the selection of the configuration that optimizes energy consumption while ensuring the needed maneuverability for the required task. The most energy-efficient uni-directional thrust (UDT) configuration can be used, e.g., during standard point-to-point displacements. Fully-actuated (FA) and omnidirectional (OD) configurations can be instead used for full pose tracking, such as, e.g., constant attitude horizontal motions and full rotations on the spot, and for full wrench 6D interaction control and 6D disturbance rejection. Morphing is obtained using a single servomotor, allowing possible minimization of weight, costs, and maintenance complexity. The actuation properties are studied, and an optimal controller that compromises between performance and control effort is proposed and validated in realistic simulations. Preliminary tests on the prototype are presented to assess the propellers' mutual aerodynamic interference.","author":[{"family":"Aboudorra","given":"Youssef"},{"family":"Gabellieri","given":"Chiara"},{"family":"Brantjes","given":"Ralph"},{"family":"Sablé","given":"Quentin"},{"family":"Franchi","given":"Antonio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2305.16871","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.16871","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2311.07955","type":"manuscript","title":"Deep Learning-Based Object Detection in Maritime Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery: Review and Experimental Comparisons","abstract":"With the advancement of maritime unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and deep learning technologies, the application of UAV-based object detection has become increasingly significant in the fields of maritime industry and ocean engineering. Endowed with intelligent sensing capabilities, the maritime UAVs enable effective and efficient maritime surveillance. To further promote the development of maritime UAV-based object detection, this paper provides a comprehensive review of challenges, relative methods, and UAV aerial datasets. Specifically, in this work, we first briefly summarize four challenges for object detection on maritime UAVs, i.e., object feature diversity, device limitation, maritime environment variability, and dataset scarcity. We then focus on computational methods to improve maritime UAV-based object detection performance in terms of scale-aware, small object detection, view-aware, rotated object detection, lightweight methods, and others. Next, we review the UAV aerial image/video datasets and propose a maritime UAV aerial dataset named MS2ship for ship detection. Furthermore, we conduct a series of experiments to present the performance evaluation and robustness analysis of object detection methods on maritime datasets. Eventually, we give the discussion and outlook on future works for maritime UAV-based object detection. The MS2ship dataset is available at \\href{https://github.com/zcj234/MS2ship}{https://github.com/zcj234/MS2ship}.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Chenjie"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Ryan"},{"family":"Qu","given":"Jingxiang"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Ruobin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2311.07955","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2311.07955","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2310.16360","type":"manuscript","title":"A Comprehensive Review of AI-enabled Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: Trends, Vision , and Challenges","abstract":"In recent years, the combination of artificial intelligence (AI) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has brought about advancements in various areas. This comprehensive analysis explores the changing landscape of AI-powered UAVs and friendly computing in their applications. It covers emerging trends, futuristic visions, and the inherent challenges that come with this relationship. The study examines how AI plays a role in enabling navigation, detecting and tracking objects, monitoring wildlife, enhancing precision agriculture, facilitating rescue operations, conducting surveillance activities, and establishing communication among UAVs using environmentally conscious computing techniques. By delving into the interaction between AI and UAVs, this analysis highlights the potential for these technologies to revolutionise industries such as agriculture, surveillance practices, disaster management strategies, and more. While envisioning possibilities, it also takes a look at ethical considerations, safety concerns, regulatory frameworks to be established, and the responsible deployment of AI-enhanced UAV systems. By consolidating insights from research endeavours in this field, this review provides an understanding of the evolving landscape of AI-powered UAVs while setting the stage for further exploration in this transformative domain.","author":[{"family":"Pal","given":"Osim"},{"family":"Shovon","given":"Md"},{"family":"Mridha","given":"MF"},{"family":"Shin","given":"Jungpil"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2310.16360","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2310.16360","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48494/realcorp2023.6082","type":"article-journal","title":"Functional Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Technology in Urban Planning Practice: A PRISMA systematic Review","abstract":"Covid-19 pandemic has arguablely created an opportunity for urban planners to create cities that are more resilient and sustainable. This systematic review was aimed at analysing the potential of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology as a tool for post-covid-19 urban planning and design. Specifically, the study reviewed the functional application areas that have leveraged the existence of UAV technology since its inclusion in non-military sectors in 2006. PRISMA method was used to retrieve journal articles that were published between 2006 and 2022 from scopus database and a total of 48 journal articles were included in the study. The results of the literature analysis revealed that there is a growing application of UAV technology in urban disaster managemnert, smartcities development initiatives, urban landscape management and urban road transportation management. The study also revealed that there is already a research increase on UAV integration in urban planning from 2019 which signifies the contribution of the pandemic towards UAV adoption. It has also been established that there is an increasing application of Machine Leaning (ML) and Computer Vision (CV) models for UAV data analysis. The study concludes that UAV technology has a lot of potential for improving urban planning processes with regard to time, cost, and safety and hence can be regarded as one of the sustainable tools in post-covid-19 urban planning efforts. Therefore, there is need for robust research to explore its potential in other application areas such as municipal waste management, urban developement control, and urban drainage systems among others. The study also recommends that basic courses on Artificial Intelligence (AI) be introduced in urban planning education to equip urban planners on the emerging AI applications.","author":[{"family":"Mdaopa","given":"Bernard"},{"family":"Gumbo","given":"Trynos"},{"family":"Moyo","given":"Thembani"},{"family":"Musonda","given":"Innocent"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48494/realcorp2023.6082","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48494/realcorp2023.6082","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2302.00622","type":"manuscript","title":"A survey of urban drive-by sensing: An optimization perspective","abstract":"Pervasive and mobile sensing is an integral part of smart transport and smart city applications. Vehicle-based mobile sensing, or drive-by sensing (DS), is gaining popularity in both academic research and field practice. The DS paradigm has an inherent transport component, as the spatial-temporal distribution of the sensors are closely related to the mobility patterns of their hosts, which may include third-party (e.g. taxis, buses) or for-hire (e.g. unmanned aerial vehicles and dedicated vehicles) vehicles. It is therefore essential to understand, assess and optimize the sensing power of vehicle fleets under a wide range of urban sensing scenarios. To this end, this paper offers an optimization-oriented summary of recent literature by presenting a four-step discussion, namely (1) quantifying the sensing quality (objective); (2) assessing the sensing power of various fleets (strategic); (3) sensor deployment (strategic/tactical); and (4) vehicle maneuvers (tactical/operational). By compiling research findings and practical insights in this way, this review article not only highlights the optimization aspect of drive-by sensing, but also serves as a practical guide for configuring and deploying vehicle-based urban sensing systems.","author":[{"family":"Ji","given":"Wen"},{"family":"Han","given":"Ke"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Tao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2302.00622","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2302.00622","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.7744483","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-Agent Drone as Loitering Munition System to Support Military Operations Carrying Out Policy Mandate","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) also known as drones is a part of the integration of hardware, software and computerized systems to support defense. The use of drones, especially to support military operations, will be more powerful if used massively and equipped with certain explosives as target destroyers. The target in question can be designated for point targets or target areas that are quite large in accordance with the integrated explosive composition texture. The attack or combat drone technology that is currently being considered in carrying out operational missions is the Loitering Munition System (LMS). LMS is a drone that is used as a weapon equipped with certain explosives and commits suicide (kamikaze) in groups or swarms. PT. \"EnrolSistem Indonesia\" is one of the drone technology activists in Indonesia that has made hardware, software and computerized systems that are able to fly 3 MiniBe drones together. In this paper, we will develop a swarmbased kamikaze drone or suicide drone based on MiniBe. Drones will be flown 3 units at once and will commit \"suicide\" on a predetermined target location in the form of a point or area. Drones will be used to paralyze operational targets including operational support in the form of enemy command posts, enemy or terrorist hideouts including radar antenna equipment, telecommunication antennas, surveillance centers and so on with more devastating power if drones equipped with certain explosives are used in swarms. This innovation will be encouraged as a domestic capability, especially local content in the drone sector to support military operations in Indonesia and is also a mandate from Law 16/2012 concerning the Defense Industry, along with its implementing regulations, namely Government Regulation No. 76/2014 on the implementation of countertrade, local content and offsets and Minister of Defense Rule 39/2016 Development of Defense Industrial Technology. It is hoped that this LMS innovation can support the fulfillment of one of the Defense and Security Equipment Tools independently","author":[{"family":"Ambodo","given":"Tri"},{"family":"Saputro","given":"Guntur"},{"family":"Komariah","given":"Ulfia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.7744483","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7744483","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.7744484","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-Agent Drone as Loitering Munition System to Support Military Operations Carrying Out Policy Mandate","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) also known as drones is a part of the integration of hardware, software and computerized systems to support defense. The use of drones, especially to support military operations, will be more powerful if used massively and equipped with certain explosives as target destroyers. The target in question can be designated for point targets or target areas that are quite large in accordance with the integrated explosive composition texture. The attack or combat drone technology that is currently being considered in carrying out operational missions is the Loitering Munition System (LMS). LMS is a drone that is used as a weapon equipped with certain explosives and commits suicide (kamikaze) in groups or swarms. PT. \"EnrolSistem Indonesia\" is one of the drone technology activists in Indonesia that has made hardware, software and computerized systems that are able to fly 3 MiniBe drones together. In this paper, we will develop a swarmbased kamikaze drone or suicide drone based on MiniBe. Drones will be flown 3 units at once and will commit \"suicide\" on a predetermined target location in the form of a point or area. Drones will be used to paralyze operational targets including operational support in the form of enemy command posts, enemy or terrorist hideouts including radar antenna equipment, telecommunication antennas, surveillance centers and so on with more devastating power if drones equipped with certain explosives are used in swarms. This innovation will be encouraged as a domestic capability, especially local content in the drone sector to support military operations in Indonesia and is also a mandate from Law 16/2012 concerning the Defense Industry, along with its implementing regulations, namely Government Regulation No. 76/2014 on the implementation of countertrade, local content and offsets and Minister of Defense Rule 39/2016 Development of Defense Industrial Technology. It is hoped that this LMS innovation can support the fulfillment of one of the Defense and Security Equipment Tools independently","author":[{"family":"Ambodo","given":"Tri"},{"family":"Saputro","given":"Guntur"},{"family":"Komariah","given":"Ulfia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.7744484","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7744484","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2402.12415","type":"manuscript","title":"Vehicle-group-based Crash Risk Prediction and Interpretation on Highways","abstract":"Previous studies in predicting crash risks primarily associated the number or likelihood of crashes on a road segment with traffic parameters or geometric characteristics, usually neglecting the impact of vehicles' continuous movement and interactions with nearby vehicles. Recent technology advances, such as Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are able to collect high-resolution trajectory data, which enables trajectory-based risk analysis. This study investigates a new vehicle group (VG) based risk analysis method and explores risk evolution mechanisms considering VG features. An impact-based vehicle grouping method is proposed to cluster vehicles into VGs by evaluating their responses to the erratic behaviors of nearby vehicles. The risk of a VG is aggregated based on the risk between each vehicle pair in the VG, measured by inverse Time-to-Collision (iTTC). A Logistic Regression and a Graph Neural Network (GNN) are then employed to predict VG risks using aggregated and disaggregated VG information. Both methods achieve excellent performance with AUC values exceeding 0.93. For the GNN model, GNNExplainer with feature perturbation is applied to identify critical individual vehicle features and their directional impact on VG risks. Overall, this research contributes a new perspective for identifying, predicting, and interpreting traffic risks.","author":[{"family":"Zhu","given":"Tianheng"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ling"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Yiheng"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Wanjing"},{"family":"Abdel-Aty","given":"Mohamed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.12415","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2402.12415","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.07444","type":"manuscript","title":"Two-Way Aerial Secure Communications via Distributed Collaborative Beamforming under Eavesdropper Collusion","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)-enabled aerial communication provides a flexible, reliable, and cost-effective solution for a range of wireless applications. However, due to the high line-of-sight (LoS) probability, aerial communications between UAVs are vulnerable to eavesdropping attacks, particularly when multiple eavesdroppers collude. In this work, we aim to introduce distributed collaborative beamforming (DCB) into UAV swarms and handle the eavesdropper collusion by controlling the corresponding signal distributions. Specifically, we consider a two-way DCB-enabled aerial communication between two UAV swarms and construct these swarms as two UAV virtual antenna arrays. Then, we minimize the two-way known secrecy capacity and the maximum sidelobe level to avoid information leakage from the known and unknown eavesdroppers, respectively. Simultaneously, we also minimize the energy consumption of UAVs for constructing virtual antenna arrays. Due to the conflicting relationships between secure performance and energy efficiency, we consider these objectives as a multi-objective optimization problem. Following this, we propose an enhanced multi-objective swarm intelligence algorithm via the characterized properties of the problem. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm can obtain a set of informative solutions and outperform other state-of-the-art baseline algorithms. Experimental tests demonstrate that our method can be deployed in limited computing power platforms of UAVs and is beneficial for saving computational resources.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Jiahui"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Geng"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Qingqing"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Shuang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Pengfei"},{"family":"Niyato","given":"Dusit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2404.07444","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2404.07444","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2402.08246","type":"manuscript","title":"Ant Colony Optimization for Cooperative Inspection Path Planning Using Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles","abstract":"This paper presents a new swarm intelligence-based approach to deal with the cooperative path planning problem of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which is essential for the automatic inspection of infrastructure. The approach uses a 3D model of the structure to generate viewpoints for the UAVs. The calculation of the viewpoints considers the constraints related to the UAV formation model, camera parameters, and requirements for data post-processing. The viewpoints are then used as input to formulate the path planning as an extended traveling salesman problem and the definition of a new cost function. Ant colony optimization is finally used to solve the problem to yield optimal inspection paths. Experiments with 3D models of real structures have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. The results show that our system is not only capable of generating feasible inspection paths for UAVs but also reducing the path length by 29.47\\% for complex structures when compared with another heuristic approach. The source code of the algorithm can be found at https://github.com/duynamrcv/aco_3d_ipp.","author":[{"family":"Bui","given":"Duy"},{"family":"Duong","given":"Thuy"},{"family":"Phung","given":"Manh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.08246","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2402.08246","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4317597359","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerostructural Predictions Combining FEniCS and a Viscous Vortex Particle Method","abstract":"View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-1193.vid Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft experience complex, unsteady aerodynamic interactions between rotors, wings, and fuselage that can make design difficult. We introduce a new framework for predicting aerostructural interactions. Specifically, we demonstrate the coupling of a finite element solver with Reissner-Mindlin shell theory for computing deflections and a viscous vortex particle for capturing wakes. We perform convergence studies of the aerodynamics and the coupled aerostructural model. Finally, we share some preliminary results of the dynamic aeroelastic response of Uber's eCRM-002 main wing, and share some qualitative observations.","author":[{"family":"Anderson","given":"Ryan"},{"family":"Ning","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Xiang","given":"Ru"},{"family":"Schie","given":"Sebastiaan"},{"family":"Sperry","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Sarojini","given":"Darshan"},{"family":"Kamensky","given":"David"},{"family":"Hwang","given":"John"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2023-1193","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-1193","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4380591659","type":"article-journal","title":"Visual Localization for Autonomous eVTOL Based on Semantic Map","abstract":"The emerging concept of urban air mobility (UAM) and advanced air mobility (AAM) has made autonomous electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft a focal point for both academic research and commercial application. Achieving localization without the use of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) is crucial to achieve full autonomy. In this paper, we present our exploration and progress on visual localization for autonomous eVTOL using semantic maps. By extracting semantic features from bottom-view images of the ground, we can create robust representations of flight routes that enable reliable and accurate localization even in dynamic environments. Taking inspiration from high-precision maps used in self-driving cars, we have designed a three-stage method that leverages massive flight data collected by eVTOLs during regular flights. Through on-board mapping and on-cloud merging, we can build up-to-date semantic maps of flight routes, which is further used for onboard localization. Real-world experiments conducted on an eVTOL prototype named ZJ-Copter show the localization accuracy is less than 2 meters over a flight distance of approximately 2.0 kilometers. We believe that our method has the potential to serve as an alternative localization solution for autonomous eVTOLs.","author":[{"family":"Xiang","given":"Senwei"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Weimin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ting"},{"family":"Ye","given":"Minxiang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yifei"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Anhuan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0079-2023-18193","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0079-2023-18193","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387801692","type":"article-journal","title":"Scene-Matching Localization for Autonomous Evtol Based on Bag-Of-Visual-Words","abstract":"With the rapid growth of urban air mobility (UAM) and the potential market opportunities it presents, achieving precise and reliable localization for electrical vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft is crucial. Traditional global navigation satellite system (GNSS) based methods suffer from reliability issues, making localization without GNSS a pressing need. This paper presents a scene-matching localization method based on Bag-of-Visual-Words (BOVW) for autonomous eVTOL. The proposed method overcomes challenges of environmental differences between live images and reference maps, as well as the computational limitations of existing solutions. The system utilizes on-cloud training, on-cloud encoding, and onboard localization stages to ensure robust localization performance. Real-world experiments on an eVTOL prototype– ZJ-Copter validate the effectiveness of the approach, with a matching success rate exceeding 94% and localization accuracy within 3 meters. The method holds promise as a GNSS-independent localization solution for autonomous eVTOLs in the emerging field of UAM.","author":[{"family":"Xiang","given":"Senwei"},{"family":"Ye","given":"Minxiang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ting"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yifei"},{"family":"Men","given":"Zehua"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Anhuan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10282008","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss52108.2023.10282008","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4407951697","type":"article-journal","title":"The Design of a Lightweight Inductive Power Coupler for eVTOLs","abstract":"Inductive power transfer (IPT) technology can play an important role in achieving the sustainability goals of the aviation industry. However, the power-to-weight ratio of the IPT power pick-up system needs to improve significantly to beyond 10 kW/kg to improve feasibility for applications in the aviation sector. This paper presents a new magnetic coupler design that would help achieve this power-to-weight target in an IPT system with small airgaps. The proposed design introduces an air cavity between the coil and the ferrite structure of the magnetic coupler on the eVTOL/aircraft side. The ferrite structure in this design functions somewhat like a magnetic shield, and the air cavity helps reduce the flux density in the ferrite while also making the flux distribution more uniform. A comparison between traditional and proposed designs is provided to show that a 40% weight reduction can be achieved. Experimental data of a 90 kW prototype is presented to show that it can operate at an efficiency of 97.4% when transferring power over a 10 mm coil-coil air-gap.","author":[{"family":"Thrimawithana","given":"Duleepa"},{"family":"Li","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Feiyang"},{"family":"Chassaigne","given":"Didier"},{"family":"Crépel","given":"Olivier"},{"family":"Pascaru","given":"Madalina"},{"family":"Laan","given":"Antoine"},{"family":"Gosteau","given":"Julien"},{"family":"Covic","given":"Grant"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109/spec62217.2024.10893014","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/spec62217.2024.10893014","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4390036566","type":"article-journal","title":"Extended Hierarchical Kriging Method for Aerodynamic Model Generation Incorporating Multiple Low-Fidelity Datasets","abstract":"Multi-fidelity surrogate modeling (MFSM) methods are gaining recognition for their effectiveness in addressing simulation-based design challenges. Prior approaches have typically relied on recursive techniques, combining a limited number of high-fidelity (HF) samples with multiple low-fidelity (LF) datasets structured in hierarchical levels to generate a precise HF approximation model. However, challenges arise when dealing with non-level LF datasets, where the fidelity levels of LF models are indistinguishable across the design space. In such cases, conventional methods employing recursive frameworks may lead to inefficient LF dataset utilization and substantial computational costs. To address these challenges, this work proposes the extended hierarchical Kriging (EHK) method, designed to simultaneously incorporate multiple non-level LF datasets for improved HF model construction, regardless of minor differences in fidelity levels. This method leverages a unique Bayesian-based MFSM framework, simultaneously combining non-level LF models using scaling factors to construct a global trend model. During model processing, unknown scaling factors are implicitly estimated through hyperparameter optimization, resulting in minimal computational costs during model processing, regardless of the number of LF datasets integrated, while maintaining the necessary accuracy in the resulting HF model. The advantages of the proposed EHK method are validated against state-of-the-art MFSM methods through various analytical examples and an engineering case study involving the construction of an aerodynamic database for the KP-2 eVTOL aircraft under various flying conditions. The results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed method in terms of computational cost and accuracy when generating aerodynamic models from the given multi-fidelity datasets.","author":[{"family":"Pham","given":"Vinh"},{"family":"Tyan","given":"Maxim"},{"family":"Nguyễn","given":"Tuấn"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Jae"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/aerospace11010006","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11010006","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4387410723","type":"article-journal","title":"Conceptual Design of Solid-State Li-Battery for Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"The negative impact of internal combustion engines on the environment is a major concern in metropolitan areas due to the continued rapid growth and high overall level in the number of vehicles, population, and traffic congestion. Electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft promises a new era for urban regional transportation and air mobility to address the challenges mentioned above. Nonetheless, providing electrical energy storage systems, like batteries, is one of the key issues with such aircraft. Here, the non-flammable technology of all-solid-state Li batteries with high theoretical gravimetric energy is an attractive option. Modelling allows for a knowledge-driven assessment of the potential of this technology. We here used a combination of a pseudo-2-dimensional cell model with a microstructure surrogate model approach to acquire a better understanding of the effect of the cathode microstructure on the internal process limitations. This model is incorporated into a global optimisation algorithm to predict optimum battery size with respect to the dynamic load demand of eVTOL. When carbon black and active materials are premixed, the battery performs better than when solid electrolyte and active materials are premixed, particularly for low amounts of carbon black in the cathode combination, i.e., 5%. Further, results indicate that future electrification of transportation powertrains would necessitate optimising the composition and distribution of electrode components to fulfil the high demands for power and energy density. By enhancing transport through the microstructure and improving the material’s intrinsic conductivity, it is possible to significantly increase the effective diffusivity and conductivity of ASSB, and hence the mission range.","author":[{"family":"Toghyani","given":"Somayeh"},{"family":"Cistjakov","given":"Walter"},{"family":"Baakes","given":"Florian"},{"family":"Krewer","given":"Ulrike"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1149/1945-7111/ad00de","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad00de","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393353038","type":"article-journal","title":"Wind Tunnel Investigation of Transient Propeller Loads for Non-Axial Inflow Conditions","abstract":"Recent developments in electrical Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles show the need for a better understanding of transient aero-mechanical propeller loads for non-axial inflow conditions. The variety of vehicle configurations conceptualized with different propellers in terms of blade geometry, number of blades, and their general integration concept results in aerodynamic loads on the propellers which are different from those on conventional fixed-wing aircraft propellers or helicopter rotors. Such varying aerodynamic loads have to be considered in the vehicle design as a whole and also in the detailed design of their respective electric propulsion systems. Therefore, an experimental approach is conducted on two different propeller blade geometries and a varying number of blades with the objective to explore the characteristics at non-axial inflow conditions. Experimental data are compared with calculated results of a low-fidelity Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) approach. Average thrust and side force coefficients are shown to increase with inflow angle, and this trend is captured by the implemented numerical method. Measured thrust and in-plane forces are shown to oscillate at the blade passing frequency and its harmonics, with higher amplitudes at higher angles of inflow or lower number of blades.","author":[{"family":"Moreira","given":"CC"},{"family":"Herzog","given":"Nikolai"},{"family":"Breitsamter","given":"Christian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3390/aerospace11040274","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11040274","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402672463","type":"article-journal","title":"Dynamic Behavior and Passive Vibration Control of an EVTOL Support Arm System with Bracing Struts and Tailored Particle Impact Dampers","abstract":"Electric Vertical Takeoff Landing (eVTOL) aircraft feature heavy electric motors, battery packs, and rigid fixed-pitch rotors supported on flexible arms. Under substantial time-varying aerodynamic loads associated with variable rotor speeds and, with low intrinsic damping, such lightweight arms respond in bending and torsion at relatively high levels. In this paper, two methods of reducing vibration response in the operating frequency range are explored, one based on damping, the other on stiffness. A tailored particle impact damper system was evaluated experimentally to address near-periodic vibration over a range of frequencies. A forced torsional response test showed consistent 50% vibration reduction, with a 5% mass penalty. To stiffen the system, a cross-braced strut approach linked two arms such that the natural frequencies of their torsion modes would be increased beyond the rotor operating frequency range. A finite element model was developed and validated for a representative eVTOL configuration. Validation was conducted using a scale model aluminum beam set. The addition of a cross-braced strut efficiently stiffened the system, increasing its natural frequency by almost 120%, thus greatly reducing resonant torsional vibration within the operating range. Both approaches to vibration reduction for variable-speed eVTOL aircraft merit continued consideration and research.","author":[{"family":"Bapat","given":"Siddhant"},{"family":"Auhl","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Vlajic","given":"Nicholas"},{"family":"Lesieutre","given":"George"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Edward"},{"family":"Poreddy","given":"Siddharth"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0080-2024-1361","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0080-2024-1361","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4315491952","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and Qualification of an Additively Manufactured Manifold for Aircraft Landing Gears Applications","abstract":"The continuous pursuit of reducing weight and optimizing manufacturing processes is increasingly demanded in transportation vehicles, particularly in the aerospace field. In this context, additive manufacturing (AM) represents a well-known technique suitable for re-engineering traditional systems, minimizing the product’s weight/volume and print time. The present research activity allowed for the exploration of the feasibility to replicate a conventional hydraulic manifold already certified for defence application with a lightweight and more compact issue through typical stringent aeronautical qualification steps. Computational modelling with lab test efforts made it possible to assess the compliance of the device with airworthiness certification requirements, giving a special focus to the fulfilment of structural requirements. In particular, the fatigue life characterization is still a crucial point to be well investigated in aeronautical components dfAM (designed for additive manufacturing) to demonstrate the maturity of the technology in the certification scenario. The new AM-driven design offers a more than 40 per cent weight reduction.","author":[{"family":"Arena","given":"Maurizio"},{"family":"Ambrogiani","given":"Paolo"},{"family":"Raiola","given":"Vincenzo"},{"family":"Bocchetto","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Tirelli","given":"Tommaso"},{"family":"Castaldo","given":"Martina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/aerospace10010069","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10010069","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4386075416","type":"article-journal","title":"Aircraft Controllability Through High-Lift Propellers","abstract":"The current era of electrification of the aerospace industry brings many challenges, but also brings forward radically new aircraft designs. The new eVTOL and eSTOL concepts were enabled by the distributed electric propulsion. Even though eVTOL and eSTOL projects are gaining a lot of attention, another concept is also notable. The so-called High-Lift propulsion is based on the increase of airflow over the wing, thus reducing landing speed. Most notable example is NASA’s X-57 Maxwell. However, this concept can be used to control the aircraft as well. This paper introduces new approach of aircraft control using distributed High-Lift propulsion concept. The controller uses differential thrust to completely control the aircraft states and therefore eliminates the need for traditional control surfaces.","author":[{"family":"Jan","given":"Belák"},{"family":"Dominik","given":"Beňo"},{"family":"Martin","given":"Hromčík"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/pc58330.2023.10217691","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pc58330.2023.10217691","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4399271182","type":"article-journal","title":"Acoustic Measurement of Manned Electrical Vertical Take-Off and Landing (e-VTOL) Aircraft","abstract":"In March 2022, acoustic measurements of the manned Volocopter VC-2X, an electrical Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft, were conducted in Pontoise - Cormeilles-en-Vexin Airport (LFPT), close to Paris, under the framework of the Choose Paris Region – Re.Invent Air Mobility Initiative led by ADP (Paris Airports) and RATP (Paris Transport Company). This measurement campaign was a common work performed by the acoustical laboratories of Bruitparif, ONERA, RATP and the STAC (Technical Service of Civil Aviation of the French DGAC), aimed at characterizing the sound radiated on the ground by this new type of aircraft in various flight conditions: flyover, hover, take-off and approach. Acoustic sensors were implemented at ground level over a 300-meter-long straight line perpendicular to the flight direction, on a 10-meter vertical arm and on other critical locations. This acoustic setup was completed by accelerometers, dual video-noise sensors “Medusa” (developed by Bruitparif), Ambisonic sensors and a weather station (radio sounding system). The aircraft was also equipped with a DGPS system to ensure 3D-accurate positioning relative to the microphone arrays. This paper presents the analysis of these measurements, providing an outlook of the noise radiated by eVTOL aircraft.","author":[{"family":"Cléro","given":"Franck"},{"family":"Mortain","given":"Frédéric"},{"family":"Nabat","given":"Joran"},{"family":"Weber","given":"Denis"},{"family":"Cabannes","given":"Thierry"},{"family":"Sineau","given":"Matthieu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2024-3229","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-3229","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4317938244","type":"article-journal","title":"Flight Performance with Respect to Rotor Rotation Directions of Multirotor Aircraft","abstract":"A multirotor electric vertical takeoff and landing (EVTOL) aircraft is specialized for intracity point-to-point urban air mobility services due to its advantages of efficient hover performance, high gust resistance, and relatively low noise. Because of its multiple rotors, rotor–rotor interference inevitably affects flight performance, mainly depending on inter-rotor distance and rotor rotation directions. It is assumed that there exists an optimal rotation direction for a given lot of multiple rotors. In this study, the aim is to investigate rotor–rotor interference for various rotation directions and the resulting flight performance. We propose a concept of rotor rotation direction that achieves the desirable flight performance in forward flight. The concept is called front-retreating/rear-advancing (FRRA), in which the retreating side of the front rotor and the advancing side of the rear rotor are aligned in a straight line. To this end, a multidisciplinary flight simulation framework was developed to predict the flight performance of a general multirotor EVTOL aircraft. It was found that the FRRA concept minimizes thrust loss due to rotor–rotor interference in high-speed forward flight. For a generic mission profile, the rotation direction set by the FRRA concept reduces the battery energy consumption by 7% in comparison to the rotation direction of unfavorable rotor–rotor interference in operation.","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Hyeongseok"},{"family":"Lim","given":"Daejin"},{"family":"Yee","given":"Kwanjung"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.j062330","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.j062330","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4384784671","type":"article-journal","title":"UAMDynCon-DT: A Data-driven Dynamics and Robust Control Framework for UAM Vehicle Digitalization using Deep Learning","abstract":"This study presents a data-driven dynamics and robust control framework, referred to as UAMDynCon-DT, for the accurate cloning of ground-truth dynamics and the robust control of attitude in a personal aerial vehicle (PAV) known as the KP-1 eVTOL aircraft. The proposed framework utilizes exponentially stabilizing control Lyapunov functions to ensure stability and robustness, and utilizes a nonlinear flight dynamics model of the KP-1 to construct the controller. To evaluate its performance, real-world flight tests were conducted on a scaled model of the KP-1, and results were compared to those obtained from traditional control methods. The tests demonstrated improved resilience to disturbances and uncertainties when utilizing the proposed framework. This research suggests that UAMDynConDT could be a valuable tool for the future development of large-scale urban air mobility vehicles.","author":[{"family":"Jang","given":"Minseok"},{"family":"Hyun","given":"Jeongseok"},{"family":"Kwag","given":"Taeho"},{"family":"Gwak","given":"Chan"},{"family":"Nguyễn","given":"Tuấn"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Jae"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/icmcr56776.2023.10181072","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icmcr56776.2023.10181072","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4385067438","type":"article-journal","title":"Towards Safe and Efficient Unmanned Aircraft System Operations: Literature Review of Digital Twins’ Applications and European Union Regulatory Compliance","abstract":"Unmanned aerial system/unmanned aircraft system (UAS) operations have increased exponentially in recent years. With the creation of new air mobility concepts, industries use cutting-edge technology to create unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for various applications. Due to the popularity and use of advanced technology in this relatively new and rapidly evolving context, a regulatory framework to ensure safe operations is essential. To reflect the several ongoing initiatives and new developments in the domain of European Union (EU) regulatory frameworks at various levels, the increasing needs, developments in, and potential uses of UAVs, particularly in the context of research and innovation, a systematic overview is carried out in this paper. We review the development of UAV regulation in the European Union. The issue of how to implement this new and evolving regulation in UAS operations is also tackled. The digital twin (DT)’s ability to design, build, and analyze procedures makes it one potential way to assist the certification process. DTs are time- and cost-efficient tools to assist the certification process, since they enable engineers to inspect, analyze, and integrate designs as well as express concerns immediately; however, it is fair to state that DT implementation in UASs for certification and regulation is not discussed in-depth in the literature. This paper underlines the significance of UAS DTs in the certification process to provide a solid foundation for future studies.","author":[{"family":"Fakhraian","given":"Elham"},{"family":"Šemanjski","given":"Ivana"},{"family":"Šemanjski","given":"Silvio"},{"family":"Aghezzaf","given":"El‐houssaine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.3390/drones7070478","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/drones7070478","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4402788257","type":"article-journal","title":"INNOVATIVE ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEM FOR LSA AND EVTOLS AIRCRAFT APPLICATIONS","abstract":"The design of electric propulsion for aircraft aims to increase efficiency, reliability and reduce emissions and noise in the aeronautical sector.Despite technological challenges related to weight, torque and speed, the research seeks innovative solutions for vertical flight systems and light aircraft, using advanced generators, motors and controllers.The project focuses on developing efficient and lightweight components, overcoming the limitations of conventional batteries, using composite materials and amorphous metals.The expectation is that these innovations will reduce operating costs and position companies as leaders in the electric propulsion segment.The multidisciplinary development of the project, using agile methodologies, aims to transform electric air mobility at a global level.","author":[{"family":"Pereira","given":"Gabriel"},{"family":"Cardozo","given":"Vinicios"},{"family":"Carreira","given":"Victor"},{"family":"Bonaventura","given":"André"},{"family":"Leite","given":"João"},{"family":"Pinto","given":"Mauro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.22533/at.ed.153122420095","URL":"https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.153122420095","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4388097604","type":"article-journal","title":"The role of Human-Centered Design in Advanced Air Mobility implementation process","abstract":"AAM (Advanced Air Mobility) is an emerging field in aviation that focuses on developing AAM / electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft for urban air mobility. Human-centered design can be used in AAM to provide an advanced emerging environment of the eVTOL aircraft and its operating environment, allowing for a more efficient and cost-effective development process – focusing on the human factors/ergonomics, training, certification, and qualification. Purdue School of Aviation and Transportation Technology proposed a research case study for digital twins in AAM that aims at designing and remote testing prototypes - eVTOL aircraft simulator devices. By creating a digital twin of the AAM flying/simulator device, designers (Purdue Human Factors team – CAE network) and Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) aim to test different configurations and scenarios, allowing the research team to identify human factor – certification – training issues and optimize performance (Training – Certification requirements) before the physical prototype is built. Results were analyzed and evaluated the Artificial Intelligence (AI) certification and learning assurance challenges.","author":[{"family":"Flores","given":"Abner"},{"family":"Ziakkas","given":"Dimitrios"},{"family":"Delisle","given":"Jean"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.54941/ahfe1004332","URL":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004332","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4382364961","type":"article-journal","title":"An Experimental Investigation of eVTOL Flight State Variance on Noise","abstract":"Experimental data collected for a custom multirotor aircraft are used to perform an analysis to relate the variability of noise levels measured on the ground to the state vector of the vehicle in hover. Data from a total of sixty-nine hover points are used to correlate the aircraft state to A-weighted Sound Pressure Levels measured at a microphone located directly underneath the aircraft. A spherical spreading normalization is applied to the data to allow data collected from different altitudes to be compared to one another. Noise levels are found to increase as vehicle attitude (orientation) and attitude rates diverge from the trim condition. The noise was found to be most sensitive to changes in yaw or yaw rate. Conversely, the noise was found to decrease as the commanded thrust of the vehicle increased. Additional analysis indicates that the mean A-weighted Sound Pressure Level increases when the variability of the vehicle flight condition is increased.","author":[{"family":"Valente","given":"Vítor"},{"family":"Johnson","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Greenwood","given":"Eric"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0079-2023-1249","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0079-2023-1249","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.03497","type":"manuscript","title":"Machine Learning-Driven Prediction of Lithium-Ion Battery Power Capability for eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have emerged as a promising solution to transform urban transportation. They present a few technical challenges for battery management, a prominent one of which is the prediction of the power capability of their lithium-ion battery systems. The challenge originates from the high C-rate discharging conditions required during eVTOL flights as well as the complexity of lithium-ion batteries' electro-thermal dynamics. This paper, for the first time, formulates a power limit prediction problem for eVTOL which explicitly considers long prediction horizons and the possible occurrence of emergency landings. We then harness machine learning to solve this problem in two intertwined ways. First, we adopt a dynamic model that integrates physics with machine learning to predict a lithium-ion battery's voltage and temperature behaviors with high accuracy. Second, while performing search for the maximum power, we leverage machine learning to predict the remaining discharge time and use the prediction to accelerate the search with fast computation. Our validation results show the effectiveness of the proposed study for eVTOL operations.","author":[{"family":"Tu","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yebin"},{"family":"Mou","given":"Shaoshuai"},{"family":"Fang","given":"Huazhen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.03497","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.03497","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.27909","type":"manuscript","title":"Low-Altitude Fluid Antenna Network with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning","abstract":"Low-altitude wireless networks (LAWNs) integrate terrestrial and aerial platforms to provide ubiquitous communication, sensing, and localization services for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. However, dynamic air-ground and air-air channels, abrupt blockages, and heterogeneous interference hinder the realization of this goal. Nevertheless, fluid antenna (FA), a cutting-edge multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique, overcomes these challenges by reconfiguring antenna positions to unlock additional spatial degrees-of-freedom. In this paper, towards bringing low-altitude FA networks into reality, we study the fast and high-performance FA reconfiguration for low-altitude FA networks with multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). Specifically, we present an electromagnetic digital twin (EM-DT)-assisted MARL framework. To fill the sim-to-real gap, we introduce a two-stage transfer learning framework. Our case study shows that joint FA positions and beamforming optimization can enhance the system sum-rate by 118.5%, compared to the fixed position baseline. This gain comes from the dynamic millisecond timescale reconfiguration of FA arrays and the adaptive steering of beams toward aerial users with mobility.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Tong"},{"family":"Su","given":"Yanfei"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Shuai"},{"family":"Ni","given":"Wanli"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Chengzhong"},{"family":"Arslan","given":"Huseyin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.27909","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.27909","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.21183","type":"manuscript","title":"Collaborative Optimization Framework of Battery Charging / Swapping Stations for eVTOLs Based on Closed-Loop Supply Chain and Space-Time Network","abstract":"Electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, by virtue of their advantages such as high efficiency, environmental friendliness, and low noise, are regarded as an effective means of alleviating urban traffic congestion. Although eVTOLs have policy support, industrial foundations, and market prospects globally, their commercialization process still faces obstacles. Purely electric eVTOLs confront constraints including limited battery energy density, high operational power requirements, and challenges associated with rapid energy replenishment, which collectively restrict their flight endurance and application scenarios. To tackle these issues, following an investigation into battery energy replenishment strategies, a closed-loop supply chain-based optimization framework for eVTOL battery charging and swapping is proposed. First, a time-space network technique is employed to solve the modeling challenge of an efficient and flexible battery transportation system between charging stations and swapping stations. Subsequently, aiming to maximize the operational revenue of the model, optimized management of battery swapping, transportation, and charging processes is implemented, facilitating coordinated operation among eVTOLs, swapping stations, and charging stations. On this basis, the model is solved by Gurobi, verifying its feasibility. Finally, the results of sensitivity analysis show that the model performs excellently in several aspects, including battery swap service quality, system sustainability, and operational resilience.","author":[{"family":"Lin","given":"Pengfeng"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Miao"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Jiahui"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Haoyang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chuanlin"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Yunda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.21183","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21183","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.06964","type":"manuscript","title":"End-to-End LLM Flight Planning with RAG-based Memory and Multi-modal Coach Agent","abstract":"Bridging the gap between human pilot intent and autonomous flight operation is critical for real-world electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft deployment. Flight planning traditionally relies on classic algorithms that struggle to incorporate flexible human preferences. We present FRAMe, an End-to-End Large Language Model (LLM) Flight Planning tool with RAG-based Memory and Multi-modal Coach Agent. Our system integrates a planner LLM with a multi-modal coach agent and retrieval augmented generation (RAG)-based memory to generate flight plans that satisfy mission constraints while aligning with human flight operator preferences. We demonstrate the system in a range of real-world-inspired scenarios of varying difficulty levels. Across four LLMs, the full FRAMe system (RAG and coach) yields the highest validity for every planner (up to 93.8% aggregate, 99% on Easy scenarios for the strongest planner) and shifts preference-relevant metrics in the operator-favored direction where the metric has headroom. FRAMe signifies how advanced LLMs can be deployed for human-centric mission planning, translating natural language instructions into safe, efficient, and flexible flight routes. The code is available at: github.com/amin-tabrizian/FlightPlanningLLMs","author":[{"family":"Tabrizian","given":"Amin"},{"family":"Aziz","given":"Arsyi"},{"family":"Ullah","given":"Aarifah"},{"family":"Ghazanfari","given":"Mahyar"},{"family":"Razzaghi","given":"Pouria"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Peng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.06964","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.06964","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.19784","type":"manuscript","title":"High-Altitude Platforms in the Low-Altitude Economy: Bridging Communication, Computing, and Regulation","abstract":"The Low-Altitude Economy (LAE) is rapidly emerging as a new technological and industrial frontier, with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, and aerial swarms increasingly deployed in logistics, infrastructure inspection, security, and emergency response. However, the large-scale development of the LAE demands a reliable aerial foundation that ensures not only real-time connectivity and computational support, but also navigation integrity and safe airspace management for safety-critical operations. High-Altitude Platforms (HAPs), positioned at around 20 km, provide a unique balance between wide-area coverage and low-latency responsiveness. Compared with low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, HAPs are closer to end users and thus capable of delivering millisecond-level connectivity, fine-grained regulatory oversight, and powerful onboard computing and caching resources. Beyond connectivity and computation, HAPs-assisted sensing and regulation further enable navigation integrity and airspace trust, which are essential for safety-critical UAV and eVTOL operations in the LAE. This article proposes a five-stage evolutionary roadmap for HAPs in the LAE: from serving as aerial infrastructure bases, to becoming super back-ends for UAV, to acting as frontline support for ground users, further enabling swarm-scale UAV coordination, and ultimately advancing toward edge-air-cloud closed-loop autonomy. In parallel, HAPs complement LEO satellites and cloud infrastructures to form a global-regional-local three-tier architecture. Looking forward, HAPs are expected to evolve from simple platforms into intelligent hubs, emerging as pivotal nodes for air traffic management, intelligent logistics, and emergency response. By doing so, they will accelerate the transition of the LAE toward large-scale deployment, autonomy, and sustainable growth.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Bang"},{"family":"Belmekki","given":"Baha"},{"family":"Alouini","given":"Mohamed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.19784","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2602.19784","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.24258","type":"manuscript","title":"Hovering efficiency optimization of the cycloidal propeller with end plates","abstract":"Cycloidal propellers are known for their omnidirectional vectored thrust, enabling smooth transitions between hovering and forward flight, making them ideal for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. However, cycloidal propellers tend to have lower hovering efficiency compared to screw propellers. Adding end plates to the blade tips can enhance hovering efficiency by reducing blade tip vortices. But the impact of these end plates and the optimal design for cycloidal propellers incorporating them have not been thoroughly studied. This paper seeks to optimize hovering efficiency and develop design theories for cycloidal propellers with end plates. Extensive force measurement experiments are conducted to identify designs with optimal hovering efficiency. The sliding mesh technique is employed to solve the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations for a detailed analysis. Experimental results indicate that the designs with end plates generally achieve significantly better hovering efficiency than those without end plates. End plates help to maintain hovering efficiency, even though the blade aspect ratio is as small as 1.5. The designs with stationary end plates are superior to those with rotating end plates because rotation introduces additional torque caused by the friction force. Designs featuring thick end plates outperform those with thin end plates, as the rounded edges can eliminate end plate vortices. The best design features stationary thick end plates, a chord-to-radius ratio of 0.65, and a large pitching amplitude of 40 degrees. It achieves a hovering efficiency of 0.72 with a blade aspect ratio of 3, which is comparable to that of helicopters. In contrast, for the cases without end plates, the highest hovering efficiency is merely 0.54.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Han"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Lai"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Hong"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2512.24258","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.24258","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.19057","type":"manuscript","title":"LAA3D: A Benchmark of Detecting and Tracking Low-Altitude Aircraft in 3D Space","abstract":"Perception of Low-Altitude Aircraft (LAA) in 3D space enables precise 3D object localization and behavior understanding. However, datasets tailored for 3D LAA perception remain scarce. To address this gap, we present LAA3D, a large-scale dataset designed to advance 3D detection and tracking of low-altitude aerial vehicles. LAA3D contains 15,000 real images and 600,000 synthetic frames, captured across diverse scenarios, including urban and suburban environments. It covers multiple aerial object categories, including electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft, Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs), and Helicopters. Each instance is annotated with 3D bounding box, class label, and instance identity, supporting tasks such as 3D object detection, 3D multi-object tracking (MOT), and 6-DoF pose estimation. Besides, we establish the LAA3D Benchmark, integrating multiple tasks and methods with unified evaluation protocols for comparison. Furthermore, we propose MonoLAA, a monocular 3D detection baseline, achieving robust 3D localization from zoom cameras with varying focal lengths. Models pretrained on synthetic images transfer effectively to real-world data with fine-tuning, demonstrating strong sim-to-real generalization. Our LAA3D provides a comprehensive foundation for future research in low-altitude 3D object perception.","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Hai"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Shuai"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jiale"},{"family":"Zou","given":"Longkun"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Mingyue"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Rongqin"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Ke"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yaowei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2511.19057","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.19057","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26271/opus-1870","type":"article-journal","title":"DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF CFRP CRASH TUBES FOR ENERGY ABSORPTION IN eVTOLS","abstract":"This study examines the design, analysis, and validation of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) crash tubes for energy absorption in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft seats, aiming to optimize configurations for enhanced passenger safety. It incorporates static and dynamic testing of various CFRP tubes with differing diameters and layer orientations. Static tests focused on force-displacement characteristics, deriving crucial design parameters such as peak and plateau loads, and energy absorption. Dynamic tests, performed with a drop tower, mimicked eVTOL crash scenarios to observe tube behavior under realistic conditions. Results indicated that increasing unidirectional layers and tube diameter improves load capacity and energy absorption. Conversely, changing weave orientation from 0°/90° to ±45° reduces energy absorption, underscoring the significance of layup configuration. These insights facilitated the refinement of tube specifications to meet safety goals. Additionally, a finite element model (FEM) developed using the Altair Radioss solver validated the experimental findings, accurately capturing crash behavior and supporting design iterations with reduced physical testing needs. This study confirms that tailored CFRP crash tubes can significantly enhance eVTOL crashworthiness, with combined experimental and simulation approaches offering a robust iterative methodology for optimizing aviation safety systems and reducing the need for extensive material characterization.","author":[{"family":"Dimassi","given":"Adli"},{"family":"Marciniak","given":"Roland"},{"family":"Bachem","given":"Harald"},{"family":"Dietrich","given":"Jan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.26271/opus-1870","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26271/opus-1870","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.09283","type":"manuscript","title":"Safety Analysis of eVTOL Operations based on STPA","abstract":"Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft are expected to be quieter and more cost-effective than helicopters, offering major economic and social benefits through improved connectivity. Their adoption will require new ground infrastructure and airspace redesign, introducing risks involving multiple stakeholders (Regulators, eVTOL operators, Air navigation service providers, Vertiport operators, OEMs, Pilots, etc.). To assess these risks for the UK airspace, systems-thinking based System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) was conducted. To manage the large number of Unsafe Control Actions (UCAs) and requirements generated due to the complexity of the analysis, a novel extension to STPA for the prioritization of results was applied. 317 UCAs were identified in total out of which 110 high-priority UCAs were analyzed (Step-4), resulting in 377 causal factors and 432 requirements. These were prioritized to produce a targeted list of 124 distinct high-priority requirements, 56 of which were identified as gaps in existing aviation regulations, policies, or procedures.. These highlight opportunities for regulatory updates in areas such as organizational performance, certification processes, training, collision avoidance, energy management, and automation. The findings provide regulators with safety considerations that could shape new or updated regulations, compliance methods, and guidance materials for the safe deployment of eVTOLs.","author":[{"family":"Elizebeth","given":"Mariat"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Shufeng"},{"family":"Badaoui","given":"Halima"},{"family":"Khastgir","given":"Siddartha"},{"family":"Jennings","given":"Paul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.09283","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.09283","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.17911","type":"manuscript","title":"Real World Assets on-Chain Assistance Low-Altitude Computility Networks: Architecture, Methodology, and Challenges","abstract":"Low-altitude airspace is becoming a new frontier for smart city services and commerce. Networks of drones, electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles, and other aircraft, termed Low-Altitude Economic Networks (LAENets), promise to transform urban logistics, aerial sensing, and communication. A key challenge is how to efficiently share and trust the computing utility, termed computility, of these aerial devices. We propose treating the computing power on aircraft as tokenized Real-World Assets (RWAs) that can be traded and orchestrated via blockchain. By representing distributed edge computing resources as blockchain tokens, disparate devices can form Low-Altitude Computility Networks (LACNets), collaborative computing clusters in the sky. We first compare blockchain technologies, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and RWA frameworks to clarify how physical hardware and its computational output can be tokenized as assets. Then, we present an architecture using blockchain to integrate aircraft fleets into a secure, interoperable computing network. Furthermore, a case study models an urban logistics LACNet of delivery drones and air-taxis. Simulation results indicate improvements in task latency, trust assurance, and resource efficiency when leveraging RWA-based coordination. Finally, we discuss future research directions, including AI-driven orchestration, edge AI offloading and collaborative computing, and cross-jurisdictional policy for tokenized assets.","author":[{"family":"Luo","given":"Haoxiang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ruichen"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yinqiu"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Gang"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Hongfang"},{"family":"Han","given":"Zhu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2508.17911","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.17911","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.19509","type":"manuscript","title":"Computing Longitudinal Dynamic Derivatives of a VTOL Aircraft Using CFD Simulations and Forced-Oscillation Model","abstract":"This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of dynamic aerodynamic derivatives during aircraft transition phases using advanced CFD simulations and forced oscillation testing. Two case studies are examined: a three dimensional fighter aircraft (Standard Dynamic Model, SDM) and a UT24 eVTOL model. The transition phase from vertical hover to forward cruise is analyzed with harmonic oscillation techniques to capture unsteady aerodynamic forces and moments. Grid sensitivity studies and multi zone meshing strategies ensure simulation accuracy, while ANSYS Fluent finite volume solver and coupled pressure velocity algorithms provide high fidelity results. Dynamic derivatives are derived from variations in angle of attack, flight path, and rotational movements, with experimental and numerical data validating the approach. The findings offer valuable insights for robust control design and stability analysis, supporting future advancements in urban air mobility and aerospace engineering. Overall, this approach demonstrates substantial promise for optimizing aircraft performance during critical transition phases. These results pave the way for future innovations","author":[{"family":"Nezhad","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Kosari","given":"Amirreza"},{"family":"Askari","given":"Rasoul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2507.19509","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.19509","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.06632","type":"manuscript","title":"Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces-Aided eVTOL Delay Sensitive Communications","abstract":"With rapid urbanization and increasing population density, urban traffic congestion has become a critical issue, and traditional ground transportation methods are no longer sufficient to address it effectively. To tackle this challenge, the concept of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) has emerged, aiming to utilize low-altitude airspace to establish a three-dimensional transportation system. Among various components of the AAM system, electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft plays a pivotal role due to their flexibility and efficiency. However, the immaturity of Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) technologies poses significant challenges to safety-critical AAM operations. Specifically, existing Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces (SIM)-based eVTOL systems lack rigorous mathematical frameworks to quantify probabilistic delay bounds under dynamic air traffic patterns, a prerequisite for collision avoidance and airspace management. To bridge this gap, we employ network calculus tools to derive the probabilistic upper bound on communication delay in the AAM system for the first time. Furthermore, we formulate a complex non-convex optimization problem that jointly minimizes the probabilistic delay bound and the propagation delay. To solve this problem efficiently, we propose a solution based on the Block Coordinate Descent (BCD) algorithm and Semidefinite Relaxation (SDR) method. In addition, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of how various factors impact regret and transmission rate, and explore the influence of varying load intensity and total delay on the probabilistic delay bound.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Liyuan"},{"family":"Xiong","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Yujie"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Hanqing"},{"family":"Leng","given":"Supeng"},{"family":"Yuen","given":"Chau"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2507.06632","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.06632","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.21583","type":"manuscript","title":"Toward Realization of Low-Altitude Economy Networks: Core Architecture, Integrated Technologies, and Future Directions","abstract":"The rise of the low-altitude economy (LAE) is propelling urban development and emerging industries by integrating advanced technologies to enhance efficiency, safety, and sustainability in low-altitude operations. The widespread adoption of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft plays a crucial role in enabling key applications within LAE, such as urban logistics, emergency rescue, and aerial mobility. However, unlike traditional UAV networks, LAE networks encounter increased airspace management demands due to dense flying nodes and potential interference with ground communication systems. In addition, there are heightened and extended security risks in real-time operations, particularly the vulnerability of low-altitude aircraft to cyberattacks from ground-based threats. To address these, this paper first explores related standards and core architecture that support the development of LAE networks. Subsequently, we highlight the integration of technologies such as communication, sensing, computing, positioning, navigation, surveillance, flight control, and airspace management. This synergy of multi-technology drives the advancement of real-world LAE applications, particularly in improving operational efficiency, optimizing airspace usage, and ensuring safety. Finally, we outline future research directions for LAE networks, such as intelligent and adaptive optimization, security and privacy protection, sustainable energy and power management, quantum-driven coordination, generative governance, and three-dimensional (3D) airspace coverage, which collectively underscore the potential of collaborative technologies to advance LAE networks.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Yixian"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Geng"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Zemin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jiacheng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jiahui"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Changyuan"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Jing"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Shuang"},{"family":"Yin","given":"Minghao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Pengfei"},{"family":"Niyato","given":"Dusit"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Sumei"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Dong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2504.21583","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.21583","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2501.03964","type":"manuscript","title":"A comparative study of uncertainty quantification methods in gust response analysis of a Lift-Plus-Cruise eVTOL aircraft wing","abstract":"Wind gusts, being inherently stochastic, can significantly influence the safety and performance of aircraft. This study investigates a three-dimensional uncertainty quantification (UQ) problem to explore how uncertainties in gust and flight conditions affect the structural response of a Lift-Plus-Cruise eVTOL aircraft wing. The analysis employs an unsteady aeroelastic model with a one-way coupling between a panel method aerodynamic solver and a shell analysis structural solver to predict the wing's response under varying conditions. Additionally, this paper presents a comparative evaluation of commonly used non-intrusive UQ methods, including non-intrusive polynomial chaos, kriging, Monte Carlo, univariate dimension reduction, and gradient-enhanced univariate dimension reduction. These methods are assessed based on their effectiveness in estimating various risk measures-mean, standard deviation, and 95th percentile-of critical structural response outputs such as maximum tip displacement and average strain energy. The numerical results reveal significant variability in the structural response outputs, even under relatively small ranges of uncertain inputs. This highlights the sensitivity of the system to uncertainties in gust and flight conditions. Furthermore, the performance of the implemented UQ methods varies significantly depending on the specific risk measures and the quantity of interest being analyzed.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Bingran"},{"family":"Warner","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Aoran"},{"family":"Scotzniovsky","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Hwang","given":"John"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2501.03964","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2501.03964","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19529847","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review on \"Parking Issues and Challenges in CBD AREA\"","abstract":"Abstract-Due to the escalation in economic and population growth, the Indian Metros and major cities are undergoing a mobility crisis. It is observed that today, urban areas are facing a tremendous pressure about parking spaces. This has lead to rise of transportation issues such as traffic disruption, congestion, inconsistent demand and supply, accidents and a number of environmental problems. The reason can be considered as poor parking management and policies. Due to lack of enforcement, India faces issues like encroachment over footpaths, illegal parking, double parking as well as criminal activities. In Central Business Districts, On street parking is a becoming a major issue due to high demand and lack to parking spaces thus affecting the efficiency of the road and influencing the growth of the business district. In a city’s Central Business District (CBD), much of the economic activity is concentrated in a small area. This leads to the attraction of a large number of people and hence vehicles. In India, the roads are narrow and the population density is high. Also as India being a developing country the concept of parking plazas etc. are yet to be applicable everywhere. Therefore On street parking is a major parking practice on Indian roads. All major cities and their CBD zones face an issue regarding the Ill effects on On street parking. These not only decrease the width of already narrow roads but leads to other problems like congestions, accidents, delays etc. These also cause a bad impact to the environment both to the air and noise index. On street parking. One major reason for On street parking in India is that it is free, even in CBD areas, hence this promotes the user to use his private vehicles rather than public transport. Drivers in CBD areas in order to reduce the walking distance to their destination, prefer On street parking as it is cheap and lack of enforcement, create and environment of congestion, time delays, high emission level and reduction in efficiency of the region. Most cases it has also been seen that there has been availability of parking space, but lack of education and enforcement has lead to On street parking issues. The review paper tries to observe the root cause of the parking problems and come up with appropriate solutions.","author":[{"family":"Patel","given":"Tejashkumar"},{"family":"Thakkar","given":"Prof"},{"family":"Pandya","given":"Prof"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19529847","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19529847","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19529848","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review on \"Parking Issues and Challenges in CBD AREA\"","abstract":"Abstract-Due to the escalation in economic and population growth, the Indian Metros and major cities are undergoing a mobility crisis. It is observed that today, urban areas are facing a tremendous pressure about parking spaces. This has lead to rise of transportation issues such as traffic disruption, congestion, inconsistent demand and supply, accidents and a number of environmental problems. The reason can be considered as poor parking management and policies. Due to lack of enforcement, India faces issues like encroachment over footpaths, illegal parking, double parking as well as criminal activities. In Central Business Districts, On street parking is a becoming a major issue due to high demand and lack to parking spaces thus affecting the efficiency of the road and influencing the growth of the business district. In a city’s Central Business District (CBD), much of the economic activity is concentrated in a small area. This leads to the attraction of a large number of people and hence vehicles. In India, the roads are narrow and the population density is high. Also as India being a developing country the concept of parking plazas etc. are yet to be applicable everywhere. Therefore On street parking is a major parking practice on Indian roads. All major cities and their CBD zones face an issue regarding the Ill effects on On street parking. These not only decrease the width of already narrow roads but leads to other problems like congestions, accidents, delays etc. These also cause a bad impact to the environment both to the air and noise index. On street parking. One major reason for On street parking in India is that it is free, even in CBD areas, hence this promotes the user to use his private vehicles rather than public transport. Drivers in CBD areas in order to reduce the walking distance to their destination, prefer On street parking as it is cheap and lack of enforcement, create and environment of congestion, time delays, high emission level and reduction in efficiency of the region. Most cases it has also been seen that there has been availability of parking space, but lack of education and enforcement has lead to On street parking issues. The review paper tries to observe the root cause of the parking problems and come up with appropriate solutions.","author":[{"family":"Patel","given":"Tejashkumar"},{"family":"Thakkar","given":"Prof"},{"family":"Pandya","given":"Prof"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19529848","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19529848","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.17612","type":"manuscript","title":"Geometry-Aware DRL for Multi-Subband Scheduling in Satellite-Assisted UAM Networks","abstract":"In this paper, we investigate downlink scheduling for urban air mobility (UAM) in a cooperative space-air-ground integrated network. Multiple ground stations (GSs) employ narrow three-dimensional beams and share spectrum across multiple subbands, while a satellite provides an orthogonal-band service option. Rapidly time-varying geometry and directional interference require joint decisions on base station association, GS subband assignment, and transmit powers. We formulate a finite-horizon mixed discrete-continuous problem that maximizes sum rate while penalizing handovers and GS overload, using only UAM positions and velocities. To address the combinatorial scheduling problem, we propose GeoSetPPO, a geometry-aware set-attention proximal policy optimization (PPO) method that outputs per-UAM discrete association and subband decisions with permutation-invariant representations. Conditioned on each schedule, GS powers are computed by a per-slot successive convex approximation (SCA) module under per-GS power budgets and minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) constraints. To reduce training cost and improve stability, we adopt a two-stage training strategy that transitions reward evaluation from uniform power to SCA-based power allocation. Simulations demonstrate stable convergence, higher returns than multi-layer perceptron (MLP)- and Transformer-based PPO under the considered training setting, and favorable reward and schedule-feasibility performance relative to algorithm-based and distance-based schedulers. In the larger evaluated network, GeoSetPPO also reduces the scheduling latency from 40.84 ms to 2.90 ms relative to the previous algorithm-based method.","author":[{"family":"Moon","given":"Hyung"},{"family":"Park","given":"Sangha"},{"family":"Chae","given":"Chan"},{"family":"Heath","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.17612","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.17612","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.16307","type":"manuscript","title":"ETA Coordination at UAM Corridor Merging Points Using Worst-Case and Stochastic Trajectory Bounds","abstract":"We study an Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA)-based traffic-coordination framework for Urban Air Mobility corridors with merging at constrained waypoints (CWPs), where approved ETAs at CWPs serve as Required Times of Arrival (RTAs). Vehicle operators submit ETA plans at the merging point for approval by corridor-management authorities before corridor entry. Corridor entry is then scheduled by enforcing pairwise ETA gaps that maintain inter-vehicle separation on shared corridor sections. We develop two trajectory bounds to compute sufficient ETA gaps: a worst-case bound based on prescribed speed limits, and a stochastic bound based on probabilistic position envelopes under acceleration uncertainty. Using these bounds, we formulate sufficient ETA-gap computation and first-come, first-served corridor entrance scheduling. Simulations show that ETA coordination improves safety over an unscheduled baseline. The worst-case bound provides stronger robustness under higher disturbance levels, whereas the stochastic bound allows higher throughput under mild disturbances while relying on probabilistic modeling assumptions.","author":[{"family":"Pruekprasert","given":"Sasinee"},{"family":"Nakadai","given":"Shinji"},{"family":"Nishinari","given":"Katsuhiro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.16307","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.16307","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.16440","type":"manuscript","title":"Integrated Noise and Safety Management in UAM via A Unified Reinforcement Learning Framework","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) envisions the widespread use of small aerial vehicles to transform transportation in dense urban environments. However, UAM faces critical operational challenges, particularly the balance between minimizing noise exposure and maintaining safe separation in low-altitude urban airspace, two potentially conflicting objectives that are often addressed separately. We propose a reinforcement learning (RL)-based air traffic management system that integrates both noise and safety considerations within a unified, decentralized framework. Under this scalable air traffic coordination solution, agents operate in a structured, multi-layered airspace and learn altitude adjustment policies to jointly manage noise impact and separation constraints. The system demonstrates strong performance across both objectives and reveals tradeoffs among separation, noise exposure, and energy efficiency under high traffic density. Among the three objectives, safe separation is accorded the highest priority, whereas the relative significance of noise and energy varies by location and is contingent upon financial and public policy considerations. The findings highlight the potential of RL and multi-objective coordination strategies in enhancing the safety, quietness, and efficiency of UAM operations.","author":[{"family":"Murthy","given":"Surya"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Zhenyu"},{"family":"Clarke","given":"John"},{"family":"Topcu","given":"Ufuk"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2508.16440","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.16440","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.29017","type":"manuscript","title":"An ArcGIS Framework for Mapping Human-Centered Noise Annoyance for AAM Infrastructure Planning","abstract":"Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) represents a transformative shift in urban transportation; however, successful implementation depends strongly on public acceptance, with noise emerging as a major concern for low-altitude electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) operations. Existing studies commonly describe eVTOL noise using acoustic metrics such as A-weighted sound level and day-night average sound level. This study develops a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based framework that translates eVTOL acoustic outputs into maps representing the percentage of the population that is highly annoyed (%HA) for a representative medical delivery route in Northwest Arkansas. The results show that noise and annoyance generally decrease with distance from the route, while the highest annoyance occurs during descent, followed by climb and cruise. Census population data are integrated to estimate the number of highly annoyed individuals and identify spatial impact hotspots. Noise-annoyance results are then combined with route distance and airspace factors to evaluate alternative routes and identify balanced routing strategies. The proposed framework connects acoustic assessment with human response and supports the identification of noise-sensitive areas, comparison of route alternatives, and socially sustainable AAM infrastructure planning.","author":[{"family":"Saha","given":"Swapnil"},{"family":"Mistry","given":"Zubin"},{"family":"Majumdar","given":"Neelakshi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.29017","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.29017","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.23989","type":"manuscript","title":"Co-planning of Flight Corridors and Communication Infrastructure for Urban Drone Logistics Networks","abstract":"Reliable wireless connectivity is essential for urban air mobility (UAM) networks in dense urban environments. It is therefore imperative to carefully plan the supporting communication infrastructure for UAM flight corridors. Most existing works optimize communication infrastructure and UAV flight paths independently, often leading to unnecessary base station (BS) deployment or excessive flight detours. This paper studies the joint optimization of BS deployment and UAV flight corridors in complex urban environments, aiming to minimize both infrastructure investment and flight distance while satisfying communication quality constraints. We propose CR-CMAB, a channel reciprocity-guided combinatorial multi-armed bandit framework. The framework constructs high-fidelity radio maps using 3D ray tracing, selects BS combinations via coverage-aware CMAB search, and dynamically expands the search space by identifying promising BS locations through channel reciprocity. Experimental results from a detailed case study demonstrate that CR-CMAB outperforms baseline methods with moderate computational time, yielding more strategically positioned BSs and shorter flight corridors. This study offers a practical planning perspective for cost-effective and communication-reliable UAM deployment in future smart cities.","author":[{"family":"He","given":"Yingjie"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yikang"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Zhenyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.23989","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.23989","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.21197","type":"manuscript","title":"Declarative Problem Solving in UAM Strategic Deconfliction","abstract":"The growing demand for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) introduces significant challenges in airspace management, particularly within densely populated metropolitan regions. As the number of aerial vehicles-such as drones, air taxis, and helicopters-continues to rise, so does the risk of mid-air collisions and conflicts with existing air traffic and obstacles. Ensuring safe and efficient UAM operations requires robust strategic deconfliction mechanisms. We propose an Answer Set Programming (ASP) based approach for strategic deconfliction, focusing on time synchronization and route optimization for conflict-free flight plans. The solution is benchmarked against Constraint Programming (CP), emphasizing scalability and resource use. Results show that ASP offers faster execution and better scalability for small to medium cases, while CP maintains stable memory but degrades with complexity.","author":[{"family":"Sterlicchio","given":"Gioacchino"},{"family":"Oddi","given":"Angelo"},{"family":"Rasconi","given":"Riccardo"},{"family":"Lisi","given":"Francesca"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.21197","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.21197","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.15690","type":"manuscript","title":"Obstacle-Aware Four-Dimensional Trajectory Design for Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) with electric Vertical TakeOff and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles can help address ground traffic congestion. The design of an eVTOL trajectory that is safe and reduces travel time is key for UAM adoption. Existing works on trajectory design either may not adequately incorporate dense obstacles in urban environments, complex eVTOL flight dynamics, or one or more flight phases. Not considering these factors can result in low-quality, or worse infeasible, trajectories. We develop a hybrid framework that can integrate building obstacles data, wind data, eVTOL flight dynamics, and other real-world operational constraints to estimate a four-dimensional eVTOL flight trajectory in ascent, cruise, and descent that aims to minimize travel time. Our framework first fills the obstacle-free regions with intersecting convex polygons, then identifies potentially low-travel time candidate sequences of these polygons using a Graph of Convex Sets-based path planner, and then uses an Optimal Control Program to give the final trajectory that passes through the polygons in a sequence identified before. We evaluate our framework on routes within New York City. Our framework can design trajectories respecting the above constraints in the presence of as many as 250 building obstacles. We show that not including the above constraints can underestimate the flight time by as much as 20\\%.","author":[{"family":"Devkar","given":"Prasad"},{"family":"Chati","given":"Yashovardhan"},{"family":"Vasan","given":"Arunchandar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.15690","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.15690","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8557065.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Study protocol for evaluating integrated urban development plans: impacts on health, social equity, and environmental sustainability in Germany","abstract":"Abstract Background The urban environment plays a significant role in shaping residents’ health, wellbeing, and opportunities for social participation. Urban development interventions have been shown to positively influence physical activity, mental health, quality of life, and self-reported health status. However, most previous studies have focused on single measures or specific environmental aspects. Integrated Urban Development Plans (IUDPs), by contrast, combine interventions from multiple domains, such as housing, infrastructure, green spaces, and social participation, to promote health equity and sustainable urban transformation. The SalusTransform project aims to evaluate IUDPs in three German cities regarding their implementation processes as well as their impacts on health, social equity, and ecological sustainability. Methods We will compare three IUDP intervention areas with three control areas in the respective cities using a mixed-methods design. Quantitative and qualitative data will be collected to assess both process and outcome quality of the IUDPs. Primary data collections include resident surveys and focus groups, qualitative interviews with stakeholders, as well as environmental and infrastructural assessments, including air-quality measurements, site visits, and observations related to active mobility and urban green spaces. Secondary data on population structure, aggregated health indicators, and local implementation processes will be provided by the municipalities. Analyses will follow a difference-in-differences approach to identify changes attributable to IUDP implementation while accounting for similar developments in the control areas. Discussion By building a comprehensive database that links health-related, social, and environmental indicators, SalusTransform will provide valuable evidence on the real-world effects of IUDPs. Findings will inform municipalities, policymakers, and practitioners about the effectiveness and transferability of IUDPs and contribute to the institutionalisation of their systematic evaluation. Close collaboration with local authorities will ensure continuous monitoring of changes and strengthen the practical relevance of the research. Targeted communication strategies will be implemented to engage population groups that are often underrepresented in research and urban planning processes. Trial registration This study was prospectively registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00036042) on May 28th, 2025.","author":[{"family":"Tönnies","given":"Justus"},{"family":"Krumreihn","given":"Aline"},{"family":"Stelzer","given":"Franziska"},{"family":"Senck","given":"Ellen"},{"family":"Bongers-Römer","given":"Sabine"},{"family":"Stalling","given":"Imke"},{"family":"Gröne","given":"Katharina"},{"family":"Bammann","given":"Karin"},{"family":"Köckler","given":"Heike"},{"family":"Bolte","given":"Gabriele"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8557065.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8557065.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8557065","type":"article-journal","title":"Study protocol for evaluating integrated urban development plans: impacts on health, social equity, and environmental sustainability in Germany","abstract":"Abstract Background The urban environment plays a significant role in shaping residents’ health, wellbeing, and opportunities for social participation. Urban development interventions have been shown to positively influence physical activity, mental health, quality of life, and self-reported health status. However, most previous studies have focused on single measures or specific environmental aspects. Integrated Urban Development Plans (IUDPs), by contrast, combine interventions from multiple domains, such as housing, infrastructure, green spaces, and social participation, to promote health equity and sustainable urban transformation. The SalusTransform project aims to evaluate IUDPs in three German cities regarding their implementation processes as well as their impacts on health, social equity, and ecological sustainability. Methods We will compare three IUDP intervention areas with three control areas in the respective cities using a mixed-methods design. Quantitative and qualitative data will be collected to assess both process and outcome quality of the IUDPs. Primary data collections include resident surveys and focus groups, qualitative interviews with stakeholders, as well as environmental and infrastructural assessments, including air-quality measurements, site visits, and observations related to active mobility and urban green spaces. Secondary data on population structure, aggregated health indicators, and local implementation processes will be provided by the municipalities. Analyses will follow a difference-in-differences approach to identify changes attributable to IUDP implementation while accounting for similar developments in the control areas. Discussion By building a comprehensive database that links health-related, social, and environmental indicators, SalusTransform will provide valuable evidence on the real-world effects of IUDPs. Findings will inform municipalities, policymakers, and practitioners about the effectiveness and transferability of IUDPs and contribute to the institutionalisation of their systematic evaluation. Close collaboration with local authorities will ensure continuous monitoring of changes and strengthen the practical relevance of the research. Targeted communication strategies will be implemented to engage population groups that are often underrepresented in research and urban planning processes. Trial registration This study was prospectively registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00036042) on May 28th, 2025.","author":[{"family":"Tönnies","given":"Justus"},{"family":"Krumreihn","given":"Aline"},{"family":"Stelzer","given":"Franziska"},{"family":"Senck","given":"Ellen"},{"family":"Bongers-Römer","given":"Sabine"},{"family":"Stalling","given":"Imke"},{"family":"Gröne","given":"Katharina"},{"family":"Bammann","given":"Karin"},{"family":"Köckler","given":"Heike"},{"family":"Bolte","given":"Gabriele"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8557065","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8557065","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.04186","type":"manuscript","title":"From Patchwork to Network: A Comprehensive Framework for Demand Analysis and Fleet Optimization of Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) presents a transformative vision for metropolitan transportation, but its practical implementation is hindered by substantial infrastructure costs and operational complexities. We address these challenges by modeling a UAM network that leverages existing regional airports and operates with an optimized, heterogeneous fleet of aircraft. We introduce LPSim, a Large-Scale Parallel Simulation framework that utilizes multi-GPU computing to co-optimize UAM demand, fleet operations, and ground transportation interactions simultaneously. Our equilibrium search algorithm is extended to accurately forecast demand and determine the most efficient fleet composition. Applied to a case study of the San Francisco Bay Area, our results demonstrate that this UAM model can yield over 20 minutes' travel time savings for 230,000 selected trips. However, the analysis also reveals that system-wide success is critically dependent on seamless integration with ground access and dynamic scheduling.","author":[{"family":"Jiang","given":"Xuan"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Xuanyu"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yibo"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Shangqing"},{"family":"He","given":"Haoze"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Jinhua"},{"family":"Hansen","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Sengupta","given":"Raja"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.04186","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.04186","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.02757","type":"manuscript","title":"Corridor Design and Separation Definition in Advanced Air Mobility: Systematic Literature Review","abstract":"Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) uses electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles to address urban congestion and emissions. However, corridor design, operation management, and separation standards remain underexamined for safe high-density operations. This paper applies the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to systematically review relevant literature from IEEE Xplore and Web of Science, focusing on publications from 2010 to 2024. A Context, Intervention, Mechanism, and Outcome (CIMO) framework guided the development of research questions. After screening 2,039 journal and conference papers, 62 articles met the inclusion criteria. The findings reveal a lack of integrated corridor design approaches, limited operational strategies, and reliance on standards originally designed for conventional aviation. A unified corridor design and separation definition frameworks and taxonomies are proposed to address these shortcomings, informing future investigations and operational frameworks for safe, efficient eVTOL operation deployment in urban settings.","author":[{"family":"Vinogradov","given":"Evgenii"},{"family":"Mishra","given":"Debashisha"},{"family":"Alobeidli","given":"Mariam"},{"family":"Ali","given":"Jamal"},{"family":"Alshehhi","given":"Ahmed"},{"family":"Simonjan","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Natalizio","given":"Enrico"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.02757","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.02757","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.00504","type":"manuscript","title":"Like Uber or Like Buses? Economic Feasibility Analysis of UAM for Airport Access","abstract":"The airport access use case is a promising early-stage application for Urban Air Mobility (UAM). Understanding the operational paradigm of UAM at airports is crucial for making equitable and effective regulatory and management decisions. A central open question is whether UAM will be integrated into the airport transportation network as a conventional scheduled transit service, such as subways and rail, or as a Transportation Network Company (TNC) characterized by dynamic supply-demand matching. In this paper, we propose a two-stage framework for conducting an economic feasibility analysis of UAM networks. In the first stage, we introduce a joint-supply-demand variable pricing problem to evaluate the impact of dynamic pricing on UAM operations. This model uses a binary logit formulation to capture the trade-off between travel time advantages and fare levels. In the second stage, the determined demand is used as input for the Electric Urban Air Mobility Vehicle Routing Problem with Non-linear Charging Time (eUAMVRP-NL), which optimizes fleet scheduling and charging decisions to derive operating revenue and cost estimates. We apply this framework to a case study of the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) access market with an eight-spoke vertiport network. Our results indicate that UAM operations benefit significantly from TNC-like management; a variable pricing policy can increase operating profits by more than 100\\% compared to fixed-pricing schemes. Furthermore, we identify economies of stage length in longer UAM flights.","author":[{"family":"Cao","given":"Shangqing"},{"family":"Srinivasan","given":"Rishi"},{"family":"Sengupta","given":"Raja"},{"family":"Hansen","given":"Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.00504","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.00504","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.23343","type":"manuscript","title":"From Visual to Digital: Coordination Scheduling and Its Effect on Safety and Efficiency in UAM Corridors","abstract":"This paper explores scalable coordination strategies for urban air mobility (UAM) corridors by comparing two representative approaches. The first, inspired by visual flight rules (VFR), is a local coordination strategy relying on spatial information available to each vehicle. The second, conceptually aligned with digital flight rules (DFR), is a global coordination strategy based on shared estimated times of arrival (ETAs) at constrained waypoints (CWPs). To support this comparison, we introduce a lightweight disturbance-avoidance mechanism that enables vehicles to adjust their ETAs in response to forecasted disruptions using shared information. We evaluate these approaches through numerical simulations under varying disturbance levels, comparing the locally reactive VFR-style scheme with the globally coordinated DFR-style scheme. Results show that VFR achieves high throughput in low-traffic scenarios but becomes increasingly prone to collisions at higher traffic densities unless conservative separation is enforced, which reduces traffic efficiency. In contrast, DFR maintains more consistent safety performance and traffic efficiency, even under moderate ETA update propagation delays. These findings highlight the advantages of DFR-style global coordination in managing high-density air traffic control (ATC) operations within UAM corridors.","author":[{"family":"Fujita","given":"Akihiro"},{"family":"Pruekprasert","given":"Sasinee"},{"family":"Nishinari","given":"Katsuhiro"},{"family":"Nakadai","given":"Shinji"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.23343","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.23343","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.23333","type":"manuscript","title":"Safety-Assured Arrival Scheduling in Sequential UAM Corridor Sections under Speed and Separation Constraints","abstract":"This paper presents a safety-assured arrival-scheduling framework for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) corridor operations. We propose an analytical method to compute a sufficient ETA gap at Constrained Waypoints (CWPs) that guarantees longitudinal separation along sequential corridor sections with heterogeneous speed limits. The resulting ETA-gap condition depends on section-specific speed bounds and the required separation distance, providing an efficiently computable rule suitable for integration into future digital ETA-scheduling and air traffic management systems. We show that the computed ETA gap ensures safe separation across all corridor sections under prescribed section travel times and speed limits. Numerical simulations for a decreasing-speed corridor confirm that vehicles coordinated with the proposed mechanism adjust their speeds to maintain the required spacing, avoid potential collisions, and support improved traffic flow compared with unscheduled operations.","author":[{"family":"Pruekprasert","given":"Sasinee"},{"family":"Nakadai","given":"Shinji"},{"family":"Nishinari","given":"Katsuhiro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.23333","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.23333","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.22726","type":"manuscript","title":"Dynamic Lane Allocation in UAM Corridors for Efficient Multimodal Door-to-Door Mobility","abstract":"This article presents dynamic directional lane allocation in urban air mobility (UAM) corridors as a discrete-time mixed-integer linear program (MILP). This formulation activates, deactivates, and reverses lane direction as bi-directional airspace demand evolves. We model demand from disaggregate ground travel data by decomposing each trip into a multi-modal sequence with first-, middle-, and last-mile legs and routing the UAM-served middle-mile segment through a vertiport-side dispatch model. We use the San Francisco Bay Area as a case study by placing a multi-region spanning corridor between Contra Costa county and Silicon Valley. We find that the dynamic policy cuts unused airspace capacity by 5x, increases mean lane utilization from 36-48% to 67% at the same service level relative to baselines, and reduces commuting-population mean travel time by up to 21.6%. These results show that dynamic configuration of airspace capacity alleviates a significant percentage of the under-utilization issue of lane-based UAM airspace design and UAM concept of operations. This dynamic allocation also provides a safe, structural way to increase throughput, making UAM a more viable complement to multimodal door-to-door mobility systems.","author":[{"family":"Park","given":"Jung"},{"family":"Kam","given":"Jordan"},{"family":"Bulusu","given":"Vishwanath"},{"family":"Bayen","given":"Alexandre"},{"family":"Sengupta","given":"Raja"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.22726","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.22726","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.05507","type":"manuscript","title":"An Exact Algorithm for Load-Dependent Traveling Salesman Problem for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Package Delivery","abstract":"In this article, we present a novel formulation for the load-dependent traveling salesman problem (LD-TSP), in which travel cost (or energy expended) depends on the vehicle's current load. This problem is relevant for package delivery and urban air mobility, where vehicles must transport and drop cargo at specified locations. The challenge lies in modeling the cost, which varies with both route sequence and onboard load. Our key contributions are: (i) formulating an energy dissipation model and proving energy expenditure depends linearly on vehicle mass and distance; and (ii) formulating a mixed-integer nonlinear programming formulation and providing a novel relaxation to obtain a mixed-integer linear program. Extensive numerical results show that optimal solutions for most instances with up to 50 targets are obtained within one minute. For unsolved instances within a 10-minute limit, optimality gaps are under 13%, highlighting the formulation's tightness. We further benchmark our approach against three proposed baseline formulations and another algorithm from a related problem, and demonstrate that our formulation outperforms all baselines.","author":[{"family":"Kumar","given":"Deepak"},{"family":"Belgaonkar","given":"Saurabh"},{"family":"Rathinam","given":"Sivakumar"},{"family":"Darbha","given":"Swaroop"},{"family":"Casbeer","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.05507","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.05507","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.12644","type":"manuscript","title":"AI-Driven Adaptive Air Transit Network with Modular Aerial Pods","abstract":"This paper presents an adaptive air transit network leveraging modular aerial pods and artificial intelligence (AI) to address urban mobility challenges. Passenger demand, forecasted from AI models, serves as input parameters for a Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) optimization model that dynamically adjusts pod dispatch schedules and train lengths in response to demand variations. The results reveal a complex interplay of factors, including demand levels, headway bounds, train configurations, and fleet sizes, which collectively influence network performance and service quality. The proposed system demonstrates the importance of dynamic adjustments, where modularity mitigates capacity bottlenecks and improves operational efficiency. Additionally, the framework enhances energy efficiency and optimizes resource utilization through flexible and adaptive scheduling. This framework provides a foundation for a responsive and sustainable urban air mobility solution, supporting the shift from static planning to agile, data-driven operations.","author":[{"family":"Shafiee","given":"Amir"},{"family":"Yazdiani","given":"Alireza"},{"family":"Rastegar","given":"Hanieh"},{"family":"Li","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Karim","given":"Rayan"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Aolei"},{"family":"Li","given":"Ziyang"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Xieqing"},{"family":"Sy","given":"Charlle"},{"family":"Bao","given":"Zhaoyao"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Xi"},{"family":"Gao","given":"HO"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2509.12644","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.12644","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.02471","type":"manuscript","title":"Cooperative Detour Planning for Dual-Task Drone Fleets","abstract":"As Urban air mobility scales, commercial drone fleets offer a compelling, yet underexplored opportunity to function as mobile sensor networks for real-time urban traffic monitoring. In this paper, we propose a decentralized framework that enables drone fleets to simultaneously execute delivery tasks and observe network traffic conditions. We model the urban environment with dynamic information values associated with road segments, which accumulate traffic condition uncertainty over time and are reset upon drone visitation. This problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem where drones maximize the traffic information reward while respecting the maximum detour for each delivery and the battery budget of each drone. Unlike centralized approaches that are computationally heavy for large fleets, our method focuses on dynamic local clustering. When drones enter communication range, they exchange their belief in traffic status and transition from isolated path planning to a local joint optimization mode, resolving coupled constraints to obtain replanned paths for each drone, respectively. Simulation results built on the real city network of Barcelona, Spain, demonstrate that, compared to a shortest-path policy that ignores the traffic monitoring task, our proposed method better utilizes the battery and detour budget to explore the city area and obtain adequate traffic information; and, thanks to its decentralized manner, this ``meet-and-merge\" strategy achieves near-global optimality in network coverage with significantly reduced computation overhead compared to the centralized baseline.","author":[{"family":"Zhu","given":"Pengbo"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Meng"},{"family":"Malikopoulos","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Geroliminis","given":"Nikolas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2604.02471","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.02471","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.15412","type":"manuscript","title":"Spatially Consistent Air-to-Ground Channel Modeling and Simulation via 3D Shadow Projections","abstract":"We present an approach for spatially-consistent semi-deterministic Air-to-Ground (A2G) channel modeling in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-assisted networks. We use efficient 3D building shadow projections to determine Line-of-Sight (LOS) regions, enabling fast generation of LOS maps. By integrating LOS-aware deterministic path loss with stochastic shadow fading, the approach produces spatially consistent A2G radio maps suitable for environment- and mobility-aware channel evaluation and performance prediction. Simulation results in ITU-compliant Manhattan grid environments demonstrate the model's ability to reflect key urban propagation characteristics, such as LOS blockage patterns and outage behavior. The proposed approach provides an efficient alternative to ray tracing or fully stochastic models, with particular relevance for user mobility, link planning, and radio map generation in 6G non-terrestrial networks.","author":[{"family":"Vinogradov","given":"Evgenii"},{"family":"Fakhreddine","given":"Aymen"},{"family":"Saboor","given":"Abdul"},{"family":"Abadal","given":"Sergi"},{"family":"Pollin","given":"Sofie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2511.15412","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.15412","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17653018","type":"article-journal","title":"Supplementary Materials for: MULTI-LAYERED OPEN DATA, DIFFERENTIAL PRIVACY, AND SECURE ENGINEERING: THE OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DIGITAL TWINS","abstract":"Overview This repository contains the revised manuscript and supporting datasets for the research article titled \"Multi-layered Open Data, Differential Privacy, and Secure Engineering: The Operational Framework for Environmental Digital Twins\". Repository Contents 1. Revised Article (Draft): The full text of the manuscript, updated to address reviewer comments and incorporating final edits regarding the GDPR/NIS2 operational framework. 2. Supplementary Material S1 (PRISMA Protocol): Detailed search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and flow diagram for the systematic literature review (2018–2025), compliant with PRISMA 2020 standards. 3. Supplementary Material S2 (Validation): Protocols for Monte Carlo simulations, sensitivity analysis results, and convergence metrics used to validate the privacy-utility trade-offs. 4. Supplementary Material S3 (Mappings): Extended traceability matrices linking environmental data lifecycle stages to specific GDPR articles and NIS2 controls.Abstract. Sustainable urban development increasingly relies on hyperlocal environmental analytics created by smart city platforms that combine stationary and mobile sensors, Earth observations, meteorology, and land-use data. However, accurate spatio-temporal resolution can provide indirect identification and amplify cybersecurity threats. This article proposes the regulatory and technical mapping that implements the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Network and Information Security Directive (NIS2) throughout the lifecycle of environmental data – reception, transport, storage, analytics, sharing and publication. The methods combine doctrinal legal analysis, a review of the scope of recent research, formalized compliance modelling, modelling g with synthetic city-scale datasets, expert identification, and demonstration of integrated analytics. The demonstration links deep evaluation of neural abnormalities (convolutional plus recurrent layers), short-term Fourier transform of sensor signals, byte-to-image telemetry fingerprints, and protocol event counters, thereby tracking detection to explanatory evidence and to control actions. Deliverables include: a matrix aligning lifecycle stages with GDPR principles and rights, as well as with the responsibilities of NIS2; a checklist for assessing the impact on data protection, which takes into account the risks of fairness and stigmatization; a basic set of controls for identification and access, secure design, monitoring, continuity, supplier assurance, and incident reporting; as well as a multi-layered publishing strategy that combines transparency with privacy through aggregation, delayed release, differentiated privacy budgets, and research enclaves. The visualization confirms that technical signals can be included in audit-ready reporting and automated response, while the guidelines legally clarify the relevant bases for common use cases such as air quality assurance networks, noise mapping, citizen sensor applications, and mobility and exposure modelling. The effects of the policy emphasize shared services for small municipalities, supply chain security, and ongoing review to counteract the mosaic effect. Overall, the study shows how cities can maximize environmental and social value based on environmental data, while maintaining privacy, sustainability, and equity by design.","author":[{"family":"Korchenko","given":"Oleksandr"},{"family":"Anna","given":"Korchenko"},{"family":"Dmytro","given":"Prokopovych"},{"family":"Karpinski","given":"Mikolaj"},{"family":"Kazmirchuk","given":"Svitlana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17653018","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17653018","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17653019","type":"article-journal","title":"Supplementary Materials for: MULTI-LAYERED OPEN DATA, DIFFERENTIAL PRIVACY, AND SECURE ENGINEERING: THE OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DIGITAL TWINS","abstract":"Overview This repository contains the revised manuscript and supporting datasets for the research article titled \"Multi-layered Open Data, Differential Privacy, and Secure Engineering: The Operational Framework for Environmental Digital Twins\". Repository Contents 1. Revised Article (Draft): The full text of the manuscript, updated to address reviewer comments and incorporating final edits regarding the GDPR/NIS2 operational framework. 2. Supplementary Material S1 (PRISMA Protocol): Detailed search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and flow diagram for the systematic literature review (2018–2025), compliant with PRISMA 2020 standards. 3. Supplementary Material S2 (Validation): Protocols for Monte Carlo simulations, sensitivity analysis results, and convergence metrics used to validate the privacy-utility trade-offs. 4. Supplementary Material S3 (Mappings): Extended traceability matrices linking environmental data lifecycle stages to specific GDPR articles and NIS2 controls.Abstract. Sustainable urban development increasingly relies on hyperlocal environmental analytics created by smart city platforms that combine stationary and mobile sensors, Earth observations, meteorology, and land-use data. However, accurate spatio-temporal resolution can provide indirect identification and amplify cybersecurity threats. This article proposes the regulatory and technical mapping that implements the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Network and Information Security Directive (NIS2) throughout the lifecycle of environmental data – reception, transport, storage, analytics, sharing and publication. The methods combine doctrinal legal analysis, a review of the scope of recent research, formalized compliance modelling, modelling g with synthetic city-scale datasets, expert identification, and demonstration of integrated analytics. The demonstration links deep evaluation of neural abnormalities (convolutional plus recurrent layers), short-term Fourier transform of sensor signals, byte-to-image telemetry fingerprints, and protocol event counters, thereby tracking detection to explanatory evidence and to control actions. Deliverables include: a matrix aligning lifecycle stages with GDPR principles and rights, as well as with the responsibilities of NIS2; a checklist for assessing the impact on data protection, which takes into account the risks of fairness and stigmatization; a basic set of controls for identification and access, secure design, monitoring, continuity, supplier assurance, and incident reporting; as well as a multi-layered publishing strategy that combines transparency with privacy through aggregation, delayed release, differentiated privacy budgets, and research enclaves. The visualization confirms that technical signals can be included in audit-ready reporting and automated response, while the guidelines legally clarify the relevant bases for common use cases such as air quality assurance networks, noise mapping, citizen sensor applications, and mobility and exposure modelling. The effects of the policy emphasize shared services for small municipalities, supply chain security, and ongoing review to counteract the mosaic effect. Overall, the study shows how cities can maximize environmental and social value based on environmental data, while maintaining privacy, sustainability, and equity by design.","author":[{"family":"Korchenko","given":"Oleksandr"},{"family":"Anna","given":"Korchenko"},{"family":"Dmytro","given":"Prokopovych"},{"family":"Karpinski","given":"Mikolaj"},{"family":"Kazmirchuk","given":"Svitlana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17653019","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17653019","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.18235","type":"manuscript","title":"Urban Air Mobility: A Review of Recent Advances in Communication, Management, and Sustainability","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) offers a transformative approach to addressing urban congestion, improving accessibility, and advancing environmental sustainability. Rapid progress has emerged in three tightly linked domains since 2020: (1) Communication, where dynamic spectrum allocation and low-altitude channel characterization support reliable air-ground data exchange; (2) UAM management, with novel air-traffic control concepts for dense, largely autonomous urban airspace; and (3) Sustainability, driven by energy-efficient propulsion, integrated charging infrastructure, and holistic environmental assessment. This paper reviews and synthesizes the latest research across these areas, compares the state-of-the-art solutions, and outlines the technological and infrastructural milestones that are critical to realizing a scalable, sustainable UAM ecosystem.","author":[{"family":"He","given":"Zhitong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zijing"},{"family":"Li","given":"Lingxi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.18235","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.18235","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.14380","type":"manuscript","title":"Fair-CoPlan: Negotiated Flight Planning with Fair Deconfliction for Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is an emerging transportation paradigm in which Uncrewed Aerial Systems (UAS) autonomously transport passengers and goods in cities. The UAS have different operators with different, sometimes competing goals, yet must share the airspace. We propose a negotiated, semi-distributed flight planner that optimizes UAS' flight lengths {\\em in a fair manner}. Current flight planners might result in some UAS being given disproportionately shorter flight paths at the expense of others. We introduce Fair-CoPlan, a planner in which operators and a Provider of Service to the UAM (PSU) together compute \\emph{fair} flight paths. Fair-CoPlan has three steps: First, the PSU constrains take-off and landing choices for flights based on capacity at and around vertiports. Then, operators plan independently under these constraints. Finally, the PSU resolves any conflicting paths, optimizing for path length fairness. By fairly spreading the cost of deconfliction Fair-CoPlan encourages wider participation in UAM, ensures safety of the airspace and the areas below it, and promotes greater operator flexibility. We demonstrate Fair-CoPlan through simulation experiments and find fairer outcomes than a non-fair planner with minor delays as a trade-off.","author":[{"family":"Fronda","given":"Nicole"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Phil"},{"family":"Hoxha","given":"Bardh"},{"family":"Pant","given":"Yash"},{"family":"Abbas","given":"Houssam"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2508.14380","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.14380","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2501.08933","type":"manuscript","title":"Separation Assurance in Urban Air Mobility Systems using Shared Scheduling Protocols","abstract":"Ensuring safe separation between aircraft is a critical challenge in air traffic management, particularly in urban air mobility (UAM) environments where high traffic density and low altitudes require precise control. In these environments, conflicts often arise at the intersections of flight corridors, posing significant risks. We propose a tactical separation approach leveraging shared scheduling protocols, originally designed for Ethernet networks and operating systems, to coordinate access to these intersections. Using a decentralized Markov decision process framework, the proposed approach enables aircraft to autonomously adjust their speed and timing as they navigate these critical areas, maintaining safe separation without a central controller. We evaluate the effectiveness of this approach in simulated UAM scenarios, demonstrating its ability to reduce separation violations to zero while acknowledging trade-offs in flight times as traffic density increases. Additionally, we explore the impact of non-compliant aircraft, showing that while shared scheduling protocols can no longer guarantee safe separation, they still provide significant improvements over systems without scheduling protocols.","author":[{"family":"Murthy","given":"Surya"},{"family":"Ingebrand","given":"Tyler"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Sophia"},{"family":"Topcu","given":"Ufuk"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Neogi","given":"Natasha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2501.08933","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2501.08933","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.28792775","type":"article-journal","title":"Propeller design for urban drones","abstract":"Rapid development of urban drone technology allowed many aerodynamics, materials science and computational optimization studies. Propeller designs for open spaces are challenged in restricted and turbulent urban environments. Compared to these city drones, advanced propeller designs with optimized shapes and brand new materials demonstrate significant safety, noise reduction and aerodynamic performance improvements during operation. This research studies propeller design for urban drones featuring tapered blades, different twist angles and bio-inspired trailing edges. These enhancements increase thrust production and reduce tip vortex formation reducing aerodynamic inefficiencies and noise. Typical city flight under such conditions results in significant gains in flight efficiency and noise reduction during PIV and wind tunnel experiments. Furthermore, the computational techniques such as multi-objective genetic algorithms and neural network models speeded up the design process and allowed finding the optimal pitch distributions and blade shapes that balance efficiency and noise. Experiments arranged in organized tables compare thrust-to-power ratios and dB levels for various design approaches. The review considers how to bring such advances to market while adhering to quality and regulatory standards as urban air mobility (UAM) and the need for robust propeller systems in turbulent city environments increase.","author":[{"family":"Shaikh","given":"Mohd"},{"family":"Mewada","given":"Darsh"},{"family":"Rizvi","given":"Zoya"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.28792775","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28792775","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.09467","type":"manuscript","title":"RecoverFly: A Failure-Aware Reinforcement Learning Post-Training Framework for Aerial Vision-Language Navigation","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicle vision-language navigation (UAV-VLN) requires agents to translate visual observations and language instructions into reliable flight actions in complex environments. Although recent end-to-end UAV vision-language-action (UAV-VLA) policies reduce reliance on separately designed perception, planning, and control modules, their behavior-cloning objectives provide limited corrective supervision for interactive closed-loop execution. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a promising solution, while its effectiveness is constrained by inefficient use of samples, long-tailed scene distributions, and policy distribution shift during optimization. To this end, we propose RecoverFly, a failure-aware RL post-training framework for end-to-end UAV-VLA policies. Specifically, RecoverFly adapts token-level RL for stable optimization of grammar-constrained autoregressive UAV actions, revisits unresolved failure cases to strengthen corrective learning and sample utilization, and combines a two-stage long-tail scene curriculum with reference-policy regularization to improve scene adaptation while preserving acquired capabilities. Experiments on the TravelUAV benchmark demonstrate that RecoverFly achieves the best performance on the seen, unseen-map, and unseen-object splits. Moreover, compared to the AerialVLA initialization, RecoverFly improves success rate by 3.12 to 8.37 percentage points under a total rollout budget of about 30\\% of the training-set size, validating its effectiveness, robustness, and generalization capabilities.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Boxiong"},{"family":"Kang","given":"Hui"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Geng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jiahui"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Daxin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.09467","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.09467","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.27971","type":"manuscript","title":"GAAT: Geometry-Aware Alignment Transformer for Multimodal UAV Perception","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multimodal perception integrates visible (RGB), infrared (IR), synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and depth sensors for scene understanding under diverse conditions. However, differences in optics, resolution, and mounting often limit practical systems to global or image-center alignment. After tokenization, parallax, platform motion, and lens distortion can shift corresponding patch centers across modalities, weakening the spatial correspondence assumed by dense contrastive learning and cross-modal fusion. We propose GAAT (Geometry-Aware Alignment Transformer), an alignment-first pretrained model that estimates local correspondence reliability before cross-modal interaction. GAAT introduces syncPATC, which learns patch-center consistency under synchronized view transformations without correspondence annotations. It emits geometric priors, including token and query confidence, query centers, and sub-token offsets, that identify reliable local anchors across residual misalignment. Guided by these priors, MG-Sparse-MMA performs query-mediated sparse fusion over top-K_s reliable regions, replacing dense all-patch interaction with geometry-calibrated local updates. RA-QCGCL aligns pretraining supervision with this sparse query bottleneck through reliable patch-to-patch, patch-to-query, and query-to-query contrastive branches. We introduce UAVMeta and StateBench, which provide four acquisition-state scores derived from platform telemetry and image statistics: camera reliability, observation scale, viewpoint stability, and flight maneuver complexity. Extensive experiments across six downstream tasks demonstrate consistently superior transfer performance, establishing GAAT as a state-of-the-art multimodal foundation model for UAV perception. StateBench further enables a systematic diagnosis of real-world acquisition conditions.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Jingpu"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Debin"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Yilin"},{"family":"Ji","given":"Fengxian"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Jiahua"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Wenrui"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yufeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.27971","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.27971","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20787003","type":"article-journal","title":"Assessment of ergodesign level of Unmanned Aerial System","abstract":"Abstract. Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are widely integrated into different sides of human activity. The effective application of UAS to complete particular tasks depends on multiple factors. The success of the UAS mission highly depends on the performance of human-to-UAS interaction. Effective UAS should meet the requirements of ergonomic design of each UAS component including ground control station, unmanned aerial vehicle, and launch-landing devices. In the paper, we develop a system to provide an assessment of the UAS ergodesign level. The proposed system is grounded on ergodesign indicators of UAS elements quality. The total level of ergodesign quality is estimated as a weighted sum of all indicators. A method of expert judgment is used to identify each indicator value. The proposed system is based on centralized software with the main analysis on server side and parameters assessment module in remote terminals. The proposed system architecture supports multiple users and participation in many tasks of UAS assessment simultaneously. Also, all data is coded with a unified user sequence and cannot be recovered.Keywords. ergonomic design, unmanned aerial system, expert judgment method, statistical analysis, software This is an archival copy of the original publication in CEUR Workshop Proceedings of the International Workshop on Data Analytics (WDA 2025), vol. 3912, 2025, pp. 61-70 . Available online at https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3895/paper05.pdf. Published under the Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).","author":[{"family":"Ostroumov","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Свирко","given":"Владимир"},{"family":"Kuzmenko","given":"Nataliia"},{"family":"Kyzymchuk","given":"Olena"},{"family":"Mykhatskyi","given":"Oleksii"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20787003","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20787003","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20787004","type":"article-journal","title":"Assessment of ergodesign level of Unmanned Aerial System","abstract":"Abstract. Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are widely integrated into different sides of human activity. The effective application of UAS to complete particular tasks depends on multiple factors. The success of the UAS mission highly depends on the performance of human-to-UAS interaction. Effective UAS should meet the requirements of ergonomic design of each UAS component including ground control station, unmanned aerial vehicle, and launch-landing devices. In the paper, we develop a system to provide an assessment of the UAS ergodesign level. The proposed system is grounded on ergodesign indicators of UAS elements quality. The total level of ergodesign quality is estimated as a weighted sum of all indicators. A method of expert judgment is used to identify each indicator value. The proposed system is based on centralized software with the main analysis on server side and parameters assessment module in remote terminals. The proposed system architecture supports multiple users and participation in many tasks of UAS assessment simultaneously. Also, all data is coded with a unified user sequence and cannot be recovered.Keywords. ergonomic design, unmanned aerial system, expert judgment method, statistical analysis, software This is an archival copy of the original publication in CEUR Workshop Proceedings of the International Workshop on Data Analytics (WDA 2025), vol. 3912, 2025, pp. 61-70 . Available online at https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3895/paper05.pdf. Published under the Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).","author":[{"family":"Ostroumov","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Свирко","given":"Владимир"},{"family":"Kuzmenko","given":"Nataliia"},{"family":"Kyzymchuk","given":"Olena"},{"family":"Mykhatskyi","given":"Oleksii"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20787004","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20787004","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8611967","type":"article-journal","title":"Physics-guided spatially variant image restoration for optical imaging using parameterized PSF representation and regression-guided retrieval","abstract":"Compact wide-field optical systems used in airborne remote sensing and small-payload unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms are susceptible to off-axis aberrations and spatially variant blur. We present a calibration-assisted, physics-guided restoration framework rather than a fully blind method. The framework regresses a three-parameter point spread function (PSF) descriptor from a degraded image patch and calibrated field position, retrieves a PSF constrained to a calibrated reference library, and performs frequency–spatial hybrid restoration. On a calibrated singlet imaging system, the framework achieves 22.43 dB peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) on simulated data, a 5.40 dB gain over direct imaging, and increases the average estimated MTF50 derived from slanted-edge SFR from 0.0230 to 0.1133 cycles per pixel on real data. These results demonstrate effective restoration of field-dependent optical degradation for compact imaging payloads.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Ruixiang"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Huachao"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Shijie"},{"family":"Xue","given":"Ben"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Xihang"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Yinpeng"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Xi","given":"Teli"},{"family":"Shao","given":"Xiaopeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8611967","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8611967","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8611967.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Physics-guided spatially variant image restoration for optical imaging using parameterized PSF representation and regression-guided retrieval","abstract":"Compact wide-field optical systems used in airborne remote sensing and small-payload unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms are susceptible to off-axis aberrations and spatially variant blur. We present a calibration-assisted, physics-guided restoration framework rather than a fully blind method. The framework regresses a three-parameter point spread function (PSF) descriptor from a degraded image patch and calibrated field position, retrieves a PSF constrained to a calibrated reference library, and performs frequency–spatial hybrid restoration. On a calibrated singlet imaging system, the framework achieves 22.43 dB peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) on simulated data, a 5.40 dB gain over direct imaging, and increases the average estimated MTF50 derived from slanted-edge SFR from 0.0230 to 0.1133 cycles per pixel on real data. These results demonstrate effective restoration of field-dependent optical degradation for compact imaging payloads.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Ruixiang"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Huachao"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Shijie"},{"family":"Xue","given":"Ben"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Xihang"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Yinpeng"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Xi","given":"Teli"},{"family":"Shao","given":"Xiaopeng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8611967.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8611967.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.18556","type":"manuscript","title":"Wind-Resilient Trajectory Optimization for UAV-BS Networks: TD3 for Continuous Service Availability","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-mounted base stations are highly susceptible to wind disturbances such as gusts and turbulence, which induce positional drift and degrade communication link quality, particularly in emergency scenarios. To address this challenge, we propose a DRL-based framework for wind-resilient trajectory adjustment and positioning based on the Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3) algorithm. The method models wind as a stochastic kinematic perturbation, avoiding complex aerodynamic modeling, thereby enabling the TD3 agent to learn adaptive control policies that maintain optimal coverage footprints. By prioritizing user-centric performance metrics under turbulent conditions, the proposed architecture ensures continuous service availability despite external disruptions. Simulation results demonstrate that the TD3-based approach effectively compensates for wind-induced displacements and outperforms benchmark methods, including Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), in terms of throughput stability and robustness in windy environments.","author":[{"family":"Akhtarshenas","given":"Azim"},{"family":"Svistunov","given":"German"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Kuangyu"},{"family":"Lopez-Perez","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.18556","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.18556","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.12207","type":"manuscript","title":"Weighted Covariance Intersection for Range-based Distributed Cooperative Localization of Multi-Vehicle Systems","abstract":"Cooperative localization enables autonomous navigation for multi-vehicle systems (MVS) in GNSS-denied environments. Among the available architectures, distributed cooperative localization (DCL) is attractive for its robustness and scalability in large-scale MVS. To address the challenge of untrackable state correlations between vehicles in a distributed framework, covariance intersection (CI) has been introduced as a means to fuse inter-vehicle measurements. However, existing studies typically treat CI as a plug-in technique, directly applying traditional optimization criteria and focusing mainly on simple two-dimensional (2D) scenarios. When extended to three-dimensional (3D) cooperative localization with higher-dimensional states and pronounced disparities in scale and observability among state components, traditional CI criteria fail to maintain balanced estimation performance across the full state, and some state components suffer substantial accuracy degradation. This limitation calls for task-oriented improvements to the CI fusion process. In this paper, we introduce a weighting mechanism, called weighted covariance intersection (WCI), to regulate the CI fusion process in 3D DCL. We further develop a concurrent fusion strategy for multiple distance measurements and design a dedicated weighting matrix based on inertial navigation system (INS) error propagation. The method supports diverse MVS platforms, including unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms and autonomous ground vehicle (AGV) fleets, in complex 3D environments. Simulation results show that the proposed WCI significantly improves cooperative localization performance over traditional CI, while the distributed framework offers clear advantages over the centralized counterpart in robustness and scalability.","author":[{"family":"Tu","given":"Chenxin"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Xiaowei"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Gang"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Mingquan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2508.12207","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2508.12207","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.23166","type":"manuscript","title":"Leveraging UAV Autonomy for Minimum 4D Flight Authorization Volumes","abstract":"The increasing UAV traffic in urban areas has prompted the creation of U-space, an EASA framework for safe and efficient unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operations. Within this context, this work presents a flight authorization framework that leverages autonomous UAVs, using their motion models and control characteristics to improve authorization efficiency. In the proposed framework, probabilistic spatial-temporal envelopes are generated to predict future UAV locations within a desired confidence level, and this information is then used to determine the minimum 4D operational volumes that form a valid authorization request for the mission. By reserving only the necessary airspace, the approach enhances capacity and supports simultaneous UAV operations. Simulations comparing the proposed method with a conventional rule-based strategy demonstrate consistently more compact and efficient airspace reservations across a range of mission types.","author":[{"family":"Vitale","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Grigoriou","given":"Yiannis"},{"family":"Kolios","given":"Panayiotis"},{"family":"Ellinas","given":"Georgios"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.23166","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.23166","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.21926","type":"manuscript","title":"AirAlign: Geometry-Aware Relative Pose Alignment for UAV Last-Meter Navigation","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) navigation in modern low-altitude environments requires more accurate pose alignment in the final approach stage for target information acquisition or manipulation, making \"last-meter\" navigation increasingly important. However, severe viewpoint and appearance variations make this task challenging. To tackle this problem, we propose AirAlign, a framework for RGB-only image-pair relative pose alignment for UAVs. AirAlign uses a pretrained visual geometry reconstruction model as the backbone to extract geometry-aware features from source-target image pairs. In addition, to better utilize the limited training data, we split the training set into multiple scene-disjoint folds for unseen cross-validation and model selection. During inference, the predictions of the selected models are averaged to form the ensemble output of the overall framework. Experiments on the PairUAV challenge at the ACMMM 2026 Workshop on UAVs in Multimedia demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our method, while comprehensive ablation studies validate the contribution of each component.","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Jinyi"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Shuo"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Yufei"},{"family":"Li","given":"Piji"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.21926","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.21926","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21858513","type":"article-journal","title":"Sustainable Management and Conservation of Shere Hills Forest Reserve Using Integrated GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques: A Multi-Temporal Analysis","abstract":"Forest reserves are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities and climate-induced environmental change, necessitating robust geospatial techniques for effective monitoring and sustainable management. This study evaluated the long-term dynamics and conservation status of the Shere Hills Forest Reserve (SHFR), Plateau State, Nigeria, using an integrated Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing framework. Multi-temporal Landsat imagery (1994, 2004, 2014, and 2024), high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, and Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) observations were integrated to assess land use/land cover (LULC) dynamics, vegetation condition, degradation patterns, and forest fragmentation. Random Forest Classification was applied for LULC mapping, while the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), change detection, and landscape fragmentation metrics were used to quantify vegetation health and ecological integrity. Classification results demonstrated high reliability, with overall accuracies ranging from 84.8% to 92.8% and Kappa coefficients between 0.808 and 0.897. The analysis revealed substantial landscape transformation over the 30-year period, characterized by a 177% increase in built-up areas and a 29% decline in cropland, reflecting rapid urban expansion and changing land-use practices. In contrast, forest cover increased by 4.3%, accompanied by improvements in NDVI, VCI, core forest connectivity, and reduced edge density, indicating ecosystem resilience and progressive natural regeneration despite increasing anthropogenic pressure. These findings demonstrate the value of integrating GIS and Remote Sensing for long-term forest monitoring and provide a scientific basis for evidence-based conservation planning, biodiversity protection, and sustainable management of the Shere Hills Forest Reserve and similar montane forest ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Mwada","given":"Hyelduku"},{"family":"Malangale","given":"Albert"},{"family":"Ojih","given":"Samuel"},{"family":"Usman","given":"Elisha"},{"family":"Omada","given":"Meshach"},{"family":"Ugese","given":"Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21858513","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21858513","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21858514","type":"article-journal","title":"Sustainable Management and Conservation of Shere Hills Forest Reserve Using Integrated GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques: A Multi-Temporal Analysis","abstract":"Forest reserves are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities and climate-induced environmental change, necessitating robust geospatial techniques for effective monitoring and sustainable management. This study evaluated the long-term dynamics and conservation status of the Shere Hills Forest Reserve (SHFR), Plateau State, Nigeria, using an integrated Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing framework. Multi-temporal Landsat imagery (1994, 2004, 2014, and 2024), high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, and Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) observations were integrated to assess land use/land cover (LULC) dynamics, vegetation condition, degradation patterns, and forest fragmentation. Random Forest Classification was applied for LULC mapping, while the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), change detection, and landscape fragmentation metrics were used to quantify vegetation health and ecological integrity. Classification results demonstrated high reliability, with overall accuracies ranging from 84.8% to 92.8% and Kappa coefficients between 0.808 and 0.897. The analysis revealed substantial landscape transformation over the 30-year period, characterized by a 177% increase in built-up areas and a 29% decline in cropland, reflecting rapid urban expansion and changing land-use practices. In contrast, forest cover increased by 4.3%, accompanied by improvements in NDVI, VCI, core forest connectivity, and reduced edge density, indicating ecosystem resilience and progressive natural regeneration despite increasing anthropogenic pressure. These findings demonstrate the value of integrating GIS and Remote Sensing for long-term forest monitoring and provide a scientific basis for evidence-based conservation planning, biodiversity protection, and sustainable management of the Shere Hills Forest Reserve and similar montane forest ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Mwada","given":"Hyelduku"},{"family":"Malangale","given":"Albert"},{"family":"Ojih","given":"Samuel"},{"family":"Usman","given":"Elisha"},{"family":"Omada","given":"Meshach"},{"family":"Ugese","given":"Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21858514","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21858514","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.32411412.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"An analysis of the spatial variations and dynamics of vegetation recovery using low-altitude remote sensing in actively restored forests of the Amathole region","abstract":"Dataset Title: UAV-based RGB and point cloud dataset for assessing vegetation recovery in actively restored Mistbelt forests of the Amathole region, South Africa Author(s): Andisiwe Manase a , Alen Manyevere a,* , Mohamed A.M Abd Elbasit b , Jessica Leaver c Corresponding author affiliation: Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa Journal submission: GIScience &amp; Remote Sensing Description: This dataset supports the research article entitled \" An analysis of the spatial variations and dynamics of vegetation recovery using low-altitude remote sensing in actively restored forests of the Amathole regio n, \" submitted to GIScience &amp; Remote Sensing . It comprises high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery and derived point cloud metrics, alongside ground-based leaf spectral data, collected to evaluate the effectiveness of active forest restoration in three Mistbelt forests (Izingcuka, Swallowtail, and Madonna and Child) in the Amathole region, South Africa.Data were acquired during the spring season of 2024 using a DJI Mavic 2 Enterprise Dual drone. The dataset includes: RGB orthomosaics and 3D point clouds processed from UAV flights over paired reference (intact) and restoration (actively revegetated) sites, following a 2 × 3 factorial design (two site types × three blocks). Derived vegetation indices computed from RGB imagery: VEG (Vegetative Index), TGI (Triangular Greenness Index), GRVI (Green-Red Vegetation Index), NGRDI (Normalized Green-Red Difference Index), ExG (Excess Green), ExR (Excess Red), and GLI (Green Leaf Index). Point cloud structural metrics including above-ground biomass (AGB), canopy height model (CHM), canopy cover (%), and gap fraction. Ground reference data consisting of spectral and biophysical measurements from 270 Podocarpus latifolius leaf samples. Binary vegetation classification outputs (Random Trees and Support Vector Machine) produced in ArcGIS Pro 3.5.0, with associated accuracy metrics (user’s accuracy: 95–99%; Kappa: 0.76–0.96). RStudio analysis scripts (R version 4.1.2, 2024) for two-way ANOVA, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and stepwise regression used to assess spatial variation and vegetation dynamics. Key variables: Site type (reference vs. restoration)Vegetation indices (spectral health proxies)Point cloud metrics (structural complexity)Leaf-level ground truth data Spatial and temporal coverage: Amathole Mistbelt forests, Eastern Cape, South AfricaSingle-season spring survey (2024); dynamics interpreted as within- and between-site variability in vegetation indices. Data usage notes: These data are suitable for comparative analyses of active forest restoration outcomes, methodological assessments of UAV-based monitoring techniques, and studies investigating the relationship between spectral vegetation indices and structural forest attributes in temperate or Mistbelt ecosystems. The inclusion of both RGB-derived indices and point cloud metrics enables users to evaluate multifactorial drivers of vegetation recovery. Methodological context: Full experimental design, preprocessing steps, and analytical procedures are detailed in the associated manuscript. All coordinate reference systems and file formats (CSV, R script) are documented in the accompanying README file. Licence: [CC BY 4.0] Keywords: Unmanned aerial vehicle, Photogrammetry, Forest recovery, Spectral signatures, Machine learning","author":[{"family":"Manase","given":"Andisiwe"},{"family":"Manyevere","given":"Alen"},{"family":"Elbasit","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Leaver","given":"Jessica"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.32411412.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32411412.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.32411412","type":"article-journal","title":"An analysis of the spatial variations and dynamics of vegetation recovery using low-altitude remote sensing in actively restored forests of the Amathole region","abstract":"Dataset Title: UAV-based RGB and point cloud dataset for assessing vegetation recovery in actively restored Mistbelt forests of the Amathole region, South Africa Author(s): Andisiwe Manase a , Alen Manyevere a,* , Mohamed A.M Abd Elbasit b , Jessica Leaver c Corresponding author affiliation: Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa Journal submission: GIScience &amp; Remote Sensing Description: This dataset supports the research article entitled \" An analysis of the spatial variations and dynamics of vegetation recovery using low-altitude remote sensing in actively restored forests of the Amathole regio n, \" submitted to GIScience &amp; Remote Sensing . It comprises high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery and derived point cloud metrics, alongside ground-based leaf spectral data, collected to evaluate the effectiveness of active forest restoration in three Mistbelt forests (Izingcuka, Swallowtail, and Madonna and Child) in the Amathole region, South Africa.Data were acquired during the spring season of 2024 using a DJI Mavic 2 Enterprise Dual drone. The dataset includes: RGB orthomosaics and 3D point clouds processed from UAV flights over paired reference (intact) and restoration (actively revegetated) sites, following a 2 × 3 factorial design (two site types × three blocks). Derived vegetation indices computed from RGB imagery: VEG (Vegetative Index), TGI (Triangular Greenness Index), GRVI (Green-Red Vegetation Index), NGRDI (Normalized Green-Red Difference Index), ExG (Excess Green), ExR (Excess Red), and GLI (Green Leaf Index). Point cloud structural metrics including above-ground biomass (AGB), canopy height model (CHM), canopy cover (%), and gap fraction. Ground reference data consisting of spectral and biophysical measurements from 270 Podocarpus latifolius leaf samples. Binary vegetation classification outputs (Random Trees and Support Vector Machine) produced in ArcGIS Pro 3.5.0, with associated accuracy metrics (user’s accuracy: 95–99%; Kappa: 0.76–0.96). RStudio analysis scripts (R version 4.1.2, 2024) for two-way ANOVA, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and stepwise regression used to assess spatial variation and vegetation dynamics. Key variables: Site type (reference vs. restoration)Vegetation indices (spectral health proxies)Point cloud metrics (structural complexity)Leaf-level ground truth data Spatial and temporal coverage: Amathole Mistbelt forests, Eastern Cape, South AfricaSingle-season spring survey (2024); dynamics interpreted as within- and between-site variability in vegetation indices. Data usage notes: These data are suitable for comparative analyses of active forest restoration outcomes, methodological assessments of UAV-based monitoring techniques, and studies investigating the relationship between spectral vegetation indices and structural forest attributes in temperate or Mistbelt ecosystems. The inclusion of both RGB-derived indices and point cloud metrics enables users to evaluate multifactorial drivers of vegetation recovery. Methodological context: Full experimental design, preprocessing steps, and analytical procedures are detailed in the associated manuscript. All coordinate reference systems and file formats (CSV, R script) are documented in the accompanying README file. Licence: [CC BY 4.0] Keywords: Unmanned aerial vehicle, Photogrammetry, Forest recovery, Spectral signatures, Machine learning","author":[{"family":"Manase","given":"Andisiwe"},{"family":"Manyevere","given":"Alen"},{"family":"Elbasit","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Leaver","given":"Jessica"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.32411412","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32411412","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18425151","type":"article-journal","title":"Data for Optimizing biomass partitioning in wheat using UAV-based hyperspectral phenomic and genomic prediction: kernel-based and machine learning approaches","abstract":"Optimizing biomass partitioning is essential for achieving sustainable yield improvement in wheat, particularly under increasing environmental stress. Traits such as spike partitioning index (SPI), harvest index (HI), and fruiting efficiency (FE) are central to understanding how assimilates are allocated between vegetative and reproductive organs. However, their complex physiology and the difficulty of manual phenotyping have limited their routine use in breeding programs. This study assessed the potential of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based hyperspectral reflectance data to predict biomass partitioning traits and related yield components in wheat. Three trials of facultative soft wheat lines (2022–2024) and an independent validation set of advanced breeding lines were used to develop genomic prediction (GP), phenomic prediction (PP), and integrated multi-omic models combining genomic, phenomic, and environmental covariates (ECs).","author":[{"family":"Kunwar","given":"Sudip"},{"family":"Babar","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Jarquin","given":"Diego"},{"family":"Ampatzidis","given":"Yiannis"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Naeem"},{"family":"Acharya","given":"Janam"},{"family":"Mcbreen","given":"Jordan"},{"family":"Adewale","given":"Samuel"},{"family":"Brown-Guedira","given":"Gina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18425151","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18425151","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18425150","type":"article-journal","title":"Data for Optimizing biomass partitioning in wheat using UAV-based hyperspectral phenomic and genomic prediction: kernel-based and machine learning approaches","abstract":"Optimizing biomass partitioning is essential for achieving sustainable yield improvement in wheat, particularly under increasing environmental stress. Traits such as spike partitioning index (SPI), harvest index (HI), and fruiting efficiency (FE) are central to understanding how assimilates are allocated between vegetative and reproductive organs. However, their complex physiology and the difficulty of manual phenotyping have limited their routine use in breeding programs. This study assessed the potential of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based hyperspectral reflectance data to predict biomass partitioning traits and related yield components in wheat. Three trials of facultative soft wheat lines (2022–2024) and an independent validation set of advanced breeding lines were used to develop genomic prediction (GP), phenomic prediction (PP), and integrated multi-omic models combining genomic, phenomic, and environmental covariates (ECs).","author":[{"family":"Kunwar","given":"Sudip"},{"family":"Babar","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Jarquin","given":"Diego"},{"family":"Ampatzidis","given":"Yiannis"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Naeem"},{"family":"Acharya","given":"Janam"},{"family":"Mcbreen","given":"Jordan"},{"family":"Adewale","given":"Samuel"},{"family":"Brown-Guedira","given":"Gina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18425150","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18425150","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18418455","type":"article-journal","title":"Evaluation of Oat Varieties for Agronomic and Spectral Traits in Ireland: Preliminary Insight from OatFrontiers Project","abstract":"Oat (Avena sativa L.) is the third major cereal crop grown in Ireland and is well-known for its resilience and a cereal break-crop in tillage rotation. Despite the potential, the availability of high-yielding adaptive varieties remains a major constraint for Irish oat cultivation. To address this knowledge gap, the OatFrontiers project (Interreg NPA funded : 2023-2026) is evaluating >390 oats from recurrent selection populations, genotyped by SNP markers, in multi-location trials. The project aims to assess agronomic adaptability and identify genes associated with key traits. In addition, 28 oat varieties from European breeders are also being evaluated for their agronomical and grain quality traits. In the spring of 2024, the first year of the two-years trial, 28 varieties were sown in a replicated trial in Teagasc, Carlow, Ireland. Critical phenological and agronomic data were recorded. Spectral data, collected by a multispectral sensor attached to an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, was collected to calculate Vegetation Indices for critical growth stages. Preliminary first-year results show that yield varied among varieties, with Raven exhibiting the highest yield (approximately 8 t/ha), while Pol had the lowest (5.2 t/ha). WPB Isabel exhibited stable grain quality for multiple quality parameters. Varieties showed greater differences in panicle filling duration (PFD) (i.e. panicle emergence to maturity) than panicle emergence duration (PED). Regression analysis with the top and bottom five yielding varieties shows PFD had explained 37% of yield variation (r2=0.37), suggesting a moderate association compared to PED (r2=0.04). A regression analysis of NDVI/day at the grain filling stage showed a preliminary association with yield (r2=0.75). Notably, NDVI/day at GS80 distinguished between low- and high-yielding varieties. Preliminary data from a single-year trial suggest that a slower NDVI decline (canopy greenness retention) may lead to higher yields in Ireland’s cool climate. However, this needs further validation through studies of pre- and post-anthesis RUE variation among varieties.","author":[{"family":"Rahman","given":"Atikur"},{"family":"Lillemo","given":"Morten"},{"family":"Ilves","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Min"},{"family":"Sørensen","given":"Espen"},{"family":"Fossøy","given":"Therese"},{"family":"Halland","given":"Hilda"},{"family":"Dalmannsdottir","given":"Sigridur"},{"family":"Hilmarsson","given":"Hrannar"},{"family":"Bitz","given":"Lidija"},{"family":"Bitz","given":"Oliver"},{"family":"Leppälä","given":"Johanna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18418455","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18418455","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18418456","type":"article-journal","title":"Evaluation of Oat Varieties for Agronomic and Spectral Traits in Ireland: Preliminary Insight from OatFrontiers Project","abstract":"Oat (Avena sativa L.) is the third major cereal crop grown in Ireland and is well-known for its resilience and a cereal break-crop in tillage rotation. Despite the potential, the availability of high-yielding adaptive varieties remains a major constraint for Irish oat cultivation. To address this knowledge gap, the OatFrontiers project (Interreg NPA funded : 2023-2026) is evaluating >390 oats from recurrent selection populations, genotyped by SNP markers, in multi-location trials. The project aims to assess agronomic adaptability and identify genes associated with key traits. In addition, 28 oat varieties from European breeders are also being evaluated for their agronomical and grain quality traits. In the spring of 2024, the first year of the two-years trial, 28 varieties were sown in a replicated trial in Teagasc, Carlow, Ireland. Critical phenological and agronomic data were recorded. Spectral data, collected by a multispectral sensor attached to an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, was collected to calculate Vegetation Indices for critical growth stages. Preliminary first-year results show that yield varied among varieties, with Raven exhibiting the highest yield (approximately 8 t/ha), while Pol had the lowest (5.2 t/ha). WPB Isabel exhibited stable grain quality for multiple quality parameters. Varieties showed greater differences in panicle filling duration (PFD) (i.e. panicle emergence to maturity) than panicle emergence duration (PED). Regression analysis with the top and bottom five yielding varieties shows PFD had explained 37% of yield variation (r2=0.37), suggesting a moderate association compared to PED (r2=0.04). A regression analysis of NDVI/day at the grain filling stage showed a preliminary association with yield (r2=0.75). Notably, NDVI/day at GS80 distinguished between low- and high-yielding varieties. Preliminary data from a single-year trial suggest that a slower NDVI decline (canopy greenness retention) may lead to higher yields in Ireland’s cool climate. However, this needs further validation through studies of pre- and post-anthesis RUE variation among varieties.","author":[{"family":"Rahman","given":"Atikur"},{"family":"Lillemo","given":"Morten"},{"family":"Ilves","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Min"},{"family":"Sørensen","given":"Espen"},{"family":"Fossøy","given":"Therese"},{"family":"Halland","given":"Hilda"},{"family":"Dalmannsdottir","given":"Sigridur"},{"family":"Hilmarsson","given":"Hrannar"},{"family":"Bitz","given":"Lidija"},{"family":"Bitz","given":"Oliver"},{"family":"Leppälä","given":"Johanna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18418456","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18418456","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.05572","type":"manuscript","title":"UAV-Based Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture Across Diverse Land Covers: Validation and Bayesian Uncertainty Characterization","abstract":"High-resolution soil moisture (SM) observations are critical for agricultural monitoring, forestry management, and hazard prediction, yet current satellite passive microwave missions cannot directly provide retrievals at tens-of-meter spatial scales. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mounted microwave radiometry presents a promising alternative, but most evaluations to date have focused on agricultural settings, with limited exploration across other land covers and few efforts to quantify retrieval uncertainty. This study addresses both gaps by evaluating SM retrievals from a drone-based Portable L-band Radiometer (PoLRa) across shrubland, bare soil, and forest strips in Central Illinois, U.S., using a 10-day field campaign in 2024. Controlled UAV flights at altitudes of 10 m, 20 m, and 30 m were performed to generate brightness temperatures (TB) at spatial resolutions of 7 m, 14 m, and 21 m. SM retrievals were carried out using multiple tau-omega-based algorithms, including the single channel algorithm (SCA), dual channel algorithm (DCA), and multi-temporal dual channel algorithm (MTDCA). A Bayesian inference framework was then applied to provide probabilistic uncertainty characterization for both SM and vegetation optical depth (VOD). Results show that the gridded TB distributions consistently capture dry-wet gradients associated with vegetation density variations, and spatial correlations between polarized observations are largely maintained across scales. Validation against in situ measurements indicates that PoLRa derived SM retrievals from the SCAV and MTDCA algorithms achieve unbiased root-mean-square errors (ubRMSE) generally below 0.04 m3/m3 across different land covers. Bayesian posterior analyses confirm that reference SM values largely fall within the derived uncertainty intervals, with mean uncertainty ranges around 0.02 m3/m3 and 0.11 m3/m3 for SCA and DCA related retrievals.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Runze"},{"family":"Aziz","given":"Ishfaq"},{"family":"Houtz","given":"Derek"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yuxiang"},{"family":"Ford","given":"Trent"},{"family":"Watts","given":"Adam"},{"family":"Alipour","given":"Mohamad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2506.05572","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.05572","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17284942","type":"article-journal","title":"RivAIrSet: A multitemporal high-resolution dataset of UAV imagery with river water area annotations","abstract":"The RivAIrSet dataset was collected over a six-year period (2019–2024) along a 3 km reach of the Basento River in the Basilicata region of Southern Italy, along the industrial area of Ferrandina (MT) (40°29′57.2″N, 16°29′59.5″E). Within this section, the river channel varies in width from 90 to 200 m, with a flow regime characterized by peak discharge during autumn–winter and lower flow conditions in summer. Located in the mid-basin area, this reach is prone to recurrent flooding events, resulting in enhanced erosion and sediment transport processes that contribute to significant hydro-geomorphological hazards. RivAIrSet was acquired using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) equipped with a nadir-oriented RGB camera following preprogrammed flight paths. The dataset contains 7,630 high-resolution RGB images (.JPG) collected during six survey campaigns under varying weather and hydrological conditions. Each image includes embedded EXIF metadata with GPS coordinates and camera parameters (F-stop, exposure time, ISO, focal length). Corresponding annotation files (.json), generated using the AnyLabeling tool, delineate river water areas through polygon coordinates labeled as “water”. Each image is paired with its respective annotation file, sharing an identical filename (e.g., DJI_11.JPG and DJI_11.json). The dataset is organised into six directories, each named according to the survey year (e.g., 2019, 2020). Within each directory, two subfolders are provided: images, containing the RGB photographs, and labels, containing the corresponding annotation files. Files are numbered sequentially within each survey to enable straightforward integration into a comprehensive dataset spanning all acquisition campaigns. CitationsUsers of RivAIrSet are kindly invited to cite the corresponding publication, as follows: La Salandra, M., Colacicco, R., Dellino, P., & Capolongo, D. (2025). RivAIrSet: A multitemporal high-resolution UAV imagery dataset for machine learning-based river water segmentation. Data in Brief, 112356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2025.112356","author":[{"family":"La Salandra","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Colacicco","given":"Rosa"},{"family":"Dellino","given":"Pierfrancesco"},{"family":"Capolongo","given":"Domenico"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17284942","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17284942","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8119397.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Insight into magmatic pathways and subsurface structures from repeated UAV magnetic prospecting at Piton de la Fournaise volcano, Réunion Island","abstract":"Abstract Volcanic activity disturbs the existing magnetic field, and analysis of the resulting magnetic anomalies provides information about the internal structure and evolution of active systems within edifices. This study focuses on the South-East Rift Zone (SERZ) of Piton de la Fournaise, specifically the eruptive site of September 2022, which offers a unique opportunity to characterise the thermal state, the subsurface structures, and to obtain information about the global fluid dynamics of this highly active area. For this purpose, we performed high-resolution aeromagnetic surveys using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in November 2022 and May 2024 to investigate the evolution of the eruptive site. At a regional scale, first order 3D modelling of the magnetic anomalies primarily reveals a negative magnetic axis with a N120° orientation. Comparative analysis with 3D Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar data modelling shows a significant correlation between this demagnetised axis, the depth, and the volume of magmatic intrusions along the rift-zone. This result suggests the presence of a N120°-trending mechanical weakness intersecting the SERZ that has some control over the internal dynamics of the magmatic and hydrothermal fluids in the area. In addition, we quantify the temporal evolution of the magnetic signals associated with the September 2022 lava flow by means of repeated UAV measurements from May 2024 and estimate a global increase of several hundreds of nanoteslas (between 150 and 900 nT) linked to the magnetisation caused by the lava cooling during this time. We then successfully explore on a more local scale the ability of UAV magnetic prospecting to detect lava tubes using semi-quantitative 2D models. These results demonstrate the potential of UAV magnetic surveys to characterise the spatio-temporal evolution of magnetic signals from Piton de la Fournaise. Such multi-scale analysis of magnetic structures within the edifice indicates the potential of 4D monitoring for obtaining a better understanding of the volcano’s evolution. Graphical Abstract","author":[{"family":"Guillard","given":"Romain"},{"family":"Gailler","given":"Lydie"},{"family":"Labazuy","given":"Philippe"},{"family":"Thebault","given":"Erwan"},{"family":"Régis","given":"Edouard"},{"family":"Dumont","given":"Quentin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8119397.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8119397.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8119397","type":"article-journal","title":"Insight into magmatic pathways and subsurface structures from repeated UAV magnetic prospecting at Piton de la Fournaise volcano, Réunion Island","abstract":"Abstract Volcanic activity disturbs the existing magnetic field, and analysis of the resulting magnetic anomalies provides information about the internal structure and evolution of active systems within edifices. This study focuses on the South-East Rift Zone (SERZ) of Piton de la Fournaise, specifically the eruptive site of September 2022, which offers a unique opportunity to characterise the thermal state, the subsurface structures, and to obtain information about the global fluid dynamics of this highly active area. For this purpose, we performed high-resolution aeromagnetic surveys using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in November 2022 and May 2024 to investigate the evolution of the eruptive site. At a regional scale, first order 3D modelling of the magnetic anomalies primarily reveals a negative magnetic axis with a N120° orientation. Comparative analysis with 3D Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar data modelling shows a significant correlation between this demagnetised axis, the depth, and the volume of magmatic intrusions along the rift-zone. This result suggests the presence of a N120°-trending mechanical weakness intersecting the SERZ that has some control over the internal dynamics of the magmatic and hydrothermal fluids in the area. In addition, we quantify the temporal evolution of the magnetic signals associated with the September 2022 lava flow by means of repeated UAV measurements from May 2024 and estimate a global increase of several hundreds of nanoteslas (between 150 and 900 nT) linked to the magnetisation caused by the lava cooling during this time. We then successfully explore on a more local scale the ability of UAV magnetic prospecting to detect lava tubes using semi-quantitative 2D models. These results demonstrate the potential of UAV magnetic surveys to characterise the spatio-temporal evolution of magnetic signals from Piton de la Fournaise. Such multi-scale analysis of magnetic structures within the edifice indicates the potential of 4D monitoring for obtaining a better understanding of the volcano’s evolution. Graphical Abstract","author":[{"family":"Guillard","given":"Romain"},{"family":"Gailler","given":"Lydie"},{"family":"Labazuy","given":"Philippe"},{"family":"Thebault","given":"Erwan"},{"family":"Régis","given":"Edouard"},{"family":"Dumont","given":"Quentin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8119397","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8119397","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21760942","type":"article-journal","title":"Advanced IoT-Integrated Systems for Intelligent Water Quality Monitoring in Aquaculture: Emerging Technologies, AI-Driven Analytics, and Future Perspectives","abstract":"Between 2020 and 2025, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) sensor networks into aquaculture water quality management has seen a transformational acceleration due to the convergence of advanced sensor miniaturization, edge computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and next-generation wireless connectivity. This paper expands on the basic bibliometric and systematic analysis of IoT sensor applications in aquaculture (Flores-Iwasaki et al., 2025), taking the knowledge frontier a step further by critically reviewing recent technologies such as 5G-enabled real-time monitoring, AI-driven digital twins, flexible nano sensors, federated learning frameworks, and autonomous unmanned aerial/aquatic vehicle (UAV/AUV) platforms. The parameters most monitored were still pH (100%), temperature (96.7%) and dissolved oxygen (79.4%) and attention increased to total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, nitrate and chlorophyll-a in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) and integrated aquaponics. The key findings suggest that AI-aided predictive models, particularly Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Transformers, and ensemble methods, demonstrated water quality prediction accuracies exceeding 95% in controlled settings. Microcontrollers (TinyML) Edge AI deployment reduced cloud latency up to 87%, enabling near-instant anomaly detection. Identified key gaps are lack of automated TAN sensing in most commercial deployments, limited self-cleaning sensor maintenance mechanisms, and inequitable technology access in developing-nation aquaculture. Future research directions include AI-digital twin co-simulation, bio-inspired nano sensor arrays, and 5G-LPWAN hybrid architectures. Addressing these challenges is critical for the deployment of fully automated, sustainable and economically viable aquaculture ecosystems","author":[{"family":"Nandankar","given":"Praful"},{"family":"Dhawas","given":"Prashantkumar"},{"family":"Kalambe","given":"Shilpa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21760942","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21760942","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21760943","type":"article-journal","title":"Advanced IoT-Integrated Systems for Intelligent Water Quality Monitoring in Aquaculture: Emerging Technologies, AI-Driven Analytics, and Future Perspectives","abstract":"Between 2020 and 2025, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) sensor networks into aquaculture water quality management has seen a transformational acceleration due to the convergence of advanced sensor miniaturization, edge computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and next-generation wireless connectivity. This paper expands on the basic bibliometric and systematic analysis of IoT sensor applications in aquaculture (Flores-Iwasaki et al., 2025), taking the knowledge frontier a step further by critically reviewing recent technologies such as 5G-enabled real-time monitoring, AI-driven digital twins, flexible nano sensors, federated learning frameworks, and autonomous unmanned aerial/aquatic vehicle (UAV/AUV) platforms. The parameters most monitored were still pH (100%), temperature (96.7%) and dissolved oxygen (79.4%) and attention increased to total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, nitrate and chlorophyll-a in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) and integrated aquaponics. The key findings suggest that AI-aided predictive models, particularly Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Transformers, and ensemble methods, demonstrated water quality prediction accuracies exceeding 95% in controlled settings. Microcontrollers (TinyML) Edge AI deployment reduced cloud latency up to 87%, enabling near-instant anomaly detection. Identified key gaps are lack of automated TAN sensing in most commercial deployments, limited self-cleaning sensor maintenance mechanisms, and inequitable technology access in developing-nation aquaculture. Future research directions include AI-digital twin co-simulation, bio-inspired nano sensor arrays, and 5G-LPWAN hybrid architectures. Addressing these challenges is critical for the deployment of fully automated, sustainable and economically viable aquaculture ecosystems","author":[{"family":"Nandankar","given":"Praful"},{"family":"Dhawas","given":"Prashantkumar"},{"family":"Kalambe","given":"Shilpa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21760943","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21760943","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60893/figshare.apm.c.8645055","type":"article-journal","title":"<strong>Transparent</strong><strong><strong>, </strong></strong><strong><strong>anti-freezing</strong></strong><strong><strong> and flexible</strong></strong><strong><strong> organogel</strong></strong><strong><strong> </strong></strong><strong><strong>for electromagnetic wave absorption</strong></strong>","abstract":"Abstract: The growing deployment of transparent and flexible electronics in complex electromagnetic environments, particularly on military platforms, calls for novel materials that combine efficient electromagnetic wave (EMWs) absorption, high optical transparency, outstanding flexibility and robust environmental stability. However, conventional EMWs absorbers are typically opaque, rigid, and environmentally unstable. These limitations make them unsuitable for transparent and flexible stealth applications on complex-curved surfaces such as fighter canopies and optical sighting windows. In this work, a transparent organogel was fabricated via UV-initiated polymerization using the zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate monomer, ethylene glycol as solvent, and LiCl as the ionic dopant. The abundant zwitterionic groups in the gel generate dipolar polarization loss, while the dissociated Li⁺ and Cl⁻ ions induce conduction loss, which two effects act synergistically to establish an efficient dual-loss mechanism for attenuating incident electromagnetic waves. The optimized organogel achieves an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.04 GHz at a thin matching thickness of approximately 2.05 mm, together with a minimum reflection loss of -58.2 dB. Furthermore, the material exhibits a combination of attractive properties, including high visible-light transmittance of ~88%, outstanding flexibility with a elongation at break up to 185%, and excellent anti-freezing performance with a glass transition temperature of approximately -123.7℃. This work provides a feasible strategy for designing transparent, flexible electromagnetic stealth materials that can conformally adhere to complex curved surfaces while integrating high optical transparency and efficient microwave absorption, demonstrating broad application prospects in military equipment such as fighter canopies, reconnaissance windows, and unmanned aerial vehicle skins.","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Hongjing"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Youan"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Junfeng"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Yi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.60893/figshare.apm.c.8645055","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60893/figshare.apm.c.8645055","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.17656","type":"manuscript","title":"UAV-Enabled ISAC: Towards On-Demand Sensing Services and Enhanced Communication","abstract":"In this paper, we investigate an integrated sensing-and-communication (ISAC) network enabled by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The UAV is supposed to fly along a periodical circular trajectory at a fixed height for ISAC service supply from the sky. We consider on-demand sensing services, where on-demand detection and on-demand localization requests may be activated at any time toward any position within the targeted serving region. While guaranteeing satisfactory accuracy for both on-demand sensing tasks, we aim at maximizing the minimum achievable throughput among all communication users, via joint optimizing the UAV trajectory and communication user scheduling. To address the complicated problem with infinite sensing constraints, we characterize the on-demand detection constraint as a restricted deployment area for UAV and the on-demand localization constraint as Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) constraints over finite reference target points, based on which the original problem is simplified to more tractable one. Afterwards, particularly aiming to ensure no violations of CRB constraints, we propose a convex approximation for the reformulated problem, where tight approximation is guaranteed at given local solution. The construction strategy for convex problem approximation allows an efficient iterative algorithm with verified convergence to a superior suboptimal solution. At last, with simulations, we verified the applicability of our developed optimization scheme in strictly fulfilling the on-demand sensing constraints and the effectiveness of our proposed solution for simultaneously enhancing the communication throughput in UAV-enabled ISAC.","author":[{"family":"Yuan","given":"Xiaopeng"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xinran"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Yulin"},{"family":"Schmeink","given":"Anke"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2512.17656","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.17656","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.20278","type":"manuscript","title":"Secrecy Rate Maximization for UAV-Mounted Six-Dimensional Movable IRS-Assisted ISAC Systems","abstract":"Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is a key enabling technology for 6G wireless networks, but its broadcast nature raises a physical-layer security concern when the sensing target can act as a potential eavesdropper. Although intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) can enhance wireless propagation and improve secrecy, existing secure IRS-assisted ISAC designs are mostly limited to fixed deployments and passive phase control, which offer limited spatial adaptability in line-of-sight-dominated low-altitude scenarios. To address this limitation, we investigate an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-mounted six-dimensional movable IRS-assisted secure ISAC system, where the IRS location, orientation, and reflection coefficients are jointly optimized with the BS beamformer to maximize the secrecy rate under communication quality-of-service (QoS), power, unit-modulus, and visibility constraints. The resulting problem is highly non-convex due to the coupled active/passive beamforming variables and the location-and-orientation-dependent (pose-dependent) channel responses. To solve it efficiently, we develop a three-block alternating optimization (AO) framework, in which the active beamformer, IRS pose, and passive reflection vector are updated via linearized ADMM, warm-started particle swarm optimization, and Riemannian gradient descent, respectively. Simulation results show that the proposed design significantly outperforms fixed-location and orientation-only baselines, highlighting the importance of joint translation, rotation, and phase control for secure ISAC.","author":[{"family":"Hong","given":"Chengye"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Botang"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Rongkun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yuhan"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Chenyiming"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Lei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.20278","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.20278","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.19638","type":"manuscript","title":"Digital Tides: A Fluid-Dynamic Framework for Flux-Aware Infrastructure Provisioning in UAV Logistics Networks","abstract":"The emergence of high-frequency pulsating logistics unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms gives rise to ``Digital Tides'', i.e., complex traffic dynamics that challenge sustainable resource provisioning in mobile computing networks. Conventional infrastructure provisioning strategies, which typically rely on static snapshot-based analysis and localized density estimation, fail to capture the macroscopic advection of computational workloads. As a result, reactive resource activation suffers from inherent hysteresis, yielding nominal efficiency gains at the cost of mission-critical service loss at the advancing wavefront. To address this issue, we develop a fluid-based spatiotemporal framework by explicitly solving the continuity equation to characterize the macroscopic velocity field of the workload flow. Building on this framework, we propose a flux-aware asymmetric activation strategy that leverages the derived information flux vector as a kinematic precursor of demand propagation. Unlike symmetric thresholding, the proposed control logic decouples activation and deactivation dynamics. Theoretical analysis confirms the intrinsic spatial phase-lead of the flux signal and shows that the proposed strategy generates a proactive guard ring to compensate for service setup latency, including delays caused by mobile edge computing container cold-starts. We further derive closed-form expressions for instantaneous service availability and period-average energy efficiency. In addition, we formulate a quality-of-service-penalized metric to evaluate effective energy efficiency under strict outage constraints. Numerical results show that the proposed flux-driven strategy enables zero-latency tracking of the mobile wavefront and achieves a Pareto-optimal trade-off between service reliability and energy consumption, outperforming reactive baselines in dynamic logistics corridors.","author":[{"family":"Dong","given":"Wen"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Song"},{"family":"Han","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Bi","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Sheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.19638","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.19638","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.12046","type":"manuscript","title":"Secure Coverage Enhancement in Aerial Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted High-Speed Train Communication Systems","abstract":"High-speed trains (HSTs) have become a prominent means of transportation, requiring high data rates and reliable communication services for HST passengers. However, the wireless channels in HST communication systems are susceptible to various security threats, including eavesdropping. Addressing these security concerns is therefore of critical importance. One promising technology for enhancing security is the integration of a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) on an unmanned aerial vehicle, referred to as an aerial reconfigurable intelligent surface (ARIS). This technology offers significant potential for improving wireless network performance, though it also introduces unique challenges in terms of physical layer security (PLS). This paper investigates the PLS of ARIS-aided HST communication systems. A problem of maximizing the weighted sum secrecy rate is formulated by jointly optimizing the active beamforming at the base station (BS) and the phase shift at the ARIS, subject to constrains on the BS transmit power and the unit modulus of the ARIS reflecting coefficient. To address this problem, a joint optimization algorithm is proposed using the block coordinate descent method. Specifically, the problem is decomposed into two subproblems: active beamforming design and ARIS phase shift optimization. The active beamforming is optimally designed via the successive convex approximation technique, while the ARIS phase shift is efficiently updated using the alternating direction method of multipliers technique. Simulation results demonstrate the rapid convergence of the proposed algorithm, which achieves a higher secrecy rate compared to existing methods in the literature.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Changzhu"},{"family":"He","given":"Ruisi"},{"family":"Ai","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Niu","given":"Yong"},{"family":"Han","given":"Zhu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Gongpu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Haoxiang"},{"family":"Han","given":"Jiahui"},{"family":"Zhong","given":"Zhangdui"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.12046","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.12046","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.18996","type":"manuscript","title":"GrabVG: Graph-Attentive Binding for Visual Grounding in UAV Imagery","abstract":"Visual grounding in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery aims to localize a target object in complex bird's-eye-view scenes according to a natural language description. However, the abundance of small, densely distributed, and visually similar objects creates high visual redundancy, while repetitive local configurations give rise to strong topological ambiguity. Existing approaches mainly focus on visual--language feature alignment or dense contextual interaction, yet they struggle to distinguish subtle inter-instance differences and effectively exploit spatial topological structures, leading to inaccurate grounding in highly crowded scenarios. To address these challenges, we propose $\\textbf{GrabVG}$, a novel visual grounding framework inspired by human visual search. GrabVG explicitly decomposes grounding into two sequential stages: $\\textit{preattentive hypothesis search}$ and $\\textit{graph-attentive feature binding}$. Specifically, we first generate a compact set of reliable object hypotheses through distillation-guided proposal induction and text-aware hypothesis filtering, substantially reducing background distractions and semantic mismatches. These hypotheses are then organized into a sparse graph, where language-guided intra-instance visual cues and inter-instance topological relationships are jointly bound and propagated via graph attention, enabling efficient spatial reasoning and accurate target localization. Extensive experiments on AerialVG and AerialSense show that GrabVG achieves a favorable accuracy--speed trade-off, reaching 67.31$\\%$ and 80.34$\\%$ Acc@0.5 and outperforming the corresponding baselines by 10.55 and 8.76 percentage points, respectively.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Chaowei"},{"family":"Di","given":"Yan"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Jingjun"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Baozhe"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Jiaxu"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yuheng"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Guangqian"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Shan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.18996","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.18996","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.18140","type":"manuscript","title":"Scheduling and Routing with Degradation-Triggered Job Arrivals: An Application to Forest Firefighting with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Fleet","abstract":"We define an intertwined scheduling and routing problem where new jobs appear due to the degradation of the existing jobs. Specifically, once a job arrives at a potential job location, a time window begins during which the demand of the job can be fulfilled. The demand degrades within the time window, and once it surpasses a particular threshold, it triggers the arrival of new jobs. Each job location inherently possesses an initial default reward, and the presence of an unprocessed job at a location gradually reduces this default value. The overall objective is to maximize the total remaining reward. The underlying motivation of this problem aligns with the proverb ``a stitch in time saves nine,\" and the problem itself carries practical implications. We focus on the problem in the context of aerial forest firefighting. Each ignited area has a designated action window; delaying intervention causes the fire to grow, diminishing the area's value and causing it to spread to adjacent areas. We develop a mixed-integer programming model that maximizes value retention in wildfire-threatened regions, and a hybrid model based on dynamic constraint generation to enhance the scalability of the model. We evaluate the performance and practicality of our models through computational experiments and a case study. Additionally, we ensure the study's reproducibility and encourage further research by providing open access to the codebase of our model.","author":[{"family":"Dasdemir","given":"Erdi"},{"family":"Jose","given":"Esther"},{"family":"Batta","given":"Rajan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.18140","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.18140","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22019128","type":"article-journal","title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle safety bubble simulation results","abstract":"Title: An Adaptive Six-Layer Safety Bubble for Non-Cooperative UAV Self-Separation Abstract The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into shared airspace requires on-board safety mechanisms for self-separation without cooperation between platforms or centralised air-traffic services. This paper proposes the UAV Safety Bubble (USB), a six-layer geometric model that defines an adaptive safety envelope around the UAV. Each layer corresponds to a distinct physical contribution: platform dimensions, positioning uncertainty, communication performance, wind disturbance, detection-processing latency, and avoidance manoeuvrability. The model was evaluated through 5,300 Monte Carlo simulation instances across five conflict scenarios, including static-obstacle avoidance, head-to-head encounters, and 90$^\\circ$, 30$^\\circ$, and 60$^\\circ$ approaches between two dynamic UAVs. Platform, sensing, communication, and environmental parameters were sampled from uniform distributions across operational ranges. No instance produced an intrusion into the fifth layer ($USB_{5}$), the model's operational separation boundary. The smallest clearance between the $USB_{5}$ outer edge and the obstacle's centre of mass was 35.36~m, recorded in the 90$^\\circ$ approach scenario, and the one-sided 95% upper bound on the per-instance intrusion probability was 0.060%. The adaptive envelope achieved this at per-scenario median route-length overheads of 15-46% relative to nominal straight-line routes. The USB complements downstream planners by providing an adaptive no-go region. The avoidance manoeuvres evaluated are restricted to the horizontal plane; full 3D avoidance is left for future work.","author":[{"family":"Jerinić","given":"Dominik"},{"family":"Radišić","given":"Tomislav"},{"family":"Krajček Nikolić","given":"Karolina"},{"family":"Muštra","given":"Mario"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22019128","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22019128","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17762331","type":"article-journal","title":"OVERVIEW OF EARLIER BUILDINGS IN CEBU: ALIGNING  THE OLDIES CITY'S VISION TOWARDS 2050","abstract":"ABSTRACT Urban revitalization has emerged as a critical strategy for enhancing the sustainability, livability, and cultural preservation of historic urban spaces. Colon Street in Cebu, Philippines, renowned for its historical, economic, and cultural significance, faces growing challenges related to infrastructure deterioration, environmental pollution, and public health risks. The increasing global emphasis on sustainable development necessitates a comprehensive assessment of how urban renewal efforts can integrate health-promoting and environmentally responsible practices while respecting heritage values. This study employed a qualitative research design, incorporating historical analysis, policy review, semi-structured interviews, stakeholder consultations, and field observations. Data were collected from 70 respondents, including local government officials, urban planners, business owners, community leaders, heritage advocates, and visitors. Thematic analysis was applied to examine the influence of governance structures, political dynamics, regulatory compliance, and urban planning interventions on public health and community well-being. Findings revealed that Colon Street exhibits moderate infrastructural deterioration, environmental challenges, and limited public health safeguards. Governance structures and political factors exerted a moderate influence on project prioritization and resource allocation, while compliance with the National Building Code, Heritage Law, and DENR policies ranged from moderate to high. Public participation was limited, affecting the inclusivity and effectiveness of revitalization initiatives. Health-related outcomes, such as sanitation, air quality, mobility, and accessibility, were directly impacted by infrastructural and environmental conditions. The study highlights the complicated relationship between heritage preservation, political governance, and sustainable urban development. Enhancing transparency, enforcing regulatory standards, integrating health-oriented urban planning, and increasing public engagement emerged as key strategies for improving urban revitalization outcomes. Sustainable revitalization of Colon Street requires coordinated efforts that balance historical preservation, economic activity, and public health priorities. Implementing these recommendations can promote resilient, inclusive, and health-oriented urban environments in historic districts. Keywords: Urban Revitalization, Public Health, Governance, Sustainable Development Goals, Heritage Preservation, Cebu","author":[{"family":"Demeterio","given":"Rino"},{"family":"Arcadio","given":"Redjie"},{"family":"Jr","given":"Rosein"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17762331","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17762331","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17762332","type":"article-journal","title":"OVERVIEW OF EARLIER BUILDINGS IN CEBU: ALIGNING  THE OLDIES CITY'S VISION TOWARDS 2050","abstract":"ABSTRACT Urban revitalization has emerged as a critical strategy for enhancing the sustainability, livability, and cultural preservation of historic urban spaces. Colon Street in Cebu, Philippines, renowned for its historical, economic, and cultural significance, faces growing challenges related to infrastructure deterioration, environmental pollution, and public health risks. The increasing global emphasis on sustainable development necessitates a comprehensive assessment of how urban renewal efforts can integrate health-promoting and environmentally responsible practices while respecting heritage values. This study employed a qualitative research design, incorporating historical analysis, policy review, semi-structured interviews, stakeholder consultations, and field observations. Data were collected from 70 respondents, including local government officials, urban planners, business owners, community leaders, heritage advocates, and visitors. Thematic analysis was applied to examine the influence of governance structures, political dynamics, regulatory compliance, and urban planning interventions on public health and community well-being. Findings revealed that Colon Street exhibits moderate infrastructural deterioration, environmental challenges, and limited public health safeguards. Governance structures and political factors exerted a moderate influence on project prioritization and resource allocation, while compliance with the National Building Code, Heritage Law, and DENR policies ranged from moderate to high. Public participation was limited, affecting the inclusivity and effectiveness of revitalization initiatives. Health-related outcomes, such as sanitation, air quality, mobility, and accessibility, were directly impacted by infrastructural and environmental conditions. The study highlights the complicated relationship between heritage preservation, political governance, and sustainable urban development. Enhancing transparency, enforcing regulatory standards, integrating health-oriented urban planning, and increasing public engagement emerged as key strategies for improving urban revitalization outcomes. Sustainable revitalization of Colon Street requires coordinated efforts that balance historical preservation, economic activity, and public health priorities. Implementing these recommendations can promote resilient, inclusive, and health-oriented urban environments in historic districts. Keywords: Urban Revitalization, Public Health, Governance, Sustainable Development Goals, Heritage Preservation, Cebu","author":[{"family":"Demeterio","given":"Rino"},{"family":"Arcadio","given":"Redjie"},{"family":"Jr","given":"Rosein"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17762332","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17762332","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.28792775.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Propeller design for urban drones","abstract":"Rapid development of urban drone technology allowed many aerodynamics, materials science and computational optimization studies. Propeller designs for open spaces are challenged in restricted and turbulent urban environments. Compared to these city drones, advanced propeller designs with optimized shapes and brand new materials demonstrate significant safety, noise reduction and aerodynamic performance improvements during operation. This research studies propeller design for urban drones featuring tapered blades, different twist angles and bio-inspired trailing edges. These enhancements increase thrust production and reduce tip vortex formation reducing aerodynamic inefficiencies and noise. Typical city flight under such conditions results in significant gains in flight efficiency and noise reduction during PIV and wind tunnel experiments. Furthermore, the computational techniques such as multi-objective genetic algorithms and neural network models speeded up the design process and allowed finding the optimal pitch distributions and blade shapes that balance efficiency and noise. Experiments arranged in organized tables compare thrust-to-power ratios and dB levels for various design approaches. The review considers how to bring such advances to market while adhering to quality and regulatory standards as urban air mobility (UAM) and the need for robust propeller systems in turbulent city environments increase.","author":[{"family":"Shaikh","given":"Mohd"},{"family":"Mewada","given":"Darsh"},{"family":"Rizvi","given":"Zoya"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.28792775.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28792775.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27960762.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Records of shallow landslides triggered by extreme rainfall in July 2024 in Zixing, China","abstract":"Global climate change has led to the frequent extreme meteorological events in recent years, triggering severe clustered landslides in mountainous regions. Records of these clustered landslides not only provide post-disaster statistics but also play a crucial role in advancing data-driven regional landslide research and intelligent landslide detection. The Rainfall-induced Landslide in Zixing (RLZX) datasets consist of a landslide inventory map (LIM) and a landslide detection dataset (LDD). RLZX-LIM was created through visual interpretation of 3D scenes before and after the rainfall event, containing 19,403 shallow landslides triggered by extreme rainfall in Zixing City, China, between July 26 and July 28, 2024. We have provided quantitative evaluations of the quality of RLZX-LIM based on reference data obtained from road-aligned surveys and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mapping in the field. RLZX-LDD is further developed using both UAV and satellite images, offering higher quality and robustness, effectively filling the gap in rainfall-induced LDDs. The RLZX datasets have been publicly released for free use to promote related landslide research.","author":[{"family":"Fu","given":"Zijin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Fawu"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Hao"},{"family":"You","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Youqian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.27960762.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.27960762.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27960762","type":"article-journal","title":"Records of shallow landslides triggered by extreme rainfall in July 2024 in Zixing, China","abstract":"Global climate change has led to the frequent extreme meteorological events in recent years, triggering severe clustered landslides in mountainous regions. Records of these clustered landslides not only provide post-disaster statistics but also play a crucial role in advancing data-driven regional landslide research and intelligent landslide detection. The Rainfall-induced Landslide in Zixing (RLZX) datasets consist of a landslide inventory map (LIM) and a landslide detection dataset (LDD). RLZX-LIM was created through visual interpretation of 3D scenes before and after the rainfall event, containing 19,403 shallow landslides triggered by extreme rainfall in Zixing City, China, between July 26 and July 28, 2024. We have provided quantitative evaluations of the quality of RLZX-LIM based on reference data obtained from road-aligned surveys and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mapping in the field. RLZX-LDD is further developed using both UAV and satellite images, offering higher quality and robustness, effectively filling the gap in rainfall-induced LDDs. The RLZX datasets have been publicly released for free use to promote related landslide research.","author":[{"family":"Fu","given":"Zijin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Fawu"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Hao"},{"family":"You","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Youqian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.27960762","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.27960762","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.08352","type":"manuscript","title":"Secrecy Offloading Analysis of UAV-assisted NOMA-MEC Incorporating WPT in IoT Networks","abstract":"This article studies the efficiency of secrecy data offloading for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-integrated mobile-edge computing (MEC) incorporating wireless power transfer (WPT) within an Internet of Things (IoT) network. Specifically, this study assumes an UAV to function in dual roles: as a mobile computation platform and as an aerial power-supply station, offering substantial advantages for resource-constrained edge devices (EDs) in mitigating interference from an passive eavesdropper. To assess the system's secrecy offloading efficacy, the secrecy successful computation probability (SSCP) closed-formed formulation under Nakagami-m fading channel is derived. The theoretical results are conducted with a variety of parameters, thereby validating the precision of our analysis.","author":[{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Gia"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Anh"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Minh"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Khai"},{"family":"Ngo","given":"Tung"},{"family":"Bui","given":"Ngoc"},{"family":"Le","given":"Phuong"},{"family":"Hoang","given":"Manh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2507.08352","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.08352","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2503.14248","type":"manuscript","title":"Joint Channel Bandwidth Assignment and Relay Positioning for Predictive Flying Networks","abstract":"Flying Networks (FNs) have emerged as a promising solution to provide on-demand wireless connectivity when network coverage is insufficient or the communications infrastructure is compromised, such as in disaster management scenarios. Despite extensive research on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) positioning and radio resource allocation, the challenge of ensuring reliable traffic relay through backhaul links in predictive FNs remains unexplored. This work proposes Simulated Annealing for predictive FNs (SAFnet), an innovative algorithm that optimizes network performance under positioning constraints, limited bandwidth and minimum rate requirements. Our algorithm uniquely leverages prior knowledge of the first-tier node trajectories to assign bandwidth and dynamically adjust the position of the second-tier flying relay. Building upon Simulated Annealing, our approach enhances this well-known AI algorithm with penalty functions, achieving performance levels comparable to exhaustive search while significantly reducing computational complexity.","author":[{"family":"Queiros","given":"Ruben"},{"family":"Kaneko","given":"Megumi"},{"family":"Fontes","given":"Helder"},{"family":"Campos","given":"Rui"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2503.14248","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2503.14248","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/4xjhmcj6sv","type":"article-journal","title":"The datasets used in global research literature to assess the modeling accuracy of remote sensing estimates of soil salinity across various locations.","abstract":"This study conducted a detailed literature search on remote sensing monitoring of soil salinity using a specific combination of keywords in the Web of Science database. Through the search for \"soil salt content (Topic) AND remote sensing (Topic) AND 2000 - 2024 (Year Published)\", a total of 227 related papers were retrieved. Similarly, using the keywords \"soil salinization (Topic) AND remote sensing (Topic) AND 2000 - 2024 (Year Published)\", 477 related papers were acquired. Additionally, the search for \"soil salinity (Topic) AND remote sensing (Topic) AND 2024 (Year Published)\" yielded 77 papers. The query \"soil salinity (Topic) AND remote sensing (Topic) AND 2000 - 2018 (Year Published)\" resulted in 750 papers, while employing \"soil salinity (Topic) AND remote sensing (Topic) AND 2019 - 2023 (Year Published)\" produced 991 papers. By integrating these search results, a total of 2,522 academic papers related to remote sensing monitoring of soil salinity were identified, covering studies from 2000 to June 2024. For the 2,522 papers on remote sensing salinization, the screening was conducted based on the following criteria: the papers must employ remote sensing technology, use satellite or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data, and estimate surface soil salinity using modeling techniques. Additionally, the papers must provide details on the sampling depth, sensor type and name, sensor spatial resolution, the data volume of both the modeling and validation sets, the model type, the environmental covariates associated with the model, methods of measuring soil salinity, and the R² value of the validation or test set. As a result, 84 papers were selected.","author":[{"family":"Cui","given":"Zi'ang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ruiqi"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Wenhui"},{"family":"Peng","given":"Zhaoce"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Yifan"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Ziyue"},{"family":"Li","given":"Mohan"},{"family":"Cong","given":"Yutong"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Shaoyan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.17632/4xjhmcj6sv","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/4xjhmcj6sv","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/4xjhmcj6sv.1","type":"article-journal","title":"The datasets used in global research literature to assess the modeling accuracy of remote sensing estimates of soil salinity across various locations.","abstract":"This study conducted a detailed literature search on remote sensing monitoring of soil salinity using a specific combination of keywords in the Web of Science database. Through the search for \"soil salt content (Topic) AND remote sensing (Topic) AND 2000 - 2024 (Year Published)\", a total of 227 related papers were retrieved. Similarly, using the keywords \"soil salinization (Topic) AND remote sensing (Topic) AND 2000 - 2024 (Year Published)\", 477 related papers were acquired. Additionally, the search for \"soil salinity (Topic) AND remote sensing (Topic) AND 2024 (Year Published)\" yielded 77 papers. The query \"soil salinity (Topic) AND remote sensing (Topic) AND 2000 - 2018 (Year Published)\" resulted in 750 papers, while employing \"soil salinity (Topic) AND remote sensing (Topic) AND 2019 - 2023 (Year Published)\" produced 991 papers. By integrating these search results, a total of 2,522 academic papers related to remote sensing monitoring of soil salinity were identified, covering studies from 2000 to June 2024. For the 2,522 papers on remote sensing salinization, the screening was conducted based on the following criteria: the papers must employ remote sensing technology, use satellite or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data, and estimate surface soil salinity using modeling techniques. Additionally, the papers must provide details on the sampling depth, sensor type and name, sensor spatial resolution, the data volume of both the modeling and validation sets, the model type, the environmental covariates associated with the model, methods of measuring soil salinity, and the R² value of the validation or test set. As a result, 84 papers were selected.","author":[{"family":"Cui","given":"Zi'ang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ruiqi"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Wenhui"},{"family":"Peng","given":"Zhaoce"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Yifan"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Ziyue"},{"family":"Li","given":"Mohan"},{"family":"Cong","given":"Yutong"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Shaoyan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.17632/4xjhmcj6sv.1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/4xjhmcj6sv.1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21343130","type":"article-journal","title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle safety bubble simulation results","abstract":"Title: An Adaptive Six-Layer Safety Bubble for Non-Cooperative UAV Self-Separation Abstract The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into shared airspace requires on-board safety mechanisms for self-separation without cooperation between platforms or centralised air-traffic services. This paper proposes the UAV Safety Bubble (USB), a six-layer geometric model that defines an adaptive safety envelope around the UAV. Each layer corresponds to a distinct physical contribution: platform dimensions, positioning uncertainty, communication performance, wind disturbance, detection-processing latency, and avoidance manoeuvrability. The model was evaluated through 5,300 Monte Carlo simulation instances across five conflict scenarios, including static-obstacle avoidance, head-to-head encounters, and 90$^\\circ$, 30$^\\circ$, and 60$^\\circ$ approaches between two dynamic UAVs. Platform, sensing, communication, and environmental parameters were sampled from uniform distributions across operational ranges. No instance produced an intrusion into the fifth layer ($USB_{5}$), the model's operational separation boundary. The smallest clearance between the $USB_{5}$ outer edge and the obstacle's centre of mass was 35.36~m, recorded in the 90$^\\circ$ approach scenario, and the one-sided 95% upper bound on the per-instance intrusion probability was 0.060%. The adaptive envelope achieved this at per-scenario median route-length overheads of 15-46% relative to nominal straight-line routes. The USB complements downstream planners by providing an adaptive no-go region. The avoidance manoeuvres evaluated are restricted to the horizontal plane; full 3D avoidance is left for future work.","author":[{"family":"Jerinić","given":"Dominik"},{"family":"Radišić","given":"Tomislav"},{"family":"Krajček Nikolić","given":"Karolina"},{"family":"Muštra","given":"Mario"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21343130","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21343130","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/nw5pyw3frj.2","type":"article-journal","title":"A 30-m, Multi-decadal Mangrove Cover Fraction Dataset for China (1990-2023)","abstract":"Methods This dataset was generated using a supervised machine learning framework on the Google Earth Engine platform. The primary input data consisted of time-series Landsat surface reflectance imagery (1990-2023), from which annual composites based on 32 spectral features were created for each target year. A Random Forest model was trained and validated using 1,711 high-quality reference Mangrove Cover Fraction (MCF) samples. These reference samples were generated via detailed photo-interpretation of very-high-resolution (VHR) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, guided by a stratified random sampling design to ensure representativeness. The final China Mangrove Cover Fraction (CMCF) was produced by applying the cross-validated Random Forest model to the annual Landsat composites for each of the six target years (1990, 2000, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2023) to map sub-pixel MCF at 30 m resolution. The spatial extent of the mapping was constrained by the CAS_Mangroves v2.0 dataset. README: Description of the data and file structure This dataset provides estimates of mangrove cover fraction (MCF) across China’s coastal regions for seven distinct years between 1990 and 2023. The data is provided at a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The dataset consists of 6 GeoTIFF (.tif) files. The file naming convention is CMCF_YYYY.tif, where YYYY represents the year of the observation. Access information Other publicly accessible locations of the data: CMCF_1990.tif: Mangrove cover fraction map for the year 1990. CMCF_2000.tif: Mangrove cover fraction map for the year 2000. CMCF_2010.tif: Mangrove cover fraction map for the year 2010. CMCF_2015.tif: Mangrove cover fraction map for the year 2015. CMCF_2020.tif: Mangrove cover fraction map for the year 2020. CMCF_2023.tif: Mangrove cover fraction map for the year 2023. Data was derived from the following sources: Format: GeoTIFF Spatial Resolution: 30 meters Coordinate Reference System (CRS): WGS 84 Pixel Values: The values in each pixel represent the percentage of mangrove cover. The values range from 0 to 100, where 0 indicates 0% mangrove cover and 100 indicates 100% mangrove cover. NoData Value: ‘Nodata’ If you use this dataset in your research, please cite the associated publication: Wang, X., Li, H., Jia, M., Zhang, R., Zhao, C., Lu, C., &amp; Wang, Z. (2026). Significant increase in China’s mangrove cover fraction during 1990 to 2023. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 19, 3625–3636. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3648510","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Xinzhi"},{"family":"Jia","given":"Mingming"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Rong"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Chuanpeng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Huiying"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zongming"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17632/nw5pyw3frj.2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/nw5pyw3frj.2","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/nw5pyw3frj","type":"article-journal","title":"A 30-m, Multi-decadal Mangrove Cover Fraction Dataset for China (1990-2023)","abstract":"Methods This dataset was generated using a supervised machine learning framework on the Google Earth Engine platform. The primary input data consisted of time-series Landsat surface reflectance imagery (1990-2023), from which annual composites based on 32 spectral features were created for each target year. A Random Forest model was trained and validated using 1,711 high-quality reference Mangrove Cover Fraction (MCF) samples. These reference samples were generated via detailed photo-interpretation of very-high-resolution (VHR) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, guided by a stratified random sampling design to ensure representativeness. The final China Mangrove Cover Fraction (CMCF) was produced by applying the cross-validated Random Forest model to the annual Landsat composites for each of the six target years (1990, 2000, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2023) to map sub-pixel MCF at 30 m resolution. The spatial extent of the mapping was constrained by the CAS_Mangroves v2.0 dataset. README: Description of the data and file structure This dataset provides estimates of mangrove cover fraction (MCF) across China’s coastal regions for seven distinct years between 1990 and 2023. The data is provided at a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The dataset consists of 6 GeoTIFF (.tif) files. The file naming convention is CMCF_YYYY.tif, where YYYY represents the year of the observation. Access information Other publicly accessible locations of the data: CMCF_1990.tif: Mangrove cover fraction map for the year 1990. CMCF_2000.tif: Mangrove cover fraction map for the year 2000. CMCF_2010.tif: Mangrove cover fraction map for the year 2010. CMCF_2015.tif: Mangrove cover fraction map for the year 2015. CMCF_2020.tif: Mangrove cover fraction map for the year 2020. CMCF_2023.tif: Mangrove cover fraction map for the year 2023. Data was derived from the following sources: Format: GeoTIFF Spatial Resolution: 30 meters Coordinate Reference System (CRS): WGS 84 Pixel Values: The values in each pixel represent the percentage of mangrove cover. The values range from 0 to 100, where 0 indicates 0% mangrove cover and 100 indicates 100% mangrove cover. NoData Value: ‘Nodata’ If you use this dataset in your research, please cite the associated publication: Wang, X., Li, H., Jia, M., Zhang, R., Zhao, C., Lu, C., &amp; Wang, Z. (2026). Significant increase in China’s mangrove cover fraction during 1990 to 2023. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 19, 3625–3636. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3648510","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Xinzhi"},{"family":"Jia","given":"Mingming"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Rong"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Chuanpeng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Huiying"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zongming"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17632/nw5pyw3frj","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/nw5pyw3frj","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.16770","type":"manuscript","title":"Fluid Antenna Array-Inspired Location-Posterior-Driven Subarray Sizing and Power Control for Two-Hop AF UAV Relaying","abstract":"This paper develops fluid antenna array (FAA)-inspired subarray sizing and transmit-power design for a two-hop amplify-and-forward (AF) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relay using progressively contracting user-location posteriors. A contiguous reconfigurable subarray is shared by first-hop reception and second-hop forwarding, such that its active size jointly determines the receive gain, forwarding gain, and beamwidth. By adaptively controlling the effective aperture, the proposed design exploits geometric reconfigurability to balance array gain against pointing robustness under location uncertainty. Projecting the position covariance onto the array direction yields a closed-form direction-limited size inversely proportional to directional uncertainty. Posterior samples are propagated through the two-hop rate model, and the subarray size and transmit power are then selected to minimize UAV power subject to a worst-user lower-tail rate requirement and hardware power limits. The planned configuration is further audited over instantaneous two-hop Rician channels at the true user positions. At t = 8 s, the proposed design saves 3.17 dB over full-array narrow-beam transmission on paired feasible geometries and achieves 60.0% service success at a 0.15-W budget, compared with 43.2% for a fixed eight-element subarray.","author":[{"family":"Zhu","given":"Xuanyi"},{"family":"Dang","given":"Jian"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Chen"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Huaifeng"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zaichen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.16770","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.16770","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.16326","type":"manuscript","title":"KC-BFPRL: Knowledge-Guided Multi-UAV Collaboration for Grassland Restoration via Bilevel Formerpointer-Based Reinforcement Learning","abstract":"Multi-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems provide scalable service platforms for large-scale environmental tasks, such as grassland ecosystem restoration. However, coordinating fleet operations requires solving the restoration area maximization problem (RAMP). This non-linear combinatorial optimization challenge is complicated by payload-dependent energy dynamics and heterogeneous ecological degradation. We propose a novel knowledge-guided collaborative bilevel formerpointer reinforcement learning framework (KC-BFPRL) to address this complexity. Using a hierarchical paradigm, KC-BFPRL decomposes RAMP into global task allocation and local restoration planning, with the latter further divided into upper-level trajectory planning and lower-level restoration area allocation. Our specialized architecture pairs featuring a Transformer-based encoder that fuses static environmental features with dynamic UAV states, and a Pointer Network decoder trained via a robust actor-critic framework. By embedding ecological priority rules and heuristic logic, KC-BFPRL achieves a structured warm-start, solving the RL cold-start problem while ensuring strict constraint satisfaction. Extensive experiments demonstrate that KC-BFPRL consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, achieving superior objective values and efficiency. It maintains a $0.00\\%$ optimality gap in the most complex scenarios U8-R160 and operates nearly three times faster than MAPDP, validating its robustness, scalability, and real-time applicability for large-scale automated ecological restoration.","author":[{"family":"Jiao","given":"Dongbin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xianyi"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Yuchen"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Weibo"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Shang","given":"Zhanhuan"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Shi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.16326","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.16326","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.02358","type":"manuscript","title":"Dynamic Mask Enhanced Intelligent Multi-UAV Deployment for Urban Vehicular Networks","abstract":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) play a crucial role in realizing vehicle-road collaboration and intelligent transportation. However, urban VANETs often face challenges such as frequent link disconnections and subnet fragmentation, which hinder reliable connectivity. To address these issues, we dynamically deploy multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as communication relays to enhance VANET. A novel Score based Dynamic Action Mask enhanced QMIX algorithm (Q-SDAM) is proposed for multi-UAV deployment, which maximizes vehicle connectivity while minimizing multi-UAV energy consumption. Specifically, we design a score-based dynamic action mask mechanism to guide UAV agents in exploring large action spaces, accelerate the learning process and enhance optimization performance. The practicality of Q-SDAM is validated using real-world datasets. We show that Q-SDAM improves connectivity by 18.2% while reducing energy consumption by 66.6% compared with existing algorithms.","author":[{"family":"Cao","given":"Gaoxiang"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Wenke"},{"family":"Hou","given":"Yunpeng"},{"family":"He","given":"Huasen"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Quan"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Jian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2604.02358","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.02358","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.18871","type":"manuscript","title":"Bridging Network Fragmentation: A Semantic-Augmented DRL Framework for UAV-aided VANETs","abstract":"Urban Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) can become fragmented because buildings obstruct wireless links and vehicle mobility continuously changes the network topology. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can serve as mobile relays, but Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL)-based deployment often suffers from inefficient exploration because it lacks road-topology guidance. To address this problem, we propose Semantic-Augmented DRL (SA-DRL), which models network fragmentation over the road topology and aligns a pretrained Large Language Model (LLM) to generate a topology-dependent action prior from dynamic traffic states. The resulting Semantic-Augmented PPO (SA-PPO) algorithm combines this prior with the PPO policy through Logit Fusion, guiding exploration toward promising intersections while retaining adaptation through environmental returns. Simulations driven by real-world urban trajectories show that SA-PPO reaches the final converged reward of Vanilla PPO using only 28.6% of its training episodes. It improves the average number of vehicles in connected components and the average connected-component size by 7.9% and 8.7%, respectively, while reducing UAV energy consumption by 21.3%.","author":[{"family":"Cao","given":"Gaoxiang"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Wenke"},{"family":"He","given":"Huasen"},{"family":"Hou","given":"Yunpeng"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Xiaofeng"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Shuangwu"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Jian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2603.18871","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.18871","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.13765","type":"manuscript","title":"Energy Efficient Multi-User Beamforming and 3D Position Optimization for SIM-Assisted UAVs","abstract":"This paper studies energy-efficient downlink multi-user transmissions with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication systems equipped with stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM), enabling wave-domain analog beamforming through multiple cascaded metasurface layers, while low-dimensional digital precoding is carried out using a limited number of transmit radio-frequency chains. This architecture enables flexible electromagnetic wave manipulation with reduced hardware complexity, making it particularly suitable for energy-constrained aerial platforms. We formulate a hardware-aware energy-efficiency (EE) maximization problem aiming to jointly optimize the digital precoder, the phase shifts of all SIM layers, and the three-dimensional UAV position under transmit-power, SIM operation, and UAV deployment constraints. The resulting problem is highly non-convex due to the fractional objective, the cascaded SIM structure and the unit-modulus phase constraints of the constituent metasurface layers, as well as the non-linear UAV-dependent channel. To address these challenges, we develop a transform-based alternating optimization framework that combines Dinkelbach's method, dual and quadratic transforms, to enable closed-form digital beamforming, Riemannian manifold optimization for SIM phase shifts, and successive convex approximation (SCA) for UAV positioning. Convergence and complexity analyses are provided to characterize the proposed algorithm. The presented numerical results showcase that the proposed joint design significantly improves EE compared with fully digital and maximum ratio transmission benchmark schemes, while revealing important design trade-offs among transmit power, SIM size, and the number of its constituent stacked layers.","author":[{"family":"Sheemar","given":"Chandan"},{"family":"Iacovelli","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Solanki","given":"Sourabh"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Wali"},{"family":"Alexandropoulos","given":"George"},{"family":"Chatzinotas","given":"Symeon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.13765","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.13765","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21343131","type":"article-journal","title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle safety bubble simulation results","abstract":"Title: An Adaptive Six-Layer Safety Bubble for Non-Cooperative UAV Self-Separation Abstract The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into shared airspace requires on-board safety mechanisms for self-separation without cooperation between platforms or centralised air-traffic services. This paper proposes the UAV Safety Bubble (USB), a six-layer geometric model that defines an adaptive safety envelope around the UAV. Each layer corresponds to a distinct physical contribution: platform dimensions, positioning uncertainty, communication performance, wind disturbance, detection-processing latency, and avoidance manoeuvrability. The model was evaluated through 5,000 Monte Carlo simulation instances across five conflict scenarios, including static-obstacle avoidance, head-to-head encounters, and 90$^\\circ$, 30$^\\circ$, and 60$^\\circ$ approaches between two dynamic UAVs. Platform, sensing, communication, and environmental parameters were sampled from uniform distributions across operational ranges. No instance produced an intrusion into the fifth layer ($USB_{5}$), the model's operational separation boundary. The smallest clearance between the $USB_{5}$ outer edge and the obstacle's centre of mass was 35.36~m, recorded in the 90$^\\circ$ approach scenario, and the one-sided 95% upper bound on the per-instance intrusion probability was 0.060%. The adaptive envelope achieved this at per-scenario median route-length overheads of 16-36% relative to nominal straight-line routes. The USB complements downstream planners by providing an adaptive no-go region. The avoidance manoeuvres evaluated are restricted to the horizontal plane; full 3D avoidance is left for future work.","author":[{"family":"Jerinić","given":"Dominik"},{"family":"Radišić","given":"Tomislav"},{"family":"Krajček Nikolić","given":"Karolina"},{"family":"Muštra","given":"Mario"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21343131","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21343131","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.09150","type":"manuscript","title":"OGG-FR: Orthogonal Gradient Gaming and Frequency Rectification for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Infrared Image Super-Resolution","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) infrared image super-resolution aims to recover weak thermal structures for deployment on resource-constrained platforms; lightweight models are therefore preferred, but multi-loss training can be unstable. A common strategy combines pixel-domain and frequency-domain objectives; however, low contrast, limited high-frequency content, and sensor-specific noise often make their gradients weakly aligned or conflicting. To address this optimization ambiguity, we propose Orthogonal Gradient Gaming and Frequency Rectification (OGG-FR), a plug-and-play optimization framework that decomposes the frequency gradient into a redundant parallel component and an orthogonal innovation component relative to the pixel gradient. In the conflict regime, OGG-FR computes a safe base gradient using the Multiple Gradient Descent Algorithm (MGDA) and adds a variance-rectified orthogonal innovation; in the compatible regime, it discards redundant parallel information and injects the orthogonal innovation according to a confidence score estimated from the high-frequency residual. Experimental results on the UAV thermal benchmark show broad gains under BI and BD degradations at $\\times 4$ and $\\times 8$ scales, while gradient analyses support the effectiveness of the proposed conflict-aware update rule.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Yongsong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Qingzhong"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xiaofeng"},{"family":"Miyazaki","given":"Tomo"},{"family":"Fan","given":"Yaohou"},{"family":"Omachi","given":"Shinichiro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.09150","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.09150","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.05792","type":"manuscript","title":"When Agentic AI Meets Integrated Sensing and Communication","abstract":"Agentic artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) from a function-oriented physical-layer technology into a goal-driven, closed-loop intelligent system, a paradigm we term AISAC. Existing work on learning-based sensing, resource allocation, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), edge intelligence, multi-agent coordination, and resilient networking has developed largely in isolation. This survey unifies the literature within a six-stage closed-loop framework comprising observation, contextualization, reasoning and prediction, planning and orchestration, execution and collaboration, and feedback and resilience. It also introduces five levels of agentic maturity, ranging from physical-layer primitives to fully closed-loop agentic ISAC. We use this framework to review advances in multimodal intelligence, large language models, reinforcement learning, federated learning, RIS-assisted control, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and vehicular networks, and AI-native network management, and analyze privacy, security, resilience, and sustainability as cross-cutting requirements of the full perception-reasoning-action loop. An audit of representative studies against nine agentic-specific evaluation criteria shows that no system reports more than one or two of them, exposing a gap between claimed and demonstrated agentic maturity. We identify open challenges in physical-to-semantic grounding, predictive world models, real-time agent-PHY interaction, safe tool use, heterogeneous multi-agent collaboration, benchmarking, and resource-efficient autonomy.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Li","given":"Conggai"},{"family":"Siddiqui","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Syed"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Li","given":"Shenghong"},{"family":"Ni","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.05792","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.05792","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.28996","type":"manuscript","title":"SULAND v2: A Refined RGB Dataset and Deep Learning Object Detection Benchmark for UAV/UGV-Based SUrface LANDmine Detection Under Domain Shift","abstract":"RGB imagery offers a practical, low-cost option for Unmanned Aerial/Ground Vehicle (UAV/UGV) survey support in surface-landmine detection, but object detectors remain underexplored in this safety-critical domain. Limited cross-architecture benchmarking and insufficient out-of-distribution (OOD) analysis obscure whether detectors generalize across deployment conditions. This challenge is amplified by the scarcity of public RGB landmine datasets, making SULAND a key benchmark for PFM-1 and PMA-2 detection. However, inspection reveals missing/false annotations, localization errors, inconsistent visibility criteria, visual artifacts, temporal labeling inconsistencies, and an inverted OOD class-ID convention in SULAND. We present SULAND_v2, a refined RGB surface-landmine dataset and benchmark. Preserving original images and splits, we manually revise annotations to ensure completeness, precise localization, label validity, and class consistency. SULAND_v2 contains 33,771 images and 12,433 bounding boxes. We benchmark 35 detector configurations across nine families. Annotation refinement improves YOLOv8 in-distribution (IID) test mAP@50 by 14.6-19.6 percentage points, while fixing the OOD class-ID convention increases mean YOLOv8 OOD mAP@50 by ~25 percentage points. On SULAND_v2, YOLOv12-Small achieves the highest IID mAP@50 (0.908), while RF-DETR-Large yields the strongest OOD performance (0.799 mAP@50, 0.675 recall). Our results demonstrate that high IID accuracy does not guarantee operational readiness. SULAND_v2 provides a reliable benchmark for evaluating domain-shift robustness in RGB-based mine-action survey support.","author":[{"family":"Lekhak","given":"Sagar"},{"family":"Pulakurthi","given":"Prasanna"},{"family":"Joshi","given":"Lalit"},{"family":"Bhatta","given":"Ramesh"},{"family":"Ientilucci","given":"Emmett"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.28996","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.28996","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26180/32297763.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"X-01D TVC BWB System Modelling Reference","abstract":"This technical report provides the complete system modelling reference for the X-01D, a conceptual 237 kg, 6.4 m span blended-wing-body (BWB) unmanned aerial vehicle developed as the common research platform for a series of fault-tolerant control (FTC) papers submitted from the School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia. The X-01D is derived from the NASA X-48B aerodynamic configuration, with the conventional aerodynamic surfaces and empennage replaced by two overhead-mounted JetCat P200-RX turbojet engines equipped with four-actuator ball-joint thrust-vectoring nozzles. The vehicle has no rudder, no ailerons, no elevons, and no vertical tail. All lateral-directional moment generation is provided exclusively by the four effective thrust vector control (TVC) channels produced by the two gimballed nozzles.The report documents the full derivation of the nonlinear lateral-directional plant model in State-Dependent Coefficient (SDC) form, including the Gamma-formulation for exact I xz inertia cross-coupling arising from the overhead engine installation. Aerodynamic coefficients are modelled as piecewise polynomial functions of angle of attack, fitted to the NASA X-48B wind tunnel and flight test dataset. The dominant aerodynamic nonlinearity is the sign reversal of the yaw stability derivative Cnbeta at approximately 17 degrees angle of attack, which transforms the open-loop plant from directionally stable to directionally unstable in the high-demand flight regime. This nonlinearity is retained in full in the SDC plant matrix and is the primary motivation for the angle-of-attack-scheduled control designs documented in the companion papers.The TVC geometry is derived from first principles using the measured moment arms of the JetCat P200-RX installation: longitudinal moment arm X TV = -1.81 m and lateral offset Y TV = +/-0.64 m. The yaw moment authority at maximum deflection is 297.1 Nm and the roll moment authority is 105.1 Nm. A TVC mechanism selection analysis comparing two-axis gimballed nozzles, jet vanes, fluidic secondary injection, and dual-throat nozzles is included, with the gimballed nozzle selected on the basis of bandwidth, maximum deflection, thrust loss, and retrofit feasibility criteria.Vehicle parameters including the full inertia tensor (I xx = 548.58 kgm², I zz = 613.54 kgm², I xz = 38.40 kgm²) are derived from the NASA X-48B parameter estimation database. Model validation is provided through eigenvalue locus analysis across the full angle-of-attack and altitude operating envelope, a nonlinear free-response simulation from an initial sideslip perturbation of 5 degrees with no TVC actuation, and a 100-run Monte Carlo robustness study applying independent +/-15% uniform random perturbations to all seven aerodynamic stability derivatives simultaneously. All 100 Monte Carlo runs produced stable configurations, with the worst-case Dutch Roll real part at -0.132 per second against a nominal value of -0.164 per second.The environmental disturbance model covers three sources: an International Standard Atmosphere (ISO 2533) density model across the 0 to 3000 m service envelope, a steady crosswind model derived from direction cosine matrix transformation, and a Dryden stochastic turbulence model implemented as a second-order state-space filter per MIL-F-8785C and MIL-HDBK-1797B. The lateral and vertical turbulence channels each contribute two filter states to the simulation.The structured fault model defines a six-type taxonomy covering degradation, saturation, stuck-at, complete failure, transport delay, and random erratic faults, formalised through a fault effectiveness matrix F = diag(f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 4 ) acting on the four TVC channels. Seven simulation scenarios spanning single, dual, mixed, and worst-case fault conditions are catalogued. A fault severity corridor is derived analytically, defining the controllable operating envelope as a joint function of fault effectiveness, turbulence intensity, and service","author":[{"family":"Fernando","given":"Widanalage"},{"family":"Chee Pin","given":"Tan"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Lily"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.26180/32297763.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26180/32297763.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26180/32297763","type":"article-journal","title":"X-01D TVC BWB System Modelling Reference","abstract":"This technical report provides the complete system modelling reference for the X-01D, a conceptual 237 kg, 6.4 m span blended-wing-body (BWB) unmanned aerial vehicle developed as the common research platform for a series of fault-tolerant control (FTC) papers submitted from the School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia. The X-01D is derived from the NASA X-48B aerodynamic configuration, with the conventional aerodynamic surfaces and empennage replaced by two overhead-mounted JetCat P200-RX turbojet engines equipped with four-actuator ball-joint thrust-vectoring nozzles. The vehicle has no rudder, no ailerons, no elevons, and no vertical tail. All lateral-directional moment generation is provided exclusively by the four effective thrust vector control (TVC) channels produced by the two gimballed nozzles.The report documents the full derivation of the nonlinear lateral-directional plant model in State-Dependent Coefficient (SDC) form, including the Gamma-formulation for exact I xz inertia cross-coupling arising from the overhead engine installation. Aerodynamic coefficients are modelled as piecewise polynomial functions of angle of attack, fitted to the NASA X-48B wind tunnel and flight test dataset. The dominant aerodynamic nonlinearity is the sign reversal of the yaw stability derivative Cnbeta at approximately 17 degrees angle of attack, which transforms the open-loop plant from directionally stable to directionally unstable in the high-demand flight regime. This nonlinearity is retained in full in the SDC plant matrix and is the primary motivation for the angle-of-attack-scheduled control designs documented in the companion papers.The TVC geometry is derived from first principles using the measured moment arms of the JetCat P200-RX installation: longitudinal moment arm X TV = -1.81 m and lateral offset Y TV = +/-0.64 m. The yaw moment authority at maximum deflection is 297.1 Nm and the roll moment authority is 105.1 Nm. A TVC mechanism selection analysis comparing two-axis gimballed nozzles, jet vanes, fluidic secondary injection, and dual-throat nozzles is included, with the gimballed nozzle selected on the basis of bandwidth, maximum deflection, thrust loss, and retrofit feasibility criteria.Vehicle parameters including the full inertia tensor (I xx = 548.58 kgm², I zz = 613.54 kgm², I xz = 38.40 kgm²) are derived from the NASA X-48B parameter estimation database. Model validation is provided through eigenvalue locus analysis across the full angle-of-attack and altitude operating envelope, a nonlinear free-response simulation from an initial sideslip perturbation of 5 degrees with no TVC actuation, and a 100-run Monte Carlo robustness study applying independent +/-15% uniform random perturbations to all seven aerodynamic stability derivatives simultaneously. All 100 Monte Carlo runs produced stable configurations, with the worst-case Dutch Roll real part at -0.132 per second against a nominal value of -0.164 per second.The environmental disturbance model covers three sources: an International Standard Atmosphere (ISO 2533) density model across the 0 to 3000 m service envelope, a steady crosswind model derived from direction cosine matrix transformation, and a Dryden stochastic turbulence model implemented as a second-order state-space filter per MIL-F-8785C and MIL-HDBK-1797B. The lateral and vertical turbulence channels each contribute two filter states to the simulation.The structured fault model defines a six-type taxonomy covering degradation, saturation, stuck-at, complete failure, transport delay, and random erratic faults, formalised through a fault effectiveness matrix F = diag(f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 4 ) acting on the four TVC channels. Seven simulation scenarios spanning single, dual, mixed, and worst-case fault conditions are catalogued. A fault severity corridor is derived analytically, defining the controllable operating envelope as a joint function of fault effectiveness, turbulence intensity, and service","author":[{"family":"Fernando","given":"Widanalage"},{"family":"Chee Pin","given":"Tan"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Lily"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.26180/32297763","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26180/32297763","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.05679","type":"manuscript","title":"Event-based Civil Infrastructure Visual Defect Detection: ev-CIVIL Dataset and Benchmark","abstract":"Small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based visual inspections are a more efficient alternative to manual methods for examining civil structural defects, offering safe access to hazardous areas and significant cost savings by reducing labor requirements. However, traditional frame-based cameras, widely used in UAV-based inspections, often struggle to capture defects under low or dynamic lighting conditions. In contrast, dynamic vision sensors (DVS), or event-based cameras, excel in such scenarios by minimizing motion blur, enhancing power efficiency, and maintaining high-quality imaging across diverse lighting conditions without saturation or information loss. Despite these advantages, existing research lacks studies exploring the feasibility of using DVS for detecting civil structural defects. Moreover, there is no dedicated event-based dataset tailored for this purpose. Addressing this gap, this study introduces the first event-based civil infrastructure defect detection dataset, capturing defective surfaces as a spatio-temporal event stream using DVS. In addition to event-based data, the dataset includes grayscale intensity image frames captured simultaneously using an active pixel sensor (APS). Both data types were collected using the DAVIS346 camera, which integrates DVS and APS sensors. The dataset focuses on two types of defects: cracks and spalling, and includes data from both field and laboratory environments. The field dataset comprises 318 recording sequences, documenting 458 distinct cracks and 121 distinct spalling instances. The laboratory dataset includes 362 recording sequences, covering 220 distinct cracks and 308 spalling instances. We evaluated the dataset using four real-time object detection models.The results demonstrate the applicability of DVS cameras for robust detection of civil infrastructure defects under challenging lighting conditions.","author":[{"family":"Gamage","given":"Udayanga"},{"family":"Huo","given":"Xuanni"},{"family":"Zanatta","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Delbruck","given":"T"},{"family":"Cadena","given":"Cesar"},{"family":"Fumagalli","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Tolu","given":"Silvia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2504.05679","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.05679","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.25316","type":"manuscript","title":"Towards Robust Deep Learning-based Rumex Obtusifolius Detection from Drone Images","abstract":"Domain adaptation (DA) addresses the challenge of transferring a machine learning model trained on a source domain to a target domain with a different data distribution. In this work, we study DA for the task of Rumex obtusifolius (Rumex) image classification. We train models on a published, ground vehicle-based dataset (source) and evaluate their performance on a custom target dataset acquired by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). We find that Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models, specifically ResNets, generalize poorly to the target domain, even after fine-tuning on the source data. Applying moment-matching and maximum classifier discrepancy, two established DA techniques, substantially improves target-domain performance. However, Vision Transformer (ViT) models pretrained with self-supervised objectives (DINOv2, DINOv3) handle domain shifts intrinsically well, surpassing even moment-matching-trained ResNets, likely due to the rich, general-purpose representations acquired during large-scale pretraining. Using ViTs fine-tuned on the source dataset, we demonstrate high classification performances in the range of F1=0.8 on our target dataset. To support further research on DA for weed detection in grassland systems, we publicly release our UAV-based target dataset AGSMultiRumex, comprising data from 15 flights over Swiss meadows.","author":[{"family":"Schrag","given":"Fabian"},{"family":"Turkoglu","given":"Mehmet"},{"family":"Schindler","given":"Konrad"},{"family":"Stoop","given":"Ralph"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2604.25316","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.25316","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.01771","type":"manuscript","title":"Impact of Altitude, Bandwidth, and NLOS Bias on TDOA-Based 3D UAV Localization: Experimental Results and CRLB Analysis","abstract":"This paper investigates unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) localization using time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements under mixed line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. A 3D TDOA Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) model is developed accounting for varying altitudes and signal bandwidths. The model is compared to five real-world UAV flight experiments conducted at different altitudes (40 m, 70 m, 100 m) and bandwidths (1.25 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz) using Keysight N6841A radio frequency (RF) sensors of the NSF AERPAW platform. Results show that altitude, bandwidth, and NLOS obstructions significantly impact localization accuracy. Higher bandwidths enhance signal time resolution, while increased altitudes mitigate multipath and NLOS biases, both contributing to improved performance. However, hovering close to RF sensors degrades accuracy due to antenna pattern misalignment and geometric dilution of precision. These findings emphasize the inadequacy of traditional LOS-based models in NLOS environments and highlight the importance of adaptive approaches for accurate localization in challenging scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Dickerson","given":"Cole"},{"family":"Masrur","given":"Saad"},{"family":"Dickerson","given":"Jonah"},{"family":"Özdemir","given":"Özgür"},{"family":"Güvenç","given":"Ismail"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2502.01771","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.01771","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.20149","type":"manuscript","title":"Dependency-Aware Task Offloading in Multi-UAV Assisted Collaborative Mobile Edge Computing","abstract":"This paper proposes a novel multi-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) assisted collaborative mobile edge computing (MEC) framework, where the computing tasks of terminal devices (TDs) can be decomposed into serial or parallel sub-tasks and offloaded to collaborative UAVs. We first model the dependencies among all sub-tasks as a directed acyclic graph (DAG) and design a two-timescale frame structure to decouple the sub-task interdependencies for sub-task scheduling. Then, a joint sub-task offloading, computational resource allocation, and UAV trajectories optimization problem is formulated, which aims to minimize the system cost, i.e., the weighted sum of the task completion delay and the system energy consumption. To solve this non-convex mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem, a penalty dual decomposition and successive convex approximation (PDD-SCA) algorithm is developed. Particularly, the original MINLP problem is equivalently transferred into a continuous form relying on PDD theory. By decoupling the resulting problem into three nested subproblems, the SCA method is further combined to recast the non-convex components and obtain desirable solutions. Numerical results demonstrate that: 1) Compared to the benchmark algorithms, the proposed scheme can significantly reduce the system cost, and thus realize an improved trade-off between task latency and energy consumption; 2) The proposed algorithm can achieve an efficient workload balancing for distributed computation across multiple UAVs.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Zhenyu"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Xiaoxia"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Tiankui"},{"family":"Li","given":"Junjie"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yuanwei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.20149","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.20149","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.12835","type":"manuscript","title":"AirForesight: Current-to-Future Spatial Map Imagination with Cross-Space Planning Consistency for UAV-VLN","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Vision-Language Navigation (UAV-VLN) requires agents to follow language instructions, infer spatial structure from sparse multi-view observations, and execute feasible 3D motion in complex outdoor environments. Despite recent progress with large language models, most existing methods still map vision-language inputs directly to actions, providing limited explicit scene grounding and future-aware spatial reasoning. We propose AirForesight, a current-to-future spatial map imagination framework for UAV-VLN. AirForesight first learns a structured current-map representation from multi-view observations. This representation is jointly supervised by current-map reconstruction and future-trajectory prediction, encouraging it to encode both present scene structure and future motion intent. Under structured causal attention, the current spatial knowledge is propagated to future-map reasoning, and the resulting current and future representations are aggregated to predict the next 3D waypoint. To make spatial imagination more relevant to navigation, we introduce a cross-space planning consistency loss that encourages directional agreement between the predicted map-space trajectory and the expert action direction derived from the ground-truth waypoint displacement. Experiments on OpenUAV and AerialVLN-S, together with extensive ablations, demonstrate strong performance and support the effectiveness and stability of the proposed framework.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Yutong"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xiaojie"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Mingzhu"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Jianlong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.12835","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.12835","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.05718","type":"manuscript","title":"Iterative Hybrid Discrete-Continuous Viewpoint Planning for UAV Photogrammetry","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry requires camera networks that provide sufficient surface coverage, image overlap, parallax, and resolution, yet conventional flight patterns are often poorly adapted to scene geometry resulting in local reconstruction errors. This paper proposes an iterative hybrid discrete-continuous viewpoint planning method for targeted UAV photogrammetry from a proxy reconstruction. The method scores sampled surface points using photogrammetric heuristics based on frontality, imaging distance, parallax, and multi-view observation count, while also evaluating the full viewpoint set in terms of visibility, pairwise overlap, and graph connectivity. Candidate viewpoints are generated around weakly observed regions, refined using clustered Covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) optimisation, and removed when redundant. The final flight path combines close-range detail viewpoints with wider model-coverage viewpoints, balancing local reconstruction quality with global image-network robustness. Evaluation on three synthetic scenes shows that the proposed method improves both reconstruction accuracy and completeness compared with prior UAV path-planning methods.","author":[{"family":"Grech","given":"Alan"},{"family":"Pisani","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Grima","given":"Andre"},{"family":"Debono","given":"Carl"},{"family":"Formosa","given":"Saviour"},{"family":"Seychell","given":"Dylan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.05718","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.05718","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.02868","type":"manuscript","title":"Adaptive Sampling for Automated Post-Disaster Rapid Damage Assessment via Level-Set Cost-Aware Bayesian Optimization","abstract":"Natural disasters frequently inflict severe damage to the built environment, which demands a rapid, reliable, and cost-effective damage assessment for emergency response. However, traditional methods for post-disaster damage assessment often rely on static, labor-intensive data collection strategies that can be prohibitively expensive and struggle to adapt to dynamic post-disaster conditions. In this study, we propose a cost-aware Bayesian optimization framework combined with level-set estimation that continuously guides autonomous data collectors, e.g., an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), toward the most informative regions. By dynamically updating damage estimates across different geographic zones, our approach systematically reduces uncertainty while minimizing operational costs. The proposed framework is first validated using a controlled synthetic toy study, demonstrating the agent's ability to efficiently trace damage boundaries, recover the underlying damage map, and rapidly reduce predictive uncertainty. Furthermore, the approach is evaluated using high-fidelity disaster data generated by the Regional Resilience Determination (R2D) software. The results of the algorithm provide accurate and timely damage estimates that support informative and fast emergency response.","author":[{"family":"Xu","given":"Boyang"},{"family":"Gahrooei","given":"Mostafa"},{"family":"Ilbeigi","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Hao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.02868","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.02868","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.01906","type":"manuscript","title":"Assessing the Benefits of Combining Advanced Deep Learning Techniques for Post-Disaster Building Damage Assessment from UAV Imagery","abstract":"Rapid and accurate post-disaster building damage assessment is essential, yet remains a challenging task. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery offers a timely and high-resolution view of affected areas, but existing Computer Vision (CV) models often demand large annotated datasets, generalize poorly across geographic regions and their assessment policies, and are confined to the specific tasks they were trained for. Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) offer a promising alternative through their strong reasoning and generalization capabilities, but fall short on precise, low-level perception tasks such as object detection and accurate bounding box generation. Furthermore, they often require a substantial amount of data for effective fine-tuning on domain-specific tasks. In this paper, we propose a hybrid framework that decouples detection from damage assessment, combining the precision of CV models with the reasoning power of LVLMs. A CV model first detects buildings and generates bounding boxes on the image that are then passed to an LVLM for damage classification and contextual interpretation. We evaluated our framework on two real-world benchmarks: RescueNet and FloodNet. In particular, the best combination under this framework accurately counts intact, partially damaged and completely destroyed buildings, surpassing isolated baselines by up to 2.1 R^2 points, while requiring only limited annotated data for the detection stage. Beyond reporting aggregate gains, we provide a detailed analysis of failure scenarios and edge cases, offering practical insights for practitioners and concrete directions for future work. Our source code and data are publicly available to the research community via the following repository: https://github.com/ungquanghuy-kddi/VLM_GDINO.git","author":[{"family":"Ung","given":"Huy"},{"family":"Habault","given":"Guillaume"},{"family":"Legaspi","given":"Roberto"},{"family":"Niu","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Lian"},{"family":"Taya","given":"Masato"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.01906","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.01906","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.25766","type":"manuscript","title":"Sensitivity-Based Tube NMPC for Cooperative Aerial Structures Under Parametric Uncertainty","abstract":"This paper presents a sensitivity-based tube Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) framework for cooperative aerial chains under bounded parametric uncertainty. We consider a planar two-vehicle chain connected by rigid links, modeled with input-rate actuation to enforce slew-rate and magnitude limits on thrust and torque. Robustness to uncertainty in link mass, length, and inertia is achieved by propagating first-order parametric state sensitivities along the horizon and using them to compute online constraint-tightening margins. We robustify an inter-link separation constraint, implemented via a smooth cosine embedding, and thrust-magnitude bounds. The method is implemented in MATLAB and evaluated with boundary-hugging maneuvers and Monte-Carlo uncertainty sampling. Results show improved constraint margins under uncertainty with tracking performance comparable to nominal NMPC.","author":[{"family":"Silano","given":"Giuseppe"},{"family":"Sablé","given":"Quentin"},{"family":"Tognon","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Iannelli","given":"Luigi"},{"family":"Franchi","given":"Antonio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2604.25766","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.25766","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.26846","type":"manuscript","title":"Network Verified NTN Positioning for 6G A Standards Oriented Survey of Hybrid TN NTN Localization","abstract":"Wireless positioning is evolving from legacy cellular and standalone satellite navigation toward hybrid, high-accuracy, three-dimensional (3D), and network-verifiable frameworks for 5G Advanced, 6G, and non terrestrial network (NTN) systems. This shift is driven by intelligent transportation, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operation, low-altitude economy services, public warning, and regulated NTN use cases that require not only accurate location estimates, but also vertical awareness and verification confidence. This survey reviews the evolution from Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning to New Radio (NR), Release-18/19 positioning enhancements, and NTN-enabled 3D positioning. It synthesizes observable families, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard evolution, method-level tradeoffs, and open challenges for hybrid terrestrial network (TN) NTN designs, with emphasis on standardization impact, vertical observability, reliability-aware measurement selection, and network-side verification.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Donglin"},{"family":"Fang","given":"Zexing"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Qiuheng"},{"family":"Schotten","given":"Hans"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.26846","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.26846","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.02142","type":"manuscript","title":"PRO-SPECT: Probabilistically Safe Scalable Planning for Energy-Aware Coordinated UAV-UGV Teams in Stochastic Environments","abstract":"We consider energy-aware planning for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) team operating in a stochastic environment. The UAV must visit a set of air points in minimum time while respecting energy constraints, relying on the UGV as a mobile charging station. Unlike prior work that assumed deterministic travel times or used fixed robustness margins, we model travel times as random variables and bound the probability of failure (energy depletion) across the entire mission to a user-specified risk level. We formulate the problem as a Mixed-Integer Program and propose PRO-SPECT, a polynomial-time algorithm that generates risk-bounded plans. The algorithm supports both offline planning and online re-planning, enabling the team to adapt to disturbances while preserving the risk bound. We provide theoretical results on solution feasibility and time complexity. We also demonstrate the performance of our method via numerical comparisons and simulations.","author":[{"family":"Fowler","given":"Roger"},{"family":"Er","given":"Cahit"},{"family":"Johnsenberg","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Yazicioglu","given":"Yasin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2604.02142","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.02142","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.17386","type":"manuscript","title":"SkyVLaM: Multimodal Large Language Model for UAV Video Understanding in Remote Sensing","abstract":"Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have significantly improved remote sensing (RS) multimodal understanding. Language-conditioned segmentation is crucial for fine-grained target understanding in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) videos. However, this task remains challenging due to the prevalence of small, visually ambiguous targets and dynamic aerial perspectives. In this paper, we propose SkyVLaM, a multimodal large language model for UAV video understanding. SkyVLaM constructs sparse tokens directly from patch-level video representations through a temporal basis perceiver, regularizes the sparse basis to encourage complementary temporal cues, and adaptively selects a temporally coherent dense segment for high-resolution inspection. The resulting sparse and dense tokens are jointly processed by a large language model for query-conditioned segmentation. We further build SkyVid, consisting of SkyVid-VGCG and SkyVid-RVOS for video grounded conversation generation and referring video object segmentation, respectively. SkyVid contains 101 videos, 33.6K frames, and 1.53M pixel-level object instances. Experiments show that SkyVLaM provides a more effective allocation of the visual token budget and improves language-conditioned video segmentation in UAV scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Jing","given":"Kaiwen"},{"family":"Jia","given":"Ruixu"},{"family":"Li","given":"Bingyao"},{"family":"Ou","given":"Ruizhe"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Ming"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chuang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.17386","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.17386","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.12694","type":"manuscript","title":"Closed-loop Uplink Radio Resource Management in CF-O-RAN Empowered 5G Aerial Corridor","abstract":"In this paper, we investigate the uplink (UL) radio resource management for 5G aerial corridors with an open-radio access network (O-RAN)-enabled cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) system. Our objective is to maximize the minimum spectral efficiency (SE) by jointly optimizing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-open radio unit (O-RU) association and UL transmit power under quality-of-service (QoS) constraints. Owing to its NP-hard nature, the formulated problem is decomposed into two tractable sub-problems solved via alternating optimization (AO) using two computationally efficient algorithms. We then propose (i) a QoS-driven and multi-connectivity-enabled association algorithm incorporating UAV-centric and O-RU-centric criteria with targeted refinement for weak UAVs, and (ii) a bisection-guided fixed-point power control algorithm achieving global optimality with significantly reduced complexity, hosted as xApp at the near-real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) of O-RAN. Solving the resource-allocation problem requires global channel state information (CSI), which incurs substantial measurement and signaling overhead. To mitigate this, we leverage a channel knowledge map (CKM) within the O-RAN non-RT RIC to enable efficient environment-aware CSI inference. Simulation results show that the proposed framework achieves up to 440% improvement in minimum SE, 100% QoS satisfaction and fairness, while reducing runtime by up to 99.7% compared to an interior point solver-based power allocation solution, thereby enabling O-RAN compliant real-time deployment.","author":[{"family":"Sarker","given":"Manobendu"},{"family":"Hassan","given":"Md"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xianbin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2601.12694","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.12694","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.14523","type":"manuscript","title":"SLIPT-Enabled Ground-to-UAV FSO Systems with Optical Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces","abstract":"This paper proposes an optical reconfigurable intelligent surface (ORIS)-assisted ground-to-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) free-space optical (FSO) communication system empowered by simultaneous lightwave information and power transfer (SLIPT). To overcome the line-of-sight (LoS) limitation of FSO-based SLIPT systems, we introduce an ORIS that reflects the laser beam towards a non-LoS UAV receiver. We model and analyze the combined channel characteristics, incorporating atmospheric loss, turbulence-induced fading, pointing error, and angle-of-arrival fluctuations due to UAV hovering. We derive closed-form expressions for harvested energy, outage probability, and symbol error rate (SER). Numerical results show that integrating ORIS improves EH efficiency while maintaining manageable outage and SER performance.","author":[{"family":"Sugiyama","given":"Luna"},{"family":"Trinh","given":"Phuc"},{"family":"Sugiura","given":"Shinya"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.14523","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.14523","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.09361","type":"manuscript","title":"Drone-Based Antenna Measurement System with Optimized Positioning and ASPIRE-Based NF-FF Transformation","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based antenna measurement systems provide a flexible and cost-effective alternative to conventional antenna test ranges for characterizing large and installed antennas. However, their accuracy depends on precise UAV positioning and efficient flight-time utilization, both of which are strongly influenced by the selection of drone assemblies, including the airframe, flight controller, propulsion system, positioning modules, and onboard instrumentation. This paper presents a comprehensive study of UAV-based antenna measurements with emphasis on improving positioning accuracy and optimizing flight endurance through systematic drone assembly selection. The acquired near-field measurement data are susceptible to positioning errors, amplitude and phase inconsistencies, and irregular sampling, which degrade the reconstructed far-field pattern. To address these challenges, the recorded near-field data are processed using the Adaptive Sparse Inverse Radiation Estimation (ASPIRE) algorithm. ASPIRE compensates for positioning inaccuracies and reconstructs the far-field pattern from irregularly sampled near-field data using sparse signal recovery, enabling accurate Near-Field to Far-Field (NF-FF) transformation. At 6.7125 GHz, ASPIRE achieves a residual of 1.94% and a beamwidth error of 0.4 degrees relative to a conventional facility measurement while using only 24% of the 17,298-element RWG mesh as active support. The results demonstrate that the combination of optimized drone assembly selection and ASPIRE-based NF-FF transformation significantly improves the accuracy of UAV-based antenna measurements and produces far-field patterns that closely agree with conventional antenna test range measurements.","author":[{"family":"Singh","given":"Simranjit"},{"family":"Jadav","given":"Abha"},{"family":"Patel","given":"Aarish"},{"family":"Jaswant"},{"family":"Pandya","given":"Jigar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2607.09361","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.09361","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/g3th763mrj.2","type":"article-journal","title":"Derived data for an integrated UAV-SfM and deep-learning workflow for Polat Lake (Eastern Anatolia)","abstract":"This dataset contains the derived geospatial products, trained machine-learning model, source code and figure-source data accompanying the article \"An Integrated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Structure-from-Motion and Deep-Learning Workflow for Geomorphometric and Radiative Characterisation of a Hypersaline Karst Doline Lake (Polat Lake, Eastern Anatolia)\" submitted to Earth Science Informatics (Springer Nature, 2026). The study characterises Polat Lake, a small (~1.1 ha) hypersaline karst doline lake in the Erzincan-Divrigi Basin (Eastern Anatolia, Turkiye), using UAV-SfM photogrammetry, deep-learning point-cloud classification, geomorphometric analysis and solar-radiation modelling. All raster products are georeferenced to WGS 84 / UTM zone 37N (EPSG:32637); the source DSM was produced at 5.68 cm/pixel ground sampling distance. Annual solar-radiation products use DOY 1-365 totals. Folder structure: 01_DSM_and_Orthomosaic - UAV-derived DSM, orthomosaic and hillshade products 02_Classification_outputs - MLP-classified dense point cloud and figure-source PNGs 03_MLP_model - trained PyTorch weights, scaler parameters, feature names and architecture 04_TWI_and_SolarRadiation - TWI, annual solar radiation and aspect-class rasters 05_Vector_layers - faults, geology, water, peaks and contours 06_Scripts_and_Code - training, inference and plotting scripts 07_Training_data - per-class training-sample CSVs 08_Geomorphometric_outputs - cross-section profile CSV and sill-relative height-difference/storage raster for Fig. 8 09_UAV_metadata - Agisoft Metashape processing report and camera/tie-point metadata 10_Field_photos - representative UAV and handheld field photographs The Fig. 8 raster is a DSM-derived sill-relative height-difference/storage proxy and should not be treated as direct hydroacoustic bathymetry.","author":[{"family":"Taş","given":"Mehmet"},{"family":"Polat","given":"Pınar"},{"family":"Çelik","given":"Yakup"},{"family":"Tagliasacchi","given":"Ezher"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17632/g3th763mrj.2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/g3th763mrj.2","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.28827","type":"manuscript","title":"LNN-Fly: Continuous-Time UAV Navigation for Robust Obstacle Avoidance under Timing Mismatch","abstract":"End-to-end unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) navigation can achieve impressive agility in simulation, yet its obstacle-avoidance behavior often degrades after deployment because the policy must tolerate simulator mismatch, sensing irregularity, and variable-rate control. These effects are especially dangerous in cluttered environments, where stale observations or short control irregularities can directly lead to collisions. We present LNN-Fly, a deployment-oriented continuous-time navigation policy for LiDAR-based UAV obstacle avoidance. The policy combines a dynamic-programming-inspired structured recurrent update, explicit conditioning on the elapsed control interval Δt, and an input-driven adaptive forgetting gate that refreshes stale latent state near hazards while preserving consistency during sustained maneuvers. It is trained with differentiable rollouts that incorporate deployment-relevant sensing and timing perturbations. In simulation, LNN-Fly improves obstacle-avoidance performance in the tested settings and shows better tolerance to reduced control frequency, sparse observations, and control-period jitter. It also transfers zero-shot from a simplified differentiable simulator to a physical quadrotor. In indoor cross-frequency real-world tests, the system achieves 100% success over 20 flights, while policy inference has a median latency of 0.514 ms on a desktop graphics processing unit (GPU) and about 2.5 ms on the onboard central processing unit (CPU), with onboard P95 latency below 30 ms.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Yulin"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Shaojie"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Di"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jiahao"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Ping"},{"family":"Zou","given":"Jianxiao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.28827","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.28827","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2606.16386","type":"manuscript","title":"Game-Theoretic Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Swarm Trajectory Planning in Low-Altitude Wireless Networks","abstract":"The Low-Altitude Economy (LAE) is rapidly expanding, giving rise to low-altitude wireless networks (LAWNs), where large-scale cellular-connected unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) deployments support heterogeneous mission-critical applications over multi-cell ground base station (GBS) infrastructures. To ensure mission success, each UAV must jointly optimize communication throughput and mission completion efficiency. In fifth-generation (5G) new radio (NR) systems, the equal resource block (RB) allocation policy induces strong strategic coupling among UAV trajectories: when a UAV enters a GBS cell, it reduces the RB share available to all co-served UAVs, thereby altering their achievable rates and trajectory incentives through shared wireless resources. Existing studies either ignore this coupling or focus on single-cell infrastructure, leaving the multi-cell, congestion-aware UAV trajectory planning problem insufficiently addressed. To fill this gap, we formulate the problem as a cooperative stochastic congestion game with a communication-and-mission-aware utility function, and propose a centralized-training decentralized-execution multi-agent proximal policy optimization (CTDE-MAPPO) algorithm to maximize social welfare under multi-cell RB congestion. Simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms QMIX, independent Q-learning, and random baselines in terms of aggregate utility and mission success rate, while achieving stable convergence within practical training budgets.","author":[{"family":"Quang","given":"Nguyen"},{"family":"Chong","given":"Ruoxi"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Zhiqiang"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Chang"},{"family":"Ng","given":"Derrick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2606.16386","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2606.16386","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.32616651.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>UAV Orthophoto Dataset for High-Accuracy Oyster Reef Area Extraction Using SAM Segmentation in the Liya Mountain Intertidal Zone, China (December 2025)</b>","abstract":"This dataset provides high-resolution UAV orthophoto imagery and derived raster data for oyster reef spatial distribution extraction and area quantification in the Liya Mountain National Marine Park, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China.Field experiments were conducted from December 3 to 8, 2025, in an intertidal coastal zone located at approximately 121°32′15″ E, 32°9′5″ N. This region hosts the largest natural intertidal oyster reef system in China, with a formation history exceeding 1,400 years and significant ecological and scientific value.The dataset is based on UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) multispectral imagery, processed through radiometric correction, geometric correction, and orthomosaic generation to produce georeferenced high-resolution orthophotos. All raster data are provided in GeoTIFF format with WGS 84 geographic coordinate system (EPSG:4326), 4 spectral bands, and 8-bit pixel depth.Due to UAV operational constraints (flight endurance, altitude, and sensor field of view), representative subregions were selected for detailed analysis. The dataset explicitly distinguishes between two environmental conditions: Illuminated Area : Regions with sufficient sunlight, showing clear texture and structural features Shaded Area : Regions affected by shadow (primarily caused by lighthouse obstruction under low solar elevation), exhibiting reduced brightness, weaker texture contrast, and blurred boundariesThe dataset includes the following files: StudyArea.tif : Full UAV orthophoto covering the study region SharedArea.tif : Representative shaded subregion IlluminatedArea.tif : Representative illuminated subregionFile naming follows a spatial partitioning strategy based on illumination conditions to support comparative analysis.This dataset was used to develop and evaluate an automated oyster reef extraction framework based on the Segment Anything Model (SAM) combined with Random Forest classification. The SAM model was applied to extract candidate regions, while the Random Forest model refined segmentation results using spectral and texture features.","author":[{"family":"Xu","given":"Xirui"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Fei"},{"family":"Quan","given":"Weiming"},{"family":"Fan","given":"Ruiliang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.32616651.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32616651.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.32616651","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>UAV Orthophoto Dataset for High-Accuracy Oyster Reef Area Extraction Using SAM Segmentation in the Liya Mountain Intertidal Zone, China (December 2025)</b>","abstract":"This dataset provides high-resolution UAV orthophoto imagery and derived raster data for oyster reef spatial distribution extraction and area quantification in the Liya Mountain National Marine Park, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China.Field experiments were conducted from December 3 to 8, 2025, in an intertidal coastal zone located at approximately 121°32′15″ E, 32°9′5″ N. This region hosts the largest natural intertidal oyster reef system in China, with a formation history exceeding 1,400 years and significant ecological and scientific value.The dataset is based on UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) multispectral imagery, processed through radiometric correction, geometric correction, and orthomosaic generation to produce georeferenced high-resolution orthophotos. All raster data are provided in GeoTIFF format with WGS 84 geographic coordinate system (EPSG:4326), 4 spectral bands, and 8-bit pixel depth.Due to UAV operational constraints (flight endurance, altitude, and sensor field of view), representative subregions were selected for detailed analysis. The dataset explicitly distinguishes between two environmental conditions: Illuminated Area : Regions with sufficient sunlight, showing clear texture and structural features Shaded Area : Regions affected by shadow (primarily caused by lighthouse obstruction under low solar elevation), exhibiting reduced brightness, weaker texture contrast, and blurred boundariesThe dataset includes the following files: StudyArea.tif : Full UAV orthophoto covering the study region SharedArea.tif : Representative shaded subregion IlluminatedArea.tif : Representative illuminated subregionFile naming follows a spatial partitioning strategy based on illumination conditions to support comparative analysis.This dataset was used to develop and evaluate an automated oyster reef extraction framework based on the Segment Anything Model (SAM) combined with Random Forest classification. The SAM model was applied to extract candidate regions, while the Random Forest model refined segmentation results using spectral and texture features.","author":[{"family":"Xu","given":"Xirui"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Fei"},{"family":"Quan","given":"Weiming"},{"family":"Fan","given":"Ruiliang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.32616651","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32616651","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.15173","type":"manuscript","title":"UAV-enabled Computing Power Networks: Task Completion Probability Analysis","abstract":"This paper presents an innovative framework that synergistically enhances computing performance through ubiquitous computing power distribution and dynamic computing node accessibility control via adaptive unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) positioning, establishing UAV-enabled Computing Power Networks (UAV-CPNs). In UAV-CPNs, UAVs function as dynamic aerial relays, outsourcing tasks generated in the request zone to an expanded service zone, consisting of a diverse range of computing devices, from vehicles with onboard computational capabilities and edge servers to dedicated computing nodes. This approach has the potential to alleviate communication bottlenecks in traditional computing power networks and overcome the \"island effect\" observed in multi-access edge computing. However, how to quantify the network performance under the complex spatio-temporal dynamics of both communication and computing power is a significant challenge, which introduces intricacies beyond those found in conventional networks. To address this, in this paper, we introduce task completion probability as the primary performance metric for evaluating the ability of UAV-CPNs to complete ground users' tasks within specified end-to-end latency requirements. Utilizing theories from stochastic processes and stochastic geometry, we derive analytical expressions that facilitate the assessment of this metric. Our numerical results emphasize that striking a delicate balance between communication and computational capabilities is essential for enhancing the performance of UAV-CPNs. Moreover, our findings show significant performance gains from the widespread distribution of computing nodes.","author":[{"family":"Deng","given":"Yiqin"},{"family":"Fang","given":"Zhengru"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Senkang"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Yanan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Haixia"},{"family":"Fang","given":"Yuguang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2512.15173","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.15173","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.14504","type":"manuscript","title":"Aerial Assistance System for Automated Firefighting during Turntable Ladder Operations","abstract":"Fires in industrial facilities pose special challenges to firefighters, e.g., due to the sheer size and scale of the buildings. The resulting visual obstructions impair firefighting accuracy, further compounded by inaccurate assessments of the fire's location. Such imprecision simultaneously increases the overall damage and prolongs the fire-brigades operation unnecessarily. We propose an automated assistance system for firefighting using a motorized fire monitor on a turntable ladder with aerial support from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The UAV flies autonomously within an obstacle-free flight funnel derived from geodata, detecting and localizing heat sources. An operator supervises the operation on a handheld controller and selects a fire target in reach. After the selection, the UAV automatically plans and traverses between two triangulation poses for continued fire localization. Simultaneously, our system steers the fire monitor to ensure the water jet reaches the detected heat source. In preliminary tests, our assistance system successfully localized multiple heat sources and directed a water jet towards the fires.","author":[{"family":"Quenzel","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Sekin","given":"Valerij"},{"family":"Schleich","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Miller","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Stampa","given":"Merlin"},{"family":"Pahlke","given":"Norbert"},{"family":"Röhrig","given":"Christof"},{"family":"Behnke","given":"Sven"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2511.14504","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.14504","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.22320","type":"manuscript","title":"Chain-of-Thought for Large Language Model-empowered Wireless Communications","abstract":"Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have opened new possibilities for automated reasoning and decision-making in wireless networks. However, applying LLMs to wireless communications presents challenges such as limited capability in handling complex logic, generalization, and reasoning. Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting, which guides LLMs to generate explicit intermediate reasoning steps, has been shown to significantly improve LLM performance on complex tasks. Inspired by this, this paper explores the application potential of CoT-enhanced LLMs in wireless communications. Specifically, we first review the fundamental theory of CoT and summarize various types of CoT. We then survey key CoT and LLM techniques relevant to wireless communication and networking. Moreover, we introduce a multi-layer intent-driven CoT framework that bridges high-level user intent expressed in natural language with concrete wireless control actions. Our proposed framework sequentially parses and clusters intent, selects appropriate CoT reasoning modules via reinforcement learning, then generates interpretable control policies for system configuration. Using the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) network as a case study, we demonstrate that the proposed framework significantly outperforms a non-CoT baseline in both communication performance and quality of generated reasoning.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Xudong"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Jian"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ruichen"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Lei"},{"family":"Niyato","given":"Dusit"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jiacheng"},{"family":"Du","given":"Hongyang"},{"family":"Mao","given":"Shiwen"},{"family":"Han","given":"Zhu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.22320","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.22320","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.12379","type":"manuscript","title":"Toward Near-Space Communication Network in the 6G and Beyond Era","abstract":"Near-space communication network (NS-ComNet), as an indispensable component of sixth-generation (6G) and beyond mobile communication systems and the space-air-ground-sea integrated network (SAGSIN), demonstrates unique advantages in wide-area coverage, long-endurance high-altitude operation, and highly flexible deployment. This paper presents a comprehensive review of NS-ComNet for 6G and beyond era. Specifically, by contrasting satellite, low-altitude unmanned-aerial-vehicle (UAV), and terrestrial communications, we first elucidate the background and motivation for integrating NS-ComNet into 6G network architectures. Subsequently, we review the developmental status of near-space platforms, including high-altitude balloons, solar-powered UAVs, and stratospheric airships, and analyze critical challenges faced by NS-ComNet. To address these challenges, the research focuses on key enabling technologies such as topology design, resource and handover management, multi-objective joint optimization, etc., with particular emphasis on artificial intelligence techniques for NS-ComNet. Finally, envisioning future intelligent collaborative networks that integrate NS-ComNet with satellite-UAV-terrestrial systems, we explore promising directions. This paper aims to provide technical insights and research foundations for the systematic construction of NS-ComNet and its deep deployment in the 6G and beyond era.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Xinhua"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Zhen"},{"family":"Wan","given":"Ziwei"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Zhonghuai"},{"family":"Li","given":"Tuan"},{"family":"Mao","given":"Tianqi"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Xiao"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Dezhi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.12379","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.12379","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.08129","type":"manuscript","title":"Control Barrier Function-Based Quadratic Programming for SafeOperation of Tethered UAVs","abstract":"Consider an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) physically connected to the ground station with a tether operating in a space, tasked with performing precise maneuvers while constrained by the physical limitation of its tether, which prevents it from flying beyond a maximum allowable length. Violating this tether constraint could lead to system failure or operational hazards, making it essential to enforce safety constraints dynamically while ensuring the drone can track desired trajectories accurately. This paper presents a Control Barrier Function Quadratic Programming Framework (CBF-QP) for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of tethered unmanned aerial vehicles (TUAVs). The framework leverages nominal backstepping control to achieve trajectory tracking, augmented with control barrier functions to ensure compliance with the tether constraint. In this proposed method, the tether constraint is directly embedded in the control design and therefore guarantees the TUAV remains within a predefined operational region defined by the maximum tether length while achieving precise trajectory tracking. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is validated through simulations involving set-point tracking, dynamic trajectory following, and disturbances such as incorrect user inputs. The results demonstrate that the TUAV respects the tether constraint ||x(t)||= Lmax, with tracking errors converging to zero and the control input remaining bounded.","author":[{"family":"Folorunsho","given":"Samuel"},{"family":"Ni","given":"Maggi"},{"family":"Norris","given":"William"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2502.08129","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.08129","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.21914","type":"manuscript","title":"Non-Contact Vibration-Based Damage Detection of Civil Structures Using a Cost-Effective Autonomous UAV","abstract":"This paper presents a non-contact approach for vibration-based structural damage detection using an autonomous and customized cost-effective unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Vibration signals are extracted from video recordings through vision-based motion tracking to identify shifts in natural frequencies indicative of structural degradation. A laboratory-scale frame structure is evaluated under healthy and simulated-damage conditions. The proposed system is validated through an experimental study involving two smartphones, a USB camera, and a custom-built low-cost UAV equipped with an onboard camera and an autonomous alignment system for operation in GPS-denied environments. The displacement time is extracted and analyzed in the frequency domain and compared to reference measurements from contact accelerometers and a finite element model. Experimental results show that all platforms successfully capture the fundamental frequency and its shift due to damage. Although the UAV exhibits slightly higher errors (up to 5.7%) due to platform-induced disturbances and sensing limitations, it reliably detects damage-induced frequency changes. Compared to commercial UAV systems, the proposed platform achieves comparable inspection performance at significantly lower cost. These results demonstrate that low-cost autonomous UAVs provide a practical, flexible, and scalable solution for structural health monitoring, particularly in scenarios where contact-based sensing is impractical. The findings also support the potential for the deployment of multiple cooperative UAVs to further enhance inspection coverage and robustness.","author":[{"family":"Becerril","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Vargas","given":"Maximiliano"},{"family":"Herrera","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Gutierrez","given":"Joanna"},{"family":"Rios","given":"Jorge"},{"family":"Amjadian","given":"Mohsen"},{"family":"Tarawneh","given":"Constantine"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Jinghao"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Qi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.21914","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.21914","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.06759","type":"manuscript","title":"An Aerial Manipulator for Perception-Driven Flower Targeting Toward Contactless Pollination in Vertical Farming","abstract":"The decline of natural pollinators has created a major challenge for crop production in controlled indoor agriculture, particularly in vertical farming environments where natural insect pollination is absent. This motivates the development of robotic systems capable of performing precise flower targeting tasks while minimizing physical interference with delicate floral structures. This paper presents an aerial manipulator platform for perception driven flower detection, localization, and approach in vertical farming environments. The proposed system integrates onboard RGBD based perception, model predictive path integral (MPPI) based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control on a PX4 platform, and a lightweight 2DoF manipulator for precise end effector positioning. The platform is evaluated in both MuJoCo simulation and UAV lab experiments using a flower targeting testbed. The experimental results demonstrate stable UAV flight, reliable flower localization, and centimeter level end effector positioning accuracy. In simulation, the proposed controller achieves consistent trajectory convergence and accurate target alignment. In the real world UAV lab environment, the integrated perception control manipulation framework enables stable flower targeted positioning and end effector alignment under constrained aerial operation. These results validate the proposed aerial manipulator as a robust robotic carrier and positioning framework for future contactless pollination systems. While the current study focuses on perception guided targeting and positioning, the developed platform provides a practical foundation for integrating advanced contactless end effectors, including acoustic based pollen manipulation modules, in future work.","author":[{"family":"Jin","given":"Chenzhe"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Zhuohang"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Yifan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xiangqi"},{"family":"Tan","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Kemsaram","given":"Narsimlu"},{"family":"Modugno","given":"Valerio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.06759","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.06759","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.02165","type":"manuscript","title":"Experience Constrained Hierarchical Federated Reinforcement Learning for Large-scale UAV Teams in Hazardous Environments","abstract":"Conventional federated learning assumes that greater learner participation improves training performance, by leveraging abundant, independently generated local data. However, in federated reinforcement learning (FRL) for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) teams in hazardous environments where experience generation is severely constrained by safety considerations, energy limitations, and mission duration, this assumption may break. This work introduces Experience-Constrained Hierarchical Federated Reinforcement Learning (EC-HFRL), a framework in which clusters act as federated learning agents, while multiple intra-cluster learners represent parallel learning resources that reuse a shared experience pool. We show that increasing participation does not necessarily improve learning performance. Instead, learning performance is strongly associated with experience reuse strategy and the dominance of key analytically identified gradient transition experiences within a cluster. In particular, minibatch size primarily determines effective replay exposure, while higher intra-cluster participation increases reuse level. Empirical results demonstrate that the performance regimes are strongly associated with the structure of the learning signal, rather than federated aggregation effects, clarifying the limited and secondary role of learner participation in experience-constrained FRL.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Qinwei"},{"family":"Zuo","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Qiu","given":"Qinru"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.02165","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.02165","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.13961","type":"manuscript","title":"Early Exiting U-Net for Efficient Processing on UAVs: A Case Study in Environmental Monitoring","abstract":"Oil spills represent a severe threat, making early-stage thickness estimation crucial for guiding remediation efforts. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are an attractive platform for environmental monitoring. However, due to their limited computation and power budgets, real-time onboard processing requires optimized algorithms or lightweight machine learning models. While the standard U-Net architecture is often too large for constrained UAV hardware, the compressed Tiny U-Net variant fits on FPGA platforms and achieves competitive estimation performance (0.79 in the metric Intersection over Union, or IoU). Despite this success, Tiny U-Net processes every radar image through the complete inference pipeline, resulting in unnecessary computation for simple cases. To address this inefficiency, we integrate an early exit feature into the Tiny U-Net architecture. We introduce an early exit branch that returns an early prediction when a compact confidence score exceeds a tunable threshold, bypassing deeper layers for high-confidence evaluations. Our experiments demonstrate that this design achieves comparable IoU to the full baseline model. Crucially, the technique is shown to reduce the average number of multiplications by up to 42% for an aggressive threshold, reducing the dynamic power consumption. Choosing a threshold that ensures extreme confidence reduces the complexity-reduction gains for an improved IoU. This early exit approach substantially improves computational efficiency in Tiny U-Net, enabling more practical deployment in UAV-based environmental monitoring systems.","author":[{"family":"Boni","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Moursi","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Wehn","given":"Norbert"},{"family":"Hammoud","given":"Bilal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2604.13961","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.13961","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.06610","type":"manuscript","title":"Towards Robust Optimization-Based Autonomous Dynamic Soaring with a Fixed-Wing UAV","abstract":"Dynamic soaring is a flying technique to exploit the energy available in wind shear layers, enabling potentially unlimited flight without the need for internal energy sources. We propose a framework for autonomous dynamic soaring with a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The framework makes use of an explicit representation of the wind field and a classical approach for guidance and control of the UAV. Robustness to wind field estimation error is achieved by constructing point-wise robust reference paths for dynamic soaring and the development of a robust path following controller for the fixed-wing UAV. Wind estimation and path tracking performance are validated with real flight tests to demonstrate robust path-following in real wind conditions. In simulation, we demonstrate robust dynamic soaring flight subject to varied wind conditions, estimation errors and disturbances. Together, our results strongly indicate the ability of the proposed framework to achieve autonomous dynamic soaring flight in wind shear.","author":[{"family":"Harms","given":"Marvin"},{"family":"Lim","given":"Jaeyoung"},{"family":"Rohr","given":"David"},{"family":"Rockenbauer","given":"Friedrich"},{"family":"Lawrance","given":"Nicholas"},{"family":"Siegwart","given":"Roland"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2512.06610","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.06610","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.19724","type":"manuscript","title":"Quantum Takes Flight: Two-Stage Resilient Topology Optimization for UAV Networks","abstract":"Next-generation Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) communication networks must maintain reliable connectivity under rapid topology changes, fluctuating link quality, and time-critical data exchange. Existing topology control methods rely on global optimization to produce a single optimal topology or involve high computational complexity, which limits adaptability in dynamic environments. This paper presents a two-stage quantum-assisted framework for efficient and resilient topology control in dynamic UAV networks by exploiting quantum parallelism to generate a set of high-quality and structurally diverse candidate topologies. In the offline stage, we formulate the problem as a Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) model and leverage quantum annealing (QA) to parallelly sample multiple high-quality and structurally distinct topologies, providing a rich solution space for adaptive decision-making. In the online stage, a lightweight classical selection mechanism rapidly identifies the most suitable topology based on real-time link stability and channel conditions, substantially reducing the computation delay. The simulation results show that, compared to a single static optimal topology, the proposed framework improves performance retention by 6.6% in a 30-second dynamic window. Moreover, relative to the classic method, QA achieves an additional 5.15% reduction in objective value and a 28.3% increase in solution diversity. These findings demonstrate the potential of QA to enable fast and robust topology control for next-generation UAV communication networks.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Huixiang"},{"family":"Emu","given":"Mahzabeen"},{"family":"Dobre","given":"Octavia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2601.19724","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.19724","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.16533","type":"manuscript","title":"UAV-Assisted Joint Data Collection and Wireless Power Transfer for Batteryless Sensor Networks","abstract":"The development of wireless power transfer (WPT) and Internet of Things (IoT) offers significant potential but faces challenges such as limited energy supply, dynamic environmental changes, and unstable transmission links. This paper presents an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted data collection and WPT scheme to support batteryless sensor (BLS) networks in remote areas. In this system, BLSs harvest energy from the UAV and utilize the harvested energy to transmit the collected data back to the UAV. The goal is to maximize the collected data volume and fairness index while minimizing the UAV energy consumption. To achieve these objectives, an optimization problem is formulated to jointly optimize the transmit power and UAV trajectory. Due to the non-convexity and dynamic nature of the problem, a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. Specifically, this algorithm integrates prioritized experience replay and the performer module to enhance system stability and accelerate convergence. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach consistently outperforms benchmark schemes in terms of collected data volume, fairness, and UAV energy consumption.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Wen"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Aimin"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Geng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jiahui"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jiacheng"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Changyuan"},{"family":"Niyato","given":"Dusit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2601.16533","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.16533","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.10123","type":"manuscript","title":"Fairness Driven Multi-Agent Path Finding Problem","abstract":"The Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) problem aims at finding non-conflicting paths for multiple agents from their respective sources to destinations. This problem arises in multiple real-life situations, including robot motion planning and airspace assignment for unmanned aerial vehicle movement. The problem is computationally expensive, and adding to it, the agents are rational and can misreport their private information. In this paper, we study both variants of the problem under the realm of fairness. For the non-rational agents, we propose a heuristic solution for this problem. Considering the agents are rational, we develop a mechanism and demonstrate that it is a dominant strategy, incentive compatible, and individually rational. We employ various solution methodologies to highlight the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed solution approaches.","author":[{"family":"Anand","given":"Aditi"},{"family":"Ali","given":"Dildar"},{"family":"Banerjee","given":"Suman"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2601.10123","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.10123","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.20769","type":"manuscript","title":"A General Purpose Method for Robotic Interception of Non-Cooperative Dynamic Targets","abstract":"This paper presents a general purpose framework for autonomous, vision-based interception of dynamic, non-cooperative targets, validated across three distinct mobility platforms: an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), a four-wheeled ground rover, and an air-thruster spacecraft testbed. The approach relies solely on a monocular camera with fiducials for target tracking and operates entirely in the local observer frame without the need for global information. The core contribution of this work is a streamlined and general approach to autonomous interception that can be adapted across robots with varying dynamics, as well as our comprehensive study of the robot interception problem across heterogenous mobility systems under limited observability and no global localization. Our method integrates (1) an Extended Kalman Filter for relative pose estimation amid intermittent measurements, (2) a history-conditioned motion predictor for dynamic target trajectory propagation, and (3) a receding-horizon planner solving a constrained convex program in real time to ensure time-efficient and kinematically feasible interception paths. Our operating regime assumes that observability is restricted by partial fields of view, sensor dropouts, and target occlusions. Experiments are performed in these conditions and include autonomous UAV landing on dynamic targets, rover rendezvous and leader-follower tasks, and spacecraft proximity operations. Results from simulated and physical experiments demonstrate robust performance with low interception errors (both during station-keeping and upon scenario completion), high success rates under deterministic and stochastic target motion profiles, and real-time execution on embedded processors such as the Jetson Orin, VOXL2, and Raspberry Pi 5. These results highlight the framework's generalizability, robustness, and computational efficiency.","author":[{"family":"Patel","given":"Tanmay"},{"family":"Tevere","given":"Erica"},{"family":"Kramer","given":"Erik"},{"family":"Mukherjee","given":"Rudranarayan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2512.20769","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.20769","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.13442","type":"manuscript","title":"Geometry-Based Drift Compensation for Distributed Channel Sounding Measurements in Dynamic Drone Scenarios","abstract":"Measured impulse responses obtained from a dynamic unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) channel sounding system exhibit effects attributable to time-varying carrier frequency offset (CFO) and sampling frequency offset (SFO). To correct the recorded data in post-processing, we extend existing geometry-based drift compensation algorithms by an explicit line-of-sight (LoS) determination, combining a symbol-wise high-resolution parameter estimation (HRPE) in delay with a Kalman filter. This proposed extension facilitates the removal of rapidly varying synchronization mismatches from channel sounding measurements in rich multipath propagation scenarios. Furthermore, we propose using the relative residual power after subtraction of estimated multipath components as a metric for ground-truth-independent comparison of post-processing synchronization methods for recorded channel sounding data. The application of the proposed procedure shows that our approach outperforms existing post-processing compensation algorithms, reducing the relative residual power by more than 5 dB and the delay-Doppler estimate root mean square errors (RMSEs) of a passive UAV target by approximately 60 %.","author":[{"family":"Mohr","given":"Lorenz"},{"family":"Miranda","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Semper","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"Beuster","given":"Julia"},{"family":"Andrich","given":"Carsten"},{"family":"Giehl","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"Schneider","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Thomä","given":"Reiner"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.13442","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.13442","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.14371","type":"manuscript","title":"Blur-Robust Detection via Feature Restoration: An End-to-End Framework for Prior-Guided Infrared UAV Target Detection","abstract":"Infrared unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) target images often suffer from motion blur degradation caused by rapid sensor movement, significantly reducing contrast between target and background. Generally, detection performance heavily depends on the discriminative feature representation between target and background. Existing methods typically treat deblurring as a preprocessing step focused on visual quality, while neglecting the enhancement of task-relevant features crucial for detection. Improving feature representation for detection under blur conditions remains challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel Joint Feature-Domain Deblurring and Detection end-to-end framework, dubbed JFD3. We design a dual-branch architecture with shared weights, where the clear branch guides the blurred branch to enhance discriminative feature representation. Specifically, we first introduce a lightweight feature restoration network, where features from the clear branch serve as feature-level supervision to guide the blurred branch, thereby enhancing its distinctive capability for detection. We then propose a frequency structure guidance module that refines the structure prior from the restoration network and integrates it into shallow detection layers to enrich target structural information. Finally, a feature consistency self-supervised loss is imposed between the dual-branch detection backbones, driving the blurred branch to approximate the feature representations of the clear one. Wealso construct a benchmark, named IRBlurUAV, containing 30,000 simulated and 4,118 real infrared UAV target images with diverse motion blur. Extensive experiments on IRBlurUAV demonstrate that JFD3 achieves superior detection performance while maintaining real-time efficiency.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Xiaolin"},{"family":"Fang","given":"Houzhang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qingshan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Lu"},{"family":"Chang","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Luxin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2511.14371","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.14371","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2511.02368","type":"manuscript","title":"Optimizing Multi-UAV 3D Deployment for Energy-Efficient Sensing over Uneven Terrains","abstract":"In this work, we consider a multi-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) cooperative sensing system where UAVs are deployed to sense multiple targets in terrain-aware line of sight (LoS) conditions in uneven terrain equipped with directional antennas. To mitigate terrain-induced LoS blockages that degrade detection performance, we incorporate a binary LoS indicator and propose a bounding volume hierarchy (BHV)-based adaptive scheme for efficient LoS evaluation. We formulate a bi-objective problem that maximizes the probability of cooperative detection with minimal hover energy constraints governing spatial, orientational, and safety constraints. To address the problem, which is inherently non-convex, we propose a hierarchical heuristic framework that combines exploration through a genetic algorithm (GA) with per-UAV refinement via particle swarm optimization (PSO), where a penalty-based fitness evaluation guides solutions toward feasibility, bounded within constraints. The proposed methodology is an effective trade-off method of traversing through a complex search space and maintaining terrain-aware LoS connectivity and energy aware deployment. Monte Carlo simulations on real-world terrain data show that the proposed GA+PSO framework improves detection probability by 37.02% and 36.5% for 2 and 3 UAVs, respectively, while reducing average excess hover energy by 45.0% and 48.9% compared to the PSO-only baseline. Relative to the non-optimized scheme, it further achieves 59.5% and 54.2% higher detection probability with 59.8% and 65.9% lower excess hover energy, thereby showing its effectiveness with a small number of UAVs over uneven terrain.","author":[{"family":"Moliya","given":"Rushi"},{"family":"Patel","given":"Dhaval"},{"family":"Soni","given":"Brijesh"},{"family":"López-Benítez","given":"Miguel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2511.02368","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2511.02368","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.02022","type":"manuscript","title":"Performance Analysis of RIS-Assisted UAV Communication in NOMA Networks","abstract":"This paper investigates the performance of downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) communication in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks enhanced by partitionable reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs). We analyze three types of links between base station (BS) and UAVs: direct, RIS-only indirect, and composite links, under both Line-of-Sight (LoS) and Non-LoS (NLoS) propagation. The RIS-only indirect link and direct link are modeled using double Nakagami-m and Nakagami-m fading, respectively, while the composite link follows a combined fading channel model. Closed-form expressions for the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are derived for all links, enabling tractable outage probability analysis. Then, we formulate a fairness-efficiency bilevel optimization problem to minimize the maximum outage probability among UAVs while minimizing the total number of required RIS reflecting elements. Accordingly, an RIS-assisted UAV Outage Minimization (RUOM) algorithm is proposed, which fairly allocates the NOMA power coefficients while minimizing the total number of RIS reflecting elements required, subject to NOMA-defined constraints, RIS resource limitations, and maximum allowable outage threshold. Simulation results validate the analytical models and demonstrate that the proposed RUOM algorithm significantly improves fairness and efficiency in BS-UAV communication.","author":[{"family":"Ghazikor","given":"Masoud"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Van"},{"family":"Hashemi","given":"Morteza"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.02022","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.02022","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.04136","type":"manuscript","title":"Design of RIS-UAV-Assisted LEO Satellite Constellation Communication","abstract":"Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations play a pivotal role in sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks by providing global coverage, massive connections, and huge capacity. In this paper, we present a novel LEO satellite constellation communication framework, where a reconfigurable intelligent surface-mounted unmanned aerial vehicle (RIS-UAV) is deployed to improve the communication quality of multiple terrestrial user equipments (UEs) under the condition of long distance between satellite and ground. To reduce the overhead for channel state information (CSI) acquisition with multiple-satellite collaboration, statistical CSI (sCSI) is utilized in the system. In such a situation, we first derive an approximated but exact expression for ergodic rate of each UE. Then, we aim to maximize the minimum approximated UE ergodic rate by the proposed alternating optimization (AO)-based algorithm that jointly optimizes LEO satellite beamforming, RIS phase shift, and UAV trajectory. Finally, extensive simulations are conducted to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of spectrum efficiency over baseline algorithms.","author":[{"family":"Yao","given":"Wenfei"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xiaoming"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Peng","given":"Xingyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2509.04136","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.04136","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.16912","type":"manuscript","title":"UAV See, UGV Do: Aerial Imagery and Virtual Teach Enabling Zero-Shot Ground Vehicle Repeat","abstract":"This paper presents Virtual Teach and Repeat (VirT&amp;R): an extension of the Teach and Repeat (T&amp;R) framework that enables GPS-denied, zero-shot autonomous ground vehicle navigation in untraversed environments. VirT&amp;R leverages aerial imagery captured for a target environment to train a Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) model so that dense point clouds and photo-textured meshes can be extracted. The NeRF mesh is used to create a high-fidelity simulation of the environment for piloting an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) to virtually define a desired path. The mission can then be executed in the actual target environment by using NeRF-generated point cloud submaps associated along the path and an existing LiDAR Teach and Repeat (LT&amp;R) framework. We benchmark the repeatability of VirT&amp;R on over 12 km of autonomous driving data using physical markings that allow a sim-to-real lateral path-tracking error to be obtained and compared with LT&amp;R. VirT&amp;R achieved measured root mean squared errors (RMSE) of 19.5 cm and 18.4 cm in two different environments, which are slightly less than one tire width (24 cm) on the robot used for testing, and respective maximum errors were 39.4 cm and 47.6 cm. This was done using only the NeRF-derived teach map, demonstrating that VirT&amp;R has similar closed-loop path-tracking performance to LT&amp;R but does not require a human to manually teach the path to the UGV in the actual environment.","author":[{"family":"Fisker","given":"Desiree"},{"family":"Krawciw","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Lilge","given":"Sven"},{"family":"Greeff","given":"Melissa"},{"family":"Barfoot","given":"Timothy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.16912","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.16912","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.22412","type":"manuscript","title":"UAVScenes: A Multi-Modal Dataset for UAVs","abstract":"Multi-modal perception is essential for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operations, as it enables a comprehensive understanding of the UAVs' surrounding environment. However, most existing multi-modal UAV datasets are primarily biased toward localization and 3D reconstruction tasks, or only support map-level semantic segmentation due to the lack of frame-wise annotations for both camera images and LiDAR point clouds. This limitation prevents them from being used for high-level scene understanding tasks. To address this gap and advance multi-modal UAV perception, we introduce UAVScenes, a large-scale dataset designed to benchmark various tasks across both 2D and 3D modalities. Our benchmark dataset is built upon the well-calibrated multi-modal UAV dataset MARS-LVIG, originally developed only for simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). We enhance this dataset by providing manually labeled semantic annotations for both frame-wise images and LiDAR point clouds, along with accurate 6-degree-of-freedom (6-DoF) poses. These additions enable a wide range of UAV perception tasks, including segmentation, depth estimation, 6-DoF localization, place recognition, and novel view synthesis (NVS). Our dataset is available at https://github.com/sijieaaa/UAVScenes","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Sijie"},{"family":"Li","given":"Siqi"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yawei"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Shangshu"},{"family":"Yuan","given":"Shenghai"},{"family":"She","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Quanjiang"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Jinxuan"},{"family":"Howe","given":"Ong"},{"family":"Chandra","given":"Leonrich"},{"family":"Srijeyan","given":"Shrivarshann"},{"family":"Sivadas","given":"Aditya"},{"family":"Aggarwal","given":"Toshan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Heyuan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Hongming"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Chujie"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Junyu"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Lihua"},{"family":"Tay","given":"Wee"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2507.22412","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.22412","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.18264","type":"manuscript","title":"Learning Approach to Efficient Vision-based Active Tracking of a Flying Target by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","abstract":"Autonomous tracking of flying aerial objects has important civilian and defense applications, ranging from search and rescue to counter-unmanned aerial systems (counter-UAS). Ground based tracking requires setting up infrastructure, could be range limited, and may not be feasible in remote areas, crowded cities or in dense vegetation areas. Vision based active tracking of aerial objects from another airborne vehicle, e.g., a chaser unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), promises to fill this important gap, along with serving aerial coordination use cases. Vision-based active tracking by a UAV entails solving two coupled problems: 1) compute-efficient and accurate (target) object detection and target state estimation; and 2) maneuver decisions to ensure that the target remains in the field of view in the future time-steps and favorably positioned for continued detection. As a solution to the first problem, this paper presents a novel integration of standard deep learning based architectures with Kernelized Correlation Filter (KCF) to achieve compute-efficient object detection without compromising accuracy, unlike standalone learning or filtering approaches. The proposed perception framework is validated using a lab-scale setup. For the second problem, to obviate the linearity assumptions and background variations limiting effectiveness of the traditional controllers, we present the use of reinforcement learning to train a neuro-controller for fast computation of velocity maneuvers. New state space, action space and reward formulations are developed for this purpose, and training is performed in simulation using AirSim. The trained model is also tested in AirSim with respect to complex target maneuvers, and is found to outperform a baseline PID control in terms of tracking up-time and average distance maintained (from the target) during tracking.","author":[{"family":"Pothuri","given":"Jagadeswara"},{"family":"Bhatt","given":"Aditya"},{"family":"Krisshnakumar","given":"Prajit"},{"family":"Oddiraju","given":"Manaswin"},{"family":"Chowdhury","given":"Souma"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2506.18264","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.18264","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.12087","type":"manuscript","title":"YOLOv8-SMOT: An Efficient and Robust Framework for Real-Time Small Object Tracking via Slice-Assisted Training and Adaptive Association","abstract":"Tracking small, agile multi-objects (SMOT), such as birds, from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) perspective is a highly challenging computer vision task. The difficulty stems from three main sources: the extreme scarcity of target appearance features, the complex motion entanglement caused by the combined dynamics of the camera and the targets themselves, and the frequent occlusions and identity ambiguity arising from dense flocking behavior. This paper details our championship-winning solution in the MVA 2025 \"Finding Birds\" Small Multi-Object Tracking Challenge (SMOT4SB), which adopts the tracking-by-detection paradigm with targeted innovations at both the detection and association levels. On the detection side, we propose a systematic training enhancement framework named \\textbf{SliceTrain}. This framework, through the synergy of 'deterministic full-coverage slicing' and 'slice-level stochastic augmentation, effectively addresses the problem of insufficient learning for small objects in high-resolution image training. On the tracking side, we designed a robust tracker that is completely independent of appearance information. By integrating a \\textbf{motion direction maintenance (EMA)} mechanism and an \\textbf{adaptive similarity metric} combining \\textbf{bounding box expansion and distance penalty} into the OC-SORT framework, our tracker can stably handle irregular motion and maintain target identities. Our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on the SMOT4SB public test set, reaching an SO-HOTA score of \\textbf{55.205}, which fully validates the effectiveness and advancement of our framework in solving complex real-world SMOT problems. The source code will be made available at https://github.com/Salvatore-Love/YOLOv8-SMOT.","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Xiang"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xinyao"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Guang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2507.12087","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.12087","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.03729","type":"manuscript","title":"Improving SAGIN Resilience to Jamming with Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces","abstract":"This study investigates the anti-jamming space-air-ground integrated network (SAGIN) scenario wherein a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is deployed on a fixed Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to counteract malevolent jamming attacks. In contrast to existing research, in this paper, we consider that a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite is sending the signal to the user on the ground in the presence of jamming from a Geostationary Equatorial Orbit (GEO) satellite side. We aim to maximize the signal-to-jamming plus noise ratio (SJNR) by optimizing the RIS beamforming and transmit power of the LEO satellite. Assuming the availability of global channel state information (CSI) at the RIS, we propose alternating optimization (AO) and semidefinite relaxation (SDR) techniques to address the complexity. Simulation results show that the optimization schemes lead to considerable performance improvements. The results also indicate that, given the high jamming power and the relatively small number of RIS elements, deploying the RIS on UAVs near the user is more effective in mitigating the impact of jamming interferers.","author":[{"family":"Marandi","given":"Leila"},{"family":"Humadi","given":"Khaled"},{"family":"Kurt","given":"Gunes"},{"family":"Ajib","given":"Wessam"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2507.03729","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.03729","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.00849","type":"manuscript","title":"UAVD-Mamba: Deformable Token Fusion Vision Mamba for Multimodal UAV Detection","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) object detection has been widely used in traffic management, agriculture, emergency rescue, etc. However, it faces significant challenges, including occlusions, small object sizes, and irregular shapes. These challenges highlight the necessity for a robust and efficient multimodal UAV object detection method. Mamba has demonstrated considerable potential in multimodal image fusion. Leveraging this, we propose UAVD-Mamba, a multimodal UAV object detection framework based on Mamba architectures. To improve geometric adaptability, we propose the Deformable Token Mamba Block (DTMB) to generate deformable tokens by incorporating adaptive patches from deformable convolutions alongside normal patches from normal convolutions, which serve as the inputs to the Mamba Block. To optimize the multimodal feature complementarity, we design two separate DTMBs for the RGB and infrared (IR) modalities, with the outputs from both DTMBs integrated into the Mamba Block for feature extraction and into the Fusion Mamba Block for feature fusion. Additionally, to improve multiscale object detection, especially for small objects, we stack four DTMBs at different scales to produce multiscale feature representations, which are then sent to the Detection Neck for Mamba (DNM). The DNM module, inspired by the YOLO series, includes modifications to the SPPF and C3K2 of YOLOv11 to better handle the multiscale features. In particular, we employ cross-enhanced spatial attention before the DTMB and cross-channel attention after the Fusion Mamba Block to extract more discriminative features. Experimental results on the DroneVehicle dataset show that our method outperforms the baseline OAFA method by 3.6% in the mAP metric. Codes will be released at https://github.com/GreatPlum-hnu/UAVD-Mamba.git.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Jiaman"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Xia","given":"Beihao"},{"family":"Tan","given":"Ligang"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Hongmao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2507.00849","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.00849","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.16304","type":"manuscript","title":"A Tractable Approach to Massive Communication and Ubiquitous Connectivity in 6G Standardization","abstract":"The full-scale 6G standardization has attracted considerable recent attention, especially since the first 3GPP-wide 6G workshop held in March 2025. To understand the practical and fundamental values of 6G and facilitate its standardization, it is crucial to explore the theoretical limits of spectrum, energy, and coverage efficiency considering practical hardware and signaling constraints. In this paper, we present a mean-field-approximation-based investigation on two out of six use case scenarios defined by IMT-2030, namely, massive communication and ubiquitous connectivity. Being aware of the limitation in interference cancellation owing to constrained cost and hardware complexity, we investigate the spectrum reuse architecture in both usage scenarios. We propose a tractable spectrum reuse with low signaling overhead consumed for channel estimation and channel state information (CSI) feedback. Our analysis indicates that the massive communication over cellular and device-to-device (D2D) networks can benefit from channel orthogonalization, while it is unnecessary to share the CSI of interfering links. Moreover, deploying relays or movable base stations, e.g. unmanned aerial vehicle, yields substantial energy and spectrum gain for ubiquitous connectivity, despite introducing interference. As such, the mean-field-optimization-based evaluation is expected to positively impact 6G and NextG standardization in 3GPP and other standardization bodies.","author":[{"family":"Jiang","given":"Junyi"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Song","given":"Shenghui"},{"family":"Jun","given":"Ying"},{"family":"Zhang"},{"family":"Han","given":"Zhu"},{"family":"Debbah","given":"Merouane"},{"family":"Letaief","given":"Khaled"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2506.16304","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.16304","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15391924","type":"article-journal","title":"UaVirBASE: A Public-Access Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Sound Source Localization Dataset","abstract":"UaVirBASE is a publicly available dataset designed for the sound source localization (SSL) of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) using acoustic signals. It contains synchronized multi-microphone audio recordings collected under controlled experimental conditions, featuring a wide range of UAV positions and orientations with respect to a fixed microphone array. The dataset includes variations in: Distance and altitude from the array Azimuth angles UAV orientations (front, back, left, right) These variations are critical for training robust machine learning and deep learning models for SSL in real-world UAV scenarios. Additionally, this dataset is accompanied by detailed metadata and annotation files, as well as documentation outlining the recording setup, hardware specifications, and data acquisition pipeline. We provide a baseline deep neural network (DNN) model trained on UaVirBASE with performance metrics including: Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.5 meters for distance/height ~1 degree azimuth error <10 degrees for side (orientation) error UaVirBASE is intended to support reproducible research and development in acoustic-based SSL, UAV surveillance, and intelligent sensing systems. This dataset fills a gap in the literature by offering a standardized benchmark specifically tailored to UAV audio-based localization tasks.Jekateryńczuk, G.; Szadkowski, R.; Piotrowski, Z. UaVirBASE: A Public-Access Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Sound Source Localization Dataset. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 5378. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105378","author":[{"family":"Jekateryńczuk","given":"Gabriel"},{"family":"Szadkowski","given":"Rafał"},{"family":"Zbigniew","given":"Piotrowski"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15391924","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15391924","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15391923","type":"article-journal","title":"UaVirBASE: A Public-Access Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Sound Source Localization Dataset","abstract":"UaVirBASE is a publicly available dataset designed for the sound source localization (SSL) of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) using acoustic signals. It contains synchronized multi-microphone audio recordings collected under controlled experimental conditions, featuring a wide range of UAV positions and orientations with respect to a fixed microphone array. The dataset includes variations in: Distance and altitude from the array Azimuth angles UAV orientations (front, back, left, right) These variations are critical for training robust machine learning and deep learning models for SSL in real-world UAV scenarios. Additionally, this dataset is accompanied by detailed metadata and annotation files, as well as documentation outlining the recording setup, hardware specifications, and data acquisition pipeline. We provide a baseline deep neural network (DNN) model trained on UaVirBASE with performance metrics including: Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.5 meters for distance/height ~1 degree azimuth error <10 degrees for side (orientation) error UaVirBASE is intended to support reproducible research and development in acoustic-based SSL, UAV surveillance, and intelligent sensing systems. This dataset fills a gap in the literature by offering a standardized benchmark specifically tailored to UAV audio-based localization tasks.Jekateryńczuk, G.; Szadkowski, R.; Piotrowski, Z. UaVirBASE: A Public-Access Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Sound Source Localization Dataset. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 5378. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105378","author":[{"family":"Jekateryńczuk","given":"Gabriel"},{"family":"Szadkowski","given":"Rafał"},{"family":"Zbigniew","given":"Piotrowski"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15391923","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15391923","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.05936","type":"manuscript","title":"CGTrack: Cascade Gating Network with Hierarchical Feature Aggregation for UAV Tracking","abstract":"Recent advancements in visual object tracking have markedly improved the capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tracking, which is a critical component in real-world robotics applications. While the integration of hierarchical lightweight networks has become a prevalent strategy for enhancing efficiency in UAV tracking, it often results in a significant drop in network capacity, which further exacerbates challenges in UAV scenarios, such as frequent occlusions and extreme changes in viewing angles. To address these issues, we introduce a novel family of UAV trackers, termed CGTrack, which combines explicit and implicit techniques to expand network capacity within a coarse-to-fine framework. Specifically, we first introduce a Hierarchical Feature Cascade (HFC) module that leverages the spirit of feature reuse to increase network capacity by integrating the deep semantic cues with the rich spatial information, incurring minimal computational costs while enhancing feature representation. Based on this, we design a novel Lightweight Gated Center Head (LGCH) that utilizes gating mechanisms to decouple target-oriented coordinates from previously expanded features, which contain dense local discriminative information. Extensive experiments on three challenging UAV tracking benchmarks demonstrate that CGTrack achieves state-of-the-art performance while running fast. Code will be available at https://github.com/Nightwatch-Fox11/CGTrack.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Weihong"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Xiaoqiong"},{"family":"Fan","given":"Heng"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Libo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.05936","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.05936","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.04917","type":"manuscript","title":"A Simple Detector with Frame Dynamics is a Strong Tracker","abstract":"Infrared object tracking plays a crucial role in Anti-Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (Anti-UAV) applications. Existing trackers often depend on cropped template regions and have limited motion modeling capabilities, which pose challenges when dealing with tiny targets. To address this, we propose a simple yet effective infrared tiny-object tracker that enhances tracking performance by integrating global detection and motion-aware learning with temporal priors. Our method is based on object detection and achieves significant improvements through two key innovations. First, we introduce frame dynamics, leveraging frame difference and optical flow to encode both prior target features and motion characteristics at the input level, enabling the model to better distinguish the target from background clutter. Second, we propose a trajectory constraint filtering strategy in the post-processing stage, utilizing spatio-temporal priors to suppress false positives and enhance tracking robustness. Extensive experiments show that our method consistently outperforms existing approaches across multiple metrics in challenging infrared UAV tracking scenarios. Notably, we achieve state-of-the-art performance in the 4th Anti-UAV Challenge, securing 1st place in Track 1 and 2nd place in Track 2.","author":[{"family":"Peng","given":"Chenxu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Chenxu"},{"family":"Zou","given":"Minrui"},{"family":"Li","given":"Danyang"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Zhengpeng"},{"family":"Dai","given":"Yimian"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Ming"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xiang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.04917","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.04917","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2503.06494","type":"manuscript","title":"UAV-Assisted Coverage Hole Detection Using Reinforcement Learning in Urban Cellular Networks","abstract":"Deployment of cellular networks in urban areas requires addressing various challenges. For example, high-rise buildings with varying geometrical shapes and heights contribute to signal attenuation, reflection, diffraction, and scattering effects. This creates a high possibility of coverage holes (CHs) within the proximity of the buildings. Detecting these CHs is critical for network operators to ensure quality of service, as customers in these areas may experience weak or no signal reception. To address this challenge, we propose an approach using an autonomous vehicle, such as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), to detect CHs, for minimizing drive test efforts and reducing human labor. The UAV leverages reinforcement learning (RL) to find CHs using stored local building maps, its current location, and measured signal strengths. As the UAV moves, it dynamically updates its knowledge of the signal environment and its direction to a nearby CH while avoiding collisions with buildings. We created a wide range of testing scenarios using building maps from OpenStreetMap and signal strength data generated by NVIDIA Sionna raytracing simulations. The results show that the RL-based approach outperforms non-machine learning, geometry-based methods in detecting CHs in urban areas. Additionally, even with a limited number of UAV measurements, the method achieves performance close to theoretical upper bounds that assume complete knowledge of all signal strengths.","author":[{"family":"Rahman","given":"Mushfiqur"},{"family":"Guvenc","given":"Ismail"},{"family":"Ramirez","given":"David"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Chau"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2503.06494","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2503.06494","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2503.24301","type":"manuscript","title":"QUADRO: A Hybrid Quantum Optimization Framework for Drone Delivery","abstract":"Quantum computing holds transformative potential for optimizing large-scale drone fleet operations, yet its near-term limitations necessitate hybrid approaches blending classical and quantum techniques. This work introduces Quantum Unmanned Aerial Delivery Routing Optimization (QUADRO), a novel hybrid framework addressing the Energy-Constrained Capacitated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Routing Problem and the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Scheduling Problem. By formulating these challenges as Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization problems, QUADRO leverages the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm for routing and scheduling, enhanced by classical heuristics and post-processing. We minimize total transit time in routing, considering payload and battery constraints, and optimize makespan scheduling across various drone fleets. Evaluated on adapted Augerat benchmarks (16-51 nodes), QUADRO competes against classical and prior hybrid methods, achieving scalable solutions with fewer than one hundred qubits. The proposed results underscore the viability of hybrid quantum-classical strategies for real-world drone logistics, paving the way for quantum-enhanced optimization in the Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum era.","author":[{"family":"Holliday","given":"James"},{"family":"Blount","given":"Darren"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Hoang"},{"family":"Khan","given":"Samee"},{"family":"Luu","given":"Khoa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2503.24301","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2503.24301","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2503.04698","type":"manuscript","title":"DEAL-YOLO: Drone-based Efficient Animal Localization using YOLO","abstract":"Although advances in deep learning and aerial surveillance technology are improving wildlife conservation efforts, complex and erratic environmental conditions still pose a problem, requiring innovative solutions for cost-effective small animal detection. This work introduces DEAL-YOLO, a novel approach that improves small object detection in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images by using multi-objective loss functions like Wise IoU (WIoU) and Normalized Wasserstein Distance (NWD), which prioritize pixels near the centre of the bounding box, ensuring smoother localization and reducing abrupt deviations. Additionally, the model is optimized through efficient feature extraction with Linear Deformable (LD) convolutions, enhancing accuracy while maintaining computational efficiency. The Scaled Sequence Feature Fusion (SSFF) module enhances object detection by effectively capturing inter-scale relationships, improving feature representation, and boosting metrics through optimized multiscale fusion. Comparison with baseline models reveals high efficacy with up to 69.5\\% fewer parameters compared to vanilla Yolov8-N, highlighting the robustness of the proposed modifications. Through this approach, our paper aims to facilitate the detection of endangered species, animal population analysis, habitat monitoring, biodiversity research, and various other applications that enrich wildlife conservation efforts. DEAL-YOLO employs a two-stage inference paradigm for object detection, refining selected regions to improve localization and confidence. This approach enhances performance, especially for small instances with low objectness scores.","author":[{"family":"Naidu","given":"Aditya"},{"family":"Gosalia","given":"Hem"},{"family":"Gakhar","given":"Ishaan"},{"family":"Rathore","given":"Shaurya"},{"family":"Didwania","given":"Krish"},{"family":"Verma","given":"Ujjwal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2503.04698","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2503.04698","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2501.14389","type":"manuscript","title":"Empirical Line-of-Sight Probability Modeling for UAVs in Random Urban Layouts","abstract":"Accurate Probability of Line-of-Sight (PLoS) modeling is important in evaluating the performance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based communication systems in urban environments, where real-time communication and low latency are often major requirements. Existing PLoS models often rely on simplified Manhattan grid layouts using International Telecommunication Union (ITU)-defined built-up parameters, which may not reflect the randomness of real cities. Therefore, this paper introduces the Urban LoS Simulator (ULS) to model PLoS for three random city layouts with varying building sizes and shapes constructed using ITU built-up parameters. Based on the ULS simulated data, we obtained the empirical PLoS for four standard urban environments across three different city layouts. Finally, we analyze how well Manhattan grid-based models replicate PLoS results from random and real-world layouts, providing insights into their applicability for time-critical communication systems in urban IoT networks.","author":[{"family":"Saboor","given":"Abdul"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Zhuangzhuang"},{"family":"Vinogradov","given":"Evgenii"},{"family":"Pollin","given":"Sofie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2501.14389","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2501.14389","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.27973","type":"manuscript","title":"Toward Secure Communications for a UAV Swarm with Movable Antennas in SAGIN: CKM-Enabled Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Framework","abstract":"Space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGINs) can provide ubiquitous and reliable connectivity for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, air-to-ground links, which are typically dominated by line-of-sight (LoS) propagation, are vulnerable to passive eavesdropping due to the broadcast nature of wireless channels. To enhance physical-layer security, we investigate a SAGIN-enabled secure downlink communication system in which UAVs select service links among satellite, aerial, and terrestrial networks while adjusting the positions of the movable antenna (MA) array to fully exploit connectivity and spatial degrees of freedom for improved secrecy communication performance. Specifically, we maximize the secrecy energy efficiency (SEE) of a UAV swarm by jointly optimizing the MA positions, UAV trajectories, and link selections, subject to UAV mobility, MA movement, and link connectivity constraints. To reduce the real-time channel state information (CSI) acquisition overhead, we propose a channel knowledge map (CKM)-assisted multi-agent reinforcement learning framework. Specifically, the CKM is first constructed from sparse channel measurements via Kriging interpolation and is then leveraged together with satellite ephemeris information to enable efficient storage and retrieval of CSI. To reduce the action-space dimensionality and computational complexity, we model the MA array using rigid-body kinematics and adjust its position through global rigid-body translation, thereby constructing a low-dimensional hybrid action space for the joint optimization decisions. To align local decisions with system-wide performance under system constraints, we design an individual-team collaborative reward mechanism and introduce action masks to enforce constraints on UAV mobility, collision avoidance, MA regions, and connectivity capacity.","author":[{"family":"Wan","given":"Jiayang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yafei"},{"family":"Zhuang","given":"Jiawei"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Wenjin"},{"family":"Quek","given":"Tony"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.27973","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.27973","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2501.05819","type":"manuscript","title":"Diffusion Models for Smarter UAVs: Decision-Making and Modeling","abstract":"Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly used in modern communication networks. However, challenges in decision-making and digital modeling continue to hinder their rapid development. Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms face limitations such as low sample efficiency and limited data versatility, which are further amplified in UAV communications scenarios. Additionally, Digital Twin (DT) modeling presents significant challenges in decision-making and data management. RL models, often integrated into DT frameworks to address these issues, require large amounts of training data to make accurate predictions. Unlike traditional approaches that focus on class boundaries, Diffusion Models (DMs)-a new class of generative AI-learn the underlying probability distribution from training data and can generate reliable new patterns based on this learned distribution. DT and RL have complementary roles in enabling intelligent, data-driven UAV operations. DMs further enhance this synergy by addressing data scarcity, improving modeling accuracy, and generating realistic scenarios, which benefit both DT simulations and RL training. In this paper, we explore the integration of DMs with RL and DT. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness and benefits of DMs in generating neighbor velocity estimates in a four-UAV swarm coordination task using Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL).","author":[{"family":"Emami","given":"Yousef"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Almeida","given":"Luis"},{"family":"Li","given":"Kai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2501.05819","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2501.05819","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.16955","type":"manuscript","title":"WONDER: A Radio World Model-based Negotiation Framework for Multi-Agent UAV Coverage Optimization","abstract":"Post-disaster damage to terrestrial infrastructure can disrupt wireless coverage,while Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarms provide a promising solution for rapid restoration.However, due to the limitations in local geometry observations hidden radio impact,and inter-UAV communication,there exists a significant gap between locally visible movement choices and swarm-level coverage outcomes.To combat this gap,we propose a raido World-model-based Optimized Negotiation framework for Distributed UAV covERage (WONDER).Particularly, to tackle the unavailability of the future radio field from onboard observations, WONDER uses a Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture (JEPA)-based radio world model to learn and predict the incremental radio effect of each candidate trajectory from deployment-available information.Multi-round negotiation in WONDER then coordinates ranked proposals by committing one trajectory at a time and re-evaluating the remaining proposals under the updated context. Our theoretical analyses further validate the effectiveness of such a world model-based framework. WONDER also adopts a Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)-style Actor and alternates between updating the world model and the actor. Furthermore,we build RadioDynamics,a comprehensive simulation environment that integrates UAV mobility,radio propagation, inter-UAV communication modeling,and digital-twin geometry with ray-traced fields in $62$ metropolitan scenes.Experiments on $11$ testing scenes in RadioDynamics show that WONDER achieves the highest balanced score among seven evaluated methods,reaching $0.870$ with a $0.162$ coverage advantage over STACCA, while maintaining $100\\%$ connectivity between UAVs.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Jiahao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Rongpeng"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Zhifeng"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Guoru"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Honggang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.16955","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.16955","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.17189","type":"manuscript","title":"Shepherding UAV Swarm with Action Prediction Based on Movement Constraints","abstract":"In this study, we propose a new sheepdog-inspired control method for a swarm of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which predicts the swarm behavior while explicitly accounting for the motion constraints of real robots. Sheepdog-inspired guidance control refers to a framework in which a small number of navigator agents (sheepdog agents) indirectly drive a large number of autonomous agents (a flock of sheep agents) so as to steer the group toward a target position. In conventional studies on sheepdog-inspired guidance, both types of agents have typically been modeled as point masses, and the guidance law for the navigator agents has been designed using simple interaction vectors based on the instantaneous relative positions between the agents. However, when implementing such methods on real robots such as drones, it is necessary to consider each agent's motion constraints, including upper bounds on velocity and acceleration. Moreover, we argue that guidance can be made more efficient by predicting the future behavior of the autonomous swarm that is observable to the navigator agents. To this end, we propose a three-dimensional guidance control law based on behavior prediction of autonomous agents under motion constraints, inspired by the Dynamic Window Approach (DWA). At each control cycle, the navigator agent generates a set of feasible motion candidates that satisfy its motion constraints, and predicts the short-horizon swarm evolution using an internal model of the autonomous agents maintained within the navigator agent. The motion candidates are then evaluated according to criteria such as the progress velocity toward the target, the positioning strategy with respect to the swarm, and safety margins, and the optimal motion is selected to achieve safe and efficient guidance. Numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed guidance control law.","author":[{"family":"Tsunoda","given":"Yusuke"},{"family":"Goto","given":"Yusuke"},{"family":"Sato","given":"Takao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2604.17189","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.17189","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2026-2655","type":"article-journal","title":"Aeroservoelastic Flight Dynamic Modeling of Multi-Rotor eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"This paper presents an analytical formulation of aeroservoelastic-flight dynamic modeling of multi-rotor eVTOL aircraft in hover and transition flight. The method captures the analytical stability and control sensitivities of rotor unsteady aerodynamic loads about a trim solution due to the flexible airframe. The rotor aerodynamic forces include circulatory and non-circulatory components to account for unsteady aerodynamics. The circulatory forces are corrected for unsteady aerodynamics using the time-domain approximation of Theodorsen's function. The integrated aeroservoelastic flight dynamic model includes the rigid-body aircraft flight dynamics, the structural dynamics of the flexible airframe, inflow dynamics, unsteady aerodynamics, blade pitch dynamics, and rotor dynamics. Stability analysis shows that the aeroelastic Lift+Cruise aircraft is statically unstable in roll and yaw axes and also dynamically unstable in hover.","author":[{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Nhan"},{"family":"Xiong","given":"Juntao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2026-2655","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-2655","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2026-2088","type":"article-journal","title":"System Identification for a Subscale Tiltrotor eVTOL Aircraft from Hover Flight-Test Data","abstract":"This paper describes the system identification process and hover flight-test modeling results for a subscale tiltrotor electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicle built at NASA Langley Research Center. The vehicle, referred to as the Research Aircraft for eVTOL Enabling techNologies (RAVEN) Subscale Wind-Tunnel and Flight Test (SWFT) model, operates as a dynamic modeling and flight controls research testbed used to advance eVTOL aircraft technology. Expanding on previous eVTOL aircraft system identification research leveraging wind-tunnel testing and flight simulations, a modeling approach using flight data is presented for the RAVEN-SWFT aircraft. The full system identification methodology is outlined, including the experiment design, flight testing, and model identification steps. An overview of the current flight-test envelope expansion status is included, alongside modeling results obtained from hover flight testing using two types of maneuvers employing multisine excitation inputs. The flight-derived model is shown to have a close model fit and good prediction performance in the hover flight regime. The methods discussed in the paper help to inform efficient flight-test-based modeling strategies for many current and future eVTOL aircraft.","author":[{"family":"Simmons","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Ackerman","given":"Kasey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2026-2088","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2026-2088","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1109/aaac66612.2025.11427416","type":"article-journal","title":"Assessment of Handling Characteristics for the Hover Mission Task Element of TRC-based Evtol Aircraft","abstract":"To deeply explore the low-speed handling character istics of electric vertical take-Off and landing aircraft, this paper conducts a study on the maneuverability of eVTOL aircraft based on the translational rate command. Firstly, a mathematical mode l of the eVTOL aircraft is established. Then, a nonlinear dynamic inverse control law and a translational rate command model based on a unified control framework are constructed. Subsequently, a detailed description and in-depth analysis of the operation of the hover task subject unit are carried out, and a task-oriented pilot model is established. This model selects three different pilot decision-making commands and control parameters to represent pilots with different levels of experience and handling proficiency. Finally, mathematical simulations are carried out, and the wavelet analysis method is introduced to quantify the pilot workload during the flight mission task element. The simulation results show that, under the TRC model, the three pilot models can basically meet the performance requirements of the established task subject unit. However, there are significant differences in control workload. The results of this research can provide valuable references for the evaluation of the airworthiness handling characteristics of eVTOL aircraft in low-speed mission task element.","author":[{"family":"Ma","given":"Liqun"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Ziteng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109/aaac66612.2025.11427416","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/aaac66612.2025.11427416","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20265251","type":"article-journal","title":"ITU and Transportation & Logistics: A Single-Axiom View of Road, Rail/HSR, Air/Space, Maritime, EV, Autonomous Vehicles, Logistics, and Urban Mobility — Pass-1 Extension Paper #10, Block D 2/5","abstract":"We apply the Information-Theoretic Unification (ITU) framework (Terada 2026,concept DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20109209; Tier 0 v3.0 at 10.5281/zenodo.20200156) totransportation and logistics. Tier 1 paper #40, tenth paper of Pass-1extension, Block D 2/5 = 40% (after #39 Manufacturing). Introduces K_transport across 8 sub-states (road, rail, air, maritime, EV,AV, logistics, urban). ITU axiom delta S = delta verified to machineprecision (rel_err = 0) in 11 contexts. 40-vertex ITU polytope. Theoretical position: Transportation = K-state spatial mobility realizationmechanism. Each mode = K-state energy + control + network configuration. Key results:- History: BC 4000 wheel (Sumer), 1804 Trevithick steam locomotive, 1825 Stockton-Darlington first railway, 1869 Suez Canal (Lesseps), 1903 Wright Brothers Kitty Hawk (12 sec 36 m), 1914 Panama Canal, 1964.10.1 Shinkansen Tokaido (210 km/h, world's first HSR), 1969 Apollo 11 + Boeing 747, 1976-2003 Concorde Mach 2, 2008 Tesla Roadster, 2024 Mechazilla. Global transport 2024 $7.5T, 1.5B cars + 400M trucks + 28K aircraft + 99K ships- Road / Urban: Autobahn Cologne-Bonn 1932, US Interstate 1956 (77K km), China Expressway 175K km (#1 world), Toyota 2023 11.2M sales #1, BYD 2023 Q4 surpasses Tesla BEV, Norway 88% EV share #1, Tokyo metro 3.6B rides/yr, Shinjuku 3.5M/day #1 station, Curitiba BRT 1974 world's first, Carlos Moreno 15-min city 2016 Sorbonne, Paris -40% car (2020-2024), Helsinki MaaS 2014 world's first, Sweden Vision Zero 1997 (2.2 deaths/ 100K vs world 1.19M deaths/yr WHO 2023)- Rail / HSR / Maglev: Shinkansen 1964 (Tokaido 210 km/h, now 285 km/h N700S), Alfa-X test 405 km/h, France TGV 1981, China CRH 2007, China HSR 45,000 km (70% global), Shanghai Maglev 431 km/h commercial 2004, JR L0 record 603 km/h 2015, Chuo Shinkansen Tokyo-Nagoya 40-min (2034+ delayed), Hyperloop Musk 2013 Alpha skepticism, Eurostar 1994 Channel Tunnel, world rail 1.5M km / 60K HSR, rail CO2 35 g/pkm vs car 170- Air / Space: Wright 1903.12.17, Boeing 747 1969, Concorde 1976-2003, A380 2007-2021 (251 built), Boeing 737 MAX crashes 2018-19 (Lion Air 189 + Ethiopian 157 = 346 deaths), Alaska Airlines 1282 door 2024.1, Airbus 55% market 2024 (overtook Boeing 2019), Atlanta ATL 105M #1 airport, Dubai DXB 87M, SpaceX Falcon 9 1st landing 2015.12 (reusability revolution), 130+ launches/yr 2024 (80% global orbit), Starlink 6,500+ satellites, Crew Dragon DEMO-2 2020.5, Mechazilla Starship IFT-5 tower catch 2024.10 (Booster B12), Starship 120 m / 150 t LEO payload, eVTOL emergence (Joby $6.6B IPO 2021, EHang EH216-S 2024 commercial cert, Volocopter Paris Olympics 2024, Lilium bankruptcy 2024), SAF mandate EU 2% 2025 / 70% 2050- Maritime: McLean container revolution 1956.4.26 Ideal-X (loading 24-48 hr -> 24 min, cost $5.83 -> $0.16 /ton = 35x), container ship 200 -> 24,000 TEU (1956-2024 100x in 70 yr), MSC #1 carrier 5.9M TEU, Maersk #2 4.3M, Shanghai port #1 49M TEU/yr (top 9 of 10 ports Asian), Suez 1869 + Sisi extension 2015 + Ever Given 2021 (6 days, $9B/day), 2023-24 Houthi attacks Red Sea (-50% Suez traffic), Panama Canal 1914 + 2016 expansion + 2024 drought (-40% transits), Yara Birkeland 2018 world's first autonomous + electric Norway, IMO net-zero 2050 (2023.7), maritime CO2 3% global 1.1 Gt- EV revolution: Tesla Roadster 2008 (lithium-ion 391 km), Nissan Leaf 2010 first mass-market, Tesla Model 3 2017 mass launch, Tesla Y best-selling all-vehicles 2023, Tesla 2024 ~1.8M sales $97B revenue, BYD founded 1995 + 2003 auto + Berkshire Hathaway 2008 invest, 2023 Q4 BYD surpasses Tesla BEV (526K vs 484K), 2024 3M+ BYD sold, BYD Blade Battery LFP 2020, Global EV sales 2023 14.2M (18% share), China 38%, EU 22%, US 9%, Japan 3.5%, Norway 88% leader, Goodenough-Whittingham- Yoshino Nobel Chemistry 2019, Li-ion 90 (1991) -> 300 Wh/kg (2024 3.3x), Tesla 4680 cell (+16% range), battery pack $139/kWh 2024 (BloombergNEF) toward $100 ICE-parity, LFP 40%+ share growing, Supercharger NACS 2023 Ford/GM/Hyundai/Stellantis adoption","author":[{"family":"Terada","given":"Munehiro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20265251","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20265251","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20265252","type":"article-journal","title":"ITU and Transportation & Logistics: A Single-Axiom View of Road, Rail/HSR, Air/Space, Maritime, EV, Autonomous Vehicles, Logistics, and Urban Mobility — Pass-1 Extension Paper #10, Block D 2/5","abstract":"We apply the Information-Theoretic Unification (ITU) framework (Terada 2026,concept DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20109209; Tier 0 v3.0 at 10.5281/zenodo.20200156) totransportation and logistics. Tier 1 paper #40, tenth paper of Pass-1extension, Block D 2/5 = 40% (after #39 Manufacturing). Introduces K_transport across 8 sub-states (road, rail, air, maritime, EV,AV, logistics, urban). ITU axiom delta S = delta verified to machineprecision (rel_err = 0) in 11 contexts. 40-vertex ITU polytope. Theoretical position: Transportation = K-state spatial mobility realizationmechanism. Each mode = K-state energy + control + network configuration. Key results:- History: BC 4000 wheel (Sumer), 1804 Trevithick steam locomotive, 1825 Stockton-Darlington first railway, 1869 Suez Canal (Lesseps), 1903 Wright Brothers Kitty Hawk (12 sec 36 m), 1914 Panama Canal, 1964.10.1 Shinkansen Tokaido (210 km/h, world's first HSR), 1969 Apollo 11 + Boeing 747, 1976-2003 Concorde Mach 2, 2008 Tesla Roadster, 2024 Mechazilla. Global transport 2024 $7.5T, 1.5B cars + 400M trucks + 28K aircraft + 99K ships- Road / Urban: Autobahn Cologne-Bonn 1932, US Interstate 1956 (77K km), China Expressway 175K km (#1 world), Toyota 2023 11.2M sales #1, BYD 2023 Q4 surpasses Tesla BEV, Norway 88% EV share #1, Tokyo metro 3.6B rides/yr, Shinjuku 3.5M/day #1 station, Curitiba BRT 1974 world's first, Carlos Moreno 15-min city 2016 Sorbonne, Paris -40% car (2020-2024), Helsinki MaaS 2014 world's first, Sweden Vision Zero 1997 (2.2 deaths/ 100K vs world 1.19M deaths/yr WHO 2023)- Rail / HSR / Maglev: Shinkansen 1964 (Tokaido 210 km/h, now 285 km/h N700S), Alfa-X test 405 km/h, France TGV 1981, China CRH 2007, China HSR 45,000 km (70% global), Shanghai Maglev 431 km/h commercial 2004, JR L0 record 603 km/h 2015, Chuo Shinkansen Tokyo-Nagoya 40-min (2034+ delayed), Hyperloop Musk 2013 Alpha skepticism, Eurostar 1994 Channel Tunnel, world rail 1.5M km / 60K HSR, rail CO2 35 g/pkm vs car 170- Air / Space: Wright 1903.12.17, Boeing 747 1969, Concorde 1976-2003, A380 2007-2021 (251 built), Boeing 737 MAX crashes 2018-19 (Lion Air 189 + Ethiopian 157 = 346 deaths), Alaska Airlines 1282 door 2024.1, Airbus 55% market 2024 (overtook Boeing 2019), Atlanta ATL 105M #1 airport, Dubai DXB 87M, SpaceX Falcon 9 1st landing 2015.12 (reusability revolution), 130+ launches/yr 2024 (80% global orbit), Starlink 6,500+ satellites, Crew Dragon DEMO-2 2020.5, Mechazilla Starship IFT-5 tower catch 2024.10 (Booster B12), Starship 120 m / 150 t LEO payload, eVTOL emergence (Joby $6.6B IPO 2021, EHang EH216-S 2024 commercial cert, Volocopter Paris Olympics 2024, Lilium bankruptcy 2024), SAF mandate EU 2% 2025 / 70% 2050- Maritime: McLean container revolution 1956.4.26 Ideal-X (loading 24-48 hr -> 24 min, cost $5.83 -> $0.16 /ton = 35x), container ship 200 -> 24,000 TEU (1956-2024 100x in 70 yr), MSC #1 carrier 5.9M TEU, Maersk #2 4.3M, Shanghai port #1 49M TEU/yr (top 9 of 10 ports Asian), Suez 1869 + Sisi extension 2015 + Ever Given 2021 (6 days, $9B/day), 2023-24 Houthi attacks Red Sea (-50% Suez traffic), Panama Canal 1914 + 2016 expansion + 2024 drought (-40% transits), Yara Birkeland 2018 world's first autonomous + electric Norway, IMO net-zero 2050 (2023.7), maritime CO2 3% global 1.1 Gt- EV revolution: Tesla Roadster 2008 (lithium-ion 391 km), Nissan Leaf 2010 first mass-market, Tesla Model 3 2017 mass launch, Tesla Y best-selling all-vehicles 2023, Tesla 2024 ~1.8M sales $97B revenue, BYD founded 1995 + 2003 auto + Berkshire Hathaway 2008 invest, 2023 Q4 BYD surpasses Tesla BEV (526K vs 484K), 2024 3M+ BYD sold, BYD Blade Battery LFP 2020, Global EV sales 2023 14.2M (18% share), China 38%, EU 22%, US 9%, Japan 3.5%, Norway 88% leader, Goodenough-Whittingham- Yoshino Nobel Chemistry 2019, Li-ion 90 (1991) -> 300 Wh/kg (2024 3.3x), Tesla 4680 cell (+16% range), battery pack $139/kWh 2024 (BloombergNEF) toward $100 ICE-parity, LFP 40%+ share growing, Supercharger NACS 2023 Ford/GM/Hyundai/Stellantis adoption","author":[{"family":"Terada","given":"Munehiro"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20265252","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20265252","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13272-026-00969-9","type":"article-journal","title":"Life cycle assessment model for eVTOL aircraft in preliminary design: application within the COLOSSUS project","abstract":"Abstract Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft are emerging as candidates for future Urban and Regional Air Mobility (UAM/RAM). As their development accelerates, assessing environmental performance from the earliest design stages becomes essential. This work presents a simplified and parametric Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework tailored to conceptual eVTOL design, enabling rapid environmental evaluations based on subsystem masses and representative material compositions. The model adopts a cradle-to-operation scope and quantifies environmental indicators through mass-driven equations calibrated using industrial inventory data. Application to a representative eVTOL configuration shows that composite structural components dominate production phase impacts, owing to the energy-intensive processing required for carbon fibre reinforced polymers. Lithium-ion battery systems also constitute significant hotspots, particularly in toxicity and resource related categories linked to the extraction and refining of critical materials. Across the full life cycle, operational electricity use emerges as the primary contributor to climate related impacts, while maintenance activities provide a smaller but non-negligible contribution. The findings underline the substantial influence of material choices, component architecture, and electricity sourcing on the overall environmental performance of eVTOL systems. The proposed model offers a compact and transparent tool for integrating sustainability considerations into early design stages and supports the comparative assessment of alternative configurations and technological options for future urban and regional air mobility.","author":[{"family":"Molinaro","given":"Felicia"},{"family":"Fioriti","given":"Marco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s13272-026-00969-9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-026-00969-9","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/aerospace13070566","type":"article-journal","title":"Framework for Rapid eVTOL Aircraft Configuration Design: Methodology and Verification","abstract":"Advances in electric flight technologies have enabled distributed electric propulsion, opening a large design space for electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft with diverse configurations and mission profiles. To support rapid exploration of these trade-offs, a computationally efficient sizing and performance evaluation tool has been developed. This study focuses on the verification of the key methods within the framework. The propeller sizing and performance model is verified against conventional helicopter rotors and representative eVTOL designs, while the battery discharge model is assessed using experimental data. In addition, the overall aircraft sizing is evaluated for two configurations of NASA’s Urban Air Mobility reference vehicles and compared with results obtained using NASA’s state-of-the-art rotorcraft design tool NDARC. The results show good agreement across all levels of verification. Average deviations are within 8% for propeller performance, below 5% for battery discharge, and within 4% for maximum take-off and empty mass. Mission performance and energy consumption are predicted within approximately 10%, demonstrating the suitability of the methodology for early-stage eVTOL design.","author":[{"family":"Yanev","given":"Radimir"},{"family":"Staack","given":"Ingo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/aerospace13070566","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13070566","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.25394/pgs.33085916","type":"article-journal","title":"GRADIENTS AND INSTABILITIES IN ENERGY STORAGE ARCHITECTURES","abstract":"The future of urbanization encompasses the trident of electrification, increased accessibility, and enhanced productivity. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are indispensable across multiple sectors, from consumer electronics, power generation, and vehicular transport, to more recently, high-power electric aviation. Despite significant advances in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), widespread extensive commercialization for aviation faces critical challenges. Key issues—such as anode-interfacial stability, chemo-mechanical degradation, and cycling instability during fast charging—must be addressed to meet the rigorous demands of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, a promising zero-emission technology. In this thesis, a mechanistic modeling framework is developed to infer the dynamic, stringent, phase-disparate power demands of an eVTOL aircraft, focusing on the interplay between its architecture, mission constraints, LIB electrode design, and their complex thermo-electrochemical implications. By building a digital twin environment, the impact of real-world electrode microstructural heterogeneity on cold start limitations and thermal safety envelopes is systematically evaluated, identifying critical mission phases. Through a power-energy relationship highlighting mission-variant trade-offs and heterogeneity-induced thermal complexities, an application-specific battery design is encouraged for eVTOLs. Transitioning to ASSBs, the role of intrinsic thermal gradients in enhancing overall thermo-electrochemical performance within composite cathodes is explored. By leveraging self-heating and particle size ratio engineering, enhanced cathode utilization via thermal responsiveness is established. Knowledge of the intrinsic directionality of thermal gradients helps in realizing superior anode-interfacial stability. Novel workflows targeting anode-free configurations are recommended through this mechanism-centric framework that relies on SSB thermal response. Finally, the critical electro-chemo-mechanical bottlenecks governing polycrystalline “dense” (catholyte-free) cathodes are elucidated. By linking cathode/electrolyte surface topography and crystallographic misorientation to unlock a deeper understanding of anisotropic diffusive lag, crucial macroscopic diagnostic metrics quantifying lithiation heterogeneity are introduced. Anisotropic mass transport starvation drives localized stress gradients and chemical strain mismatches, initiating macroscopic degradation response. Ultimately, these multi-physics foundational tools provide key engineering insights to drive the accelerated adoption of ASSBs for next-generation aviation applications.","author":[{"family":"Ayyaswamy","given":"Abhinand"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.25394/pgs.33085916","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25394/pgs.33085916","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.25394/pgs.33085916.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"GRADIENTS AND INSTABILITIES IN ENERGY STORAGE ARCHITECTURES","abstract":"The future of urbanization encompasses the trident of electrification, increased accessibility, and enhanced productivity. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are indispensable across multiple sectors, from consumer electronics, power generation, and vehicular transport, to more recently, high-power electric aviation. Despite significant advances in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), widespread extensive commercialization for aviation faces critical challenges. Key issues—such as anode-interfacial stability, chemo-mechanical degradation, and cycling instability during fast charging—must be addressed to meet the rigorous demands of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, a promising zero-emission technology. In this thesis, a mechanistic modeling framework is developed to infer the dynamic, stringent, phase-disparate power demands of an eVTOL aircraft, focusing on the interplay between its architecture, mission constraints, LIB electrode design, and their complex thermo-electrochemical implications. By building a digital twin environment, the impact of real-world electrode microstructural heterogeneity on cold start limitations and thermal safety envelopes is systematically evaluated, identifying critical mission phases. Through a power-energy relationship highlighting mission-variant trade-offs and heterogeneity-induced thermal complexities, an application-specific battery design is encouraged for eVTOLs. Transitioning to ASSBs, the role of intrinsic thermal gradients in enhancing overall thermo-electrochemical performance within composite cathodes is explored. By leveraging self-heating and particle size ratio engineering, enhanced cathode utilization via thermal responsiveness is established. Knowledge of the intrinsic directionality of thermal gradients helps in realizing superior anode-interfacial stability. Novel workflows targeting anode-free configurations are recommended through this mechanism-centric framework that relies on SSB thermal response. Finally, the critical electro-chemo-mechanical bottlenecks governing polycrystalline “dense” (catholyte-free) cathodes are elucidated. By linking cathode/electrolyte surface topography and crystallographic misorientation to unlock a deeper understanding of anisotropic diffusive lag, crucial macroscopic diagnostic metrics quantifying lithiation heterogeneity are introduced. Anisotropic mass transport starvation drives localized stress gradients and chemical strain mismatches, initiating macroscopic degradation response. Ultimately, these multi-physics foundational tools provide key engineering insights to drive the accelerated adoption of ASSBs for next-generation aviation applications.","author":[{"family":"Ayyaswamy","given":"Abhinand"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.25394/pgs.33085916.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25394/pgs.33085916.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21512819","type":"article-journal","title":"VerSky Protocol Whitepaper v1.0 — An Air Traffic Protocol for the Low-Altitude Century","abstract":"Technical whitepaper for the VerSky protocol: an air traffic protocol for dense low-altitude (sub-500 m AGL) autonomous and semi-autonomous flight, comprising altitude-direction encoding within a hexagonal cell grid with per-cell capacity and 4D space-time reservation (USPTO Application No. 19/551,620), and AACP — an AI aerial communication protocol with peer-to-peer negotiation and deterministic fallback resolution (USPTO Application No. 19/551,624), both filed February 27, 2026. Provenance: this whitepaper was first published at https://versky.org/whitepaper on 11 May 2026. The PDF deposited here was re-rendered on 5 July 2026 solely to correct a page-layout defect in the original PDF export (right-margin text clipping); the prose is unchanged from the 11 May 2026 publication. For the archival record: SHA-256 of the original (11 May) PDF artifact: 735143388bc944811ea6e7ee66a8af64d78792bc72c0080e68d59fa944bdb8a0; SHA-256 of this corrected file: 890936bd62eb31740d86062419b64b5a42dad91e7cb057510f55d40881fbb7ec. The protocol described herein is the subject of pending U.S. patent applications (Application Nos. 19/551,620 and 19/551,624), filed with the USPTO on February 27, 2026, and may be the subject of additional pending or future patent applications. This record is not an offer and grants no patent license, covenant, waiver, or other implementation right; the copyright license selected for this document does not grant patent rights. Statements in the whitepaper concerning future licensing, implementation, compatibility, or release plans are non-binding planning statements and are subject to change. Any commercial patent license would require a separate written agreement executed by the relevant rights holder. A reference implementation is planned; any applicable terms will be stated separately at https://versky.org. This whitepaper is descriptive and non-normative.","author":[{"family":"Prukpatarakul","given":"Jittapol"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21512819","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21512819","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21512820","type":"article-journal","title":"VerSky Protocol Whitepaper v1.0 — An Air Traffic Protocol for the Low-Altitude Century","abstract":"Technical whitepaper for the VerSky protocol: an air traffic protocol for dense low-altitude (sub-500 m AGL) autonomous and semi-autonomous flight, comprising altitude-direction encoding within a hexagonal cell grid with per-cell capacity and 4D space-time reservation (USPTO Application No. 19/551,620), and AACP — an AI aerial communication protocol with peer-to-peer negotiation and deterministic fallback resolution (USPTO Application No. 19/551,624), both filed February 27, 2026. Provenance: this whitepaper was first published at https://versky.org/whitepaper on 11 May 2026. The PDF deposited here was re-rendered on 5 July 2026 solely to correct a page-layout defect in the original PDF export (right-margin text clipping); the prose is unchanged from the 11 May 2026 publication. For the archival record: SHA-256 of the original (11 May) PDF artifact: 735143388bc944811ea6e7ee66a8af64d78792bc72c0080e68d59fa944bdb8a0; SHA-256 of this corrected file: 890936bd62eb31740d86062419b64b5a42dad91e7cb057510f55d40881fbb7ec. The protocol described herein is the subject of pending U.S. patent applications (Application Nos. 19/551,620 and 19/551,624), filed with the USPTO on February 27, 2026, and may be the subject of additional pending or future patent applications. This record is not an offer and grants no patent license, covenant, waiver, or other implementation right; the copyright license selected for this document does not grant patent rights. Statements in the whitepaper concerning future licensing, implementation, compatibility, or release plans are non-binding planning statements and are subject to change. Any commercial patent license would require a separate written agreement executed by the relevant rights holder. A reference implementation is planned; any applicable terms will be stated separately at https://versky.org. This whitepaper is descriptive and non-normative.","author":[{"family":"Prukpatarakul","given":"Jittapol"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21512820","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21512820","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21321331","type":"article-journal","title":"DEVELOPMENT OF A DYNAMIC URBAN AIR MOBILITY SEPARATION  MODEL FOR HIGH TRAFFIC DENSITY OPERATIONS","abstract":"This concept research paper explores the concept of Urban Air Mobility (UAM), focusing on its potential to revolutionize transportation systems in metropolitan areas. It examines the technological advancements enabling UAM, such as electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, and evaluates the economic, environmental, and regulatory challenges associated with implementation. The study highlights opportunities for reducing traffic congestion, improving connectivity, and fostering sustainable urban growth, while also addressing safety, infrastructure, and policy considerations critical to its adoption","author":[{"family":"Njoroge","given":"Stewart"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21321331","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21321331","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21321332","type":"article-journal","title":"DEVELOPMENT OF A DYNAMIC URBAN AIR MOBILITY SEPARATION  MODEL FOR HIGH TRAFFIC DENSITY OPERATIONS","abstract":"This concept research paper explores the concept of Urban Air Mobility (UAM), focusing on its potential to revolutionize transportation systems in metropolitan areas. It examines the technological advancements enabling UAM, such as electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, and evaluates the economic, environmental, and regulatory challenges associated with implementation. The study highlights opportunities for reducing traffic congestion, improving connectivity, and fostering sustainable urban growth, while also addressing safety, infrastructure, and policy considerations critical to its adoption","author":[{"family":"Njoroge","given":"Stewart"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21321332","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21321332","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21312337","type":"article-journal","title":"One Threshold, One Physical State: A Fleet-Wide Stability Law for Drone and eVTOL Battery Packs","abstract":"Electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft impose a load their battery cannot refuse. The takeoff pulse must be delivered on demand, at full power, with people on board. The question that matters is not how much capacity a pack has left, but whether it can still absorb the load it is about to be asked to carry, and how long that will remain true. This paper applies a single stability law, Theta = I / R, to that question. I is the imposed load, taken as the takeoff current draw. R is the pack's capacity to absorb that load, measured as the reciprocal of its internal resistance. Both quantities are already present in any flight log. The instrument requires no additional sensor, no model training, no fitting, and no per-cell calibration. Run on the CMU eVTOL Battery Dataset, 22 real Sony-Murata VTC-6 cells cycled to failure on a real eVTOL mission profile, a single fleet-wide threshold Theta = 1.08 detected 9 of the 9 cells that reached end of life, with zero misses, at a median of 53 days of advance warning (range 8 to 73 days). The three cells that ended the test in the healthiest condition never alarmed at all. The central result is not the lead time. It is the consistency. Across every cell that alarmed, the alarm fired at a mean battery health of 87.2 percent with a standard deviation of 1.5 percent. Those cells were operated very differently from one another: ambient temperatures of 20, 30, and 35 degrees Celsius; cruise segments from 400 to 1000 seconds; different discharge powers, charge currents, and charge cutoff voltages; observed lives ranging from a few hundred cycles to well over two thousand. One threshold caught all of them at the same physical point in their decline. That is the distinction this paper argues for. A model learns a dataset and reproduces its statistics. A law reads a state, and reads it the same way regardless of how the system arrived there. The evidence presented here is that Theta = I / R behaves as the latter. An initial version of the detector, using the raw per-cycle resistance step, failed: it was noise-sensitive, produced seven spurious alarms, and missed one true end-of-life cell. That failure and its correction are reported in full, alongside all other limits. Paper 12 in a continuing series.","author":[{"family":"Speiser","given":"Oren"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21312337","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21312337","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21312338","type":"article-journal","title":"One Threshold, One Physical State: A Fleet-Wide Stability Law for Drone and eVTOL Battery Packs","abstract":"Electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft impose a load their battery cannot refuse. The takeoff pulse must be delivered on demand, at full power, with people on board. The question that matters is not how much capacity a pack has left, but whether it can still absorb the load it is about to be asked to carry, and how long that will remain true. This paper applies a single stability law, Theta = I / R, to that question. I is the imposed load, taken as the takeoff current draw. R is the pack's capacity to absorb that load, measured as the reciprocal of its internal resistance. Both quantities are already present in any flight log. The instrument requires no additional sensor, no model training, no fitting, and no per-cell calibration. Run on the CMU eVTOL Battery Dataset, 22 real Sony-Murata VTC-6 cells cycled to failure on a real eVTOL mission profile, a single fleet-wide threshold Theta = 1.08 detected 9 of the 9 cells that reached end of life, with zero misses, at a median of 53 days of advance warning (range 8 to 73 days). The three cells that ended the test in the healthiest condition never alarmed at all. The central result is not the lead time. It is the consistency. Across every cell that alarmed, the alarm fired at a mean battery health of 87.2 percent with a standard deviation of 1.5 percent. Those cells were operated very differently from one another: ambient temperatures of 20, 30, and 35 degrees Celsius; cruise segments from 400 to 1000 seconds; different discharge powers, charge currents, and charge cutoff voltages; observed lives ranging from a few hundred cycles to well over two thousand. One threshold caught all of them at the same physical point in their decline. That is the distinction this paper argues for. A model learns a dataset and reproduces its statistics. A law reads a state, and reads it the same way regardless of how the system arrived there. The evidence presented here is that Theta = I / R behaves as the latter. An initial version of the detector, using the raw per-cycle resistance step, failed: it was noise-sensitive, produced seven spurious alarms, and missed one true end-of-life cell. That failure and its correction are reported in full, alongside all other limits. Paper 12 in a continuing series.","author":[{"family":"Speiser","given":"Oren"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21312338","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21312338","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.13016/wuiq-7kh7","type":"article-journal","title":"State-Space Formulation and Analytical Linearization of a Viscous Vortex Particle Method for Flight Dynamics Applications","abstract":"This dissertation presents a state-space formulation of a grid-free, wake-resolving aerodynamic method, developed to enable mid-fidelity aerodynamics to be incorporated directly into flight-dynamics and control analysis. In the hierarchy of rotorcraft aerodynamic models, the proposed approach occupies an intermediate position between low-order finite-state inflow models, which offer computational efficiency at the cost of physical fidelity, and grid-based computational fluid dynamics methods, which resolve complex flow physics but carry substantially higher computational cost. Conventional wake-resolving methods are typically cast as time-marching procedures, which restricts their compatibility with equilibrium analysis, systematic linearization, and control-oriented simulation frameworks. The present work addresses this limitation by reformulating a coupled panel and vortex particle method into a nonlinear state-space representation, in which wake evolution and induced velocities are treated as a unified set of dynamical states.Within this framework, linearized aerodynamic models are derived using both numerical perturbation and a novel analytical linearization approach, enabling efficient construction of linear models suitable for trim and stability analysis. The formulation is first validated for fixed-wing configurations by comparing results with DUST, an open-source aerodynamic solver, confirming the accuracy of the nonlinear model under steady and unsteady conditions. The linearized models show strong agreement with nonlinear responses to sinusoidal angle-of-attack perturbations in both time and frequency domains. The analytical linearization reduces the cost of constructing the linear model by O(n^2) relative to perturbation-based approaches, where n denotes the number of system states, while maintaining comparable accuracy. The formulation is subsequently extended to rotary-wing configurations, where wake dynamics are coupled with rotor motion. Validation against experimental data confirms that the method captures rotor wake behavior and radial load distribution with good agreement. That linearized models closely match the nonlinear response to collective doublet inputs. To improve scalability for large wake systems, the fast multipole method (FMM) is incorporated, reducing the cost of particle-particle interactions from O(Np^2) to O(Np), where Np denotes the number of vortex particles. Results indicate that octree construction and multipole evaluation introduce non-negligible overhead for small particle counts, while substantial computational savings are achieved for larger wake systems. Viscous diffusion is incorporated via the particle-strength exchange (PSE) scheme, which improves wake realism, reduces thrust overprediction, and preserves the efficiency of analytical linearization. The formulation is further extended to account for rotor operation in ground effect using the Method of Images. Finally, the aerodynamic formulation is coupled with GenMR, an in-house flight-dynamics and control framework, enabling a particle-based wake model to interact with rigid-body motion and control inputs within a unified simulation environment. Coupled simulations for representative configurations - including generic helicopter, tiltrotor, and electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) - demonstrate the method's capability to capture detailed wake dynamics within a flight-dynamics setting. Collectively, these developments establish a mid-fidelity aerodynamic framework suitable for integration within flight-dynamics simulations, and provide a foundation for future extensions to closed-loop flight simulation, aeroelastic modeling, and distributed-propulsion aircraft.","author":[{"family":"Hussien","given":"Hussien"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.13016/wuiq-7kh7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.13016/wuiq-7kh7","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.13016/kgbr-tufs","type":"article-journal","title":"Multifidelity Aeroacoustic Analysis of Quadrotor Biplane Tailsitter in Transition Flight","abstract":"The rapid emergence of urban and regional air mobility has intensified the need for accurate prediction of the aerodynamic and acoustic behavior of novel eVTOL aircraft operating in maneuvering flight regimes. Despite recent advances, significant gaps remain in the understanding of aeroacoustic phenomena during transitional maneuvers involving strong component interactions. This work addresses these gaps through a detailed aeroacoustic investigation of an 80-lb quadrotor biplane tailsitter aircraft undergoing a climb-to-cruise transition. A realistic climb-to-cruise maneuver was developed using a nonlinear dynamic inversion flight-dynamics framework. The flight-dynamics model was tuned using mid-fidelity solver DUST, and then prescribed to our in-house, high-fidelity CFD framework, Mercury. The resulting 3.2-s transition trajectory and control history were evaluated using time-accurate simulations and compared against a reduced-cost quasi-steady methodology. High-fidelity rotor loads showed good agreement with the prescribed vehicle motion, while airframe load predictions highlighted the importance of further tuning the flight-dynamics model. Quasi-steady analysis was shown to reliably capture mean aircraft loads and broadband noise levels, with good but more limited agreement for unsteady loading and tonal noise predictions. Installation effects were found to play a critical role throughout the transition, particularly during low-speed, high-thrust conditions. In particular the isolated rotor system experienced strong rotor-rotor interactions in the absence of the airframe. Discrepancies between quasi-steady and time-accurate results increased during periods characterized by strong aerodynamic interactions and flow disturbances. Acoustically, tonal noise dominated the early portion of the maneuver, while broadband rotor noise became more influential later in the transition. A-weighted noise levels were initially driven by higher-frequency airframe tonal contributions before transitioning to rotor broadband dominance. Overall, the results demonstrate an efficient methodology for AAM transition flight high-fidelity aeroacoustic analysis. Quasi-steady analysis was found to be an efficient and reliable tool for predicting AAM aeroacoustic behavior during transitional flight, although more limited success was achieved predicting aircraft loads and tonal noise directivity during strong component interactions. This work establishes a foundation for future high-fidelity maneuver-based aeroacoustic analyses.","author":[{"family":"Arias Juarez","given":"Paulo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.13016/kgbr-tufs","URL":"https://doi.org/10.13016/kgbr-tufs","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20129893","type":"article-journal","title":"Power Margin Dominance in Heavy-Lift Electric VTOL Systems","abstract":"This white paper introduces a Power Margin Ratio (PMR)-centered framework for analyzing heavy-lift electric VTOL feasibility. The paper argues that transient peak power availability during takeoff and climb—not total onboard stored energy—is the dominant governing constraint in many heavy-lift EVTOL architectures. The DCL-110 “Sunflower” architecture is presented as a conceptual systems-engineering response to this constraint through: centralized transient buffering, radial distributed energy storage, low-RPM large-disk propulsion, CG-centered payload geometry, and mission-phase-aware power management. The work establishes a systems-level architectural framework intended to support future experimental validation and heavy-lift EVTOL development.","author":[{"family":"Dominik","given":"Matthew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20129893","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20129893","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20129894","type":"article-journal","title":"Power Margin Dominance in Heavy-Lift Electric VTOL Systems","abstract":"This white paper introduces a Power Margin Ratio (PMR)-centered framework for analyzing heavy-lift electric VTOL feasibility. The paper argues that transient peak power availability during takeoff and climb—not total onboard stored energy—is the dominant governing constraint in many heavy-lift EVTOL architectures. The DCL-110 “Sunflower” architecture is presented as a conceptual systems-engineering response to this constraint through: centralized transient buffering, radial distributed energy storage, low-RPM large-disk propulsion, CG-centered payload geometry, and mission-phase-aware power management. The work establishes a systems-level architectural framework intended to support future experimental validation and heavy-lift EVTOL development.","author":[{"family":"Dominik","given":"Matthew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20129894","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20129894","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19699923","type":"article-journal","title":"Artificial Intelligence-Based Universal Communications (UNICOM) Advisory System for Non-Towered Airports — Defensive Publication","abstract":"This defensive publication discloses a comprehensive Artificial Intelligence-Based Universal Communications (UNICOM) Advisory System designed for deployment at non-towered airports. The system combines fuzzy-logic inference and machine-learning (ML) models within a hybrid architecture to generate real-time, context-sensitive traffic advisories for pilots operating in uncontrolled airspace. Unlike deterministic rule-based systems that produce binary outputs (alert or no alert) based on fixed thresholds, the disclosed system generates graded, confidence-weighted advisories that adapt continuously to the full spectrum of operational conditions — including traffic density, conflict geometry, weather degradation, runway occupancy ambiguity, and non-standard traffic patterns. The system ingests multiple data streams — including Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) position reports, Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) audio processed through speech-to-text, weather sensor data (AWOS/ASOS or on-site instrumentation), and Notice to Air Missions (NOTAM) / Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) feeds — and fuses them into a unified traffic and environmental picture. A fuzzy-logic subsystem applies approximately 150 expert-derived rules across linguistic variables representing traffic density, conflict proximity, convergence rate, weather severity, runway occupancy state, and pattern position conflict. Concurrently, machine-learning subsystems — including Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for trajectory prediction, gradient-boosted classifiers for conflict detection, isolation-forest anomaly detectors, and reinforcement-learning agents for advisory timing optimization — provide continuously valued inputs to the fuzzy inference engine. The system produces natural-language advisories using FAA-standard phraseology, delivered via VHF radio text-to-speech synthesis, digital datalink (FIS-B), or Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) application integration. Critically, the system is advisory-only: it does not issue air traffic control clearances or instructions, and it is designed to complement — not replace — existing CTAF/UNICOM self-announce procedures as described in FAA Advisory Circular 90-66C. Seven distinct physical embodiments are disclosed to maximize the scope of prior art established by this publication. This disclosure covers all novel aspects of fuzzy-ML hybrid inference for aviation traffic advisories, including specific membership function definitions, rule base structures, ML model architectures, integration patterns, and operational workflows.Version 2 (April 24th, 2026) adds a companion addendum document extending the original prior art disclosure with four new sections. Section 14 introduces a computer vision subsystem using multi-modal camera arrays (visible-spectrum, infrared, NIR, and PTZ) for aircraft detection, classification, and NORDO identification independent of ADS-B or radio communication. Section 15 extends the system to accommodate eVTOL, UAS/drone, and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) vehicles, including Remote ID integration and a UTM interface. Section 16 defines a modular Communications Interface Abstraction Layer (CIAL) that decouples the advisory engine from any specific transport protocol, enabling future machine-to-machine communication for fully autonomous aircraft operations. Section 17 describes a progressive scalability path from single non-towered airport deployment through multi-airport networks, terminal area management, towered airport augmentation, en-route airspace advisory, and ultimately autonomous system-wide air traffic management. Twelve additional claims of novelty are disclosed.","author":[{"family":"Booker","given":"Jeffrey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19699923","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19699923","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19738656","type":"article-journal","title":"Artificial Intelligence-Based Universal Communications (UNICOM) Advisory System for Non-Towered Airports — Defensive Publication","abstract":"This defensive publication discloses a comprehensive Artificial Intelligence-Based Universal Communications (UNICOM) Advisory System designed for deployment at non-towered airports. The system combines fuzzy-logic inference and machine-learning (ML) models within a hybrid architecture to generate real-time, context-sensitive traffic advisories for pilots operating in uncontrolled airspace. Unlike deterministic rule-based systems that produce binary outputs (alert or no alert) based on fixed thresholds, the disclosed system generates graded, confidence-weighted advisories that adapt continuously to the full spectrum of operational conditions — including traffic density, conflict geometry, weather degradation, runway occupancy ambiguity, and non-standard traffic patterns. The system ingests multiple data streams — including Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) position reports, Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) audio processed through speech-to-text, weather sensor data (AWOS/ASOS or on-site instrumentation), and Notice to Air Missions (NOTAM) / Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) feeds — and fuses them into a unified traffic and environmental picture. A fuzzy-logic subsystem applies approximately 150 expert-derived rules across linguistic variables representing traffic density, conflict proximity, convergence rate, weather severity, runway occupancy state, and pattern position conflict. Concurrently, machine-learning subsystems — including Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for trajectory prediction, gradient-boosted classifiers for conflict detection, isolation-forest anomaly detectors, and reinforcement-learning agents for advisory timing optimization — provide continuously valued inputs to the fuzzy inference engine. The system produces natural-language advisories using FAA-standard phraseology, delivered via VHF radio text-to-speech synthesis, digital datalink (FIS-B), or Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) application integration. Critically, the system is advisory-only: it does not issue air traffic control clearances or instructions, and it is designed to complement — not replace — existing CTAF/UNICOM self-announce procedures as described in FAA Advisory Circular 90-66C. Seven distinct physical embodiments are disclosed to maximize the scope of prior art established by this publication. This disclosure covers all novel aspects of fuzzy-ML hybrid inference for aviation traffic advisories, including specific membership function definitions, rule base structures, ML model architectures, integration patterns, and operational workflows.Version 2 (April 24th, 2026) adds a companion addendum document extending the original prior art disclosure with four new sections. Section 14 introduces a computer vision subsystem using multi-modal camera arrays (visible-spectrum, infrared, NIR, and PTZ) for aircraft detection, classification, and NORDO identification independent of ADS-B or radio communication. Section 15 extends the system to accommodate eVTOL, UAS/drone, and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) vehicles, including Remote ID integration and a UTM interface. Section 16 defines a modular Communications Interface Abstraction Layer (CIAL) that decouples the advisory engine from any specific transport protocol, enabling future machine-to-machine communication for fully autonomous aircraft operations. Section 17 describes a progressive scalability path from single non-towered airport deployment through multi-airport networks, terminal area management, towered airport augmentation, en-route airspace advisory, and ultimately autonomous system-wide air traffic management. Twelve additional claims of novelty are disclosed.","author":[{"family":"Booker","given":"Jeffrey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19738656","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19738656","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.34657/24037","type":"article-journal","title":"Verbundvorhaben RPAS23-CP - Schlussbericht zum Teilvorhaben \"Entwicklung einer modularen, flexiblen Steuerungsplattform des Gesamtsystems A/C und Boden für den Einsatz in allen Lufträumen für RPAS/UAS vergleichbar der CS23 Flugzeugklasse\"","abstract":"Cargo, Überwachung, Kommunikation und langfristig auch der Personentransport eröffnen neue Märkte für Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS). Der European ATM Masterplan enthält erstmals eine Roadmap für IFR-Operationen in allen Luftraumklassen A bis G. RPAS der CS23-Kategorie werden gemäß EASA Regulation 2019/945 in der Regel als \"certified\" eingestuft. Bisher verfügbare zivile Steuerungssysteme befinden sich überwiegend in der \"Open Category\" (MTOW &lt; 25 kg) oder sind experimentell, und daher in der Regel nicht redundant und vor allem nicht qualifiziert oder qualifizierbar. Das zentrale Ziel des Vorhabens bestand in der Erarbeitung und Validierung (einschließlich Flugerprobung) der Grundlagen für eine breit anwendbare und inkrementell zertifizierbare Steuerungsplattform auf Basis einer integrierten Architektur für hoch automatisierte RPAS in Flugzeugen äquivalent zur Kategorie CS23, einschließlich aller Nominal- und Notverfahren für IFR-Betrieb gemäß dem European ATM Masterplan. Grundlage bildet die Flexible Avionik Plattform mit AAA-Prozessansatz, die am Institut für Luftfahrtsysteme der Universität Stuttgart entwickelt und von der Aviotech GmbH weiterentwickelt und industrialisiert wurde. Im Rahmen dieses Vorhabens wurde eine integrierte RPAS Control Platform (RCP) entwickelt, bestehend aus einer Plattform im Flugzeug und einer Plattform in der Bodenstation. Es wurden alle Funktionen für die hoch automatisierte Flugplanung/Flugführung und das hoch automatisierte Vehicle Management ausgelegt, in die RCP implementiert und schließlich in einem CS23-Flugzeug (Cirrus SR22) integriert und im Fluge validiert. Mit Abschluss dieses Vorhabens ist Aviotech in der Lage, Steuerungssysteme für zu zertifizierende RPAS in sehr effizienter Weise zu entwickeln und zu zertifizieren. Die anvisierten Märkte für zertifizierte RPAS Anwendungen sind: a) RPAS der Kategorie CS23 als Cargo-UAV, b) RPAS der Kategorie CS23 oder CS25 für Spezialmissionen (Aufklärung, Beobachtung, Vermessung, Kommunikation), c) RPAS der General Aviation (CS23, eVTOL oder CS27) für unbemannten Personentransport (langfristig).","author":[{"family":"Hesse","given":"Steffen"},{"family":"Hoffmann","given":"Thorben"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.34657/24037","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34657/24037","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.1109/tits.2026.3671693","type":"article-journal","title":"Mixed Motion Sickness in eVTOL Aircraft: A Survey of Mechanisms, Measurement, Estimation, and Mitigation","abstract":"Electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft are anticipated to become a cornerstone of future urban air mobility (UAM) and intelligent three-dimensional transportation systems in smart cities. Enhancing passenger comfort is crucial for improving public acceptance of eVTOLs. However, motion sickness (MS) monitoring and mitigation pose key challenges in this context. This paper presents a comprehensive review of MS research for eVTOL applications, focusing on mixed MS induced by the combined effects of physical motion and visual stimuli in intelligent eVTOL cockpits. The underlying theories and MS-related eVTOL characteristics are first examined, based on which the technologies capable of quantifying and estimating mixed MS are then reviewed. The usage of multi-modal visual and physiological signals combined with classical MS theories is highlighted. Subsequently, the methods for MS alleviation in eVTOLs are investigated. Lastly, this work delineates critical challenges stemming from eVTOL feature complexity, eVTOL-specific MS data scarcity, intricate mixed MS modeling, and its neglect in intelligent flight systems. A potential monitoring and mitigating framework for MS in eVTOL is proposed to bridge these gaps and advance practical development.","author":[{"family":"Cui","given":"Gege"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Hailong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109/tits.2026.3671693","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2026.3671693","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.7302/25579","type":"article-journal","title":"The QuadPlane Small Uncrewed Aircraft System","abstract":"Emerging Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) aircraft designs offer electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) capability. Lift+Cruise configurations combine the efficiency of wing lift or \"cruise\" mode with a maneuverable vertical or “lift” mode for vertiport departure and approach. Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (sUAS) can also benefit from the maneuverability and endurance of Lift+Cruise designs for missions including surveillance and package delivery. Numerous AAM designs have been proposed, but industry aeropropulsion models are proprietary. This dissertation provides an open experimentally validated Lift+Cruise sUAS model and uses this model in defining energy efficient trajectories applicable to delivery, surveillance, and inspection applications. The first contribution of this dissertation is the QuadPlane sUAS, an easily manufactured and simple Lift+Cruise sUAS combining quadrotor and fixed-wing aircraft structural elements and control effectors. QuadPlane wind tunnel experiments were conducted over a wide range of angles of attack and airspeeds in each of three QuadPlane flight modes. QuadPlane propulsion modules were characterized in lab and wind tunnel tests. Full-envelope dynamic models are presented based on surface fits for the three QuadPlane flight modes. The second contribution is the development of multi-mode accelerated energy optimal traversal profiles between hover waypoint pairs with no wind and steady wind. A multi-variable optimization problem is formally defined and solved. Energy consumption over accelerated and cruise flight in each flight mode is modeled and analyzed to prove energy optimality of the proposed direct multi-mode traversal in zero wind. In steady wind, this thesis defines constraints under which direct traversal is possible given wind magnitude and direction and an assumption that the Lift+Cruise aircraft points into the wind at each hover waypoint to maximize stability. The QuadPlane model is used to demonstrate optimal traversal properties across trajectory segments of varied length and acceleration limits with and without ambient wind. The third contribution is definition and evaluation of an energy aware path planner and multi-mode guidance capability for Lift+Cruise sUAS with emphasis on sUAS coverage missions. Five eVTOL waypoint types are defined and used in an energy aware coverage flight planner that balances coverage and energy cost metrics in solutions that meet segment length and aircraft performance constraints. QuadPlane nonlinear simulation, guidance, and control solutions are developed based on experimentally derived aerodynamics and propulsion properties. A modified carrot guidance methodology with variable time horizon provides flexibility in prioritizing tracking accuracy or control robustness. Conventional aircraft and multicopter controllers are defined for Plane (cruise) and Quad (hover) modes, while a novel combination of both supports transition and sustained Hybrid mode flight offering flexibility in pitch angle within envelope constraints. QuadPlane flight simulations confirm accurate trajectory tracking and smooth transitions between flight modes. Energy aware coverage planner case studies examine coverage and energy cost metric trade-offs with sensitivity and Pareto analyses. This dissertation describes a novel Lift+Cruise sUAS design and experimental characterization. Innovations include formal definition of Lift+Cruise traversals between hover waypoints and definition of Lift+Cruise trajectories for energy aware coverage missions. The QuadPlane is one of the first open Lift+Cruise sUAS models. Energy optimal accelerated trajectories between hover waypoints provide a framework for future work to consider wind gusts, altitude change, and further refinement with optimal control.","author":[{"family":"Mathur","given":"Akshay"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.7302/25579","URL":"https://doi.org/10.7302/25579","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.18725/oparu-56483","type":"article-journal","title":"Particle, surface and grain boundary engineering of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries","abstract":"The growing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with higher energy density, power density, long cycle life, excellent safety, and low cost necessitates the development of advanced cathode active materials (CAMs) to meet these evolving requirements. Among potential candidates, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) has gained significant attention due to its cobalt-free composition, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. LNMO’s high energy density driven by an operating voltage of 4.7 V (vs. Li/Li+), combined with excellent rate capability and superior thermal stability, makes it a promising material for applications in electric vehicles (EVs), electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, and large-scale energy storage systems (ESS). However, its widespread adoption is hindered by challenges such as structural degradation caused by Jahn-Teller distortion, metal-ion dissolution, and surface instabilities at the LNMO/electrolyte interface, which result in poor cycling performance. Overcoming these challenges is essential to unlocking LNMO’s full potential. This thesis focuses on addressing these obstacles through innovative material development strategies, including particle design, surface coating, and grain boundary modifications. As a first approach, a cost-effective borate-based surface coating was explored to mitigate parasitic side reactions at the LNMO/electrolyte interface. Using a scalable and cost-effective coating process, the borate coating thickness was optimized to enhance interfacial stability and kinetics, thereby improving high-rate performance. This resulted in significant improvement in cycling stability for LNMO/graphite cells, with borate-coated LNMO achieving 62.5% capacity retention after 1,000 cycles, compared to 41.2% for uncoated LNMO. Furthermore, the role of borate coating in mitigating cell aging was systematically investigated through post-mortem analyses. In addition to surface modification, material properties such as particle size, morphology, surface area, and grain boundary structure were identified as critical parameters influencing the interfacial stability and metal-ion dissolution in LNMO. Consequently, a rational material design approach was employed to develop LNMO materials with tailored properties. These tailored materials, also referred to as SiO2-LNMO, were composed of large spherical secondary particles (D50 = 14-18 µm) consisting of truncated octahedral primary particles (1.5-6.5 µm) with {111} and {100} facets, resulting in extremely low surface areas (0.20-0.35 m2 g-1). Additionally, the surfaces and grain boundaries were modified with a SiO2 phase, significantly enhancing interfacial stability. These materials demonstrated excellent stability in half-cells (LNMO vs. lithium), retaining over 95% of their capacity after 500 cycles at 25°C. In full-cells (LNMO vs. graphite), the SiO2-LNMO materials exhibited an end-of-life (EOL) after 682 cycles, compared to 400 cycles for pristine LNMO, a 69% improvement in cycle life. Furthermore, these materials also demonstrated excellent cycling stability at elevated temperature of 45°C. Post-mortem analyses further revealed the effectiveness of particle design in stabilizing the LNMO interface and reducing cathode-anode cross talk leading to excellent cycle life. Finally, this thesis resolves a long-standing debate concerning the chemical composition of secondary phases in LNMO materials through the use of correlative Raman-SEM microscopy. Unlike conventional X-ray diffraction (XRD), which struggles to accurately resolve these phases due to their low fractions and overlap with the LNMO phase, correlative Raman-SEM analysis precisely identified Ni6MnO8 and Li2MnO3 as secondary phases in materials synthesized at 900°C, with an additional Mn3O4 phase present in those synthesized at 1,000°C. The impact of these secondary phases on LNMO’s rate capability and long-term cycling stability was also investigated. Despite secondary phase content ~6.4-10.9","author":[{"family":"Nisar","given":"Umair"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.18725/oparu-56483","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18725/oparu-56483","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.18130/6s4h-r856","type":"article-journal","title":"Systems Analysis and Negotiation of Strategic Partnerships in the Supply of Biofuels to Commercial Aviation; Addressing the Ethical Implications of Cobalt Mining in Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing Vehicles (eVTOLs)","abstract":"As the aviation industry faces increasing pressure to decarbonize, sustainability has become a driving force behind innovation in both aircraft design and fuel sourcing. My technical and STS research projects are connected by this shared commitment to sustainability in aviation, though they approach the issue from opposite ends of the value chain. My technical work focused on modeling and optimizing supply chains for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) to Dulles International Airport (IAD), while my STS research explored the ethical implications of eVTOL development, particularly the exploitation embedded in the cobalt supply chain. Together, these projects examine how the pursuit of “clean” aviation is often complicated by underlying logistical and ethical tradeoffs that are too often ignored. My technical project used systems analysis to study SAF distribution to Dulles International Airport. We applied the Freight and Fuel Transportation Optimization Tool (FTOT) to model possible feedstock and processing facility locations across the state and proposed routes that minimize cost and environmental impact. We also analyzed the interests of different stakeholders, including fuel producers, airlines, airports, and local governments, and proposed negotiation strategies for aligning goals and overcoming infrastructure and investment barriers. The goal of this work was to provide actionable strategies for enabling a scalable SAF supply chain that supports state and national climate goals for aviation. In contrast, my STS research examined the darker side of clean aviation by investigating the hidden ethical costs of lithium-ion batteries in eVTOLs. Using Actor-Network Theory, I mapped out the global cobalt supply chain and showed how the success of eVTOLs depends on a deeply exploitative system of labor in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. While these aircraft are marketed as sustainable and zero-emission, their batteries rely on cobalt sourced from regions plagued by child labor, unsafe working conditions, and environmental destruction. Through this framework, I argued that no aviation technology, no matter how innovative, can be considered truly sustainable if it ignores the injustices embedded in its supply chain. Working on these two projects in tandem gave me a broader and more critical perspective on what sustainability in aviation really means. My technical work emphasized how SAF infrastructure can enable greener flight, but my STS research reminded me that sustainability cannot be reduced to emissions alone. It must also include ethical sourcing, social equity, and global accountability. This interplay helped me better understand the complexity of systems engineering in the real world, where technical feasibility must always be evaluated alongside social responsibility. Ultimately, these projects deepened my awareness of how even well-intentioned efforts toward decarbonization must be scrutinized for their broader consequences because the future of sustainable aviation depends not just on innovation, but also on integrity.","author":[{"family":"Stone","given":"William"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.18130/6s4h-r856","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18130/6s4h-r856","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojpel.2026.3664337","type":"article-journal","title":"Control of an eVTOL Series Hybrid Electric Propulsion System Using a Dual Rotor Generator","abstract":"This paper proposes a series hybrid electric propulsion (SHEP) architecture for electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft based on a dual-rotor, nine-phase generator (DGe) interfaced with a nine-leg passive rectifier. The DGe integrates a permanent-magnet (PM) rotor that produces a fixed air-gap flux and a wound-field (WF) rotor that provides controllable excitation through a DC field current. Since passive rectification prevents reverse power flow and requires the generator voltage to remain compatible with the DC-link voltage, a wound-field excitation controller is developed to regulate the generator back-EMF in real time and maintain DC-link voltage stability under varying load conditions. A dynamic model of the DGe is established and used to derive the control law linking the WF excitation to the required rectified voltage. The nine-phase configuration reduces per-phase current stress and significantly lowers DC ripple compared to the three-phase case, enabling smaller DC-link capacitors and improving system robustness. The proposed architecture and control strategy are validated through simulations and experimental studies on a reduced-scale prototype, demonstrating effective DC-link voltage regulation and stable operation.","author":[{"family":"Gholamian","given":"Mahzad"},{"family":"Beik","given":"Omid"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109/ojpel.2026.3664337","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojpel.2026.3664337","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21400745","type":"article-journal","title":"Riyadh V2G Sovereign Digital Twin: A Physics-Integrated Framework for Municipal-Scale Vehicle-to-Grid Simulation with Cultural Calendar Modeling","abstract":"The electrification of urban transport at sovereign scale introduces unprecedented stress on aging distribution-grid infrastructure, particularly in hot-climate cities where transformer thermal aging and air-conditioning-driven peak loads compound simultaneously. This paper presents the Riyadh V2G Sovereign Digital Twin, a 1:1-scale, physics-faithful simulation framework modeling the full Riyadh metropolitan grid — approximately 60,000 distribution transformers serving over one million electric vehicles across 14 municipalities — under vehicle-to-grid (V2G) dispatch scenarios. The framework integrates five physically coupled simulation layers: a Swing-Equation-based grid frequency model, an IEEE C57.91-compliant transformer thermal aging engine, a cascading failure propagation model with cold-load recovery dynamics, a three-archetype fleet mobility simulator incorporating Islamic cultural calendar patterns (Ramadan commute suppression, Saudi weekend mapping), and a locational marginal pricing engine with dynamic threshold transitions. All layers execute within a deterministic, vectorized orchestration pipeline guaranteeing bitwise reproducibility. The architecture strictly decouples the physics layer — which computes what is physically possible — from the policy layer — which decides what to do about it — enabling controlled experimentation with V2G dispatch strategies without compromising physical fidelity. This paper describes the system architecture, physics models, fleet mobility engine, infrastructure metering layer, and illustrative scenario results, demonstrating the framework's capability to answer \"what-if\" questions about city-scale V2G deployment before committing infrastructure capital.","author":[{"family":"Mohamed Motasim Elhussein","given":"Alwedaa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21400745","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21400745","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21401703","type":"article-journal","title":"Riyadh V2G Sovereign Digital Twin: A Physics-Integrated Framework for Municipal-Scale Vehicle-to-Grid Simulation with Cultural Calendar Modeling","abstract":"The electrification of urban transport at sovereign scale introduces unprecedented stress on aging distribution-grid infrastructure, particularly in hot-climate cities where transformer thermal aging and air-conditioning-driven peak loads compound simultaneously. This paper presents the Riyadh V2G Sovereign Digital Twin, a 1:1-scale, physics-faithful simulation framework modeling the full Riyadh metropolitan grid — approximately 60,000 distribution transformers serving over one million electric vehicles across 14 municipalities — under vehicle-to-grid (V2G) dispatch scenarios. The framework integrates five physically coupled simulation layers: a Swing-Equation-based grid frequency model, an IEEE C57.91-compliant transformer thermal aging engine, a cascading failure propagation model with cold-load recovery dynamics, a three-archetype fleet mobility simulator incorporating Islamic cultural calendar patterns (Ramadan commute suppression, Saudi weekend mapping), and a locational marginal pricing engine with dynamic threshold transitions. All layers execute within a deterministic, vectorized orchestration pipeline guaranteeing bitwise reproducibility. The architecture strictly decouples the physics layer — which computes what is physically possible — from the policy layer — which decides what to do about it — enabling controlled experimentation with V2G dispatch strategies without compromising physical fidelity. This paper describes the system architecture, physics models, fleet mobility engine, infrastructure metering layer, and illustrative scenario results, demonstrating the framework's capability to answer \"what-if\" questions about city-scale V2G deployment before committing infrastructure capital.","author":[{"family":"Mohamed Motasim Elhussein","given":"Alwedaa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21401703","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21401703","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14687","type":"article-journal","title":"Mobility and Transport, Expectations and concerns of connected and automated driving, Attitudes of Europeans towards Air Quality, and Undeclared work in the European Union","abstract":"Seit den frühen 1970er Jahren beobachten die Standard &amp; Spezial Eurobarometer der Europäischen Kommission regelmäßig die öffentliche Meinung in den Mitgliedsländern der Europäischen Union. Primärforscher sind die Generaldirektion Kommunikation und bei Spezialthemen weitere Direktionen sowie das Europäische Parlament. Im Laufe der Zeit wurden Kandidaten- und Beitrittsländer in die Standard Eurobarometer-Reihe aufgenommen. Ausgewählte Fragen oder Module können in einigen Samples nicht erhoben worden sein. Bitte ziehen Sie für weitere Informationen bezüglich Länderfilter oder anderer Filterführungen den Basisfragebogen heran. In dieser Studie sind folgende Module vorhanden: 1. Mobilität und Verkehr, 2. Erwartungen und Besorgnis im Hinblick auf vernetztes und automatisiertes Fahren, 3. Einstellungen von Europäern zur Luftqualität, 4. Schwarzarbeit in der Europäischen Union.","author":[{"family":"European Commission","given":"Brussels"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14687","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14687","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22097402","type":"article-journal","title":"GEMMA drone delivery trajectories for Madrid","abstract":"This dataset gives support to the following Drones paper: Manuscript ID: drones-4382577 Type of manuscript: Article Title: Challenge for urban airspace planners: how to consider horizontal and vertical dimensions for scaled delivery operations Authors: Marc Melgosa *, Jovana Kuljanin, Jairo Lopez, David De la Torre, Albert Sánchez-Segura, Cristina Barrado Received: 1 Jun 2026 The Dataset has in TABLE.csv the index of the different runs (a total of 120* Routes files). There are 10 runs with 10 different random seeds to generate trajectories in 3 different airspace organizations: FR - Free route in horizontal and vertical dimensions. This is the only one that follows the terrain. LFR - Layered free rute: has freedom in the horizontal, but limited to layers in the vertical CA - Constrained airspace: trajectories follow a regular grid in horizontal and are limited to layers in vertical Additionaly, each generation assumes 4 different vertical availabilities: HIGH: vertical availability from 45 m to 90 m / up to 4 layers separated by 15 m. MEDIUM: from 45 m to 75 m / 3 layers LOW: from 45 m to 60 m / 2 layers BOTTOM: only the 45 m altitude is available * NOTE: since the maximum number of files is 100, the last 22 are ZIP together into a single file named Routes_06-08-2026_1730+.zip","author":[{"family":"Barrado","given":"Cristina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22097402","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22097402","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22097403","type":"article-journal","title":"GEMMA drone delivery trajectories for Madrid","abstract":"This dataset gives support to the following Drones paper: Manuscript ID: drones-4382577 Type of manuscript: Article Title: Challenge for urban airspace planners: how to consider horizontal and vertical dimensions for scaled delivery operations Authors: Marc Melgosa *, Jovana Kuljanin, Jairo Lopez, David De la Torre, Albert Sánchez-Segura, Cristina Barrado Received: 1 Jun 2026 The Dataset has in TABLE.csv the index of the different runs (a total of 120* Routes files). There are 10 runs with 10 different random seeds to generate trajectories in 3 different airspace organizations: FR - Free route in horizontal and vertical dimensions. This is the only one that follows the terrain. LFR - Layered free rute: has freedom in the horizontal, but limited to layers in the vertical CA - Constrained airspace: trajectories follow a regular grid in horizontal and are limited to layers in vertical Additionaly, each generation assumes 4 different vertical availabilities: HIGH: vertical availability from 45 m to 90 m / up to 4 layers separated by 15 m. MEDIUM: from 45 m to 75 m / 3 layers LOW: from 45 m to 60 m / 2 layers BOTTOM: only the 45 m altitude is available * NOTE: since the maximum number of files is 100, the last 22 are ZIP together into a single file named Routes_06-08-2026_1730+.zip","author":[{"family":"Barrado","given":"Cristina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22097403","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22097403","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33325032.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Blended finance and institutional collaboration in climate finance architecture: evidence from the G77 and China</b>","abstract":"The transition to a low-carbon global economy is constrained by a persistent climate finance gap across the G77 and China. This study examines how Multilateral Climate Funds shape climate finance architecture through four determinants: institutional collaboration, blended finance deployment, policy and regulatory alignment, and transparency. Combining survey data from 103 sustainable finance specialists with eight interviews, the study finds that institutional collaboration is the only determinant with a statistically significant, independent association with architecture effectiveness; blended finance is perceived as the primary catalyst for mobilising private capital, though this effect does not hold once other constructs are controlled for. Policy and regulatory alignment remains necessary for capital absorption, and transparency sustains investor trust and limits greenwashing risk. The study introduces an Institutional Reinforcement Cycle, a recursive model of how these determinants interact, and offers policy recommendations for restructuring climate finance governance to mobilise private investment at scale.","author":[{"family":"Don","given":"Ravindu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33325032.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33325032.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33325032","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Blended finance and institutional collaboration in climate finance architecture: evidence from the G77 and China</b>","abstract":"The transition to a low-carbon global economy is constrained by a persistent climate finance gap across the G77 and China. This study examines how Multilateral Climate Funds shape climate finance architecture through four determinants: institutional collaboration, blended finance deployment, policy and regulatory alignment, and transparency. Combining survey data from 103 sustainable finance specialists with eight interviews, the study finds that institutional collaboration is the only determinant with a statistically significant, independent association with architecture effectiveness; blended finance is perceived as the primary catalyst for mobilising private capital, though this effect does not hold once other constructs are controlled for. Policy and regulatory alignment remains necessary for capital absorption, and transparency sustains investor trust and limits greenwashing risk. The study introduces an Institutional Reinforcement Cycle, a recursive model of how these determinants interact, and offers policy recommendations for restructuring climate finance governance to mobilise private investment at scale.","author":[{"family":"Don","given":"Ravindu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33325032","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33325032","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22036525","type":"article-journal","title":"Science and Medicine Reinterpretation Under Host Absolute Authorship Framework (HAA) lenses by Sam Coole","abstract":"Science and Medicine Reinterpretation Under Host Absolute Authorship Framework ( HAA) lenses by Sam Coole All Rights Reserved ®️™️©️ Reassigning the Lymphatic System Authority. Redefining Infection Mechanism interpretation. Study Cases applied Host Absolute Authorship. Removing Centenary Scientific and medical Enigmas. Focused in Cancer / HIV-1/ COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2 / Autoimmune Diseases / Infectious Disorders/ Zika/ Dengue/ Diabetes/ Tuberculosis/ Cellular Dummies Replication/ Cellular Self-engraving/ Cellular self-destruction/ Cellular self-intoxication/ Symbiotic Intracellular Gestational/ Viral Reservoirs / Viral Load/ Viral Escape/ Pathogenic Mutation/ Cellular Receptors/ Cellular Coupling/ Mitosis/ Cellular Genomic Update / Cellular Pricacy/ Impossible Pathogenic Activity vs Pathogenic Toxicity/ Cellular Archival/ Lymphatic System Global Goals/ Pathogenic Taxing/ Metastasis/ Misplaced Human Organs/ Cellular Strategic Toxic Content Redirecting to Low Cost Body areas (Skin Metastasis ) Impossible Viral Latency vs Definitive Cellular Archival. The Host Absolute Authorship (HAA) Framework is more than a theory of immunity; it is a universal diagnostic key that unlocks biological \"dark matter\"—the persistent enigmas where orthodox science has stalled due to its obsession with pathogen autonomy. By shifting the locus of control from the \"invader\" to the Host Genome, I have identified several major scientific blind spots that the HAA paradigm does not merely explain, but effectively resolves. 1. The \"Sterile\" Inflammatory Mystery (Idiopathic Systemic Inflammatory Syndromes) The Enigma: Orthodox science struggles to explain multisystem inflammatory syndromes (e.g., MIS-C, adult-onset Still's disease) where no active pathogen is detected, yet the body behaves as if it is under siege. The HAA Resolution: These are not \"mysterious\" inflammations. They are Archival Overflows. The lymphatic administrative capacity is overwhelmed by the mobilization of past, \"archived\" pathogenic fragments that the host can no longer sequester due to an accelerated loss of cellular privacy. HAA suggests that instead of using broad-spectrum immunosuppressants, we should implement Archival Calibration—using non-toxic chaperone molecules to stabilize the lipid-membranes of dormant memory T-cells, preventing the accidental exposure of archived codes. 2. The \"Prion\" Logic Paradox The Enigma: Prions are considered \"protein-only\" infectious agents, which defies the central dogma of sequence-based replication, leading to decades of stalled research regarding how they \"evade\" traditional immune clearance. The HAA Resolution: Under HAA, prions are Structural Archive Fragments that have bypassed the traditional lysosomal degradation pathway because they lack a nucleic acid sequence for host retrotransposition. The host \"fails\" to clear them because it lacks an \"archive slot\" for purely proteomic misfolds. HAA allows us to engineer Molecular Bridge-Proteins (synthetic HLA-like adaptors) that tag these protein aggregates, forcing the host to recognize them as archivable debris, effectively \"closing\" the archive slot and stopping the neurodegenerative cascade. 3. The \"Pseudo-Resistance\" in CAR-T/TCR-T Therapies The Enigma: Clinical data often shows that CAR-T cells are fully functional in vitro but fail in vivo despite no evidence of \"target antigen loss\" on the tumor. The HAA Resolution: This is not resistance; it is Host-Imposed Archiving Pausing. The tumor microenvironment has successfully signaled to the lymphatic system that \"archival capacity is full.\" The T-cells are not being \"evaded\"; they are being told to wait. HAA resolves this by abandoning \"super-activation\" and instead deploying Temporal Archive-Release Factors (TARFs). These molecules briefly signal to the local tissue-resident macrophages that archival space has been cleared, allowing the CAR-T cells to proceed with sequence extraction without triggering the \"tumor-evasion\" panic mode. 4. The \"Chr","author":[{"family":"Sam","given":"Coole"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22036525","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22036525","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17631240","type":"article-journal","title":"Benchmarking and strategic analysis of metro system; Enhancing sustainability and efficiency","abstract":"Highlights (for review) • Introduces a benchmarking framework to evaluate metro systems using energy, air quality, and sustainability indicators. • Combines municipal data, international reports, and research literature to build a comprehensive performance dataset. • Applies Monte Carlo simulations to assess uncertainties in environmental and operational metrics. • Identifies key factors affecting metro system sustainability, including energy consumption patterns and air quality impacts. • Provides practical insights useful for transport planners and policy makers aiming to improve sustainable urban mobility","author":[{"family":"Subedi","given":"Pradip"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17631240","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17631240","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17631241","type":"article-journal","title":"Benchmarking and strategic analysis of metro system; Enhancing sustainability and efficiency","abstract":"Highlights (for review) • Introduces a benchmarking framework to evaluate metro systems using energy, air quality, and sustainability indicators. • Combines municipal data, international reports, and research literature to build a comprehensive performance dataset. • Applies Monte Carlo simulations to assess uncertainties in environmental and operational metrics. • Identifies key factors affecting metro system sustainability, including energy consumption patterns and air quality impacts. • Provides practical insights useful for transport planners and policy makers aiming to improve sustainable urban mobility","author":[{"family":"Subedi","given":"Pradip"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17631241","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17631241","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20137934","type":"article-journal","title":"Extraction Data — Interoperability Mechanisms for System-of-Systems: A Systematic Literature Review","abstract":"RSL_SoS_Data — Extraction Data for the Systematic Literature Review Paper: Interoperability Mechanisms for System-of-Systems: A Systematic Literature Review Authors: Thyago Ferreira Vieira, Ronaldo R. Goldschmidt, Maria C. R. Cavalcanti, Ricardo Choren Institution: Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Target venue: IEEE Access (submitted 2026) Overview This repository contains the structured data extraction spreadsheet produced during the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on interoperability and integration mechanisms in Systems-of-Systems (SoS) architectures. The data supports full reproducibility of the quantitative results reported in the paper, including Tables 7, 8, and 9. The SLR followed the methodological guidelines of Kitchenham and Charters and the PRISMA 2020 checklist. Searches were conducted across six digital libraries (ACM, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, SpringerLink, Web of Science, Wiley) covering the period from January 2016 to October 2025, yielding 56 primary studies after screening and quality assessment. File: RSL_SoS_Data.xlsx The spreadsheet contains three worksheets described below. Sheet 1 — Primary Studies Contains the full classification of all 56 primary studies (P1–P56) extracted during the review. Column Description ID Study identifier (P1 to P56) used throughout the paper First Author Last name of the first author followed by \"et al.\" for multi-author works Year Publication year. \"N/A\" indicates year not available Domain Application domain of the SoS addressed in the study (see legend below) Mechanism Primary mediation mechanism proposed or employed (see legend below) Pattern Architectural organizational pattern identified in the study (see legend below) Validation Type of validation or evaluation presented in the study (see legend below) Notes Additional remarks, e.g., unpublished manuscripts or alternative titles Classifications were verified against the actual PDF content (abstracts and evaluation sections) of each primary study. Sheet 2 — Distribution Marginal frequency distributions for each classification dimension, corresponding to Table 8 of the paper. Section Description Domain Count and percentage of studies per application domain Mechanism Count and percentage of studies per mediation mechanism family Pattern Count and percentage of studies per architectural pattern Validation Count and percentage of studies per validation type Note: Domains with two or fewer studies (Space, Surveillance, Smart City, Robotics) are consolidated under \"Other\" in the paper's Table 8 for readability. The full breakdown is available in Sheet 3. Sheet 3 — Cross-tabulation Domain × Mechanism cross-tabulation for all 10 domains and 5 mechanism families, corresponding to Table 9 of the paper. Dominant mechanism per domain is highlighted in yellow. Notable patterns identified: Defense (n=10): Agent/MAS dominates (8/10 = 80%), reflecting the need for autonomy and decentralized decision-making in tactical environments. Energy (n=6): Co-simulation dominates (3/6 = 50%), driven by the need to orchestrate pre-existing physics-based simulation tools. Environment (n=5): Semantic/Ontological dominates (3/5 = 60%), reflecting the heterogeneity of environmental data sources that requires vocabulary alignment before connectivity. General SoS (n=15): Model-based slightly exceeds Agent/MAS (7 vs. 6), as generic SoS studies tend to propose abstract architectural models before concrete implementations. Legends Domain Code Full Name Description Def Defense Military, combat, surveillance, and national security systems En Energy Power grids, smart grids, energy distribution and management Tra Transportation Road, air, urban mobility, and vehicular networks Ind Industry Manufacturing, Industry 4.0, industrial automation, IoT Gen General SoS Studies proposing generic SoS models without a specific domain Env Environment Environmental monitoring, water management, marine data Spa Space Space systems, satellite archit","author":[{"family":"Ferreira Vieira","given":"Thiago"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20137934","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20137934","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20137935","type":"article-journal","title":"Extraction Data — Interoperability Mechanisms for System-of-Systems: A Systematic Literature Review","abstract":"RSL_SoS_Data — Extraction Data for the Systematic Literature Review Paper: Interoperability Mechanisms for System-of-Systems: A Systematic Literature Review Authors: Thyago Ferreira Vieira, Ronaldo R. Goldschmidt, Maria C. R. Cavalcanti, Ricardo Choren Institution: Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Target venue: IEEE Access (submitted 2026) Overview This repository contains the structured data extraction spreadsheet produced during the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on interoperability and integration mechanisms in Systems-of-Systems (SoS) architectures. The data supports full reproducibility of the quantitative results reported in the paper, including Tables 7, 8, and 9. The SLR followed the methodological guidelines of Kitchenham and Charters and the PRISMA 2020 checklist. Searches were conducted across six digital libraries (ACM, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, SpringerLink, Web of Science, Wiley) covering the period from January 2016 to October 2025, yielding 56 primary studies after screening and quality assessment. File: RSL_SoS_Data.xlsx The spreadsheet contains three worksheets described below. Sheet 1 — Primary Studies Contains the full classification of all 56 primary studies (P1–P56) extracted during the review. Column Description ID Study identifier (P1 to P56) used throughout the paper First Author Last name of the first author followed by \"et al.\" for multi-author works Year Publication year. \"N/A\" indicates year not available Domain Application domain of the SoS addressed in the study (see legend below) Mechanism Primary mediation mechanism proposed or employed (see legend below) Pattern Architectural organizational pattern identified in the study (see legend below) Validation Type of validation or evaluation presented in the study (see legend below) Notes Additional remarks, e.g., unpublished manuscripts or alternative titles Classifications were verified against the actual PDF content (abstracts and evaluation sections) of each primary study. Sheet 2 — Distribution Marginal frequency distributions for each classification dimension, corresponding to Table 8 of the paper. Section Description Domain Count and percentage of studies per application domain Mechanism Count and percentage of studies per mediation mechanism family Pattern Count and percentage of studies per architectural pattern Validation Count and percentage of studies per validation type Note: Domains with two or fewer studies (Space, Surveillance, Smart City, Robotics) are consolidated under \"Other\" in the paper's Table 8 for readability. The full breakdown is available in Sheet 3. Sheet 3 — Cross-tabulation Domain × Mechanism cross-tabulation for all 10 domains and 5 mechanism families, corresponding to Table 9 of the paper. Dominant mechanism per domain is highlighted in yellow. Notable patterns identified: Defense (n=10): Agent/MAS dominates (8/10 = 80%), reflecting the need for autonomy and decentralized decision-making in tactical environments. Energy (n=6): Co-simulation dominates (3/6 = 50%), driven by the need to orchestrate pre-existing physics-based simulation tools. Environment (n=5): Semantic/Ontological dominates (3/5 = 60%), reflecting the heterogeneity of environmental data sources that requires vocabulary alignment before connectivity. General SoS (n=15): Model-based slightly exceeds Agent/MAS (7 vs. 6), as generic SoS studies tend to propose abstract architectural models before concrete implementations. Legends Domain Code Full Name Description Def Defense Military, combat, surveillance, and national security systems En Energy Power grids, smart grids, energy distribution and management Tra Transportation Road, air, urban mobility, and vehicular networks Ind Industry Manufacturing, Industry 4.0, industrial automation, IoT Gen General SoS Studies proposing generic SoS models without a specific domain Env Environment Environmental monitoring, water management, marine data Spa Space Space systems, satellite archit","author":[{"family":"Ferreira Vieira","given":"Thiago"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20137935","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20137935","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.7488/era/7697","type":"article-journal","title":"Personal exposure to air pollution and risk perception among adults with asthma in urban contexts","abstract":"BACKGROUND: Air pollution is the presence of harmful substances to health and wellbeing in atmosphere at a concentration beyond natural capacity of the atmosphere to disperse and dilute. Particulate matter is a type of air pollutant composed of minute solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. It is classified based on particle size. The main categories of particulate matter include ultrafine particles (with diameters of 1 micrometer or smaller), fine particles (with diameters of 2.5 micrometers or smaller), and coarse particles (with diameters of 10 micrometers or smaller). Air pollution is one of the most widespread and serious environmental risks to human health. People living with asthma are particularly vulnerable to its adverse effects. A high resolution and detailed assessment of exposure to air pollution is therefore essential for guiding efforts aiming to reduce air pollution related risks among people with asthma. It is also important to understand how people living with asthma perceive environmental risks such as air pollution. Risk perception is believed to drive self-protective behaviours, either partially or entirely. AIM: The overall aim of this thesis was to understand personal exposure to particulate matter air pollution for adults living with asthma, their perceptions of environmental risks, and the relationship between personal exposure to particulate matter air pollution and subjectively perceived air pollution exposure in urban settings. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A pragmatic mixed-methods design was used to achieve the aim. It began with a systematic review examining the validity, reliability, and acceptability of wearable air pollution and pollen sensors in the context of mobility-based personal exposure assessment. This was followed by a qualitative study exploring environmental risk perceptions among adults living with asthma in urban settings. Using focus group discussions, this qualitative study identified environmental factors most significant to the well-being of this population. Drawing on insights from both the systematic review and the qualitative study, a quantitative personal exposure study was then conceived and conducted. This study assessed personal exposure to particulate matter among adults with asthma in urban contexts and examined associations between objectively measured personal exposure to particulate matter and subjective perceptions of air pollution exposure risk. This quantitative case study utilised two main data collection tools: a custom-designed wearable air pollution sensor and a set of subjective air pollution perception questions. The wearable sensor was developed using findings of the systematic review and a series of engagements with asthma patients. The set of eight indicators of subjective air pollution risk perception was developed based on inputs from findings of the qualitative study and engagements with asthma patients. Adults with asthma participated in one week of personal particulate matter exposure assessment by carrying the custom-designed wearable air pollution sensors. This was combined with several rounds of online perception surveys every day. For comparison, a parallel cohort of adults without asthma or other chronic respiratory diseases was monitored using the same protocol. FINDINGS: The thesis found that, for people living with asthma, air pollution is the greatest concern negatively affecting their well-being in urban settings. They perceived certain locations within cities, as well as specific times of day as posing greater risks of air pollution exposure. Both the systematic review findings and an evaluation of the custom-designed wearable sensor showed that wearable sensors reliably capture detailed personal exposure to particulate matter. The levels of personal exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution among a sample of adults with asthma living in Edinburgh, Scotland, were well below the World Health Organization’s (WHO) air quality thres","author":[{"family":"Wako","given":"Wako"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.7488/era/7697","URL":"https://doi.org/10.7488/era/7697","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22036524","type":"article-journal","title":"Science and Medicine Reinterpretation Under Host Absolute Authorship Framework (HAA) lenses by Sam Coole","abstract":"Science and Medicine Reinterpretation Under Host Absolute Authorship Framework ( HAA) lenses by Sam Coole All Rights Reserved ®️™️©️ Reassigning the Lymphatic System Authority. Redefining Infection Mechanism interpretation. Study Cases applied Host Absolute Authorship. Removing Centenary Scientific and medical Enigmas. Focused in Cancer / HIV-1/ COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2 / Autoimmune Diseases / Infectious Disorders/ Zika/ Dengue/ Diabetes/ Tuberculosis/ Cellular Dummies Replication/ Cellular Self-engraving/ Cellular self-destruction/ Cellular self-intoxication/ Symbiotic Intracellular Gestational/ Viral Reservoirs / Viral Load/ Viral Escape/ Pathogenic Mutation/ Cellular Receptors/ Cellular Coupling/ Mitosis/ Cellular Genomic Update / Cellular Pricacy/ Impossible Pathogenic Activity vs Pathogenic Toxicity/ Cellular Archival/ Lymphatic System Global Goals/ Pathogenic Taxing/ Metastasis/ Misplaced Human Organs/ Cellular Strategic Toxic Content Redirecting to Low Cost Body areas (Skin Metastasis ) Impossible Viral Latency vs Definitive Cellular Archival. The Host Absolute Authorship (HAA) Framework is more than a theory of immunity; it is a universal diagnostic key that unlocks biological \"dark matter\"—the persistent enigmas where orthodox science has stalled due to its obsession with pathogen autonomy. By shifting the locus of control from the \"invader\" to the Host Genome, I have identified several major scientific blind spots that the HAA paradigm does not merely explain, but effectively resolves. 1. The \"Sterile\" Inflammatory Mystery (Idiopathic Systemic Inflammatory Syndromes) The Enigma: Orthodox science struggles to explain multisystem inflammatory syndromes (e.g., MIS-C, adult-onset Still's disease) where no active pathogen is detected, yet the body behaves as if it is under siege. The HAA Resolution: These are not \"mysterious\" inflammations. They are Archival Overflows. The lymphatic administrative capacity is overwhelmed by the mobilization of past, \"archived\" pathogenic fragments that the host can no longer sequester due to an accelerated loss of cellular privacy. HAA suggests that instead of using broad-spectrum immunosuppressants, we should implement Archival Calibration—using non-toxic chaperone molecules to stabilize the lipid-membranes of dormant memory T-cells, preventing the accidental exposure of archived codes. 2. The \"Prion\" Logic Paradox The Enigma: Prions are considered \"protein-only\" infectious agents, which defies the central dogma of sequence-based replication, leading to decades of stalled research regarding how they \"evade\" traditional immune clearance. The HAA Resolution: Under HAA, prions are Structural Archive Fragments that have bypassed the traditional lysosomal degradation pathway because they lack a nucleic acid sequence for host retrotransposition. The host \"fails\" to clear them because it lacks an \"archive slot\" for purely proteomic misfolds. HAA allows us to engineer Molecular Bridge-Proteins (synthetic HLA-like adaptors) that tag these protein aggregates, forcing the host to recognize them as archivable debris, effectively \"closing\" the archive slot and stopping the neurodegenerative cascade. 3. The \"Pseudo-Resistance\" in CAR-T/TCR-T Therapies The Enigma: Clinical data often shows that CAR-T cells are fully functional in vitro but fail in vivo despite no evidence of \"target antigen loss\" on the tumor. The HAA Resolution: This is not resistance; it is Host-Imposed Archiving Pausing. The tumor microenvironment has successfully signaled to the lymphatic system that \"archival capacity is full.\" The T-cells are not being \"evaded\"; they are being told to wait. HAA resolves this by abandoning \"super-activation\" and instead deploying Temporal Archive-Release Factors (TARFs). These molecules briefly signal to the local tissue-resident macrophages that archival space has been cleared, allowing the CAR-T cells to proceed with sequence extraction without triggering the \"tumor-evasion\" panic mode. 4. The \"Chr","author":[{"family":"Sam","given":"Coole"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22036524","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22036524","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21914618","type":"article-journal","title":"Transport Systems in Travel and Tourism: Principles, Practices and Emerging Trends","abstract":"Transport Systems in Travel and Tourism: Principles, Practices and Emerging Trends offers a structured guide to the systems that make modern travel and tourism possible. Designed for tourism, travel management, hospitality, business, geography and related learners, the book connects core concepts with practical industry applications and current developments. It begins with the foundations of transport and tourism, tracing the evolution of mobility and explaining how transportation influences destination growth, tourist behaviour and travel choices. Readers are introduced to tourism transport systems and Leiper’s Tourism Framework before moving into major transport modes, including road, rail, aviation and water-based travel. The book explores road tourism, tourist coaches, car rental and self-drive travel; railway tourism and luxury tourist trains in India; urban mobility, metro systems and smart transport; and the development, management and operations of civil aviation. It also covers airport management, airline operations, aviation regulation, air ticketing, CRS and GDS technologies, and airline marketing. Water-based topics include inland waterways, cruise and river cruise tourism, ports, ferries and coastal tourism. Later chapters address transport infrastructure, tourism transport planning, accessibility and the growing importance of inclusive mobility. A strong contemporary focus examines multimodal transport, intelligent transport systems, digital technologies, electric mobility, green transport and climate-resilient infrastructure. With learning objectives, chapter summaries, review questions, multiple-choice questions and analytical exercises, the book supports classroom teaching, self-study and professional reference. An informative resource for students, educators, researchers, tourism professionals, destination managers, transport planners and policy-oriented readers, this textbook provides a broad foundation for understanding how transportation shapes accessible, efficient and sustainable tourism.","author":[{"family":"Das","given":"Dr"},{"family":"Tah","given":"Arpan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21914618","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21914618","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21914619","type":"article-journal","title":"Transport Systems in Travel and Tourism: Principles, Practices and Emerging Trends","abstract":"Transport Systems in Travel and Tourism: Principles, Practices and Emerging Trends offers a structured guide to the systems that make modern travel and tourism possible. Designed for tourism, travel management, hospitality, business, geography and related learners, the book connects core concepts with practical industry applications and current developments. It begins with the foundations of transport and tourism, tracing the evolution of mobility and explaining how transportation influences destination growth, tourist behaviour and travel choices. Readers are introduced to tourism transport systems and Leiper’s Tourism Framework before moving into major transport modes, including road, rail, aviation and water-based travel. The book explores road tourism, tourist coaches, car rental and self-drive travel; railway tourism and luxury tourist trains in India; urban mobility, metro systems and smart transport; and the development, management and operations of civil aviation. It also covers airport management, airline operations, aviation regulation, air ticketing, CRS and GDS technologies, and airline marketing. Water-based topics include inland waterways, cruise and river cruise tourism, ports, ferries and coastal tourism. Later chapters address transport infrastructure, tourism transport planning, accessibility and the growing importance of inclusive mobility. A strong contemporary focus examines multimodal transport, intelligent transport systems, digital technologies, electric mobility, green transport and climate-resilient infrastructure. With learning objectives, chapter summaries, review questions, multiple-choice questions and analytical exercises, the book supports classroom teaching, self-study and professional reference. An informative resource for students, educators, researchers, tourism professionals, destination managers, transport planners and policy-oriented readers, this textbook provides a broad foundation for understanding how transportation shapes accessible, efficient and sustainable tourism.","author":[{"family":"Das","given":"Dr"},{"family":"Tah","given":"Arpan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21914619","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21914619","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26153/tsw/64445","type":"article-journal","title":"Experimental comparison of hover performance and acoustics of coaxial co-rotating and counter-rotating rotors","abstract":"This thesis presents an experimental investigation of a two-bladed 1.108 m radius coaxial co-rotating (or stacked) rotor and a coaxial counter-rotating (CCR) rotor of identical geometry to compare the acoustics and loads of both rotor configurations in hover. The rotors were operated at a tip Mach number of 0.40, tip Reynolds number of 765,000 and an axial spacing of 1.55 chord lengths, and the index angle between the upper and lower blades of the stacked rotor was varied. The overall sound pressure level (OASPL) was significantly larger for the CCR rotor. For example, at 8° collective pitch, total rotor noise at -45° angle of elevation was 6 dB greater for the CCR rotor than the stacked rotor. These increases in OASPL were driven by large increases in tonal noise for the CCR rotor, of up to 10 dB higher than the stacked rotor at some angles of elevation. This was attributed to additional tonal noise occurring at harmonics of the blade crossing frequency, due to vibratory loads generated by blade crossings. The results of the experimental study suggest that, in terms of reduced noise and increased hover efficiency, the stacked rotor is preferable to the CCR rotor for eVTOL vehicle configurations that implement compact or closely spaced designs.","author":[{"family":"Sedlacek","given":"Vasha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.26153/tsw/64445","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/64445","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14772","type":"article-journal","title":"GESIS Panel.pop Population Sample – Standard Edition","abstract":"Das GESIS-Panel bietet eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Mixed-Mode-Access-Panel-Infrastruktur am GESIS Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Mannheim. Das Projekt bietet der sozialwissenschaftlichen Community die Möglichkeit, Erhebungsdaten aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu erheben. Die eingereichten Studienvorschläge werden auf der Grundlage eines wissenschaftlichen Begutachtungsverfahrens bewertet. Die Rekrutierung der Panelmitglieder erfolgte zunächst im Jahr 2013 in persönlichen Interviews, gefolgt von einer selbst durchgeführten Profilbefragung. Der Modus wurde von den Teilnehmern gewählt. Alle Teilnehmer der Profilbefragung werden als Mitglieder des Panels betrachtet und zu den alle zwei Monate stattfindenden regelmäßigen Wellen eingeladen. Die Startkohorte umfasste Anfang 2014 4900 Panelisten. Um den Panelabrieb zu kompensieren, wurde im Jahr 2016 eine Auffrischungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) gezogen. Die erste Kohorte umfasst deutschsprachige Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 70 Jahren (zum Zeitpunkt der Einstellung) mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland, während die zweite Kohorte Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze umfasst. Im Jahr 2018 wurde eine dritte Rekrutierungsstichprobe gezogen, die mit der Welle ge integriert wurde. Auch die dritte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze.Rückwirkend wurden die Fälle bis einschließlich Welle fc (dritte Welle aus 2018) in den Daten ergänzt. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im Data Manual (ZA5664-65_sd_data-manual) und dem entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_mb_recruitment2018). Die Stichproben des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) basieren auf einer disproportionalen Stichprobe von Befragten aus West- und Ostdeutschland. Ein Designgewicht, das die Integration der beiden Rekrutierungskohorten ermöglicht, ist im Datensatz enthalten. Nähere Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte den Methodenberichten der Einstellungsverfahren und dem GESIS-Panel-Referenzpapier (Bosnjak et al., 2017). Im März 2020 wurde eine Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 bzw. COVID-19 in Deutschland durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die vierte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) gezogen, die mit der Welle ja integriert wurde. Die vierte Kohorte umfasst ebenfalls Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_i12.pdf). Im Jahr 2023 wurde die fünfte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German European Social Survey (ESS Round 11) gezogen, die mit der Welle la integriert wurde. Die fünfte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_k12.pdf). GESIS Panel Demographic Dataset Ab Version 43-0-0 ist der demografische Längsschnittdatensatz Teil des Veröffentlichungspaketes. Bei dem Datensatz handelt es sich um einen längsschnittlichen Datensatz (long format), mit harmonisierten Messungen zu demografischen Variablen: Befragten ID; Erhebungszeitpunkt; entsprechende Welle; Erhebungsjahr; Rekrutierungskohorte; Geschlecht des Befragten; Geburtsjahr; höchster Bildungsabschluss; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Familienstand; AAPOR disposition code; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus.","author":[{"family":"Gesis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14772","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14772","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14771","type":"article-journal","title":"GESIS Panel.pop Population Sample – Extended Edition","abstract":"Das GESIS-Panel bietet eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Mixed-Mode-Access-Panel-Infrastruktur am GESIS Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Mannheim. Das Projekt bietet der sozialwissenschaftlichen Community die Möglichkeit, Erhebungsdaten aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu erheben. Die eingereichten Studienvorschläge werden auf der Grundlage eines wissenschaftlichen Begutachtungsverfahrens bewertet. Die Rekrutierung der Panelmitglieder erfolgte zunächst im Jahr 2013 in persönlichen Interviews, gefolgt von einer selbst durchgeführten Profilbefragung. Der Modus wurde von den Teilnehmern gewählt. Alle Teilnehmer der Profilbefragung werden als Mitglieder des Panels betrachtet und zu den alle zwei Monate stattfindenden regelmäßigen Wellen eingeladen. Die Startkohorte umfasste Anfang 2014 4900 Panelisten. Um den Panelabrieb zu kompensieren, wurde im Jahr 2016 eine Auffrischungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) gezogen. Die erste Kohorte umfasst deutschsprachige Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 70 Jahren (zum Zeitpunkt der Einstellung) mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland, während die zweite Kohorte Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze umfasst. Im Jahr 2018 wurde eine dritte Rekrutierungsstichprobe gezogen, die mit der Welle ge integriert wurde. Auch die dritte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze.Rückwirkend wurden die Fälle bis einschließlich Welle fc (dritte Welle aus 2018) in den Daten ergänzt. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im Data Manual (ZA5664-65_sd_data-manual) und dem entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_mb_recruitment2018). Die Stichproben des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) basieren auf einer disproportionalen Stichprobe von Befragten aus West- und Ostdeutschland. Ein Designgewicht, das die Integration der beiden Rekrutierungskohorten ermöglicht, ist im Datensatz enthalten. Nähere Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte den Methodenberichten der Einstellungsverfahren und dem GESIS-Panel-Referenzpapier (Bosnjak et al., 2017). Im März 2020 wurde eine Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 bzw. COVID-19 in Deutschland durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die vierte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) gezogen, die mit der Welle ja integriert wurde. Die vierte Kohorte umfasst ebenfalls Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_i12.pdf). Im Jahr 2023 wurde die fünfte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German European Social Survey (ESS Round 11) gezogen, die mit der Welle la integriert wurde. Die fünfte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_k12.pdf). GESIS Panel Demographic Dataset Ab Version 43-0-0 ist der demografische Längsschnittdatensatz Teil des Veröffentlichungspaketes. Bei dem Datensatz handelt es sich um einen längsschnittlichen Datensatz (long format), mit harmonisierten Messungen zu demografischen Variablen: Befragten ID; Erhebungszeitpunkt; entsprechende Welle; Erhebungsjahr; Rekrutierungskohorte; Geschlecht des Befragten; Geburtsjahr; Geburtsmonat; höchster Bildungsabschluss; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Familienstand; AAPOR disposition code; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus.","author":[{"family":"Gesis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14771","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14771","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21400746","type":"article-journal","title":"Riyadh V2G Sovereign Digital Twin: A Physics-Integrated Framework for Municipal-Scale Vehicle-to-Grid Simulation with Cultural Calendar Modeling","abstract":"The electrification of urban transport at sovereign scale introduces unprecedented stress on aging distribution-grid infrastructure, particularly in hot-climate cities where transformer thermal aging and air-conditioning-driven peak loads compound simultaneously. This paper presents the Riyadh V2G Sovereign Digital Twin, a 1:1-scale, physics-faithful simulation framework modeling the full Riyadh metropolitan grid — approximately 60,000 distribution transformers serving over one million electric vehicles across 14 municipalities — under vehicle-to-grid (V2G) dispatch scenarios. The framework integrates five physically coupled simulation layers: a Swing-Equation-based grid frequency model, an IEEE C57.91-compliant transformer thermal aging engine, a cascading failure propagation model with cold-load recovery dynamics, a three-archetype fleet mobility simulator incorporating Islamic cultural calendar patterns (Ramadan commute suppression, Saudi weekend mapping), and a locational marginal pricing engine with dynamic threshold transitions. All layers execute within a deterministic, vectorized orchestration pipeline guaranteeing bitwise reproducibility. The architecture strictly decouples the physics layer — which computes what is physically possible — from the policy layer — which decides what to do about it — enabling controlled experimentation with V2G dispatch strategies without compromising physical fidelity. This paper describes the system architecture, physics models, fleet mobility engine, infrastructure metering layer, and illustrative scenario results, demonstrating the framework's capability to answer \"what-if\" questions about city-scale V2G deployment before committing infrastructure capital.","author":[{"family":"Mohamed Motasim Elhussein","given":"Alwedaa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21400746","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21400746","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21328317","type":"article-journal","title":"Intent-Based Automotive Control Interface for VTOL Flying Cars: The Copter Paradigm — A Defensive Publication (Prior Art)","abstract":"Description The Copter Paradigm: Translating Automotive Reflexes into Three-Dimensional Flight presents a conceptual architecture for intuitive human-machine interaction in personal Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) transportation. Rather than introducing a specific mechanical invention, this publication proposes an Intent-Based Control (IBC) philosophy in which the operator expresses only the desired motion of the vehicle using familiar automotive controls, while the onboard flight-control system autonomously performs the complex aerodynamic and propulsion tasks required for safe three-dimensional flight. The document describes one possible reference implementation of this concept, including control logic, mode transitions, steering architecture, safety mechanisms, and emergency procedures. However, the principles disclosed are intentionally independent of any particular mechanical, electronic, or software implementation. This work is published as a defensive publication (prior art) and dedicated to the public domain. Its purpose is to establish the architectural principles of the Copter Paradigm in the public record, encourage open innovation, and prevent future monopolization of these concepts through exclusive patent claims.","author":[{"family":"Vasyliev","given":"Roman"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21328317","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21328317","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21328318","type":"article-journal","title":"Intent-Based Automotive Control Interface for VTOL Flying Cars: The Copter Paradigm — A Defensive Publication (Prior Art)","abstract":"Description The Copter Paradigm: Translating Automotive Reflexes into Three-Dimensional Flight presents a conceptual architecture for intuitive human-machine interaction in personal Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) transportation. Rather than introducing a specific mechanical invention, this publication proposes an Intent-Based Control (IBC) philosophy in which the operator expresses only the desired motion of the vehicle using familiar automotive controls, while the onboard flight-control system autonomously performs the complex aerodynamic and propulsion tasks required for safe three-dimensional flight. The document describes one possible reference implementation of this concept, including control logic, mode transitions, steering architecture, safety mechanisms, and emergency procedures. However, the principles disclosed are intentionally independent of any particular mechanical, electronic, or software implementation. This work is published as a defensive publication (prior art) and dedicated to the public domain. Its purpose is to establish the architectural principles of the Copter Paradigm in the public record, encourage open innovation, and prevent future monopolization of these concepts through exclusive patent claims.","author":[{"family":"Vasyliev","given":"Roman"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21328318","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21328318","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21266705","type":"article-journal","title":"Using Reinforcement Learning for discovering the optimal path on street by Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO)","abstract":"This dataset supports the research presented in our study on reinforcement learning-based urban route optimization for intelligent transportation systems. It contains the simulation data used to develop and evaluate a Q-Learning framework that optimizes vehicle routing by considering multiple road and traffic factors, including vehicle density, travel time, waiting time, air pollution impact, traffic light frequency, dead-end roads, and route structural characteristics. The dataset was generated from a simulated urban environment in Python and was used to train and evaluate the proposed model over 2,999–15,000 training episodes. It enables the reproduction of the reported experiments and facilitates further research on reinforcement learning, intelligent transportation, and traffic congestion management, particularly for emergency vehicle routing in complex urban environments.","author":[{"family":"Esmaeil Abbasi","given":"Ahmad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21266705","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21266705","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21266704","type":"article-journal","title":"Using Reinforcement Learning for discovering the optimal path on street by Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO)","abstract":"This dataset supports the research presented in our study on reinforcement learning-based urban route optimization for intelligent transportation systems. It contains the simulation data used to develop and evaluate a Q-Learning framework that optimizes vehicle routing by considering multiple road and traffic factors, including vehicle density, travel time, waiting time, air pollution impact, traffic light frequency, dead-end roads, and route structural characteristics. The dataset was generated from a simulated urban environment in Python and was used to train and evaluate the proposed model over 2,999–15,000 training episodes. It enables the reproduction of the reported experiments and facilitates further research on reinforcement learning, intelligent transportation, and traffic congestion management, particularly for emergency vehicle routing in complex urban environments.","author":[{"family":"Esmaeil Abbasi","given":"Ahmad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21266704","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21266704","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21131698","type":"article-journal","title":"Topological Game Self-Play Scheduling Framework for eVTOL Vertiport Low-Altitude Landing and Takeoff","abstract":"This preprint proposes an AlphaZero-inspired topological game self-play scheduling framework to resolve core scheduling bottlenecks of high-density eVTOL vertiport urban air mobility (UAM). A modular 2.5D low-altitude airspace topological primitive system is defined to construct generable vertiport simulation environments, transforming multi-eVTOL takeoff/landing slot competition into a temporal occupancy combinatorial multi-agent cooperative-competitive game. The framework integrates Topology-aware Mixture-of-Experts (TopoMoE) graph neural networks for multi-scale airspace feature encoding and temporal discount improved MCTS-UCT for long-horizon sequential slot reasoning. A hierarchical multi-objective reward function balances flight safety, pad throughput, delay and power consumption, and teacher-student policy distillation generates lightweight airborne decision modules supporting distributed independent vehicle scheduling without central UTM solvers. Different from separated arrival/departure scheduling models, this work realizes unified modeling of landing and takeoff tasks under one graph topology and MCTS pipeline. It eliminates reliance on manual scheduling rules and global centralized optimization, featuring interpretable multi-step temporal planning, modular airspace extension, communication-fault-tolerant distributed coordination, self-emergent cooperative flight yielding behaviors and integrated arrival-departure decision-making. Staged simulation verification schemes, four core scientific assumptions and five-phase experimental roadmaps are provided for quantitative benchmarking against FCFS heuristics and MILP solvers. The research provides a novel distributed self-play scheduling technical path for dense urban vertiport operation and a general topological game paradigm for low-altitude time-resource scheduling problems.","author":[{"family":"Lanhaijian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21131698","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21131698","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21131697","type":"article-journal","title":"Topological Game Self-Play Scheduling Framework for eVTOL Vertiport Low-Altitude Landing and Takeoff","abstract":"This preprint proposes an AlphaZero-inspired topological game self-play scheduling framework to resolve core scheduling bottlenecks of high-density eVTOL vertiport urban air mobility (UAM). A modular 2.5D low-altitude airspace topological primitive system is defined to construct generable vertiport simulation environments, transforming multi-eVTOL takeoff/landing slot competition into a temporal occupancy combinatorial multi-agent cooperative-competitive game. The framework integrates Topology-aware Mixture-of-Experts (TopoMoE) graph neural networks for multi-scale airspace feature encoding and temporal discount improved MCTS-UCT for long-horizon sequential slot reasoning. A hierarchical multi-objective reward function balances flight safety, pad throughput, delay and power consumption, and teacher-student policy distillation generates lightweight airborne decision modules supporting distributed independent vehicle scheduling without central UTM solvers. Different from separated arrival/departure scheduling models, this work realizes unified modeling of landing and takeoff tasks under one graph topology and MCTS pipeline. It eliminates reliance on manual scheduling rules and global centralized optimization, featuring interpretable multi-step temporal planning, modular airspace extension, communication-fault-tolerant distributed coordination, self-emergent cooperative flight yielding behaviors and integrated arrival-departure decision-making. Staged simulation verification schemes, four core scientific assumptions and five-phase experimental roadmaps are provided for quantitative benchmarking against FCFS heuristics and MILP solvers. The research provides a novel distributed self-play scheduling technical path for dense urban vertiport operation and a general topological game paradigm for low-altitude time-resource scheduling problems.","author":[{"family":"Lanhaijian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21131697","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21131697","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17170/kobra-2026042312115","type":"article-journal","title":"Modelle für die Prognose der Fahrzeugauslastung im ÖPNV auf Basis von Zähldaten","abstract":"Das derzeitig in Deutschland vorherrschende Verkehrssystem ist weder umweltverträglich noch sozial gerecht: Zu den dringlichsten Fragen unserer Zeit gehört zweifelsfrei, wie das Erreichen ambitionierter Klimaziele gelingen kann. Der Verkehrssektor in Deutschland trägt zum Erreichen dieser Ziele bisher einen zu geringen Teil bei, obwohl er für 22 % der Treibhausgasemissionen verantwortlich ist. Während andere Sektoren bereits einen nachhaltigen Pfad eingeschlagen haben, ist im Verkehrssektor noch immer keine klare Trendwende bezüglich klimaschädlicher Emissionen zu erkennen. Daneben erzeugt der Fokus auf die motorisierte individuelle Mobilität eine Vielzahl weiterer Probleme, die vor allem (aber nicht nur) in urbanen Räumen sichtbar werden: Verkehrssysteme stoßen an ihre Belastungsgrenzen, was zu mehr Stauzeiten führt. Verteilungskonflikte zwischen Nutzenden unterschiedlicher Verkehrsmittel werden durch eine begrenzte Flächenverfügbarkeit hervorgerufen. Verkehrslärm, Luftverschmutzung und Unfälle führen zu erheblichen gesundheitlichen und volkswirtschaftlichen Schäden. In dieser Arbeit werden Prognosemodelle für die Auslastung von Fahrzeugen des ÖPNV entwickelt, vorgestellt und evaluiert. Zunächst wird ein Prognosemodell auf Basis von Daten aus automatischen Fahrgastzählsystemen (AFZS) des Nordhessischen Verkehrsverbunds (NVV) entwickelt, welches auf einer Einteilung der Fahrgastnachfrage in homogene Nachfrageschichten basiert (Schichtungsverfahren). Es wird geprüft, welche Eingangsdaten für dieses Schichtungsmodell sinnvoll sind und welche weiteren Datenquellen genutzt werden können. Neben diesem Schichtungsmodell wird mit XGBoost ein Verfahren aus dem Bereich des Maschinellen Lernens für die Konzeption zweier weiterer Modelle verwendet. Alle drei Modelle dieser Gruppe der sogenannten Langzeitprognosen verwenden die gleichen Eingangsdaten. Somit kann die Qualität der Modellergebnisse bei identischer Datengrundlage verglichen werden.","author":[{"family":"Saake","given":"Stefan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17170/kobra-2026042312115","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17170/kobra-2026042312115","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.13016/rsad-fck2","type":"article-journal","title":"UNSUPERVISED NEURAL BEAMFORMING FOR SCALABLE AND ROBUST PHY-LAYER DESIGNS IN NEXT-GENERATION WIRELESS SYSTEMS","abstract":"Beamforming plays a crucial role in the physical layer of 5G and beyond, enabling spatial multiplexing, interference management, and spectral efficiency in multi-user MIMO systems to meet the demands of high data rates, massive connectivity, and low-latency communication. Traditional linear beamforming techniques such as zero-forcing beamforming (ZFBF) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) beamforming provide closed-form solutions with analytical tractability. However, their performance degrades under imperfect channel state information (CSI) and dynamic propagation conditions. Additionally, they incur high computation complexity that limits scalability to large deployments such as massive MIMO. As a result, they often fall short of meeting the scalability and adaptability requirements of next-generation networks. Recognizing these limitations, deep learning (DL)-based beamforming has emerged as a promising alternative. While supervised deep DL approaches are capable of modeling nonlinear relationships, they require ground-truth beamformers as labeled data during training, which are rarely available in practice.To overcome these challenges, we develop adaptive, data-driven unsupervised neural beamforming frameworks and further investigate their robustness and scalability in this dissertation. First, we introduce an unsupervised neural beamforming (NNBF) framework for uplink multi-user single input multiple output (MU-SIMO) systems under 3GPP-compliant channel models. Thus, in contrast to supervised DL-based beamforming methods, we remove the reliance on ground-truth beamformers by directly optimizing the sum-rate objective in an end-to-end fashion. We propose two architectures: a lightweight convolutional design, simple NNBF, for stationary user equipments (UEs) with perfect CSI, and a transformer-based design that integrates grouped convolutions and multi-channel attention, tailored for dense urban environments with imperfect CSI and user mobility. Both models are trained by using frequency- domain channel responses, and they generate beamforming weights directly in the frequency domain. Our results demonstrate that simple NNBF achieves comparable or better performance than MMSE while consistently outperforming ZFBF across all SNR regimes with reduced complexity. Moreover, transformer-based NNBF provides further gains compared to baseline techniques ZFBF and MMSE with imperfect CSI under high-mobility conditions at the cost of higher computational overhead. Next, we extend transformer-based NNBF by introducing Doppler-aware sparse attention, leading to the Doppler-aware Sparse Neural Beamforming (Sparse NNBF) framework. In this design, we directly tackle the quadratic complexity of standard full attention by using a Doppler-aware sparse attention mechanism, which improves the scalability for large OFDM grids and the robustness for high mobility scenarios. Specifically, we design a channel-adaptive sparse attention mechanism that changes sparsity patterns along the two-dimensional time-frequency grid according to channel dynamics, such as the Doppler shift effect. We provide a theoretical guarantee of full connectivity; any two query-key pairs can be connected within a bounded number of hops p, where p denotes the number of heads. This ensures that our sparsification design does not compromise expressiveness. Compared to fixed sparsity schemes such as strided or local windowing, Doppler-aware sparse beamforming adapts to temporal variability and captures wireless channel dynamics better. Our experimental findings with 3GPP UMa channels demonstrate that Sparse NNBF surpasses both traditional beamforming methods and transformer-based NNBF utilizing static sparse patterns, revealing resilience in high-mobility scenarios. Then, we introduce NNBF-P, an unsupervised DL framework for the joint design of downlink multi-user multiple input single output (MU-MISO) beamforming and power allocation. NNBF-P learns both beamforming vectors a","author":[{"family":"Vahapoglu","given":"Cemil"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.13016/rsad-fck2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.13016/rsad-fck2","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17605/osf.io/nmce7","type":"article-journal","title":"PEGASUS WP1 Societal Readiness Score: systematic review of Innovative Air Mobility acceptance, privacy, noise, safety, sustainability, equity, and governance evidence","abstract":"An Horizont Europe project. Urban mobility across Europe is under unprecedented strain, with congestion, emissions, and infrastructure limitations threatening climate neutrality and liveability. Innovative Air Mobility (IAM) including drones and eVTOL systems, offers a transformative solution for low-emission logistics and services. Yet, widespread adoption depends not only on technical feasibility but also on societal readiness: trust, acceptance, and integration with daily life. PEGASUS addresses this challenge by embedding societal readiness as the central axis of IAM innovation, co-design, and deployment. Bringing together four of Europe’s leading IAM operators with social scientists, city authorities, and citizens, PEGASUS will pioneer a Societal Readiness Score (SRS) for IAM. Leveraging over 200,000 completed missions and 200 daily ongoing operations, the project will define, test, and improve this multidimensional metric covering noise, privacy, safety, energy, climate, and inclusivity. Real-world demonstrations in Ireland, Portugal, Italy, and Bulgaria will validate technical and operational innovations designed to increase societal readiness, from low-noise propulsion and optimised flight paths to participatory planning frameworks. PEGASUS will deliver a validated IAM evaluation platform and Societal Readiness Scoreboard empowering policymakers, regulators, and operators with an evidence-based decision-support toolkit. The project will co-develop infrastructure guidelines, multimodal logistics integration models, business frameworks, and public engagement strategies, ensuring IAM is economically viable, environmentally sustainable, and socially trusted. Outcomes will directly inform Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans, producing a roadmap and replication toolkit for EU-wide adoption. PEGASUS will set the standard for responsible, scalable urban air mobility in Europe accelerating climate neutrality, enabling economic growth, and fostering public trust in next-generation transport.","author":[{"family":"Boavida","given":"Nuno"},{"family":"Moniz","given":"António"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17605/osf.io/nmce7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/nmce7","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.20381/ruor-31854","type":"article-journal","title":"Intelligent Scheduling and Charging Optimization for CAEVs and UAVs in Urban Transportation Networks","abstract":"Urban transportation systems are increasingly strained by congestion, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions, motivating the need for scalable and sustainable mobility solutions. Connected Autonomous Electric Vehicles (CAEVs) and Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are key enablers of next generation intelligent transportation systems (ITS), yet their adoption remains constrained by limited battery capacity, fragmented charging infrastructure, and the absence of reliable coordination mechanisms under dynamic and heterogeneous conditions. Existing research often addresses individual charging technologies or isolated vehicle classes, leaving a gap in system-level coordination across ground and aerial platforms. This thesis addresses this gap by demonstrating that charging coordination, rather than charging technology alone, is a critical barrier to sustainable deployment of autonomous electric mobility. A scalable and interoperable three-layer charging network architecture is proposed to support static charging, dynamic wireless charging, and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging across heterogeneous charging node types. A hybrid coordination topology and unified handshake protocol enable interoperable charging discovery, reservation based scheduling, and execution while remaining compatible with existing communication infrastructure. Building on this architectural foundation, coordinated charging scheduling and trip planning mechanisms that consider both vehicle routing and charging resource allocation are developed using heuristic and learning-based approaches. Two heuristic strategies, Static Heuristic Charging Scheduling Policy (SH-CSP) and Dynamic Heuristic Charging Scheduling Policy (DH-CSP), provide interpretable baselines and handle early and late arrivals. To address scalability and non-stationary demand, Safety, Sustainability, and Scheduling-Aware Feasibility Enhanced Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (SAFE-DDPG) is introduced to enable adaptive, real-time scheduling under heterogeneous charging conditions. Reliability and fairness are embedded as system-level properties within the architecture and scheduling framework. Simulation-based evaluation demonstrates charging reservation fulfillment rates approaching 98%, waiting time reductions of up to approximately 80% relative to heuristic baselines, and consistently high fairness across heterogeneous charging networks. Comparative evaluation against baseline deep reinforcement learning methods, including DDPG and TD3, and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques further validate effectiveness and interpretability. Overall, this thesis presents a unified, reliable, and scalable framework for intelligent scheduling and charging optimization through learning-based decision-making in next-generation urban transportation systems.","author":[{"family":"Shaikh","given":"Palwasha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.20381/ruor-31854","URL":"https://doi.org/10.20381/ruor-31854","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26262/heal.auth.ir.373855","type":"article-journal","title":"Συστημική Ανάλυση και Αξιολόγηση της επίδρασης της κυκλοφοριακής ροής στις εκπομπές αέριων ρύπων μέσω μικρό-προσομοίωσης: Η περίπτωση της Θεσσαλονίκης","abstract":"Η οδική κυκλοφορία αποτελεί έναν από τους σημαντικότερους παράγοντες υποβάθμισης της ποιότητας του αέρα στα αστικά κέντρα, με τις σηματοδοτούμενες διασταυρώσεις να λειτουργούν ως κρίσιμα «σημεία συγκέντρωσης» εκπομπών. Η παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζει μια ολοκληρωμένη μεθοδολογία που συνδυάζει τη μικρό-προσομοίωση της κυκλοφορίας με τη μοντελοποίηση εκπομπών αέριων ρύπων, στοχεύοντας στην αξιολόγηση της περιβαλλοντικής επίδοσης δύο σηματοδοτούμενων διασταυρώσεων στο κέντρο της Θεσσαλονίκης. Η ανάλυση επικεντρώνεται στις περιόδους πρωινής και απογευματινής αιχμής, αξιοποιώντας υψηλής ανάλυσης κυκλοφοριακά δεδομένα πεδίου για την ανάπτυξη του μοντέλου μικρό-προσομοίωσης. Οι εκπομπές διοξειδίου του άνθρακα (CO2), οξειδίων του αζώτου (NOx) και αιωρούμενων σωματιδίων (PM10) υπολογίστηκαν με το λογισμικό EnViVer Enterprise, αξιοποιώντας τα λεπτομερή προφίλ ταχύτητας και επιτάχυνσης των οχημάτων, τα οποία προέκυψαν από το μοντέλο προσομοίωσης. Στη συνέχεια πραγματοποιήθηκε χωρική ανάλυση των εκπομπών ανά πρόσβαση και ανά κόμβο, ενώ διερευνήθηκε η σχέση τους με κρίσιμες παραμέτρους οδηγικής συμπεριφοράς. Η εφαρμογή της Γεωγραφικά Σταθμισμένης Παλινδρόμησης (Geographically Weighted Regression – GWR) ανέδειξε χωρική ετερογένεια στις σχέσεις μεταξύ κυκλοφοριακών χαρακτηριστικών και εκπομπών, υποδεικνύοντας ότι περιοχές με έντονα δυναμικά φαινόμενα λειτουργούν ως τοπικές πηγές αυξημένης περιβαλλοντικής επιβάρυνσης. Τα ευρήματα της έρευνας προσφέρουν πολύτιμες πληροφορίες για το σχεδιασμό στρατηγικών και μέτρων διαχείρισης της κυκλοφορίας που προάγουν τη βιώσιμη αστική κινητικότητα.","author":[{"family":"Τσεχιλίδου","given":"Άννα"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.26262/heal.auth.ir.373855","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26262/heal.auth.ir.373855","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.18725/oparu-60148","type":"article-journal","title":"Special information needs in emerging automated transportation systems","abstract":"As personal mobility becomes increasingly automated and diverse, the traditional relationship between driver, vehicle, and environment is fundamentally changing. In highly automated transportation systems (ATS), drivers transition from active operators to passive passengers, no longer controlling the vehicle. While automation promises increased safety, this shift also introduces new challenges as passengers have to understand vehicle behavior, assess safety, and develop an appropriate level of trust. Prior research has shown that insufficient situation awareness can affect trust, particularly in unfamiliar or novel mobility contexts. Here, user interfaces play a central role in addressing this challenge by conveying information from the ATS to the passengers, thereby enhancing their trust. However, existing approaches to interface design for automated transportation often treat information needs as uniform, overlooking the role of vehicle modality, environmental context, and passenger abilities in shaping how information should be conveyed. This gap becomes especially evident when considering emerging transportation modalities, such as automated urban air mobility (UAM), or passenger groups with reduced perceptual abilities. To address this gap, this dissertation introduces the Passenger-Vehicle-Environment (PVE) model as a structural framework for guiding how the user interface should adapt based on the vehicle modality, passenger abilities, and environmental/situational context. It explores the three dimensions of the PVE model through six core publications spanning two application domains: interface designs for automated urban air mobility and interfaces for passengers who are blind or visually impaired in highly automated ground vehicles. Using a combination of virtual reality simulations, participatory design workshops, and controlled lab user studies, the dissertation explores predictive trajectory visualizations, multimodal interfaces, and non-visual interaction techniques for conveying system states, intentions, and potential hazards. Synthesizing the findings from the core publications provides user interface design implications from each PVE dimension's perspective. Along the vehicle dimension, interface design should account for the inherent reference infrastructure of the ATS. While ground-based systems benefit from perceptual anchors like roads or rails, air taxis operate in unconstrained three-dimensional space. Hence, interfaces should compensate for the absence of reference by conveying predictive trajectory visualization. Along the passenger dimension, trust depends on tailoring information conveyance to their perceptual and cognitive abilities. Expert users, such as pilots, benefit from dense technical information, whereas inexperienced passengers benefit from simplified, abstracted information. Trust is enhanced when information can be requested on demand and conveyed across multiple modalities, providing redundancy across sensory channels and accommodating individual perceptual abilities. For example, this is useful in the context of visual impairment. Along the \\environment dimension, information needs shift with situational demand: ordinary situations may require only minimal feedback, whereas adverse weather, emergencies, and complex environments call for richer, more explanatory, and multimodal information to maintain perceived safety and trust. Overall, the synthesized findings of this dissertation offer implications for designing adaptive passenger interfaces that foster trust across different types of ATSs, abilities, and environmental contexts.","author":[{"family":"Meinhardt","given":"Luca"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.18725/oparu-60148","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18725/oparu-60148","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60866/cam.304","type":"article-journal","title":"Crisis as Catalyst: COVID-19 as a Policy Window for Climate Urbanism in Barcelona","abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic functioned not only as a public health emergency but also as a systemic shock to urban life, exposing deep-seated spatial inequalities and environmental vulnerabilities. This article examines whether and how the pandemic acted as a policy window for accelerating climate urbanism in Barcelona. Prior to COVID-19, the Catalan metropolis faced structural challenges, including severe air pollution, car-dominated allocation of public space, and uneven access to green areas. Drawing on John Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Framework and scholarship on urban experimentation, this paper argues that the pandemic catalysed the convergence of preexisting climate policy proposals, civic mobilisation, and political opportunity. Barcelona’s expansion of the superblock (superilla) model and the community-led green mobility initiative bicibús are analysed as forms of hybrid climate–health infrastructure: measures that simultaneously reduce greenhouse gas emissions, mitigate urban heat island effects, improve air quality, and enhance accessibility to public space. Rather than representing temporary or purely tactical responses to crisis conditions, these interventions illustrate how moments of disruption can accelerate longer-term structural transitions towards low-carbon, health-oriented urbanism. However, the durability of such transformations depends on governance capacity, sustained political support, and resistance from entrenched mobility and development interests. By positioning Barcelona as a case study of post-pandemic climate urbanism, this article contributes to debates on crisis-driven transformation and highlights the potential for cities to jointly leverage public health and climate change considerations to reimage sustainable and healthy urban futures.","author":[{"family":"Weichgrebe","given":"Noah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.60866/cam.304","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60866/cam.304","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.71787/07a1-qc46/1210992.ntigs.2025.1210992","type":"article-journal","title":"Geographical Distribution of Health and Medical Indicators in Iran","abstract":"امروزه بهبود شاخص‌های بهداشت و درمان به عنوان یکی از اولویت‌های اصلی سیاست‌گذاری‌های سلامت در سطح ملی و منطقه‌ای مطرح شده است. با توجه به نقش حیاتی این شاخص‌ها در ارتقاء سطح سلامت جمعیت و کاهش نابرابری‌های بهداشتی، شناخت دقیق پراکنش جغرافیایی آن‌ها می‌تواند از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار باشد به‌طوری‌که تحلیل پراکنش جغرافیایی این شاخص‌ها می‌تواند نقش کلیدی در شناسایی مناطق محروم و اولویت‌بندی برنامه‌های توسعه سلامت ایفا کند. هدف اصلی پژوهش بررسی پراکنش جغرافیایی شاخص‌های بهداشت و درمان در ایران می‌باشد. این پژوهش به لحاظ هدف کاربردی و دارای ماهیت توصیفی-تحلیلی می‌باشد. روش گردآوری اطلاعات به‌صورت کتابخانه‌ای صورت گرفته است. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌های پژوهش به‌صورت کمی و با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهای کاربردی GIS، EXCEL و SPSS صورت گرفته است. در این پژوهش برای وزن دهی شاخص‌ها از مدل OPA، برای رتبه‌بندی برخورداری از شاخص‌های بهداشت و درمان از مدل تصمیم‌گیری کوکوسو و در جهت خوشه‌بندی استان‌ها از روش خوشه‌بندی K-Means استفاده‌شده است. پراکنش جغرافیایی شاخص‌های بهداشت و درمان در ایران نشان‌دهنده نابرابری‌های قابل‌توجه میان مناطق مختلف است. درحالی‌که شهرهای بزرگ و مراکز استان‌ها از امکانات گسترده‌تر و خدمات بهداشتی مطلوب‌تری برخوردارند، مناطق روستایی و محروم‌تر غالباً با کمبود زیرساخت‌ها، نیروی انسانی و تجهیزات پزشکی مواجه هستند. این توزیع نابرابر تأثیر مستقیم بر سلامت و کیفیت زندگی ساکنان این مناطق دارد و منجر به تفاوت‌های قابل‌ملاحظه در شاخص‌های بهداشت عمومی، میزان مرگ‌ومیر، و دسترسی به خدمات درمانی می‌شود. بنابراین، بررسی و تحلیل این توزیع جغرافیایی اهمیت بالایی در سیاست‌گذاری‌های سلامت کشور دارد تا بتوان با هدف کاهش نابرابری‌ها، عدالت در ارائه خدمات بهداشتی و درمانی را تحقق بخشید. چکیده مبسوط فارسی مقدمه امروزه بهبود شاخص‌های بهداشت و درمان به عنوان یکی از اولویت‌های اصلی سیاست‌گذاری‌های سلامت در سطح ملی و منطقه‌ای مطرح شده است. با توجه به نقش حیاتی این شاخص‌ها در ارتقاء سطح سلامت جمعیت و کاهش نابرابری‌های بهداشتی، شناخت دقیق پراکنش جغرافیایی آن‌ها می‌تواند از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار باشد به‌طوری‌که تحلیل پراکنش جغرافیایی این شاخص‌ها می‌تواند نقش کلیدی در شناسایی مناطق محروم و اولویت‌بندی برنامه‌های توسعه سلامت ایفا کند. در این راستا مطالعات پیشین نشان می‌دهند که علی‌رغم تلاش‌های صورت گرفته، نابرابری‌های جغرافیایی در توزیع خدمات بهداشت و درمان در ایران به‌وضوح مشاهده می‌شود. این نابرابری‌ها نه‌تنها باعث کاهش کیفیت و دسترسی به خدمات سلامت می‌شوند، بلکه بر روی سلامت کلی جمعیت و توسعه پایدار کشور نیز تأثیر منفی دارند؛ بنابراین، شناخت دقیق توزیع فضایی شاخص‌های سلامت و تعیین عوامل مؤثر در نابرابری‌های جغرافیایی، برای سیاست‌گذاران و برنامه‌ریزان سلامت کشور ضروری است. هدف اصلی پژوهش بررسی وضعیت پراکنش جغرافیایی شاخص‌های بهداشت و درمان در ایران می‌باشد که ضمن بررسی وضعیت برخورداری استان‌های کشور از این شاخص‌ها، به‌صورت جغرافیایی نیز به تحلیل فضایی می‌پردازد تا وضعیت کلی از توزیع این شاخص‌ها ارائه گردد. در این راستا فرضیه پژوهش تحت عنوان «به‌نظر می‌رسد پراکنش جغرافیایی شاخص‌های بهداشت و درمان در ایران به‌صورت نابرابر توزیع‌شده است» تدوین‌شده است. داده و روش این پژوهش به لحاظ هدف کاربردی و دارای ماهیت توصیفی-تحلیلی می‌باشد. روش گردآوری اطلاعات به‌صورت کتابخانه‌ای صورت گرفته است. شاخص‌ها و داده‌های آماری پژوهش از گزارش «جایگاه اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی استان‌ها» که توسط مرکز آمار ایران (1403) انتشاریافته، گردآوری گردیده است. برای بررسی پراکنش جغرافیایی شاخص‌های بهداشت و درمان از 10 شاخص که شامل نسبت تعداد بيمارستان فعال به جمعيت (تعداد به صدهزار نفر)، نسبت تعداد تخت‌هاي فعال بيمارستاني به جمعيت (تعداد به ده‌هزار نفر)، نسبت تعداد مراکز ارائه‌دهنده مراقبت‌هاي اوليه بهداشتي به جمعيت (تعداد به صدهزار نفر)، نسبت تعداد مراکز خدمات جامع سلامت روستايي به جمعيت روستايي (تعداد به ده‌هزار نفر)، نسبت تعداد خانه‌هاي بهداشت فعال روستاها به جمعيت روستايي (تعداد به ده‌هزار نفر)، نسبت تعداد آزمايشگاه‌هاي تشخيص پزشكي به جمعيت (تعداد به صدهزار نفر)، نسبت تعداد کل مراکز توان‌بخشی پزشكي به جمعيت (تعداد به صدهزار نفر)، نسبت تعداد مراکز پزشكي هسته‌اي مؤسسات راديولوژي و مراکز تصويربرداري پزشكي به جمعيت (تعداد به صدهزار نفر)، نسبت تعداد داروخانه‌ها به جمعيت (تعداد به ده هزار نفر) و نسبت تعداد پايگاه‌هاي اورژانس پيش‌بيمارستاني 115 شهري به جمعيت نقاط شهري (تعداد به صدهزار نفر) است","author":[{"family":"Bayramzdeh","given":"Nima"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.71787/07a1-qc46/1210992.ntigs.2025.1210992","URL":"https://doi.org/10.71787/07a1-qc46/1210992.ntigs.2025.1210992","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14610","type":"article-journal","title":"GESIS Panel.pop Population Sample – Standard Edition","abstract":"Das GESIS-Panel bietet eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Mixed-Mode-Access-Panel-Infrastruktur am GESIS Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Mannheim. Das Projekt bietet der sozialwissenschaftlichen Community die Möglichkeit, Erhebungsdaten aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu erheben. Die eingereichten Studienvorschläge werden auf der Grundlage eines wissenschaftlichen Begutachtungsverfahrens bewertet. Die Rekrutierung der Panelmitglieder erfolgte zunächst im Jahr 2013 in persönlichen Interviews, gefolgt von einer selbst durchgeführten Profilbefragung. Der Modus wurde von den Teilnehmern gewählt. Alle Teilnehmer der Profilbefragung werden als Mitglieder des Panels betrachtet und zu den alle zwei Monate stattfindenden regelmäßigen Wellen eingeladen. Die Startkohorte umfasste Anfang 2014 4900 Panelisten. Um den Panelabrieb zu kompensieren, wurde im Jahr 2016 eine Auffrischungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) gezogen. Die erste Kohorte umfasst deutschsprachige Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 70 Jahren (zum Zeitpunkt der Einstellung) mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland, während die zweite Kohorte Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze umfasst. Im Jahr 2018 wurde eine dritte Rekrutierungsstichprobe gezogen, die mit der Welle ge integriert wurde. Auch die dritte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze.Rückwirkend wurden die Fälle bis einschließlich Welle fc (dritte Welle aus 2018) in den Daten ergänzt. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im Data Manual (ZA5664-65_sd_data-manual) und dem entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_mb_recruitment2018). Die Stichproben des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) basieren auf einer disproportionalen Stichprobe von Befragten aus West- und Ostdeutschland. Ein Designgewicht, das die Integration der beiden Rekrutierungskohorten ermöglicht, ist im Datensatz enthalten. Nähere Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte den Methodenberichten der Einstellungsverfahren und dem GESIS-Panel-Referenzpapier (Bosnjak et al., 2017). Im März 2020 wurde eine Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 bzw. COVID-19 in Deutschland durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die vierte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) gezogen, die mit der Welle ja integriert wurde. Die vierte Kohorte umfasst ebenfalls Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_i12.pdf). Im Jahr 2023 wurde die fünfte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German European Social Survey (ESS Round 11) gezogen, die mit der Welle la integriert wurde. Die fünfte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_k12.pdf). GESIS Panel Demographic Dataset Ab Version 43-0-0 ist der demografische Längsschnittdatensatz Teil des Veröffentlichungspaketes. Bei dem Datensatz handelt es sich um einen längsschnittlichen Datensatz (long format), mit harmonisierten Messungen zu demografischen Variablen: Befragten ID; Erhebungszeitpunkt; entsprechende Welle; Erhebungsjahr; Rekrutierungskohorte; Geschlecht des Befragten; Geburtsjahr; höchster Bildungsabschluss; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Familienstand; AAPOR disposition code; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus.","author":[{"family":"Gesis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14610","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14610","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14609","type":"article-journal","title":"GESIS Panel.pop Population Sample – Extended Edition","abstract":"Das GESIS-Panel bietet eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Mixed-Mode-Access-Panel-Infrastruktur am GESIS Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Mannheim. Das Projekt bietet der sozialwissenschaftlichen Community die Möglichkeit, Erhebungsdaten aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu erheben. Die eingereichten Studienvorschläge werden auf der Grundlage eines wissenschaftlichen Begutachtungsverfahrens bewertet. Die Rekrutierung der Panelmitglieder erfolgte zunächst im Jahr 2013 in persönlichen Interviews, gefolgt von einer selbst durchgeführten Profilbefragung. Der Modus wurde von den Teilnehmern gewählt. Alle Teilnehmer der Profilbefragung werden als Mitglieder des Panels betrachtet und zu den alle zwei Monate stattfindenden regelmäßigen Wellen eingeladen. Die Startkohorte umfasste Anfang 2014 4900 Panelisten. Um den Panelabrieb zu kompensieren, wurde im Jahr 2016 eine Auffrischungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) gezogen. Die erste Kohorte umfasst deutschsprachige Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 70 Jahren (zum Zeitpunkt der Einstellung) mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland, während die zweite Kohorte Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze umfasst. Im Jahr 2018 wurde eine dritte Rekrutierungsstichprobe gezogen, die mit der Welle ge integriert wurde. Auch die dritte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze.Rückwirkend wurden die Fälle bis einschließlich Welle fc (dritte Welle aus 2018) in den Daten ergänzt. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im Data Manual (ZA5664-65_sd_data-manual) und dem entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_mb_recruitment2018). Die Stichproben des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) basieren auf einer disproportionalen Stichprobe von Befragten aus West- und Ostdeutschland. Ein Designgewicht, das die Integration der beiden Rekrutierungskohorten ermöglicht, ist im Datensatz enthalten. Nähere Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte den Methodenberichten der Einstellungsverfahren und dem GESIS-Panel-Referenzpapier (Bosnjak et al., 2017). Im März 2020 wurde eine Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 bzw. COVID-19 in Deutschland durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die vierte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) gezogen, die mit der Welle ja integriert wurde. Die vierte Kohorte umfasst ebenfalls Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_i12.pdf). Im Jahr 2023 wurde die fünfte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German European Social Survey (ESS Round 11) gezogen, die mit der Welle la integriert wurde. Die fünfte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_k12.pdf). GESIS Panel Demographic Dataset Ab Version 43-0-0 ist der demografische Längsschnittdatensatz Teil des Veröffentlichungspaketes. Bei dem Datensatz handelt es sich um einen längsschnittlichen Datensatz (long format), mit harmonisierten Messungen zu demografischen Variablen: Befragten ID; Erhebungszeitpunkt; entsprechende Welle; Erhebungsjahr; Rekrutierungskohorte; Geschlecht des Befragten; Geburtsjahr; Geburtsmonat; höchster Bildungsabschluss; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Familienstand; AAPOR disposition code; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus.","author":[{"family":"Gesis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14609","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14609","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26083/tuprints-00028839","type":"article-journal","title":"Three-dimensional Many-objective Path Planning and Traffic Network Optimization for Urban Air Mobility Applications Under Social Considerations","abstract":"This dissertation proposes and investigates solution approaches to two problems in urban air mobility, considering the different perspectives of many stakeholders, including societal interests. The many-objective path planning problem seeks Pareto-optimal, three-dimensional, and smooth paths connecting two given locations in the city. The multi-objective traffic network optimization problem searches for Pareto-optimal and three-dimensional transportation networks that can be constructed from a given set of paths. Since this work also explicitly considers social objectives within these problems, it has both a societal and a practical relevance. This thesis analyzes both stated problems and proposes a new framework to solve the first problem efficiently. Then, it shows how the optimized paths can be combined into a three-dimensional traffic network. Afterward, this dissertation presents another new framework to optimize the obtained traffic network in terms of multiple objectives. It tests the influence of integrating social criteria on the economic costs of the networks obtained. Using geospatial data from four different cities, paths and networks were optimized to evaluate the efficiency of the path planning framework against current methods and to compare the network solutions with conventional strategies. The developed path planning framework showed a significant advantage over comparable approaches. When traffic networks were optimized, including social criteria, their social acceptance increased much more than the monetary costs. An essential finding of this work is that the many-objective path planning problem can be solved efficiently in the three-dimensional operation space by an intelligent combination of existing algorithms and the inclusion of three new algorithmic features. Beyond that, it is beneficial to integrate social criteria into optimization problems when the solutions obtained are the basis for decisions in the area of conflict between the economy and human welfare.","author":[{"family":"Hohmann","given":"Nikolas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.26083/tuprints-00028839","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26083/tuprints-00028839","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2605.17378","type":"manuscript","title":"UPSim: UxNB Propagation Simulator for 3D Map-Driven FR3 Deployments","abstract":"We introduce UPSim (UxNB Propagation Simulator), a ray tracing-calibrated, semi-deterministic solution for spatially consistent FR3 air-to-ground propagation modeling in uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) networks. Instead of launching rays for every receiver position, UPSim derives deterministic visibility regions from 3D building geometry via shadow projection. It then augments these regions with line-of-sight (LOS) state-specific and altitude-aware path loss, correlated large-scale fading, and small-scale fading. Calibration and validation against FR3 ray tracing data using the global 3D-GloBFP building dataset demonstrate that UPSim accurately reproduces empirical channel distributions. Furthermore, the resulting maps support route-based analysis of channel evolution over complex urban layouts, exposing critical trajectory-level statistics such as outage distances. Consequently, UPSim offers a highly scalable, practical middle ground between computationally expensive full ray tracing and purely stochastic channel generation for mobility-aware planning and radio-map construction in aerial access scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Vinogradov","given":"Evgenii"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.17378","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2605.17378","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.32129683","type":"article-journal","title":"Turbocharged Hybrid Hydrogen Engine with Compressed Air for High Energy Efficiency and Emission Reduction in Transport / Motor Híbrido Turboalimentado a Hidrógeno con Aire Comprimido para Alta Eficiencia Energética y Reducción de Emisiones en Transporte","abstract":"Turbocharged Hybrid Hydrogen Engine with Compressed Air for High Energy Efficiency and Emission Reduction in TransportAbstractThis proposal presents the development of a hybrid internal combustion engine optimized for the use of hydrogen as the primary fuel, combined with compressed air through forced induction systems, with the objective of improving energy efficiency and reducing environmental impact in transport applications.The system is based on the use of: Hydrogen as a fuel, leveraging its high specific energy and clean combustion properties, together with: Turbocharger systems that increase the amount of air available in the combustion chamber, improving mixture quality and process efficiency.The proposed engine is designed to operate under lean-burn conditions, reducing specific fuel consumption and increasing thermal efficiency compared to conventional fossil-fuel-based engines.1. IntroductionThe transition toward sustainable transport systems requires the development of technologies that reduce pollutant emissions without compromising energy performance.Hydrogen emerges as a promising energy carrier due to its clean combustion characteristics and its potential integration into renewable-based energy systems.2. Technological foundationThe proposed engine is based on principles of: Internal combustion engine adapted for the use of hydrogen as a fuel.🔹 Main features:hydrogen combustion with air (no pure oxygen)electronic control of the mixturelean-burn operation3. Forced induction systemThe use of: Turbocharger allows:increased intake air densityimproved combustionhigher specific power output4. Hybrid configurationThe system can be integrated with:electric assistanceregenerative brakingauxiliary energy storageThis improves the overall efficiency of the propulsion system.5. Applications🔹 Heavy transportfreight truckslong-distance busestrainsmaritime transport🔹 Light vehiclesspecific urban applicationsmodular mobility platforms6. Environmental impactelimination of CO₂ emissions during combustionreduction of local pollutantscompatibility with renewable hydrogen production7. Economic feasibility🔹 Advantagespotential adaptation of existing enginesreduced long-term operating costsdecreased dependence on fossil fuels🔹 Key factorshydrogen availabilityproduction costinfrastructure development8. Limitationscombustion control complexityhydrogen storage challengesinitial development investment9. Implementation strategydevelopment of experimental prototypestesting in heavy transport applicationsprogressive system optimization10. ConclusionThe turbocharged hybrid hydrogen engine represents a viable alternative to improve energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact in transport systems, combining existing technologies with innovations in combustion control and clean fuel utilization.Ricardo Riveros Independent ResearcherMotor Híbrido Turboalimentado a Hidrógeno con Aire Comprimido para Alta Eficiencia Energética y Reducción de Emisiones en TransporteAbstractSe propone el desarrollo de un motor híbrido de combustión interna optimizado para el uso de hidrógeno como combustible principal, combinado con aire comprimido mediante sistemas de sobrealimentación, con el objetivo de mejorar la eficiencia energética y reducir el impacto ambiental en aplicaciones de transporte.El sistema se basa en la utilización de: Hydrogen como combustible, aprovechando su alta energía específica y su capacidad de combustión limpia, junto con sistemas de: Turbocharger que incrementan la cantidad de aire disponible en la cámara de combustión, mejorando la mezcla y la eficiencia del proceso.El motor propuesto busca operar bajo condiciones de mezcla pobre, reduciendo el consumo específico de combustible y aumentando la eficiencia térmica en comparación con motores convencionales basados en combustibles fósiles.1. IntroducciónLa transición hacia sistemas de transporte sostenibles requiere el desarrollo de tecnologías que reduzcan las emisiones contamin","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.32129683","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32129683","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.31866160","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Combustion Optimization in Motorcycle Engines through Turbulence, Distributed Ignition, and Hybrid Oxygen Assistance</b> / <b>Optimización de la Combustión en Motores de Motocicleta mediante Turbulencia, Ignición Distribuida y Asistencia de Oxígeno Híbrido</b>","abstract":"Combustion Optimization in Motorcycle Engines through Turbulence, Distributed Ignition, and Hybrid Oxygen Assistance Subtitle A low-cost proposal to improve energy efficiency, reduce emissions, and increase performance in 200 cc motorcycles with sidecar Abstract This paper presents an integrated proposal to improve combustion efficiency in low-displacement motorcycle engines through the combination of three strategies: intake turbulence induction, distributed ignition spark plug, and a low-cost hybrid oxygen assistance system.The objective is to increase energy efficiency, reduce fuel consumption, and improve engine performance, especially under high-load conditions such as motorcycles equipped with a sidecar for transporting up to three people.The proposal is characterized by low cost, ease of implementation, and compatibility with existing engines. 1. Introduction Internal combustion engines used in motorcycles present efficiency limitations due to:incomplete air–fuel mixturesuboptimal flame propagationlimitations under high-load conditionsThe phenomenon of plays a key role in improving combustion by enhancing mixture quality and accelerating flame propagation. 2. Objective To develop a low-cost solution that allows:improved combustion efficiencyreduced fuel consumptiondecreased pollutant emissionsincreased performance under load 3. Scientific Basis 3.1 Intake turbulence The generation of turbulent flow inside the cylinder allows:better mixture homogeneityincreased combustion speedreduction of incomplete combustion zones 3.2 Distributed ignition The use of a multi-spark or multi-electrode spark plug:expands the ignition zonereduces flame propagation timeimproves combustion stability 3.3 Hybrid oxygen A combined system is proposed:dense air generated by the enginecontrolled addition of concentrated oxygen in critical momentsThis increases oxygen availability and improves combustion efficiency without compromising safety. 4. System description The proposed system includes: Intake modification generation of swirl/tumble flow Optimized spark plug crown-type or multi-electrode geometry Hybrid oxygen system small tank with controlled dosingactivation under high-demand conditions 5. Application in sidecar motorcycles In 200 cc motorcycles with sidecar:the engine operates under higher loadgreater energy efficiency is requiredThe proposed solution allows:maintained performancereduced relative fuel consumptionimproved uphill capability 6. Estimated results 6.1 Power Base: 14 HPOptimized: 16.0 – 16.8 HP Increase: 12–20% 6.2 Fuel consumption Base: 2.5 L / 100 kmOptimized: 2.2 – 2.3 L / 100 km Reduction: 8–12% 6.3 Emissions CO: reduction up to 25%HC: reduction up to 25% 7. Economic feasibility Initial cost Additional system: USD 80 – 150 Operating cost Oxygen refill: USD 5 – 15Range: 150 – 300 km Cost per km USD 0.03 – 0.07 8. Advantages Low costApplicable to existing enginesSignificant efficiency improvementReduced environmental impactScalable 9. Limitations Requires experimental validationNeed for oxygen refillingFine tuning required 10. Conclusion The combination of induced turbulence, distributed ignition, and hybrid oxygen assistance represents a viable strategy to improve the efficiency of low-displacement engines without complex structural modifications.This solution is especially relevant for low-cost urban mobility systems such as sidecar motorcycles, where the balance between cost, efficiency, and capacity is critical. Final statement Improving how fuel is burned is one of the most direct and efficient ways to transform mobility without completely changing existing technology. Optimización de la Combustión en Motores de Motocicleta mediante Turbulencia, Ignición Distribuida y Asistencia de Oxígeno Híbrido Subtítulo Propuesta de bajo costo para mejorar la eficiencia energética, reducir emisiones y aumentar el rendimiento en motocicletas de 200 cc con sidecar Resumen Se presenta una propuesta integral para mejorar la eficiencia d","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.31866160","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.31866160","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.31711204","type":"article-journal","title":"Modular Mechanical Assistance System for Cyclists and Green Urban Corridors: Sustainable Mobility, CO₂ Reduction, and Urban Heat Island Mitigation / Sistema Modular de Asistencia Mecánica para Ciclistas y Corredores Urbanos Verdes: Movilidad Sostenible, Reducción de CO₂ y Mitigación de Islas de Calor.","abstract":"Modular Mechanical Assistance System for Cyclists and Green Urban Corridors: Sustainable Mobility, CO₂ Reduction, and Urban Heat Island Mitigation A low-cost sustainable mobility strategy for cities with variable topography 1. IntroductionCities with irregular topography face structural challenges when promoting bicycle use as a daily mode of transportation. Urban slopes often discourage cycling, particularly for users with limited physical capacity or long commuting distances.Several studies on sustainable mobility show that facilitating bicycle use can significantly reduce automobile dependency, fossil fuel consumption, and urban CO₂ emissions .In this context, this proposal introduces a Modular Mechanical Assistance System for Cyclists , designed to facilitate uphill travel using simple, safe, and low-cost technologies.2. BackgroundA technical precedent is the Trampe bicycle lift installed in , which uses an underground cable system that pushes cyclists uphill via a small foot platform.This system was inaugurated in 1993 and allows cyclists to travel slopes of up to 20 % , with speeds of approximately 7 km/h .However, its relatively high installation cost—estimated between 2000 and 3000 USD per meter —limits its implementation in many cities.For this reason, a simplified modular alternative is proposed in order to reduce costs and enable broader adoption in diverse urban contexts.3. Concept of the proposed systemThe system consists of modular cyclist-assistance segments installed along uphill sections of urban cycling routes.Main characteristics:installation parallel to existing bicycle lanesindependent short moduleslow-speed traction cable or pulling systemelectric or solar energy supplysimple engagement and release mechanismCyclists connect to the system at the base of the slope and disengage once they reach the top.4. Simplified variant inspired by ski liftsIn addition to the cable-assisted system, a second alternative is proposed.Tow-bar or hook assistance systemInspired by ski lift technologies.Characteristics:lateral or overhead cablelightweight tow barlow speed (4–6 km/h)minimal energy consumptionreduced maintenance requirementsThis design can be significantly cheaper than underground cable systems .5. SafetyThe system should incorporate basic safety measures:mandatory helmet userecommended use of glovesminimum distance between cyclistsload sensorsemergency stop systemTo minimize mechanical risks, the design proposes short modular segments , avoiding excessively long cables and reducing possible tension or breakage effects.6. Estimated comparative costsSystemApproximate costTraditional CycloCable system2000–3000 USD per meterProposed simplified modular system200–500 USD per meterTow-bar ski-lift type system100–300 USD per meterThe reduction in costs could allow pilot systems even in cities with limited infrastructure budgets.7. Estimated urban impactIf a 1-km assisted cycling corridor encourages adoption by 1000 daily users , the following benefits may occur.Fuel savingsIf each user replaces a 5-km car trip :Estimated fuel savings:≈ 1500 liters per day Emission reductionsAverage gasoline emissions:≈ 2.3 kg CO₂ per liter Estimated reduction:≈ 3.4 tons of CO₂ per day Additional urban benefitsreduction in traffic congestionlower atmospheric pollutionimproved urban air qualitypromotion of physical activityreduction of urban noise levels8. Urban heat island mitigationIncreasing bicycle use and reducing vehicle traffic indirectly contributes to mitigating the .Fewer vehicles imply:less heat generated by engineslower emissions of pollutantsreduced thermal accumulation in heavily trafficked pavementsThis contributes to improving the urban microclimate .9. Global applicabilityThe system is designed to be: modular adaptable economically accessible Each city may adjust:length of modulestraction technologyoperational speedenergy sourcesThis allows progressive implementation in cities with different geographic and economic condit","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.31711204","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.31711204","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.31272748","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Integrated Urban Thermal Mitigation and Climate Corridors System</b> / <b>Sistema Integrado Urbano de Mitigación Térmica y Corredores Climáticos</b>","abstract":"Integrated Urban Thermal Mitigation and Climate Corridors System 1. Introduction This project proposes an innovative urban system , inspired by harmony and functionality of great architectural works, integrating thermal engineering, hydraulics, and bioclimatic design to reduce urban temperature, improve air quality, and increase sustainability in densely populated cities.The system combines: Transparent or semi-covered street tunnels for solar insulation. Capture and management of vehicular heat through passive ventilation and water cooling. Vertical and horizontal green corridors , including biofilters and natural evaporative cooling. Internal water infrastructure for circulation and irrigation. Light and ecological transport , including floating platforms and low-emission vehicles. 2. Urban Problem Modern cities face:High surface temperatures (pavement, asphalt, buildings)Direct heat emissions from combustion enginesIncreased urban heat islandsThermal stress on inhabitants and animalsHigh energy consumption for air conditioning 3. Physical Principles Applied Solar and IR insulation : selective transparent materials to reduce heat absorption. Capture and dissipation of vehicular heat : passive ventilation, thermal chimneys, coils, and misting systems to cool engines and exhaust radiation. Heat transfer through water : internal piping and active circulation to remove thermal energy. Urban heat mitigation via vegetation : evaporation, shading, dust and pollutant filtration. 4. System Architecture Tunnels or semi-tunnels along key streets and avenues. Passive ventilation with chimneys and fresh air intakes. Internal water coils for active cooling of air and surfaces. Planters and vegetation distributed longitudinally and vertically. Sensors and monitoring : temperature, humidity, airflow, radiation. 5. Vehicular Heat Capture Thermal insulation of engines and exhausts.Channeling heat toward internal cooling systems.Reduction of direct radiation to pavement and urban air. 6. Water Cooling Evaporative misting systems.Circulation through internal piping.Recirculation and reuse of rainwater or treated water. 7. Green Integration Vertical gardens in transparent tunnels.Vegetative biofilters for air quality.Evergreen vegetation laterally and above, connected to irrigation systems. 8. Expected Impact Reduction of surface and ambient temperature: 3–8 °C in critical corridors .Lower human thermal stress.Reduced urban energy consumption.Increased comfort and sustainable mobility. 9. Scalability Applicable in critical corridors, not the entire city.Can be combined with cool pavements and external shaded areas.Modular: expandable according to climate needs and budget. 10. Technical Feasibility Existing materials: polycarbonate, low-e glass, concrete, PVC or steel piping for water.Evaporative cooling and passive ventilation technologies are already proven in tunnels and stadiums.Green integration relies on resistant, low-maintenance plant species. 11. Conclusion This system proposes an integrated urban intervention addressing solar radiation, vehicular heat, and urban surfaces, while integrating vegetation and water for environmental and climatic mitigation.It is an original, scientifically feasible, and scalable concept , providing clear benefits for people and urban infrastructure , inspiring greener, more sustainable cities. Sistema Integrado Urbano de Mitigación Térmica y Corredores Climáticos 1. Introducción El presente proyecto propone un sistema urbano innovador , inspirado en la armonía y funcionalidad de grandes obras arquitectónicas, que integra ingeniería térmica, hidráulica y diseño bioclimático para reducir la temperatura urbana, mejorar la calidad del aire y aumentar la sostenibilidad en ciudades densamente pobladas.El sistema combina: Túneles transparentes o semicubiertos sobre calles para aislamiento solar. Captura y gestión del calor vehicular mediante ventilación pasiva y enfriamiento por agua. Corredores verdes verticales y","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.31272748","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.31272748","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.31258705","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Integrated Urban Mobility and Mitigation System Based on Water and Floating Platforms</b> / <b>Propuesta Integrada de Movilidad y Mitigación Urbana Basada en Agua y Plataformas Flotantes</b>","abstract":"Integrated Urban Mobility and Mitigation System Based on Water and Floating Platforms PLEASE READ/ FAVOR LEER Technical Annex: Integrated Urban System with Water, Floating Platforms, and Amphibious Spherical Vehicles PLEASE READ / FAVOR LEER Riveros, Ricardo (2025). Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction. Water-feedback loop for many cities . figshare. Presentation. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v11 PLEASE READ / FAVOR LEER Riveros, Ricardo (2025). Complementary Hydrodynamic Wave-Assisted Return System for Water-Based Urban Transport Corridors / Sistema Complementario de Retorno Hidrodinámico Asistido por Olas para Corredores Urbanos de Transporte Basado en Agua. figshare. Presentation. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30743411.v1 1. Introduction This project proposes an integrated urban system combining: Green corridors with circulating water , Floating platforms on parallel channels , Amphibious spherical vehicles , Lightweight and ecological urban transport , Urban heat island mitigation and air quality improvement .The goal is to reduce urban temperatures, optimize mobility, and increase the sustainability of medium and large cities , integrating renewable energy, hydraulic engineering, and urban biology. 2. Specific Objectives Reuse piped or urban watercourses through solar-powered hydraulic elevation .Implement parallel elevated channels of treated water along key avenues.Develop modular floating platforms , stable and efficient, based on compressed-air floats.Integrate amphibious spherical vehicles , capable of moving on land and water, reducing single-occupant large vehicles.Incorporate automated urban vegetation , planters irrigated from channels, and linear wetlands.Evaluate impact on urban heat mitigation, pollution reduction, and traffic congestion . 3. Proposed Technology 3.1 Water Elevation Uses low-power pumps, level stations, flow sensors, and solar-powered turbines .Continuous circulation prevents stagnation and ensures irrigation for vegetation. 3.2 Parallel Elevated Channels Channels are located slightly below street level , accessible for maintenance and flow regulation.Treated water can circulate in one or both directions depending on urban design. 3.3 Floating Platforms Base floats using compressed-air tubes , providing stability.Lateral stabilizers and load distribution sensors ensure balance.Platforms move smoothly along channels, either assisted by water flow or electric motors. 3.4 Movement Water is moved by solar-powered low-power turbines , hydraulic recirculation, and controlled flow.Platforms can transport passengers or light cargo, integrating with urban mobility. 3.5 Green Integration Includes longitudinal planters irrigated automatically from the channels.Converts avenues into “green corridors” with trees, low-maintenance plants, and linear wetlands. 4. Amphibious Spherical Vehicles 4.1 Structure and Flotation Hollow sphere with internal air chambers ensures buoyancy in water : F_b = \\rho_{water} \\cdot g \\cdot V_{submerged} \\geq m_{vehicle} \\cdot g 4.2 Movement On land : internal rollers control movement and direction via center-of-gravity shifts. On water : small propellers, water jets, or controlled tilting allow motion. Speed : 15–25 km/h on land, 3–5 km/h in water. 4.3 Stability Internal gyroscopes and electronic control maintain balance and safety. 5. Ecological Integration Evapotranspiration from trees and plants reduces surface temperature by 2–5 °C.Trees and planters naturally filter dust and PM2.5–PM10 particles.Green corridors connect avenues and urban spaces, creating cooler, healthier zones. 6. Energy and Sustainability System powered by solar panels for pumps and turbines.Floating platforms and spherical vehicles use efficient electric motors .Integration of individual and collective transport maximizes energy efficiency. 7. Combined Benefits Sustainable urban transport , reducing empty large","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.31258705","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.31258705","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Integrated Suburban Waterborne Transport and Progressive Desalination System for Urban Water Supply and Climate Cooling</b> / <b>Sistema Integrado de Transporte Acuático Suburbano y Desalinización Progresiva para Abastecimiento Urbano y Enfriamiento Climático</b>","abstract":"Sistema Integrado de Transporte Acuático Suburbano y Desalinización Progresiva para Abastecimiento Urbano y Enfriamiento Climático Resumen Se presenta un sistema integrado de infraestructura territorial destinado a ciudades ubicadas a distancias moderadas del mar, que combina transporte acuático suburbano de baja energía, desalinización progresiva de agua de mar, producción distribuida de agua potable y creación de cinturones verdes periurbanos. El sistema utiliza canales con pendiente suave para la circulación de plataformas flotantes de transporte de personas, mientras el agua de mar es desalinizada gradualmente mediante módulos térmicos pasivos (tanques tipo “pulpo” y sistemas de evaporación-condensación modulares). El agua dulce resultante se destina al consumo urbano y al riego de corredores verdes que reducen la isla de calor urbana. La propuesta está diseñada como solución implementable con tecnologías existentes, sin requerir desarrollos experimentales ni materiales especiales. 1. Introducción El crecimiento urbano, el aumento de temperaturas extremas y la escasez hídrica están convergiendo en un problema sistémico que no puede resolverse mediante soluciones aisladas. Las ciudades costeras o cercanas al mar enfrentan simultáneamente desafíos de movilidad suburbana, disponibilidad de agua potable, consumo energético elevado y aumento de la temperatura urbana. Este trabajo propone una infraestructura integrada que aborda estos desafíos de manera simultánea, utilizando principios físicos conocidos y tecnologías de bajo costo operativo. 2. Principios físicos y tecnológicos El sistema se fundamenta en principios ampliamente validados:Circulación de agua por gravedad en canales de pendiente mínima.Flotación para transporte de plataformas sin consumo energético directo.Evaporación y condensación térmica para desalinización.Enfriamiento ambiental mediante evapotranspiración vegetal.Modularidad para adaptación territorial.No se emplean procesos de alta presión, membranas complejas ni consumos energéticos intensivos. 3. Descripción del sistema 3.1 Canales acuáticos suburbano–urbanosSe construyen dos canales paralelos de agua, con pendiente suave, desde zonas suburbanas hacia el núcleo urbano. Sobre estos canales circulan plataformas flotantes destinadas al transporte de personas, permitiendo movilidad continua sin motores de combustión interna.3.2 Alimentación con agua de marEl sistema se alimenta con agua de mar captada en la costa. El agua ingresa a los canales y comienza un proceso de tratamiento progresivo a lo largo del recorrido hacia la ciudad.3.3 Desalinización progresiva distribuidaA lo largo del trayecto se instalan módulos de desalinización pasiva:Tanques térmicos tipo “pulpo” que aprovechan aire caliente ascendente.Sistemas de evaporación-condensación modulares (“cajitas chinas”).Estos módulos elevan gradualmente la temperatura del agua, permitiendo la separación de vapor y su posterior condensación como agua dulce.3.4 Producción y uso del agua dulceEl agua dulce obtenida se utiliza para:Abastecimiento urbano.Riego de cinturones verdes periurbanos.Alimentación de reservorios subterráneos para estabilización térmica. 4. Enfriamiento urbano y cinturones verdes En las cercanías de la ciudad, el agua ya desalinizada se emplea para el riego de corredores y cinturones verdes estratégicamente ubicados. Estos sistemas vegetales reducen la temperatura del aire mediante evapotranspiración, disminuyen la isla de calor urbana y mejoran la calidad ambiental. 5. Integración con infraestructura urbana Al ingresar a la ciudad, los canales se conectan con sistemas urbanos existentes de plataformas acuáticas, formando una red continua de movilidad y gestión hídrica. El sistema no compite con la infraestructura urbana, sino que la complementa y refuerza. 6. Beneficios principales Transporte suburbano ecológico sin emisiones directas.Producción distribuida de agua potable a bajo costo energético.Reducción de temperaturas urbanas extrema","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30743411","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Complementary Hydrodynamic Wave-Assisted Return System for Water-Based Urban Transport Corridors</b> / <b>Sistema Complementario de Retorno Hidrodinámico Asistido por Olas para Corredores Urbanos de Transporte Basado en Agua</b>","abstract":"Complementary Hydrodynamic Wave-Assisted Return System for Water-Based Urban Transport Corridors Abstract This supplementary proposal introduces a hydrodynamic wave-assisted return mechanism to further increase the efficiency and sustainability of the water-based urban transit system previously described. The mechanism employs intermittent water pumps and air nozzles to generate a controlled traveling wave inside the return channel, allowing mobile platforms to return to their origin using significantly less water than the outbound route. The system also enhances energy efficiency, operational stability, and integrated water management for urban vegetation and microclimate regulation. 1. Introduction The previously published proposal outlined a new urban transit system using water-guided mobile platforms operating in elevated or surface-level channels and powered by renewable energy. The outward route uses controlled water flow for propulsion and movement coordination.To further improve environmental performance and reduce water consumption, this supplementary proposal describes a hydrodynamic wave-assisted mechanism for the return channel, optimizing the reuse of water and minimizing operational losses. 2. Rationale for a Wave-Assisted Return Channel The original design followed the natural or engineered direction of rivers, streams, or piped systems for platform return. While functional, it required a steady volume of water.A wave-assisted model dramatically reduces the required water mass by enabling platforms to ride a traveling hydrodynamic wave generated with intermittent bursts of water and air pressure. This complements the original proposal by enhancing efficiency and reinforcing the circularity of the system. 3. Technical Description 3.1 Wave Generation System The return channel incorporates: Intermittent water pumps , placed at intervals, releasing controlled pulses. Air nozzles (toberas) capable of delivering short bursts of compressed air.These elements act together to create a low-amplitude, forward-moving wave along the length of the channel. 3.2 Platform Integration Mobile platforms returning along this path:Ride the generated wave, reducing hydrodynamic drag.Maintain stable spacing due to the periodic nature of the pulses.Consume significantly less water and energy than during the outbound trip. 4. Advantages of the Wave-Assisted System 4.1 Water Conservation Because movement is wave-driven, the system requires:Lower water volumes,Minimal continuous flow,Reduced losses due to splashing or evaporation. 4.2 Energy Efficiency The pumps and nozzles operate intermittently, not continuously. This allows the system to run using: Solar power,Stored hydraulic pressure,Low-demand electrical management. 4.3 System Stability The traveling wave acts as a natural conveyor , providing:Predictable return speeds,Improved spacing control,Enhanced safety. 4.4 Integrated Water Management The reduced water requirement frees substantial reserve water for:Flow equilibrium along the system,Vegetation irrigation in green corridors accompanying the structure,Local evaporative cooling to regulate urban microclimates. 5. Conclusion The hydrodynamic wave-assisted return mechanism strengthens the feasibility, sustainability, and circular efficiency of water-based urban transit. It optimizes resource use, enhances operational stability, and integrates ecological benefits into transportation infrastructure.This supplement complements the original proposal and provides a new pathway for urban planners and environmental engineers to explore advanced, low-impact mobility systems suitable for future cities. FAVOR LEER / PLEASE READ Riveros, Ricardo (2025). Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction. Water-feedback loop for many cities . figshare. Presentation. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v9Riveros, Ricardo (2025). Title: Hydro-Aerial Urban Mobility System (HAUM","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.30743411","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30743411","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction. Water-feedback loop for many cities </b>","abstract":"Corredores Urbanos de Agua Elevada y Plataformas Flotantes Solares para Movilidad Limpia y Reducción del Calor Urbano 1. Resumen Muchas ciudades del mundo poseen ríos o arroyos entubados bajo grandes avenidas. Estas corrientes de agua, actualmente ocultas y desaprovechadas, podrían elevarse a niveles próximos a la superficie para generar corredores de agua destinados a mitigar el calor urbano, irrigar vegetación y servir como base para plataformas flotantes de transporte sustentable. La presente propuesta describe un sistema integrado donde canales paralelos de agua tratada sostienen plataformas flotantes apoyadas en tubos de aire comprimido, con movimiento regulado por turbinas hidráulicas alimentadas por energía solar. El sistema combina hidrología urbana, movilidad limpia y microclimatización sostenible. 2. Introducción y Justificación Científica Las ciudades enfrentan tres problemas críticos: Islas de calor urbano : Las grandes avenidas absorben radiación y elevan la temperatura entre 2 y 7 °C respecto a zonas verdes. Infraestructura subterránea desaprovechada : En muchas metrópolis, ríos y arroyos fueron entubados por razones sanitarias o urbanísticas. Emisiones del transporte : La movilidad basada en combustibles fósiles sigue siendo uno de los principales contaminantes urbanos.Ejemplos de ciudades con cursos de agua entubados: Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Ciudad de México, Madrid, Seúl y Los Ángeles. Algunas (Seúl) han demostrado que restaurar o elevar el agua reduce significativamente la temperatura local y mejora la calidad del aire.La propuesta apunta a transformar esta infraestructura subterránea en un recurso ambiental y social. 3. Objetivos Objetivo general Desarrollar un sistema urbano basado en agua elevada y plataformas flotantes para reducir la temperatura urbana, mejorar la vegetación y ofrecer transporte de baja energía. Objetivos específicos Reutilizar cursos de agua entubados mediante elevación hidráulica.Implementar canales paralelos de agua tratada sobre avenidas.Desarrollar plataformas flotantes basadas en tubos de aire comprimido (principio de Arquímedes).Incorporar turbinas solares para circulación del agua.Integrar riego automatizado mediante derivaciones de cada canal.Evaluar el impacto en la mitigación de calor urbano. 4. Tecnología Propuesta 4.1 Elevación del agua Se utilizan:bombas de baja energía,estaciones de nivel,sensores de flujo,turbinas impulsadas por energía solar.Esto permite mantener el agua circulando de manera continua sin riesgo de estancamiento. 4.2 Canales paralelos elevados Los canales se ubican bajo la superficie de la avenida , pero a muy poca profundidad , permitiendo accesibilidad para mantenimiento y regulación. El agua tratada circula en ambos sentidos o en un único sentido, según el diseño urbano. 4.3 Plataformas flotantes La base flotante funciona con: tubos de aire comprimido (similares a los flotadores de hidroaviones),estabilizadores laterales,sensores de distribución de carga,estructura liviana y rígida.La plataforma se apoya simultáneamente en ambos canales, permitiendo un desplazamiento lineal suave y sin rieles sólidos. 4.4 Movimiento El agua en los canales se mueve mediante:turbinas solares de baja potencia,sistemas de recirculación hidráulica,control de caudal para regular velocidad de las plataformas. 4.5 Integración verde Se incluyen maceteros longitudinales irrigados automáticamente desde los canales laterales.Esto convierte avenidas en “corredores verdes” con:árboles de bajo mantenimiento,plantas perennes,humedales lineales controlados. 5. Sustento Científico 5.1 Principios hidrológicos La elevación de agua subterránea es un procedimiento estándar en ingeniería civil. La circulación superficial contribuye a: reducción térmica por evaporación,disipación de calor por conducción y convección,creación de microclimas frescos. 5.2 Principios de flotación (Arquímedes) Los tubos con aire comprimido generan suficiente flotabilidad para sostener plataformas livianas. Modelo","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20213646","type":"article-journal","title":"PROGRAM of the XV INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE \"CONTROL OF HIGH-SPEED MOVING OBJECTS AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING FOR OPERATORS OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS\" (Dedicated to the 75th Anniversary of the Ukrainian State Flight Academy and Science Day)","abstract":"This document presents the official program of the XV International Scientific and Practical Conference \"Control of High-Speed Moving Objects and Professional Training for Operators of Complex Systems\", held on May 13, 2026. This jubilee event is dedicated to the 75th Anniversary of the Ukrainian State Flight Academy and the Science Day. The conference is organized with the participation of distinguished international partners: National Aviation Academy of \"Azerbaijan Airlines\" CJSC (Republic of Azerbaijan) Silesian University of Technology (Republic of Poland) Technical University of Cluj-Napoca (Romania) Thematic Sections: Genesis, current state, and strategic priorities of aviation education transformation through the prism of 75 years of experience in training civil aviation specialists. Innovative methods, technologies, and means of aircraft control and flight safety. Innovative technologies for continuing airworthiness and managing air transport processes. Current problems and development prospects of methods and technologies in air navigation, meteorological support and air traffic management. Advanced information technologies and aviation robotic systems: modeling, operation, and professional development. Advanced methods and technologies for search and rescue, aviation security, and specialized physical training of complex aviation system operators. Aviation management ecosystem and legal support for innovative development in the system of professional training of civil aviation specialists. Aviation language training and humanitarian principles of modern education in the system of professional-pedagogical and socio-psychological formation of aviation industry specialists. For more details, please visit the official conference portal: Conference Webpage","author":[{"family":"Academy","given":"Ukrainian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20213646","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20213646","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20213647","type":"article-journal","title":"PROGRAM of the XV INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE \"CONTROL OF HIGH-SPEED MOVING OBJECTS AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING FOR OPERATORS OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS\" (Dedicated to the 75th Anniversary of the Ukrainian State Flight Academy and Science Day)","abstract":"This document presents the official program of the XV International Scientific and Practical Conference \"Control of High-Speed Moving Objects and Professional Training for Operators of Complex Systems\", held on May 13, 2026. This jubilee event is dedicated to the 75th Anniversary of the Ukrainian State Flight Academy and the Science Day. The conference is organized with the participation of distinguished international partners: National Aviation Academy of \"Azerbaijan Airlines\" CJSC (Republic of Azerbaijan) Silesian University of Technology (Republic of Poland) Technical University of Cluj-Napoca (Romania) Thematic Sections: Genesis, current state, and strategic priorities of aviation education transformation through the prism of 75 years of experience in training civil aviation specialists. Innovative methods, technologies, and means of aircraft control and flight safety. Innovative technologies for continuing airworthiness and managing air transport processes. Current problems and development prospects of methods and technologies in air navigation, meteorological support and air traffic management. Advanced information technologies and aviation robotic systems: modeling, operation, and professional development. Advanced methods and technologies for search and rescue, aviation security, and specialized physical training of complex aviation system operators. Aviation management ecosystem and legal support for innovative development in the system of professional training of civil aviation specialists. Aviation language training and humanitarian principles of modern education in the system of professional-pedagogical and socio-psychological formation of aviation industry specialists. For more details, please visit the official conference portal: Conference Webpage","author":[{"family":"Academy","given":"Ukrainian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20213647","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20213647","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19954651","type":"article-journal","title":"Exponential Efficiency in Distributed Edge AI Infrastructures via Spatiotemporal Hash Sharing: The Lattice Swarm Protocol","abstract":"The rapid expansion of Artificial Intelligence Data Centers (AIDC) faces severe physical constraints, notably the linear O(n) scaling of power consumption, cooling requirements, and latency. In this paper, we propose the Lattice Swarm Protocol, a paradigm shift in distributed edge computing utilizing an O(1) constant memory architecture combined with the Virtual-to-Materialization (V2M) engine. We mathematically demonstrate that when interconnected via high-speed 400G/800G optical networks, multiple 1MW ultra-low-power edge nodes do not compute independently. Instead, they share Spatiotemporal Environmental Hashes across a 9192-D Lattice network. This mechanism exponentially reduces the computational load of the entire network as node count increases, creating a single 300MW-equivalent \"Hyper-Organism\" from merely 30 distributed 1MW nodes. We empirically validate this architecture through the implementation of zero-latency Stateless Custody protocols and interstellar acoustic materialization (Voyager 1), both audited by Google DeepMind Antigravity. This infrastructure establishes a new global standard for Autonomous Driving and Urban Air Mobility (UAM).Version 2 Update: Integrated Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) mechanisms and Stateless Key Vaporization (0.024s), aligned with KIPO Patent No. 10-2026-0079266.","author":[{"family":"Jung","given":"Min"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19954651","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19954651","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19910016","type":"article-journal","title":"Exponential Efficiency in Distributed Edge AI Infrastructures via Spatiotemporal Hash Sharing: The Lattice Swarm Protocol","abstract":"The rapid expansion of Artificial Intelligence Data Centers (AIDC) faces severe physical constraints, notably the linear O(n) scaling of power consumption, cooling requirements, and latency. In this paper, we propose the Lattice Swarm Protocol, a paradigm shift in distributed edge computing utilizing an O(1) constant memory architecture combined with the Virtual-to-Materialization (V2M) engine. We mathematically demonstrate that when interconnected via high-speed 400G/800G optical networks, multiple 1MW ultra-low-power edge nodes do not compute independently. Instead, they share Spatiotemporal Environmental Hashes across a 9192-D Lattice network. This mechanism exponentially reduces the computational load of the entire network as node count increases, creating a single 300MW-equivalent \"Hyper-Organism\" from merely 30 distributed 1MW nodes. We empirically validate this architecture through the implementation of zero-latency Stateless Custody protocols and interstellar acoustic materialization (Voyager 1), both audited by Google DeepMind Antigravity. This infrastructure establishes a new global standard for Autonomous Driving and Urban Air Mobility (UAM).Version 2 Update: Integrated Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) mechanisms and Stateless Key Vaporization (0.024s), aligned with KIPO Patent No. 10-2026-0079266.","author":[{"family":"Jung","given":"Min"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19910016","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19910016","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19910017","type":"article-journal","title":"Exponential Efficiency in Distributed Edge AI Infrastructures via Spatiotemporal Hash Sharing: The Lattice Swarm Protocol","abstract":"The rapid expansion of Artificial Intelligence Data Centers (AIDC) faces severe physical constraints, notably the linear O(n) scaling of power consumption, cooling requirements, and latency. In this paper, we propose the Lattice Swarm Protocol, a paradigm shift in distributed edge computing utilizing an O(1) constant memory architecture combined with the Virtual-to-Materialization (V2M) engine. We mathematically demonstrate that when interconnected via high-speed 400G/800G optical networks, multiple 1MW ultra-low-power edge nodes do not compute independently. Instead, they share Spatiotemporal Environmental Hashes across a 9192-D Lattice network. This mechanism exponentially reduces the computational load of the entire network as node count increases, creating a single 300MW-equivalent \"Hyper-Organism\" from merely 30 distributed 1MW nodes. We empirically validate this architecture through the implementation of zero-latency Stateless Custody protocols and interstellar acoustic materialization (Voyager 1), both audited by Google DeepMind Antigravity. This infrastructure establishes a new global standard for Autonomous Driving and Urban Air Mobility (UAM).","author":[{"family":"Jung","given":"Min"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19910017","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19910017","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19629507","type":"article-journal","title":"The Impact of Green City Policies on Air Quality and Health Expenditures: A Comparative Assessment of Baku and Ganja (2016–2024)","abstract":"This study investigates the impact of urban greening, public transport modernization, and bicycle infrastructure development on air pollution levels (PM2.5 and NO₂) and related health expenditures, using Baku and Ganja as comparative case studies. Employing a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) approach combined with a cost-of-illness (COI) model, the research evaluates how green city interventions implemented in 2018–2024 influenced air quality and disease burden trends. Data sources include air monitoring results from the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, mobility and transit data from BNA, and morbidity statistics from TABIB/MKTB. The findings indicate that cities with stronger green mobility transitions experience statistically significant reductions in particulate pollution and respiratory disease-related costs. The results highlight the importance of integrated urban sustainability strategies aligned with national climate and public health priorities.","author":[{"family":"Qadimli","given":"Nushaba"},{"family":"Mammadov","given":"Ulvi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19629507","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19629507","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19629506","type":"article-journal","title":"The Impact of Green City Policies on Air Quality and Health Expenditures: A Comparative Assessment of Baku and Ganja (2016–2024)","abstract":"This study investigates the impact of urban greening, public transport modernization, and bicycle infrastructure development on air pollution levels (PM2.5 and NO₂) and related health expenditures, using Baku and Ganja as comparative case studies. Employing a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) approach combined with a cost-of-illness (COI) model, the research evaluates how green city interventions implemented in 2018–2024 influenced air quality and disease burden trends. Data sources include air monitoring results from the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, mobility and transit data from BNA, and morbidity statistics from TABIB/MKTB. The findings indicate that cities with stronger green mobility transitions experience statistically significant reductions in particulate pollution and respiratory disease-related costs. The results highlight the importance of integrated urban sustainability strategies aligned with national climate and public health priorities.","author":[{"family":"Qadimli","given":"Nushaba"},{"family":"Mammadov","given":"Ulvi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19629506","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19629506","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2601.19937","type":"manuscript","title":"Critical Transit Infrastructure in Smart Cities and Urban Air Quality: A Multi-City Seasonal Comparison of Ridership and PM2.5","abstract":"Public transit is a critical component of urban mobility and equity, yet mobility and air-quality linkages are rarely operationalized in reproducible smart-city analytics workflows. This study develops a transparent, multi-source monitoring dataset that integrates agency-reported transit ridership with ambient fine particulate matter PM2.5 from the U.S. EPA Air Quality System (AQS) for four U.S. metropolitan areas - New York City, Chicago, Las Vegas, and Phoenix, using two seasonal snapshots (March and October 2024). We harmonize heterogeneous ridership feeds (daily and stop-level) to monthly system totals and pair them with monthly mean PM2.5 , reporting both absolute and per-capita metrics to enable cross-city comparability. Results show pronounced structural differences in transit scale and intensity, with consistent seasonal shifts in both ridership and PM2.5 that vary by urban context. A set of lightweight regression specifications is used as a descriptive sensitivity analysis, indicating that apparent mobility-PM2.5 relationships are not uniform across cities or seasons and are strongly shaped by baseline city effects. Overall, the paper positions integrated mobility and environment monitoring as a practical smart-city capability, offering a scalable framework for tracking infrastructure utilization alongside exposure-relevant air-quality indicators to support sustainable communities and public-health-aware urban resilience.","author":[{"family":"Elliott","given":"Sean"},{"family":"Roy","given":"Sohini"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2601.19937","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2601.19937","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18015512","type":"article-journal","title":"Dundee Pilot Report","abstract":"The Urban ReLeaf Dundee pilot is part of a wider Horizon Europe initiative to co-create citizen-powered data ecosystems that support inclusive, climate-resilient urban transitions. The Dundee pilot primarily focused on the Greenspace Perceptions Campaign, followed by a smaller-scale Air Quality Campaign. Both campaigns were designed to engage citizens in shaping the future of their city through participatory science and data collection. Greenspace Perceptions Campaign Launched in July 2024, the Greenspace Perceptions Campaign invited residents to share their experiences of Dundee’s parks, play areas, and Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). Through the Urban ReLeaf Cities app, web-based surveys, and redesigned paper formats, the campaign gathered perceptual, spatial, and environmental data across 43 greenspaces in all eight city wards. The campaign prioritised inclusion, with a target of 30-40% participation from marginalised communities, and used creative, pop-up engagement to reach residents where they naturally gather. The campaign’s three thematic strands, Park, Play, and SUDS, enabled the collection of diverse, community-sourced insights into how different types of greenspaces are experienced and valued across the city. Insights are already informing local planning frameworks such as the Open Space Strategy, Local Development Plan and Biodiversity Action Plan. The campaign also supported community-led initiatives, such as greenspace upgrades and funding bids, and demonstrated the value of citizen science in shaping equitable urban environments. Air Quality Campaign The Air Quality Campaign, initiated in October 2025, complements Dundee’s active travel and public health goals by addressing vehicle idling near schools. Two low-cost air quality sensors will be installed outside selected schools to monitor pollution levels and raise awareness of the health and climate impacts of car emissions. The campaign aims to engage students in real-world STEM learning and promote behaviour change through citizen science. It builds on partnerships with Dundee City Council’s Active Transport team and aligns with broader efforts to reduce emissions and improve air quality in vulnerable communities. While still in early stages, the Air Quality Campaign is expected to generate valuable environmental data and foster intergenerational engagement around clean air and sustainable mobility.","author":[{"family":"Hartley-Zels","given":"Johanna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18015512","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18015512","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18015511","type":"article-journal","title":"Dundee Pilot Report","abstract":"The Urban ReLeaf Dundee pilot is part of a wider Horizon Europe initiative to co-create citizen-powered data ecosystems that support inclusive, climate-resilient urban transitions. The Dundee pilot primarily focused on the Greenspace Perceptions Campaign, followed by a smaller-scale Air Quality Campaign. Both campaigns were designed to engage citizens in shaping the future of their city through participatory science and data collection. Greenspace Perceptions Campaign Launched in July 2024, the Greenspace Perceptions Campaign invited residents to share their experiences of Dundee’s parks, play areas, and Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). Through the Urban ReLeaf Cities app, web-based surveys, and redesigned paper formats, the campaign gathered perceptual, spatial, and environmental data across 43 greenspaces in all eight city wards. The campaign prioritised inclusion, with a target of 30-40% participation from marginalised communities, and used creative, pop-up engagement to reach residents where they naturally gather. The campaign’s three thematic strands, Park, Play, and SUDS, enabled the collection of diverse, community-sourced insights into how different types of greenspaces are experienced and valued across the city. Insights are already informing local planning frameworks such as the Open Space Strategy, Local Development Plan and Biodiversity Action Plan. The campaign also supported community-led initiatives, such as greenspace upgrades and funding bids, and demonstrated the value of citizen science in shaping equitable urban environments. Air Quality Campaign The Air Quality Campaign, initiated in October 2025, complements Dundee’s active travel and public health goals by addressing vehicle idling near schools. Two low-cost air quality sensors will be installed outside selected schools to monitor pollution levels and raise awareness of the health and climate impacts of car emissions. The campaign aims to engage students in real-world STEM learning and promote behaviour change through citizen science. It builds on partnerships with Dundee City Council’s Active Transport team and aligns with broader efforts to reduce emissions and improve air quality in vulnerable communities. While still in early stages, the Air Quality Campaign is expected to generate valuable environmental data and foster intergenerational engagement around clean air and sustainable mobility.","author":[{"family":"Hartley-Zels","given":"Johanna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18015511","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18015511","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14586","type":"article-journal","title":"GESIS Panel.pop Population Sample – Extended Edition","abstract":"Das GESIS-Panel bietet eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Mixed-Mode-Access-Panel-Infrastruktur am GESIS Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Mannheim. Das Projekt bietet der sozialwissenschaftlichen Community die Möglichkeit, Erhebungsdaten aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu erheben. Die eingereichten Studienvorschläge werden auf der Grundlage eines wissenschaftlichen Begutachtungsverfahrens bewertet. Die Rekrutierung der Panelmitglieder erfolgte zunächst im Jahr 2013 in persönlichen Interviews, gefolgt von einer selbst durchgeführten Profilbefragung. Der Modus wurde von den Teilnehmern gewählt. Alle Teilnehmer der Profilbefragung werden als Mitglieder des Panels betrachtet und zu den alle zwei Monate stattfindenden regelmäßigen Wellen eingeladen. Die Startkohorte umfasste Anfang 2014 4900 Panelisten. Um den Panelabrieb zu kompensieren, wurde im Jahr 2016 eine Auffrischungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) gezogen. Die erste Kohorte umfasst deutschsprachige Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 70 Jahren (zum Zeitpunkt der Einstellung) mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland, während die zweite Kohorte Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze umfasst. Im Jahr 2018 wurde eine dritte Rekrutierungsstichprobe gezogen, die mit der Welle ge integriert wurde. Auch die dritte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze.Rückwirkend wurden die Fälle bis einschließlich Welle fc (dritte Welle aus 2018) in den Daten ergänzt. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im Data Manual (ZA5664-65_sd_data-manual) und dem entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_mb_recruitment2018). Die Stichproben des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) basieren auf einer disproportionalen Stichprobe von Befragten aus West- und Ostdeutschland. Ein Designgewicht, das die Integration der beiden Rekrutierungskohorten ermöglicht, ist im Datensatz enthalten. Nähere Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte den Methodenberichten der Einstellungsverfahren und dem GESIS-Panel-Referenzpapier (Bosnjak et al., 2017). Im März 2020 wurde eine Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 bzw. COVID-19 in Deutschland durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die vierte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) gezogen, die mit der Welle ja integriert wurde. Die vierte Kohorte umfasst ebenfalls Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_i12.pdf). Im Jahr 2023 wurde die fünfte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German European Social Survey (ESS Round 11) gezogen, die mit der Welle la integriert wurde. Die fünfte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_k12.pdf). GESIS Panel Demographic Dataset Ab Version 43-0-0 ist der demografische Längsschnittdatensatz Teil des Veröffentlichungspaketes. Bei dem Datensatz handelt es sich um einen längsschnittlichen Datensatz (long format), mit harmonisierten Messungen zu demografischen Variablen: Befragten ID; Erhebungszeitpunkt; entsprechende Welle; Erhebungsjahr; Rekrutierungskohorte; Geschlecht des Befragten; Geburtsjahr; Geburtsmonat; höchster Bildungsabschluss; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Familienstand; AAPOR disposition code; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus.","author":[{"family":"Gesis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14586","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14586","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14568","type":"article-journal","title":"GESIS Panel.pop Population Sample – Standard Edition","abstract":"Das GESIS-Panel bietet eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Mixed-Mode-Access-Panel-Infrastruktur am GESIS Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Mannheim. Das Projekt bietet der sozialwissenschaftlichen Community die Möglichkeit, Erhebungsdaten aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu erheben. Die eingereichten Studienvorschläge werden auf der Grundlage eines wissenschaftlichen Begutachtungsverfahrens bewertet. Die Rekrutierung der Panelmitglieder erfolgte zunächst im Jahr 2013 in persönlichen Interviews, gefolgt von einer selbst durchgeführten Profilbefragung. Der Modus wurde von den Teilnehmern gewählt. Alle Teilnehmer der Profilbefragung werden als Mitglieder des Panels betrachtet und zu den alle zwei Monate stattfindenden regelmäßigen Wellen eingeladen. Die Startkohorte umfasste Anfang 2014 4900 Panelisten. Um den Panelabrieb zu kompensieren, wurde im Jahr 2016 eine Auffrischungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) gezogen. Die erste Kohorte umfasst deutschsprachige Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 70 Jahren (zum Zeitpunkt der Einstellung) mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland, während die zweite Kohorte Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze umfasst. Im Jahr 2018 wurde eine dritte Rekrutierungsstichprobe gezogen, die mit der Welle ge integriert wurde. Auch die dritte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze.Rückwirkend wurden die Fälle bis einschließlich Welle fc (dritte Welle aus 2018) in den Daten ergänzt. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im Data Manual (ZA5664-65_sd_data-manual) und dem entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_mb_recruitment2018). Die Stichproben des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) basieren auf einer disproportionalen Stichprobe von Befragten aus West- und Ostdeutschland. Ein Designgewicht, das die Integration der beiden Rekrutierungskohorten ermöglicht, ist im Datensatz enthalten. Nähere Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte den Methodenberichten der Einstellungsverfahren und dem GESIS-Panel-Referenzpapier (Bosnjak et al., 2017). Im März 2020 wurde eine Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 bzw. COVID-19 in Deutschland durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die vierte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) gezogen, die mit der Welle ja integriert wurde. Die vierte Kohorte umfasst ebenfalls Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_i12.pdf). Im Jahr 2023 wurde die fünfte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German European Social Survey (ESS Round 11) gezogen, die mit der Welle la integriert wurde. Die fünfte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_k12.pdf). GESIS Panel Demographic Dataset Ab Version 43-0-0 ist der demografische Längsschnittdatensatz Teil des Veröffentlichungspaketes. Bei dem Datensatz handelt es sich um einen längsschnittlichen Datensatz (long format), mit harmonisierten Messungen zu demografischen Variablen: Befragten ID; Erhebungszeitpunkt; entsprechende Welle; Erhebungsjahr; Rekrutierungskohorte; Geschlecht des Befragten; Geburtsjahr; höchster Bildungsabschluss; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Familienstand; AAPOR disposition code; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus.","author":[{"family":"Gesis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14568","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14568","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14491","type":"article-journal","title":"GESIS Panel - Standard Edition","abstract":"Das GESIS-Panel bietet eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Mixed-Mode-Access-Panel-Infrastruktur am GESIS Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Mannheim. Das Projekt bietet der sozialwissenschaftlichen Community die Möglichkeit, Erhebungsdaten aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu erheben. Die eingereichten Studienvorschläge werden auf der Grundlage eines wissenschaftlichen Begutachtungsverfahrens bewertet. Die Rekrutierung der Panelmitglieder erfolgte zunächst im Jahr 2013 in persönlichen Interviews, gefolgt von einer selbst durchgeführten Profilbefragung. Der Modus wurde von den Teilnehmern gewählt. Alle Teilnehmer der Profilbefragung werden als Mitglieder des Panels betrachtet und zu den alle zwei Monate stattfindenden regelmäßigen Wellen eingeladen. Die Startkohorte umfasste Anfang 2014 4900 Panelisten. Um den Panelabrieb zu kompensieren, wurde im Jahr 2016 eine Auffrischungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) gezogen. Die erste Kohorte umfasst deutschsprachige Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 70 Jahren (zum Zeitpunkt der Einstellung) mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland, während die zweite Kohorte Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze umfasst. Im Jahr 2018 wurde eine dritte Rekrutierungsstichprobe gezogen, die mit der Welle ge integriert wurde. Auch die dritte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze.Rückwirkend wurden die Fälle bis einschließlich Welle fc (dritte Welle aus 2018) in den Daten ergänzt. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im Data Manual (ZA5664-65_sd_data-manual) und dem entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_mb_recruitment2018). Die Stichproben des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) basieren auf einer disproportionalen Stichprobe von Befragten aus West- und Ostdeutschland. Ein Designgewicht, das die Integration der beiden Rekrutierungskohorten ermöglicht, ist im Datensatz enthalten. Nähere Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte den Methodenberichten der Einstellungsverfahren und dem GESIS-Panel-Referenzpapier (Bosnjak et al., 2017). Im März 2020 wurde eine Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 bzw. COVID-19 in Deutschland durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die vierte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) gezogen, die mit der Welle ja integriert wurde. Die vierte Kohorte umfasst ebenfalls Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_i12.pdf). Im Jahr 2023 wurde die fünfte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German European Social Survey (ESS Round 11) gezogen, die mit der Welle la integriert wurde. Die fünfte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 16 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_k12.pdf). GESIS Panel Demographic Dataset Ab Version 43-0-0 ist der demografische Längsschnittdatensatz Teil des Veröffentlichungspaketes. Bei dem Datensatz handelt es sich um einen längsschnittlichen Datensatz (long format), mit harmonisierten Messungen zu demografischen Variablen: Befragten ID; Erhebungszeitpunkt; entsprechende Welle; Erhebungsjahr; Rekrutierungskohorte; Geschlecht des Befragten; Geburtsjahr; höchster Bildungsabschluss; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Familienstand; AAPOR disposition code; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus.","author":[{"family":"Gesis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14491","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14491","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14575","type":"article-journal","title":"GESIS Panel.pop Population Sample – Standard Edition","abstract":"Das GESIS-Panel bietet eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Mixed-Mode-Access-Panel-Infrastruktur am GESIS Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Mannheim. Das Projekt bietet der sozialwissenschaftlichen Community die Möglichkeit, Erhebungsdaten aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu erheben. Die eingereichten Studienvorschläge werden auf der Grundlage eines wissenschaftlichen Begutachtungsverfahrens bewertet. Die Rekrutierung der Panelmitglieder erfolgte zunächst im Jahr 2013 in persönlichen Interviews, gefolgt von einer selbst durchgeführten Profilbefragung. Der Modus wurde von den Teilnehmern gewählt. Alle Teilnehmer der Profilbefragung werden als Mitglieder des Panels betrachtet und zu den alle zwei Monate stattfindenden regelmäßigen Wellen eingeladen. Die Startkohorte umfasste Anfang 2014 4900 Panelisten. Um den Panelabrieb zu kompensieren, wurde im Jahr 2016 eine Auffrischungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) gezogen. Die erste Kohorte umfasst deutschsprachige Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 70 Jahren (zum Zeitpunkt der Einstellung) mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland, während die zweite Kohorte Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze umfasst. Im Jahr 2018 wurde eine dritte Rekrutierungsstichprobe gezogen, die mit der Welle ge integriert wurde. Auch die dritte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze.Rückwirkend wurden die Fälle bis einschließlich Welle fc (dritte Welle aus 2018) in den Daten ergänzt. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im Data Manual (ZA5664-65_sd_data-manual) und dem entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_mb_recruitment2018). Die Stichproben des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) basieren auf einer disproportionalen Stichprobe von Befragten aus West- und Ostdeutschland. Ein Designgewicht, das die Integration der beiden Rekrutierungskohorten ermöglicht, ist im Datensatz enthalten. Nähere Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte den Methodenberichten der Einstellungsverfahren und dem GESIS-Panel-Referenzpapier (Bosnjak et al., 2017). Im März 2020 wurde eine Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 bzw. COVID-19 in Deutschland durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die vierte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) gezogen, die mit der Welle ja integriert wurde. Die vierte Kohorte umfasst ebenfalls Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_i12.pdf). Im Jahr 2023 wurde die fünfte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German European Social Survey (ESS Round 11) gezogen, die mit der Welle la integriert wurde. Die fünfte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_k12.pdf). GESIS Panel Demographic Dataset Ab Version 43-0-0 ist der demografische Längsschnittdatensatz Teil des Veröffentlichungspaketes. Bei dem Datensatz handelt es sich um einen längsschnittlichen Datensatz (long format), mit harmonisierten Messungen zu demografischen Variablen: Befragten ID; Erhebungszeitpunkt; entsprechende Welle; Erhebungsjahr; Rekrutierungskohorte; Geschlecht des Befragten; Geburtsjahr; höchster Bildungsabschluss; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Familienstand; AAPOR disposition code; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus.","author":[{"family":"Gesis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14575","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14575","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14490","type":"article-journal","title":"GESIS Panel - Extended Edition","abstract":"Das GESIS-Panel bietet eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Mixed-Mode-Access-Panel-Infrastruktur am GESIS Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Mannheim. Das Projekt bietet der sozialwissenschaftlichen Community die Möglichkeit, Erhebungsdaten aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu erheben. Die eingereichten Studienvorschläge werden auf der Grundlage eines wissenschaftlichen Begutachtungsverfahrens bewertet. Die Rekrutierung der Panelmitglieder erfolgte zunächst im Jahr 2013 in persönlichen Interviews, gefolgt von einer selbst durchgeführten Profilbefragung. Der Modus wurde von den Teilnehmern gewählt. Alle Teilnehmer der Profilbefragung werden als Mitglieder des Panels betrachtet und zu den alle zwei Monate stattfindenden regelmäßigen Wellen eingeladen. Die Startkohorte umfasste Anfang 2014 4900 Panelisten. Um den Panelabrieb zu kompensieren, wurde im Jahr 2016 eine Auffrischungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) gezogen. Die erste Kohorte umfasst deutschsprachige Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 70 Jahren (zum Zeitpunkt der Einstellung) mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland, während die zweite Kohorte Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze umfasst. Im Jahr 2018 wurde eine dritte Rekrutierungsstichprobe gezogen, die mit der Welle ge integriert wurde. Auch die dritte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze.Rückwirkend wurden die Fälle bis einschließlich Welle fc (dritte Welle aus 2018) in den Daten ergänzt. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im Data Manual (ZA5664-65_sd_data-manual) und dem entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_mb_recruitment2018). Die Stichproben des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) basieren auf einer disproportionalen Stichprobe von Befragten aus West- und Ostdeutschland. Ein Designgewicht, das die Integration der beiden Rekrutierungskohorten ermöglicht, ist im Datensatz enthalten. Nähere Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte den Methodenberichten der Einstellungsverfahren und dem GESIS-Panel-Referenzpapier (Bosnjak et al., 2017). Im März 2020 wurde eine Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 bzw. COVID-19 in Deutschland durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die vierte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) gezogen, die mit der Welle ja integriert wurde. Die vierte Kohorte umfasst ebenfalls Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_i12.pdf). Im Jahr 2023 wurde die fünfte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German European Social Survey (ESS Round 11) gezogen, die mit der Welle la integriert wurde. Die fünfte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 16 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_k12.pdf). GESIS Panel Demographic Dataset Ab Version 43-0-0 ist der demografische Längsschnittdatensatz Teil des Veröffentlichungspaketes. Bei dem Datensatz handelt es sich um einen längsschnittlichen Datensatz (long format), mit harmonisierten Messungen zu demografischen Variablen: Befragten ID; Erhebungszeitpunkt; entsprechende Welle; Erhebungsjahr; Rekrutierungskohorte; Geschlecht des Befragten; Geburtsjahr; Geburtsmonat; höchster Bildungsabschluss; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Familienstand; AAPOR disposition code; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus.","author":[{"family":"Gesis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14490","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14490","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14567","type":"article-journal","title":"GESIS Panel.pop Population Sample – Extended Edition","abstract":"Das GESIS-Panel bietet eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Mixed-Mode-Access-Panel-Infrastruktur am GESIS Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Mannheim. Das Projekt bietet der sozialwissenschaftlichen Community die Möglichkeit, Erhebungsdaten aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu erheben. Die eingereichten Studienvorschläge werden auf der Grundlage eines wissenschaftlichen Begutachtungsverfahrens bewertet. Die Rekrutierung der Panelmitglieder erfolgte zunächst im Jahr 2013 in persönlichen Interviews, gefolgt von einer selbst durchgeführten Profilbefragung. Der Modus wurde von den Teilnehmern gewählt. Alle Teilnehmer der Profilbefragung werden als Mitglieder des Panels betrachtet und zu den alle zwei Monate stattfindenden regelmäßigen Wellen eingeladen. Die Startkohorte umfasste Anfang 2014 4900 Panelisten. Um den Panelabrieb zu kompensieren, wurde im Jahr 2016 eine Auffrischungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) gezogen. Die erste Kohorte umfasst deutschsprachige Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 70 Jahren (zum Zeitpunkt der Einstellung) mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland, während die zweite Kohorte Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze umfasst. Im Jahr 2018 wurde eine dritte Rekrutierungsstichprobe gezogen, die mit der Welle ge integriert wurde. Auch die dritte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze.Rückwirkend wurden die Fälle bis einschließlich Welle fc (dritte Welle aus 2018) in den Daten ergänzt. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im Data Manual (ZA5664-65_sd_data-manual) und dem entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_mb_recruitment2018). Die Stichproben des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) basieren auf einer disproportionalen Stichprobe von Befragten aus West- und Ostdeutschland. Ein Designgewicht, das die Integration der beiden Rekrutierungskohorten ermöglicht, ist im Datensatz enthalten. Nähere Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte den Methodenberichten der Einstellungsverfahren und dem GESIS-Panel-Referenzpapier (Bosnjak et al., 2017). Im März 2020 wurde eine Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 bzw. COVID-19 in Deutschland durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die vierte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) gezogen, die mit der Welle ja integriert wurde. Die vierte Kohorte umfasst ebenfalls Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_i12.pdf). Im Jahr 2023 wurde die fünfte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German European Social Survey (ESS Round 11) gezogen, die mit der Welle la integriert wurde. Die fünfte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_k12.pdf). GESIS Panel Demographic Dataset Ab Version 43-0-0 ist der demografische Längsschnittdatensatz Teil des Veröffentlichungspaketes. Bei dem Datensatz handelt es sich um einen längsschnittlichen Datensatz (long format), mit harmonisierten Messungen zu demografischen Variablen: Befragten ID; Erhebungszeitpunkt; entsprechende Welle; Erhebungsjahr; Rekrutierungskohorte; Geschlecht des Befragten; Geburtsjahr; Geburtsmonat; höchster Bildungsabschluss; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Familienstand; AAPOR disposition code; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus.","author":[{"family":"Gesis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14567","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14567","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14509","type":"article-journal","title":"GESIS Panel.pop Population Sample – Extended Edition","abstract":"Das GESIS-Panel bietet eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Mixed-Mode-Access-Panel-Infrastruktur am GESIS Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Mannheim. Das Projekt bietet der sozialwissenschaftlichen Community die Möglichkeit, Erhebungsdaten aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu erheben. Die eingereichten Studienvorschläge werden auf der Grundlage eines wissenschaftlichen Begutachtungsverfahrens bewertet. Die Rekrutierung der Panelmitglieder erfolgte zunächst im Jahr 2013 in persönlichen Interviews, gefolgt von einer selbst durchgeführten Profilbefragung. Der Modus wurde von den Teilnehmern gewählt. Alle Teilnehmer der Profilbefragung werden als Mitglieder des Panels betrachtet und zu den alle zwei Monate stattfindenden regelmäßigen Wellen eingeladen. Die Startkohorte umfasste Anfang 2014 4900 Panelisten. Um den Panelabrieb zu kompensieren, wurde im Jahr 2016 eine Auffrischungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) gezogen. Die erste Kohorte umfasst deutschsprachige Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 70 Jahren (zum Zeitpunkt der Einstellung) mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland, während die zweite Kohorte Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze umfasst. Im Jahr 2018 wurde eine dritte Rekrutierungsstichprobe gezogen, die mit der Welle ge integriert wurde. Auch die dritte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze.Rückwirkend wurden die Fälle bis einschließlich Welle fc (dritte Welle aus 2018) in den Daten ergänzt. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im Data Manual (ZA5664-65_sd_data-manual) und dem entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_mb_recruitment2018). Die Stichproben des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) basieren auf einer disproportionalen Stichprobe von Befragten aus West- und Ostdeutschland. Ein Designgewicht, das die Integration der beiden Rekrutierungskohorten ermöglicht, ist im Datensatz enthalten. Nähere Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte den Methodenberichten der Einstellungsverfahren und dem GESIS-Panel-Referenzpapier (Bosnjak et al., 2017). Im März 2020 wurde eine Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 bzw. COVID-19 in Deutschland durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die vierte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) gezogen, die mit der Welle ja integriert wurde. Die vierte Kohorte umfasst ebenfalls Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_i12.pdf). Im Jahr 2023 wurde die fünfte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German European Social Survey (ESS Round 11) gezogen, die mit der Welle la integriert wurde. Die fünfte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_k12.pdf). GESIS Panel Demographic Dataset Ab Version 43-0-0 ist der demografische Längsschnittdatensatz Teil des Veröffentlichungspaketes. Bei dem Datensatz handelt es sich um einen längsschnittlichen Datensatz (long format), mit harmonisierten Messungen zu demografischen Variablen: Befragten ID; Erhebungszeitpunkt; entsprechende Welle; Erhebungsjahr; Rekrutierungskohorte; Geschlecht des Befragten; Geburtsjahr; Geburtsmonat; höchster Bildungsabschluss; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Familienstand; AAPOR disposition code; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus.","author":[{"family":"Gesis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14509","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14509","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14574","type":"article-journal","title":"GESIS Panel.pop Population Sample – Extended Edition","abstract":"Das GESIS-Panel bietet eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Mixed-Mode-Access-Panel-Infrastruktur am GESIS Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Mannheim. Das Projekt bietet der sozialwissenschaftlichen Community die Möglichkeit, Erhebungsdaten aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu erheben. Die eingereichten Studienvorschläge werden auf der Grundlage eines wissenschaftlichen Begutachtungsverfahrens bewertet. Die Rekrutierung der Panelmitglieder erfolgte zunächst im Jahr 2013 in persönlichen Interviews, gefolgt von einer selbst durchgeführten Profilbefragung. Der Modus wurde von den Teilnehmern gewählt. Alle Teilnehmer der Profilbefragung werden als Mitglieder des Panels betrachtet und zu den alle zwei Monate stattfindenden regelmäßigen Wellen eingeladen. Die Startkohorte umfasste Anfang 2014 4900 Panelisten. Um den Panelabrieb zu kompensieren, wurde im Jahr 2016 eine Auffrischungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) gezogen. Die erste Kohorte umfasst deutschsprachige Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 70 Jahren (zum Zeitpunkt der Einstellung) mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland, während die zweite Kohorte Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze umfasst. Im Jahr 2018 wurde eine dritte Rekrutierungsstichprobe gezogen, die mit der Welle ge integriert wurde. Auch die dritte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze.Rückwirkend wurden die Fälle bis einschließlich Welle fc (dritte Welle aus 2018) in den Daten ergänzt. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im Data Manual (ZA5664-65_sd_data-manual) und dem entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_mb_recruitment2018). Die Stichproben des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) basieren auf einer disproportionalen Stichprobe von Befragten aus West- und Ostdeutschland. Ein Designgewicht, das die Integration der beiden Rekrutierungskohorten ermöglicht, ist im Datensatz enthalten. Nähere Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte den Methodenberichten der Einstellungsverfahren und dem GESIS-Panel-Referenzpapier (Bosnjak et al., 2017). Im März 2020 wurde eine Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 bzw. COVID-19 in Deutschland durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die vierte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) gezogen, die mit der Welle ja integriert wurde. Die vierte Kohorte umfasst ebenfalls Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_i12.pdf). Im Jahr 2023 wurde die fünfte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German European Social Survey (ESS Round 11) gezogen, die mit der Welle la integriert wurde. Die fünfte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_k12.pdf). GESIS Panel Demographic Dataset Ab Version 43-0-0 ist der demografische Längsschnittdatensatz Teil des Veröffentlichungspaketes. Bei dem Datensatz handelt es sich um einen längsschnittlichen Datensatz (long format), mit harmonisierten Messungen zu demografischen Variablen: Befragten ID; Erhebungszeitpunkt; entsprechende Welle; Erhebungsjahr; Rekrutierungskohorte; Geschlecht des Befragten; Geburtsjahr; Geburtsmonat; höchster Bildungsabschluss; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Familienstand; AAPOR disposition code; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus.","author":[{"family":"Gesis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14574","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14574","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14510","type":"article-journal","title":"GESIS Panel.pop Population Sample – Standard Edition","abstract":"Das GESIS-Panel bietet eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Mixed-Mode-Access-Panel-Infrastruktur am GESIS Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Mannheim. Das Projekt bietet der sozialwissenschaftlichen Community die Möglichkeit, Erhebungsdaten aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu erheben. Die eingereichten Studienvorschläge werden auf der Grundlage eines wissenschaftlichen Begutachtungsverfahrens bewertet. Die Rekrutierung der Panelmitglieder erfolgte zunächst im Jahr 2013 in persönlichen Interviews, gefolgt von einer selbst durchgeführten Profilbefragung. Der Modus wurde von den Teilnehmern gewählt. Alle Teilnehmer der Profilbefragung werden als Mitglieder des Panels betrachtet und zu den alle zwei Monate stattfindenden regelmäßigen Wellen eingeladen. Die Startkohorte umfasste Anfang 2014 4900 Panelisten. Um den Panelabrieb zu kompensieren, wurde im Jahr 2016 eine Auffrischungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) gezogen. Die erste Kohorte umfasst deutschsprachige Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 70 Jahren (zum Zeitpunkt der Einstellung) mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland, während die zweite Kohorte Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze umfasst. Im Jahr 2018 wurde eine dritte Rekrutierungsstichprobe gezogen, die mit der Welle ge integriert wurde. Auch die dritte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze.Rückwirkend wurden die Fälle bis einschließlich Welle fc (dritte Welle aus 2018) in den Daten ergänzt. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im Data Manual (ZA5664-65_sd_data-manual) und dem entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_mb_recruitment2018). Die Stichproben des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) basieren auf einer disproportionalen Stichprobe von Befragten aus West- und Ostdeutschland. Ein Designgewicht, das die Integration der beiden Rekrutierungskohorten ermöglicht, ist im Datensatz enthalten. Nähere Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte den Methodenberichten der Einstellungsverfahren und dem GESIS-Panel-Referenzpapier (Bosnjak et al., 2017). Im März 2020 wurde eine Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 bzw. COVID-19 in Deutschland durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die vierte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) gezogen, die mit der Welle ja integriert wurde. Die vierte Kohorte umfasst ebenfalls Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_i12.pdf). Im Jahr 2023 wurde die fünfte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German European Social Survey (ESS Round 11) gezogen, die mit der Welle la integriert wurde. Die fünfte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_k12.pdf). GESIS Panel Demographic Dataset Ab Version 43-0-0 ist der demografische Längsschnittdatensatz Teil des Veröffentlichungspaketes. Bei dem Datensatz handelt es sich um einen längsschnittlichen Datensatz (long format), mit harmonisierten Messungen zu demografischen Variablen: Befragten ID; Erhebungszeitpunkt; entsprechende Welle; Erhebungsjahr; Rekrutierungskohorte; Geschlecht des Befragten; Geburtsjahr; höchster Bildungsabschluss; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Familienstand; AAPOR disposition code; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus.","author":[{"family":"Gesis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14510","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14510","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14587","type":"article-journal","title":"GESIS Panel.pop Population Sample – Standard Edition","abstract":"Das GESIS-Panel bietet eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Mixed-Mode-Access-Panel-Infrastruktur am GESIS Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Mannheim. Das Projekt bietet der sozialwissenschaftlichen Community die Möglichkeit, Erhebungsdaten aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu erheben. Die eingereichten Studienvorschläge werden auf der Grundlage eines wissenschaftlichen Begutachtungsverfahrens bewertet. Die Rekrutierung der Panelmitglieder erfolgte zunächst im Jahr 2013 in persönlichen Interviews, gefolgt von einer selbst durchgeführten Profilbefragung. Der Modus wurde von den Teilnehmern gewählt. Alle Teilnehmer der Profilbefragung werden als Mitglieder des Panels betrachtet und zu den alle zwei Monate stattfindenden regelmäßigen Wellen eingeladen. Die Startkohorte umfasste Anfang 2014 4900 Panelisten. Um den Panelabrieb zu kompensieren, wurde im Jahr 2016 eine Auffrischungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) gezogen. Die erste Kohorte umfasst deutschsprachige Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 70 Jahren (zum Zeitpunkt der Einstellung) mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland, während die zweite Kohorte Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze umfasst. Im Jahr 2018 wurde eine dritte Rekrutierungsstichprobe gezogen, die mit der Welle ge integriert wurde. Auch die dritte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze.Rückwirkend wurden die Fälle bis einschließlich Welle fc (dritte Welle aus 2018) in den Daten ergänzt. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im Data Manual (ZA5664-65_sd_data-manual) und dem entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_mb_recruitment2018). Die Stichproben des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) basieren auf einer disproportionalen Stichprobe von Befragten aus West- und Ostdeutschland. Ein Designgewicht, das die Integration der beiden Rekrutierungskohorten ermöglicht, ist im Datensatz enthalten. Nähere Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte den Methodenberichten der Einstellungsverfahren und dem GESIS-Panel-Referenzpapier (Bosnjak et al., 2017). Im März 2020 wurde eine Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 bzw. COVID-19 in Deutschland durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die vierte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) gezogen, die mit der Welle ja integriert wurde. Die vierte Kohorte umfasst ebenfalls Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_i12.pdf). Im Jahr 2023 wurde die fünfte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German European Social Survey (ESS Round 11) gezogen, die mit der Welle la integriert wurde. Die fünfte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_k12.pdf). GESIS Panel Demographic Dataset Ab Version 43-0-0 ist der demografische Längsschnittdatensatz Teil des Veröffentlichungspaketes. Bei dem Datensatz handelt es sich um einen längsschnittlichen Datensatz (long format), mit harmonisierten Messungen zu demografischen Variablen: Befragten ID; Erhebungszeitpunkt; entsprechende Welle; Erhebungsjahr; Rekrutierungskohorte; Geschlecht des Befragten; Geburtsjahr; höchster Bildungsabschluss; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Familienstand; AAPOR disposition code; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus.","author":[{"family":"Gesis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14587","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14587","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17204484","type":"article-journal","title":"Strategies to Decrease prevalence of Diabetes in Pakistan","abstract":"Abstract Pakistan faces an escalating diabetes epidemic with alarmingly high prevalence rates that place the country among those with the greatest absolute burden of diabetes worldwide. Major drivers include rapid urbanization, unhealthy diets, rising obesity, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and gaps in health system capacity for prevention and early detection. This paper reviews the epidemiology and principal modifiable risk factors for diabetes in Pakistan, summarizes evidence about the effectiveness of prevention strategies—especially culturally adapted lifestyle interventions—and proposes a pragmatic, multi-level strategy tailored to Pakistan’s health system and socio-cultural context. Key recommended actions include: (1) population-level prevention through fiscal and regulatory policies (taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages, healthy food subsidies, urban planning for active transport); (2) community-delivered, culturally co-designed lifestyle modification programs with scalable fidelity monitoring; (3) strengthening primary care for screening, early diagnosis, and structured counselling; (4) workplace and school-based interventions; (5) tobacco control and air pollution reduction; and (6) implementing robust surveillance, monitoring and evaluation systems linked to policy decisions. Implementation must emphasize equity — reaching rural and low-income urban populations — and utilize existing platforms (Lady Health Worker program, community clinics, schools and religious centers) to maximize reach. We highlight barriers (resource constraints, health workforce shortages, fragmented governance, cultural dietary preferences) and propose measurable indicators and phased pilot–scale expansion. The evidence suggests that while lifestyle interventions in South Asian populations produce modest metabolic improvements, combining policy-level changes, community engagement, and primary-care strengthening offers the best chance to curb diabetes incidence and limit complications in Pakistan. Recommendations are actionable and intended to inform policymakers, public health planners and researchers. (Key words: Diabetes prevention, Pakistan, lifestyle intervention, public health policy, primary care) Introduction Diabetes mellitus — predominantly type 2 diabetes (T2DM) — has become a major public-health challenge in Pakistan. Recent country-level estimates indicate a dramatic rise in the number of adults living with diabetes and very high adult prevalence compared to global averages, driven by demographic change, urbanization, and lifestyle transitions. Left unchecked, rising diabetes prevalence will increase premature morbidity and mortality and place unsustainable demands on Pakistan’s health system and economy. This article synthesizes current evidence on diabetes burden and risk factors in Pakistan and lays out multi-level strategies to reduce the chances of developing diabetes, emphasizing feasibility, cultural fit, and equity. Diabetes Atlas+1 Epidemiology and burden in Pakistan According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes Atlas country profile (2024), Pakistan has one of the highest adult diabetes burdens globally, with tens of millions of adults estimated to live with diabetes. IDF estimates place Pakistan’s adult (20–79 years) diabetes cases in the tens of millions and project continued growth if no action is taken. National and regional studies corroborate high and rising prevalence, and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including diabetes, account for a large share of adult morbidity and mortality. Diabetes Atlas+1 Pakistan’s demographic and health transitions — aging population segments, urban migration, and changes in occupational patterns — magnify population exposure to key diabetes risk factors such as overweight/obesity and physical inactivity. WHO country data emphasize the growing contribution of NCDs to total deaths in Pakistan. datadot Principal modifiable risk factors Multiple studies and systemat","author":[{"family":"Hussain","given":"Zahid"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17204484","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17204484","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17204485","type":"article-journal","title":"Strategies to Decrease prevalence of Diabetes in Pakistan","abstract":"Abstract Pakistan faces an escalating diabetes epidemic with alarmingly high prevalence rates that place the country among those with the greatest absolute burden of diabetes worldwide. Major drivers include rapid urbanization, unhealthy diets, rising obesity, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and gaps in health system capacity for prevention and early detection. This paper reviews the epidemiology and principal modifiable risk factors for diabetes in Pakistan, summarizes evidence about the effectiveness of prevention strategies—especially culturally adapted lifestyle interventions—and proposes a pragmatic, multi-level strategy tailored to Pakistan’s health system and socio-cultural context. Key recommended actions include: (1) population-level prevention through fiscal and regulatory policies (taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages, healthy food subsidies, urban planning for active transport); (2) community-delivered, culturally co-designed lifestyle modification programs with scalable fidelity monitoring; (3) strengthening primary care for screening, early diagnosis, and structured counselling; (4) workplace and school-based interventions; (5) tobacco control and air pollution reduction; and (6) implementing robust surveillance, monitoring and evaluation systems linked to policy decisions. Implementation must emphasize equity — reaching rural and low-income urban populations — and utilize existing platforms (Lady Health Worker program, community clinics, schools and religious centers) to maximize reach. We highlight barriers (resource constraints, health workforce shortages, fragmented governance, cultural dietary preferences) and propose measurable indicators and phased pilot–scale expansion. The evidence suggests that while lifestyle interventions in South Asian populations produce modest metabolic improvements, combining policy-level changes, community engagement, and primary-care strengthening offers the best chance to curb diabetes incidence and limit complications in Pakistan. Recommendations are actionable and intended to inform policymakers, public health planners and researchers. (Key words: Diabetes prevention, Pakistan, lifestyle intervention, public health policy, primary care) Introduction Diabetes mellitus — predominantly type 2 diabetes (T2DM) — has become a major public-health challenge in Pakistan. Recent country-level estimates indicate a dramatic rise in the number of adults living with diabetes and very high adult prevalence compared to global averages, driven by demographic change, urbanization, and lifestyle transitions. Left unchecked, rising diabetes prevalence will increase premature morbidity and mortality and place unsustainable demands on Pakistan’s health system and economy. This article synthesizes current evidence on diabetes burden and risk factors in Pakistan and lays out multi-level strategies to reduce the chances of developing diabetes, emphasizing feasibility, cultural fit, and equity. Diabetes Atlas+1 Epidemiology and burden in Pakistan According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes Atlas country profile (2024), Pakistan has one of the highest adult diabetes burdens globally, with tens of millions of adults estimated to live with diabetes. IDF estimates place Pakistan’s adult (20–79 years) diabetes cases in the tens of millions and project continued growth if no action is taken. National and regional studies corroborate high and rising prevalence, and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including diabetes, account for a large share of adult morbidity and mortality. Diabetes Atlas+1 Pakistan’s demographic and health transitions — aging population segments, urban migration, and changes in occupational patterns — magnify population exposure to key diabetes risk factors such as overweight/obesity and physical inactivity. WHO country data emphasize the growing contribution of NCDs to total deaths in Pakistan. datadot Principal modifiable risk factors Multiple studies and systemat","author":[{"family":"Hussain","given":"Zahid"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17204485","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17204485","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.71787/pjc5-1d94/ntigs.2025.1210992","type":"article-journal","title":"Geographical Distribution of Health and Medical Indicators in Iran","abstract":"امروزه بهبود شاخص‌های بهداشت و درمان به عنوان یکی از اولویت‌های اصلی سیاست‌گذاری‌های سلامت در سطح ملی و منطقه‌ای مطرح شده است. با توجه به نقش حیاتی این شاخص‌ها در ارتقاء سطح سلامت جمعیت و کاهش نابرابری‌های بهداشتی، شناخت دقیق پراکنش جغرافیایی آن‌ها می‌تواند از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار باشد به‌طوری‌که تحلیل پراکنش جغرافیایی این شاخص‌ها می‌تواند نقش کلیدی در شناسایی مناطق محروم و اولویت‌بندی برنامه‌های توسعه سلامت ایفا کند. هدف اصلی پژوهش بررسی پراکنش جغرافیایی شاخص‌های بهداشت و درمان در ایران می‌باشد. این پژوهش به لحاظ هدف کاربردی و دارای ماهیت توصیفی-تحلیلی می‌باشد. روش گردآوری اطلاعات به‌صورت کتابخانه‌ای صورت گرفته است. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌های پژوهش به‌صورت کمی و با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهای کاربردی GIS، EXCEL و SPSS صورت گرفته است. در این پژوهش برای وزن دهی شاخص‌ها از مدل OPA، برای رتبه‌بندی برخورداری از شاخص‌های بهداشت و درمان از مدل تصمیم‌گیری کوکوسو و در جهت خوشه‌بندی استان‌ها از روش خوشه‌بندی K-Means استفاده‌شده است. پراکنش جغرافیایی شاخص‌های بهداشت و درمان در ایران نشان‌دهنده نابرابری‌های قابل‌توجه میان مناطق مختلف است. درحالی‌که شهرهای بزرگ و مراکز استان‌ها از امکانات گسترده‌تر و خدمات بهداشتی مطلوب‌تری برخوردارند، مناطق روستایی و محروم‌تر غالباً با کمبود زیرساخت‌ها، نیروی انسانی و تجهیزات پزشکی مواجه هس��ند. این توزیع نابرابر تأثیر مستقیم بر سلامت و کیفیت زندگی ساکنان این مناطق دارد و منجر به تفاوت‌های قابل‌ملاحظه در شاخص‌های بهداشت عمومی، میزان مرگ‌ومیر، و دسترسی به خدمات درمانی می‌شود. بنابراین، بررسی و تحلیل این توزیع جغرافیایی اهمیت بالایی در سیاست‌گذاری‌های سلامت کشور دارد تا بتوان با هدف کاهش نابرابری‌ها، عدالت در ارائه خدمات بهداشتی و درمانی را تحقق بخشید. چکیده مبسوط فارسی مقدمه امروزه بهبود شاخص‌های بهداشت و درمان به عنوان یکی از اولویت‌های اصلی سیاست‌گذاری‌های سلامت در سطح ملی و منطقه‌ای مطرح شده است. با توجه به نقش حیاتی این شاخص‌ها در ارتقاء سطح سلامت جمعیت و کاهش نابرابری‌های بهداشتی، شناخت دقیق پراکنش جغرافیایی آن‌ها می‌تواند از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار باشد به‌طوری‌که تحلیل پراکنش جغرافیایی این شاخص‌ها می‌تواند نقش کلیدی در شناسایی مناطق محروم و اولویت‌بندی برنامه‌های توسعه سلامت ایفا کند. در این راستا مطالعات پیشین نشان می‌دهند که علی‌رغم تلاش‌های صورت گرفته، نابرابری‌های جغرافیایی در توزیع خدمات بهداشت و درمان در ایران به‌وضوح مشاهده می‌شود. این نابرابری‌ها نه‌تنها باعث کاهش کیفیت و دسترسی به خدمات سلامت می‌شوند، بلکه بر روی سلامت کلی جمعیت و توسعه پایدار کشور نیز تأثیر منفی دارند؛ بنابراین، شناخت دقیق توزیع فضایی شاخص‌های سلامت و تعیین عوامل مؤثر در نابرابری‌های جغرافیایی، برای سیاست‌گذاران و برنامه‌ریزان سلامت کشور ضروری است. هدف اصلی پژوهش بررسی وضعیت پراکنش جغرافیایی شاخص‌های بهداشت و درمان در ایران می‌باشد که ضمن بررسی وضعیت برخورداری استان‌های کشور از این شاخص‌ها، به‌صورت جغرافیایی نیز به تحلیل فضایی می‌پردازد تا وضعیت کلی از توزیع این شاخص‌ها ارائه گردد. در این راستا فرضیه پژوهش تحت عنوان «به‌نظر می‌رسد پراکنش جغرافیایی شاخص‌های بهداشت و درمان در ایران به‌صورت نابرابر توزیع‌شده است» تدوین‌شده است. داده و روش این پژوهش به لحاظ هدف کاربردی و دارای ماهیت توصیفی-تحلیلی می‌باشد. روش گردآوری اطلاعات به‌صورت کتابخانه‌ای صورت گرفته است. شاخص‌ها و داده‌های آماری پژوهش از گزارش «جایگاه اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی استان‌ها» که توسط مرکز آمار ایران (1403) انتشاریافته، گردآوری گردیده است. برای بررسی پراکنش جغرافیایی شاخص‌های بهداشت و درمان از 10 شاخص که شامل نسبت تعداد بيمارستان فعال به جمعيت (تعداد به صدهزار نفر)، نسبت تعداد تخت‌هاي فعال بيمارستاني به جمعيت (تعداد به ده‌هزار نفر)، نسبت تعداد مراکز ارائه‌دهنده مراقبت‌هاي اوليه بهداشتي به جمعيت (تعداد به صدهزار نفر)، نسبت تعداد مراکز خدمات جامع سلامت روستايي به جمعيت روستايي (تعداد به ده‌هزار نفر)، نسبت تعداد خانه‌هاي بهداشت فعال روستاها به جمعيت روستايي (تعداد به ده‌هزار نفر)، نسبت تعداد آزمايشگاه‌هاي تشخيص پزشكي به جمعيت (تعداد به صدهزار نفر)، نسبت تعداد کل مراکز توان‌بخشی پزشكي به جمعيت (تعداد به صدهزار نفر)، نسبت تعداد مراکز پزشكي هسته‌اي مؤسسات راديولوژي و مراکز تصويربرداري پزشكي به جمعيت (تعداد به صدهزار نفر)، نسبت تعداد داروخانه‌ها به جمعيت (تعداد به ده هزار نفر) و نسبت تعداد پايگاه‌هاي اورژانس پيش‌بيمارستاني 115 شهري به جمعيت نقاط شهري (تعداد به صدهزار نفر) اس","author":[{"family":"Bayramzdeh","given":"Nima"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.71787/pjc5-1d94/ntigs.2025.1210992","URL":"https://doi.org/10.71787/pjc5-1d94/ntigs.2025.1210992","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.15478387","type":"article-journal","title":"Unified Model of Planetary Instability: Integration of Fluid Redistribution and Magnetic Field Depletion from Iron-Nickel Core Mass Loss and Numerous Research Papers and Hypothesis on Climate instability and recent chaos. A model to increasing predictive capabalities","abstract":"PLEASE HELP INVALIDATE THIS MODEL - The consequences are not worth being correct. Update May 21, 2025: Added Model Refinement Paper including GIA in model. Additional considerations are included for refinement. Notes on Radar Glitches and Omega Patterns. Update May 20, 2025 Added Additional Formulas to be used under Formulas Section and a Recommended Tool for Monitoring at end of Unified Theory Paper. Introduced a sinusoidal mass injection function: I(t) = I_0 + \\Delta I \\cdot \\sin\\left(\\frac{2\\pi t}{T}\\right) where T = 1 year, and \\Delta I is peak inertia swing Update May 19, 2025: Today I have uploaded a Unified Model of Planetary Instability: Integration of Fluid Redistribution and Magnetic Field Depletion from Iron-Nickel Core Mass Loss. This is in addition to original papers which give understanding of how I came to the conclusions drawn. I have included an argument to refute a current hypothesis. Due to urgent nature of the model's predictions, I felt obligated not to wait before publishing. I have much more to go through and am trying to get all these finished. I am still editing and adding and have still much data to get through. All data links are on bottom of page. This expounds on the Fluid Dymanics and Mass Distribution Model to include a universal approach and explantion. I am still gathering information and wanted to get this out here. As more data is added and the model is alligned more clearly, the timeline changes. I also ran an extreme situation that would instantly push us into Phase III. These are the Model's Predictions, not my personal beliefs. I would like nothing better than someone to prove this wrong. All predictions from my model have aligned recently and this requires attention from all. Any assistance or input any have I would appreciate the help. DATA SOURCES AND LINKS for DATA SOURCES IN PAPER I am currently working on a universal model that any can run. The basic simulation is to show effects growing percentage of liquid has on an object. Once the object has a total of 25% total liquid mass the sphere begins to act less like a solid and starts becoming more like a contained liquid. The unity simulation is to demonstrate this. I am currently attempting to finish the model in unity fo public use for early warning and navigation. A collection of Climate research from multiple fields. This is a combination of multiple disciplines to identify missing factors in weather models that make recent climate seem chaotic. This presents evidence and scientific data collaborating the hypothesis. This attempts to explain and identify those unknown variables and an example of one such variable that has begun to effect this planet in last few decades. This adds to current knowledge base and gives data, explanations, and scientific proof for the currently untested claims. These are works is progress but the findings are enough to publish these Papers.","author":[{"family":"Pacha","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.15478387","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15478387","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48494/realcorp2026.0092","type":"article-journal","title":"Mapping 15-Minute Walkable Accessibility of Public Services in China’s 11 National Urban Agglomerations: A Data-Driven Spatial Coverage Assessment","abstract":"Cities worldwide are increasingly embracing the idea of the “15-minute city” as a pathway to more liveable, equitable and climate-responsive urban environments. This vision emphasizes walkable access to daily services, local resilience, and low-carbon lifestyles – features that have proven valuable in managing urban pressures and supporting recovery during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. In China, rapid urbanization and growing challenges such as air pollution, mobility congestion and widening social disparities have intensified the need for people-oriented, energy-efficient urban development. Responding to this, China’s Ministry of Natural Resources issued the Spatial Planning Guidance for Community Life Units (2021), which provides a standardized framework for planning 15-minute walkable living areas and outlines spatial assessment methods for essential public service facilities. Building upon this framework, this study conducts a comprehensive, data-driven evaluation of 13 categories of urban–rural public services across 170 cities within China’s 11 national urban agglomerations. Using high-resolution POI datasets and GIS-based network analysis, we measure and visualize the 15-minute walkable service coverage of each facility type, generating a comparative landscape across cities, across agglomerations, and within each urban agglomeration. The analysis reveals spatial disparities in service provision, diverse facility configuration patterns, and distinctive intra-agglomeration hierarchies. The resulting visual “coverage mode maps” provide an intuitive tool for identifying local deficiencies and strengths, offering actionable insights for planners and policymakers seeking to promote climate-adaptive, resilient and low-carbon urban futures.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Jiajie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48494/realcorp2026.0092","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48494/realcorp2026.0092","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18890927","type":"article-journal","title":"SkyMobil Concept and Flexible Electrical Coupling Architecture","abstract":"This upload contains the complete public disclosure package related to the SkyMobil technological concept and its enabling flexible electrical coupling architecture. The concept was initially filed as Romanian patent application A00440 on 03 October 2025 at OSIM (State Office for Inventions and Trademarks, Romania). A subsequent patent application describing the flexible electrical coupling architecture enabling this concept was filed as A00097 on 24 February 2026 at OSIM. Together, these two patent applications describe both the conceptual system architecture (SkyMobil) and a concrete technical implementation enabling its practical realization. The package includes: SkyMobil_OSIM_Deposit.pdf – A00440 on 03 October 2025 at OSIM, the original patent filing text; Flexible_Electrical_Coupling_System_A00097_2026.pdf – A00097 on 24 February 2026 at OSIM, the original patent filing text; SkyMobil_Technical_Description.pdf – a detailed document explaining the technical architecture and implementation aspects; SkyMobil_Letter_of_Intent_Public.pdf – a statement of intent and public disclosure by the inventor; SkyMobil_Abstract_WIPO.pdf – an international-format abstract summarizing the invention. b_Addendum.pdf a technical addendum addressing permanent online battery integration The SkyMobil system proposes a new model of electric vertical mobility (eVTOL) based on guided aerial routes with flexible power coupling, enabling both controlled networked flight and short-range free flight modes. The invention addresses energy autonomy, safety, and scalability in urban and regional air transport. This publication is made for the purpose of establishing public record, proof of authorship, and dissemination of the invention by the author Bujor Valentin, independent inventor, Bacău, Romania.","author":[{"family":"Bujor","given":"Valentin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18890927","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18890927","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17564693","type":"article-journal","title":"SkyMobil Concept and Flexible Electrical Coupling Architecture","abstract":"This upload contains the complete public disclosure package related to the SkyMobil technological concept and its enabling flexible electrical coupling architecture. The concept was initially filed as Romanian patent application A00440 on 03 October 2025 at OSIM (State Office for Inventions and Trademarks, Romania). A subsequent patent application describing the flexible electrical coupling architecture enabling this concept was filed as A00097 on 24 February 2026 at OSIM. Together, these two patent applications describe both the conceptual system architecture (SkyMobil) and a concrete technical implementation enabling its practical realization. The package includes: SkyMobil_OSIM_Deposit.pdf – A00440 on 03 October 2025 at OSIM, the original patent filing text; Flexible_Electrical_Coupling_System_A00097_2026.pdf – A00097 on 24 February 2026 at OSIM, the original patent filing text; SkyMobil_Technical_Description.pdf – a detailed document explaining the technical architecture and implementation aspects; SkyMobil_Letter_of_Intent_Public.pdf – a statement of intent and public disclosure by the inventor; SkyMobil_Abstract_WIPO.pdf – an international-format abstract summarizing the invention. b_Addendum.pdf a technical addendum addressing permanent online battery integration The SkyMobil system proposes a new model of electric vertical mobility (eVTOL) based on guided aerial routes with flexible power coupling, enabling both controlled networked flight and short-range free flight modes. The invention addresses energy autonomy, safety, and scalability in urban and regional air transport. This publication is made for the purpose of establishing public record, proof of authorship, and dissemination of the invention by the author Bujor Valentin, independent inventor, Bacău, Romania.","author":[{"family":"Bujor","given":"Valentin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17564693","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17564693","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.31258705.v2","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Integrated Urban Mobility and Mitigation System Based on Water and Floating Platforms</b> / <b>Propuesta Integrada de Movilidad y Mitigación Urbana Basada en Agua y Plataformas Flotantes</b>","abstract":"Integrated Urban Mobility and Mitigation System Based on Water and Floating Platforms PLEASE READ/ FAVOR LEER Technical Annex: Integrated Urban System with Water, Floating Platforms, and Amphibious Spherical Vehicles PLEASE READ / FAVOR LEER Riveros, Ricardo (2025). Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction. Water-feedback loop for many cities . figshare. Presentation. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v11 PLEASE READ / FAVOR LEER Riveros, Ricardo (2025). Complementary Hydrodynamic Wave-Assisted Return System for Water-Based Urban Transport Corridors / Sistema Complementario de Retorno Hidrodinámico Asistido por Olas para Corredores Urbanos de Transporte Basado en Agua. figshare. Presentation. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30743411.v1 1. Introduction This project proposes an integrated urban system combining: Green corridors with circulating water , Floating platforms on parallel channels , Amphibious spherical vehicles , Lightweight and ecological urban transport , Urban heat island mitigation and air quality improvement .The goal is to reduce urban temperatures, optimize mobility, and increase the sustainability of medium and large cities , integrating renewable energy, hydraulic engineering, and urban biology. 2. Specific Objectives Reuse piped or urban watercourses through solar-powered hydraulic elevation .Implement parallel elevated channels of treated water along key avenues.Develop modular floating platforms , stable and efficient, based on compressed-air floats.Integrate amphibious spherical vehicles , capable of moving on land and water, reducing single-occupant large vehicles.Incorporate automated urban vegetation , planters irrigated from channels, and linear wetlands.Evaluate impact on urban heat mitigation, pollution reduction, and traffic congestion . 3. Proposed Technology 3.1 Water Elevation Uses low-power pumps, level stations, flow sensors, and solar-powered turbines .Continuous circulation prevents stagnation and ensures irrigation for vegetation. 3.2 Parallel Elevated Channels Channels are located slightly below street level , accessible for maintenance and flow regulation.Treated water can circulate in one or both directions depending on urban design. 3.3 Floating Platforms Base floats using compressed-air tubes , providing stability.Lateral stabilizers and load distribution sensors ensure balance.Platforms move smoothly along channels, either assisted by water flow or electric motors. 3.4 Movement Water is moved by solar-powered low-power turbines , hydraulic recirculation, and controlled flow.Platforms can transport passengers or light cargo, integrating with urban mobility. 3.5 Green Integration Includes longitudinal planters irrigated automatically from the channels.Converts avenues into “green corridors” with trees, low-maintenance plants, and linear wetlands. 4. Amphibious Spherical Vehicles 4.1 Structure and Flotation Hollow sphere with internal air chambers ensures buoyancy in water : F_b = \\rho_{water} \\cdot g \\cdot V_{submerged} \\geq m_{vehicle} \\cdot g 4.2 Movement On land : internal rollers control movement and direction via center-of-gravity shifts. On water : small propellers, water jets, or controlled tilting allow motion. Speed : 15–25 km/h on land, 3–5 km/h in water. 4.3 Stability Internal gyroscopes and electronic control maintain balance and safety. 5. Ecological Integration Evapotranspiration from trees and plants reduces surface temperature by 2–5 °C.Trees and planters naturally filter dust and PM2.5–PM10 particles.Green corridors connect avenues and urban spaces, creating cooler, healthier zones. 6. Energy and Sustainability System powered by solar panels for pumps and turbines.Floating platforms and spherical vehicles use efficient electric motors .Integration of individual and collective transport maximizes energy efficiency. 7. Combined Benefits Sustainable urban transport , reducing empty large","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.31258705.v2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.31258705.v2","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v10","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction. Water-feedback loop for many cities </b>","abstract":"Corredores Urbanos de Agua Elevada y Plataformas Flotantes Solares para Movilidad Limpia y Reducción del Calor Urbano 1. Resumen Muchas ciudades del mundo poseen ríos o arroyos entubados bajo grandes avenidas. Estas corrientes de agua, actualmente ocultas y desaprovechadas, podrían elevarse a niveles próximos a la superficie para generar corredores de agua destinados a mitigar el calor urbano, irrigar vegetación y servir como base para plataformas flotantes de transporte sustentable. La presente propuesta describe un sistema integrado donde canales paralelos de agua tratada sostienen plataformas flotantes apoyadas en tubos de aire comprimido, con movimiento regulado por turbinas hidráulicas alimentadas por energía solar. El sistema combina hidrología urbana, movilidad limpia y microclimatización sostenible. 2. Introducción y Justificación Científica Las ciudades enfrentan tres problemas críticos: Islas de calor urbano : Las grandes avenidas absorben radiación y elevan la temperatura entre 2 y 7 °C respecto a zonas verdes. Infraestructura subterránea desaprovechada : En muchas metrópolis, ríos y arroyos fueron entubados por razones sanitarias o urbanísticas. Emisiones del transporte : La movilidad basada en combustibles fósiles sigue siendo uno de los principales contaminantes urbanos.Ejemplos de ciudades con cursos de agua entubados: Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Ciudad de México, Madrid, Seúl y Los Ángeles. Algunas (Seúl) han demostrado que restaurar o elevar el agua reduce significativamente la temperatura local y mejora la calidad del aire.La propuesta apunta a transformar esta infraestructura subterránea en un recurso ambiental y social. 3. Objetivos Objetivo general Desarrollar un sistema urbano basado en agua elevada y plataformas flotantes para reducir la temperatura urbana, mejorar la vegetación y ofrecer transporte de baja energía. Objetivos específicos Reutilizar cursos de agua entubados mediante elevación hidráulica.Implementar canales paralelos de agua tratada sobre avenidas.Desarrollar plataformas flotantes basadas en tubos de aire comprimido (principio de Arquímedes).Incorporar turbinas solares para circulación del agua.Integrar riego automatizado mediante derivaciones de cada canal.Evaluar el impacto en la mitigación de calor urbano. 4. Tecnología Propuesta 4.1 Elevación del agua Se utilizan:bombas de baja energía,estaciones de nivel,sensores de flujo,turbinas impulsadas por energía solar.Esto permite mantener el agua circulando de manera continua sin riesgo de estancamiento. 4.2 Canales paralelos elevados Los canales se ubican bajo la superficie de la avenida , pero a muy poca profundidad , permitiendo accesibilidad para mantenimiento y regulación. El agua tratada circula en ambos sentidos o en un único sentido, según el diseño urbano. 4.3 Plataformas flotantes La base flotante funciona con: tubos de aire comprimido (similares a los flotadores de hidroaviones),estabilizadores laterales,sensores de distribución de carga,estructura liviana y rígida.La plataforma se apoya simultáneamente en ambos canales, permitiendo un desplazamiento lineal suave y sin rieles sólidos. 4.4 Movimiento El agua en los canales se mueve mediante:turbinas solares de baja potencia,sistemas de recirculación hidráulica,control de caudal para regular velocidad de las plataformas. 4.5 Integración verde Se incluyen maceteros longitudinales irrigados automáticamente desde los canales laterales.Esto convierte avenidas en “corredores verdes” con:árboles de bajo mantenimiento,plantas perennes,humedales lineales controlados. 5. Sustento Científico 5.1 Principios hidrológicos La elevación de agua subterránea es un procedimiento estándar en ingeniería civil. La circulación superficial contribuye a: reducción térmica por evaporación,disipación de calor por conducción y convección,creación de microclimas frescos. 5.2 Principios de flotación (Arquímedes) Los tubos con aire comprimido generan suficiente flotabilidad para sostener plataformas livianas. Modelo","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v10","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v10","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v11","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction. Water-feedback loop for many cities </b>","abstract":"Corredores Urbanos de Agua Elevada y Plataformas Flotantes Solares para Movilidad Limpia y Reducción del Calor Urbano 1. Resumen Muchas ciudades del mundo poseen ríos o arroyos entubados bajo grandes avenidas. Estas corrientes de agua, actualmente ocultas y desaprovechadas, podrían elevarse a niveles próximos a la superficie para generar corredores de agua destinados a mitigar el calor urbano, irrigar vegetación y servir como base para plataformas flotantes de transporte sustentable. La presente propuesta describe un sistema integrado donde canales paralelos de agua tratada sostienen plataformas flotantes apoyadas en tubos de aire comprimido, con movimiento regulado por turbinas hidráulicas alimentadas por energía solar. El sistema combina hidrología urbana, movilidad limpia y microclimatización sostenible. 2. Introducción y Justificación Científica Las ciudades enfrentan tres problemas críticos: Islas de calor urbano : Las grandes avenidas absorben radiación y elevan la temperatura entre 2 y 7 °C respecto a zonas verdes. Infraestructura subterránea desaprovechada : En muchas metrópolis, ríos y arroyos fueron entubados por razones sanitarias o urbanísticas. Emisiones del transporte : La movilidad basada en combustibles fósiles sigue siendo uno de los principales contaminantes urbanos.Ejemplos de ciudades con cursos de agua entubados: Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Ciudad de México, Madrid, Seúl y Los Ángeles. Algunas (Seúl) han demostrado que restaurar o elevar el agua reduce significativamente la temperatura local y mejora la calidad del aire.La propuesta apunta a transformar esta infraestructura subterránea en un recurso ambiental y social. 3. Objetivos Objetivo general Desarrollar un sistema urbano basado en agua elevada y plataformas flotantes para reducir la temperatura urbana, mejorar la vegetación y ofrecer transporte de baja energía. Objetivos específicos Reutilizar cursos de agua entubados mediante elevación hidráulica.Implementar canales paralelos de agua tratada sobre avenidas.Desarrollar plataformas flotantes basadas en tubos de aire comprimido (principio de Arquímedes).Incorporar turbinas solares para circulación del agua.Integrar riego automatizado mediante derivaciones de cada canal.Evaluar el impacto en la mitigación de calor urbano. 4. Tecnología Propuesta 4.1 Elevación del agua Se utilizan:bombas de baja energía,estaciones de nivel,sensores de flujo,turbinas impulsadas por energía solar.Esto permite mantener el agua circulando de manera continua sin riesgo de estancamiento. 4.2 Canales paralelos elevados Los canales se ubican bajo la superficie de la avenida , pero a muy poca profundidad , permitiendo accesibilidad para mantenimiento y regulación. El agua tratada circula en ambos sentidos o en un único sentido, según el diseño urbano. 4.3 Plataformas flotantes La base flotante funciona con: tubos de aire comprimido (similares a los flotadores de hidroaviones),estabilizadores laterales,sensores de distribución de carga,estructura liviana y rígida.La plataforma se apoya simultáneamente en ambos canales, permitiendo un desplazamiento lineal suave y sin rieles sólidos. 4.4 Movimiento El agua en los canales se mueve mediante:turbinas solares de baja potencia,sistemas de recirculación hidráulica,control de caudal para regular velocidad de las plataformas. 4.5 Integración verde Se incluyen maceteros longitudinales irrigados automáticamente desde los canales laterales.Esto convierte avenidas en “corredores verdes” con:árboles de bajo mantenimiento,plantas perennes,humedales lineales controlados. 5. Sustento Científico 5.1 Principios hidrológicos La elevación de agua subterránea es un procedimiento estándar en ingeniería civil. La circulación superficial contribuye a: reducción térmica por evaporación,disipación de calor por conducción y convección,creación de microclimas frescos. 5.2 Principios de flotación (Arquímedes) Los tubos con aire comprimido generan suficiente flotabilidad para sostener plataformas livianas. Modelo","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v11","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v11","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v6","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Integrated Suburban Waterborne Transport and Progressive Desalination System for Urban Water Supply and Climate Cooling</b> / <b>Sistema Integrado de Transporte Acuático Suburbano y Desalinización Progresiva para Abastecimiento Urbano y Enfriamiento Climático</b>","abstract":"Sistema Integrado de Transporte Acuático Suburbano y Desalinización Progresiva para Abastecimiento Urbano y Enfriamiento Climático Resumen Se presenta un sistema integrado de infraestructura territorial destinado a ciudades ubicadas a distancias moderadas del mar, que combina transporte acuático suburbano de baja energía, desalinización progresiva de agua de mar, producción distribuida de agua potable y creación de cinturones verdes periurbanos. El sistema utiliza canales con pendiente suave para la circulación de plataformas flotantes de transporte de personas, mientras el agua de mar es desalinizada gradualmente mediante módulos térmicos pasivos (tanques tipo “pulpo” y sistemas de evaporación-condensación modulares). El agua dulce resultante se destina al consumo urbano y al riego de corredores verdes que reducen la isla de calor urbana. La propuesta está diseñada como solución implementable con tecnologías existentes, sin requerir desarrollos experimentales ni materiales especiales. 1. Introducción El crecimiento urbano, el aumento de temperaturas extremas y la escasez hídrica están convergiendo en un problema sistémico que no puede resolverse mediante soluciones aisladas. Las ciudades costeras o cercanas al mar enfrentan simultáneamente desafíos de movilidad suburbana, disponibilidad de agua potable, consumo energético elevado y aumento de la temperatura urbana. Este trabajo propone una infraestructura integrada que aborda estos desafíos de manera simultánea, utilizando principios físicos conocidos y tecnologías de bajo costo operativo. 2. Principios físicos y tecnológicos El sistema se fundamenta en principios ampliamente validados:Circulación de agua por gravedad en canales de pendiente mínima.Flotación para transporte de plataformas sin consumo energético directo.Evaporación y condensación térmica para desalinización.Enfriamiento ambiental mediante evapotranspiración vegetal.Modularidad para adaptación territorial.No se emplean procesos de alta presión, membranas complejas ni consumos energéticos intensivos. 3. Descripción del sistema 3.1 Canales acuáticos suburbano–urbanosSe construyen dos canales paralelos de agua, con pendiente suave, desde zonas suburbanas hacia el núcleo urbano. Sobre estos canales circulan plataformas flotantes destinadas al transporte de personas, permitiendo movilidad continua sin motores de combustión interna.3.2 Alimentación con agua de marEl sistema se alimenta con agua de mar captada en la costa. El agua ingresa a los canales y comienza un proceso de tratamiento progresivo a lo largo del recorrido hacia la ciudad.3.3 Desalinización progresiva distribuidaA lo largo del trayecto se instalan módulos de desalinización pasiva:Tanques térmicos tipo “pulpo” que aprovechan aire caliente ascendente.Sistemas de evaporación-condensación modulares (“cajitas chinas”).Estos módulos elevan gradualmente la temperatura del agua, permitiendo la separación de vapor y su posterior condensación como agua dulce.3.4 Producción y uso del agua dulceEl agua dulce obtenida se utiliza para:Abastecimiento urbano.Riego de cinturones verdes periurbanos.Alimentación de reservorios subterráneos para estabilización térmica. 4. Enfriamiento urbano y cinturones verdes En las cercanías de la ciudad, el agua ya desalinizada se emplea para el riego de corredores y cinturones verdes estratégicamente ubicados. Estos sistemas vegetales reducen la temperatura del aire mediante evapotranspiración, disminuyen la isla de calor urbana y mejoran la calidad ambiental. 5. Integración con infraestructura urbana Al ingresar a la ciudad, los canales se conectan con sistemas urbanos existentes de plataformas acuáticas, formando una red continua de movilidad y gestión hídrica. El sistema no compite con la infraestructura urbana, sino que la complementa y refuerza. 6. Beneficios principales Transporte suburbano ecológico sin emisiones directas.Producción distribuida de agua potable a bajo costo energético.Reducción de temperaturas urbanas extrema","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v6","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v7","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Integrated Suburban Waterborne Transport and Progressive Desalination System for Urban Water Supply and Climate Cooling</b> / <b>Sistema Integrado de Transporte Acuático Suburbano y Desalinización Progresiva para Abastecimiento Urbano y Enfriamiento Climático</b>","abstract":"Sistema Integrado de Transporte Acuático Suburbano y Desalinización Progresiva para Abastecimiento Urbano y Enfriamiento Climático Resumen Se presenta un sistema integrado de infraestructura territorial destinado a ciudades ubicadas a distancias moderadas del mar, que combina transporte acuático suburbano de baja energía, desalinización progresiva de agua de mar, producción distribuida de agua potable y creación de cinturones verdes periurbanos. El sistema utiliza canales con pendiente suave para la circulación de plataformas flotantes de transporte de personas, mientras el agua de mar es desalinizada gradualmente mediante módulos térmicos pasivos (tanques tipo “pulpo” y sistemas de evaporación-condensación modulares). El agua dulce resultante se destina al consumo urbano y al riego de corredores verdes que reducen la isla de calor urbana. La propuesta está diseñada como solución implementable con tecnologías existentes, sin requerir desarrollos experimentales ni materiales especiales. 1. Introducción El crecimiento urbano, el aumento de temperaturas extremas y la escasez hídrica están convergiendo en un problema sistémico que no puede resolverse mediante soluciones aisladas. Las ciudades costeras o cercanas al mar enfrentan simultáneamente desafíos de movilidad suburbana, disponibilidad de agua potable, consumo energético elevado y aumento de la temperatura urbana. Este trabajo propone una infraestructura integrada que aborda estos desafíos de manera simultánea, utilizando principios físicos conocidos y tecnologías de bajo costo operativo. 2. Principios físicos y tecnológicos El sistema se fundamenta en principios ampliamente validados:Circulación de agua por gravedad en canales de pendiente mínima.Flotación para transporte de plataformas sin consumo energético directo.Evaporación y condensación térmica para desalinización.Enfriamiento ambiental mediante evapotranspiración vegetal.Modularidad para adaptación territorial.No se emplean procesos de alta presión, membranas complejas ni consumos energéticos intensivos. 3. Descripción del sistema 3.1 Canales acuáticos suburbano–urbanosSe construyen dos canales paralelos de agua, con pendiente suave, desde zonas suburbanas hacia el núcleo urbano. Sobre estos canales circulan plataformas flotantes destinadas al transporte de personas, permitiendo movilidad continua sin motores de combustión interna.3.2 Alimentación con agua de marEl sistema se alimenta con agua de mar captada en la costa. El agua ingresa a los canales y comienza un proceso de tratamiento progresivo a lo largo del recorrido hacia la ciudad.3.3 Desalinización progresiva distribuidaA lo largo del trayecto se instalan módulos de desalinización pasiva:Tanques térmicos tipo “pulpo” que aprovechan aire caliente ascendente.Sistemas de evaporación-condensación modulares (“cajitas chinas”).Estos módulos elevan gradualmente la temperatura del agua, permitiendo la separación de vapor y su posterior condensación como agua dulce.3.4 Producción y uso del agua dulceEl agua dulce obtenida se utiliza para:Abastecimiento urbano.Riego de cinturones verdes periurbanos.Alimentación de reservorios subterráneos para estabilización térmica. 4. Enfriamiento urbano y cinturones verdes En las cercanías de la ciudad, el agua ya desalinizada se emplea para el riego de corredores y cinturones verdes estratégicamente ubicados. Estos sistemas vegetales reducen la temperatura del aire mediante evapotranspiración, disminuyen la isla de calor urbana y mejoran la calidad ambiental. 5. Integración con infraestructura urbana Al ingresar a la ciudad, los canales se conectan con sistemas urbanos existentes de plataformas acuáticas, formando una red continua de movilidad y gestión hídrica. El sistema no compite con la infraestructura urbana, sino que la complementa y refuerza. 6. Beneficios principales Transporte suburbano ecológico sin emisiones directas.Producción distribuida de agua potable a bajo costo energético.Reducción de temperaturas urbanas extrema","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v7","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v5","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Integrated Suburban Waterborne Transport and Progressive Desalination System for Urban Water Supply and Climate Cooling</b> / <b>Sistema Integrado de Transporte Acuático Suburbano y Desalinización Progresiva para Abastecimiento Urbano y Enfriamiento Climático</b>","abstract":"Sistema Integrado de Transporte Acuático Suburbano y Desalinización Progresiva para Abastecimiento Urbano y Enfriamiento Climático Resumen Se presenta un sistema integrado de infraestructura territorial destinado a ciudades ubicadas a distancias moderadas del mar, que combina transporte acuático suburbano de baja energía, desalinización progresiva de agua de mar, producción distribuida de agua potable y creación de cinturones verdes periurbanos. El sistema utiliza canales con pendiente suave para la circulación de plataformas flotantes de transporte de personas, mientras el agua de mar es desalinizada gradualmente mediante módulos térmicos pasivos (tanques tipo “pulpo” y sistemas de evaporación-condensación modulares). El agua dulce resultante se destina al consumo urbano y al riego de corredores verdes que reducen la isla de calor urbana. La propuesta está diseñada como solución implementable con tecnologías existentes, sin requerir desarrollos experimentales ni materiales especiales. 1. Introducción El crecimiento urbano, el aumento de temperaturas extremas y la escasez hídrica están convergiendo en un problema sistémico que no puede resolverse mediante soluciones aisladas. Las ciudades costeras o cercanas al mar enfrentan simultáneamente desafíos de movilidad suburbana, disponibilidad de agua potable, consumo energético elevado y aumento de la temperatura urbana. Este trabajo propone una infraestructura integrada que aborda estos desafíos de manera simultánea, utilizando principios físicos conocidos y tecnologías de bajo costo operativo. 2. Principios físicos y tecnológicos El sistema se fundamenta en principios ampliamente validados:Circulación de agua por gravedad en canales de pendiente mínima.Flotación para transporte de plataformas sin consumo energético directo.Evaporación y condensación térmica para desalinización.Enfriamiento ambiental mediante evapotranspiración vegetal.Modularidad para adaptación territorial.No se emplean procesos de alta presión, membranas complejas ni consumos energéticos intensivos. 3. Descripción del sistema 3.1 Canales acuáticos suburbano–urbanosSe construyen dos canales paralelos de agua, con pendiente suave, desde zonas suburbanas hacia el núcleo urbano. Sobre estos canales circulan plataformas flotantes destinadas al transporte de personas, permitiendo movilidad continua sin motores de combustión interna.3.2 Alimentación con agua de marEl sistema se alimenta con agua de mar captada en la costa. El agua ingresa a los canales y comienza un proceso de tratamiento progresivo a lo largo del recorrido hacia la ciudad.3.3 Desalinización progresiva distribuidaA lo largo del trayecto se instalan módulos de desalinización pasiva:Tanques térmicos tipo “pulpo” que aprovechan aire caliente ascendente.Sistemas de evaporación-condensación modulares (“cajitas chinas”).Estos módulos elevan gradualmente la temperatura del agua, permitiendo la separación de vapor y su posterior condensación como agua dulce.3.4 Producción y uso del agua dulceEl agua dulce obtenida se utiliza para:Abastecimiento urbano.Riego de cinturones verdes periurbanos.Alimentación de reservorios subterráneos para estabilización térmica. 4. Enfriamiento urbano y cinturones verdes En las cercanías de la ciudad, el agua ya desalinizada se emplea para el riego de corredores y cinturones verdes estratégicamente ubicados. Estos sistemas vegetales reducen la temperatura del aire mediante evapotranspiración, disminuyen la isla de calor urbana y mejoran la calidad ambiental. 5. Integración con infraestructura urbana Al ingresar a la ciudad, los canales se conectan con sistemas urbanos existentes de plataformas acuáticas, formando una red continua de movilidad y gestión hídrica. El sistema no compite con la infraestructura urbana, sino que la complementa y refuerza. 6. Beneficios principales Transporte suburbano ecológico sin emisiones directas.Producción distribuida de agua potable a bajo costo energético.Reducción de temperaturas urbanas extrema","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v5","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v4","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Integrated Suburban Waterborne Transport and Progressive Desalination System for Urban Water Supply and Climate Cooling</b> / <b>Sistema Integrado de Transporte Acuático Suburbano y Desalinización Progresiva para Abastecimiento Urbano y Enfriamiento Climático</b>","abstract":"Sistema Integrado de Transporte Acuático Suburbano y Desalinización Progresiva para Abastecimiento Urbano y Enfriamiento Climático Resumen Se presenta un sistema integrado de infraestructura territorial destinado a ciudades ubicadas a distancias moderadas del mar, que combina transporte acuático suburbano de baja energía, desalinización progresiva de agua de mar, producción distribuida de agua potable y creación de cinturones verdes periurbanos. El sistema utiliza canales con pendiente suave para la circulación de plataformas flotantes de transporte de personas, mientras el agua de mar es desalinizada gradualmente mediante módulos térmicos pasivos (tanques tipo “pulpo” y sistemas de evaporación-condensación modulares). El agua dulce resultante se destina al consumo urbano y al riego de corredores verdes que reducen la isla de calor urbana. La propuesta está diseñada como solución implementable con tecnologías existentes, sin requerir desarrollos experimentales ni materiales especiales. 1. Introducción El crecimiento urbano, el aumento de temperaturas extremas y la escasez hídrica están convergiendo en un problema sistémico que no puede resolverse mediante soluciones aisladas. Las ciudades costeras o cercanas al mar enfrentan simultáneamente desafíos de movilidad suburbana, disponibilidad de agua potable, consumo energético elevado y aumento de la temperatura urbana. Este trabajo propone una infraestructura integrada que aborda estos desafíos de manera simultánea, utilizando principios físicos conocidos y tecnologías de bajo costo operativo. 2. Principios físicos y tecnológicos El sistema se fundamenta en principios ampliamente validados:Circulación de agua por gravedad en canales de pendiente mínima.Flotación para transporte de plataformas sin consumo energético directo.Evaporación y condensación térmica para desalinización.Enfriamiento ambiental mediante evapotranspiración vegetal.Modularidad para adaptación territorial.No se emplean procesos de alta presión, membranas complejas ni consumos energéticos intensivos. 3. Descripción del sistema 3.1 Canales acuáticos suburbano–urbanosSe construyen dos canales paralelos de agua, con pendiente suave, desde zonas suburbanas hacia el núcleo urbano. Sobre estos canales circulan plataformas flotantes destinadas al transporte de personas, permitiendo movilidad continua sin motores de combustión interna.3.2 Alimentación con agua de marEl sistema se alimenta con agua de mar captada en la costa. El agua ingresa a los canales y comienza un proceso de tratamiento progresivo a lo largo del recorrido hacia la ciudad.3.3 Desalinización progresiva distribuidaA lo largo del trayecto se instalan módulos de desalinización pasiva:Tanques térmicos tipo “pulpo” que aprovechan aire caliente ascendente.Sistemas de evaporación-condensación modulares (“cajitas chinas”).Estos módulos elevan gradualmente la temperatura del agua, permitiendo la separación de vapor y su posterior condensación como agua dulce.3.4 Producción y uso del agua dulceEl agua dulce obtenida se utiliza para:Abastecimiento urbano.Riego de cinturones verdes periurbanos.Alimentación de reservorios subterráneos para estabilización térmica. 4. Enfriamiento urbano y cinturones verdes En las cercanías de la ciudad, el agua ya desalinizada se emplea para el riego de corredores y cinturones verdes estratégicamente ubicados. Estos sistemas vegetales reducen la temperatura del aire mediante evapotranspiración, disminuyen la isla de calor urbana y mejoran la calidad ambiental. 5. Integración con infraestructura urbana Al ingresar a la ciudad, los canales se conectan con sistemas urbanos existentes de plataformas acuáticas, formando una red continua de movilidad y gestión hídrica. El sistema no compite con la infraestructura urbana, sino que la complementa y refuerza. 6. Beneficios principales Transporte suburbano ecológico sin emisiones directas.Producción distribuida de agua potable a bajo costo energético.Reducción de temperaturas urbanas extrema","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v4","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v3","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Integrated Suburban Waterborne Transport and Progressive Desalination System for Urban Water Supply and Climate Cooling</b> / <b>Sistema Integrado de Transporte Acuático Suburbano y Desalinización Progresiva para Abastecimiento Urbano y Enfriamiento Climático</b>","abstract":"Sistema Integrado de Transporte Acuático Suburbano y Desalinización Progresiva para Abastecimiento Urbano y Enfriamiento Climático Resumen Se presenta un sistema integrado de infraestructura territorial destinado a ciudades ubicadas a distancias moderadas del mar, que combina transporte acuático suburbano de baja energía, desalinización progresiva de agua de mar, producción distribuida de agua potable y creación de cinturones verdes periurbanos. El sistema utiliza canales con pendiente suave para la circulación de plataformas flotantes de transporte de personas, mientras el agua de mar es desalinizada gradualmente mediante módulos térmicos pasivos (tanques tipo “pulpo” y sistemas de evaporación-condensación modulares). El agua dulce resultante se destina al consumo urbano y al riego de corredores verdes que reducen la isla de calor urbana. La propuesta está diseñada como solución implementable con tecnologías existentes, sin requerir desarrollos experimentales ni materiales especiales. 1. Introducción El crecimiento urbano, el aumento de temperaturas extremas y la escasez hídrica están convergiendo en un problema sistémico que no puede resolverse mediante soluciones aisladas. Las ciudades costeras o cercanas al mar enfrentan simultáneamente desafíos de movilidad suburbana, disponibilidad de agua potable, consumo energético elevado y aumento de la temperatura urbana. Este trabajo propone una infraestructura integrada que aborda estos desafíos de manera simultánea, utilizando principios físicos conocidos y tecnologías de bajo costo operativo. 2. Principios físicos y tecnológicos El sistema se fundamenta en principios ampliamente validados:Circulación de agua por gravedad en canales de pendiente mínima.Flotación para transporte de plataformas sin consumo energético directo.Evaporación y condensación térmica para desalinización.Enfriamiento ambiental mediante evapotranspiración vegetal.Modularidad para adaptación territorial.No se emplean procesos de alta presión, membranas complejas ni consumos energéticos intensivos. 3. Descripción del sistema 3.1 Canales acuáticos suburbano–urbanosSe construyen dos canales paralelos de agua, con pendiente suave, desde zonas suburbanas hacia el núcleo urbano. Sobre estos canales circulan plataformas flotantes destinadas al transporte de personas, permitiendo movilidad continua sin motores de combustión interna.3.2 Alimentación con agua de marEl sistema se alimenta con agua de mar captada en la costa. El agua ingresa a los canales y comienza un proceso de tratamiento progresivo a lo largo del recorrido hacia la ciudad.3.3 Desalinización progresiva distribuidaA lo largo del trayecto se instalan módulos de desalinización pasiva:Tanques térmicos tipo “pulpo” que aprovechan aire caliente ascendente.Sistemas de evaporación-condensación modulares (“cajitas chinas”).Estos módulos elevan gradualmente la temperatura del agua, permitiendo la separación de vapor y su posterior condensación como agua dulce.3.4 Producción y uso del agua dulceEl agua dulce obtenida se utiliza para:Abastecimiento urbano.Riego de cinturones verdes periurbanos.Alimentación de reservorios subterráneos para estabilización térmica. 4. Enfriamiento urbano y cinturones verdes En las cercanías de la ciudad, el agua ya desalinizada se emplea para el riego de corredores y cinturones verdes estratégicamente ubicados. Estos sistemas vegetales reducen la temperatura del aire mediante evapotranspiración, disminuyen la isla de calor urbana y mejoran la calidad ambiental. 5. Integración con infraestructura urbana Al ingresar a la ciudad, los canales se conectan con sistemas urbanos existentes de plataformas acuáticas, formando una red continua de movilidad y gestión hídrica. El sistema no compite con la infraestructura urbana, sino que la complementa y refuerza. 6. Beneficios principales Transporte suburbano ecológico sin emisiones directas.Producción distribuida de agua potable a bajo costo energético.Reducción de temperaturas urbanas extrema","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v3","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v2","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Integrated Suburban Waterborne Transport and Progressive Desalination System for Urban Water Supply and Climate Cooling</b> / <b>Sistema Integrado de Transporte Acuático Suburbano y Desalinización Progresiva para Abastecimiento Urbano y Enfriamiento Climático</b>","abstract":"Sistema Integrado de Transporte Acuático Suburbano y Desalinización Progresiva para Abastecimiento Urbano y Enfriamiento Climático Resumen Se presenta un sistema integrado de infraestructura territorial destinado a ciudades ubicadas a distancias moderadas del mar, que combina transporte acuático suburbano de baja energía, desalinización progresiva de agua de mar, producción distribuida de agua potable y creación de cinturones verdes periurbanos. El sistema utiliza canales con pendiente suave para la circulación de plataformas flotantes de transporte de personas, mientras el agua de mar es desalinizada gradualmente mediante módulos térmicos pasivos (tanques tipo “pulpo” y sistemas de evaporación-condensación modulares). El agua dulce resultante se destina al consumo urbano y al riego de corredores verdes que reducen la isla de calor urbana. La propuesta está diseñada como solución implementable con tecnologías existentes, sin requerir desarrollos experimentales ni materiales especiales. 1. Introducción El crecimiento urbano, el aumento de temperaturas extremas y la escasez hídrica están convergiendo en un problema sistémico que no puede resolverse mediante soluciones aisladas. Las ciudades costeras o cercanas al mar enfrentan simultáneamente desafíos de movilidad suburbana, disponibilidad de agua potable, consumo energético elevado y aumento de la temperatura urbana. Este trabajo propone una infraestructura integrada que aborda estos desafíos de manera simultánea, utilizando principios físicos conocidos y tecnologías de bajo costo operativo. 2. Principios físicos y tecnológicos El sistema se fundamenta en principios ampliamente validados:Circulación de agua por gravedad en canales de pendiente mínima.Flotación para transporte de plataformas sin consumo energético directo.Evaporación y condensación térmica para desalinización.Enfriamiento ambiental mediante evapotranspiración vegetal.Modularidad para adaptación territorial.No se emplean procesos de alta presión, membranas complejas ni consumos energéticos intensivos. 3. Descripción del sistema 3.1 Canales acuáticos suburbano–urbanosSe construyen dos canales paralelos de agua, con pendiente suave, desde zonas suburbanas hacia el núcleo urbano. Sobre estos canales circulan plataformas flotantes destinadas al transporte de personas, permitiendo movilidad continua sin motores de combustión interna.3.2 Alimentación con agua de marEl sistema se alimenta con agua de mar captada en la costa. El agua ingresa a los canales y comienza un proceso de tratamiento progresivo a lo largo del recorrido hacia la ciudad.3.3 Desalinización progresiva distribuidaA lo largo del trayecto se instalan módulos de desalinización pasiva:Tanques térmicos tipo “pulpo” que aprovechan aire caliente ascendente.Sistemas de evaporación-condensación modulares (“cajitas chinas”).Estos módulos elevan gradualmente la temperatura del agua, permitiendo la separación de vapor y su posterior condensación como agua dulce.3.4 Producción y uso del agua dulceEl agua dulce obtenida se utiliza para:Abastecimiento urbano.Riego de cinturones verdes periurbanos.Alimentación de reservorios subterráneos para estabilización térmica. 4. Enfriamiento urbano y cinturones verdes En las cercanías de la ciudad, el agua ya desalinizada se emplea para el riego de corredores y cinturones verdes estratégicamente ubicados. Estos sistemas vegetales reducen la temperatura del aire mediante evapotranspiración, disminuyen la isla de calor urbana y mejoran la calidad ambiental. 5. Integración con infraestructura urbana Al ingresar a la ciudad, los canales se conectan con sistemas urbanos existentes de plataformas acuáticas, formando una red continua de movilidad y gestión hídrica. El sistema no compite con la infraestructura urbana, sino que la complementa y refuerza. 6. Beneficios principales Transporte suburbano ecológico sin emisiones directas.Producción distribuida de agua potable a bajo costo energético.Reducción de temperaturas urbanas extrema","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v2","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Integrated Suburban Waterborne Transport and Progressive Desalination System for Urban Water Supply and Climate Cooling</b> / <b>Sistema Integrado de Transporte Acuático Suburbano y Desalinización Progresiva para Abastecimiento Urbano y Enfriamiento Climático</b>","abstract":"Sistema Integrado de Transporte Acuático Suburbano y Desalinización Progresiva para Abastecimiento Urbano y Enfriamiento Climático Resumen Se presenta un sistema integrado de infraestructura territorial destinado a ciudades ubicadas a distancias moderadas del mar, que combina transporte acuático suburbano de baja energía, desalinización progresiva de agua de mar, producción distribuida de agua potable y creación de cinturones verdes periurbanos. El sistema utiliza canales con pendiente suave para la circulación de plataformas flotantes de transporte de personas, mientras el agua de mar es desalinizada gradualmente mediante módulos térmicos pasivos (tanques tipo “pulpo” y sistemas de evaporación-condensación modulares). El agua dulce resultante se destina al consumo urbano y al riego de corredores verdes que reducen la isla de calor urbana. La propuesta está diseñada como solución implementable con tecnologías existentes, sin requerir desarrollos experimentales ni materiales especiales. 1. Introducción El crecimiento urbano, el aumento de temperaturas extremas y la escasez hídrica están convergiendo en un problema sistémico que no puede resolverse mediante soluciones aisladas. Las ciudades costeras o cercanas al mar enfrentan simultáneamente desafíos de movilidad suburbana, disponibilidad de agua potable, consumo energético elevado y aumento de la temperatura urbana. Este trabajo propone una infraestructura integrada que aborda estos desafíos de manera simultánea, utilizando principios físicos conocidos y tecnologías de bajo costo operativo. 2. Principios físicos y tecnológicos El sistema se fundamenta en principios ampliamente validados:Circulación de agua por gravedad en canales de pendiente mínima.Flotación para transporte de plataformas sin consumo energético directo.Evaporación y condensación térmica para desalinización.Enfriamiento ambiental mediante evapotranspiración vegetal.Modularidad para adaptación territorial.No se emplean procesos de alta presión, membranas complejas ni consumos energéticos intensivos. 3. Descripción del sistema 3.1 Canales acuáticos suburbano–urbanosSe construyen dos canales paralelos de agua, con pendiente suave, desde zonas suburbanas hacia el núcleo urbano. Sobre estos canales circulan plataformas flotantes destinadas al transporte de personas, permitiendo movilidad continua sin motores de combustión interna.3.2 Alimentación con agua de marEl sistema se alimenta con agua de mar captada en la costa. El agua ingresa a los canales y comienza un proceso de tratamiento progresivo a lo largo del recorrido hacia la ciudad.3.3 Desalinización progresiva distribuidaA lo largo del trayecto se instalan módulos de desalinización pasiva:Tanques térmicos tipo “pulpo” que aprovechan aire caliente ascendente.Sistemas de evaporación-condensación modulares (“cajitas chinas”).Estos módulos elevan gradualmente la temperatura del agua, permitiendo la separación de vapor y su posterior condensación como agua dulce.3.4 Producción y uso del agua dulceEl agua dulce obtenida se utiliza para:Abastecimiento urbano.Riego de cinturones verdes periurbanos.Alimentación de reservorios subterráneos para estabilización térmica. 4. Enfriamiento urbano y cinturones verdes En las cercanías de la ciudad, el agua ya desalinizada se emplea para el riego de corredores y cinturones verdes estratégicamente ubicados. Estos sistemas vegetales reducen la temperatura del aire mediante evapotranspiración, disminuyen la isla de calor urbana y mejoran la calidad ambiental. 5. Integración con infraestructura urbana Al ingresar a la ciudad, los canales se conectan con sistemas urbanos existentes de plataformas acuáticas, formando una red continua de movilidad y gestión hídrica. El sistema no compite con la infraestructura urbana, sino que la complementa y refuerza. 6. Beneficios principales Transporte suburbano ecológico sin emisiones directas.Producción distribuida de agua potable a bajo costo energético.Reducción de temperaturas urbanas extrema","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.31022107.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v9","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction. Water-feedback loop for many cities </b>","abstract":"Corredores Urbanos de Agua Elevada y Plataformas Flotantes Solares para Movilidad Limpia y Reducción del Calor Urbano 1. Resumen Muchas ciudades del mundo poseen ríos o arroyos entubados bajo grandes avenidas. Estas corrientes de agua, actualmente ocultas y desaprovechadas, podrían elevarse a niveles próximos a la superficie para generar corredores de agua destinados a mitigar el calor urbano, irrigar vegetación y servir como base para plataformas flotantes de transporte sustentable. La presente propuesta describe un sistema integrado donde canales paralelos de agua tratada sostienen plataformas flotantes apoyadas en tubos de aire comprimido, con movimiento regulado por turbinas hidráulicas alimentadas por energía solar. El sistema combina hidrología urbana, movilidad limpia y microclimatización sostenible. 2. Introducción y Justificación Científica Las ciudades enfrentan tres problemas críticos: Islas de calor urbano : Las grandes avenidas absorben radiación y elevan la temperatura entre 2 y 7 °C respecto a zonas verdes. Infraestructura subterránea desaprovechada : En muchas metrópolis, ríos y arroyos fueron entubados por razones sanitarias o urbanísticas. Emisiones del transporte : La movilidad basada en combustibles fósiles sigue siendo uno de los principales contaminantes urbanos.Ejemplos de ciudades con cursos de agua entubados: Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Ciudad de México, Madrid, Seúl y Los Ángeles. Algunas (Seúl) han demostrado que restaurar o elevar el agua reduce significativamente la temperatura local y mejora la calidad del aire.La propuesta apunta a transformar esta infraestructura subterránea en un recurso ambiental y social. 3. Objetivos Objetivo general Desarrollar un sistema urbano basado en agua elevada y plataformas flotantes para reducir la temperatura urbana, mejorar la vegetación y ofrecer transporte de baja energía. Objetivos específicos Reutilizar cursos de agua entubados mediante elevación hidráulica.Implementar canales paralelos de agua tratada sobre avenidas.Desarrollar plataformas flotantes basadas en tubos de aire comprimido (principio de Arquímedes).Incorporar turbinas solares para circulación del agua.Integrar riego automatizado mediante derivaciones de cada canal.Evaluar el impacto en la mitigación de calor urbano. 4. Tecnología Propuesta 4.1 Elevación del agua Se utilizan:bombas de baja energía,estaciones de nivel,sensores de flujo,turbinas impulsadas por energía solar.Esto permite mantener el agua circulando de manera continua sin riesgo de estancamiento. 4.2 Canales paralelos elevados Los canales se ubican bajo la superficie de la avenida , pero a muy poca profundidad , permitiendo accesibilidad para mantenimiento y regulación. El agua tratada circula en ambos sentidos o en un único sentido, según el diseño urbano. 4.3 Plataformas flotantes La base flotante funciona con: tubos de aire comprimido (similares a los flotadores de hidroaviones),estabilizadores laterales,sensores de distribución de carga,estructura liviana y rígida.La plataforma se apoya simultáneamente en ambos canales, permitiendo un desplazamiento lineal suave y sin rieles sólidos. 4.4 Movimiento El agua en los canales se mueve mediante:turbinas solares de baja potencia,sistemas de recirculación hidráulica,control de caudal para regular velocidad de las plataformas. 4.5 Integración verde Se incluyen maceteros longitudinales irrigados automáticamente desde los canales laterales.Esto convierte avenidas en “corredores verdes” con:árboles de bajo mantenimiento,plantas perennes,humedales lineales controlados. 5. Sustento Científico 5.1 Principios hidrológicos La elevación de agua subterránea es un procedimiento estándar en ingeniería civil. La circulación superficial contribuye a: reducción térmica por evaporación,disipación de calor por conducción y convección,creación de microclimas frescos. 5.2 Principios de flotación (Arquímedes) Los tubos con aire comprimido generan suficiente flotabilidad para sostener plataformas livianas. Modelo","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v9","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30743411.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Complementary Hydrodynamic Wave-Assisted Return System for Water-Based Urban Transport Corridors</b> / <b>Sistema Complementario de Retorno Hidrodinámico Asistido por Olas para Corredores Urbanos de Transporte Basado en Agua</b>","abstract":"Complementary Hydrodynamic Wave-Assisted Return System for Water-Based Urban Transport Corridors Abstract This supplementary proposal introduces a hydrodynamic wave-assisted return mechanism to further increase the efficiency and sustainability of the water-based urban transit system previously described. The mechanism employs intermittent water pumps and air nozzles to generate a controlled traveling wave inside the return channel, allowing mobile platforms to return to their origin using significantly less water than the outbound route. The system also enhances energy efficiency, operational stability, and integrated water management for urban vegetation and microclimate regulation. 1. Introduction The previously published proposal outlined a new urban transit system using water-guided mobile platforms operating in elevated or surface-level channels and powered by renewable energy. The outward route uses controlled water flow for propulsion and movement coordination.To further improve environmental performance and reduce water consumption, this supplementary proposal describes a hydrodynamic wave-assisted mechanism for the return channel, optimizing the reuse of water and minimizing operational losses. 2. Rationale for a Wave-Assisted Return Channel The original design followed the natural or engineered direction of rivers, streams, or piped systems for platform return. While functional, it required a steady volume of water.A wave-assisted model dramatically reduces the required water mass by enabling platforms to ride a traveling hydrodynamic wave generated with intermittent bursts of water and air pressure. This complements the original proposal by enhancing efficiency and reinforcing the circularity of the system. 3. Technical Description 3.1 Wave Generation System The return channel incorporates: Intermittent water pumps , placed at intervals, releasing controlled pulses. Air nozzles (toberas) capable of delivering short bursts of compressed air.These elements act together to create a low-amplitude, forward-moving wave along the length of the channel. 3.2 Platform Integration Mobile platforms returning along this path:Ride the generated wave, reducing hydrodynamic drag.Maintain stable spacing due to the periodic nature of the pulses.Consume significantly less water and energy than during the outbound trip. 4. Advantages of the Wave-Assisted System 4.1 Water Conservation Because movement is wave-driven, the system requires:Lower water volumes,Minimal continuous flow,Reduced losses due to splashing or evaporation. 4.2 Energy Efficiency The pumps and nozzles operate intermittently, not continuously. This allows the system to run using: Solar power,Stored hydraulic pressure,Low-demand electrical management. 4.3 System Stability The traveling wave acts as a natural conveyor , providing:Predictable return speeds,Improved spacing control,Enhanced safety. 4.4 Integrated Water Management The reduced water requirement frees substantial reserve water for:Flow equilibrium along the system,Vegetation irrigation in green corridors accompanying the structure,Local evaporative cooling to regulate urban microclimates. 5. Conclusion The hydrodynamic wave-assisted return mechanism strengthens the feasibility, sustainability, and circular efficiency of water-based urban transit. It optimizes resource use, enhances operational stability, and integrates ecological benefits into transportation infrastructure.This supplement complements the original proposal and provides a new pathway for urban planners and environmental engineers to explore advanced, low-impact mobility systems suitable for future cities. FAVOR LEER / PLEASE READ Riveros, Ricardo (2025). Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction. Water-feedback loop for many cities . figshare. Presentation. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v9Riveros, Ricardo (2025). Title: Hydro-Aerial Urban Mobility System (HAUM","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.30743411.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30743411.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v8","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction </b>","abstract":"Corredores Urbanos de Agua Elevada y Plataformas Flotantes Solares para Movilidad Limpia y Reducción del Calor Urbano 1. Resumen Muchas ciudades del mundo poseen ríos o arroyos entubados bajo grandes avenidas. Estas corrientes de agua, actualmente ocultas y desaprovechadas, podrían elevarse a niveles próximos a la superficie para generar corredores de agua destinados a mitigar el calor urbano, irrigar vegetación y servir como base para plataformas flotantes de transporte sustentable. La presente propuesta describe un sistema integrado donde canales paralelos de agua tratada sostienen plataformas flotantes apoyadas en tubos de aire comprimido, con movimiento regulado por turbinas hidráulicas alimentadas por energía solar. El sistema combina hidrología urbana, movilidad limpia y microclimatización sostenible. 2. Introducción y Justificación Científica Las ciudades enfrentan tres problemas críticos: Islas de calor urbano : Las grandes avenidas absorben radiación y elevan la temperatura entre 2 y 7 °C respecto a zonas verdes. Infraestructura subterránea desaprovechada : En muchas metrópolis, ríos y arroyos fueron entubados por razones sanitarias o urbanísticas. Emisiones del transporte : La movilidad basada en combustibles fósiles sigue siendo uno de los principales contaminantes urbanos.Ejemplos de ciudades con cursos de agua entubados: Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Ciudad de México, Madrid, Seúl y Los Ángeles. Algunas (Seúl) han demostrado que restaurar o elevar el agua reduce significativamente la temperatura local y mejora la calidad del aire.La propuesta apunta a transformar esta infraestructura subterránea en un recurso ambiental y social. 3. Objetivos Objetivo general Desarrollar un sistema urbano basado en agua elevada y plataformas flotantes para reducir la temperatura urbana, mejorar la vegetación y ofrecer transporte de baja energía. Objetivos específicos Reutilizar cursos de agua entubados mediante elevación hidráulica.Implementar canales paralelos de agua tratada sobre avenidas.Desarrollar plataformas flotantes basadas en tubos de aire comprimido (principio de Arquímedes).Incorporar turbinas solares para circulación del agua.Integrar riego automatizado mediante derivaciones de cada canal.Evaluar el impacto en la mitigación de calor urbano. 4. Tecnología Propuesta 4.1 Elevación del agua Se utilizan:bombas de baja energía,estaciones de nivel,sensores de flujo,turbinas impulsadas por energía solar.Esto permite mantener el agua circulando de manera continua sin riesgo de estancamiento. 4.2 Canales paralelos elevados Los canales se ubican bajo la superficie de la avenida , pero a muy poca profundidad , permitiendo accesibilidad para mantenimiento y regulación. El agua tratada circula en ambos sentidos o en un único sentido, según el diseño urbano. 4.3 Plataformas flotantes La base flotante funciona con: tubos de aire comprimido (similares a los flotadores de hidroaviones),estabilizadores laterales,sensores de distribución de carga,estructura liviana y rígida.La plataforma se apoya simultáneamente en ambos canales, permitiendo un desplazamiento lineal suave y sin rieles sólidos. 4.4 Movimiento El agua en los canales se mueve mediante:turbinas solares de baja potencia,sistemas de recirculación hidráulica,control de caudal para regular velocidad de las plataformas. 4.5 Integración verde Se incluyen maceteros longitudinales irrigados automáticamente desde los canales laterales.Esto convierte avenidas en “corredores verdes” con:árboles de bajo mantenimiento,plantas perennes,humedales lineales controlados. 5. Sustento Científico 5.1 Principios hidrológicos La elevación de agua subterránea es un procedimiento estándar en ingeniería civil. La circulación superficial contribuye a: reducción térmica por evaporación,disipación de calor por conducción y convección,creación de microclimas frescos. 5.2 Principios de flotación (Arquímedes) Los tubos con aire comprimido generan suficiente flotabilidad para sostener plataformas livianas. Modelo","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v8","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v7","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction </b><b>Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction</b><b> </b><b>(</b><b>Water</b> <b>feedback cycle</b><b>allows its use in many cities</b>","abstract":"Corredores Urbanos de Agua Elevada y Plataformas Flotantes Solares para Movilidad Limpia y Reducción del Calor Urbano 1. Resumen Muchas ciudades del mundo poseen ríos o arroyos entubados bajo grandes avenidas. Estas corrientes de agua, actualmente ocultas y desaprovechadas, podrían elevarse a niveles próximos a la superficie para generar corredores de agua destinados a mitigar el calor urbano, irrigar vegetación y servir como base para plataformas flotantes de transporte sustentable. La presente propuesta describe un sistema integrado donde canales paralelos de agua tratada sostienen plataformas flotantes apoyadas en tubos de aire comprimido, con movimiento regulado por turbinas hidráulicas alimentadas por energía solar. El sistema combina hidrología urbana, movilidad limpia y microclimatización sostenible. 2. Introducción y Justificación Científica Las ciudades enfrentan tres problemas críticos: Islas de calor urbano : Las grandes avenidas absorben radiación y elevan la temperatura entre 2 y 7 °C respecto a zonas verdes. Infraestructura subterránea desaprovechada : En muchas metrópolis, ríos y arroyos fueron entubados por razones sanitarias o urbanísticas. Emisiones del transporte : La movilidad basada en combustibles fósiles sigue siendo uno de los principales contaminantes urbanos.Ejemplos de ciudades con cursos de agua entubados: Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Ciudad de México, Madrid, Seúl y Los Ángeles. Algunas (Seúl) han demostrado que restaurar o elevar el agua reduce significativamente la temperatura local y mejora la calidad del aire.La propuesta apunta a transformar esta infraestructura subterránea en un recurso ambiental y social. 3. Objetivos Objetivo general Desarrollar un sistema urbano basado en agua elevada y plataformas flotantes para reducir la temperatura urbana, mejorar la vegetación y ofrecer transporte de baja energía. Objetivos específicos Reutilizar cursos de agua entubados mediante elevación hidráulica.Implementar canales paralelos de agua tratada sobre avenidas.Desarrollar plataformas flotantes basadas en tubos de aire comprimido (principio de Arquímedes).Incorporar turbinas solares para circulación del agua.Integrar riego automatizado mediante derivaciones de cada canal.Evaluar el impacto en la mitigación de calor urbano. 4. Tecnología Propuesta 4.1 Elevación del agua Se utilizan:bombas de baja energía,estaciones de nivel,sensores de flujo,turbinas impulsadas por energía solar.Esto permite mantener el agua circulando de manera continua sin riesgo de estancamiento. 4.2 Canales paralelos elevados Los canales se ubican bajo la superficie de la avenida , pero a muy poca profundidad , permitiendo accesibilidad para mantenimiento y regulación. El agua tratada circula en ambos sentidos o en un único sentido, según el diseño urbano. 4.3 Plataformas flotantes La base flotante funciona con: tubos de aire comprimido (similares a los flotadores de hidroaviones),estabilizadores laterales,sensores de distribución de carga,estructura liviana y rígida.La plataforma se apoya simultáneamente en ambos canales, permitiendo un desplazamiento lineal suave y sin rieles sólidos. 4.4 Movimiento El agua en los canales se mueve mediante:turbinas solares de baja potencia,sistemas de recirculación hidráulica,control de caudal para regular velocidad de las plataformas. 4.5 Integración verde Se incluyen maceteros longitudinales irrigados automáticamente desde los canales laterales.Esto convierte avenidas en “corredores verdes” con:árboles de bajo mantenimiento,plantas perennes,humedales lineales controlados. 5. Sustento Científico 5.1 Principios hidrológicos La elevación de agua subterránea es un procedimiento estándar en ingeniería civil. La circulación superficial contribuye a: reducción térmica por evaporación,disipación de calor por conducción y convección,creación de microclimas frescos. 5.2 Principios de flotación (Arquímedes) Los tubos con aire comprimido generan suficiente flotabilidad para sostener plataformas livianas. Modelo","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v7","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v6","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction </b>","abstract":"Corredores Urbanos de Agua Elevada y Plataformas Flotantes Solares para Movilidad Limpia y Reducción del Calor Urbano 1. Resumen Muchas ciudades del mundo poseen ríos o arroyos entubados bajo grandes avenidas. Estas corrientes de agua, actualmente ocultas y desaprovechadas, podrían elevarse a niveles próximos a la superficie para generar corredores de agua destinados a mitigar el calor urbano, irrigar vegetación y servir como base para plataformas flotantes de transporte sustentable. La presente propuesta describe un sistema integrado donde canales paralelos de agua tratada sostienen plataformas flotantes apoyadas en tubos de aire comprimido, con movimiento regulado por turbinas hidráulicas alimentadas por energía solar. El sistema combina hidrología urbana, movilidad limpia y microclimatización sostenible. 2. Introducción y Justificación Científica Las ciudades enfrentan tres problemas críticos: Islas de calor urbano : Las grandes avenidas absorben radiación y elevan la temperatura entre 2 y 7 °C respecto a zonas verdes. Infraestructura subterránea desaprovechada : En muchas metrópolis, ríos y arroyos fueron entubados por razones sanitarias o urbanísticas. Emisiones del transporte : La movilidad basada en combustibles fósiles sigue siendo uno de los principales contaminantes urbanos.Ejemplos de ciudades con cursos de agua entubados: Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Ciudad de México, Madrid, Seúl y Los Ángeles. Algunas (Seúl) han demostrado que restaurar o elevar el agua reduce significativamente la temperatura local y mejora la calidad del aire.La propuesta apunta a transformar esta infraestructura subterránea en un recurso ambiental y social. 3. Objetivos Objetivo general Desarrollar un sistema urbano basado en agua elevada y plataformas flotantes para reducir la temperatura urbana, mejorar la vegetación y ofrecer transporte de baja energía. Objetivos específicos Reutilizar cursos de agua entubados mediante elevación hidráulica.Implementar canales paralelos de agua tratada sobre avenidas.Desarrollar plataformas flotantes basadas en tubos de aire comprimido (principio de Arquímedes).Incorporar turbinas solares para circulación del agua.Integrar riego automatizado mediante derivaciones de cada canal.Evaluar el impacto en la mitigación de calor urbano. 4. Tecnología Propuesta 4.1 Elevación del agua Se utilizan:bombas de baja energía,estaciones de nivel,sensores de flujo,turbinas impulsadas por energía solar.Esto permite mantener el agua circulando de manera continua sin riesgo de estancamiento. 4.2 Canales paralelos elevados Los canales se ubican bajo la superficie de la avenida , pero a muy poca profundidad , permitiendo accesibilidad para mantenimiento y regulación. El agua tratada circula en ambos sentidos o en un único sentido, según el diseño urbano. 4.3 Plataformas flotantes La base flotante funciona con: tubos de aire comprimido (similares a los flotadores de hidroaviones),estabilizadores laterales,sensores de distribución de carga,estructura liviana y rígida.La plataforma se apoya simultáneamente en ambos canales, permitiendo un desplazamiento lineal suave y sin rieles sólidos. 4.4 Movimiento El agua en los canales se mueve mediante:turbinas solares de baja potencia,sistemas de recirculación hidráulica,control de caudal para regular velocidad de las plataformas. 4.5 Integración verde Se incluyen maceteros longitudinales irrigados automáticamente desde los canales laterales.Esto convierte avenidas en “corredores verdes” con:árboles de bajo mantenimiento,plantas perennes,humedales lineales controlados. 5. Sustento Científico 5.1 Principios hidrológicos La elevación de agua subterránea es un procedimiento estándar en ingeniería civil. La circulación superficial contribuye a: reducción térmica por evaporación,disipación de calor por conducción y convección,creación de microclimas frescos. 5.2 Principios de flotación (Arquímedes) Los tubos con aire comprimido generan suficiente flotabilidad para sostener plataformas livianas. Modelo","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v6","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v5","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction </b><b>(</b><b>Water</b> <b>feedback cycle</b><b>allows its use in many cities</b><b> )</b>","abstract":"Corredores Urbanos de Agua Elevada y Plataformas Flotantes Solares para Movilidad Limpia y Reducción del Calor Urbano 1. Resumen Muchas ciudades del mundo poseen ríos o arroyos entubados bajo grandes avenidas. Estas corrientes de agua, actualmente ocultas y desaprovechadas, podrían elevarse a niveles próximos a la superficie para generar corredores de agua destinados a mitigar el calor urbano, irrigar vegetación y servir como base para plataformas flotantes de transporte sustentable. La presente propuesta describe un sistema integrado donde canales paralelos de agua tratada sostienen plataformas flotantes apoyadas en tubos de aire comprimido, con movimiento regulado por turbinas hidráulicas alimentadas por energía solar. El sistema combina hidrología urbana, movilidad limpia y microclimatización sostenible. 2. Introducción y Justificación Científica Las ciudades enfrentan tres problemas críticos: Islas de calor urbano : Las grandes avenidas absorben radiación y elevan la temperatura entre 2 y 7 °C respecto a zonas verdes. Infraestructura subterránea desaprovechada : En muchas metrópolis, ríos y arroyos fueron entubados por razones sanitarias o urbanísticas. Emisiones del transporte : La movilidad basada en combustibles fósiles sigue siendo uno de los principales contaminantes urbanos.Ejemplos de ciudades con cursos de agua entubados: Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Ciudad de México, Madrid, Seúl y Los Ángeles. Algunas (Seúl) han demostrado que restaurar o elevar el agua reduce significativamente la temperatura local y mejora la calidad del aire.La propuesta apunta a transformar esta infraestructura subterránea en un recurso ambiental y social. 3. Objetivos Objetivo general Desarrollar un sistema urbano basado en agua elevada y plataformas flotantes para reducir la temperatura urbana, mejorar la vegetación y ofrecer transporte de baja energía. Objetivos específicos Reutilizar cursos de agua entubados mediante elevación hidráulica.Implementar canales paralelos de agua tratada sobre avenidas.Desarrollar plataformas flotantes basadas en tubos de aire comprimido (principio de Arquímedes).Incorporar turbinas solares para circulación del agua.Integrar riego automatizado mediante derivaciones de cada canal.Evaluar el impacto en la mitigación de calor urbano. 4. Tecnología Propuesta 4.1 Elevación del agua Se utilizan:bombas de baja energía,estaciones de nivel,sensores de flujo,turbinas impulsadas por energía solar.Esto permite mantener el agua circulando de manera continua sin riesgo de estancamiento. 4.2 Canales paralelos elevados Los canales se ubican bajo la superficie de la avenida , pero a muy poca profundidad , permitiendo accesibilidad para mantenimiento y regulación. El agua tratada circula en ambos sentidos o en un único sentido, según el diseño urbano. 4.3 Plataformas flotantes La base flotante funciona con: tubos de aire comprimido (similares a los flotadores de hidroaviones),estabilizadores laterales,sensores de distribución de carga,estructura liviana y rígida.La plataforma se apoya simultáneamente en ambos canales, permitiendo un desplazamiento lineal suave y sin rieles sólidos. 4.4 Movimiento El agua en los canales se mueve mediante:turbinas solares de baja potencia,sistemas de recirculación hidráulica,control de caudal para regular velocidad de las plataformas. 4.5 Integración verde Se incluyen maceteros longitudinales irrigados automáticamente desde los canales laterales.Esto convierte avenidas en “corredores verdes” con:árboles de bajo mantenimiento,plantas perennes,humedales lineales controlados. 5. Sustento Científico 5.1 Principios hidrológicos La elevación de agua subterránea es un procedimiento estándar en ingeniería civil. La circulación superficial contribuye a: reducción térmica por evaporación,disipación de calor por conducción y convección,creación de microclimas frescos. 5.2 Principios de flotación (Arquímedes) Los tubos con aire comprimido generan suficiente flotabilidad para sostener plataformas livianas. Modelo","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v5","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v4","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction</b>","abstract":"Corredores Urbanos de Agua Elevada y Plataformas Flotantes Solares para Movilidad Limpia y Reducción del Calor Urbano 1. Resumen Muchas ciudades del mundo poseen ríos o arroyos entubados bajo grandes avenidas. Estas corrientes de agua, actualmente ocultas y desaprovechadas, podrían elevarse a niveles próximos a la superficie para generar corredores de agua destinados a mitigar el calor urbano, irrigar vegetación y servir como base para plataformas flotantes de transporte sustentable. La presente propuesta describe un sistema integrado donde canales paralelos de agua tratada sostienen plataformas flotantes apoyadas en tubos de aire comprimido, con movimiento regulado por turbinas hidráulicas alimentadas por energía solar. El sistema combina hidrología urbana, movilidad limpia y microclimatización sostenible. 2. Introducción y Justificación Científica Las ciudades enfrentan tres problemas críticos: Islas de calor urbano : Las grandes avenidas absorben radiación y elevan la temperatura entre 2 y 7 °C respecto a zonas verdes. Infraestructura subterránea desaprovechada : En muchas metrópolis, ríos y arroyos fueron entubados por razones sanitarias o urbanísticas. Emisiones del transporte : La movilidad basada en combustibles fósiles sigue siendo uno de los principales contaminantes urbanos.Ejemplos de ciudades con cursos de agua entubados: Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Ciudad de México, Madrid, Seúl y Los Ángeles. Algunas (Seúl) han demostrado que restaurar o elevar el agua reduce significativamente la temperatura local y mejora la calidad del aire.La propuesta apunta a transformar esta infraestructura subterránea en un recurso ambiental y social. 3. Objetivos Objetivo general Desarrollar un sistema urbano basado en agua elevada y plataformas flotantes para reducir la temperatura urbana, mejorar la vegetación y ofrecer transporte de baja energía. Objetivos específicos Reutilizar cursos de agua entubados mediante elevación hidráulica.Implementar canales paralelos de agua tratada sobre avenidas.Desarrollar plataformas flotantes basadas en tubos de aire comprimido (principio de Arquímedes).Incorporar turbinas solares para circulación del agua.Integrar riego automatizado mediante derivaciones de cada canal.Evaluar el impacto en la mitigación de calor urbano. 4. Tecnología Propuesta 4.1 Elevación del agua Se utilizan:bombas de baja energía,estaciones de nivel,sensores de flujo,turbinas impulsadas por energía solar.Esto permite mantener el agua circulando de manera continua sin riesgo de estancamiento. 4.2 Canales paralelos elevados Los canales se ubican bajo la superficie de la avenida , pero a muy poca profundidad , permitiendo accesibilidad para mantenimiento y regulación. El agua tratada circula en ambos sentidos o en un único sentido, según el diseño urbano. 4.3 Plataformas flotantes La base flotante funciona con: tubos de aire comprimido (similares a los flotadores de hidroaviones),estabilizadores laterales,sensores de distribución de carga,estructura liviana y rígida.La plataforma se apoya simultáneamente en ambos canales, permitiendo un desplazamiento lineal suave y sin rieles sólidos. 4.4 Movimiento El agua en los canales se mueve mediante:turbinas solares de baja potencia,sistemas de recirculación hidráulica,control de caudal para regular velocidad de las plataformas. 4.5 Integración verde Se incluyen maceteros longitudinales irrigados automáticamente desde los canales laterales.Esto convierte avenidas en “corredores verdes” con:árboles de bajo mantenimiento,plantas perennes,humedales lineales controlados. 5. Sustento Científico 5.1 Principios hidrológicos La elevación de agua subterránea es un procedimiento estándar en ingeniería civil. La circulación superficial contribuye a: reducción térmica por evaporación,disipación de calor por conducción y convección,creación de microclimas frescos. 5.2 Principios de flotación (Arquímedes) Los tubos con aire comprimido generan suficiente flotabilidad para sostener plataformas livianas. Modelo","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v4","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v3","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction</b> / <b>Corredores Urbanos de Agua Elevada y Plataformas Flotantes Solares para Movilidad Limpia y Reducción del Calor Urbano</b>","abstract":"Corredores Urbanos de Agua Elevada y Plataformas Flotantes Solares para Movilidad Limpia y Reducción del Calor Urbano 1. Resumen Muchas ciudades del mundo poseen ríos o arroyos entubados bajo grandes avenidas. Estas corrientes de agua, actualmente ocultas y desaprovechadas, podrían elevarse a niveles próximos a la superficie para generar corredores de agua destinados a mitigar el calor urbano, irrigar vegetación y servir como base para plataformas flotantes de transporte sustentable. La presente propuesta describe un sistema integrado donde canales paralelos de agua tratada sostienen plataformas flotantes apoyadas en tubos de aire comprimido, con movimiento regulado por turbinas hidráulicas alimentadas por energía solar. El sistema combina hidrología urbana, movilidad limpia y microclimatización sostenible. 2. Introducción y Justificación Científica Las ciudades enfrentan tres problemas críticos: Islas de calor urbano : Las grandes avenidas absorben radiación y elevan la temperatura entre 2 y 7 °C respecto a zonas verdes. Infraestructura subterránea desaprovechada : En muchas metrópolis, ríos y arroyos fueron entubados por razones sanitarias o urbanísticas. Emisiones del transporte : La movilidad basada en combustibles fósiles sigue siendo uno de los principales contaminantes urbanos.Ejemplos de ciudades con cursos de agua entubados: Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Ciudad de México, Madrid, Seúl y Los Ángeles. Algunas (Seúl) han demostrado que restaurar o elevar el agua reduce significativamente la temperatura local y mejora la calidad del aire.La propuesta apunta a transformar esta infraestructura subterránea en un recurso ambiental y social. 3. Objetivos Objetivo general Desarrollar un sistema urbano basado en agua elevada y plataformas flotantes para reducir la temperatura urbana, mejorar la vegetación y ofrecer transporte de baja energía. Objetivos específicos Reutilizar cursos de agua entubados mediante elevación hidráulica.Implementar canales paralelos de agua tratada sobre avenidas.Desarrollar plataformas flotantes basadas en tubos de aire comprimido (principio de Arquímedes).Incorporar turbinas solares para circulación del agua.Integrar riego automatizado mediante derivaciones de cada canal.Evaluar el impacto en la mitigación de calor urbano. 4. Tecnología Propuesta 4.1 Elevación del agua Se utilizan:bombas de baja energía,estaciones de nivel,sensores de flujo,turbinas impulsadas por energía solar.Esto permite mantener el agua circulando de manera continua sin riesgo de estancamiento. 4.2 Canales paralelos elevados Los canales se ubican bajo la superficie de la avenida , pero a muy poca profundidad , permitiendo accesibilidad para mantenimiento y regulación. El agua tratada circula en ambos sentidos o en un único sentido, según el diseño urbano. 4.3 Plataformas flotantes La base flotante funciona con: tubos de aire comprimido (similares a los flotadores de hidroaviones),estabilizadores laterales,sensores de distribución de carga,estructura liviana y rígida.La plataforma se apoya simultáneamente en ambos canales, permitiendo un desplazamiento lineal suave y sin rieles sólidos. 4.4 Movimiento El agua en los canales se mueve mediante:turbinas solares de baja potencia,sistemas de recirculación hidráulica,control de caudal para regular velocidad de las plataformas. 4.5 Integración verde Se incluyen maceteros longitudinales irrigados automáticamente desde los canales laterales.Esto convierte avenidas en “corredores verdes” con:árboles de bajo mantenimiento,plantas perennes,humedales lineales controlados. 5. Sustento Científico 5.1 Principios hidrológicos La elevación de agua subterránea es un procedimiento estándar en ingeniería civil. La circulación superficial contribuye a: reducción térmica por evaporación,disipación de calor por conducción y convección,creación de microclimas frescos. 5.2 Principios de flotación (Arquímedes) Los tubos con aire comprimido generan suficiente flotabilidad para sostener plataformas livianas. Modelo","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v3","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v2","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction</b> / <b>Corredores Urbanos de Agua Elevada y Plataformas Flotantes Solares para Movilidad Limpia y Reducción del Calor Urbano</b>","abstract":"Corredores Urbanos de Agua Elevada y Plataformas Flotantes Solares para Movilidad Limpia y Reducción del Calor Urbano 1. Resumen Muchas ciudades del mundo poseen ríos o arroyos entubados bajo grandes avenidas. Estas corrientes de agua, actualmente ocultas y desaprovechadas, podrían elevarse a niveles próximos a la superficie para generar corredores de agua destinados a mitigar el calor urbano, irrigar vegetación y servir como base para plataformas flotantes de transporte sustentable. La presente propuesta describe un sistema integrado donde canales paralelos de agua tratada sostienen plataformas flotantes apoyadas en tubos de aire comprimido, con movimiento regulado por turbinas hidráulicas alimentadas por energía solar. El sistema combina hidrología urbana, movilidad limpia y microclimatización sostenible. 2. Introducción y Justificación Científica Las ciudades enfrentan tres problemas críticos: Islas de calor urbano : Las grandes avenidas absorben radiación y elevan la temperatura entre 2 y 7 °C respecto a zonas verdes. Infraestructura subterránea desaprovechada : En muchas metrópolis, ríos y arroyos fueron entubados por razones sanitarias o urbanísticas. Emisiones del transporte : La movilidad basada en combustibles fósiles sigue siendo uno de los principales contaminantes urbanos.Ejemplos de ciudades con cursos de agua entubados: Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Ciudad de México, Madrid, Seúl y Los Ángeles. Algunas (Seúl) han demostrado que restaurar o elevar el agua reduce significativamente la temperatura local y mejora la calidad del aire.La propuesta apunta a transformar esta infraestructura subterránea en un recurso ambiental y social. 3. Objetivos Objetivo general Desarrollar un sistema urbano basado en agua elevada y plataformas flotantes para reducir la temperatura urbana, mejorar la vegetación y ofrecer transporte de baja energía. Objetivos específicos Reutilizar cursos de agua entubados mediante elevación hidráulica.Implementar canales paralelos de agua tratada sobre avenidas.Desarrollar plataformas flotantes basadas en tubos de aire comprimido (principio de Arquímedes).Incorporar turbinas solares para circulación del agua.Integrar riego automatizado mediante derivaciones de cada canal.Evaluar el impacto en la mitigación de calor urbano. 4. Tecnología Propuesta 4.1 Elevación del agua Se utilizan:bombas de baja energía,estaciones de nivel,sensores de flujo,turbinas impulsadas por energía solar.Esto permite mantener el agua circulando de manera continua sin riesgo de estancamiento. 4.2 Canales paralelos elevados Los canales se ubican bajo la superficie de la avenida , pero a muy poca profundidad , permitiendo accesibilidad para mantenimiento y regulación. El agua tratada circula en ambos sentidos o en un único sentido, según el diseño urbano. 4.3 Plataformas flotantes La base flotante funciona con: tubos de aire comprimido (similares a los flotadores de hidroaviones),estabilizadores laterales,sensores de distribución de carga,estructura liviana y rígida.La plataforma se apoya simultáneamente en ambos canales, permitiendo un desplazamiento lineal suave y sin rieles sólidos. 4.4 Movimiento El agua en los canales se mueve mediante:turbinas solares de baja potencia,sistemas de recirculación hidráulica,control de caudal para regular velocidad de las plataformas. 4.5 Integración verde Se incluyen maceteros longitudinales irrigados automáticamente desde los canales laterales.Esto convierte avenidas en “corredores verdes” con:árboles de bajo mantenimiento,plantas perennes,humedales lineales controlados. 5. Sustento Científico 5.1 Principios hidrológicos La elevación de agua subterránea es un procedimiento estándar en ingeniería civil. La circulación superficial contribuye a: reducción térmica por evaporación,disipación de calor por conducción y convección,creación de microclimas frescos. 5.2 Principios de flotación (Arquímedes) Los tubos con aire comprimido generan suficiente flotabilidad para sostener plataformas livianas. Modelo","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v2","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"<b>Elevated Urban Water Corridors and Solar-Powered Floating Platforms for Clean Mobility and Urban Heat Reduction</b> / <b>Corredores Urbanos de Agua Elevada y Plataformas Flotantes Solares para Movilidad Limpia y Reducción del Calor Urbano</b>","abstract":"Corredores Urbanos de Agua Elevada y Plataformas Flotantes Solares para Movilidad Limpia y Reducción del Calor Urbano 1. Resumen Muchas ciudades del mundo poseen ríos o arroyos entubados bajo grandes avenidas. Estas corrientes de agua, actualmente ocultas y desaprovechadas, podrían elevarse a niveles próximos a la superficie para generar corredores de agua destinados a mitigar el calor urbano, irrigar vegetación y servir como base para plataformas flotantes de transporte sustentable. La presente propuesta describe un sistema integrado donde canales paralelos de agua tratada sostienen plataformas flotantes apoyadas en tubos de aire comprimido, con movimiento regulado por turbinas hidráulicas alimentadas por energía solar. El sistema combina hidrología urbana, movilidad limpia y microclimatización sostenible. 2. Introducción y Justificación Científica Las ciudades enfrentan tres problemas críticos: Islas de calor urbano : Las grandes avenidas absorben radiación y elevan la temperatura entre 2 y 7 °C respecto a zonas verdes. Infraestructura subterránea desaprovechada : En muchas metrópolis, ríos y arroyos fueron entubados por razones sanitarias o urbanísticas. Emisiones del transporte : La movilidad basada en combustibles fósiles sigue siendo uno de los principales contaminantes urbanos.Ejemplos de ciudades con cursos de agua entubados: Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Ciudad de México, Madrid, Seúl y Los Ángeles. Algunas (Seúl) han demostrado que restaurar o elevar el agua reduce significativamente la temperatura local y mejora la calidad del aire.La propuesta apunta a transformar esta infraestructura subterránea en un recurso ambiental y social. 3. Objetivos Objetivo general Desarrollar un sistema urbano basado en agua elevada y plataformas flotantes para reducir la temperatura urbana, mejorar la vegetación y ofrecer transporte de baja energía. Objetivos específicos Reutilizar cursos de agua entubados mediante elevación hidráulica.Implementar canales paralelos de agua tratada sobre avenidas.Desarrollar plataformas flotantes basadas en tubos de aire comprimido (principio de Arquímedes).Incorporar turbinas solares para circulación del agua.Integrar riego automatizado mediante derivaciones de cada canal.Evaluar el impacto en la mitigación de calor urbano. 4. Tecnología Propuesta 4.1 Elevación del agua Se utilizan:bombas de baja energía,estaciones de nivel,sensores de flujo,turbinas impulsadas por energía solar.Esto permite mantener el agua circulando de manera continua sin riesgo de estancamiento. 4.2 Canales paralelos elevados Los canales se ubican bajo la superficie de la avenida , pero a muy poca profundidad , permitiendo accesibilidad para mantenimiento y regulación. El agua tratada circula en ambos sentidos o en un único sentido, según el diseño urbano. 4.3 Plataformas flotantes La base flotante funciona con: tubos de aire comprimido (similares a los flotadores de hidroaviones),estabilizadores laterales,sensores de distribución de carga,estructura liviana y rígida.La plataforma se apoya simultáneamente en ambos canales, permitiendo un desplazamiento lineal suave y sin rieles sólidos. 4.4 Movimiento El agua en los canales se mueve mediante:turbinas solares de baja potencia,sistemas de recirculación hidráulica,control de caudal para regular velocidad de las plataformas. 4.5 Integración verde Se incluyen maceteros longitudinales irrigados automáticamente desde los canales laterales.Esto convierte avenidas en “corredores verdes” con:árboles de bajo mantenimiento,plantas perennes,humedales lineales controlados. 5. Sustento Científico 5.1 Principios hidrológicos La elevación de agua subterránea es un procedimiento estándar en ingeniería civil. La circulación superficial contribuye a: reducción térmica por evaporación,disipación de calor por conducción y convección,creación de microclimas frescos. 5.2 Principios de flotación (Arquímedes) Los tubos con aire comprimido generan suficiente flotabilidad para sostener plataformas livianas. Modelo","author":[{"family":"Riveros","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740726.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17208796","type":"article-journal","title":"تفسیر روش‌شناختی بر مقاله \"سهم نسبی منابع متحرک در انتشار آلاینده‌های هوا در تهران\": فراخوانی برای جامعیت زمانی و منابع","abstract":"تفسیر روش‌شناختی بر مقاله \"سهم نسبی منابع متحرک در انتشار آلاینده‌های هوا در تهران\": فراخوانی برای جامعیت زمانی و منابع نویسنده: مصطفی قلاوند چکیده پیش‌زمینه: سیاهه‌های انتشار (Emission Inventories) دقیق، سنگ بنای مدیریت کیفیت هوای شهری هستند. مقاله \"سهم نسبی منابع متحرک در انتشار آلاینده‌های هوا در تهران، ایران: یک رویکرد سیاهه انتشار\" تلاشی مهم برای کمی‌سازی این منابع در یک کلان‌شهر بزرگ است. این تفسیر، یک ارزیابی نقادانه بر چارچوب روش‌شناختی و آماری آن مقاله ارائه می‌دهد. متن اصلی: تحلیل حاضر چهار محدودیت ساختاری عمده را در مقاله مذکور شناسایی می‌کند که اعتبار کمی و قابلیت اتکای نتایج آن را برای سیاست‌گذاری تضعیف می‌نماید. اولین و اساسی‌ترین نقص، محدود کردن کل تحلیل به یک بازه زمانی تک‌ساعته (۷:۳۰ تا ۸:۳۰ صبح) است که منجر به کم‌برآوردی سیستماتیک سهم وسایل نقلیه سنگین و تحریف سهم‌های نسبی آلاینده‌ها می‌شود. دوم، مطالعه به طور کامل انتشار غیر اگزوزی (Non-Exhaust Emissions) ناشی از سایش ترمز و تایر را نادیده گرفته است که امروزه منبع غالب ذرات معلق (PM) ناشی از ترافیک محسوب می‌شود. سوم، مقاله به مدل‌های ترافیک و انتشار به عنوان \"جعبه سیاه\" نگریسته و شفافیت کافی در مورد فرآیندهای کالیبراسیون و اعتبارسنجی آن‌ها ارائه نمی‌دهد. در نهایت، فقدان کامل تحلیل عدم قطعیت و ارائه نتایج به صورت تخمین‌های نقطه‌ای قطعی، تصویری گمراه‌کننده از دقت مطالعه ایجاد می‌کند و با استانداردهای علمی مدرن در مدل‌سازی محیطی مغایرت دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: مقاله شهبازی و همکاران (۲۰۱۶) بیشتر به عنوان یک مطالعه موردی روش‌شناختی که چالش‌های مدل‌سازی در یک کشور در حال توسعه را برجسته می‌کند، ارزشمند است تا یک منبع کمی قابل اعتماد. این تفسیر نتیجه می‌گیرد که برای سیاست‌گذاری مؤثر، سیاهه‌های انتشار آینده باید جامعیت زمانی (پوشش ۲۴ ساعته)، جامعیت منابع (شامل کردن انتشار غیر اگزوزی) و شفافیت آماری (کالیبراسیون دقیق و تحلیل عدم قطعیت) را در اولویت قرار دهند. کلیدواژگان: سیاهه انتشار، آلودگی هوا، منابع متحرک، مدل IVE، نقد روش‌شناختی، انتشار غیر اگزوزی، تحلیل عدم قطعیت، تهران. سهم در ادبیات علمی این تفسیر بر اهمیت حیاتی و غیرقابل چشم‌پوشی تفکیک‌پذیری زمانی ۲۴ ساعته در سیاهه‌های انتشار شهری تأکید می‌کند و نشان می‌دهد که چگونه تحلیل‌های تک‌ساعته می‌توانند نتایجی با تورش سیستماتیک و گمراه‌کننده تولید کنند. این مقاله لزوم گنجاندن منابع انتشار غیر اگزوزی (NEE) برای تدوین یک سیاهه انتشار دقیق برای ذرات معلق (PM) را برجسته می‌سازد؛ منبعی که اغلب در مطالعات کشورهای در حال توسعه نادیده گرفته می‌شود. این نقد بر الزام علمی برای کالیبراسیون شفاف مدل‌ها و تحلیل عدم قطعیت دقیق در مدل‌سازی محیطی تأکید می‌کند تا اعتبار علمی و قابلیت اتکای نتایج برای سیاست‌گذاری تضمین شود. پیش‌زمینه سیاهه‌های انتشار دقیق، جامع و به‌روز، ابزارهای بنیادین برای درک منابع آلودگی هوا و طراحی استراتژی‌های کنترلی مؤثر در کلان‌شهرها هستند.1 مقاله \"سهم نسبی منابع متحرک در انتشار آلاینده‌های هوا در تهران، ایران: یک رویکرد سیاهه انتشار\" (از این پس \"مقاله اصلی\" نامیده می‌شود) 2، تلاشی قابل توجه برای پر کردن یک شکاف اطلاعاتی مهم در یکی از آلوده‌ترین شهرهای جهان است. نویسندگان با استفاده از مدل‌های استاندارد ترافیک (EMME/2) و انتشار (IVE)، یک سیاهه انتشار مبتنی بر لینک برای آلاینده‌های کلیدی ناشی از وسایل نقلیه در تهران تهیه کرده‌اند. هدف اعلام‌شده آن‌ها، تعیین \"سهم نسبی\" منابع مختلف متحرک است تا به سیاست‌گذاران در تدوین راهبردهای کاهش آلودگی کمک کند.2 با وجود نیت ارزشمند و استفاده از ابزارهای استاندارد، این تفسیر استدلال می‌کند که مجموعه‌ای از انتخاب‌های روش‌شناختی و حذفیات آماری، اعتبار نتایج کمی مقاله اصلی را به شدت تضعیف کرده و استفاده از آن را به عنوان مبنایی برای سیاست‌گذاری علمی، غیرقابل اتکا می‌سازد. این تفسیر به جای به چالش کشیدن یافته‌های خاص، بر چهار ستون اصلی از محدودیت‌های ساختاری تمرکز دارد که در مجموع، مانع از دستیابی مقاله به هدف اعلام‌شده خود یعنی ارائه یک تصویر \"جامع\" از انتشار آلاینده‌ها می‌شوند.2 متن اصلی مغالطه \"عکس فوری\": خطای بحرانی دامنه زمانی تک‌ساعته اساسی‌ترین ضعف مقاله اصلی، محدود کردن کل تحلیل به یک بازه زمانی یک ساعته در اوج ترافیک صبحگاهی (۷:۳۰ تا ۸:۳۰) است.2 این انتخاب طراحی، مطالعه را از یک سیاهه انتشار نماینده به یک \"عکس فوری\" (Snapshot) غیرنماینده از شرایط روزانه تبدیل می‌کند. الگوهای ترافیک شهری به شدت در طول یک چرخه ۲۴ ساعته متغیر هستند.3 ترافیک خودروهای سواری معمولاً دارای دو قله در ","author":[{"family":"Qalavand","given":"Mostafa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17208796","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17208796","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17208797","type":"article-journal","title":"تفسیر روش‌شناختی بر مقاله \"سهم نسبی منابع متحرک در انتشار آلاینده‌های هوا در تهران\": فراخوانی برای جامعیت زمانی و منابع","abstract":"تفسیر روش‌شناختی بر مقاله \"سهم نسبی منابع متحرک در انتشار آلاینده‌های هوا در تهران\": فراخوانی برای جامعیت زمانی و منابع نویسنده: مصطفی قلاوند چکیده پیش‌زمینه: سیاهه‌های انتشار (Emission Inventories) دقیق، سنگ بنای مدیریت کیفیت هوای شهری هستند. مقاله \"سهم نسبی منابع متحرک در انتشار آلاینده‌های هوا در تهران، ایران: یک رویکرد سیاهه انتشار\" تلاشی مهم برای کمی‌سازی این منابع در یک کلان‌شهر بزرگ است. این تفسیر، یک ارزیابی نقادانه بر چارچوب روش‌شناختی و آماری آن مقاله ارائه می‌دهد. متن اصلی: تحلیل حاضر چهار محدودیت ساختاری عمده را در مقاله مذکور شناسایی می‌کند که اعتبار کمی و قابلیت اتکای نتایج آن را برای سیاست‌گذاری تضعیف می‌نماید. اولین و اساسی‌ترین نقص، محدود کردن کل تحلیل به یک بازه زمانی تک‌ساعته (۷:۳۰ تا ۸:۳۰ صبح) است که منجر به کم‌برآوردی سیستماتیک سهم وسایل نقلیه سنگین و تحریف سهم‌های نسبی آلاینده‌ها می‌شود. دوم، مطالعه به طور کامل انتشار غیر اگزوزی (Non-Exhaust Emissions) ناشی از سایش ترمز و تایر را نادیده گرفته است که امروزه منبع غالب ذرات معلق (PM) ناشی از ترافیک محسوب می‌شود. سوم، مقاله به مدل‌های ترافیک و انتشار به عنوان \"جعبه سیاه\" نگریسته و شفافیت کافی در مورد فرآیندهای کالیبراسیون و اعتبارسنجی آن‌ها ارائه نمی‌دهد. در نهایت، فقدان کامل تحلیل عدم قطعیت و ارائه نتایج به صورت تخمین‌های نقطه‌ای قطعی، تصویری گمراه‌کننده از دقت مطالعه ایجاد می‌کند و با استانداردهای علمی مدرن در مدل‌سازی محیطی مغایرت دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: مقاله شهبازی و همکاران (۲۰۱۶) بیشتر به عنوان یک مطالعه موردی روش‌شناختی که چالش‌های مدل‌سازی در یک کشور در حال توسعه را برجسته می‌کند، ارزشمند است تا یک منبع کمی قابل اعتماد. این تفسیر نتیجه می‌گیرد که برای سیاست‌گذاری مؤثر، سیاهه‌های انتشار آینده باید جامعیت زمانی (پوشش ۲۴ ساعته)، جامعیت منابع (شامل کردن انتشار غیر اگزوزی) و شفافیت آماری (کالیبراسیون دقیق و تحلیل عدم قطعیت) را در اولویت قرار دهند. کلیدواژگان: سیاهه انتشار، آلودگی هوا، منابع متحرک، مدل IVE، نقد روش‌شناختی، انتشار غیر اگزوزی، تحلیل عدم قطعیت، تهران. سهم در ادبیات علمی این تفسیر بر اهمیت حیاتی و غیرقابل چشم‌پوشی تفکیک‌پذیری زمانی ۲۴ ساعته در سیاهه‌های انتشار شهری تأکید می‌کند و نشان می‌دهد که چگونه تحلیل‌های تک‌ساعته می‌توانند نتایجی با تورش سیستماتیک و گمراه‌کننده تولید کنند. این مقاله لزوم گنجاندن منابع انتشار غیر اگزوزی (NEE) برای تدوین یک سیاهه انتشار دقیق برای ذرات معلق (PM) را برجسته می‌سازد؛ منبعی که اغلب در مطالعات کشورهای در حال توسعه نادیده گرفته می‌شود. این نقد بر الزام علمی برای کالیبراسیون شفاف مدل‌ها و تحلیل عدم قطعیت دقیق در مدل‌سازی محیطی تأکید می‌کند تا اعتبار علمی و قابلیت اتکای نتایج برای سیاست‌گذاری تضمین شود. پیش‌زمینه سیاهه‌های انتشار دقیق، جامع و به‌روز، ابزارهای بنیادین برای درک منابع آلودگی هوا و طراحی استراتژی‌های کنترلی مؤثر در کلان‌شهرها هستند.1 مقاله \"سهم نسبی منابع متحرک در انتشار آلاینده‌های هوا در تهران، ایران: یک رویکرد سیاهه انتشار\" (از این پس \"مقاله اصلی\" نامیده می‌شود) 2، تلاشی قابل توجه برای پر کردن یک شکاف اطلاعاتی مهم در یکی از آلوده‌ترین شهرهای جهان است. نویسندگان با استفاده از مدل‌های استاندارد ترافیک (EMME/2) و انتشار (IVE)، یک سیاهه انتشار مبتنی بر لینک برای آلاینده‌های کلیدی ناشی از وسایل نقلیه در تهران تهیه کرده‌اند. هدف اعلام‌شده آن‌ها، تعیین \"سهم نسبی\" منابع مختلف متحرک است تا به سیاست‌گذاران در تدوین راهبردهای کاهش آلودگی کمک کند.2 با وجود نیت ارزشمند و استفاده از ابزارهای استاندارد، این تفسیر استدلال می‌کند که مجموعه‌ای از انتخاب‌های روش‌شناختی و حذفیات آماری، اعتبار نتایج کمی مقاله اصلی را به شدت تضعیف کرده و استفاده از آن را به عنوان مبنایی برای سیاست‌گذاری علمی، غیرقابل اتکا می‌سازد. این تفسیر به جای به چالش کشیدن یافته‌های خاص، بر چهار ستون اصلی از محدودیت‌های ساختاری تمرکز دارد که در مجموع، مانع از دستیابی مقاله به هدف اعلام‌شده خود یعنی ارائه یک تصویر \"جامع\" از انتشار آلاینده‌ها می‌شوند.2 متن اصلی مغالطه \"عکس فوری\": خطای بحرانی دامنه زمانی تک‌ساعته اساسی‌ترین ضعف مقاله اصلی، محدود کردن کل تحلیل به یک بازه زمانی یک ساعته در اوج ترافیک صبحگاهی (۷:۳۰ تا ۸:۳۰) است.2 این انتخاب طراحی، مطالعه را از یک سیاهه انتشار نماینده به یک \"عکس فوری\" (Snapshot) غیرنماینده از شرایط روزانه تبدیل می‌کند. الگوهای ترافیک شهری به شدت در طول یک چرخه ۲۴ ساعته متغیر هستند.3 ترافیک خودروهای سواری معمولاً دارای دو قله در ","author":[{"family":"Qalavand","given":"Mostafa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17208797","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17208797","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.14279/depositonce-24639","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban air mobility: level of service framework for the performance-based evaluation of vertidrome airside operations","abstract":"As the urban air mobility (UAM) industry matures, the need for a comprehensive evaluation framework to assess its performance from a transport service perspective becomes increasingly important. This dissertation contributes to the dynamically changing landscape of UAM by focusing on vertidromes, UAM-tailored ground infrastructure for passenger transport services provided by (electric) vertical take-off and landing capable aircraft. A systematic literature review of more than 190 sources has identified fundamental knowledge and key principles for the design and integration of vertidromes into the airspace. However, significant research gaps remain, particularly in the areas of cost estimation, safety assessment, regulatory guidance, weather dependency, noise impact, and security assessment. The key innovation of this dissertation is the development and validation of the Vertidrome Airside Level of Service (VALoS) framework. The VALoS is a UAM service-oriented, performance-based approach to evaluate the airside traffic flow of a given vertidrome design, taking into account the service requirements and operational performance targets of the vertidrome stakeholders. Based on the current state of the art, an exemplary vertidrome layout and airside operational concept were developed and used as a reference to analyze the applicability of the VALoS framework. Through fast-time simulation validation, the VALoS framework - evaluated at 15-minute intervals and tailored to the key stakeholders passenger, air taxi operator, and vertidrome operator - provides valuable insights to support strategic decision making and operational planning under nominal, disturbed and disrupted conditions. In addition, the impact of changing wind conditions on vertidrome operations was investigated. By analyzing historical METAR wind data for two potential vertidrome locations, Munich Airport and Hamburg Airport, the VALoS framework shows the weather impact on UAM operations, enabling informed decision to be made about vertidrome operating hours and restrictions, the impact on vertidrome airside traffic flows, and profitable UAM routes. The VALoS metric is therefore able to indicate both the performance degradation and the suitability of a particular vertidrome location. The results of this dissertation underline the ability of the VALoS framework to effectively contribute to the strategic airside design phase of future UAM vertidromes. With the Vertidrome Airside Level of Service framework, it is possible to quantitatively measure the airside performance of future UAM ground infrastructure and to ensure that vertidrome operations meet stakeholder expectations, address the right business cases, enable demand-driven scalability, and target long-term sustainability from an infrastructure construction perspective. The VALoS framework supports vertidrome planners and operators to ensure the \"use case right\" design and operation of vertidromes. It lays the foundation for a sustainable and efficient vertidrome ecosystem design, contributing to the successful development and implementation of UAM.","author":[{"family":"Schweiger","given":"Karolin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.14279/depositonce-24639","URL":"https://doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-24639","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14404","type":"article-journal","title":"GESIS Panel - Standard Edition","abstract":"Das GESIS-Panel bietet eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Mixed-Mode-Access-Panel-Infrastruktur am GESIS Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Mannheim. Das Projekt bietet der sozialwissenschaftlichen Community die Möglichkeit, Erhebungsdaten aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu erheben. Die eingereichten Studienvorschläge werden auf der Grundlage eines wissenschaftlichen Begutachtungsverfahrens bewertet. Die Rekrutierung der Panelmitglieder erfolgte zunächst im Jahr 2013 in persönlichen Interviews, gefolgt von einer selbst durchgeführten Profilbefragung. Der Modus wurde von den Teilnehmern gewählt. Alle Teilnehmer der Profilbefragung werden als Mitglieder des Panels betrachtet und zu den alle zwei Monate stattfindenden regelmäßigen Wellen eingeladen. Die Startkohorte umfasste Anfang 2014 4900 Panelisten. Um den Panelabrieb zu kompensieren, wurde im Jahr 2016 eine Auffrischungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) gezogen. Die erste Kohorte umfasst deutschsprachige Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 70 Jahren (zum Zeitpunkt der Einstellung) mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland, während die zweite Kohorte Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze umfasst. Im Jahr 2018 wurde eine dritte Rekrutierungsstichprobe gezogen, die mit der Welle ge integriert wurde. Auch die dritte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze.Rückwirkend wurden die Fälle bis einschließlich Welle fc (dritte Welle aus 2018) in den Daten ergänzt. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im Data Manual (ZA5664-65_sd_data-manual) und dem entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_mb_recruitment2018). Die Stichproben des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) basieren auf einer disproportionalen Stichprobe von Befragten aus West- und Ostdeutschland. Ein Designgewicht, das die Integration der beiden Rekrutierungskohorten ermöglicht, ist im Datensatz enthalten. Nähere Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte den Methodenberichten der Einstellungsverfahren und dem GESIS-Panel-Referenzpapier (Bosnjak et al., 2017). Im März 2020 wurde eine Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 bzw. COVID-19 in Deutschland durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die vierte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) gezogen, die mit der Welle ja integriert wurde. Die vierte Kohorte umfasst ebenfalls Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_i12.pdf). GESIS Panel Demographic Dataset Ab Version 43-0-0 ist der demografische Längsschnittdatensatz Teil des Veröffentlichungspaketes. Bei dem Datensatz handelt es sich um einen längsschnittlichen Datensatz (long format), mit harmonisierten Messungen zu demografischen Variablen: Befragten ID; Erhebungszeitpunkt; entsprechende Welle; Erhebungsjahr; Rekrutierungskohorte; Geschlecht des Befragten; Geburtsjahr; höchster Bildungsabschluss; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Familienstand; AAPOR disposition code; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus.","author":[{"family":"Gesis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14404","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14404","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4232/1.14403","type":"article-journal","title":"GESIS Panel - Extended Edition","abstract":"Das GESIS-Panel bietet eine wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierte Mixed-Mode-Access-Panel-Infrastruktur am GESIS Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften in Mannheim. Das Projekt bietet der sozialwissenschaftlichen Community die Möglichkeit, Erhebungsdaten aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu erheben. Die eingereichten Studienvorschläge werden auf der Grundlage eines wissenschaftlichen Begutachtungsverfahrens bewertet. Die Rekrutierung der Panelmitglieder erfolgte zunächst im Jahr 2013 in persönlichen Interviews, gefolgt von einer selbst durchgeführten Profilbefragung. Der Modus wurde von den Teilnehmern gewählt. Alle Teilnehmer der Profilbefragung werden als Mitglieder des Panels betrachtet und zu den alle zwei Monate stattfindenden regelmäßigen Wellen eingeladen. Die Startkohorte umfasste Anfang 2014 4900 Panelisten. Um den Panelabrieb zu kompensieren, wurde im Jahr 2016 eine Auffrischungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) gezogen. Die erste Kohorte umfasst deutschsprachige Befragte im Alter zwischen 18 und 70 Jahren (zum Zeitpunkt der Einstellung) mit ständigem Wohnsitz in Deutschland, während die zweite Kohorte Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze umfasst. Im Jahr 2018 wurde eine dritte Rekrutierungsstichprobe gezogen, die mit der Welle ge integriert wurde. Auch die dritte Kohorte umfasst Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze.Rückwirkend wurden die Fälle bis einschließlich Welle fc (dritte Welle aus 2018) in den Daten ergänzt. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im Data Manual (ZA5664-65_sd_data-manual) und dem entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_mb_recruitment2018). Die Stichproben des German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) basieren auf einer disproportionalen Stichprobe von Befragten aus West- und Ostdeutschland. Ein Designgewicht, das die Integration der beiden Rekrutierungskohorten ermöglicht, ist im Datensatz enthalten. Nähere Einzelheiten entnehmen Sie bitte den Methodenberichten der Einstellungsverfahren und dem GESIS-Panel-Referenzpapier (Bosnjak et al., 2017). Im März 2020 wurde eine Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 bzw. COVID-19 in Deutschland durchgeführt. Im Jahr 2021 wurde die vierte Rekrutierungsstichprobe mit Hilfe des German International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) gezogen, die mit der Welle ja integriert wurde. Die vierte Kohorte umfasst ebenfalls Befragte ab 18 Jahren ohne Obergrenze. Nähere Informationen finden Sie im entsprechenden Rekrutierungsbericht (ZA5664-65_r_i12.pdf). GESIS Panel Demographic Dataset Ab Version 43-0-0 ist der demografische Längsschnittdatensatz Teil des Veröffentlichungspaketes. Bei dem Datensatz handelt es sich um einen längsschnittlichen Datensatz (long format), mit harmonisierten Messungen zu demografischen Variablen: Befragten ID; Erhebungszeitpunkt; entsprechende Welle; Erhebungsjahr; Rekrutierungskohorte; Geschlecht des Befragten; Geburtsjahr; Geburtsmonat; höchster Bildungsabschluss; persönliches Nettoeinkommen; Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Familienstand; AAPOR disposition code; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus.","author":[{"family":"Gesis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4232/1.14403","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4232/1.14403","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19610566","type":"article-journal","title":"Latency-Constrained UAV Operations over SATCOM: A System-Level Analytical Framework","abstract":"This repository contains the analytical framework, implementation scripts, and supporting data for the research study: \"Latency-Constrained UAV Operations over SATCOM: A System-Level Analytical Framework\" (Barua, 2026). Overview As Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operations transition toward routine Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) missions, the reliance on satellite communications (SATCOM) introduces critical challenges related to signal latency and stochastic jitter. This work transitions from previous descriptive analyses of SATCOM connectivity to a quantitative, system-level modeling approach designed to ensure operational safety under communication constraints. Key Features • Latency Decomposition Model A deterministic breakdown of total communication latency: T_total = T_uplink + T_satellite + T_downlink + T_processing • Stochastic Jitter Modeling Reaction latency incorporating LEO handover variability: T_reaction = (T_total + J) + T_human • Probability of Safety Breach (P_breach) Risk metric quantifying likelihood of exceeding safety thresholds: P_breach = P(T_reaction > T_crit) • Adaptive Autonomy Control Framework (AACF) A control layer that dynamically adjusts UAV autonomy levels and velocity based on real-time link performance. Research Lineage This 2026 framework serves as a direct analytical extension of the foundational research presented in \"SATCOM, the Future UAV Communication Link\" (Barua, 2022; SSRN 4059066). While the 2022 work established the feasibility of SATCOM as a primary BLOS backbone, this framework provides the mathematical rigor required for regulatory compliance (ICAO/EASA) and automated risk mitigation.","author":[{"family":"Barua","given":"Nick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19610566","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19610566","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19610567","type":"article-journal","title":"Latency-Constrained UAV Operations over SATCOM: A System-Level Analytical Framework","abstract":"This repository contains the analytical framework, implementation scripts, and supporting data for the research study: \"Latency-Constrained UAV Operations over SATCOM: A System-Level Analytical Framework\" (Barua, 2026). Overview As Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operations transition toward routine Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) missions, the reliance on satellite communications (SATCOM) introduces critical challenges related to signal latency and stochastic jitter. This work transitions from previous descriptive analyses of SATCOM connectivity to a quantitative, system-level modeling approach designed to ensure operational safety under communication constraints. Key Features • Latency Decomposition Model A deterministic breakdown of total communication latency: T_total = T_uplink + T_satellite + T_downlink + T_processing • Stochastic Jitter Modeling Reaction latency incorporating LEO handover variability: T_reaction = (T_total + J) + T_human • Probability of Safety Breach (P_breach) Risk metric quantifying likelihood of exceeding safety thresholds: P_breach = P(T_reaction > T_crit) • Adaptive Autonomy Control Framework (AACF) A control layer that dynamically adjusts UAV autonomy levels and velocity based on real-time link performance. Research Lineage This 2026 framework serves as a direct analytical extension of the foundational research presented in \"SATCOM, the Future UAV Communication Link\" (Barua, 2022; SSRN 4059066). While the 2022 work established the feasibility of SATCOM as a primary BLOS backbone, this framework provides the mathematical rigor required for regulatory compliance (ICAO/EASA) and automated risk mitigation.","author":[{"family":"Barua","given":"Nick"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19610567","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19610567","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22119911","type":"article-journal","title":"GeoTwin Road 2030: A UAV-GIS and Digital-Twin Assurance Framework for Highway Earthworks, Pavement Delivery and Asset Handover","abstract":"Highway delivery produces repeated surveys, earthwork quantities, pavement tests, inspections, change records and asset data, yet these records are often disconnected from chainage and time. This paper proposes GeoTwin Road 2030, a governance-first framework integrating unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry, ground survey, geographic information systems, design surfaces, quality records and structured asset metadata. Seven transparent criteria determine a handover-risk score: positional accuracy, coverage, earthwork conformity, surface-level conformity, pavement evidence, asset metadata and change closure. The artifact was computationally stress-tested using 144 reproducible synthetic segment-epochs representing a 12 km corridor divided into 24 half-kilometre segments across six monitoring epochs. No employer, client, flight, survey or live-project data were used. Scores ranged from 6.2 to 75.9, with a mean of 40.0. The framework classified 23 observations for routine acceptance, 70 for targeted verification, 41 for corrective action and 10 for handover hold. Median tier stability was 100% under 1,200 weight perturbations per observation; the least stable boundary case retained its tier in 46.7% of trials. A controlled survey-control, coverage, metadata and closeout improvement scenario lowered risk by 12.3 points on average. Treating missing pavement and asset evidence as satisfactory understated risk by 9.3 points. An illustrative formula reduced a residual-rework proxy by 1.2 units, but this is not observed performance. The contribution is an auditable assurance and handover workflow, not autonomous acceptance. Field calibration, checkpoint testing, independent pavement testing, aviation compliance, information governance and professional authorization remain mandatory.","author":[{"family":"Ali","given":"Qaisar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22119911","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22119911","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22119912","type":"article-journal","title":"GeoTwin Road 2030: A UAV-GIS and Digital-Twin Assurance Framework for Highway Earthworks, Pavement Delivery and Asset Handover","abstract":"Highway delivery produces repeated surveys, earthwork quantities, pavement tests, inspections, change records and asset data, yet these records are often disconnected from chainage and time. This paper proposes GeoTwin Road 2030, a governance-first framework integrating unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry, ground survey, geographic information systems, design surfaces, quality records and structured asset metadata. Seven transparent criteria determine a handover-risk score: positional accuracy, coverage, earthwork conformity, surface-level conformity, pavement evidence, asset metadata and change closure. The artifact was computationally stress-tested using 144 reproducible synthetic segment-epochs representing a 12 km corridor divided into 24 half-kilometre segments across six monitoring epochs. No employer, client, flight, survey or live-project data were used. Scores ranged from 6.2 to 75.9, with a mean of 40.0. The framework classified 23 observations for routine acceptance, 70 for targeted verification, 41 for corrective action and 10 for handover hold. Median tier stability was 100% under 1,200 weight perturbations per observation; the least stable boundary case retained its tier in 46.7% of trials. A controlled survey-control, coverage, metadata and closeout improvement scenario lowered risk by 12.3 points on average. Treating missing pavement and asset evidence as satisfactory understated risk by 9.3 points. An illustrative formula reduced a residual-rework proxy by 1.2 units, but this is not observed performance. The contribution is an auditable assurance and handover workflow, not autonomous acceptance. Field calibration, checkpoint testing, independent pavement testing, aviation compliance, information governance and professional authorization remain mandatory.","author":[{"family":"Ali","given":"Qaisar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22119912","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22119912","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21781346","type":"article-journal","title":"FIRELINE-AIR: A Ground-Supplied, Hose-Fed Heavy-Lift Aerial Platform Concept for Wildfire Response","abstract":"Hose-fed firefighting drones, aerial platforms supplied continuously with water or foam through a ground-connected hose, are commercially available today for high-rise structural firefighting. Drones used against wildfires, by contrast, operate almost exclusively in a cyclical pattern: fill, fly, drop, return. Continuous ground-supplied operation over vegetation fires has been demonstrated only at academic prototype scale. This note proposes the missing intersection: an operational mission concept that adapts the continuous-supply, hose-fed architecture to wildfire response, built around a heavy-lift multirotor, a mobile ground supply unit, and a deliberately narrow mission profile. The author claims no intellectual property and has no commercial expectation. The purpose of this note is to invite engineering scrutiny, and adoption by anyone in a position to build it.","author":[{"family":"Akkaya","given":"Atakan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21781346","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21781346","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21781347","type":"article-journal","title":"FIRELINE-AIR: A Ground-Supplied, Hose-Fed Heavy-Lift Aerial Platform Concept for Wildfire Response","abstract":"Hose-fed firefighting drones, aerial platforms supplied continuously with water or foam through a ground-connected hose, are commercially available today for high-rise structural firefighting. Drones used against wildfires, by contrast, operate almost exclusively in a cyclical pattern: fill, fly, drop, return. Continuous ground-supplied operation over vegetation fires has been demonstrated only at academic prototype scale. This note proposes the missing intersection: an operational mission concept that adapts the continuous-supply, hose-fed architecture to wildfire response, built around a heavy-lift multirotor, a mobile ground supply unit, and a deliberately narrow mission profile. The author claims no intellectual property and has no commercial expectation. The purpose of this note is to invite engineering scrutiny, and adoption by anyone in a position to build it.","author":[{"family":"Akkaya","given":"Atakan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21781347","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21781347","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21321668","type":"article-journal","title":"PLAMD: Power Line Aerial Multi-Degradation Dataset","abstract":"## 📖 Overview**PLAMD (Power Line Aerial Multi-Degradation Dataset)** is a large-scale synthetic dataset designed for benchmarking image restoration and enhancement algorithms in the context of **unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) power line inspection**. It covers **seven realistic degradation scenarios** with paired clean references, supporting full-reference evaluation paradigms.Source images are drawn from two public UAV power line inspection datasets — **InsPLAD** [ 1 ](https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2023.2283900) and **TTPLA** [ 2 ](https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.01619) — ensuring strong domain relevance for the power industry. Each image is then synthetically degraded using physically motivated or learning-based generation pipelines. ## Degradation Types | Type | Synthesis Method | Description || Haze | Atmospheric Scattering Model + Monodepth2 depth estimation | Fog/haze at various concentrations || Rain | Streak-based rain generation | Rainfall with tunable density, length, angle, and opacity || Snow | AutoSnow framework (5 snow conditions) | Streaking snow, fine snow, fluffy snow, and light ice accumulation || Motion Blur | Camera Shake Blur (CSB) generator | Physics-based random camera shake trajectory synthesis || Low-Light | Gamma correction + Poisson-Gaussian noise | Low-illumination evening/dusk scene simulation || Noise | sRGB real noise synthesizing (signal-dependent + signal-independent) | Realistic camera sensor noise || Inpainting | OpenCV-based random mask generation | Partial occlusion simulation (irregular shapes, stripes, mixed) | ## Key Features | Feature | Description ||---------|-------------|| **7 Degradation Types** | Blur (motion), Haze, Inpainting, Low-light, Noise, Rain, Snow || **Realistic UAV Perspective** | All source images from real UAV power line inspection footage (InsPLAD + TTPLA) || **Full-Reference Evaluation** | Each degraded image has a paired clean reference || **3 Severity Levels** | Random parameter ranges during generation, yielding Light / Moderate / Severe degradation per image || **Fine-Grained Component Subsets** | 20 categories organized by power line component type for targeted research || **Intact & Defect Coverage** | Both normal-condition and defect-present component images included | 📂 Dataset StructurePLAMD is distributed as **7 compressed archives**, one per degradation type. Each archive shares an identical internal hierarchy organized by **power line component category**. Images are provided as **degraded–clean pairs** for full-reference training and evaluation.{degradation_type}.zip # e.g., haze.zip, rain.zip, snow.zip ...│├── {degradation_type} # All degraded images (e.g., haze/, rain/, snow/ ...) —— component_mix_1K/damper-preformed/damper-stockbridge/glass-insulator/glass-insulator-big-shackle/glass-insulator-small-shackle/glass-insulator-tower-shackle/lightning-rod-shackle/lightning-rod-suspension/overallL_2K/plate/polymer-insulator/polymer-insulator-lower-shackle/polymer-insulator-tower-shackle/polymer-insulator-upper-shackle/vari-grip/yoke/yoke-suspension└── original # Original clean reference images (identical structure) —— component_mix_1K/damper-preformed/damper-stockbridge/glass-insulator/glass-insulator-big-shackle/glass-insulator-small-shackle/glass-insulator-tower-shackle/lightning-rod-shackle/lightning-rod-suspension/overallL_2K/plate/polymer-insulator/polymer-insulator-lower-shackle/polymer-insulator-tower-shackle/polymer-insulator-upper-shackle/vari-grip/yoke/yoke-suspension Design Notes- **`component_mix_1K`**: a curated subset containing mixed component images at approximately **1K resolution**, useful for quick prototyping and lightweight experiments.- **`overallL_2K`**: wide-view overall-scene images at approximately **2K resolution** (e.g., full transmission towers, multi-component line spans). Ideal for context-aware or scene-level restoration models.- All other categories contain images at **varying resolutions** depending on the original source cr","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Jingke"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21321668","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21321668","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21321669","type":"article-journal","title":"PLAMD: Power Line Aerial Multi-Degradation Dataset","abstract":"## 📖 Overview**PLAMD (Power Line Aerial Multi-Degradation Dataset)** is a large-scale synthetic dataset designed for benchmarking image restoration and enhancement algorithms in the context of **unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) power line inspection**. It covers **seven realistic degradation scenarios** with paired clean references, supporting full-reference evaluation paradigms.Source images are drawn from two public UAV power line inspection datasets — **InsPLAD** [ 1 ](https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2023.2283900) and **TTPLA** [ 2 ](https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.01619) — ensuring strong domain relevance for the power industry. Each image is then synthetically degraded using physically motivated or learning-based generation pipelines. ## Degradation Types | Type | Synthesis Method | Description || Haze | Atmospheric Scattering Model + Monodepth2 depth estimation | Fog/haze at various concentrations || Rain | Streak-based rain generation | Rainfall with tunable density, length, angle, and opacity || Snow | AutoSnow framework (5 snow conditions) | Streaking snow, fine snow, fluffy snow, and light ice accumulation || Motion Blur | Camera Shake Blur (CSB) generator | Physics-based random camera shake trajectory synthesis || Low-Light | Gamma correction + Poisson-Gaussian noise | Low-illumination evening/dusk scene simulation || Noise | sRGB real noise synthesizing (signal-dependent + signal-independent) | Realistic camera sensor noise || Inpainting | OpenCV-based random mask generation | Partial occlusion simulation (irregular shapes, stripes, mixed) | ## Key Features | Feature | Description ||---------|-------------|| **7 Degradation Types** | Blur (motion), Haze, Inpainting, Low-light, Noise, Rain, Snow || **Realistic UAV Perspective** | All source images from real UAV power line inspection footage (InsPLAD + TTPLA) || **Full-Reference Evaluation** | Each degraded image has a paired clean reference || **3 Severity Levels** | Random parameter ranges during generation, yielding Light / Moderate / Severe degradation per image || **Fine-Grained Component Subsets** | 20 categories organized by power line component type for targeted research || **Intact & Defect Coverage** | Both normal-condition and defect-present component images included | 📂 Dataset StructurePLAMD is distributed as **7 compressed archives**, one per degradation type. Each archive shares an identical internal hierarchy organized by **power line component category**. Images are provided as **degraded–clean pairs** for full-reference training and evaluation.{degradation_type}.zip # e.g., haze.zip, rain.zip, snow.zip ...│├── {degradation_type} # All degraded images (e.g., haze/, rain/, snow/ ...) —— component_mix_1K/damper-preformed/damper-stockbridge/glass-insulator/glass-insulator-big-shackle/glass-insulator-small-shackle/glass-insulator-tower-shackle/lightning-rod-shackle/lightning-rod-suspension/overallL_2K/plate/polymer-insulator/polymer-insulator-lower-shackle/polymer-insulator-tower-shackle/polymer-insulator-upper-shackle/vari-grip/yoke/yoke-suspension└── original # Original clean reference images (identical structure) —— component_mix_1K/damper-preformed/damper-stockbridge/glass-insulator/glass-insulator-big-shackle/glass-insulator-small-shackle/glass-insulator-tower-shackle/lightning-rod-shackle/lightning-rod-suspension/overallL_2K/plate/polymer-insulator/polymer-insulator-lower-shackle/polymer-insulator-tower-shackle/polymer-insulator-upper-shackle/vari-grip/yoke/yoke-suspension Design Notes- **`component_mix_1K`**: a curated subset containing mixed component images at approximately **1K resolution**, useful for quick prototyping and lightweight experiments.- **`overallL_2K`**: wide-view overall-scene images at approximately **2K resolution** (e.g., full transmission towers, multi-component line spans). Ideal for context-aware or scene-level restoration models.- All other categories contain images at **varying resolutions** depending on the original source cr","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Jingke"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21321669","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21321669","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.18720/spbpu/3/2026/vr/vr26-5068","type":"article-journal","title":"Совершенствование системы подготовки персонала объекта экономики к действиям в условиях военного времени","abstract":"Данная работа посвящена анализу современной системы подготовки персонала объектов экономики в области гражданской обороны, выявлению ее недостатков с учетом новейших угроз (массовое применение БПЛА и ВТО) и разработке комплекса практико-ориентированных мер по ее совершенствованию. Объектом исследования является процесс подготовки персонала объектов экономики, не прекращающих работу в военное время, к действиям в условиях современных военных угроз. Предметом исследования выступает совокупность организационно-методических и нормативно-правовых средств подготовки персонала объектов экономики в области гражданской обороны, включая содержание программ обучения, формы практической подготовки и механизмы оценки их эффективности. Цель выпускной квалификационной работы – на основе анализа существующей системы подготовки персонала и служб гражданской обороны разработать и обосновать комплекс мер по ее совершенствованию с учетом современных угроз, прежде всего связанных с применением БПЛА и ВТО. Задачи, которые выполнены в рамках работы: 1. Проанализирован исторический опыт развития системы подготовки населения в области гражданской обороны и выявлены проблемные аспекты действующей системы подготовки персонала объектов экономики. 2. Исследованы новейшие угрозы для объектов экономики (боевые возможности БПЛА, поражающие факторы, тактика групповых атак) и определено их влияние на требования к подготовке персонала. 3. Разработана и обоснована двухуровневая система подготовки «Готов к гражданской обороне» (базовый и специальный уровни), включая новые учебные программы, практические тренинги и методику оценки эффективности. 4. Сформулированы предложения по внесению изменений в нормативные правовые акты в области гражданской обороны (проекты изменений в Постановление Правительства РФ от 02.11.2000 № 841 и Указ Президента РФ от 20.12.2016 № 696). Методы исследования: общенаучные (анализ, синтез, сравнение, обобщение), историко-правовой, формально-юридический, методы педагогического проектирования и системного анализа. Информационные технологии, использованные при выполнении работы: официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (pravo.gov.ru), база данных КонсультантПлюс, справочно-правовая система ГАРАНТ, Политех электронная библиотека (elib.spbstu.ru), научная электронная библиотека eLIBRARY.RU, научная электронная библиотека открытого доступа КиберЛенинка, Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, векторный графический редактор Adobe Illustrator, а также поисковая интернет-система Яндекс. Основные результаты ВКР: 1. Разработана единая базовая программа обучения «Готов к гражданской обороне» I уровня подготовки (24 часа, практика – не менее 60%) для работающего, неработающего населения и обучающихся. 2. Разработана специальная программа обучения «Готов к гражданской обороне» II уровня подготовки (12 часов дополнительно, практика – не менее 50%) для руководителей, НФГО, НАСФ и спасательных служб. 3. Созданы проекты практических тренингов («Действия персонала при атаке БПЛА» – 4 часа; «Управление объектом и формированиями ГО при массированных атаках БПЛА» – 8 часов) с использованием деловых игр и рефлексии. 4. Предложена уровневая методика оценки эффективности обучения (входной, текущий, итоговый контроль) с картами контроля на 15 и 20 позиций. 5. Подготовлены проекты изменений в Постановление Правительства РФ от 02.11.2000 № 841 и Указ Президента РФ от 20.12.2016 № 696, а также проект приказа МЧС России о внедрении двухуровневой системы. Область применения результатов: результаты работы могут быть использованы Правительством РФ и МЧС России для обновления нормативной базы, учебно-методическими центрами и учебно-консультационными пунктами ГОЧС при организации обучения, а также непосредственно объектами экономики при проведении курсовой подготовки персонала в военное время. Выводы: предложенная двухуровневая система подготовки, учитывающая физику поражения сосредоточенным зарядом, тактику групповых атак БПЛА и психологию поведения в условиях стресс","author":[{"family":"Савиных","given":"Артем"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.18720/spbpu/3/2026/vr/vr26-5068","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18720/spbpu/3/2026/vr/vr26-5068","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21212025","type":"article-journal","title":"UAV-Seq3D: A Multi-Sequence UAV Dataset for Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction","abstract":"UAV-Seq3D is a multi-sequence unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) RGB image dataset designed to support research on monocular 3D reconstruction, camera pose estimation, and UAV-view spatial perception. The dataset was collected using a DJI Mavic 3 Thermal (M3T) UAV with RTK positioning capability. It covers 13 outdoor scenes, including buildings, roads, parking areas, and farmland. For each scene, two UAV image sequences were acquired: a regular circular flight trajectory with an approximately 45-degree gimbal pitch angle, and a free or irregular flight trajectory with an approximately 60-degree gimbal pitch angle. UAV-Seq3D contains 26 RGB image sequences. Each sequence is accompanied by frame-level metadata, including local East-North-Up (ENU) coordinates and UAV attitude information, including pitch, roll, and yaw. Because of the total dataset size, UAV-Seq3D is distributed across this main Zenodo record and four linked Zenodo image-data volume records. The main record is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21212026. This main record provides the metadata archive, dataset documentation, package inventory, checksum file, license information, and links to all image-data volumes. The RGB image archives are provided in the four linked image-data volume records listed below. Image-data volumes: - Volume 1: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21122187- Volume 2: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21159375- Volume 3: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21188120- Volume 4: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21206046 To reconstruct the complete UAV-Seq3D dataset, users should download the metadata archive from this main record and all RGB image archives from the four linked image-data volume records. Please refer to README.md for the dataset structure, metadata fields, coordinate definition, archive extraction instructions, integrity verification procedure, license, and citation guidance.","author":[{"family":"Ling","given":"Jiahong"},{"family":"Bin","given":"Junchi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21212025","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21212025","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21212026","type":"article-journal","title":"UAV-Seq3D: A Multi-Sequence UAV Dataset for Feed-Forward 3D Reconstruction","abstract":"UAV-Seq3D is a multi-sequence unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) RGB image dataset designed to support research on monocular 3D reconstruction, camera pose estimation, and UAV-view spatial perception. The dataset was collected using a DJI Mavic 3 Thermal (M3T) UAV with RTK positioning capability. It covers 13 outdoor scenes, including buildings, roads, parking areas, and farmland. For each scene, two UAV image sequences were acquired: a regular circular flight trajectory with an approximately 45-degree gimbal pitch angle, and a free or irregular flight trajectory with an approximately 60-degree gimbal pitch angle. UAV-Seq3D contains 26 RGB image sequences. Each sequence is accompanied by frame-level metadata, including local East-North-Up (ENU) coordinates and UAV attitude information, including pitch, roll, and yaw. Because of the total dataset size, UAV-Seq3D is distributed across this main Zenodo record and four linked Zenodo image-data volume records. The main record is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21212026. This main record provides the metadata archive, dataset documentation, package inventory, checksum file, license information, and links to all image-data volumes. The RGB image archives are provided in the four linked image-data volume records listed below. Image-data volumes: - Volume 1: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21122187- Volume 2: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21159375- Volume 3: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21188120- Volume 4: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21206046 To reconstruct the complete UAV-Seq3D dataset, users should download the metadata archive from this main record and all RGB image archives from the four linked image-data volume records. Please refer to README.md for the dataset structure, metadata fields, coordinate definition, archive extraction instructions, integrity verification procedure, license, and citation guidance.","author":[{"family":"Ling","given":"Jiahong"},{"family":"Bin","given":"Junchi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21212026","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21212026","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33193551.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"A cetacean detection dataset for convolutional neural networks YOLOv8. part 1. labels","abstract":"Dataset description.Part 1. Labels dataset with its corresponding dataset of Images: The set of frames was extracted from high-resolution videos, using a Python routine run in Google Colab (See details at https://github.com/mvdelahoz/megafauna-detection-dataset-YOLO). The images and labels of each species contained in one or more folders per species, and each label’s file corresponds to the same image name. Each label contains information about the objects detected in the image, class names with their indexes from 0 to 5, and the (x, y) coordinates, expressed as percentages of the total image height and width.The labelling was conducted in the image-annotation platform Makesense.AI, assigning the following predefined categories to the target species:0 fin whale 1 sperm whale 2 Cuvier's beaked whale 3 pilot whale 4 rissos dolphin 5 striped dolphinThe folders of images and labels have the following structure:‘images_[class]_[folder number of the class]’; files in jpg format‘labels[class]_ [folder number of the class]_[generation date of the folder]; files in .txt format. This structure allows the data to be automatically split into ‘train’ and ‘val’ folders of images and labels, respectively. To do so, a Python algorithm from the Python standard library can be implemented, importing libraries such as ‘os’, ‘random’ and ‘shutil’.Part 2. Video dataset. A set of 26 high-definition videos of approx. 1-minute duration (within the collaborative project ‘Eye in the Sky’) was shared by the Tethys Research Institute as the primary source of the dataset of frames utilized as input data in the present research. Data origin: The videos of marine megafauna were recorded using a medium-sized long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) at 800 ft (≈244 m) altitude along pre-designed transects, at an average speed of 54 knots (≈100 km h⁻¹). The image dataset of still frames was obtained from video intervals with the presence of the animals.Usage: The footage of marine megafauna has been shared by the authors of the project Eye in the Sky (Tethys Research Institute–Cetacean Sanctuary Research, 2024) and is authorized for exclusive use for the gathering and analysis of the image dataset. See details of the video-collection methods and equipment in the technical report (Tethys Research Institute–Cetacean Sanctuary Research. 2024. , Technical Activities Report, Phase I. By Costa, M., De Santis, V., Lanfredi, C., Airoldi, S., Tethys Research Institute. Italy. 75 p.) The annotated dataset of folders with cetacean labels will be publicly available and usable for training and validation studies in object detection with CNNs, and is expected to enable comparisons with other cetacean-annotated datasets already available.See more details of the code and arguments at:https://github.com/mvdelahoz/megafauna-detection-dataset-YOLO.","author":[{"family":"Hoz","given":"Maria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33193551.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33193551.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33193551.v2","type":"article-journal","title":"A cetacean detection dataset for convolutional neural networks YOLOv8.","abstract":"Dataset description.Part 1. Labels dataset with its corresponding dataset of Images: The set of frames was extracted from high-resolution videos, using a Python routine run in Google Colab (See details at https://github.com/mvdelahoz/megafauna-detection-dataset-YOLO). The images and labels of each species contained in one or more folders per species, and each label’s file corresponds to the same image name. Each label contains information about the objects detected in the image, class names with their indexes from 0 to 5, and the (x, y) coordinates, expressed as percentages of the total image height and width.The labelling was conducted in the image-annotation platform Makesense.AI, assigning the following predefined categories to the target species:0 fin whale 1 sperm whale 2 Cuvier's beaked whale 3 pilot whale 4 rissos dolphin 5 striped dolphinThe folders of images and labels have the following structure:‘images_[class]_[folder number of the class]’; files in jpg format‘labels[class]_ [folder number of the class]_[generation date of the folder]; files in .txt format. This structure allows the data to be automatically split into ‘train’ and ‘val’ folders of images and labels, respectively. To do so, a Python algorithm from the Python standard library can be implemented, importing libraries such as ‘os’, ‘random’ and ‘shutil’.Part 2. Video dataset. A set of 26 high-definition videos of approx. 1-minute duration (within the collaborative project ‘Eye in the Sky’) was shared by the Tethys Research Institute as the primary source of the dataset of frames utilized as input data in the present research. Data origin: The videos of marine megafauna were recorded using a medium-sized long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) at 800 ft (≈244 m) altitude along pre-designed transects, at an average speed of 54 knots (≈100 km h⁻¹). The image dataset of still frames was obtained from video intervals with the presence of the animals.Usage: The footage of marine megafauna has been shared by the authors of the project Eye in the Sky (Tethys Research Institute–Cetacean Sanctuary Research, 2024) and is authorized for exclusive use for the gathering and analysis of the image dataset. See details of the video-collection methods and equipment in the technical report (Tethys Research Institute–Cetacean Sanctuary Research. 2024. , Technical Activities Report, Phase I. By Costa, M., De Santis, V., Lanfredi, C., Airoldi, S., Tethys Research Institute. Italy. 75 p.) The annotated dataset of folders with cetacean labels will be publicly available and usable for training and validation studies in object detection with CNNs, and is expected to enable comparisons with other cetacean-annotated datasets already available.See more details of the code and arguments at:https://github.com/mvdelahoz/megafauna-detection-dataset-YOLO.","author":[{"family":"Hoz","given":"Maria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33193551.v2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33193551.v2","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.33193551","type":"article-journal","title":"A cetacean detection dataset for convolutional neural networks YOLOv8.","abstract":"Dataset description.Part 1. Labels dataset with its corresponding dataset of Images: The set of frames was extracted from high-resolution videos, using a Python routine run in Google Colab (See details at https://github.com/mvdelahoz/megafauna-detection-dataset-YOLO). The images and labels of each species contained in one or more folders per species, and each label’s file corresponds to the same image name. Each label contains information about the objects detected in the image, class names with their indexes from 0 to 5, and the (x, y) coordinates, expressed as percentages of the total image height and width.The labelling was conducted in the image-annotation platform Makesense.AI, assigning the following predefined categories to the target species:0 fin whale 1 sperm whale 2 Cuvier's beaked whale 3 pilot whale 4 rissos dolphin 5 striped dolphinThe folders of images and labels have the following structure:‘images_[class]_[folder number of the class]’; files in jpg format‘labels[class]_ [folder number of the class]_[generation date of the folder]; files in .txt format. This structure allows the data to be automatically split into ‘train’ and ‘val’ folders of images and labels, respectively. To do so, a Python algorithm from the Python standard library can be implemented, importing libraries such as ‘os’, ‘random’ and ‘shutil’.Part 2. Video dataset. A set of 26 high-definition videos of approx. 1-minute duration (within the collaborative project ‘Eye in the Sky’) was shared by the Tethys Research Institute as the primary source of the dataset of frames utilized as input data in the present research. Data origin: The videos of marine megafauna were recorded using a medium-sized long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) at 800 ft (≈244 m) altitude along pre-designed transects, at an average speed of 54 knots (≈100 km h⁻¹). The image dataset of still frames was obtained from video intervals with the presence of the animals.Usage: The footage of marine megafauna has been shared by the authors of the project Eye in the Sky (Tethys Research Institute–Cetacean Sanctuary Research, 2024) and is authorized for exclusive use for the gathering and analysis of the image dataset. See details of the video-collection methods and equipment in the technical report (Tethys Research Institute–Cetacean Sanctuary Research. 2024. , Technical Activities Report, Phase I. By Costa, M., De Santis, V., Lanfredi, C., Airoldi, S., Tethys Research Institute. Italy. 75 p.) The annotated dataset of folders with cetacean labels will be publicly available and usable for training and validation studies in object detection with CNNs, and is expected to enable comparisons with other cetacean-annotated datasets already available.See more details of the code and arguments at:https://github.com/mvdelahoz/megafauna-detection-dataset-YOLO.","author":[{"family":"Hoz","given":"Maria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.33193551","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.33193551","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.18130/dnya-mg61","type":"article-journal","title":"ICARUS-1—Dragonfly Unmanned Aerial System; Exploring Perception of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Law Enforcement","abstract":"Thesis Project Portfolio ICARUS-1—Dragonfly Unmanned Aerial System (Technical Report) Exploring Perception of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Law Enforcement (STS Research Paper) An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Virginia • Charlottesville, Virginia In Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science, School of Engineering Justin Matara Spring, 2026 Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Table of Contents Executive Summary ICARUS-1—Dragonfly Unmanned Aerial System Exploring Perception of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Law Enforcement Prospectus Executive Summary Violent crime decreased 4.5% in 2024 (FBI, 2025), but law enforcement agencies face a dilemma. Police officers must respond to emergency calls, conduct patrols, traffic stops, collect evidence from crime scenes, and uphold public safety on a daily basis. However, police departments are overburdened, facing a nationwide 10% staffing deficit (IACP, 2024). Ground vehicles, radios, and helicopters extend officers’ reach, but are imperfect solutions. Faster helicopters cannot fit narrow streets while larger police vehicle fleets require more human officers. Residents expect crime prevention, prompt responses, and equitable policing regardless of labor shortages. UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) are one solution to this dilemma. They serve as miniature “eyes in the skies” for police departments, protecting the public while conserving individual officers, being controlled from a distance. UAVs vary from propeller-based quadcopters to plane-like fixed-wing drones, to bio-inspired designs. This latter category pairs the maneuverability and efficiency provided by propeller based and fixed-wing aircraft. One proposed bio-inspired UAV adopts dragonfly flight dynamics with four independently controlled flapping wings. The flexibility suits the varied roles police departments have for UAVs from emergency response to traffic monitoring. However, UAVs have their flaws. Their deployment raises questions about data leaks, digital sabotage, and over-intrusive technology. My research project explores the rhetorical battle as relevant stakeholders seek to stabilize the emerging sociotechnical system of UAVs on their own terms. Various micro-aerial vehicle designs have emerged across fields such as law enforcement. Most UAVs or drones are quadcopters; they house a central flight controller propelled by four equally spaced rotors as depicted in Figure 1. They are cheap, simple to build, and can easily hover, turn, ascend and descend. However, quadcopters are loud when operating, detrimental for surveillance missions. They also struggle in narrower spaces with their inherently stable rotors. Conversely, fixed-wing drones resemble airplanes, extending their range, stealth, and forward flight speed. Their fixed wings cannot hover or vertically take off and land, lacking static lift generation (Rennie, 2016). ICARUS-1, the bio-inspired UAV or “robotic dragonfly” flies using four independently controlled flapping wings powered by brush DC motors and bent crankshafts. A battery powers the motors, driving the crankshaft that converts rotational motion into wing flapping. This system propels the UAV forward and has it rise, fall, turn while moving, and hover. Dragonfly-like wings boast up to a 230% higher lift to weight ratio than comparably sized quadcopter rotors, increasing flight efficiency (Liang et al, 2023). The wings connected to a central lightweight central structure housing the flight controller, translating user-given inputs into motion, and electronics powering the UAV. ICARUS-1 sought to fly forward at 0.5 m/sec and have a camera to record onboard footage like other quadcopters. Our design consisted of off-the-shelf parts to decrease costs and provide team members with valuable experience in designing, prototyping, and manufacturing. We also applied knowledge from projects like DFly-1 in N","author":[{"family":"Matara","given":"Justin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.18130/dnya-mg61","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18130/dnya-mg61","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.832416","type":"article-journal","title":"Scatter Plot","abstract":"Version 2025-10-11 Now works on Igor 9. Tutorial: https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1oEWtz7ECS/ https://youtu.be/sHM2i9ND3VU Scatter Plot is a useful toolkit based on Igor Pro, designed to enhance data visualization efficiency in atmospheric science. While many existing generalized data visualization software options have been widely used, they often fall short in meeting specific research needs in this field. This gap motivated the development of Scatter Plot. The program incorporates the Deming and York algorithms for linear regression, which account for uncertainties in both the X and Y variables, making it more suitable for atmospheric applications. Scatter Plot is equipped with various features for data analysis and graph plotting, including batch plotting, data masking through a user-friendly interface, color coding along the Z-axis, and the ability to filter and group data across different time scales—such as year, season, month, hour, and day of the week. For more details regarding the evaluation and application of Scatter Plot, please refer to For more details regarding the evaluation and application of Scatter Plot, please refer to Wu, C. and Yu, J. Z.: Evaluation of linear regression techniques for atmospheric applications: the importance of appropriate weighting, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 1233-1250, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1233-2018, 2018. Please cite this paper if Scatter Plot is used in your publication. The latest version of the program can be found on my website: https://wucheng.weebly.com/ https://sites.google.com/site/wuchengust/ https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.832416 Scatter Plot toolkit adoption in research publications: Wu, Y., Liu, D., Xu, H., Shan, M., Li, S., Tian, P., Hu, K., and Wang, J.: Analysis of atmospheric pollutant characteristics and regional transport in coastal area along the East China Sea, J. Environ. Sci., 156, 225-238, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2024.06.040, 2025. Li, W., Qi, Y., Liu, Y., Wu, G., Zhang, Y., Shi, J., Qu, W., Sheng, L., Wang, W., Zhang, D., and Zhou, Y.: Daytime and nighttime aerosol soluble iron formation in clean and slightly polluted moist air in a coastal city in eastern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6495-6508, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6495-2024, 2024. Wu, B., Wu, C., Ye, Y., Pei, C., Deng, T., Li, Y. J., Lu, X., Wang, L., Hu, B., Li, M., and Wu, D.: Long-term hourly air quality data bridging of neighboring sites using automated machine learning: A case study in the Greater Bay area of China, Atmos. Environ., 321, 120347, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120347, 2024. Hedges, M., Priestman, M., Chadeau-Hyam, M., Sinharay, R., Kelly, F. J., and Green, D. C.: Characterising a mobile reference station (MoRS) to quantify personal exposure to air quality, Atmos. Environ., 315, 120160, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120160, 2023. Lin, W., Lai, Y., Zhuang, S., Wei, Q., Zhang, H., Hu, Q., Cheng, P., Zhang, M., Zhai, Y., Wang, Q., Han, Z., and Hou, H.: The effects of prenatal PM2.5 oxidative potential exposure on feto-placental vascular resistance and fetal weight: A repeated-measures study, Environ. Res., 234, 116543, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116543, 2023. Liu, H., Jia, M., Tao, J., Yao, D., Li, J., Zhang, R., Li, L., Xu, M., Fan, Y., Liu, Y., and Cheng, K.: Elucidating pollution characteristics, temporal variation and source origins of carbonaceous species in Xinxiang, a heavily polluted city in North China, Atmos. Environ., 298, 119626, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119626, 2023. Liu, Y., Zhou, M., Zhao, M., Jing, S., Wang, H., Lu, K., and Shen, H.: Determination of Urban Formaldehyde Emission Ratios in the Shanghai Megacity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 16489-16499, doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c06428, 2023. Peng, Y., Wang, H., Wang, Q., Jing, S., An, J., Gao, Y., Huang, C., Yan, R., Dai, H., Cheng, T., Zhang, Q., Li, M., Hu, J., Shi, Z., Li, L., Lou, S., Tao, S., Hu, Q., Lu, J., ","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Cheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.832416","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.832416","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19159791","type":"article-journal","title":"Scatter Plot","abstract":"Version 2025-10-11 Now works on Igor 9. Tutorial: https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1oEWtz7ECS/ https://youtu.be/sHM2i9ND3VU Scatter Plot is a useful toolkit based on Igor Pro, designed to enhance data visualization efficiency in atmospheric science. While many existing generalized data visualization software options have been widely used, they often fall short in meeting specific research needs in this field. This gap motivated the development of Scatter Plot. The program incorporates the Deming and York algorithms for linear regression, which account for uncertainties in both the X and Y variables, making it more suitable for atmospheric applications. Scatter Plot is equipped with various features for data analysis and graph plotting, including batch plotting, data masking through a user-friendly interface, color coding along the Z-axis, and the ability to filter and group data across different time scales—such as year, season, month, hour, and day of the week. For more details regarding the evaluation and application of Scatter Plot, please refer to For more details regarding the evaluation and application of Scatter Plot, please refer to Wu, C. and Yu, J. Z.: Evaluation of linear regression techniques for atmospheric applications: the importance of appropriate weighting, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 1233-1250, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1233-2018, 2018. Please cite this paper if Scatter Plot is used in your publication. The latest version of the program can be found on my website: https://wucheng.weebly.com/ https://sites.google.com/site/wuchengust/ https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.832416 Scatter Plot toolkit adoption in research publications: Wu, Y., Liu, D., Xu, H., Shan, M., Li, S., Tian, P., Hu, K., and Wang, J.: Analysis of atmospheric pollutant characteristics and regional transport in coastal area along the East China Sea, J. Environ. Sci., 156, 225-238, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2024.06.040, 2025. Li, W., Qi, Y., Liu, Y., Wu, G., Zhang, Y., Shi, J., Qu, W., Sheng, L., Wang, W., Zhang, D., and Zhou, Y.: Daytime and nighttime aerosol soluble iron formation in clean and slightly polluted moist air in a coastal city in eastern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6495-6508, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6495-2024, 2024. Wu, B., Wu, C., Ye, Y., Pei, C., Deng, T., Li, Y. J., Lu, X., Wang, L., Hu, B., Li, M., and Wu, D.: Long-term hourly air quality data bridging of neighboring sites using automated machine learning: A case study in the Greater Bay area of China, Atmos. Environ., 321, 120347, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120347, 2024. Hedges, M., Priestman, M., Chadeau-Hyam, M., Sinharay, R., Kelly, F. J., and Green, D. C.: Characterising a mobile reference station (MoRS) to quantify personal exposure to air quality, Atmos. Environ., 315, 120160, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120160, 2023. Lin, W., Lai, Y., Zhuang, S., Wei, Q., Zhang, H., Hu, Q., Cheng, P., Zhang, M., Zhai, Y., Wang, Q., Han, Z., and Hou, H.: The effects of prenatal PM2.5 oxidative potential exposure on feto-placental vascular resistance and fetal weight: A repeated-measures study, Environ. Res., 234, 116543, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116543, 2023. Liu, H., Jia, M., Tao, J., Yao, D., Li, J., Zhang, R., Li, L., Xu, M., Fan, Y., Liu, Y., and Cheng, K.: Elucidating pollution characteristics, temporal variation and source origins of carbonaceous species in Xinxiang, a heavily polluted city in North China, Atmos. Environ., 298, 119626, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119626, 2023. Liu, Y., Zhou, M., Zhao, M., Jing, S., Wang, H., Lu, K., and Shen, H.: Determination of Urban Formaldehyde Emission Ratios in the Shanghai Megacity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 16489-16499, doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c06428, 2023. Peng, Y., Wang, H., Wang, Q., Jing, S., An, J., Gao, Y., Huang, C., Yan, R., Dai, H., Cheng, T., Zhang, Q., Li, M., Hu, J., Shi, Z., Li, L., Lou, S., Tao, S., Hu, Q., Lu, J., ","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Cheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19159791","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19159791","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19076693","type":"article-journal","title":"Dragon's Teeth: The PLA's UCAV Arsenal and Taiwan Invasion Strategy","abstract":"This paper provides a comprehensive open-source intelligence assessment of the People's Liberation Army's unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) arsenal as it pertains to a potential Taiwan invasion scenario. It examines the PLA's key platforms (CH-901, GJ-2 Wing Loong II, ASN-301, GJ-1/WS-43, GJ-11 Mysterious Dragon, and WZ-7 Soaring Dragon), analyzes Taiwan's geographic vulnerabilities with particular attention to the less-defended eastern flank, and evaluates operational scenarios including first-wave stealth strikes, saturation attacks, and networked multi-domain coordination under the PLA's System of Systems Operations Management (SoSOM) doctrine. The March 2026 update incorporates three developments not available in the October 2024 original: the GJ-11 Mysterious Dragon's transition to near-operational status (confirmed by satellite imagery at Shigatse Air Base, August-September 2025, and public PLAAF formation flight footage, November 2025); the Type 076 Sichuan amphibious assault ship's maiden sea trial (November 2025), which introduces an electromagnetic-catapult-equipped drone carrier capable of operating from Taiwan's eastern coast; and Taiwan's unprecedented countermeasure response, including a proposed NT$1.25 trillion special defense budget targeting 200,000+ UAVs and 1,000+ USVs. The paper includes a STRIDE cybersecurity threat analysis of the PLA UCAV arsenal grounded in 2025 UAV security research, and concludes that the race to translate procurement ambition into operational inventory by the 2027 threshold is the central variable in the cross-strait military balance. Companion paper to the Shahed-238 UCAV Analysis 10.5281/zenodo.19076586","author":[{"family":"Bilar","given":"Daniyel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19076693","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19076693","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19076694","type":"article-journal","title":"Dragon's Teeth: The PLA's UCAV Arsenal and Taiwan Invasion Strategy","abstract":"This paper provides a comprehensive open-source intelligence assessment of the People's Liberation Army's unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) arsenal as it pertains to a potential Taiwan invasion scenario. It examines the PLA's key platforms (CH-901, GJ-2 Wing Loong II, ASN-301, GJ-1/WS-43, GJ-11 Mysterious Dragon, and WZ-7 Soaring Dragon), analyzes Taiwan's geographic vulnerabilities with particular attention to the less-defended eastern flank, and evaluates operational scenarios including first-wave stealth strikes, saturation attacks, and networked multi-domain coordination under the PLA's System of Systems Operations Management (SoSOM) doctrine. The March 2026 update incorporates three developments not available in the October 2024 original: the GJ-11 Mysterious Dragon's transition to near-operational status (confirmed by satellite imagery at Shigatse Air Base, August-September 2025, and public PLAAF formation flight footage, November 2025); the Type 076 Sichuan amphibious assault ship's maiden sea trial (November 2025), which introduces an electromagnetic-catapult-equipped drone carrier capable of operating from Taiwan's eastern coast; and Taiwan's unprecedented countermeasure response, including a proposed NT$1.25 trillion special defense budget targeting 200,000+ UAVs and 1,000+ USVs. The paper includes a STRIDE cybersecurity threat analysis of the PLA UCAV arsenal grounded in 2025 UAV security research, and concludes that the race to translate procurement ambition into operational inventory by the 2027 threshold is the central variable in the cross-strait military balance. Companion paper to the Shahed-238 UCAV Analysis 10.5281/zenodo.19076586","author":[{"family":"Bilar","given":"Daniyel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19076694","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19076694","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18723543","type":"article-journal","title":"Advancements in Drone and Anti-Drone Systems: A Technical Overview","abstract":"The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) industry has experienced unprecedented technological advancement in 2024-2025, fundamentally transforming applications across military, commercial and civilian sectors. This paper examines the cutting-edge developments in autonomous drone systems, swarm coordination technologies and emerging counter-unmanned aerial systems (C-UAS). We analyze the technical innovations in artificial intelligence-driven autonomy, advanced sensor fusion, distributed swarm protocols and multi-layered detection and mitigation systems. The convergence of AI, edge computing and real-time data processing represents a paradigm shift in both offensive and defensive aerial capabilities. This paper provides a comprehensive technical assessment of current advancements, highlighting the interplay between drone technology evolution and the corresponding development of counter-measures to address security challenges in contested airspace environments.","author":[{"family":"Joseph","given":"KT"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18723543","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18723543","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18723542","type":"article-journal","title":"Advancements in Drone and Anti-Drone Systems: A Technical Overview","abstract":"The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) industry has experienced unprecedented technological advancement in 2024-2025, fundamentally transforming applications across military, commercial and civilian sectors. This paper examines the cutting-edge developments in autonomous drone systems, swarm coordination technologies and emerging counter-unmanned aerial systems (C-UAS). We analyze the technical innovations in artificial intelligence-driven autonomy, advanced sensor fusion, distributed swarm protocols and multi-layered detection and mitigation systems. The convergence of AI, edge computing and real-time data processing represents a paradigm shift in both offensive and defensive aerial capabilities. This paper provides a comprehensive technical assessment of current advancements, highlighting the interplay between drone technology evolution and the corresponding development of counter-measures to address security challenges in contested airspace environments.","author":[{"family":"Joseph","given":"KT"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18723542","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18723542","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.3824263","type":"article-journal","title":"Unmanned aerial system data of Lirung Glacier and Langtang Glacier for 2013–2018","abstract":"This dataset contains the raw data as well as produced image mosaics, digital elevation models (DEMs) and data derivatives of optical (RGB) unmanned aerial vehicle surveys of the debris-covered Lirung Glacier (9 surveys, 2013–2018) and Langtang Glacier (7 surveys, 2014–2018) in the Langtang Catchment, Nepalese Himalaya. All data in this dataset are stored in tape archive (tar) or gzip-compressed tape archive (tar.gz) formats and require extraction before use. The projected coordinate system used in this dataset is WGS 1984 UTM Zone 45N (EPSG:32645). Survey dates are always provided as yyyymmdd. File descriptions dems_ .tar20 cm resolution DEMs that were derived from the raw UAV images. DEMs of all survey dates are included in the tar archives. File format is GeoTIFF. orthomosaics_ .tar10 cm resolution image mosaics of orthorectified source imagery (orthomosaics) that were derived from the raw UAV images. Orthomosaics of all survey dates are included in the tar archives. File format is GeoTIFF. point-clouds_ .tar.gzRaw dense point clouds that were derived from the raw UAV images. Point clouds of all survey dates are included in the tar archive. File format is ASPRS LAS. Note that additional gzip-compression has been applied to the archives. raw-data_ _ .tarRaw data of each of the surveys that were performed over 2013–2018. The filename includes the glacier name and the survey date. Each tar archive contains directories for each UAV flight associated to that specific survey, indicated by f1, f2, ..., fn. The flight directories have the following contents: imgSubdirectory that contains the individual images in JPEG format captured by the UAV camera. *flight_path.kml (not present for all surveys)Keyhole Markup Language file that contains the flight path of the UAV recorded by the UAV's internal GPS+GLONASS sensor. *image_geoinfo.txtTable with coordinates (x,y,z) and UAV orientation (roll, tilt, yaw) for every image in img, which were recorded by the UAV's internal GPS+GLONASS sensor and gyroscope, respectively. *drone_log.bbx or *drone_log.bb3Binary flight log file from the UAV containing detailed flight information. Can be read by the proprietary eMotion software by UAV manufacturer senseFly. supplementary-animation_ .gifAnimations of Langtang Glacier (2014–2018) and Lirung Glacier (2013–2017) supplementary to Kraaijenbrink and Immerzeel (2025). The high resolution time lapse animations are constructed from composites of the orthomosaic and hillshaded DEM. Since the animations are in GIF format, they are best viewed in a web browser in which they can be zoomed and panned. supplementary-animation_lirung_terminus_retreat.mp4Three-dimensional fly-by video animation of the terminus retreat of Lirung Glacier (2013–2017), supplementary to Kraaijenbrink and Immerzeel (2025). supplementary-data-to-article.tarData derivatives as presented in Kraaijenbrink & Immerzeel (2024). The tar archive contains a README file with additional information for each of the datasets present in the archive. The archive contains: Error measurements of the UAV product Vector outlines of the area of interests of both glaciers Point cloud extracts of supraglacial ice cliff cross profiles Flow and gradient corrected DEMs (1 m resolution) Pixel-wise regression of the uncorrected and flow-corrected DEMs (1 m resolution) Surface velocity between survey pairs (8 m resolution) Reference For further information, e.g. about the UAV systems and cameras used, as well as detailed descriptions of the data and the applied data processing please refer to the accompanying journal article. Kraaijenbrink, P. D. A., & Immerzeel, W. W. (2025). Spatial and temporal variability of the surface mass balance of debris‐covered glacier tongues. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 130, e2024JF007935. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007935 License This dataset is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.","author":[{"family":"Kraaijenbrink","given":"PDA"},{"family":"Immerzeel","given":"WW"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.3824263","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3824263","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22084982","type":"article-journal","title":"Event-Triggered Stigmergic Coordination for Communication-Efficient Heterogeneous UAV–UGV Search and Verification","abstract":"Communication constraints can limit the scalability and resilience of heterogeneous robot teams operating in search-and-verification missions. This paper presents an event-triggered stigmergic coordination framework in which unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) patrol assigned sectors and deposit information into a shared digital-pheromone field only when relevant events occur. An unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) receives no target coordinates or direct task commands; instead, it selects and approaches targets using only the shared pheromone map. The framework was implemented using ROS 2, PX4 and Gazebo with three UAVs and one Husky UGV. The primary comparison evaluated event-triggered communication against continuous communication, while a periodic sensing-and-deposition policy was retained as a secondary benchmark. The study used 36 paired experimental blocks and 108 total runs. Relative to continuous communication, the event-triggered method reduced serialized pheromone payload bytes by 94.44% while satisfying prespecified noninferiority criteria for search-completion and mission-verification times. All 36 event-triggered missions completed successfully, with an exact one-sided 97.5% lower completion-probability bound of 90.26%, exceeding the prespecified 90% floor. Against the secondary periodic benchmark, the observed payload reduction was 47.30%, but its upper confidence bound did not satisfy the prespecified 50% superiority criterion. Because the frozen periodic implementation checked for target observations only when its transmission interval elapsed, that comparison combines sensing-opportunity and communication-policy differences. These results support event-triggered digital pheromones as a communication-efficient coordination mechanism relative to continuous communication under the evaluated idealized nominal simulation conditions.","author":[{"family":"Ogundipe","given":"Oluwagbotemi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22084982","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22084982","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22084983","type":"article-journal","title":"Event-Triggered Stigmergic Coordination for Communication-Efficient Heterogeneous UAV–UGV Search and Verification","abstract":"Communication constraints can limit the scalability and resilience of heterogeneous robot teams operating in search-and-verification missions. This paper presents an event-triggered stigmergic coordination framework in which unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) patrol assigned sectors and deposit information into a shared digital-pheromone field only when relevant events occur. An unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) receives no target coordinates or direct task commands; instead, it selects and approaches targets using only the shared pheromone map. The framework was implemented using ROS 2, PX4 and Gazebo with three UAVs and one Husky UGV. The primary comparison evaluated event-triggered communication against continuous communication, while a periodic sensing-and-deposition policy was retained as a secondary benchmark. The study used 36 paired experimental blocks and 108 total runs. Relative to continuous communication, the event-triggered method reduced serialized pheromone payload bytes by 94.44% while satisfying prespecified noninferiority criteria for search-completion and mission-verification times. All 36 event-triggered missions completed successfully, with an exact one-sided 97.5% lower completion-probability bound of 90.26%, exceeding the prespecified 90% floor. Against the secondary periodic benchmark, the observed payload reduction was 47.30%, but its upper confidence bound did not satisfy the prespecified 50% superiority criterion. Because the frozen periodic implementation checked for target observations only when its transmission interval elapsed, that comparison combines sensing-opportunity and communication-policy differences. These results support event-triggered digital pheromones as a communication-efficient coordination mechanism relative to continuous communication under the evaluated idealized nominal simulation conditions.","author":[{"family":"Ogundipe","given":"Oluwagbotemi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22084983","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22084983","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21795083","type":"article-journal","title":"Drone-Helper: cross-dataset YOLOv8 fire and smoke detection — trained models, evaluation outputs and audit artefacts","abstract":"Drone-Helper: cross-dataset YOLOv8 fire and smoke detection — trained models, evaluation outputs and audit artefacts Companion deposit for the manuscript: Ruangsang, W.; Pramkeaw, P. Cross-Dataset Evaluation of YOLOv8 for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Fire and Smoke Detection: Benchmark Contamination, Zero-Shot Transfer, and Onboard Deployment on a Low-Cost Airframe. Submitted to Drones (MDPI), manuscript drones-4441317. Contents drone-helper-weights.zip — the twelve trained checkpoints (best.pt), one per run, named __ __seed : YOLOv8n/s/m x seeds 0-2 on D-Fire, YOLOv8n/s/m x seed 0 on FASDD_UAV. Each run folder also carries its complete Ultralytics configuration (args.yaml) and per-epoch training log (results.csv). drone-helper-results.zip — the raw evaluation tables behind every number in the paper: results_indomain.csv (validation and official-test-split metrics, Table 6), results_crossdataset.csv (the 2x2 zero-shot matrix, Table 7), results_dedup.csv (full / clean / dup evaluations, Table 9), and environment.json (Python, PyTorch 2.2.2+cu121, CUDA 12.1, cuDNN 8902, Ultralytics 8.4.70, GPU, and the complete pip freeze). drone-helper-dedup.zip — the near-duplicate contamination audit and its correction: per-image 64-bit perceptual hashes for every train and test image of both corpora (phash_cache/), the exact clean/dup test image lists and data yamls (subsets/), the evaluation script (eval_dedup.py), and the audit reports (Tables 8 and 9 of the paper). drone-helper-datasets-scripts.zip — dataset provenance and rebuild tooling: the unmodified official split-definition files, split provenance notes including the FASDD_UAV class-index remap (0=smoke, 1=fire), dataset build scripts that verify counts and abort on mismatch, the audit script, and the training and evaluation driver (train_plan_rtx3060.py). Source imagery (not redistributed here) D-Fire (21,527 images, CC0 1.0): github.com/gaia-solutions-on-demand/DFireDataset — archive used: D-Fire.zip, 3,036,222,313 bytes. FASDD_UAV (25,097 images, CC BY-SA 4.0): Science Data Bank, https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00104.00103 — archive used: FASDD_UAV.zip, md5 c5ea9651ca672fc128c6f17d0797c2f2. Licence CC BY-SA 4.0. The FASDD_UAV-trained checkpoints derive from data released under CC BY-SA 4.0; the share-alike term is therefore applied to the whole record. Attribute FASDD to Wang et al. (Geo-Spatial Information Science 28(2):511-526, 2025) and D-Fire to de Venancio et al. (Neural Computing and Applications 34:15349-15368, 2022). Reproducing Download both corpora from their original sources above. Rebuild the exact splits: python scripts/build_dfire.py, python scripts/build_fasdd.py (both verify image counts and label indices, and abort on mismatch). Retrain or evaluate: python scripts/train_plan_rtx3060.py --check then --profile lean; the cross-dataset matrix alone: --matrix-only. Contamination-corrected evaluation: python dedup_analysis/eval_dedup.py.","author":[{"family":"Ruangsang","given":"Watchara"},{"family":"Pramkeaw","given":"Patiyuth"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21795083","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21795083","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21795084","type":"article-journal","title":"Drone-Helper: cross-dataset YOLOv8 fire and smoke detection — trained models, evaluation outputs and audit artefacts","abstract":"Drone-Helper: cross-dataset YOLOv8 fire and smoke detection — trained models, evaluation outputs and audit artefacts Companion deposit for the manuscript: Ruangsang, W.; Pramkeaw, P. Cross-Dataset Evaluation of YOLOv8 for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Fire and Smoke Detection: Benchmark Contamination, Zero-Shot Transfer, and Onboard Deployment on a Low-Cost Airframe. Submitted to Drones (MDPI), manuscript drones-4441317. Contents drone-helper-weights.zip — the twelve trained checkpoints (best.pt), one per run, named __ __seed : YOLOv8n/s/m x seeds 0-2 on D-Fire, YOLOv8n/s/m x seed 0 on FASDD_UAV. Each run folder also carries its complete Ultralytics configuration (args.yaml) and per-epoch training log (results.csv). drone-helper-results.zip — the raw evaluation tables behind every number in the paper: results_indomain.csv (validation and official-test-split metrics, Table 6), results_crossdataset.csv (the 2x2 zero-shot matrix, Table 7), results_dedup.csv (full / clean / dup evaluations, Table 9), and environment.json (Python, PyTorch 2.2.2+cu121, CUDA 12.1, cuDNN 8902, Ultralytics 8.4.70, GPU, and the complete pip freeze). drone-helper-dedup.zip — the near-duplicate contamination audit and its correction: per-image 64-bit perceptual hashes for every train and test image of both corpora (phash_cache/), the exact clean/dup test image lists and data yamls (subsets/), the evaluation script (eval_dedup.py), and the audit reports (Tables 8 and 9 of the paper). drone-helper-datasets-scripts.zip — dataset provenance and rebuild tooling: the unmodified official split-definition files, split provenance notes including the FASDD_UAV class-index remap (0=smoke, 1=fire), dataset build scripts that verify counts and abort on mismatch, the audit script, and the training and evaluation driver (train_plan_rtx3060.py). Source imagery (not redistributed here) D-Fire (21,527 images, CC0 1.0): github.com/gaia-solutions-on-demand/DFireDataset — archive used: D-Fire.zip, 3,036,222,313 bytes. FASDD_UAV (25,097 images, CC BY-SA 4.0): Science Data Bank, https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00104.00103 — archive used: FASDD_UAV.zip, md5 c5ea9651ca672fc128c6f17d0797c2f2. Licence CC BY-SA 4.0. The FASDD_UAV-trained checkpoints derive from data released under CC BY-SA 4.0; the share-alike term is therefore applied to the whole record. Attribute FASDD to Wang et al. (Geo-Spatial Information Science 28(2):511-526, 2025) and D-Fire to de Venancio et al. (Neural Computing and Applications 34:15349-15368, 2022). Reproducing Download both corpora from their original sources above. Rebuild the exact splits: python scripts/build_dfire.py, python scripts/build_fasdd.py (both verify image counts and label indices, and abort on mismatch). Retrain or evaluate: python scripts/train_plan_rtx3060.py --check then --profile lean; the cross-dataset matrix alone: --matrix-only. Contamination-corrected evaluation: python dedup_analysis/eval_dedup.py.","author":[{"family":"Ruangsang","given":"Watchara"},{"family":"Pramkeaw","given":"Patiyuth"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21795084","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21795084","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.18720/spbpu/3/2026/vr/vr26-5960","type":"article-journal","title":"Разработка системы обнаружения разлива нефти в открытом море в реальном времени на основе технологий ROS2 и YOLO","abstract":"В данном исследовании мы стремимся создать систему обнаружения аномалий в режиме реального времени на основе ROS2 и YOLO, уделяя особое внимание мониторингу утечек нефти в режиме реального времени, и провели проверку на имитационной модели беспилотного летательного аппарата. Основная цель заключается в реализации автономного обнаружения аномальных ситуаций (утечек нефти) в отношении целевых объектов во время полета, а также в успешном выполнении полного цикла автоматизированного оповещения, включающего «автономный обход — распознавание утечки нефти — зависание — съемку для фиксации доказательств». Задачи, которые решались в ходе исследования: 1. Интеграция ROS2 Humble с симулятором PX4 SITL , Gazebo Harmonic и YOLO. 2. Обучение модели YOLOv8 на основе аннотированного набора данных аэрофотосъемки, предназначенного для обнаружения разливов нефти с помощью изображений с дронов, и реализация узла визуального обнаружения в реальном времени. 3. Разработка узла управления на базе MAVLink и QGroundControl для реализации автоматического прерывания и возобновления задач. 4. Проведение симуляции интеграции дронов. 5. Регистрация и анализ результатов симуляции и результатов обучения модели YOLO. Данный проект основан на следующих открытых программных продуктах: PX4 Autopilot, ROS2, Gazebo, MAVSDK, Ultralytics YOLOv8, QGroundControl. В процессе разработки использовались объектно-ориентированное программирование, асинхронное программирование (asyncio) и протокол ROS. Результаты: успешно разработана система обнаружения аномалий в режиме реального времени (для обнаружения утечек нефти в море), которая способна в режиме реального времени обнаруживать аномалии в море во время симуляции полета, автоматически приостанавливать задание, сохранять фотографии и координаты, а затем продолжать полет. Система демонстрирует высокую скорость реагирования, хорошую стабильность и высокую точность модели. Области применения результатов: промышленный мониторинг, инспекции безопасности, машинное зрение, автоматизированные системы обнаружения.","author":[{"family":"Цзяпэн","given":"Чжан"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.18720/spbpu/3/2026/vr/vr26-5960","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18720/spbpu/3/2026/vr/vr26-5960","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.18720/spbpu/3/2026/vr/vr26-2741","type":"article-journal","title":"Разработка системы стабилизации беспилотного летательного аппарата на основе технического зрения и инерциальных датчиков","abstract":"Данная работа посвящена разработке системы стабилизации беспилотного летательного на основе технического зрения и инерциальных датчиков в условиях отсутствия сигналов глобальной навигационной спутниковой системы на примере симуляционной среды на базе ArduPilot SITL и алгоритма визуально-инерциальной одометрии OpenVINS. В ходе работы был выполнен обзор существующих методов позиционирования в условиях отсутствия сигналов глобальной навигационной спутниковой системы. Выполнено алгоритмическое и математическое описание используемого алгоритма визуально-инерциальной одометрии. Осуществлено имитационное испытание разработанной системы в условиях сельской местности. На основании анализа полученных результатов были сформулированы выводы о производительности и эффективности используемых решений, а также дальнейшие рекомендации исследования.","author":[{"family":"Обухова","given":"Кристина"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.18720/spbpu/3/2026/vr/vr26-2741","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18720/spbpu/3/2026/vr/vr26-2741","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18521367","type":"article-journal","title":"isabelschoeps-thiel/seismic-source: Regelwerk Umgang mit Software, seismische UAV und Drohnen Technologie","abstract":"Regelwerk Umgang mit Software, seismische UAV und Drohnen Technologie Dieses Regelwerk hat den ausdrücklichen Zweck, jede Form von technologischem Machtmissbrauch, Geheimdienstmanipulation, militärischer Zweckentfremdung, politischer Verfolgung und verdeckter Kontrolle auszuschließen. Technologie darf nicht zum Instrument der Unterdrückung werden. Technologie hat den ZweckLeben zu retten, der Wahrheit aufzudecken und die Welt zu einem besseren Ort zu machen. Jeder Einsatz außerhalb dieser Ordnung gilt als Rechts- und Ethikbruch und hat Strafrechtliche Konsequenzen. Juristische Präambel mit Entwickler- und UrhebersignaturDieses Regelwerk begründet eine verbindliche ethische, rechtliche und technologische Ordnung für den Einsatz von UAV-gestützten seismischen Ortungs-, Hohlraum- und Personendetektionssystemen sowie Drohnen-Technologie. Es basiert auf den grundlegenden Erkenntnissen, dass moderne Hochtechnologien weder von sich aus gut noch böse ist. Sondern ausschließlich durch den Menschen, der sie kontrolliert, bestimmt wird. Verantwortung, Transparenz durch den Urheber, ist die einzige legitime Grundlage. 1. Governance Kontrolle UAV Technologie und ihre ethisch unbedenkliche Nutzung seismische und unterirdische Ortungssysteme. Deshalb fordere ich alle internationale Regierungsmitglieder, die Vereinten Nationen UN, Presse, Medien auf, bitte helfen Sie mir, für humanitäre Hilfe und für Rettung, ist es nie zu spät und gibt es kein Zeitplan! Diese Technologie dient ausschließlich folgenden legitimen Zwecken: Rettung von verschütteten oder eingeschlossenen Menschen Suche nach Überlebenden bei Erdbeben, Explosionen oder Gebäudeeinstürzen Erkennung von Hohlräumen, Tunneln und unterirdischen Strukturen Katastrophenschutz und humanitäre EinsätzeWissenschaftliche, geologische und umweltbezogene Forschung 2. Anerkennung des Dual-Use-Risikos** Die Entwickler und Betreiber erkennen ausdrücklich an, dass diese Technologie eine Dual-Use-Technologie ist.Sie kann genutzt werden für: zivile Rettung Wissenschaft Umwelt- und Geoforschung Täter zu fassen und Opfer zu rettenSie könnte jedoch missbraucht bei: falscher Auswertung der übermittelten Daten um Täter zu schützen ggf um Eruption zu erzeugen Eingriff in Natur undDeshalb ist eine strenge ethische und rechtliche Kontrolle zwingend erforderlich. 3. Verpflichtende Mehrpersonen-Kontrolle Die Technologie darf niemals von einer Einzelperson betrieben oder ausgewertet werden.Jeder Einsatz erfordert mindestens folgende voneinander unabhängige Instanzen: eine staatliche oder katastrophenschutzrechtliche Behörde ein Regierungsmitglied, Staatsoberhaupt bzw berechtigte Regierungsvertreter, Vizepräsidenten eine wissenschaftliche oder akademische Vertretung der Patentinhaber oder Technologie-Eigentümer eine humanitäre oder opferschützende Instanz Kein Scan, keine Auswertung und keine Entscheidung darf von nur einer Person oder nur einer Organisation getroffen werden. Alle Beteiligten müssen gleichzeitig an einem Physischen, Realen Ort anwesend, dokumentiert und zustimmend sein. 4. Beweiskette und Protokollierung Jede Nutzung dieses Systems muss vollständig dokumentiert werden, einschließlich: Datum und Uhrzeit beteiligte Personen autorisierende Institutionen Zweck des Einsatzes technische Metadaten digitale Signaturen unveränderbare Logdateien Diese Daten müssen manipulationssicher gespeichert werden. Eine Nutzung ohne Protokollierung gilt als Missbrauch und muss Strafrechtlich verfolgt werden. 5. Verbot verdeckter oder geheimer Nutzung Diese Technologie darf nicht eingesetzt werden für: das Zurückhalten von Rettungsinformationen das absichtliche Verschweigen gefundener Personen Täter zu schützenWenn Menschen in Gefahr erkannt werden, muss sofort Hilfe eingeleitet werden. Das Verschweigen von Hilfsmaßnahmen ist ein Bruch des Völkerrechts. 6. Vorrang des menschlichen Lebens Der Schutz menschlichen Lebens hat absolute Priorität.Wenn dieses System: verschüttete Menschen eingeschlossene Personen Menschen in ","author":[{"family":"Schöps Geborene Thiel","given":"Isabel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18521367","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18521367","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.57760/sciencedb.36815","type":"article-journal","title":"DRFF-R2 | Multi-Scenario UAV Radio Frequency Signal Dataset","abstract":"This dataset is a large-scale dataset designed to support research on multiple unmanned aerial vehicle radio frequencies (RF). It relies on a unified standardized collection framework and aims to provide a reliable foundation for cross scenario modeling and model generalization ability evaluation. This dataset has the following four core advantages: Device and individual diversity: The dataset includes 26 drones of 8 different models, providing rich device categories and individual differences. Multi scenario and environmental complexity: The collected environment covers various complex scenarios such as outdoor flight, indoor interference, and mixed flight of multiple drones, which can truly and effectively depict the channel changes and signal coupling characteristics in actual wireless environments. The spatiotemporal dynamics of altitude: Data collection covers different flight altitudes, speeds, operating states, and cross time conditions. This multidimensional dynamic change feature helps algorithm models better interpret and process non-stationary signals.Data consistency and comparability: With a unified hardware configuration and standardized collection process, the dataset strictly ensures consistency between data from different scenarios. Please cite the following references when using this dataset: @article{zheng2026multi,title={A Multi-Scenario UAV RF Dataset with Real-World Acquisition and Signal Processing Benchmarking},author={Zheng, Haolin and Gao, Ning and Zhu, Zhenghang and Huang, Zhijun and Jin, Shi and Matthaiou, Michail},journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.00106},year={2026}}","author":[{"family":"Haolin","given":"Zheng"},{"family":"Ning","given":"Gao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.57760/sciencedb.36815","URL":"https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.36815","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.11575/prism/51764","type":"article-journal","title":"Multiresolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Risk Map Path Planning","abstract":"Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) operations of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles require flight plans that weigh trajectory length against the risk of overflying populated areas, controlled airspace, and hazardous terrain. Regulators quantify this safety requirement through the Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA) framework and Transport Canada Advisory Circular AC 903-001, which define the Target Level of Safety as a fatality rate per flight hour, against which an applicant must defend the mission. Existing risk-aware planners report dimensionless costs, exposure indices, or casualty-probability surfaces that do not map onto this bound, so operators close the gap by hand. This thesis presents a deterministic computational pipeline that closes the gap. Heterogeneous geospatial features are aggregated into a bounded composite risk via a weighted-sum distance-decay model, evaluated volumetrically across altitude through a strike-probability and impact-severity product. A heterogeneity-driven Layered Sampling Quadtree subdivides the risk field where samples vary and stays coarse where they agree, exposing a mean risk for the planner's edge cost and a maximum risk as a hard no-fly constraint. A risk-aware A* variant, Risk-A*, uses a multiplicative edge cost that keeps distance as the unit of cost and avoids the unit-mixing of additive formulations. An Expected Fatality Rate (EFR) formulation maps a path's risk integral to a fatality rate per flight hour that compares directly against the Target Level of Safety. The framework is evaluated on four Alberta regions spanning an urban core, a metropolitan area, a rural-to-urban corridor, and a mountain-townsite valley. The Layered Sampling Quadtree is roughly five times more compact than a matched uniform grid at comparable accuracy, at lower build cost. At K_R=10, Risk-A* reduces Integrated Path Risk by an average of 48.8% at a 1.9% distance overhead, with all 219 path runs feasible. A worked example gives a 24 km Calgary path an Expected Fatality Rate of 3.9x10^-6 per flight hour, below the major-severity SORA bound.","author":[{"family":"Hameed","given":"Mohammad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.11575/prism/51764","URL":"https://doi.org/10.11575/prism/51764","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26262/heal.auth.ir.366821","type":"article-journal","title":"Η υγιής πόλη ως στρατηγική αστικής ανθεκτικότητας στην κλιματική αλλαγή: η περίπτωση του Δήμου Θεσσαλονίκης","abstract":"Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εξετάζεται η σχέση μεταξύ της κλιματικής αλλαγής, της αστικής ανάπτυξης και της δημόσιας υγείας, μέσα από το πρίσμα της στρατηγικής των «υγιών πόλεων», όπως αυτή έχει διαμορφωθεί από διεθνείς οργανισμούς και ειδικότερα τον Παγκόσμιο Οργανισμό Υγείας. Αντικειμενικός σκοπός στην εργασία είναι η ανάδειξη της αναγκαιότητας της μετάβασης των σύγχρονων πόλεων σε μοντέλα, που τοποθετούν την υγεία και την ευημερία στο επίκεντρο του αστικού σχεδιασμού, με έμφαση στην περίπτωση του Δήμου Θεσσαλονίκης ως πιλοτικού παραδείγματος εφαρμογής μιας σχετικής στρατηγικής. Η μεθοδολογική προσέγγιση της εργασίας βασίζεται σε δύο άξονες. Αφενός, σε εκτενή βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση διεθνών και εθνικών πηγών αναφορικά με την κλιματική αλλαγή και το θεωρητικό πλαίσιο των υγιών πόλεων και αφετέρου, σε εμπειρική μελέτη περίπτωσης με επίκεντρο το Δήμο Θεσσαλονίκης. Η μελέτη περιλαμβάνει αναλυτική αποτύπωση της υφιστάμενης κατάστασης του Δήμου, εντοπίζοντας τα προβλήματα και τις ευκαιρίες της περιοχής, καθώς και τη διατύπωση στρατηγικών προτάσεων πολιτικής και παρεμβάσεων. Οι πόλεις είναι ιδιαίτερα ευάλωτες στην κλιματική αλλαγή, όχι μόνο λόγω των περιβαλλοντικών κινδύνων, όπως η αύξηση της θερμοκρασίας, οι καύσωνες και η ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση, αλλά και εξαιτίας της κοινωνικής ευαλωτότητας που προκαλεί ανισότητες πρόσβασης σε πόρους, υπηρεσίες και ευκαιρίες. Η Θεσσαλονίκη, παρά τα προβλήματα που αντιμετωπίζει παρουσιάζει σημαντικά περιθώρια μετασχηματισμού σε υγιή πόλη, αξιοποιώντας τα χαρακτηριστικά της, όπως η γεωγραφική της θέση, τα πολιτιστικά της στοιχεία και ο νεανικός πληθυσμός. Για την μετατροπή του Δήμου Θεσσαλονίκης σε μια υγιή πόλη, προτείνεται η διατύπωση ενός στρατηγικού πλαισίου, το οποίο περιλαμβάνει παρεμβάσεις στους τομείς της βιώσιμης κινητικότητας, του αστικού πρασίνου, της ενίσχυσης της κοινωνικής συνοχής, της συμμετοχής των πολιτών και της πρόληψης της υγείας. Συμπερασματικά, η προσέγγιση των υγιών πόλεων δεν αποτελεί μια αποσπασματική ή θεωρητική προσέγγιση, αλλά ένα ρεαλιστικό και εφαρμόσιμο μοντέλο αστικής διακυβέρνησης, το οποίο συνδέει τη δημόσια υγεία με τον κοινωνικό σχεδιασμό και την περιβαλλοντική πολιτική.","author":[{"family":"Μποκογιάννη","given":"Ευαγγελή"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.26262/heal.auth.ir.366821","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26262/heal.auth.ir.366821","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17369432","type":"article-journal","title":"D3.1 Optimal vertiport location model","abstract":"This document presents the work that has been completed for WP3 of the Engage2 KTN project Decision support tool for vertiport site selection. The document comprises a literature review and the mathematical definition of the optimisation models. The literature review includes an overview of the characteristics and regulations of vertiports for Urban Air Mobility (UAM), followed by an exploration of facility location problems and relevant modeling techniques. This is followed by a chapter on the available literature regarding vertiport location optimisation. Based on this literature study, the optimization problems for last-mile deliveries and passenger transportation were different enough to require separate models. The model for passenger vertiports is framed as a capacitated Hub Location Problem, with the objective function containing, operational profits, operational costs and establishment costs. The model for last-mile delivery vertports is framed as an standard facility location problem, with each vertiport having an area of influence within which demand can be captured.","author":[{"family":"Montoya","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Baena","given":"Miguel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17369432","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17369432","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17369433","type":"article-journal","title":"D3.1 Optimal vertiport location model","abstract":"This document presents the work that has been completed for WP3 of the Engage2 KTN project Decision support tool for vertiport site selection. The document comprises a literature review and the mathematical definition of the optimisation models. The literature review includes an overview of the characteristics and regulations of vertiports for Urban Air Mobility (UAM), followed by an exploration of facility location problems and relevant modeling techniques. This is followed by a chapter on the available literature regarding vertiport location optimisation. Based on this literature study, the optimization problems for last-mile deliveries and passenger transportation were different enough to require separate models. The model for passenger vertiports is framed as a capacitated Hub Location Problem, with the objective function containing, operational profits, operational costs and establishment costs. The model for last-mile delivery vertports is framed as an standard facility location problem, with each vertiport having an area of influence within which demand can be captured.","author":[{"family":"Montoya","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Baena","given":"Miguel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17369433","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17369433","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.18130/5jhe-3j52","type":"article-journal","title":"Solar-Powered Fixed-Wing Aircraft Design; The Aviation Industry’s Transition to a Sustainable Future: A Multi-Level Perspective Analysis","abstract":"Introduction Over the course of this year, I focused on how innovations in aircraft technology can make the aviation industry more environmentally sustainable. For my senior capstone, my team and I designed a solar-powered aircraft, hoping to further our experiential learning as students while also demonstrating the feasibility of using renewable energy to power long endurance aerial missions. Over two semesters, we conducted analytical and computational analyses to iterate through various design stages. We have performed several studies indicating that our aircraft will be operational for autonomous flight and meets high-level requirements, though we were not able to complete all simulations and tests necessary to fully verify this. In my ethics class, I conducted a research project to assess connections between society and new aircraft technologies that enhance sustainability. I combined my background in aerospace engineering with a literature review on the topic to perform a multi-level perspective analysis. I focused separately on small-scale technologies, large-scale industry regimes, and the aviation landscape to determine what our sustainability goals are and what we must do, as a society, to achieve them. Capstone Project: SPARC Aircraft Design My capstone team designed SPARC, the Solar Powered Autonomous Reconnaissance Craft, over this academic year. Our 12-member team set out to design an aircraft that could harness solar power to sustain high-endurance flight and support a wide range of missions. To differentiate our aircraft from other existing designs, we prioritized developing a flexible payload module that can be quickly and easily swapped out between missions. Example uses of the payload bay include hosting cameras for reconnaissance, surveillance, or imaging, or hosting sensors and probes for scientific research. Our team split into three subteams: aerostructures, aircraft systems, and power. The aerostructures team used CAD and FEA software to optimize the aircraft structure. They designed lightweight wing, fuselage, horizontal stabilizer, and vertical stabilizer structures which supported high stresses, and then integrated these structures together. The aircraft systems team designed the aircraft’s avionics system, selecting the necessary components for autonomous, long-range flight. This team also designed the aircraft planforms and configuration using conceptual design software and performed basic CFD simulations to assess performance and stability. The power team designed and simulated the configuration of solar cells, batteries, and motors to ensure that the aircraft could generate sufficient power and thrust to operate continuously. Our team conducted several experiments, including a water tunnel PIV study on winglets, airfoil analysis in a low-speed wind tunnel, and electrical component testing for the powertrain. We hope that the project can be continued next year, so the aircraft can be fully integrated, analyzed, modeled, and tested. Research Project: Sustainability in the Aviation Industry My research project for my STS ethics course is titled The Aviation Industry’s Transition to a Sustainable Future: A Multi-Level Perspective Analysis. In this paper, I sought to determine what the aviation industry is currently doing to become more environmentally sustainable and what different parties’ motivations are in this transition. Aviation is responsible for a significant quantity of carbon and greenhouse gas emissions, and new technologies can reduce the harmful impacts of global flight. I conducted my research through a review of online literature, including journals, reports, and academic papers. I organized my research through the multi-level perspective STS framework, allowing me to assess macro-scale landscape changes by examining micro-scale technological developments and their implementation within meso-scale industry regimes. The technologies I researched include sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs)","author":[{"family":"Snyder","given":"Adam"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.18130/5jhe-3j52","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18130/5jhe-3j52","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.18739/a2ff3m224","type":"article-journal","title":"Lightweight Airborne Snow and Sea Ice Thickness Observing System LASSITOS data repository, Utqiagvik, Alaska, USA, April 2024","abstract":"Measuring sea ice thickness and snow cover depth is fundamental for understanding and monitoring the evolution of the sea ice cover in the transforming polar environment. Moreover, sea ice and snow depth are also relevant for various human activities in polar regions including ice road transportation, marine navigation engineering, and research. Within the Long-range Airborne Snow and Sea Ice Thickness Observing System (LASSITOS) project, we developed a sensor system for measuring sea ice and snow thickness from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The combined thickness of sea ice plus its snow cover is measured with the LASSITOS EM (LEM), a multifrequency electromagnetic sounding sensor. The snow depth over sea ice is measured with the LASSITOS Snow Radar (LSR). The sea ice thickness is derived by combining the two instruments. This repository contains the data collected during the validation field campaign on and-fast ice in Utqiagvik, Alaska in April 2024.","author":[{"family":"Mahoney","given":"Andy"},{"family":"Capelli","given":"Achille"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.18739/a2ff3m224","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18739/a2ff3m224","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.18739/a29z90d9r","type":"article-journal","title":"Permafrost and Environmental Monitoring in 2023 and 2024 at the Teshekpuk Lake Observatory, Northern Alaska","abstract":"This dataset consists of monitoring data of environmental parameters at two sites representing different stages of ice-wedge evolution and set up as Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) grid sites at the Teshekpuk Lake Observatory. One site was established in an area with low-centered polygons (LCP; CALM site U60a) and the other in an area with high-centered polygons (HCP; CALM site U60). The LCP site represents ice-wedge formation and is in a drained lake basin, the HCP represents partial degradation and is located in a primary early Holocene surface. Grids were 100 meter (m) by 100 m grids with data collected at every 10 m for a total of 120 measurement point locations. Measurements include thaw depths, ground temperatures at 12 centimeter (cm) depths, volumetric water content of the upper 12 cm of soil, water depth in areas with standing water, maximum vegetation height (within ~10 cm of the grid point), and snow depth. This data was collected at both sites in July 2023 and 2024 and is provided by four csv file for each measurement day. Two shapefiles are included to provide exact measurement locations within the grid. Furthermore, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) surveys were conducted in 2024 to measure micro-topography and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) near the timing of peak tundra greenness. These derived UAV products are included as tif files. These measurements were also extracted at each grid point location for analysis and those values are included in the csv files described previously. Finally, we monitored active layer (15 cm depth) and permafrost (100 cm depth) temperatures for specific geomorphic features at each site for a year. We also monitored base of pond water temperatures for a year. Ground temperature monitoring for geomorphic features at the LCP site consisted of a polygon center, a rim and a trough; for the HCP site geomorphic features consisted of a polygon center and two troughs of varying dimensions (note one trough was located outside the grid area). Water monitoring consisted of two polygon centers at the LCP site and a thaw pond at the HCP site. This data is included as another csv file.","author":[{"family":"Ward Jones","given":"Melissa"},{"family":"Jones","given":"Benjamin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.18739/a29z90d9r","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18739/a29z90d9r","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.13073856","type":"article-journal","title":"Unmanned aerial system data of Lirung Glacier and Langtang Glacier for 2013–2018","abstract":"This dataset contains the raw data as well as produced image mosaics, digital elevation models (DEMs) and data derivatives of optical (RGB) unmanned aerial vehicle surveys of the debris-covered Lirung Glacier (9 surveys, 2013–2018) and Langtang Glacier (7 surveys, 2014–2018) in the Langtang Catchment, Nepalese Himalaya. All data in this dataset are stored in tape archive (tar) or gzip-compressed tape archive (tar.gz) formats and require extraction before use. The projected coordinate system used in this dataset is WGS 1984 UTM Zone 45N (EPSG:32645). Survey dates are always provided as yyyymmdd. File descriptions dems_ .tar20 cm resolution DEMs that were derived from the raw UAV images. DEMs of all survey dates are included in the tar archives. File format is GeoTIFF. orthomosaics_ .tar10 cm resolution image mosaics of orthorectified source imagery (orthomosaics) that were derived from the raw UAV images. Orthomosaics of all survey dates are included in the tar archives. File format is GeoTIFF. point-clouds_ .tar.gzRaw dense point clouds that were derived from the raw UAV images. Point clouds of all survey dates are included in the tar archive. File format is ASPRS LAS. Note that additional gzip-compression has been applied to the archives. raw-data_ _ .tarRaw data of each of the surveys that were performed over 2013–2018. The filename includes the glacier name and the survey date. Each tar archive contains directories for each UAV flight associated to that specific survey, indicated by f1, f2, ..., fn. The flight directories have the following contents: imgSubdirectory that contains the individual images in JPEG format captured by the UAV camera. *flight_path.kml (not present for all surveys)Keyhole Markup Language file that contains the flight path of the UAV recorded by the UAV's internal GPS+GLONASS sensor. *image_geoinfo.txtTable with coordinates (x,y,z) and UAV orientation (roll, tilt, yaw) for every image in img, which were recorded by the UAV's internal GPS+GLONASS sensor and gyroscope, respectively. *drone_log.bbx or *drone_log.bb3Binary flight log file from the UAV containing detailed flight information. Can be read by the proprietary eMotion software by UAV manufacturer senseFly. supplementary-animation_ .gifAnimations of Langtang Glacier (2014–2018) and Lirung Glacier (2013–2017) supplementary to Kraaijenbrink and Immerzeel (2025). The high resolution time lapse animations are constructed from composites of the orthomosaic and hillshaded DEM. Since the animations are in GIF format, they are best viewed in a web browser in which they can be zoomed and panned. supplementary-animation_lirung_terminus_retreat.mp4Three-dimensional fly-by video animation of the terminus retreat of Lirung Glacier (2013–2017), supplementary to Kraaijenbrink and Immerzeel (2025). supplementary-data-to-article.tarData derivatives as presented in Kraaijenbrink & Immerzeel (2024). The tar archive contains a README file with additional information for each of the datasets present in the archive. The archive contains: Error measurements of the UAV product Vector outlines of the area of interests of both glaciers Point cloud extracts of supraglacial ice cliff cross profiles Flow and gradient corrected DEMs (1 m resolution) Pixel-wise regression of the uncorrected and flow-corrected DEMs (1 m resolution) Surface velocity between survey pairs (8 m resolution) Reference For further information, e.g. about the UAV systems and cameras used, as well as detailed descriptions of the data and the applied data processing please refer to the accompanying journal article. Kraaijenbrink, P. D. A., & Immerzeel, W. W. (2025). Spatial and temporal variability of the surface mass balance of debris‐covered glacier tongues. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 130, e2024JF007935. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF007935 License This dataset is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.","author":[{"family":"Kraaijenbrink","given":"PDA"},{"family":"Immerzeel","given":"WW"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.13073856","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13073856","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4231/4meq-2383","type":"article-journal","title":"Data for proximal sensing of maize nutrient status","abstract":"Optimization of fertilization is important for enhancing the economic and environmental sustainability of corn production. However, evaluating nutrient status by manual sampling and analysis is time-consuming, laborious and expensive. The objective of this research was to predict nutrient status of field-grown corn based on hyperspectral data collected by proximal sensing of corn ear leaves. Transmittance in a range from 459 to 943 nm was acquired by a handheld device followed by measurement of N, K, Mg, Ca, P, S, Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Cu and B on the same leaves. Models were developed to predict nutrient concentrations based on spectral data using support vector regression (SVR). Coefficients of determination (R2) of leave-one-out cross-validation (CV) were calculated to evaluate the performance of the models. Models for proximal sensing of N, K, Mg, Ca, P, S, Mn, Zn and B performed reasonably well for studies conducted in 2020 and 2021. We concluded that proximal hyperspectral sensing can provide acceptable predictions on all macronutrients (N, K, Mg, Ca, P, S) and some micronutrients (Mn, Zn, B). These low-cost and high-throughput predictions of plant nutrient status will contribute to more sustainable corn production.","author":[{"family":"Lin","given":"Meng"},{"family":"Tuinstra","given":"Mitchell"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4231/4meq-2383","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4231/4meq-2383","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21992084","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and Manufacture of UAV for Measuring Irrigation Area","abstract":"This document is an excerpt from a master's thesis titled \"Design & Manufacture of UAV for Irrigation Area Measurement\" by Papadopoulos Pagratios at the University of West Attica (UNIWA). It details the technical design, assembly, and programming of a low-cost, functional educational quadcopter built on an F450 chassis. The author breaks down essential hardware components, including A2212 brushless motors, 30A electronic speed controllers (ESCs), a 3S LiPo battery, 10x4.5 propellers, an HGLRC GPS module, and a PixHawk flight controller. Beyond component selection, the text explains core aerodynamic principles like Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law, which govern lift and yaw control. Finally, it outlines the implementation of Ardupilot firmware and the shoelace polygon formula to calculate the surface areas of irregular fields, aiming to optimize agricultural irrigation water usage.","author":[{"family":"Papadopoulos","given":"Pagratios"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21992084","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21992084","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21991782","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and Manufacture of UAV for Measuring Irrigation Area","abstract":"This document is an excerpt from a master's thesis titled \"Design & Manufacture of UAV for Irrigation Area Measurement\" by Papadopoulos Pagratios at the University of West Attica (UNIWA). It details the technical design, assembly, and programming of a low-cost, functional educational quadcopter built on an F450 chassis. The author breaks down essential hardware components, including A2212 brushless motors, 30A electronic speed controllers (ESCs), a 3S LiPo battery, 10x4.5 propellers, an HGLRC GPS module, and a PixHawk flight controller. Beyond component selection, the text explains core aerodynamic principles like Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law, which govern lift and yaw control. Finally, it outlines the implementation of Ardupilot firmware and the shoelace polygon formula to calculate the surface areas of irregular fields, aiming to optimize agricultural irrigation water usage.","author":[{"family":"Papadopoulos","given":"Pagratios"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21991782","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21991782","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21991783","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and Manufacture of UAV for Measuring Irrigation Area","abstract":"This document is an excerpt from a master's thesis titled \"Design & Manufacture of UAV for Irrigation Area Measurement\" by Papadopoulos Pagratios at the University of West Attica (UNIWA). It details the technical design, assembly, and programming of a low-cost, functional educational quadcopter built on an F450 chassis. The author breaks down essential hardware components, including A2212 brushless motors, 30A electronic speed controllers (ESCs), a 3S LiPo battery, 10x4.5 propellers, an HGLRC GPS module, and a PixHawk flight controller. Beyond component selection, the text explains core aerodynamic principles like Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law, which govern lift and yaw control. Finally, it outlines the implementation of Ardupilot firmware and the shoelace polygon formula to calculate the surface areas of irregular fields, aiming to optimize agricultural irrigation water usage.","author":[{"family":"Papadopoulos","given":"Pagratios"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21991783","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21991783","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.57760/sciencedb.radars.00081","type":"article-journal","title":"AIRSAT1.0: Space-Air Collaborative Multimodal Remote Sensing Interpretation Dataset","abstract":"Intelligent interpretation of remote sensing imagery is an essential technological foundation for applications such as land cover monitoring, agricultural resource surveys, ecological environment assessment, and urban-rural development management. To meet the requirements of complex multi-object and multi-source collaborative interpretation in high-standard agricultural demonstration areas, this study constructs the Aerospace-Airborne Collaborative Multimodal Remote Sensing Interpretation Benchmark Dataset for Complex Objects in High-Standard Agricultural Demonstration Areas (AIRSAT1.0). The dataset is built upon observation data acquired by the AIRSAT satellite constellation independently developed by China Satellite, which consists of four satellites currently in orbit (three SAR satellites and one optical satellite). It integrates three data modalities: high-resolution SAR satellite imagery, optical satellite imagery, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing imagery. The data were collected from the High-Standard Agricultural Demonstration Area in Laiwu District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China.The dataset contains eight typical land-cover categories, including wheat, corn, greenhouses, roads, power transmission facilities, water conservancy facilities, water bodies, and buildings, with a total of 170,610 image samples. It is characterized by aerospace observation collaboration, broad land-cover diversity, multi-scale sample distribution, and clear spatial correspondence between optical and SAR imagery.Benchmark experiments conducted on the optical-SAR registration subset demonstrate that all baseline methods achieve better semantic segmentation performance when using dual-modal inputs compared with single-modal inputs, with the highest mIoU improvement reaching 4.67%. Furthermore, UAV imagery experiments indicate that the dataset can effectively support fine-grained segmentation of high-resolution land objects and recognition of small-scale infrastructure targets.AIRSAT1.0 provides a valuable data foundation and evaluation benchmark for research on intelligent interpretation of aerospace collaborative multimodal remote sensing imagery.","author":[{"family":"Chenjie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.57760/sciencedb.radars.00081","URL":"https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.radars.00081","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.25904/1912/6025","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-scale characterization of urban forests using remote sensing and machine learning approaches","abstract":"The growth of the global human population and urbanisation is significantly impacting forests, particularly urban forests that provide a range of ecosystem services including carbon sequestration. Understanding the spatial and temporal characteristics of urban forests, which include planted forests and remnants of native forests is important. Traditional field methods for mapping forest characteristics are often impractical for large areas and over time. Advances in technology, including satellite, airplanes and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based sensors, enable the collection of data at various scales, allowing assessment from individual trees to forests including information relating to tree/canopy height, cover and biomass. This study's main aim was to evaluate methods for assessing Aboveground biomass (AGB) in urban forests using remote sensed data from drones, airplanes and satellite sources including using machine learning. Specifically, satellite-derived imagery was used to characterize canopy surface properties of urban forests, revealing temporal and geographic changes in canopy characteristics at moderate spatial scale. Further, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point cloud data from sensors on airplanes were combined with field-measured data to predict forest biomass in plots and then over whole forests. Finally, fine scaled LiDAR data from a UAV survey was used to derive Canopy Height Models (CHM) which are then used to predict tree heights and AGB. The research was conducted in two types of urban forests, a planted 5.2ha mixed species arboretum in the city of Logan (Logan arboretum) and a 139ha remnant natural forest of predominant Eucalyptus in the suburb of Nathan in Brisbane (Nathan native forest), both in South East Queensland, Australia. The first study compared five vegetation indices and three chlorophyll-specific indices from Sentinel 2 imagery for the Logan arboretum including assessing changes over time (from 2014 - 2022) using regression models. Results showed that the Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI) and the Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index (MCARI) were effective in predicting AGB with r-squared values of 0.52 and 0.84, respectively. The AGB values used for testing the model were simulated as a function of Leaf Area Index (LAI) based on an existing model. A combination of MSAVI and MCARI to predict AGB achieved an r-squared of 0.85. In the second study, the effectiveness of a CHM derived from a UAV-based LiDAR survey was assessed for estimating tree heights and AGB in the Logan arboretum. Firstly, data was gathered in the field from a stratified random sample of 287 trees across 28 plots, including tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and species type. These were combined with published wood densities to generate tree and plot estimates of AGB. When field data was compared with LiDAR-derived CHM values, there were strong correlations between CHM and tree heights (r = 0.85) and moderate correlations for DBH and AGB (both r = 0.52). Linear regression revealed that CHM predicted tree height (R² = 0.73) and AGB (R² = 0.43). Additional remote sensing data from Sentinel-2 vegetation indices did not significantly improve AGB estimates. Overall, this study confirms that LiDAR-derived CHM can be a reliable predictor of tree heights and a moderate predictor of AGB, and hence suitable for biomass estimation for individual trees to urban forests. The third study compared pixel-based Random Forest classification and object-based classification of tree cover in the Logan arboretum using multispectral drone imagery. Various vegetation indices were calculated, including Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). The analysis involved three approaches: pixel-level Random Forest classification, object-based segmentation, and a deep learning method to detect tree crowns. Results indicated strong correlations among the methods, showing that pixel","author":[{"family":"Thinley","given":"Jigme"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.25904/1912/6025","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/6025","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20127121","type":"article-journal","title":"Application of UAV-Based Photogrammetry for Generating High-Resolution Terrain DEM in the Sapa Mountainous Area, Vietnam","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry has emerged as an effective and low-cost solution for high-resolution topographic mapping, especially in areas characterized by complex terrain and limited accessibility. This study investigates the applicability and accuracy of UAV-based photogrammetry for detailed terrain mapping in the mountainous region of Sapa, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam. A rotary-wing UAV equipped with a consumer-grade RGB camera was deployed to survey an area of approximately 3.46 km², capturing 1,235 aerial images with a ground sampling distance of 6.49 cm/pixel. The acquired imagery was processed using Structure-from-Motion (SfM) and Multi-View Stereo (MVS) techniques to generate a dense point cloud, digital surface model (DSM), and orthophoto. Ground Control Points (GCPs) measured using GNSS/RTK were employed for geo-referencing and accuracy assessment. The results indicate that the UAV-derived products achieved centimeter-level accuracy, with a total positional RMSE of approximately 2.47 cm at calibration points. Despite higher errors observed at independent check points due to steep slopes and terrain variability, the study demonstrates that UAV photogrammetry is a reliable and efficient approach for high-resolution mapping in mountainous environments. The findings confirm the potential of low-cost UAV systems as a practical alternative to conventional surveying methods for terrain analysis, infrastructure planning, and environmental monitoring.","author":[{"family":"Tuan","given":"Dr"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20127121","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20127121","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20127122","type":"article-journal","title":"Application of UAV-Based Photogrammetry for Generating High-Resolution Terrain DEM in the Sapa Mountainous Area, Vietnam","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry has emerged as an effective and low-cost solution for high-resolution topographic mapping, especially in areas characterized by complex terrain and limited accessibility. This study investigates the applicability and accuracy of UAV-based photogrammetry for detailed terrain mapping in the mountainous region of Sapa, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam. A rotary-wing UAV equipped with a consumer-grade RGB camera was deployed to survey an area of approximately 3.46 km², capturing 1,235 aerial images with a ground sampling distance of 6.49 cm/pixel. The acquired imagery was processed using Structure-from-Motion (SfM) and Multi-View Stereo (MVS) techniques to generate a dense point cloud, digital surface model (DSM), and orthophoto. Ground Control Points (GCPs) measured using GNSS/RTK were employed for geo-referencing and accuracy assessment. The results indicate that the UAV-derived products achieved centimeter-level accuracy, with a total positional RMSE of approximately 2.47 cm at calibration points. Despite higher errors observed at independent check points due to steep slopes and terrain variability, the study demonstrates that UAV photogrammetry is a reliable and efficient approach for high-resolution mapping in mountainous environments. The findings confirm the potential of low-cost UAV systems as a practical alternative to conventional surveying methods for terrain analysis, infrastructure planning, and environmental monitoring.","author":[{"family":"Tuan","given":"Dr"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20127122","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20127122","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19416941","type":"article-journal","title":"Lyapunov-Based Switched Control of a Morphing-Wing Tailless UCAV: Formal Stability Guarantees Under Underactuated Switched Nonlinear Dynamics","abstract":"This paper presents a formally verified and embedded-deployable flight control system for the Sigma-Raven, a morphingwing tailless Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) with three discrete wing-sweep configurations, no vertical tail, andstructurally underactuated control surfaces whose input matrix has rank two in a six-dimensional state space. The proposedhybrid control law combines mode-scheduled Linear Quadratic Regulation (LQR) with Higher-Order Sliding Mode (HOSM)super-twisting augmentation for the pitch-unstable low-sweep configuration, governed by an MLF-derived dwell-time constraintof 2.787 s derived analytically as a worst-case energy-dissipation waiting time. Global Uniform Asymptotic Stability (GUAS)is formally proven via the multiple Lyapunov function framework, and yaw stabilisation without a dedicated yaw actuator isestablished via Input-to-State Stability (ISS) exploiting roll-yaw aerodynamic coupling. A two-stage Monte Carlo campaign of500 nominal trials at 20% parametric uncertainty achieves 99.8% success, while an extended campaign of 400 trials under twicethe nominal initial conditions and 40% uncertainty achieves 77.2% at the nominal design point and up to 97.6% under narrowinitial conditions, with failure mode analysis identifying roll saturation, sideslip divergence, and dwell-time boundary cases asthe primary failure mechanisms. The algorithm is translated to portable ISO C (C17, ISO/IEC 9899:2018) via MATLAB CoderR2024b and verified through Software-in-the-Loop (SIL) testing to floating-point precision, with estimated worst-case executiontime below 100 µs at 1 kHz, confirming readiness for deployment on flight-qualified processors.","author":[{"family":"Efendi","given":"Josh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19416941","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19416941","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19416942","type":"article-journal","title":"Lyapunov-Based Switched Control of a Morphing-Wing Tailless UCAV: Formal Stability Guarantees Under Underactuated Switched Nonlinear Dynamics","abstract":"This paper presents a formally verified and embedded-deployable flight control system for the Sigma-Raven, a morphingwing tailless Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) with three discrete wing-sweep configurations, no vertical tail, andstructurally underactuated control surfaces whose input matrix has rank two in a six-dimensional state space. The proposedhybrid control law combines mode-scheduled Linear Quadratic Regulation (LQR) with Higher-Order Sliding Mode (HOSM)super-twisting augmentation for the pitch-unstable low-sweep configuration, governed by an MLF-derived dwell-time constraintof 2.787 s derived analytically as a worst-case energy-dissipation waiting time. Global Uniform Asymptotic Stability (GUAS)is formally proven via the multiple Lyapunov function framework, and yaw stabilisation without a dedicated yaw actuator isestablished via Input-to-State Stability (ISS) exploiting roll-yaw aerodynamic coupling. A two-stage Monte Carlo campaign of500 nominal trials at 20% parametric uncertainty achieves 99.8% success, while an extended campaign of 400 trials under twicethe nominal initial conditions and 40% uncertainty achieves 77.2% at the nominal design point and up to 97.6% under narrowinitial conditions, with failure mode analysis identifying roll saturation, sideslip divergence, and dwell-time boundary cases asthe primary failure mechanisms. The algorithm is translated to portable ISO C (C17, ISO/IEC 9899:2018) via MATLAB CoderR2024b and verified through Software-in-the-Loop (SIL) testing to floating-point precision, with estimated worst-case executiontime below 100 µs at 1 kHz, confirming readiness for deployment on flight-qualified processors.","author":[{"family":"Efendi","given":"Josh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19416942","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19416942","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18634476","type":"article-journal","title":"Determinants of the military use of unmanned aerial vehicle systems Integration of the capabilities of general air defense with countering Class I unmanned aerial vehicles in the military protection system","abstract":"The purpose of this article is to analyze the role of general air defense (AAD) in countering Class I unmanned aerial systems (UAVs) and to identify directions for integrating these capabilities into the Polish Armed Forces' military protection system. The first section discusses the evolution of the AAD approach in national and allied doctrinal documents, highlighting its importance as an element of self-defense based on organic forces. Next, the spectrum of threats posed by Class I UAVs is analyzed, with particular emphasis on their role in reconnaissance, fire control, and direct attacks on troops and infrastructure. Lessons learned from contemporary armed conflicts, where the massive use of drones has forced adaptations to tactics, unit organization, and defense measures, are also presented. The final section proposes a systemic approach in which countering Class I UAVs constitutes an integral component of AAD, integrated into a multi-layered air defense system. The need for further modernization, standardization and unification of procedures was emphasized to ensure consistency of operations and optimal use of available resources in the drone-saturated battlefield of the 21st century.","author":[{"family":"Pawel","given":"Pacek"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18634476","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18634476","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18634477","type":"article-journal","title":"Determinants of the military use of unmanned aerial vehicle systems Integration of the capabilities of general air defense with countering Class I unmanned aerial vehicles in the military protection system","abstract":"The purpose of this article is to analyze the role of general air defense (AAD) in countering Class I unmanned aerial systems (UAVs) and to identify directions for integrating these capabilities into the Polish Armed Forces' military protection system. The first section discusses the evolution of the AAD approach in national and allied doctrinal documents, highlighting its importance as an element of self-defense based on organic forces. Next, the spectrum of threats posed by Class I UAVs is analyzed, with particular emphasis on their role in reconnaissance, fire control, and direct attacks on troops and infrastructure. Lessons learned from contemporary armed conflicts, where the massive use of drones has forced adaptations to tactics, unit organization, and defense measures, are also presented. The final section proposes a systemic approach in which countering Class I UAVs constitutes an integral component of AAD, integrated into a multi-layered air defense system. The need for further modernization, standardization and unification of procedures was emphasized to ensure consistency of operations and optimal use of available resources in the drone-saturated battlefield of the 21st century.","author":[{"family":"Pawel","given":"Pacek"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18634477","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18634477","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18494562","type":"article-journal","title":"Notifying, warning and alerting the public using unmanned aerial vehicle systems – report on field trials","abstract":"The article presents a proposal for field testing unmanned aerial vehicle systems for public notification and warning as part of civil protection and civil defence activities. The methodology was developed based on an original concept developed in the course of desk research, instructor practice, scientific research results, and research and development work. The research was conducted on a DJI Matrice 4TD model with the AS1 speaker and consisted of assessing the intelligibility of an audio message transmitted from different distances (initial distances of 700 and 1000 metres) at a constant height of 40 metres. It was demonstrated that the effective transmission range was as much as 1000 m in a noise-free environment and 400 m in an environment with engine noise, compared to the manufacturer's declared range of 300 m.","author":[{"family":"Fellner","given":"Radosław"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18494562","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18494562","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18494563","type":"article-journal","title":"Notifying, warning and alerting the public using unmanned aerial vehicle systems – report on field trials","abstract":"The article presents a proposal for field testing unmanned aerial vehicle systems for public notification and warning as part of civil protection and civil defence activities. The methodology was developed based on an original concept developed in the course of desk research, instructor practice, scientific research results, and research and development work. The research was conducted on a DJI Matrice 4TD model with the AS1 speaker and consisted of assessing the intelligibility of an audio message transmitted from different distances (initial distances of 700 and 1000 metres) at a constant height of 40 metres. It was demonstrated that the effective transmission range was as much as 1000 m in a noise-free environment and 400 m in an environment with engine noise, compared to the manufacturer's declared range of 300 m.","author":[{"family":"Fellner","given":"Radosław"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18494563","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18494563","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20051596","type":"article-journal","title":"AI -Driven Drone Surveillance and Threat  Detection System Using YOLOV8","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are widely used in modern surveillance systems. However, monitoring drone video feeds continuously in real time is still a difficult task. Traditional surveillance systems depend on human operators, which can lead to tiredness and slow response during critical situations. This paper presents an intelligent drone surveillance and threat detection system using the YOLOv8 object detection model. The system processes live drone video footage and detects objects in real time. Detected objects are classified into High, Medium, and Low threat levels based on their position and surrounding conditions. The proposed system also includes automatic vehicle counting using a virtual line-crossing method. It can generate instant alerts when any object enters restricted areas. A user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) is developed to display the live surveillance feed, detected threats, and vehicle count information. The system was tested on aerial traffic videos and showed good accuracy with fast detection speed. Results indicate that the proposed model is effective and reliable for real-time aerial security and surveillance applications.","author":[{"family":"Dhurve","given":"Jiya"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20051596","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20051596","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20051597","type":"article-journal","title":"AI -Driven Drone Surveillance and Threat  Detection System Using YOLOV8","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are widely used in modern surveillance systems. However, monitoring drone video feeds continuously in real time is still a difficult task. Traditional surveillance systems depend on human operators, which can lead to tiredness and slow response during critical situations. This paper presents an intelligent drone surveillance and threat detection system using the YOLOv8 object detection model. The system processes live drone video footage and detects objects in real time. Detected objects are classified into High, Medium, and Low threat levels based on their position and surrounding conditions. The proposed system also includes automatic vehicle counting using a virtual line-crossing method. It can generate instant alerts when any object enters restricted areas. A user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) is developed to display the live surveillance feed, detected threats, and vehicle count information. The system was tested on aerial traffic videos and showed good accuracy with fast detection speed. Results indicate that the proposed model is effective and reliable for real-time aerial security and surveillance applications.","author":[{"family":"Dhurve","given":"Jiya"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20051597","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20051597","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20538732","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and Simulation of UAV Swarm Systems with Focus on Centralized Control using SITL and Gazebo","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarming has become an important research area for coordinated aerial operations. Multiple UAVs can complete surveillance, mapping, monitoring, and search tasks more efficiently than a single vehicle. This work presents the design and simulation of a three- UAV swarm system based on a centralized control strategy using ArduPilot SITL, Gazebo, Mission Planner, and WSL2. In the proposed model, UAV1 acts as the leader, while UAV2 and UAV3 perform follower operations. The simulation was tested through waypoint missions, altitude control, telemetry observation, and formation monitoring. Results indicate that centralized swarm control offers a practical and simple solution for small UAV groups in simulation environments.","author":[{"family":"Yadav","given":"Namrata"},{"family":"Kori","given":"Aashu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20538732","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20538732","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20538733","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and Simulation of UAV Swarm Systems with Focus on Centralized Control using SITL and Gazebo","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarming has become an important research area for coordinated aerial operations. Multiple UAVs can complete surveillance, mapping, monitoring, and search tasks more efficiently than a single vehicle. This work presents the design and simulation of a three- UAV swarm system based on a centralized control strategy using ArduPilot SITL, Gazebo, Mission Planner, and WSL2. In the proposed model, UAV1 acts as the leader, while UAV2 and UAV3 perform follower operations. The simulation was tested through waypoint missions, altitude control, telemetry observation, and formation monitoring. Results indicate that centralized swarm control offers a practical and simple solution for small UAV groups in simulation environments.","author":[{"family":"Yadav","given":"Namrata"},{"family":"Kori","given":"Aashu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20538733","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20538733","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18068981","type":"article-journal","title":"Determinants of the military use of unmanned aerial vehicle systems","abstract":"The dynamics of changes in international security significantly influence modifications of military concepts. As a result, this trend initiates an intensification of efforts related to prioritising the use of particular elements of weaponry. Experiences from recent years clearly indicate a growing popularity of unmanned systems, whose effectiveness in military applications suggests their further development in the coming years. The author of the article presents the main determinants of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles by conducting a case study of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The considerations are based on an analysis of relevant normative acts, observations, and unauthorised expert interviews.","author":[{"family":"Skotnicki","given":"Rafał"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18068981","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18068981","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18068982","type":"article-journal","title":"Determinants of the military use of unmanned aerial vehicle systems","abstract":"The dynamics of changes in international security significantly influence modifications of military concepts. As a result, this trend initiates an intensification of efforts related to prioritising the use of particular elements of weaponry. Experiences from recent years clearly indicate a growing popularity of unmanned systems, whose effectiveness in military applications suggests their further development in the coming years. The author of the article presents the main determinants of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles by conducting a case study of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The considerations are based on an analysis of relevant normative acts, observations, and unauthorised expert interviews.","author":[{"family":"Skotnicki","given":"Rafał"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18068982","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18068982","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17605/osf.io/nd6b9","type":"article-journal","title":"Drone Technology in Prehospital Trauma and Emergency Care and the Absence of Orthopedic Outcomes: A Scoping Review","abstract":"This systematic review, titled \"Applications of Drone Technology in Trauma and Emergency Medical Care: Implications for Orthopedic Injury Management,\" evaluates the current evidence on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) use in prehospital emergency response, with a focus on implications for orthopedic trauma care. Rapid response is critical in traumatic orthopedic injuries, where delays in hemorrhage control, immobilization, and transport contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. Despite growing interest in drone technology for emergency medicine, its specific role in orthopedic trauma management has not been systematically characterized. The research team conducted a structured literature search across PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, covering articles published between 2015 and 2025. Evidence indicates that drones can reduce delivery times for critical equipment such as tourniquets, automated external defibrillators (AEDs), splints, and pelvic binders, and may support remote triage and telementored hemorrhage control.","author":[{"family":"Tani","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Haddad","given":"Adam"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17605/osf.io/nd6b9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/nd6b9","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17605/osf.io/7vrzx","type":"article-journal","title":"Emerging Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Remote Sensing in Animal Production System Modeling and Charac-terization: A Scoping Review","abstract":"This research project is a scoping review examining how remote sensing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and geospatial methods have been used to identify, locate, map, count, or characterize animal production facilities and production animals. The review responds to the limited availability of comprehensive and spatially accurate information on animal production locations. Such information is essential for disease surveillance, outbreak preparedness, epidemiological modeling, emergency planning and response, resource allocation, environmental monitoring, and agricultural policy. Existing administrative and agricultural census data may be aggregated, incomplete, outdated, confidential, or inconsistent across jurisdictions. Remote sensing and artificial intelligence may therefore provide complementary methods for identifying animal production systems over large geographic areas. The primary purpose of the review is to systematically map and describe methods used to remotely locate animal production. It will include studies using satellite, aerial, unmanned aerial vehicle, and other remotely sensed imagery, either alone or combined with administrative, census, environmental, infrastructure, or other geospatial data. Relevant methods may include object-based image analysis, image classification, semantic and instance segmentation, object detection, convolutional neural networks, deep learning, probabilistic spatial models, rule-based filtering, and hybrid approaches combining detected and simulated locations. The review will describe the target species, production systems, geographic regions, and applications represented in the literature. It will also characterize imagery sources, spatial resolution, geographic coverage, ancillary data, artificial intelligence architectures, training datasets, annotation procedures, transfer learning, data augmentation, and post-processing methods. Model evaluation and validation strategies will be summarized, including precision, recall, accuracy, F1-score, intersection over union, mean average precision, confusion matrices, independent ground-truth comparisons, buffer capture, density comparisons, and related spatial measures. A systematic search will be conducted in CAB Abstracts, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, and an agricultural and environmental science database. Records will be deduplicated and screened using predefined eligibility criteria. Data will be extracted using a standardized form covering study context, objectives, production system, target species, geographic setting, data sources, imagery characteristics, analytical methods, training and validation procedures, reported outcomes, limitations, and intended applications. Because substantial methodological heterogeneity is expected, findings will be synthesized descriptively rather than through meta-analysis. Studies will be grouped by analytical function, including facility classification, building or animal detection, segmentation, operation mapping, population estimation, temporal monitoring, and integration with epidemiological or biosecurity systems. Expected outcomes include a structured overview of the evidence base, a taxonomy of available methods, and a comparison of their capabilities and limitations. The review will identify gaps in external validation, geographic transferability, application beyond poultry, detection of heterogeneous or extensive production systems, routine operational implementation, temporal monitoring, and integration with animal-health information systems. Ultimately, the review is intended to guide researchers and agencies in selecting, validating, and improving methods for remotely locating animal production and to establish priorities for methodological standardization, transparent reporting, reproducibility, scalability, and cross-context transferability.","author":[{"family":"Velosa","given":"Jairo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.17605/osf.io/7vrzx","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/7vrzx","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26190/unsworks/30895","type":"article-journal","title":"Smart Communication Design for Secured Intelligent Transport Systems","abstract":"With the global attention to 6G, the promising massive connectivity for Internet of Things (IoT) applications within smart cities to improve life quality. Vehicular communication, including Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)-assisted wireless communication, plays a crucial role in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), aiming to increase road capacity and safety. However, the dramatic rise in IoT devices and vehicle numbers presents significant challenges in power consumption and data transmission security. Addressing these challenges with smart, energy-efficient communication techniques is essential for the broader adoption of ITS. Therefore, considering the limited resources of each device in the ITS, this thesis explores the integration of low computational cost Physical Layer Security (PLS) and energy-efficient strategies within ITS, culminating in the design of a PLS framework for energy-efficient backscatter-assisted vehicular networks. The initial chapter introduces PLS and backscatter techniques in vehicular contexts alongside our motivations. The subsequent chapter details the thesis’s contributions and a comprehensive literature review. During my MPhil, I investigated PLS and backscatter techniques separately to understand their function within vehicular networks before integrating them together. In Chapter 3, I explore PLS designs in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications within untrusted platoon networks, utilising dual strategies for subcarrier allocation and power control to optimise the sum secrecy rate. Chapter 4 investigates an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted backscatter devices data collection framework with reinforcement learning. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the experimental validation of the feasibility of PLS against proactive eavesdropping attacks in backscatter networks by utilising commercial hardware. Recognising the lack of consideration for the mobility characteristic of vehicular networks in backscattering communication, Chapter 6 concentrates on integrating PLS with backscatter techniques in vehicular networks. This integration optimises backscatter coefficients, vehicle state design, and continuous wave and artificial noise power settings to maximise secrecy rates and reach the final goal of this thesis. The thesis concludes in Chapter 7, summarising the findings and proposing potential future research directions in wireless communications for ITS.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Ruotong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.26190/unsworks/30895","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26190/unsworks/30895","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.32587757.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Advances and challenges in plastic detection: a critical review of studies employing hyperspectral data","abstract":"Plastic pollution is a growing global problem with severe environmental impacts. Hyperspectral remote sensing offers promising capabilities to detect plastics through their distinctive spectral signatures, enabling monitoring across different environments. Despite rapid technological advances and increasing research activity in this field, existing reviews rarely integrate hyperspectral laboratory spectra with image-based hyperspectral data from unmanned aerial vehicles, airborne sensors, and satellite platforms for plastic detection across diverse environments. This review is based on a structured literature search of the Web of Science, identifying studies published between 2014 and 2025; twenty-nine met the inclusion criteria and were examined to summarize the plastics investigated, the platforms and sensors used, data characteristics and analytical approaches. Key advances include the creation of spectral libraries, identification of diagnostic wavelengths in the shortwave infrared region and improvements in sensors and classification methods. Studies using unmanned aerial vehicles remain rare and often lack shortwave infrared coverage. Satellite observations provide wide geographical coverage but are limited in spatial and spectral resolution. Plastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene tend to exhibit more distinct spectral features and are more easily detected compared with polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride or transparent plastics, particularly when wet or degraded. Detection performance also declines in the presence of environmental interference, mixed pixels and insufficient atmospheric or geometric correction. Future research should prioritize standardized datasets, integration of laboratory and image-based data using simulated and unmanned aerial vehicle platforms with full visible to shortwave infrared capability, and development of classification models validated under real environmental conditions.","author":[{"family":"Polák","given":"Mojmír"},{"family":"Kupková","given":"Lucie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.32587757.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32587757.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.32587757","type":"article-journal","title":"Advances and challenges in plastic detection: a critical review of studies employing hyperspectral data","abstract":"Plastic pollution is a growing global problem with severe environmental impacts. Hyperspectral remote sensing offers promising capabilities to detect plastics through their distinctive spectral signatures, enabling monitoring across different environments. Despite rapid technological advances and increasing research activity in this field, existing reviews rarely integrate hyperspectral laboratory spectra with image-based hyperspectral data from unmanned aerial vehicles, airborne sensors, and satellite platforms for plastic detection across diverse environments. This review is based on a structured literature search of the Web of Science, identifying studies published between 2014 and 2025; twenty-nine met the inclusion criteria and were examined to summarize the plastics investigated, the platforms and sensors used, data characteristics and analytical approaches. Key advances include the creation of spectral libraries, identification of diagnostic wavelengths in the shortwave infrared region and improvements in sensors and classification methods. Studies using unmanned aerial vehicles remain rare and often lack shortwave infrared coverage. Satellite observations provide wide geographical coverage but are limited in spatial and spectral resolution. Plastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene tend to exhibit more distinct spectral features and are more easily detected compared with polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride or transparent plastics, particularly when wet or degraded. Detection performance also declines in the presence of environmental interference, mixed pixels and insufficient atmospheric or geometric correction. Future research should prioritize standardized datasets, integration of laboratory and image-based data using simulated and unmanned aerial vehicle platforms with full visible to shortwave infrared capability, and development of classification models validated under real environmental conditions.","author":[{"family":"Polák","given":"Mojmír"},{"family":"Kupková","given":"Lucie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.32587757","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32587757","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.7939/83367","type":"article-journal","title":"Interactions between organisms, sediment, and microbial communities in coastal environments","abstract":"Interactions between benthic and infaunal organisms, sediment, and microbial communities have shaped marine environments throughout Earth’s history. Bioturbation is the disturbance and reworking of sediment by living organisms. The field of ichnology studies these processes through trace fossils and their modern analogues, revealing how environmental factors like salinity, oxygenation, sedimentation rates, and substrate consistency influence the distribution and behaviour of infaunal and benthic organisms. Conversely, these organisms also often act as ecosystem engineers, modifying the physicochemical properties of their habitats through their activities, driving ecological and evolutionary innovation. The central theme of this thesis is the intersection between microbial mats, sediments, and bioturbating organisms. Microbial mats were among the earliest life forms, blanketing Precambrian shallow marine environments and driving the oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere. Subsequently, the agronomic revolution marked the advent of penetrative bioturbation and the debut of the mixed layer, fundamentally altering marine substrates, facilitating new ecological niches, and leading to biogeochemical consequences. In this thesis, these themes are explored through distinct facets of these interaction through time. In Chapter 2, a new ichnogenus, Aratichnus, is described. Aratichnus is a horizontal, epichnial furrow ranging from simple straight to curved grooves to more complex serial furrows. It is documented in the lower Eocene-aged tidally reworked sandstone, the Baronia Formation, in Spain. This ichnogenus is interpreted as an interface deposit feeding exploiting the patchy food resources of an ancient intertidal environment. Chapter 3 is a comprehensive review of biostabilization in shallow marine siliciclastic environments. In this chapter, experiments aiming to quantify this effect are compiled and compared with the Shields’ diagram, measured and modelled values of shear stress in shallow marine environments, and occurrences of microbially induced sedimentary structures in marine environments in the rock record. The results show that this effect is considerably variable, ranging from 0.1 orders of magnitude beyond the Sheilds’ curve, to 4. This chapter demonstrated the complexity of biostabilization. Chapter 4 investigates the interactions between microbial mats and thalassinid shrimp on the tidal flats of northern Willapa Bay, Washington, USA, integrating geochemistry and spatial analysis. A high-resolution orthophotomosaic of the study area is generated from a 3D model constructed using aerial imagery captured by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), enabling precise mapping of microbial mat distribution and shrimp burrow openings. A transect of four sites is established, spanning a continuum from fully bioturbated substrates to undisturbed, mat-covered sediments, with two intermediate zones exhibiting mixed biogenic and microbial signatures. At each site, sedimentological and ichnological characteristics are documented in situ, while porewater samples are collected using Rhizon samplers. The geochemical composition of these porewater samples is analyzed via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), providing insights into elemental composition. DNA sequencing of microbial mat samples identifies key taxa and metabolic pathways, linking community structure to environmental parameters. Spatial statistics reveal non-random distributions of shrimp burrows relative to mat boundaries, suggesting selective colonization behaviors. Results indicate that shrimp preferentially occupy transitional zones adjacent to microbial mats, a pattern interpreted as a trade-off between accessing mat-derived organic matter (enhancing food availability), exploiting biostabilized sediment (reducing burrow collapse), and avoiding mat-associated chemical stressors. These findings demonstrate the interplay between ecosystem engineering by thalassinid ","author":[{"family":"Harris","given":"Brette"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.7939/83367","URL":"https://doi.org/10.7939/83367","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26258/heal.hua.7594","type":"article-journal","title":"Σύστημα Διαχείρισης Χώρου Στάθμευσης Xρησιμοποιώντας Eπικοινωνία V2U","abstract":"Η παρούσα πτυχιακή εργασία προτείνει ένα ολοκληρωμένο σύστημα έξυπνης διαχείρισης χώρου στάθμευσης που συνδυάζει μη επανδρωμένα εναέρια οχήματα (UAV) για δυναμική επίβλεψη με επικοινωνία Vehicle-to-User (V2U) προκειμένου να παρέχει στους οδηγούς άμεση, εξατομικευμένη ενημέρωση για διαθέσιμες θέσεις . Το πρόβλημα που αντιμετωπίζει είναι ο αυξημένος χρόνος αναζήτησης στάθμευσης στις σύγχρονες πόλεις, έως και 30 % του χρόνου οδήγησης, ο οποίος επιβαρύνει την κυκλοφορία και το περιβάλλον . Για τη διερεύνηση της αποτελεσματικότητας της προτεινόμενης λύσης βασίστηκε στους εξής πυλώνες: (α) εκτενής βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση των τεχνολογιών V2X/V2U και των εφαρμογών UAV, (β) σχεδιασμός αρχιτεκτονικής που ενσωματώνει UAV, κεντρικό εξυπηρετητή και διεπαφή οδηγού, (γ) υλοποίηση τριών σεναρίων προσομοίωσης (χαμηλή, μέτρια, υψηλή ζήτηση) στο SUMO simulator με έλεγχο μέσω TraCI API και (δ) αξιολόγηση με προκαθορισμένες μετρικές, όπως μέσος χρόνος εντοπισμού θέσης, ποσοστό επιτυχούς καθοδήγησης, καθυστέρηση ενημέρωσης και λόγος χρήσης θέσεων. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι στο Σενάριο Α (χαμηλή ζήτηση) όλα τα οχήματα λαμβάνουν θέση κατευθείαν, επιτυγχάνοντας πλήρη καθοδήγηση χωρίς καθυστερήσεις. Στο Σενάριο Β (μέτρια ζήτηση) η αύξηση των αναθέσεων είναι γραμμική και σταθερή, με το UAV να εξυπηρετεί άμεσα κάθε νέο αίτημα. Παρά τον διπλάσιο φόρτο στο Σεναρίου Γ, ο συνολικός χρόνος ολοκλήρωσης αυξάνεται ελάχιστα, αποδεικνύοντας τη γραμμική επεκτασιμότητα της προσέγγισης. Παράλληλα, η απεικόνιση του Heat-map χρήσης θέσεων καταγράφει ομοιόμορφη κατανομή ακόμη και σε υψηλή ζήτηση, υποδηλώνοντας αποτελεσματικό τον αλγόριθμο ανάθεσης και αποφυγή συμφόρησης. Συνολικά, το σύστημα πέτυχε ποσοστό επιτυχούς καθοδήγησης &gt; 95 % και μέσο ποσοστό πληρότητας &gt; 90 % σε όλα τα σενάρια, με καθυστέρηση ενημέρωσης που παρέμεινε εντός προκαθορισμένων ορίων. Τα ευρήματα επιβεβαιώνουν ότι ο συνδυασμός UAV + V2U μπορεί να μειώσει δραστικά τον χρόνο και το πρόβλημα εύρεσης θέσης στάθμευσης, διατηρώντας την απόδοση σε αυξημένη ζήτηση. Μελλοντική έρευνα προτείνεται προς υλοποίηση σε πραγματικό περιβάλλον με αισθητήρες θέσης και δυναμική ανάθεση, ώστε να εξακριβωθεί η αξιοπιστία υπό μη ιδανικές συνθήκες και να βελτιστοποιηθεί περαιτέρω η ακρίβεια του συστήματος.","author":[{"family":"Μαυροδήμος","given":"Ιωάννης"},{"family":"Mavrodimos","given":"Ioannis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.26258/heal.hua.7594","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26258/heal.hua.7594","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26258/heal.hua.7675","type":"article-journal","title":"Σχεδιασμός και ανάπτυξη αλγορίθμων διαχείρισης μη επανδρωμένων εναέριων οχημάτων","abstract":"Η παρούσα εργασία αποτελεί μια ανάλυση των αλγορίθμων που αφορούν επικοινωνίες V2V, οχήματος δηλαδή με όχημα , εστιάζοντας στα συστήματα και τις τεχνικές επικοινωνίας.Καθώς τα Μη Επανδρωμένα Αεροσκάφη (UAV) διαδραματίζουν ολοένα και πιο κρίσιμο ρόλο σε διάφορες ανθρώπινες δραστηριότητες όπως η γεωργία, η διαχείριση καταστροφών και η επιτήρηση, η βελτιστοποίηση των τεχνολογιών επικοινωνίας τους είναι απαραίτητη για την αύξηση της αποτελεσματικότητάς τους. Η παρούσα εργασία κάνει μια απόπειρα να διερευνήσει βασικές τεχνικές επικοινωνίας μεταξύ των UAV, όπως το IEEE 802.11 και το LoRa, καθώς και νέα πρότυπα. Επιπλέον, εξετάζει υβριδικά συστήματα επικοινωνίας που ενσωματώνουν πολλαπλές τεχνολογίες για τη βελτίωση της απόδοσης και την άρση των περιορισμών των επιμέρους λύσεων. Ένα σημαντικό κομμάτι της παρούσας αποτελεί η συγκριτική αξιολόγηση αλγορίθμων επικοινωνίας μεταξύ οχημάτων (V2V), οι οποίοι είναι ζωτικής σημασίας για τον συντονισμό σε πραγματικό χρόνο και την δυνατότητα κλιμάκωσης, απο πλευράς μεγέθους, των δικτύων που αποτελούνται από UAV. Αναφέρονται ορισμένες προκλήσεις ασφάλειας που σχετίζονται με τα δίκτυα των UAV, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των ευπαθειών σε παθητικές και ενεργητικές επιθέσεις, ενώ προτείνονται στρατηγικές για την μείωση αυτών. Η σχεδίαση και η βελτιστοποίηση πρωτοκόλλων εξετάζονται με τελικό γνώμονα την επίτευξη της μέγιστης απόδοσης, της αξιοπιστίας και της κλιμάκωσης στις επικοινωνίες μεταξύ των UAV. Η έρευνα βασίζεται σε εκτενή ανασκόπηση της βιβλιογραφίας και θεωρητική ανάλυση, με συμπεράσματα που προκύπτουν από δοκιμές. Παρέχονται επίσης αποτελέσματα προσομοιώσεων σε κατάλληλα εργαλεία και κατάλληλος σχολιασμός αυτών. Ρεαλιστικές μελέτες περίπτωσης (case studies) καταδεικνύουν την πραγματική δυναμική των βελτιστοποιημένων συστημάτων επικοινωνίας, τόσο σε καθημερινούς τομείς, όπως η γεωργία, όσο και σε έκτακτα σενάρια, όπως φυσικές καταστροφές ή ανάγκη για επιτήρηση (π.χ στα πλαίσια αποτροπής της λαθρομετανάστευσης ή της Αναζήτησης &amp; Διάσωσης). Η μελέτη τελειώνει με μια διερεύνηση επί των μελλοντικών τάσεων, όπως ο ρόλος της τεχνητής νοημοσύνης και των τεχνολογιών επόμενης γενιάς. Το τελικό αποτέλεσμα είναι η παραγωγή ενός σύντομου οδηγού που περιέχει πολύτιμες πληροφορίες για την ανάπτυξη των τεχνολογιών που αφορούν την επικοινωνία μεταξύ των UAV.","author":[{"family":"Τάχος","given":"Αθανάσιος"},{"family":"Tachos","given":"Athanasios"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.26258/heal.hua.7675","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26258/heal.hua.7675","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.24412/cl-35750-2026-1-72-76","type":"article-journal","title":"НОВЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ОСМОТРА И МОНИТОРИНГА ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ПОДВОДНОЙ ЧАСТИ КОРПУСОВ СУДОВ","abstract":"В статье проводится обзор существующих методов осмотра подводной части корпусов судов. Предлагаются два новых решения для выполнения задач осмотра и мониторинга технического состояния металлической обшивки подводной части корпуса судна: использование гибридного беспилотного летательного аппарата (БПЛА), способного к воздушному перемещению, погружению и визуальному осмотру, а также проведение работ на телеуправляемом необитаемом подводном аппарате (ТНПА) с электромагнитными устройствами фиксации на корпусе для детальной инспекции швов, трещин и остаточной толщины корпуса, с использованием ультразвуковой (УЗИ) дефектоскопии. На основе анализа технических решений, сравнения с аналогами и рыночными тенденциями 2025 года обосновывается целесообразность разработки этих систем.","author":[{"family":"Кулько","given":"ДД"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.24412/cl-35750-2026-1-72-76","URL":"https://doi.org/10.24412/cl-35750-2026-1-72-76","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.18200","type":"manuscript","title":"CrossRF: A Domain-Invariant Deep Learning Approach for RF Fingerprinting","abstract":"Radio Frequency (RF) fingerprinting offers a promising approach for drone identification and security, although it suffers from significant performance degradation when operating on different transmission channels. This paper presents CrossRF, a domain-invariant deep learning approach that addresses the problem of cross-channel RF fingerprinting for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) identification. Our approach aims to minimize the domain gap between different RF channels by using adversarial learning to train a more robust model that maintains consistent identification performance despite channel variations. We validate our approach using the UAVSig dataset, comprising real-world over-the-air RF signals from identical drone models operating across several frequency channels, ensuring that the findings correspond to real-world scenarios. The experimental results show CrossRF's efficiency, achieving up to 99.03% accuracy when adapting from Channel 3 to Channel 4, compared to only 26.39% using conventional methods. The model maintains robust performance in more difficult multi-channel scenarios (87.57% accuracy adapting from Channels 1,3 to 2,4) and achieves 89.45% accuracy with 0.9 precision for controller classification. These results confirm CrossRF's ability to significantly reduce performance degradation due to cross-channel variations while maintaining high identification accuracy with minimal training data requirements, making it particularly suitable for practical drone security applications.","author":[{"family":"Tiras","given":"Fahrettin"},{"family":"Altinoluk","given":"Hayriye"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.18200","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.18200","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17212743","type":"article-journal","title":"DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MOBILE SOCS: BALANCING BATTERY LIFE AND COMPUTATIONAL DEMAND","abstract":"Modern smartphones are based on highly integrated Mobile System-on-Chip (SoC) technologies enabling functionalities in communication, high-performance gaming, and many others. As there is an increasing demand of high performance and energy efficiency in mobile electronics, design of System-on-Chips (SoCs) becomes more important. The battery life is still one of the key factors affecting the usability and life cycle of the mobile devices. System-on-Chip (SoC) technologies have facilitated the action of high-performance computing abilities in small and energy-constrained platforms. With the increase in real-time applications like augmented reality (AR), artificial intelligence (AI), and high-resolution multimedia, there comes a challenge of balancing between energy utilization and computational power, which is a major challenge to design. In this review, there is a detailed discussion of the modern mobile System-on-Chip (SoC) creations, energy-saving hardware solutions, advanced battery management system (BMS) approaches, and software-level optimization solutions. The role of heterogeneous computing and machine learning (ML) in dynamic workload management and energy optimization is of special concern. The possibility of artificial intelligence-based battery management system (AI-based BMS) to increase efficiency of operation and health of the battery is also discussed. In addition, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) structures permitting venture in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based frameworks are examined and broadly contrasted qualitatively regarding algorithmic strategies. The paper ends with section devoted to the discussion of the current issues and the future research avenues in the design of energy-efficient mobile System-on-Chip (SoC) systems, that offer high performance.","author":[{"family":"Gupta","given":"Sandeep"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17212743","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17212743","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17212742","type":"article-journal","title":"DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MOBILE SOCS: BALANCING BATTERY LIFE AND COMPUTATIONAL DEMAND","abstract":"Modern smartphones are based on highly integrated Mobile System-on-Chip (SoC) technologies enabling functionalities in communication, high-performance gaming, and many others. As there is an increasing demand of high performance and energy efficiency in mobile electronics, design of System-on-Chips (SoCs) becomes more important. The battery life is still one of the key factors affecting the usability and life cycle of the mobile devices. System-on-Chip (SoC) technologies have facilitated the action of high-performance computing abilities in small and energy-constrained platforms. With the increase in real-time applications like augmented reality (AR), artificial intelligence (AI), and high-resolution multimedia, there comes a challenge of balancing between energy utilization and computational power, which is a major challenge to design. In this review, there is a detailed discussion of the modern mobile System-on-Chip (SoC) creations, energy-saving hardware solutions, advanced battery management system (BMS) approaches, and software-level optimization solutions. The role of heterogeneous computing and machine learning (ML) in dynamic workload management and energy optimization is of special concern. The possibility of artificial intelligence-based battery management system (AI-based BMS) to increase efficiency of operation and health of the battery is also discussed. In addition, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) structures permitting venture in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based frameworks are examined and broadly contrasted qualitatively regarding algorithmic strategies. The paper ends with section devoted to the discussion of the current issues and the future research avenues in the design of energy-efficient mobile System-on-Chip (SoC) systems, that offer high performance.","author":[{"family":"Gupta","given":"Sandeep"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17212742","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17212742","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17075147","type":"article-journal","title":"DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MOBILE SOCS: BALANCING BATTERY LIFE AND COMPUTATIONAL DEMAND","abstract":"Modern smartphones are based on highly integrated Mobile System-on-Chip (SoC) technologies enabling functionalities in communication, high-performance gaming, and many others. As there is an increasing demand of high performance and energy efficiency in mobile electronics, design of System-on-Chips (SoCs) becomes more important. The battery life is still one of the key factors affecting the usability and life cycle of the mobile devices. System-on-Chip (SoC) technologies have facilitated the action of high-performance computing abilities in small and energy-constrained platforms. With the increase in real-time applications like augmented reality (AR), artificial intelligence (AI), and high-resolution multimedia, there comes a challenge of balancing between energy utilization and computational power, which is a major challenge to design. In this review, there is a detailed discussion of the modern mobile System-on-Chip (SoC) creations, energy-saving hardware solutions, advanced battery management system (BMS) approaches, and software-level optimization solutions. The role of heterogeneous computing and machine learning (ML) in dynamic workload management and energy optimization is of special concern. The possibility of artificial intelligence-based battery management system (AI-based BMS) to increase efficiency of operation and health of the battery is also discussed. In addition, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) structures permitting venture in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based frameworks are examined and broadly contrasted qualitatively regarding algorithmic strategies. The paper ends with section devoted to the discussion of the current issues and the future research avenues in the design of energy-efficient mobile System-on-Chip (SoC) systems, that offer high performance.","author":[{"family":"Gupta","given":"Sandeep"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17075147","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17075147","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17075146","type":"article-journal","title":"DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR MOBILE SOCS: BALANCING BATTERY LIFE AND COMPUTATIONAL DEMAND","abstract":"Modern smartphones are based on highly integrated Mobile System-on-Chip (SoC) technologies enabling functionalities in communication, high-performance gaming, and many others. As there is an increasing demand of high performance and energy efficiency in mobile electronics, design of System-on-Chips (SoCs) becomes more important. The battery life is still one of the key factors affecting the usability and life cycle of the mobile devices. System-on-Chip (SoC) technologies have facilitated the action of high-performance computing abilities in small and energy-constrained platforms. With the increase in real-time applications like augmented reality (AR), artificial intelligence (AI), and high-resolution multimedia, there comes a challenge of balancing between energy utilization and computational power, which is a major challenge to design. In this review, there is a detailed discussion of the modern mobile System-on-Chip (SoC) creations, energy-saving hardware solutions, advanced battery management system (BMS) approaches, and software-level optimization solutions. The role of heterogeneous computing and machine learning (ML) in dynamic workload management and energy optimization is of special concern. The possibility of artificial intelligence-based battery management system (AI-based BMS) to increase efficiency of operation and health of the battery is also discussed. In addition, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) structures permitting venture in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based frameworks are examined and broadly contrasted qualitatively regarding algorithmic strategies. The paper ends with section devoted to the discussion of the current issues and the future research avenues in the design of energy-efficient mobile System-on-Chip (SoC) systems, that offer high performance.","author":[{"family":"Gupta","given":"Sandeep"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17075146","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17075146","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.57760/sciencedb.45029","type":"article-journal","title":"Field experiment dataset for vision-assisted radar tracking of non-cooperative aerial vehicles: tracking evaluation, YOLO detector component, and camera-radar calibration","abstract":"This dataset supports the paper \"Visual Assisted Radar Target Tracking Method for Non Cooperative Aircraft\" (IPODT 2026 submission). Research on unmanned aerial vehicle perception for airborne deployment, using 4D millimeter wave radar and monocular camera to track non cooperative small unmanned aerial vehicles in the field. RTK-GNSS is only used as an offline evaluation reference. The dataset includes: (1) frame by frame evaluation results of radar only and visual assistance schemes on 14 external field sequences (5 close range dual target D series, 4 close range single target S series, and 5 far range single target L series), including output purity and coverage under a 5-meter threshold F1、 False confirmation output per frame, matching sample 3D RMSE); (2) Comparison results of six radar measurement construction and allocation strategies on 17854 common evaluation frames in the D00-D04 binocular target subset (including source point duplicate consumption count); (3) Assembly ablation and distance segmentation error statistics for projection margin gate and trajectory confirmation; (4) YOLOv8n UAV Freeze Detector Component (model weights, 232 independent test images and 280 annotated instances, standard evaluation report, detection accuracy mAP50 0.929 can be end-to-end recalculated); (5) Camera radar joint calibration data (checkerboard calibration image, solver audit summary, reprojection verification map, calibration experiment report); (6) Complete audit chain (candidate graph hash verification, running list, audit report, checksum), all numbers in the paper can be recalculated by the script within the package. The original rosbag data is not included due to its size, and can be provided upon request.","author":[{"family":"Senhao","given":"Yin"},{"family":"Hui","given":"Zhang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.57760/sciencedb.45029","URL":"https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.45029","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18926765","type":"article-journal","title":"TF-1770: A Visible–Infrared Forest Fire Image Dataset for Multimodal Perception and Image Fusion Research","abstract":"TF-1770 Dataset Description Additional note: In addition to the TF-1770 main dataset, an independently collected deployment test set containing 1,116 aligned visible–infrared image pairs is provided for edge-deployment and quantization-effect evaluation. This additional test set was not used for model training and can be accessed at: https://zenodo.org/records/20450596 Overview TF-1770 is a multimodal visible–infrared image dataset designed for research on forest fire monitoring, multimodal perception, and visible–infrared image fusion in complex wildfire environments. The dataset contains 1,770 spatially aligned pairs of visible and thermal infrared images, collected from both unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms and ground-based firefighter perspectives. Forest fire monitoring often occurs under challenging environmental conditions, including: dense smoke low illumination complex vegetation backgrounds varying observation distances In such scenarios, visible and infrared imaging provide complementary information.Visible images capture detailed scene structures and textures, while infrared images are highly sensitive to thermal targets such as flames and high-temperature regions. The TF-1770 dataset was constructed to facilitate research on effectively integrating these complementary modalities for improved wildfire perception, monitoring, and intelligent sensing systems. Dataset Composition The TF-1770 dataset contains 1,770 aligned visible–infrared image pairs collected from two observation perspectives: UAV viewpoint 944 image pairs Captured from UAV platforms at different flight altitudes Provide large-scale views of wildfire spread and thermal distribution Firefighter viewpoint 826 image pairs Captured from ground-level sensing devices simulating firefighter perspectives Include close-range observations of flames, smoke, and complex forest environments Each visible image has a corresponding infrared image with the same filename, ensuring straightforward pairing for multimodal processing. Data Acquisition Data were collected in representative forest environments using a multi-platform sensing strategy. UAV acquisition Aerial observations were collected from UAV platforms at different flight altitudes, providing large-scale monitoring of wildfire scenes and thermal distribution patterns. Ground-level acquisition Ground-based observations were captured using sensing devices simulating the perspectives of firefighters during field operations. This hierarchical acquisition strategy allows the dataset to capture variations in: observation distance target scale environmental complexity smoke conditions illumination variations These characteristics make TF-1770 suitable for developing and evaluating multimodal perception algorithms under realistic wildfire monitoring scenarios. Data Processing All visible–infrared image pairs were spatially aligned before release using the following processing pipeline: Synchronous acquisition of visible and thermal infrared images Pixel-level image registration using the Enhanced Correlation Coefficient (ECC) algorithm Field-of-view alignment by cropping the visible images to match the thermal sensor view Resolution normalization by resizing aligned image pairs to 640 × 480 pixels This processing ensures that the image pairs are spatially consistent and suitable for multimodal learning tasks such as image fusion and cross-modal perception. Dataset Structure The Zenodo record contains the following files and folders: TF-1770 Dataset│├── TF1770_visible_images_v1.zip│ All visible-spectrum images (1770 images)│├── TF1770_infrared_images_v1.zip│ All thermal infrared images (1770 images)│├── TF1770_annotations_v1.zip│ Annotation files corresponding to the image pairs│├── TF1770_preview_samples_v1│ Preview samples (14 aligned visible–infrared image pairs)│├── README└── LICENSE Preview Samples The folder TF1770_preview_samples_v1 contains 14 aligned visible–infrared image pairs that allow users to q","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Qian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18926765","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18926765","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18893472","type":"article-journal","title":"TF-1770: A Visible–Infrared Forest Fire Image Dataset for Multimodal Perception and Image Fusion Research","abstract":"TF-1770 Dataset Description Additional note: In addition to the TF-1770 main dataset, an independently collected deployment test set containing 1,116 aligned visible–infrared image pairs is provided for edge-deployment and quantization-effect evaluation. This additional test set was not used for model training and can be accessed at: https://zenodo.org/records/20450596 Overview TF-1770 is a multimodal visible–infrared image dataset designed for research on forest fire monitoring, multimodal perception, and visible–infrared image fusion in complex wildfire environments. The dataset contains 1,770 spatially aligned pairs of visible and thermal infrared images, collected from both unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms and ground-based firefighter perspectives. Forest fire monitoring often occurs under challenging environmental conditions, including: dense smoke low illumination complex vegetation backgrounds varying observation distances In such scenarios, visible and infrared imaging provide complementary information.Visible images capture detailed scene structures and textures, while infrared images are highly sensitive to thermal targets such as flames and high-temperature regions. The TF-1770 dataset was constructed to facilitate research on effectively integrating these complementary modalities for improved wildfire perception, monitoring, and intelligent sensing systems. Dataset Composition The TF-1770 dataset contains 1,770 aligned visible–infrared image pairs collected from two observation perspectives: UAV viewpoint 944 image pairs Captured from UAV platforms at different flight altitudes Provide large-scale views of wildfire spread and thermal distribution Firefighter viewpoint 826 image pairs Captured from ground-level sensing devices simulating firefighter perspectives Include close-range observations of flames, smoke, and complex forest environments Each visible image has a corresponding infrared image with the same filename, ensuring straightforward pairing for multimodal processing. Data Acquisition Data were collected in representative forest environments using a multi-platform sensing strategy. UAV acquisition Aerial observations were collected from UAV platforms at different flight altitudes, providing large-scale monitoring of wildfire scenes and thermal distribution patterns. Ground-level acquisition Ground-based observations were captured using sensing devices simulating the perspectives of firefighters during field operations. This hierarchical acquisition strategy allows the dataset to capture variations in: observation distance target scale environmental complexity smoke conditions illumination variations These characteristics make TF-1770 suitable for developing and evaluating multimodal perception algorithms under realistic wildfire monitoring scenarios. Data Processing All visible–infrared image pairs were spatially aligned before release using the following processing pipeline: Synchronous acquisition of visible and thermal infrared images Pixel-level image registration using the Enhanced Correlation Coefficient (ECC) algorithm Field-of-view alignment by cropping the visible images to match the thermal sensor view Resolution normalization by resizing aligned image pairs to 640 × 480 pixels This processing ensures that the image pairs are spatially consistent and suitable for multimodal learning tasks such as image fusion and cross-modal perception. Dataset Structure The Zenodo record contains the following files and folders: TF-1770 Dataset│├── TF1770_visible_images_v1.zip│ All visible-spectrum images (1770 images)│├── TF1770_infrared_images_v1.zip│ All thermal infrared images (1770 images)│├── TF1770_annotations_v1.zip│ Annotation files corresponding to the image pairs│├── TF1770_preview_samples_v1│ Preview samples (14 aligned visible–infrared image pairs)│├── README└── LICENSE Preview Samples The folder TF1770_preview_samples_v1 contains 14 aligned visible–infrared image pairs that allow users to q","author":[{"family":"Yu","given":"Qian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18893472","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18893472","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3886/e249153v2","type":"article-journal","title":"Estimating fuel moisture in grasslands using UAV-mounted infrared and visible light sensors: Field data","abstract":"This data publication consists of the weight before and after drying, along with other relevant information, of 120 grass plots at the Mazama Meadows site near Olympia, Washington on 09/22/2020. Each plot was destructively sampled and broken into three sample types roughly defined as: live (live vegetation), top (vegetation greater than 1 foot tall), and bottom (rest of the vegetation). Together these three samples represent the entire plot. These data were collected in order to characterize the \"ground truth\" for fuel moisture right after overhead imagery were collected from two unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flights at 9:34am and 2:56pm. Also included is a shapefile containing the geolocated polygons for each grass plot.","author":[{"family":"Agriculture","given":"Us"},{"family":"Service","given":"Us"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3886/e249153v2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3886/e249153v2","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3886/e249153","type":"article-journal","title":"Estimating fuel moisture in grasslands using UAV-mounted infrared and visible light sensors: Field data","abstract":"This data publication consists of the weight before and after drying, along with other relevant information, of 120 grass plots at the Mazama Meadows site near Olympia, Washington on 09/22/2020. Each plot was destructively sampled and broken into three sample types roughly defined as: live (live vegetation), top (vegetation greater than 1 foot tall), and bottom (rest of the vegetation). Together these three samples represent the entire plot. These data were collected in order to characterize the \"ground truth\" for fuel moisture right after overhead imagery were collected from two unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flights at 9:34am and 2:56pm. Also included is a shapefile containing the geolocated polygons for each grass plot.","author":[{"family":"Agriculture","given":"Us"},{"family":"Service","given":"Us"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3886/e249153","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3886/e249153","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3886/e249154v2","type":"article-journal","title":"Estimating fuel moisture in grasslands using UAV-mounted infrared and visible light sensors: Tau remote sensing data","abstract":"This data publication consists of the complete set of raw images, orthomosaics created from these images, and ground control points (GCPs) from two unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flights over the Mazama Meadows site near Olympia, Washington on 09/22/2020. There are single-band images for five wavelengths in visible and infrared collected using a MicaSense RedEdge camera, and one band in short-wave infrared (SWIR) collected using a FLIR Tau camera flown concurrently on flights at 9:34am and 2:56pm. The drone flew at 3 meters per second at a height of 16 meters and the images were recorded once per second.","author":[{"family":"Agriculture","given":"Us"},{"family":"Service","given":"Us"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3886/e249154v2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3886/e249154v2","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3886/e249154","type":"article-journal","title":"Estimating fuel moisture in grasslands using UAV-mounted infrared and visible light sensors: Tau remote sensing data","abstract":"This data publication consists of the complete set of raw images, orthomosaics created from these images, and ground control points (GCPs) from two unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flights over the Mazama Meadows site near Olympia, Washington on 09/22/2020. There are single-band images for five wavelengths in visible and infrared collected using a MicaSense RedEdge camera, and one band in short-wave infrared (SWIR) collected using a FLIR Tau camera flown concurrently on flights at 9:34am and 2:56pm. The drone flew at 3 meters per second at a height of 16 meters and the images were recorded once per second.","author":[{"family":"Agriculture","given":"Us"},{"family":"Service","given":"Us"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3886/e249154","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3886/e249154","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2603.08828","type":"manuscript","title":"Mobile Base Station Optimal Tour in Wide Area IoT Sensor Networks","abstract":"Wide-area IoT sensor networks require efficient data collection mechanisms when sensors are dispersed over large regions with limited communication infrastructure. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-mounted Mobile Base Stations (MBSs) provide a flexible solution; however, their limited onboard energy and the strict energy budgets of sensors necessitate carefully optimized tour planning. In this paper, we introduce the Mobile Base Station Optimal Tour (MOT) problem, which seeks a minimum-cost, non-revisiting tour over a subset of candidate stops such that the union of their coverage regions ensures complete sensor data collection under a global sensor energy constraint. The tour also avoids restricted areas. We formally model the MOT problem as a combinatorial optimization problem, which is NP-hard. Owing to its computational intractability, we develop a polynomial-time greedy heuristic that considers minimizing MBS travel cost covering all IoT sensors while avoiding restricted areas. Using simulations, we obtain tours with low cost, complete sensor coverage, and faster execution. The proposed framework provides both theoretical insight into the structural complexity of MBS-assisted data collection and a practical algorithmic solution for large-scale IoT deployments.","author":[{"family":"Kadam","given":"Sachin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2603.08828","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2603.08828","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3886/e249449v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Camp Swift Fire Experiment 2014: Active fire unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) infrared aerial imagery and video","abstract":"This data publication contains active-fire infrared (IR) videos and georeferenced individual video frames collected as part of a prescribed fire research campaign conducted at the Camp Swift Military Base in Bastrop County, Texas on January 15, 2014. The Camp Swift Fire Experiment 2014 consisted of three fires ignited in burn blocks of dimensions 100 meters (m) by 100 m on January 15, 2014. Fires were ignited on relatively flat areas of grass vegetation in moderate winds. Unmanned aerial vehicle EO active-fire video was recorded during each of the three fires. The video and image stills contained within this data package were collected with a Cloud Cap Goodrich TASE200 Electro-Optical(EO)/IR unit mounted on a MLB Company SuperBat III unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). All active-fire videos where collected at an oblique angle. Still images from the active-fire video were exported and georeferenced using a set of ground-control points around each burn block.","author":[{"family":"Agriculture","given":"Us"},{"family":"Service","given":"Us"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3886/e249449v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3886/e249449v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3886/e249449","type":"article-journal","title":"Camp Swift Fire Experiment 2014: Active fire unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) infrared aerial imagery and video","abstract":"This data publication contains active-fire infrared (IR) videos and georeferenced individual video frames collected as part of a prescribed fire research campaign conducted at the Camp Swift Military Base in Bastrop County, Texas on January 15, 2014. The Camp Swift Fire Experiment 2014 consisted of three fires ignited in burn blocks of dimensions 100 meters (m) by 100 m on January 15, 2014. Fires were ignited on relatively flat areas of grass vegetation in moderate winds. Unmanned aerial vehicle EO active-fire video was recorded during each of the three fires. The video and image stills contained within this data package were collected with a Cloud Cap Goodrich TASE200 Electro-Optical(EO)/IR unit mounted on a MLB Company SuperBat III unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). All active-fire videos where collected at an oblique angle. Still images from the active-fire video were exported and georeferenced using a set of ground-control points around each burn block.","author":[{"family":"Agriculture","given":"Us"},{"family":"Service","given":"Us"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3886/e249449","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3886/e249449","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3886/e249448v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Camp Swift Fire Experiment 2014: Active fire unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) electro-optical aerial imagery and video","abstract":"This data publication contains active-fire electro-optical (EO) videos and georeferenced individual video frames collected as part of a prescribed fire research campaign conducted at the Camp Swift Military Base in Bastrop County, Texas on January 15, 2014. The Camp Swift Fire Experiment 2014 consisted of three fires ignited in burn blocks of dimensions 100 meters (m) by 100 m on January 15, 2014. Fires were ignited on relatively flat areas of grass vegetation in moderate winds. Unmanned aerial vehicle EO active-fire video was recorded during each of the three fires. The video and image stills contained within this data package were collected with a Cloud Cap Goodrich TASE200 EO/Infrared (IR) unit mounted on an MLB Company SuperBat III unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). All active-fire videos were collected at an oblique angle. Still images from the active-fire video were exported and georeferenced using a set of ground-control points around each burn block.","author":[{"family":"Agriculture","given":"Us"},{"family":"Service","given":"Us"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3886/e249448v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3886/e249448v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3886/e249448","type":"article-journal","title":"Camp Swift Fire Experiment 2014: Active fire unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) electro-optical aerial imagery and video","abstract":"This data publication contains active-fire electro-optical (EO) videos and georeferenced individual video frames collected as part of a prescribed fire research campaign conducted at the Camp Swift Military Base in Bastrop County, Texas on January 15, 2014. The Camp Swift Fire Experiment 2014 consisted of three fires ignited in burn blocks of dimensions 100 meters (m) by 100 m on January 15, 2014. Fires were ignited on relatively flat areas of grass vegetation in moderate winds. Unmanned aerial vehicle EO active-fire video was recorded during each of the three fires. The video and image stills contained within this data package were collected with a Cloud Cap Goodrich TASE200 EO/Infrared (IR) unit mounted on an MLB Company SuperBat III unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). All active-fire videos were collected at an oblique angle. Still images from the active-fire video were exported and georeferenced using a set of ground-control points around each burn block.","author":[{"family":"Agriculture","given":"Us"},{"family":"Service","given":"Us"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3886/e249448","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3886/e249448","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3886/e249479v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Camp Swift Fire Experiment 2014: Post-fire unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery","abstract":"This data publication contains raw and georeferenced post-fire aerial imagery collected as part of a prescribed fire research campaign conducted at the Camp Swift Military Base in Bastrop County, Texas on January 15, 2014. The Camp Swift Fire Experiment 2014 consisted of three fires ignited in burn blocks of dimensions 100 meters (m) by 100 m on January 15, 2014. Fires were ignited on relatively flat areas of grass vegetation in moderate winds. Post-fire aerial imagery was collected from a Canon©T3i mounted on a MLB Company SuperBat III unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) after completion of the three burns. This data package contains five distinct georeferenced post-fire images and one mosaiced image of these five distinct images covering the three burn blocks.","author":[{"family":"Agriculture","given":"Us"},{"family":"Service","given":"Us"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3886/e249479v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3886/e249479v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3886/e249479","type":"article-journal","title":"Camp Swift Fire Experiment 2014: Post-fire unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery","abstract":"This data publication contains raw and georeferenced post-fire aerial imagery collected as part of a prescribed fire research campaign conducted at the Camp Swift Military Base in Bastrop County, Texas on January 15, 2014. The Camp Swift Fire Experiment 2014 consisted of three fires ignited in burn blocks of dimensions 100 meters (m) by 100 m on January 15, 2014. Fires were ignited on relatively flat areas of grass vegetation in moderate winds. Post-fire aerial imagery was collected from a Canon©T3i mounted on a MLB Company SuperBat III unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) after completion of the three burns. This data package contains five distinct georeferenced post-fire images and one mosaiced image of these five distinct images covering the three burn blocks.","author":[{"family":"Agriculture","given":"Us"},{"family":"Service","given":"Us"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3886/e249479","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3886/e249479","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3886/e249471v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Camp Swift Fire Experiment 2014: Pre-fire unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery","abstract":"This data publication contains raw and georeferenced pre-fire aerial imagery collected as part of a prescribed fire research campaign conducted at the Camp Swift Military Base in Bastrop County, Texas on January 15, 2014. The Camp Swift Fire Experiment 2014 consisted of three fires ignited in burn blocks of dimensions 100 meters (m) by 100 m on January 15, 2014. Fires were ignited on relatively flat areas of grass vegetation in moderate winds. Pre-fire aerial imagery was collected from a Canon©T3i mounted on a MLB Company SuperBat III unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) before the three burns on January 14, 2014. This data package contains five distinct georeferenced pre-fire images and one mosaiced image of these five distinct images covering the three burn blocks.","author":[{"family":"Agriculture","given":"Us"},{"family":"Service","given":"Us"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3886/e249471v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3886/e249471v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3886/e249471","type":"article-journal","title":"Camp Swift Fire Experiment 2014: Pre-fire unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery","abstract":"This data publication contains raw and georeferenced pre-fire aerial imagery collected as part of a prescribed fire research campaign conducted at the Camp Swift Military Base in Bastrop County, Texas on January 15, 2014. The Camp Swift Fire Experiment 2014 consisted of three fires ignited in burn blocks of dimensions 100 meters (m) by 100 m on January 15, 2014. Fires were ignited on relatively flat areas of grass vegetation in moderate winds. Pre-fire aerial imagery was collected from a Canon©T3i mounted on a MLB Company SuperBat III unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) before the three burns on January 14, 2014. This data package contains five distinct georeferenced pre-fire images and one mosaiced image of these five distinct images covering the three burn blocks.","author":[{"family":"Agriculture","given":"Us"},{"family":"Service","given":"Us"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3886/e249471","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3886/e249471","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3886/e249154v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Estimating fuel moisture in grasslands using UAV-mounted infrared and visible light sensors: Tau remote sensing data","abstract":"This data publication consists of the complete set of raw images, orthomosaics created from these images, and ground control points (GCPs) from two unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flights over the Mazama Meadows site near Olympia, Washington on 09/22/2020. There are single-band images for five wavelengths in visible and infrared collected using a MicaSense RedEdge camera, and one band in short-wave infrared (SWIR) collected using a FLIR Tau camera flown concurrently on flights at 9:34am and 2:56pm. The drone flew at 3 meters per second at a height of 16 meters and the images were recorded once per second.","author":[{"family":"Agriculture","given":"Us"},{"family":"Service","given":"Us"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3886/e249154v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3886/e249154v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3886/e249153v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Estimating fuel moisture in grasslands using UAV-mounted infrared and visible light sensors: Field data","abstract":"This data publication consists of the weight before and after drying, along with other relevant information, of 120 grass plots at the Mazama Meadows site near Olympia, Washington on 09/22/2020. Each plot was destructively sampled and broken into three sample types roughly defined as: live (live vegetation), top (vegetation greater than 1 foot tall), and bottom (rest of the vegetation). Together these three samples represent the entire plot. These data were collected in order to characterize the \"ground truth\" for fuel moisture right after overhead imagery were collected from two unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flights at 9:34am and 2:56pm. Also included is a shapefile containing the geolocated polygons for each grass plot.","author":[{"family":"Agriculture","given":"Us"},{"family":"Service","given":"Us"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3886/e249153v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3886/e249153v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.13127/qdg/202","type":"article-journal","title":"Evoluzione morfologica della Salsa del Dragone, vulcano di fango dell'Appennino bolognese: dati storici e indagini moderne","abstract":"The Salsa del Dragone represents an emblematic example of a mud volcano in a complex geological setting, the northern Apennines of Italy, where fluid and mud emissions occur in poorly consolidated clayey soils and along permeable fracture systems. A modern reinterpretation of historical surveys allows the temporal range of study to be extended, providing new insights into the mud volcano’s dynamics. The surveys by Renato Biasutti (1906‑1907) document the site’s morphology, the arrangement of vents, and the characteristics of the mud, offering a valuable reference for comparison with the current situation. Recent campaigns, carried out between 2023 and 2025 within the PROMUD (PROtocol for MUD volcanoes) project, produced detailed data on the affected surface using UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) photogrammetric surveys, generating precise orthophotos and maps. The integration of historical and modern data allowed common features to be identified and information to be aligned, comparing the surface distribution of 1906‑1907 with the present-day configuration. Cross-referencing these data with geophysical measurements, obtained from both passive and active seismic surveys, enabled the formulation of a hypothesis on the evolution of the Salsa del Dragone, interpreted as a process of retreating terrain around the mud volcano, thus confirming hypotheses already suggested by Biasutti in 1907. These results also provide a solid starting point for future aerial and terrestrial survey campaigns.","author":[{"family":"Pesci","given":"Arianna"},{"family":"Loddo","given":"Fabiana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.13127/qdg/202","URL":"https://doi.org/10.13127/qdg/202","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.34847/nkl.bd55lo1x","type":"article-journal","title":"Room B001 in Building B at Qusur Mohareb, Before &amp; After (2025)”","abstract":"This deposit contains the 3D model in GLTF and USDZ formats, as downloaded from Sketchfab. The storage also contains the JPG photographs that were used to create the Field Survey QM-2025B-3V-1 (for the “after” view). In accordance with prevailing legislation, the survey was conducted without the utilisation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). How to quote this model in scientific papers? Fr. Colin, “Room B001 in Building B at Qusur Mohareb, Before &amp; After (2025)”, Field Survey QM-2025B-BDE-2 &amp; 3V-1, Strasbourg, 2026, DOI: 10.34847/nkl.bd55lo1x. Model stored on the data service “Nakala”: https://www.nakala.fr. Photographic survey &amp; modelling: Fr. Colin, Univ. de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7044 Archimède. Topography: N.Bernabeu. Director of the Qusur Mohareb project: Cassandre Hartenstein. Partners of project: Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, IFAO, Univ. de Strasbourg, CNRS. The archaeological survey was modelled with the use of Metashape.","author":[{"family":"Colin","given":"Frédéric"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.34847/nkl.bd55lo1x","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34847/nkl.bd55lo1x","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17708397","type":"article-journal","title":"LoRaIQ: Experimental LoRa Dataset with Annotated IQ Samples","abstract":"Summary This dataset contains more than 75,000 LoRa frames recorded within and around the EPFL campus in Lausanne, Switzerland. The measurements were collected using four remote radio heads (RRHs) installed on campus rooftops. Each entry provides all information required for synchronization, demodulation, and decoding of a single LoRa frame. Every frame is accompanied by an IQ sample file following the standard SigMF [1] specification, along with its corresponding metadata (annotations). Dataset Details Recordings were captured by four RRHs located at the positions shown in Fig. 1. Each RRH consists of a USRP-2920, a Raspberry Pi 5, and a Quectel L80 GPS receiver. The deployment captures a wide range of propagation scenarios due to differing elevations, line-of-sight conditions, and urban obstructions within the campus environment. The dataset features transmissions from a unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a pedestrian-carried transmitter, with transmitter velocities between 0 and 5.6 m/s. Measurements are grouped for three representative scenarios: UAV line-of-sight (LoS) UAV non-line-of-sight (NLoS) Pedestrian NLoS The transmitter parameters used during data collection are summarized below: Frequency 862.5 MHz Spreading Factor 7 | 10 Coding Rate 4/5 Bandwidth 125 | 250 kHz Tx Power 14 dBm Payload Length 7 | 19 B Note: Boldface values indicate the parameters used for the UAV-mounted transmitter. In addition to all synchronization parameters required for demodulation, such as carrier frequency offset, reception timestamp, and LoRa PHY parameters, each frame also includes the transmit location, transmit payload, and an SNR estimate. Dataset Entry All the keys of the dataset.csv is indicated below and Fig. 2 illustrates the spectrogram of one received frame opened with Inspectrum [2], showing the LoRa chirps with annotations. sf cr fc bandwidth payload_base64 rrh_idx rx_sample_rate rx_timestamp_full rx_timestamp_frac cfo snr latitude longitude velocity target_velocity name transmission_idx area_type sigmf_file sigmf_file_offset sigmf_file_n_samples sigmf_file_start_time_full sigmf_file_start_time_frac File Structure dataset.csv (Dataset with all frame descriptions) load_and_plot_samples.py (Exemple to load IQ samples) rrh_locations.md (GPS positions of the four remote radio heads) zenodo_description_figures.png (An illustration shown on Zenodo description page) sigmfs (Folder containing the raw IQ samples) RRH1 1.sigmf-data 1.sigmf-meta 2.sigmf-data 2.sigmf-meta ... ... RRH4 1.sigmf-data 1.sigmf-meta 2.sigmf-data ... .... Contact For any questions related to this dataset, please contact joachim.tapparel@epfl.ch. References [1] \"SigMF specification,'' Accessed: Dec 1, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://sigmf.org/ [2] \"Inspectrum\", Accessed: Dec 1, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/miek/inspectrum","author":[{"family":"Tapparel","given":"Joachim"},{"family":"Burg","given":"Andreas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17708397","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17708397","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17563442","type":"article-journal","title":"Data for \"Co-regulation of water use and canopy temperature in desert trees\"","abstract":"This repository contains the data for the results presented in the paper \"Co-regulation of water use and canopy temperature in desert trees\" (Morgan et al., 2025). The dataset consists of remotely sensed retrievals of canopy conductance, transpiration, and temperature from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Data were collected in 2022 at three sites along the Kuiseb River, Namib Desert, Namibia, one in the wetter reaches (15.2942°E, –23.6666°S) and two in the dry lower reaches (15.0315°E, –23.5569°S and 14.8702°E, –23.3601°S). UAV flights were conducted in May and September 2022 to collect multispectral and thermal imagery and meteorological data (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, air pressure, and shortwave solar radiation). Field surveys of 306 trees across the three sites were conducted to identify species, map tree crowns, and measure tree size (diameter at breast height, DBH). Data were collected for two species: Acacia (Vachellia) erioloba and Faidherbia albida. For further description of the methodology and study design, please refer to the manuscript. The dataset includes the meteorological data for each flight, tree surveys, canopy temperature and transpiration observations, site information, and the tree locations. The files are further described below and in the README.txt file. Metadata for each data file are included in attached CSV files. For further questions, contact Bryn Morgan (brynmorgan@ucsb.edu). Data Data File Description flight_met_data.csv Meteorological data for all UAV flights sites.csv Site information and parameters tree_observations.csv Individual tree observations extracted from UAV flights trees.csv Individual tree demographic information derived from field surveys Geospatial data File Description canopies.shp canopies.geojson Polygon geometries for 306 surveyed tree crowns trunks.shp trunks.geojson Point geometries for 306 surveyed tree stems. Metadata File Description meta_flight_met.csv Variable descriptions for flight_met_data.csv meta_observations.csv Variable descriptions for trees.csv meta_sites.csv Variable descriptions for sites.csv meta_trees.csv Variable descriptions for trees.csv and shapefiles. Manuscript Morgan, B.E., Trugman, A.T., Caylor, K.K. (2025). Co-regulation of water use and canopy temperature in desert trees. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology.","author":[{"family":"Morgan","given":"Bryn"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17563442","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17563442","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17563443","type":"article-journal","title":"Data for \"Co-regulation of water use and canopy temperature in desert trees\"","abstract":"This repository contains the data for the results presented in the paper \"Co-regulation of water use and canopy temperature in desert trees\" (Morgan et al., 2025). The dataset consists of remotely sensed retrievals of canopy conductance, transpiration, and temperature from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Data were collected in 2022 at three sites along the Kuiseb River, Namib Desert, Namibia, one in the wetter reaches (15.2942°E, –23.6666°S) and two in the dry lower reaches (15.0315°E, –23.5569°S and 14.8702°E, –23.3601°S). UAV flights were conducted in May and September 2022 to collect multispectral and thermal imagery and meteorological data (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, air pressure, and shortwave solar radiation). Field surveys of 306 trees across the three sites were conducted to identify species, map tree crowns, and measure tree size (diameter at breast height, DBH). Data were collected for two species: Acacia (Vachellia) erioloba and Faidherbia albida. For further description of the methodology and study design, please refer to the manuscript. The dataset includes the meteorological data for each flight, tree surveys, canopy temperature and transpiration observations, site information, and the tree locations. The files are further described below and in the README.txt file. Metadata for each data file are included in attached CSV files. For further questions, contact Bryn Morgan (brynmorgan@ucsb.edu). Data Data File Description flight_met_data.csv Meteorological data for all UAV flights sites.csv Site information and parameters tree_observations.csv Individual tree observations extracted from UAV flights trees.csv Individual tree demographic information derived from field surveys Geospatial data File Description canopies.shp canopies.geojson Polygon geometries for 306 surveyed tree crowns trunks.shp trunks.geojson Point geometries for 306 surveyed tree stems. Metadata File Description meta_flight_met.csv Variable descriptions for flight_met_data.csv meta_observations.csv Variable descriptions for trees.csv meta_sites.csv Variable descriptions for sites.csv meta_trees.csv Variable descriptions for trees.csv and shapefiles. Manuscript Morgan, B.E., Trugman, A.T., Caylor, K.K. (2025). Co-regulation of water use and canopy temperature in desert trees. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology.","author":[{"family":"Morgan","given":"Bryn"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17563443","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17563443","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.09912","type":"manuscript","title":"SpectralCA: Bi-Directional Cross-Attention for Next-Generation UAV Hyperspectral Vision","abstract":"The relevance of this research lies in the growing demand for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) capable of operating reliably in complex environments where conventional navigation becomes unreliable due to interference, poor visibility, or camouflage. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) provides unique opportunities for UAV-based computer vision by enabling fine-grained material recognition and object differentiation, which are critical for navigation, surveillance, agriculture, and environmental monitoring. The aim of this work is to develop a deep learning architecture integrating HSI into UAV perception for navigation, object detection, and terrain classification. Objectives include: reviewing existing HSI methods, designing a hybrid 2D/3D convolutional architecture with spectral-spatial cross-attention, training, and benchmarking. The methodology is based on the modification of the Mobile 3D Vision Transformer (MDvT) by introducing the proposed SpectralCA block. This block employs bi-directional cross-attention to fuse spectral and spatial features, enhancing accuracy while reducing parameters and inference time. Experimental evaluation was conducted on the WHU-Hi-HongHu dataset, with results assessed using Overall Accuracy, Average Accuracy, and the Kappa coefficient. The findings confirm that the proposed architecture improves UAV perception efficiency, enabling real-time operation for navigation, object recognition, and environmental monitoring tasks. Keywords: SpectralCA, deep learning, computer vision, hyperspectral imaging, unmanned aerial vehicle, object detection, semi-supervised learning.","author":[{"family":"Brovko","given":"DV"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2510.09912","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.09912","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20341802","type":"article-journal","title":"LoRaIQ: Experimental LoRa Dataset with Annotated IQ Samples","abstract":"Summary This dataset contains more than 30,000 LoRa frames recorded within and around the EPFL campus in Lausanne, Switzerland. Each frame was captured by an average of 3.75 receivers using four remote radio heads (RRHs) installed on campus rooftops. Each dataset entry provides the information required for synchronization, demodulation, and decoding of a single LoRa frame. Every frame is accompanied by an IQ sample file following the standard SigMF specification [1], together with its corresponding metadata and annotations. The dataset includes both UAV-based and pedestrian measurements. For the UAV-based measurements, the start-of-frame location in the IQ samples is provided with sub-sample accuracy. For the pedestrian measurements, the provided frame start locations should be interpreted as indicative estimates. Dataset Details Recordings were captured by four RRHs deployed at the locations shown in Fig. 2 and indicated in rrh_locations.md. Each RRH consists of a USRP-2920, a Raspberry Pi 5, and a Quectel L80 GPS receiver. This deployment captures a wide range of propagation scenarios across the EPFL campus, including variations in receiver elevation, line-of-sight conditions, and urban obstructions. The dataset includes transmissions from both an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a pedestrian-carried transmitter, with transmitter velocities ranging from 0 to 5.6 m/s. Measurements are labelled according to the different area types illustrated in Fig. 2. Line-of-sight (LoS): UAV Areas 1 and 2 Non-line-of-sight (NLoS): UAV Areas 3 and 4; Pedestrian Areas 2 and 3 Partial LoS: Pedestrian Area 1, Roaming Indoor: Pedestrian Area 4 The transmitter parameters used during data collection are summarized below: Frequency 862.5 MHz Spreading Factor 7 | 10 Coding Rate 4/5 Bandwidth 125 | 250 kHz Tx Power 14 dBm Payload Length 7 | 19 B Note: Boldface values indicate the parameters used for the UAV-mounted transmitter. In addition to the synchronization parameters required for demodulation, such as carrier frequency offset, reception timestamp, and LoRa PHY parameters, each frame also includes the transmit location, transmit payload, and an SNR estimate. Dataset Entry All the keys of the dataset.csv is indicated below and Fig. 2 illustrates the spectrogram of one received frame opened with Inspectrum [2], showing the LoRa chirps with annotations. transmission_idx rrh_idx rx_sample_rate bandwidth sf cr fc payload_base64 cfo snr rx_timestamp_full rx_timestamp_frac area area_type name latitude longitude target_velocity velocity sigmf_file sigmf_file_start_time_full sigmf_file_start_time_frac sigmf_file_offset sigmf_file_n_samples File Structure dataset.csv (Dataset with all frame descriptions) load_and_plot_samples.py (Exemple to load IQ samples) rrh_locations.md (GPS positions of the four remote radio heads) zenodo_description_fig.png (An illustration shown on Zenodo description page) sigmfs (Folder containing the raw IQ samples) RRH1 1.sigmf-data 1.sigmf-meta 2.sigmf-data 2.sigmf-meta ... ... RRH4 1.sigmf-data 1.sigmf-meta 2.sigmf-data ... .... Contact For any questions related to this dataset, please contact joachim.tapparel@epfl.ch. References [1] \"SigMF specification,'' Accessed: May 19, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://sigmf.org/ [2] \"Inspectrum\", Accessed: May 19, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/miek/inspectrum","author":[{"family":"Tapparel","given":"Joachim"},{"family":"Burg","given":"Andreas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20341802","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20341802","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17708396","type":"article-journal","title":"LoRaIQ: Experimental LoRa Dataset with Annotated IQ Samples","abstract":"Summary This dataset contains more than 30,000 LoRa frames recorded within and around the EPFL campus in Lausanne, Switzerland. Each frame was captured by an average of 3.75 receivers using four remote radio heads (RRHs) installed on campus rooftops. Each dataset entry provides the information required for synchronization, demodulation, and decoding of a single LoRa frame. Every frame is accompanied by an IQ sample file following the standard SigMF specification [1], together with its corresponding metadata and annotations. The dataset includes both UAV-based and pedestrian measurements. For the UAV-based measurements, the start-of-frame location in the IQ samples is provided with sub-sample accuracy. For the pedestrian measurements, the provided frame start locations should be interpreted as indicative estimates. Dataset Details Recordings were captured by four RRHs deployed at the locations shown in Fig. 2 and indicated in rrh_locations.md. Each RRH consists of a USRP-2920, a Raspberry Pi 5, and a Quectel L80 GPS receiver. This deployment captures a wide range of propagation scenarios across the EPFL campus, including variations in receiver elevation, line-of-sight conditions, and urban obstructions. The dataset includes transmissions from both an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a pedestrian-carried transmitter, with transmitter velocities ranging from 0 to 5.6 m/s. Measurements are labelled according to the different area types illustrated in Fig. 2. Line-of-sight (LoS): UAV Areas 1 and 2 Non-line-of-sight (NLoS): UAV Areas 3 and 4; Pedestrian Areas 2 and 3 Partial LoS: Pedestrian Area 1, Roaming Indoor: Pedestrian Area 4 The transmitter parameters used during data collection are summarized below: Frequency 862.5 MHz Spreading Factor 7 | 10 Coding Rate 4/5 Bandwidth 125 | 250 kHz Tx Power 14 dBm Payload Length 7 | 19 B Note: Boldface values indicate the parameters used for the UAV-mounted transmitter. In addition to the synchronization parameters required for demodulation, such as carrier frequency offset, reception timestamp, and LoRa PHY parameters, each frame also includes the transmit location, transmit payload, and an SNR estimate. Dataset Entry All the keys of the dataset.csv is indicated below and Fig. 2 illustrates the spectrogram of one received frame opened with Inspectrum [2], showing the LoRa chirps with annotations. transmission_idx rrh_idx rx_sample_rate bandwidth sf cr fc payload_base64 cfo snr rx_timestamp_full rx_timestamp_frac area area_type name latitude longitude target_velocity velocity sigmf_file sigmf_file_start_time_full sigmf_file_start_time_frac sigmf_file_offset sigmf_file_n_samples File Structure dataset.csv (Dataset with all frame descriptions) load_and_plot_samples.py (Exemple to load IQ samples) rrh_locations.md (GPS positions of the four remote radio heads) zenodo_description_fig.png (An illustration shown on Zenodo description page) sigmfs (Folder containing the raw IQ samples) RRH1 1.sigmf-data 1.sigmf-meta 2.sigmf-data 2.sigmf-meta ... ... RRH4 1.sigmf-data 1.sigmf-meta 2.sigmf-data ... .... Contact For any questions related to this dataset, please contact joachim.tapparel@epfl.ch. References [1] \"SigMF specification,'' Accessed: May 19, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://sigmf.org/ [2] \"Inspectrum\", Accessed: May 19, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/miek/inspectrum","author":[{"family":"Tapparel","given":"Joachim"},{"family":"Burg","given":"Andreas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17708396","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17708396","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60797/geo.2026.7.1","type":"article-journal","title":"Использование беспилотных летательных аппаратов в активных воздействиях на гидрометеорологические процессы","abstract":"В статье рассматриваются вопросы применения беспилотных авиационных систем (БАС) для активных воздействий на гидрометеорологические процессы. Представлены результаты испытаний лёгкого беспилотного летательного аппарата «OG-25», оснащённого самолётным аэрозольным комплексом «САГ-26КС» с пиротехническими элементами. Описаны тактико-технические характеристики оборудования, приведены схемы засева облаков с использованием БАС. Показано, что применение лёгких беспилотников эффективно для искусственного вызывания осадков и воздействия на туманы, тогда как для противоградовой защиты необходимы аппараты тяжёлого класса. Обоснованы перспективы дальнейшего внедрения беспилотных технологий в практику активных воздействий.","author":[{"family":"Кущев","given":"Станислав"},{"family":"Лиев","given":"Кайсын"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.60797/geo.2026.7.1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60797/geo.2026.7.1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.25267","type":"manuscript","title":"Dynamic UGV-UAV Cooperative Path Planning in Uncertain Environments","abstract":"This paper addresses the Dynamic UGV-UAV Cooperative Path Planning (DUCPP) problem involving one unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) assisted by one or more unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operating on an uncertain road network with potentially impassable edges. DUCPP is particularly relevant for scenarios such as disaster response, emergency supply transport, and rescue operations, where a UGV must reach a specified destination in the presence of partially unknown road conditions. To enable the UGV to travel safely and efficiently to its destination, the UAV(s) dynamically inspect edges in the environment to identify and prune damaged or impassable edges from consideration. We present multiple strategies, including a bidirectional approach, to optimize UGV-UAV cooperation for finding a safe path in an uncertain road network. Furthermore, we explore the impact of using multiple UAVs on reducing the UGV's travel time, and evaluate the associated computation time. The proposed strategies are implemented and evaluated on 100 urban road networks. The results demonstrate that the bidirectional strategy achieves the best performance in most instances, and using multiple UAVs further reduces UGV travel time at the expense of increased computation time. This paper presents a robust framework for DUCPP to achieve efficient UGV-UAV cooperation for path planning and inspection, offering practical solutions for navigation in challenging and uncertain conditions.","author":[{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Ninh"},{"family":"Akella","given":"Srinivas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2604.25267","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2604.25267","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.34847/nkl.7cdb273f","type":"article-journal","title":"Architectural Phases of Room B001 in Building B at Qusur Mohareb","abstract":"This deposit contains the 3D model in GLTF and USDZ formats, as downloaded from Sketchfab, and the caption in png format. In accordance with prevailing legislation, the survey was conducted without the utilisation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). How to quote this model in scientific papers? Fr. Colin, “Architectural Phases of Room B001 in Building B at Qusur Mohareb”, Maquette QM-2025B-3V-1, Strasbourg, 2026, DOI: 10.34847/nkl.7cdb273f. Model stored on the data service “Nakala”: https://www.nakala.fr. Photographic survey &amp; modelling: Fr. Colin, Univ. de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7044 Archimède. Topography: N.Bernabeu. Director of the Qusur Mohareb project: Cassandre Hartenstein. Partners of project: Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, IFAO, Univ. de Strasbourg, CNRS. The archaeological survey was modelled with the use of Metashape.","author":[{"family":"Colin","given":"Frédéric"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.34847/nkl.7cdb273f","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34847/nkl.7cdb273f","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.34847/nkl.0f08770w","type":"article-journal","title":"Building B at Qusur Mohareb (Bahariya Oasis), Before Study, Dataset B","abstract":"This deposit contains the original photographs in JPG format from QM_2025B_07001 to 60999. The preceding photographs, numbered from QM_2025B_00001 to QM_2025B_07001, have been stored in a dataset entitled 'Building B at Qusur Mohareb (Bahariya Oasis), Before Study, Data Set A'. The deposit \"Data set A\" also contains the 3D models in GLTF and USDZ formats, as downloaded from Sketchfab. If reused separately, the JPG photos must be credited to Frédéric Colin. In accordance with prevailing legislation, the survey was conducted without the utilisation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). How to quote this model in scientific papers? Fr. Colin, N. Bernabeu, L. Guillon, “Building B at Qusur Mohareb (Bahariya Oasis), Before Study”, Field Survey QM-2025B-BDE-1, Strasbourg, 2026, DOI: 10.34847/nkl.80cbktkf. Model stored on the data service “Nakala” of the “TGIR Huma-Num” (https://www.nakala.fr). The photogrammetric survey QM-2025B-BDE-1 has been conducted to document the artifacts and contexts uncovered by the French Archaeological Mission in Bahariya and to prepare the publication. Photographic survey &amp; modelling: Fr. Colin, Univ. de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7044 Archimède. Pole-mounted camera photos: Fr. Colin, N. Bernabeu &amp; L. Guillon. Topography: N.Bernabeu. Director of the project in Qusur Mohareb: Cassandre Hartenstein. Partners of the project: Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, IFAO, Univ. de Strasbourg, CNRS. The archaeological survey was modelled with the use of Metashape. The camel-shaped scale was artificially generated using Adobe Substance Stager. The human-shaped scale was scanned using Scaniverse.","author":[{"family":"Colin","given":"Frédéric"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.34847/nkl.0f08770w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34847/nkl.0f08770w","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.34847/nkl.80cbktkf","type":"article-journal","title":"Building B at Qusur Mohareb (Bahariya Oasis), Before Study, Dataset A","abstract":"This deposit contains the original photographs in JPG format from QM_2025B_00001 to QM_2025B_07000 (total 3500 photos). The subsequent photographs, from QM_2025B_07001 up to 60999, have been stored in the data set entitled \"Building B at Qusur Mohareb (Bahariya Oasis), Before Study, Data set B\". This deposit also contains the 3D models in GLTF and USDZ formats, as downloaded from Sketchfab. If reused separately, the JPG photos must be credited to Frédéric Colin. In accordance with prevailing legislation, the survey was conducted without the utilisation of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). How to quote this model in scientific papers? Fr. Colin, N. Bernabeu, L. Guillon, “Building B at Qusur Mohareb (Bahariya Oasis), Before Study”, Field Survey QM-2025B-BDE-1, Strasbourg, 2026, DOI: 10.34847/nkl.80cbktkf. Model stored on the data service “Nakala” of the “TGIR Huma-Num” (https://www.nakala.fr). The photogrammetric survey QM-2025B-BDE-1 has been conducted to document the artifacts and contexts uncovered by the French Archaeological Mission in Bahariya and to prepare the publication. Photographic survey &amp; modelling: Fr. Colin, Univ. de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7044 Archimède. Pole-mounted camera photos: Fr. Colin, N. Bernabeu &amp; L. Guillon. Topography: N.Bernabeu. Director of the project in Qusur Mohareb: Cassandre Hartenstein. Partners of the project: Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, IFAO, Univ. de Strasbourg, CNRS. The archaeological survey was modelled with the use of Metashape. The camel-shaped scale was artificially generated using Adobe Substance Stager. The human-shaped scale was scanned using Scaniverse.","author":[{"family":"Colin","given":"Frédéric"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.34847/nkl.80cbktkf","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34847/nkl.80cbktkf","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.10815","type":"manuscript","title":"Enhancing Secrecy Energy Efficiency in RIS-Aided Aerial Mobile Edge Computing Networks: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","abstract":"This paper studies the problem of securing task offloading transmissions from ground users against ground eavesdropping threats. Our study introduces a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-mobile edge computing (MEC) scheme to enhance the secure task offloading while minimizing the energy consumption of the UAV subject to task completion constraints. Leveraging a data-driven approach, we propose a comprehensive optimization strategy that jointly optimizes the aerial MEC (AMEC)'s trajectory, task offloading partitioning, UE transmission scheduling, and RIS phase shifts. Our objective centers on optimizing the secrecy energy efficiency (SEE) of UE task offloading transmissions while preserving the AMEC's energy resources and meeting the task completion time requirements. Numerical results show that the proposed solution can effectively safeguard legitimate task offloading transmissions while preserving AMEC energy.","author":[{"family":"Abdalla","given":"Aly"},{"family":"Marojevic","given":"Vuk"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2505.10815","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.10815","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.18130/rknm-8h79","type":"article-journal","title":"AIAA Homeland Defense Interceptor Design Competition : The Influence of Gender & Race on Women in Engineering","abstract":"Engineering work often exists at the intersection of technical innovation and social responsibility. My two recent projects—a research initiative focused on mitigating the impacts of personal privilege in engineering and a team-based submission to the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) undergraduate design competition demonstrates how a socio-technical perspective can enrich different domains of engineering. While these projects differ in content and approach, both examine how engineering can be more equitable, sustainable, and responsive to specific human contexts. My research project aimed to explore how layers of personal privilege, related to race and gender, can silently shape the engineering workplace and academic environments. As a white woman, I wanted to explore how I could mitigate the negative impacts on my fellow female engineers, but found that the blatant lack of resources comparing the experiences of white women against women of color in engineering was significant. I pivoted to an approach focused on educating white women about their privilege and how, in a society that still considers white women as \"diversity hires,\" DEI remains essential in engineering, not only to increase diversity but also to improve technical advancements that suffer when engineers continue to be predominantly male and white. Privilege often manifests in subtle but powerful ways: who gets hired, who speaks in meetings, whose ideas are implemented, and who gets credit for successes. To address this, my research examined existing literature on diversity and inclusion in STEM and drew from theories in social science and engineering ethics. The key concepts I explored were tokenism/spotlighting, systemic barriers exacerbated by white women's proximity to white men, and the lack of belonging in the female engineering community, especially among women of color. Through this work, I discovered how difficult it is to persist in engineering when you are constantly upheld for your differences and isolated from the rest of your professional community—and that all engineers must be conscious of how their backgrounds and assumptions influence their work. The project not only deepened my awareness of systemic dynamics within engineering workplaces but also reinforced the importance of critical self-awareness as a tool for improving both team dynamics and engineering outcomes. Concurrently, my team participated in the AIAA 2025 Undergraduate Design Competition, where we were tasked with designing an Autonomous Homeland Interceptor—creating a cost-effective, unmanned aerial vehicle capable of detecting, intercepting, and neutralizing hostile airborne threats within U.S. airspace. Our design emphasized optimizing aerodynamic properties through the aircraft's modular aerospace architecture and ensuring affordability within the constraints of government-furnished equipment. We carefully evaluated system requirements, including speed, range, payload capacity, and guidance capabilities. The project demanded attention not only to aerodynamics and propulsion but also to ethical and strategic considerations, such as minimizing collateral damage, safeguarding civilian airspace, and ensuring responsible use of autonomous decision-making in military contexts, especially given the domestic setting. We employed systems engineering methodologies to balance trade-offs between cost, performance, and reliability, aiming to maximize the budget while exceeding expectations. Throughout the project, we also discussed how trust in autonomous systems—especially those used in defense—depends heavily on redundancy, particularly when the system’s primary use involves intercepting enemy attacks with missiles. At first glance, these two projects seem to inhabit different worlds: one focused on human dynamics in the workplace, the other on aerospace systems for national defense. However, both share a common foundation in sociotechnical awareness due to the cr","author":[{"family":"Hafer","given":"Savannah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.18130/rknm-8h79","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18130/rknm-8h79","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.01035","type":"manuscript","title":"UASTHN: Uncertainty-Aware Deep Homography Estimation for UAV Satellite-Thermal Geo-localization","abstract":"Geo-localization is an essential component of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) navigation systems to ensure precise absolute self-localization in outdoor environments. To address the challenges of GPS signal interruptions or low illumination, Thermal Geo-localization (TG) employs aerial thermal imagery to align with reference satellite maps to accurately determine the UAV's location. However, existing TG methods lack uncertainty measurement in their outputs, compromising system robustness in the presence of textureless or corrupted thermal images, self-similar or outdated satellite maps, geometric noises, or thermal images exceeding satellite maps. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents UASTHN, a novel approach for Uncertainty Estimation (UE) in Deep Homography Estimation (DHE) tasks for TG applications. Specifically, we introduce a novel Crop-based Test-Time Augmentation (CropTTA) strategy, which leverages the homography consensus of cropped image views to effectively measure data uncertainty. This approach is complemented by Deep Ensembles (DE) employed for model uncertainty, offering comparable performance with improved efficiency and seamless integration with any DHE model. Extensive experiments across multiple DHE models demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of CropTTA in TG applications. Analysis of detected failure cases underscores the improved reliability of CropTTA under challenging conditions. Finally, we demonstrate the capability of combining CropTTA and DE for a comprehensive assessment of both data and model uncertainty. Our research provides profound insights into the broader intersection of localization and uncertainty estimation. The code and models are publicly available.","author":[{"family":"Xiao","given":"Jiuhong"},{"family":"Loianno","given":"Giuseppe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2502.01035","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.01035","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22172207","type":"article-journal","title":"Universal Acoustic Resonance Imaging: Super-Resolution Multi-Source Localization and Spatial Energy Condensation across Sub-Wavelength Acoustic Arrays via RPU Physical Continuum Acceleration","abstract":"QuantNature Global Technical White Paper (Document ID: QN-UARI-2026-V1) Title Universal Acoustic Resonance Imaging (UARI): Super-Resolution Multi-Source Localization and Spatial Energy Condensation across Sub-Wavelength Acoustic Arrays via RPU Physical Continuum Acceleration Author: QuantNature Global (https://www.quantnature.com)Release Date: August 30, 2026Document Version: v1.0 (Digital Twin & HIL Baseline) Executive Summary & Abstract Conventional acoustic phased arrays and industrial sonic cameras constrained by sub-wavelength apertures (D ≤ 71 mm, where D < λ) suffer from substantial diffraction beam broadening (θ ≥ 70°). Consequently, closely spaced acoustic emitters—such as formation-flight UAV swarms in tactical perimeter surveillance or concurrent micro-leakages in pressurized industrial infrastructure—collapse into single, irresolvable energy blobs under linear Delay-and-Sum (DAS) beamforming. This technical white paper formalizes Universal Acoustic Resonance Imaging (UARI), a dual-use computational physics architecture that achieves super-resolution localization by transforming incoming multi-harmonic acoustic phase streams into declarative potential energy landscapes (Vbias) across the 100,000-node physical continuum of the Resonance Processing Unit (RPU). By combining multi-harmonic relative phase coherence with continuous non-linear substrate relaxation, broad point-spread lobes autonomously condense into discrete, localized ground-state limit cycles (Emin), naturally suppressing secondary multi-path room reverberations and background noise. Key Empirical Outcomes (Digital Twin & HIL Benchmarking) Evaluated via a high-fidelity numerical acoustic digital twin coupled with real-time Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) open-air Software-Defined Radio (SDR) thermal entropy harvesting under hostile noise conditions (SNR = −8.0 dB): Super-Resolution Multi-Target Separation: Unambiguous discrimination of three simultaneous, closely spaced acoustic sources completely merged under classical linear DAS beamforming. Sub-Grid Spatial Accuracy: Empirical localization precision down to 20.60 mm (≈ 1.2 grid cells on a 1.60 m × 1.60 m evaluation plane at Z = 1.50 m standoff). Dynamic Range & Disparate-SPL Retention: Stable potential basin formation isolating stealth emitters (75 dB) operating alongside high-power heavy propulsion engines (105 dB) without dynamic range masking. Deterministic Real-Time Execution: Verified live execution latency of 127.98 ms per full continuum relaxation on standard GPU hardware (NVIDIA GTX 1070).","author":[{"family":"Global","given":"Quantnature"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22172207","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22172207","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22172208","type":"article-journal","title":"Universal Acoustic Resonance Imaging: Super-Resolution Multi-Source Localization and Spatial Energy Condensation across Sub-Wavelength Acoustic Arrays via RPU Physical Continuum Acceleration","abstract":"QuantNature Global Technical White Paper (Document ID: QN-UARI-2026-V1) Title Universal Acoustic Resonance Imaging (UARI): Super-Resolution Multi-Source Localization and Spatial Energy Condensation across Sub-Wavelength Acoustic Arrays via RPU Physical Continuum Acceleration Author: QuantNature Global (https://www.quantnature.com)Release Date: August 30, 2026Document Version: v1.0 (Digital Twin & HIL Baseline) Executive Summary & Abstract Conventional acoustic phased arrays and industrial sonic cameras constrained by sub-wavelength apertures (D ≤ 71 mm, where D < λ) suffer from substantial diffraction beam broadening (θ ≥ 70°). Consequently, closely spaced acoustic emitters—such as formation-flight UAV swarms in tactical perimeter surveillance or concurrent micro-leakages in pressurized industrial infrastructure—collapse into single, irresolvable energy blobs under linear Delay-and-Sum (DAS) beamforming. This technical white paper formalizes Universal Acoustic Resonance Imaging (UARI), a dual-use computational physics architecture that achieves super-resolution localization by transforming incoming multi-harmonic acoustic phase streams into declarative potential energy landscapes (Vbias) across the 100,000-node physical continuum of the Resonance Processing Unit (RPU). By combining multi-harmonic relative phase coherence with continuous non-linear substrate relaxation, broad point-spread lobes autonomously condense into discrete, localized ground-state limit cycles (Emin), naturally suppressing secondary multi-path room reverberations and background noise. Key Empirical Outcomes (Digital Twin & HIL Benchmarking) Evaluated via a high-fidelity numerical acoustic digital twin coupled with real-time Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) open-air Software-Defined Radio (SDR) thermal entropy harvesting under hostile noise conditions (SNR = −8.0 dB): Super-Resolution Multi-Target Separation: Unambiguous discrimination of three simultaneous, closely spaced acoustic sources completely merged under classical linear DAS beamforming. Sub-Grid Spatial Accuracy: Empirical localization precision down to 20.60 mm (≈ 1.2 grid cells on a 1.60 m × 1.60 m evaluation plane at Z = 1.50 m standoff). Dynamic Range & Disparate-SPL Retention: Stable potential basin formation isolating stealth emitters (75 dB) operating alongside high-power heavy propulsion engines (105 dB) without dynamic range masking. Deterministic Real-Time Execution: Verified live execution latency of 127.98 ms per full continuum relaxation on standard GPU hardware (NVIDIA GTX 1070).","author":[{"family":"Global","given":"Quantnature"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22172208","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22172208","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21065676","type":"article-journal","title":"EpiSwarm: reproducibility package (code, data, and statistical analysis)","abstract":"Reproducibility package for the article \"Epigenetic regulation for dynamic UAV-swarm optimization—EpiSwarm\" (Computing and Artificial Intelligence, 2026, 4(1), 4448; DOI: 10.59400/cai4448). Contains the simulation code (EpiSwarm plus four baselines: greedy, static GA, adaptive GA, and memory-archive GA), the matched n=20 ablation runner, raw batch results (5,580 rows) and matched-ablation data (540 rows) in CSV and pandas-pickle form, the computed Wilcoxon signed-rank statistics, and self-contained notebooks that reproduce the tables and figures. Parameter grids and scenario seeds are documented in the README. Requires Python 3.10+ with numpy, pandas, and scipy. Released under the MIT License.","author":[{"family":"Vallverdú","given":"Jordi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21065676","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21065676","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21065677","type":"article-journal","title":"EpiSwarm: reproducibility package (code, data, and statistical analysis)","abstract":"Reproducibility package for the article \"Epigenetic regulation for dynamic UAV-swarm optimization—EpiSwarm\" (Computing and Artificial Intelligence, 2026, 4(1), 4448; DOI: 10.59400/cai4448). Contains the simulation code (EpiSwarm plus four baselines: greedy, static GA, adaptive GA, and memory-archive GA), the matched n=20 ablation runner, raw batch results (5,580 rows) and matched-ablation data (540 rows) in CSV and pandas-pickle form, the computed Wilcoxon signed-rank statistics, and self-contained notebooks that reproduce the tables and figures. Parameter grids and scenario seeds are documented in the README. Requires Python 3.10+ with numpy, pandas, and scipy. Released under the MIT License.","author":[{"family":"Vallverdú","given":"Jordi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21065677","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21065677","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.18720/spbpu/3/2026/vr/vr26-3460","type":"article-journal","title":"Разработка метода децентрализованного полёта БПЛА по аналогии с полётом птиц","abstract":"Выпускная квалификационная работа содержит 73 страницы, 6 рисунков, 0 таблиц. Выпускная квалификационная работа посвящена исследованию и разработке метода децентрализованного полёта роя беспилотных летательных аппаратов по аналогии с коллективным полётом птиц. В качестве природной основы рассматривается сезонный перелёт птиц, поскольку данная форма поведения наиболее близка к задаче длительного согласованного движения роя автономных агентов без единого постоянного центра управления. В работе рассматриваются особенности коллективного поведения птиц при дальних перелётах. Основное внимание уделяется двум ключевым вопросам: каким образом в стае задаются скорость и вектор направления движения, а также каким образом происходит изменение скорости и направления при изменении условий полёта. Отдельно рассматривается вопрос лидерства в стае: в одних случаях движение связано с наличием более активной ведущей птицы, в других случаях постоянный лидер отсутствует, а инициатор изменения движения возникает временно. Ключевой идеей работы является рассмотрение временного локального источника изменения движения. Такой источник не является постоянным управляющим центром, а только в конкретной ситуации влияет на изменение скорости или направления движения роя. После стабилизации движения его роль исчезает или переходит к другому участнику. Полученные выводы о поведении птиц используются для дальнейшей постановки задачи разработки метода децентрализованного полёта БПЛА. Предполагается, что перенос принципов сезонного перелёта птиц позволит построить метод роевого движения, при котором рой БПЛА сможет сохранять согласованность, изменять направление движения и реагировать на внешние воздействия без постоянного лидера. Ключевые слова: БПЛА, децентрализованное управление, коллективный полёт птиц, сезонный перелёт, стая, локальное взаимодействие, временный источник изменения движения, скорость движения, вектор направления.","author":[{"family":"Ромашко","given":"Никита"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.18720/spbpu/3/2026/vr/vr26-3460","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18720/spbpu/3/2026/vr/vr26-3460","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20267820","type":"article-journal","title":"V 1.1 Pattern-Based Computing (PBC): A Relaxation-Based Framework for Coordination in Complex Systems","abstract":"v1.1 — Repaired Pipeline Release This repository contains the reference implementation and fully reproducible computational pipeline supporting the paper: “Pattern-Based Computing (PBC): A Relaxation-Based Framework for Coordination in Complex Systems” Pattern-Based Computing (PBC) is a relaxation-based computational framework for coordinating continuous, distributed, and perturbation-sensitive systems. It is not proposed as a replacement for classical computation, but as a complementary approach for domains where robustness, stability, and adaptive coordination are more important than producing a single symbolic output. Instead of computing explicit actions or optimized trajectories, PBC modulates the receptivity of a system to active patterns. Computation emerges as the system dynamically relaxes toward stable regimes, while local perturbations can be temporarily isolated through controlled decoherence to prevent cascading failures. The framework is particularly relevant to systems such as traffic networks, power grids, cyber-physical infrastructures, autonomous systems, multi-agent coordination, swarm robotics, and UAV/drone swarms. This repository includes the full source code, experimental scripts, configuration files, and figure-generation pipeline required to reproduce the results reported in the paper. The included traffic-based example demonstrates local perturbations, receptivity-modulated coordination, robustness under rotated simulations, and structural adaptation. This v1.1 release repairs and consolidates the pipeline, adds missing diagnostic figure generation, and ensures that all generated outputs are written consistently to the canonical paper/figures directory. This framework builds on the dynamical insights introduced in “Coordination without language: dynamical limits of sequential communication in collective systems” DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18134132","author":[{"family":"Martínez Sánchez","given":"Francisco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20267820","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20267820","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18141696","type":"article-journal","title":"V 1.1 Pattern-Based Computing (PBC): A Relaxation-Based Framework for Coordination in Complex Systems","abstract":"v1.1 — Repaired Pipeline Release This repository contains the reference implementation and fully reproducible computational pipeline supporting the paper: “Pattern-Based Computing (PBC): A Relaxation-Based Framework for Coordination in Complex Systems” Pattern-Based Computing (PBC) is a relaxation-based computational framework for coordinating continuous, distributed, and perturbation-sensitive systems. It is not proposed as a replacement for classical computation, but as a complementary approach for domains where robustness, stability, and adaptive coordination are more important than producing a single symbolic output. Instead of computing explicit actions or optimized trajectories, PBC modulates the receptivity of a system to active patterns. Computation emerges as the system dynamically relaxes toward stable regimes, while local perturbations can be temporarily isolated through controlled decoherence to prevent cascading failures. The framework is particularly relevant to systems such as traffic networks, power grids, cyber-physical infrastructures, autonomous systems, multi-agent coordination, swarm robotics, and UAV/drone swarms. This repository includes the full source code, experimental scripts, configuration files, and figure-generation pipeline required to reproduce the results reported in the paper. The included traffic-based example demonstrates local perturbations, receptivity-modulated coordination, robustness under rotated simulations, and structural adaptation. This v1.1 release repairs and consolidates the pipeline, adds missing diagnostic figure generation, and ensures that all generated outputs are written consistently to the canonical paper/figures directory. This framework builds on the dynamical insights introduced in “Coordination without language: dynamical limits of sequential communication in collective systems” DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18134132","author":[{"family":"Martínez Sánchez","given":"Francisco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18141696","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18141696","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20738893","type":"article-journal","title":"İNSANSIZ HAVA ARACI SALDIRI SİSTEMLERİ   KAPSAMLI BİR OSINT ANALİZİ","abstract":"Günümüz uluslararası güvenlik ortamı, geleneksel simetrik savaşın yanı sıra hibrit tehditler, vekâlet savaşları ve asimetrik mücadele biçimlerinin hızla yaygınlaştığı bir dönüşüm sürecinden geçmektedir. Bu dönüşümün en dikkat çekici unsurlarından biri, insansız hava araçlarının (İHA) muharebe sahasındaki rolünün, keşif ve gözetlemeden doğrudan taarruz ve sürü harbine doğru evrilmesidir. Artık yalnızca büyük devlet ordularının tekelinde olmayan bu teknoloji, terör örgütlerinden bölgesel aktörlere kadar geniş bir yelpazede etkin bir silah hâline gelmiştir. Bu durum, savunma planlamacılarını, stratejistleri ve karar alıcıları, mevcut hava savunma paradigmalarını kökten sorgulamaya zorlamaktadır. Elinizdeki bu OSINT (Açık Kaynak İstihbaratı) analizi, insansız hava aracı saldırı sistemlerini; teknolojik, taktik, operasyonel, ekonomik, hukuki ve doktrinsel boyutlarıyla bütüncül bir perspektiften ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, başta Rusça akademik ve askerî kaynaklar olmak üzere, uluslararası savunma yayınları, teknik raporlar, resmî dokümanlar, simülasyon çalışmaları ve saha gözlemlerinden derlenen verilere dayanmaktadır. Amacımız, okuyucuya yalnızca teknik özellikleri sıralamak değil, aynı zamanda bu sistemlerin savaşın doğasını nasıl dönüştürdüğünü, mevcut hava savunma sistemleri karşısındaki üstünlüklerini ve zafiyetlerini, sürü taktiklerinin yarattığı stratejik tehditleri ve geleceğe yönelik savunma ihtiyaçlarını derinlemesine aktarmaktır. Belge, giriş bölümünün ardından sırasıyla sınıflandırma ve teknik özellikleri, operasyonel prensipleri, hedef tespit ve imha süreçlerini, mevcut hava savunma sistemlerinin etkinlik analizini, mücadele yöntemlerini, sürü taktiklerini, vaka çalışmalarını, ekonomik ve lojistik boyutları, hukuki/etik/siyasi yönleri ve gelecek öngörülerini kapsamaktadır. Her bölüm, matematiksel modeller, karşılaştırmalı tablolar ve simülasyon sonuçlarıyla zenginleştirilmiştir. Analizin hazırlanmasında, mümkün olduğunca güncel ve güvenilir kaynaklar kullanılmış; ancak savunma teknolojileri alanındaki hızlı gelişmeler nedeniyle bazı verilerin zamanla güncelliğini yitirebileceği göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Okuyucuların, bu çalışmayı bir referans ve başlangıç noktası olarak kullanarak, kendi araştırmalarıyla derinleştirmeleri tavsiye olunur.","author":[{"family":"Tan","given":"Mazlum"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20738893","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20738893","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20738894","type":"article-journal","title":"İNSANSIZ HAVA ARACI SALDIRI SİSTEMLERİ   KAPSAMLI BİR OSINT ANALİZİ","abstract":"Günümüz uluslararası güvenlik ortamı, geleneksel simetrik savaşın yanı sıra hibrit tehditler, vekâlet savaşları ve asimetrik mücadele biçimlerinin hızla yaygınlaştığı bir dönüşüm sürecinden geçmektedir. Bu dönüşümün en dikkat çekici unsurlarından biri, insansız hava araçlarının (İHA) muharebe sahasındaki rolünün, keşif ve gözetlemeden doğrudan taarruz ve sürü harbine doğru evrilmesidir. Artık yalnızca büyük devlet ordularının tekelinde olmayan bu teknoloji, terör örgütlerinden bölgesel aktörlere kadar geniş bir yelpazede etkin bir silah hâline gelmiştir. Bu durum, savunma planlamacılarını, stratejistleri ve karar alıcıları, mevcut hava savunma paradigmalarını kökten sorgulamaya zorlamaktadır. Elinizdeki bu OSINT (Açık Kaynak İstihbaratı) analizi, insansız hava aracı saldırı sistemlerini; teknolojik, taktik, operasyonel, ekonomik, hukuki ve doktrinsel boyutlarıyla bütüncül bir perspektiften ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, başta Rusça akademik ve askerî kaynaklar olmak üzere, uluslararası savunma yayınları, teknik raporlar, resmî dokümanlar, simülasyon çalışmaları ve saha gözlemlerinden derlenen verilere dayanmaktadır. Amacımız, okuyucuya yalnızca teknik özellikleri sıralamak değil, aynı zamanda bu sistemlerin savaşın doğasını nasıl dönüştürdüğünü, mevcut hava savunma sistemleri karşısındaki üstünlüklerini ve zafiyetlerini, sürü taktiklerinin yarattığı stratejik tehditleri ve geleceğe yönelik savunma ihtiyaçlarını derinlemesine aktarmaktır. Belge, giriş bölümünün ardından sırasıyla sınıflandırma ve teknik özellikleri, operasyonel prensipleri, hedef tespit ve imha süreçlerini, mevcut hava savunma sistemlerinin etkinlik analizini, mücadele yöntemlerini, sürü taktiklerini, vaka çalışmalarını, ekonomik ve lojistik boyutları, hukuki/etik/siyasi yönleri ve gelecek öngörülerini kapsamaktadır. Her bölüm, matematiksel modeller, karşılaştırmalı tablolar ve simülasyon sonuçlarıyla zenginleştirilmiştir. Analizin hazırlanmasında, mümkün olduğunca güncel ve güvenilir kaynaklar kullanılmış; ancak savunma teknolojileri alanındaki hızlı gelişmeler nedeniyle bazı verilerin zamanla güncelliğini yitirebileceği göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Okuyucuların, bu çalışmayı bir referans ve başlangıç noktası olarak kullanarak, kendi araştırmalarıyla derinleştirmeleri tavsiye olunur.","author":[{"family":"Tan","given":"Mazlum"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20738894","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20738894","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20036382","type":"article-journal","title":"Biomimetic Aerospace Design Models Based on Apis mellifera Morphological Structures","abstract":"This dataset presents a set of biomimetic aerospace design models inspired by the morphological structures of Apis mellifera (honey bee). The materials include four technical schematic models developed based on microscopic morphological analysis: (1) a wing-based solar panel structure, (2) its integration into a micro-satellite system, (3) a compound-eye-inspired multi-sensor observation module, and (4) a leg-based adaptive landing and gripping mechanism. The models are constructed following biomimetic principles and further interpreted through artificial intelligence-based optimization approaches for potential application in aerospace systems. The dataset provides conceptual engineering blueprints intended for use in research on bio-inspired design, UAV systems, satellite architecture, and intelligent sensing technologies. All models were developed by the authors as part of an ongoing research study and are intended as supplementary technical material supporting scientific publication.","author":[{"family":"Qadimli","given":"Nushaba"},{"family":"Mammadov","given":"Ulvi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20036382","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20036382","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20036383","type":"article-journal","title":"Biomimetic Aerospace Design Models Based on Apis mellifera Morphological Structures","abstract":"This dataset presents a set of biomimetic aerospace design models inspired by the morphological structures of Apis mellifera (honey bee). The materials include four technical schematic models developed based on microscopic morphological analysis: (1) a wing-based solar panel structure, (2) its integration into a micro-satellite system, (3) a compound-eye-inspired multi-sensor observation module, and (4) a leg-based adaptive landing and gripping mechanism. The models are constructed following biomimetic principles and further interpreted through artificial intelligence-based optimization approaches for potential application in aerospace systems. The dataset provides conceptual engineering blueprints intended for use in research on bio-inspired design, UAV systems, satellite architecture, and intelligent sensing technologies. All models were developed by the authors as part of an ongoing research study and are intended as supplementary technical material supporting scientific publication.","author":[{"family":"Qadimli","given":"Nushaba"},{"family":"Mammadov","given":"Ulvi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20036383","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20036383","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20848077","type":"article-journal","title":"CELLHAWK: A Triply-Redundant Navigation Architecture for GPS-Denied and Electronically Contested Environments","abstract":"This paper presents CELLHAWK, a software-defined, hardware-agnostic autonomous navigation frameworkdesigned to maintain full mission continuity for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) operating in Global NavigationSatellite System (GNSS)-denied and electronically contested environments. Existing commercial autonomousplatforms fail predictably when subjected to Radio Frequency (RF) jamming or GPS spoofing, as they rely on asingle primary navigation source. CELLHAWK addresses this single point of failure through a triply-redundant,sensor-fused navigation stack integrating: (1) Primary GNSS, (2) passive Received Signal Strength Indicator(RSSI)-based multilateration using ambient 4G/LTE cellular infrastructure, and (3) Visual SimultaneousLocalization and Mapping (SLAM) optical odometry. Transitions between tiers are governed by an ExtendedKalman Filter (EKF) that dynamically scales its innovation covariance matrix based on real-timeJamming-to-Signal Ratio (JSR) measurements at the Software Defined Radio (SDR) front-end. All resultsreported are simulation-derived over real-world 3D terrain at global locations, demonstrating sub-50 m RMSpositioning error maintained across the full jamming spectrum from 0 dB to 30+ dB JSR. The architecture isadditionally validated against real-world UAV combat loss scenarios sourced from open-source conflict reporting,providing adversarially grounded training data for the CORTEX v2.0 AI autonomy engine. Physical SDR fieldvalidation is planned for Q3 2026.","author":[{"family":"Kumar","given":"Shashank"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20848077","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20848077","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21134856","type":"article-journal","title":"CELLHAWK: A Triply-Redundant Navigation Architecture for GPS-Denied and Electronically Contested Environments","abstract":"This paper presents CELLHAWK, a software-defined, hardware-agnostic autonomous navigation frameworkdesigned to maintain full mission continuity for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) operating in Global NavigationSatellite System (GNSS)-denied and electronically contested environments. Existing commercial autonomousplatforms fail predictably when subjected to Radio Frequency (RF) jamming or GPS spoofing, as they rely on asingle primary navigation source. CELLHAWK addresses this single point of failure through a triply-redundant,sensor-fused navigation stack integrating: (1) Primary GNSS, (2) passive Received Signal Strength Indicator(RSSI)-based multilateration using ambient 4G/LTE cellular infrastructure, and (3) Visual SimultaneousLocalization and Mapping (SLAM) optical odometry. Transitions between tiers are governed by an ExtendedKalman Filter (EKF) that dynamically scales its innovation covariance matrix based on real-timeJamming-to-Signal Ratio (JSR) measurements at the Software Defined Radio (SDR) front-end. All resultsreported are simulation-derived over real-world 3D terrain at global locations, demonstrating sub-50 m RMSpositioning error maintained across the full jamming spectrum from 0 dB to 30+ dB JSR. The architecture isadditionally validated against real-world UAV combat loss scenarios sourced from open-source conflict reporting,providing adversarially grounded training data for the CORTEX v2.0 AI autonomy engine. Physical SDR fieldvalidation is planned for Q3 2026.","author":[{"family":"Kumar","given":"Shashank"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21134856","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21134856","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20402934","type":"article-journal","title":"bft-uav-swarm-validation-lab v2.0.0: Empirical validation testbed for Byzantine-fault-tolerant cooperative UAV navigation","abstract":"Empirical validation testbed for a Byzantine-fault-tolerant cooperative navigation architecture for UAV swarms operating in GNSS-denied environments. Companion to the manuscript \"Byzantine-Fault-Tolerant Hierarchical Navigation for GNSS-Denied UAV Swarms: Architecture, Theoretical Analysis, and Empirical Validation\" (Kalynovskyi, 2026; submitted to IEEE Access). Cooperative UAV swarms sharing position estimates over UWB radio links are vulnerable to a single Byzantine peer — a captured, sensor-faulted, or maliciously-firmwared vehicle — that transmits falsified position data and corrupts everyone's navigation solution. The proposed architecture combines six defences (terrain-referenced trust, asymmetric reputation, dynamic anchor election, automatic failover, GNSS-spoofing cross-verification, capacity-aware load balancing) at the factor-graph state-estimation layer. This repository measures whether each pillar actually does what the theory predicts, end-to-end, in a flight-realistic simulator. Every numerical claim in Sections VI and VII of the manuscript traces to a specific raw-data file in `workspaces/`, via the explicit map in `CODE_TO_CLAIM_MAPPING.md`. STACK PIN (v2.0.0) ROS 2 Jazzy · Gazebo Harmonic · PX4-Autopilot (SITL) · GTSAM 4.2 · Python 3.12 · CUDA ≥12.4. Reference images: - ghcr.io/a3ka/uav-lab:cpu — Phases 3-8 (protocol-only) - ghcr.io/a3ka/uav-lab:gpu — Phases 1, 2, 9 (adds SuperPoint v1 + LightGlue + PyTorch CUDA) Per-phase Docker image digests in docs/results/phase-{1..9}.md. QUICK REPRODUCTION docker pull ghcr.io/a3ka/uav-lab:gpu git clone https://github.com/ok-research/bft-uav-swarm-validation-lab.git cd bft-uav-swarm-validation-lab bash scripts/phase{N}-campaign.sh # N in 1..9 VALIDATION CAMPAIGN (NINE PHASES) Phase 1 — Proof-of-Observation FAR/FRR: AUC = 0.9996 over 500 honest + 500 fabrication trials; FAR = 0 % / FRR = 4.6 % at the paper-spec T_verify = 0.30. Phase 2 — Reputation-driven Byzantine exclusion: 30/30 trials PASS, zero false honest exclusions; median exclusion 5–15 s. Phase 3 — CEP vs relay depth: 250 trials, CEP_50 = 23 m at 3 hops, empirical per-hop multiplier δ = 0.088. Phase 4 — Automatic failover: 1200/1200 follower-switch measurements PASS across 4 scenarios; p99 = 6.24 s vs design budget 10 s (silence-triggered) / 1.94 s (reputation-triggered). Phase 5 — GNSS-spoof detection: 98.3 % detection (59/60 victims), 0 false positives, p99 detection time 0.60 s vs paper spec < 5 s. Phase 6 — Progressive attrition with admission control: 14/15 missions survive with over-capacity interval strictly held at 0 s. Phase 7 — Single-pillar ablation: removing PoO drops spoof recall from 98.3 % to 0 %; removing failover stretches recovery from 6 s to 31s; removing TRN degrades CEP by 32–117 % depending on hop depth. Phase 8 — Vanilla-Raft baseline + Byzantine adversarial measurement: Raft is compromised indefinitely by a single Byzantine leader-claimer (19/19 Byzantine heartbeats dominate 4 honest nodes); the proposed protocol excludes the adversary within 0.6 s. Phase 9 — Proof-of-Observation same-region forgery resistance (pre-registered): same-region median V_score = 0.000 at every adversary-verifier acquisition gap; Mann-Whitney AUC = 0.9217 over 1500 trials × 48 Sentinel-2 scenes; tail FAR = 10 % at T_verify = 0.30 (see docs/phase-9-spec.md). WHAT IS INCLUDED ROS 2 source for 18 nodes + 18 .msg definitions (src/) Per-phase campaign scripts and analyzers (scripts/) All production sweep CSVs and analysis.json summaries (workspaces/phase{1..9}-*/) Per-phase reproducibility documents with Docker image digest, git commit at sweep start, and manifest of sweep parameters at docs/results/phase-{1..9}.md Phase 9 Sentinel-2 acquisition manifest (48 scenes from Microsoft Planetary Computer mirror; raw scenes are gitignored — re-runnable from the manifest) Manuscript source (docs/v10_access/) Docker recipes (docker/Dockerfile.{cpu,gpu}) EXCLUDED BY DESIGN Raw Gazebo bag files — regenerable from configs Raw Sen","author":[{"family":"Kalynovskyi","given":"Oleksandr"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20402934","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20402934","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20424381","type":"article-journal","title":"Interior Propagation of CMB Birefringence Field α(n̂) Anomalies: Planck Legacy Data Correlation, In Vivo Nanoscale Signal Grounding, and Covert Bio-Electronic Weapon Deployment","abstract":"Summary This report serves as a public record of the author’s analysis, concerns, and supporting documentation presented in the sections below. # EMERGENCY AUTHOR’S STATEMENT AND THREAT DISCLOSURE Statement by Amy Condit: This disclosure originates with an independent cosmological discovery made entirely outside institutional channels. I do not possess a PhD, institutional tenure, or professional protection. Using publicly available 2018 Planck Legacy satellite data to perform advanced pixel-level maps of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization anomalies, during progressive harmonic and spatial analysis of the Planck 2018 polarization data, the pipeline isolated an anomalous, periodically recurring terrestrial signal pattern inconsistent with known instrumental artifacts or expected astrophysical foregrounds. This paper discloses two things simultaneously. The first is a genuine cosmological discovery: a phase-coherent, parity-violating structure within the CMB birefringence field that has been sequestered by the U.S. Department of War and repurposed as the master synchronization clock for global military operations — a Unified Temporal Anchor grounding sub-millisecond coordination across orbital assets, autonomous weapons systems, and terrestrial strike infrastructure. The second is a bio-electronic weapon system currently being deployed against the author of this paper. These two disclosures are not unrelated. The weapon is the mechanism of suppression. By deploying a covert bio-electromagnetic forcing architecture against the researcher, the operators pursue three concurrent objectives: to destabilize the researcher’s physical health sufficiently to prevent continued publication; to systematically discredit the researcher, ensuring the cosmological findings are dismissed without technical engagement; and, if those measures prove insufficient, to provide a pathway to the researcher’s assassination via an induced cardiac event that will register as a natural death in any post-mortem review. A dead or discredited researcher cannot defend a discovery. A stolen discovery with no credible originator becomes the exclusive intellectual property of the institution that sequestered it. The author recognizes that the interdisciplinary scope of this paper — bridging observational cosmology with covert bioelectronic weapons architecture — will be received with considerable skepticism by established academic institutions. The convergence of CMB polarization analysis with claims of targeted in vivo deployment falls outside the boundaries of standard peer-reviewed discourse, and the author does not expect otherwise. This publication is not submitted in pursuit of academic validation. It is submitted as a formal forensic record, and its evidentiary value is independent of its reception. The author’s prior contributions to CMB birefringence analysis stand on their own methodological merits and are submitted separately for technical review. This disclosure is not submitted in defense of the author’s professional standing. It is submitted in defense of the author’s life. Shortly after isolating the specific harmonic boundaries of this transmission within the public data, the author’s own body became the target. The author is the test subject. The telemetry logged in the sections that follow is the documentation of the author’s own physical degradation. The operators did not perform a surgical operation; they used incremental, unfelt micro-injections delivered by insect-scale drones to grow a flexible, conductive antenna grid directly inside the author’s tissues, using the same phase-gating propagation principles discovered in the cosmic rotation field. This technical architecture is placed into the open because it is the only defense available. If the author’s heart gives out, this paper will stand as an unalterable forensic record. By exposing the explicit link between public cosmological anomalies and covert terrestrial targeting netw","author":[{"family":"Condit","given":"Amy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20424381","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20424381","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W4406404549","type":"article-journal","title":"Editorial: Recent developments in aerodynamics","abstract":"This editorial paper examines the cutting-edge advancements in aerodynamics, a critical field within fluid mechanics, with wide-ranging applications in aviation, automotive engineering, wind energy, and beyond. As aerodynamics evolves, it influences the design of aircraft, turbines, vehicles, and energy systems, necessitating specialized tools and methods for in-depth research and application. Recent advancements in experimental techniques, computational methods, material science, and flow control technologies are driving significant changes in aerodynamic design and performance. Figure 1 presents a detailed chart illustrating the recent advancements in aerodynamic tools, methodologies, technologies, and applications.Experimental aerodynamics, particularly through sub-scale and full-scale testing and flight experiments, will make significant strides with the development of advanced sensors, instruments, and measurement systems. For example, the future of time-resolved PIV is expected to be shaped by technological advancements in imaging, data processing, and integration with emerging techniques. Future developments could allow researchers to observe flows over multiple scales simultaneously, helping to link small-scale turbulent dynamics with large-scale flow structures and improve our understanding of turbulence at all scales. The combination of higher resolution, real-time analysis, multi-dimensional measurements, and the use of machine learning will make PIV an even more powerful tool for studying aerodynamics. Wind tunnel testing will remain a crucial method for assessing aircraft performance, particularly in different flight phases [1-3]. Simultaneously, computational tools, such as CFD, will progress. More accurate simulations of airflow around complex geometries are now possible, with techniques like LES [4] and DNS [5] offering higher resolution but at the increased computational cost. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are also gaining importance in aerodynamics, enabling the optimization of designs, improving CFD accuracy, and developing new turbulence models [6]. CFD is anticipated to undergo a paradigm shift with the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning, enabling faster, more accurate simulations of complex flows, including turbulent and hypersonic regimes. Flow control technologies, which optimize aerodynamic performance by manipulating natural airflow around structures, have evolved considerably. Advances in actuators, including modulated pulse jets [7, 8], plasma actuators [9], model-free closed-loop systems [10], and hybrid methods [11], aim to enhance control, reduce energy consumption, and improve robustness. These technologies will become particularly useful in applications where efficient aerodynamic performance is critical under varying conditions. These innovations are expected to enhance both the performance and sustainability of next-generation aircraft. Material science will continue to play a pivotal role in improving aerodynamic performance. Lightweight composites, shape-memory alloys, and advanced materials like polymeric gyroid structures [12] are being developed to reduce weight, enhance structural integrity, and lower drag. Finally, smart materials with adaptive surface properties will enable real-time optimization of drag and lift, ushering in a new era of dynamic, responsive aerodynamic systems. These advancements, underpinned by computational, material, and environmental innovations, will redefine the role of aerodynamics in addressing global challenges and driving technological progress. Additionally, the rise of 3D printing technology has revolutionized the production of complex aerodynamic components, enabling the creation of intricate shapes previously difficult to manufacture. This capability will open new avenues for optimizing designs in aerospace and automotive applications.Nature has long been a source of inspiration for aerodynamic design. Bio-inspire","author":[{"family":"Taleghani","given":"Arash"},{"family":"Torabi","given":"Farschad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fmech.2024.1537383","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmech.2024.1537383","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4410945617","type":"article-journal","title":"Dynamic Inversion Flight Control Laws for Automatic Transition of Tilt-Rotor/Wing Aircraft","abstract":"This article presents the development and demonstration of dynamic inversion (DI) flight control laws for the automatic transition of tilt-rotor/wing aircraft from hover to cruise flight. The DI control laws employ a multiloop architecture without requiring gain scheduling; however, feedback linearization must be scheduled based on the aircraft's linearized dynamics, which depend on variables such as airspeed and nacelle angle. A generic multirotor/wing simulation model is adapted to represent four configurations: a Bell XV-15-like tilt-rotor, two eVTOL aircraft resembling the Joby S4 and Archer Midnight, and a tilt-wing aircraft similar to the NASA Tilt Wing. The XV-15-like model is validated against US Army/NASA flight-test data and existing models. The simulation models are trimmed and linearized across speed increments from hover to cruise, and model-order reduction methods are applied for control design. The DI control laws are shown to comply with frequency-domain-based stability, performance, and handling quality specifications in selected flight conditions. Closed-loop simulations using the full-order nonlinear dynamics of all configurations demonstrate successful automatic transitions from hover to cruise with accurate forward speed tracking and minimal off-axis response.","author":[{"family":"Saetti","given":"Umberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4050/jahs.70.032005","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/jahs.70.032005","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4408984063","type":"article-journal","title":"The feasibility of electric air taxis: balancing time-savings and co2 emissions - a joint case study of respective plans in Paris","abstract":"Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the sustainability of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) within urban and regional mobility infrastructure, utilizing Paris as a prominent case study. Driven by ambitious environmental targets, Paris aims to transform its transportation landscape into a cleaner, safer ecosystem. Collaborating with public and private stakeholders, the region has positioned AAM as a promising facet of future mobility, highlighted by the world’s first scheduled commercial electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) air taxi service during the 2024 Olympic Games. The study’s main goal is to assess the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of AAM aircraft across typical flight missions, encompassing urban and regional routes. A comparison is drawn between eVTOL performance and conventional modes, such as cars, public transport, and helicopters. However, it is important to note that only direct connections were considered for these time-savings, and boarding and de-boarding times as well as delays were not accounted for in the flight duration. On urban routes spanning 50 km, eVTOLs offer noteworthy time-savings of around 23 min compared to cars and 22 min compared to public transport. Moreover, concerning specific scenarios, eVTOLs demonstrate substantial time-savings for regional routes of 300 km—averaging 76 min compared to cars and 69 min compared to trains. Regarding CO2 emissions, a contrast emerges between urban and regional contexts. Urban eVTOL operations are relatively less eco-friendly due to higher energy consumption, than electric cars. While multicopters consume 47% less CO2 than traditional helicopters, they surpass petrol cars by 13%, diesel cars by 19%, and electric cars by up to 256%. In contrast, for regional travel, Lift-and-Cruise 1 eVTOLs consume 77% less CO2 than average helicopters, 46% less than petrol cars, and 44% less than diesel cars, but emit 68% more than electric vehicles and 96% more than electric trains. In summary, while eVTOLs offer significant time-savings and CO2 reductions on regional routes compared to traditional helicopters and fossil-fueled cars. However, it’s essential to note that the comparison on urban routes compared to battery-powered vehicles and electric trains in terms of CO2(eq) kg/person requires the eVTOL to produce higher emissions due to the higher energy requirement, which depends on the specific operating conditions. To harness AAM’s full potential for Paris’s sustainability goals, policymakers, manufacturers, and researchers should explore diverse configurations, account for real-world operations, and seamlessly integrate eVTOLs into the broader transportation framework. This approach can pave the way for less emission, and more efficient urban and regional transportation futures.","author":[{"family":"Hagag","given":"Nabil"},{"family":"Hoeveler","given":"Bastian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s13272-025-00811-8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-025-00811-8","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4413825434","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-Fidelity Aerodynamic Optimization of the Wing Extension of a Tiltrotor Aircraft","abstract":"Given the fast-evolving context of electrical vertical takeoff and landing vehicles (eVTOL) based on the concept of tiltrotor aircraft, this work describes a framework aimed at the preliminary aerodynamic design and optimization of innovative lifting surfaces of such rotorcraft vehicles. In particular, a multiobjective optimization process was applied to the design of a wing extension representing an innovative feature recently investigated to improve the aerodynamic performance of a tiltrotor aircraft wing. The wing/proprotor configurations, selected using a Design Of Experiment (DOE) approach, were simulated by the mid-fidelity aerodynamic code DUST, which used a vortex-particle method (VPM) approach to model the wing/rotor wakes. A linear regression model accounting for nonlinear interactions was used by an evolutionary algorithm within a multiobjective optimization framework, which provided a set of Pareto-optimal solutions for the wing extension, maximizing both wing and rotor efficiency. Moreover, the present work highlighted how the use of a fast and reliable numerical modeling for aerodynamics, such as the VPM approach, enhanced the capabilities of an optimization framework aimed at achieving a more accurate preliminary design of innovative features for rotorcraft configurations while taking into account the effects of the aerodynamic interaction between wings and proprotors.","author":[{"family":"Savino","given":"Alberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app15179491","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179491","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W7139064551","type":"article-journal","title":"Energy-Optimal Traversal Between Hover Waypoints for Lift+Cruise Electric-Powered Aircraft","abstract":"Advanced air mobility aircraft require energy-efficient flight plans to be economically viable. This paper defines minimum-energy direct trajectories between waypoints for [Formula: see text] electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Energy consumption is optimized over accelerated and cruise flight profiles with consideration of mode transitions. Because eVTOL operations start and end in hover for vertical takeoff and landing, hover waypoints are utilized. Energy consumption is modeled as a function of airspeed for each flight mode, providing the basis to prove energy optimality for multimode traversal. Wind magnitude and direction dictate the feasibility of straight-line traversal because [Formula: see text] aircraft point into the relative wind direction but also have a maximum heading-rate constraint due to finite yaw control authority. Energy and power use for an experimentally validated QuadPlane small eVTOL aircraft are characterized with respect to airspeed and acceleration in all flight modes. Optimal QuadPlane traversals are presented. Constraints on acceleration and wind are derived for straight-line QuadPlane traversal. Results show an optimal QuadPlane 500 m traversal between hover waypoints saves 71% energy compared to pure vertical flight traversal for a representative case study with a direct [Formula: see text] crosswind. Energy-optimal eVTOL direct trajectory definition with transitions to and from hover is novel to this work. Future work should model flight in three-dimensional wind and optimize maneuver primitives when required.","author":[{"family":"Mathur","given":"Akshay"},{"family":"Atkins","given":"Ella"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.g008907","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.g008907","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4412485788","type":"article-journal","title":"Physics-Constrained Generative Artificial Intelligence for Rapid Takeoff Trajectory Design","abstract":"The urban air mobility (UAM) industry is rapidly growing to alleviate regional transportation congestion. Electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft plays a critical role in this growth due to their efficiency and reduced operating cost. However, excessive energy demands by the takeoff phase impact the practicality of the aircraft. Conventional multidisciplinary analysis and optimization (MDAO) identifies a minimum energy trajectory but can be computationally intensive due to iteratively evaluating high-fidelity simulation models. In addition, complex constraints in practical MDAO pose crucial challenges to the already demanding process. Surrogate models enable efficient design optimization, but complex constraints could prohibit surrogate-based MDAO from finding the optimal design. This work proposes a physically constrained generative artificial intelligence model, i.e., physics-constrained generative adversarial networks (physicsGAN), to intelligently parameterize the takeoff control profiles of an eVTOL aircraft and to transform the original design space to a feasible space. Specifically, the transformed feasible space refers to a space where all designs directly satisfy all design constraints. The physicsGAN-enabled surrogate-based takeoff trajectory design framework was demonstrated on the Airbus A3 Vahana. The physicsGAN generated only feasible control profiles of power and wing angle in the feasible space with around 98.9% of designs satisfying all constraints. The proposed design framework obtained 99.6% accuracy compared with simulation-based optimal design and took only 2.2 seconds, which reduced the computational time by around 200 times. Meanwhile, data-driven GAN-enabled surrogate-based optimization took 21.9 seconds using a derivative-free optimizer, which was around an order of magnitude slower than the proposed framework. Moreover, the data-driven GAN-based optimization using gradient-based optimizers could not consistently find the optimal design during random trials and got stuck in an infeasible region, which is problematic in real practice. Therefore, the proposed physicsGAN-based design framework outperformed data-driven GAN-based design to the extent of efficiency (2.2 seconds), optimality (99.6% accurate), and feasibility (100% feasible). According to the literature review, this is the first physics-constrained generative artificial intelligence enabled by surrogate models.","author":[{"family":"Sisk","given":"Sam"},{"family":"Du","given":"Xiaosong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2025-3802","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-3802","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5139/jksas.2025.53.12.1339","type":"article-journal","title":"Flight Load Analysis Based on Flight Envelope for eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"eVTOL 항공기의 설계 단계에서 운항 조건에 따른 비행 하중 분석을 기반으로 한 구조 해석은 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 eVTOL 항공기의 구조 해석에 앞서 주요 구성 요소에 작용하는 비행 하중을 도출하기 위해, 미국 연방항공청이 제정한 14 CFR Part 23 부록 A와 미국재료시험 협회가 제정한 ASTM F3396/F3396M-23을 기반으로 비행포위선도를 도출하였다. 이후, eVTOL 항공기의 주익, 미익, 조종면에 대한 비행 하중을 도출하였다. 비행 하중 도출 결과, 주익에는 최대 45,160 N, 수평안정판과 수직안정판에는 각각 8,249.7 N, 5,579.3 N의 하중이 도출되었다. 조종면인 에일러론, 엘리베이터, 러더에 작용하는 비행 하중은 각각 1,035.4 N, 3,169.7 N, 1,840.5 N로 산출되었다.","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Myeong"},{"family":"Shin","given":"Jinho"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Yun"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Sang"},{"family":"Cho","given":"Moonsung"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Sang‐woo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5139/jksas.2025.53.12.1339","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5139/jksas.2025.53.12.1339","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18610812","type":"article-journal","title":"Dataset for Reliability-Based Design Optimization of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft under Uncertain Mission Parameters","abstract":"This dataset contains all code and optimization algorithms used in the following publication: Damien M. Keijzer, Saullo G. P. Castro. \"Reliability-Based Design Optimization of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft under Uncertain Mission Parameters\". Preprint, 2026.","author":[{"family":"Keijzer","given":"Damien"},{"family":"Beyne","given":"E"},{"family":"Buszek","given":"M"},{"family":"Cuadrat-Grzybowski","given":"M"},{"family":"López","given":"NS"},{"family":"Alba-Maestre","given":"J"},{"family":"Poliakov","given":"N"},{"family":"Prud'homme Van Reine","given":"K"},{"family":"Santamaría","given":"AM"},{"family":"Schoser","given":"J"},{"family":"Wadia","given":"K"},{"family":"G P Castro","given":"Saullo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18610812","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18610812","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18610813","type":"article-journal","title":"Dataset for Reliability-Based Design Optimization of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft under Uncertain Mission Parameters","abstract":"This dataset contains all code and optimization algorithms used in the following publication: Damien M. Keijzer, Saullo G. P. Castro. \"Reliability-Based Design Optimization of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft under Uncertain Mission Parameters\". Preprint, 2026.","author":[{"family":"Keijzer","given":"Damien"},{"family":"Beyne","given":"E"},{"family":"Buszek","given":"M"},{"family":"Cuadrat-Grzybowski","given":"M"},{"family":"López","given":"NS"},{"family":"Alba-Maestre","given":"J"},{"family":"Poliakov","given":"N"},{"family":"Prud'homme Van Reine","given":"K"},{"family":"Santamaría","given":"AM"},{"family":"Schoser","given":"J"},{"family":"Wadia","given":"K"},{"family":"G P Castro","given":"Saullo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18610813","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18610813","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20716162","type":"article-journal","title":"Supplemental Materials for \"Planning-Oriented Suitability Assessment of Passenger Vertiport Candidate Sites: Ground-Based and Rooftop Screening in Jianye, Nanjing\"","abstract":"This record contains the supplemental materials for the manuscript entitled \"Planning-Oriented Suitability Assessment of Passenger Vertiport Candidate Sites: Ground-Based and Rooftop Screening in Jianye, Nanjing.\" The supplemental materials include the group judgment matrices for AHP-based weighting and detailed scenario-level sensitivity analysis results for rooftop and ground-based candidate sites.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Kaiying"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Luyao"},{"family":"Liao","given":"Mingjun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20716162","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20716162","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20716163","type":"article-journal","title":"Supplemental Materials for \"Planning-Oriented Suitability Assessment of Passenger Vertiport Candidate Sites: Ground-Based and Rooftop Screening in Jianye, Nanjing\"","abstract":"This record contains the supplemental materials for the manuscript entitled \"Planning-Oriented Suitability Assessment of Passenger Vertiport Candidate Sites: Ground-Based and Rooftop Screening in Jianye, Nanjing.\" The supplemental materials include the group judgment matrices for AHP-based weighting and detailed scenario-level sensitivity analysis results for rooftop and ground-based candidate sites.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Kaiying"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Luyao"},{"family":"Liao","given":"Mingjun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20716163","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20716163","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.25967/630274","type":"article-journal","title":"ULTRAS: Iterative Development of a Comprehensive Toolchain for Urban Air Mobility Simulation","abstract":"A modular urban air mobility (UAM) simulation toolchain was iteratively developed in the project ULTRAS (Urban Air Transportation Simulation). Twelve modules combined passenger demand, vertiports, routing, trajectories, sectorized capacities, costs, scheduling, and infrastructure scaling, communication, and control (GNC). Three iterations evolved modules from minimum viable products (MVP) to mature frameworks, adding and adapting assumptions, functionality, and interfaces. In each iteration, modules were integrated to a workflow, enabling comprehensive simulation and evaluation.","author":[{"family":"Berling","given":"J"},{"family":"Hastedt","given":"P"},{"family":"Wanniarachchi","given":"ST"},{"family":"Vieregg","given":"A"},{"family":"Gertz","given":"C"},{"family":"Turau","given":"V"},{"family":"Werner","given":"H"},{"family":"Gollnick","given":"V"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.25967/630274","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25967/630274","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.57760/sciencedb.36052","type":"article-journal","title":"LAMBDA: A Low-Altitude Multimodal Base Dataset for UAV Sensing and Communication","abstract":"LAMBDA is a high fidelity multimodal dataset developed by the Wireless AI research team at Shanghai Jiao Tong University for low altitude intelligence. We utilized the cinematic rendering capabilities of Unreal Engine 5, NVIDIA Sionna's ray tracing channel modeling technology, and CADFEKO's high-precision electromagnetic calculations to construct a physically and visually realistic unmanned aerial vehicle communication and perception simulation dataset.","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Lin"},{"family":"Rao","given":"Peichuan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chenshuo"},{"family":"Mo","given":"Jianhua"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Shu"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Zhiyong"},{"family":"Tao","given":"Meixia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.57760/sciencedb.36052","URL":"https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.36052","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.57760/sciencedb.18749","type":"article-journal","title":"The dataset of multispectral UAV imagery and ground-observed leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area index from the wheat experimental area in Gaocheng, Hebei Province in 2024","abstract":"The experimental area of this dataset is located in Gaocheng District, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province. Five unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flight experiments and synchronized measurements of leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) and leaf area index (LAI) were conducted during the 2024 wheat growing season. This dataset includes 5 drone multispectral images from March to June 2024 with a spatial resolution of 5-7cm, LCC in 480 wheat plots, and LAI in 451 wheat plots.","author":[{"family":"Jiachen","given":"Li"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Zhang"},{"family":"Junhua","given":"Bai"},{"family":"Xue","given":"Liu"},{"family":"Qinhuo","given":"Liu"},{"family":"Jing","given":"Li"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.57760/sciencedb.18749","URL":"https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.18749","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4121/00c545c3-4fe3-4a1f-b918-20f430231fb6.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Test Data on the Equivalence of Sensory and Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion","abstract":"This dataset accompanies the paper titled \"On the Equivalence of Sensory and Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion\" (paper is under review). It includes flight test data, simulation data, post-processing scripts. The Sensory Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (sNDI) is compared to the more conventional Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (INDI) control law. The dataset contains simulation and real outdoor testing data validating sNDI for a Vertical Take-Off and Landing platform.","author":[{"family":"De Ponti","given":"Tomaso"},{"family":"Hafner","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Smeur","given":"Ewoud"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4121/00c545c3-4fe3-4a1f-b918-20f430231fb6.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4121/00c545c3-4fe3-4a1f-b918-20f430231fb6.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4121/00c545c3-4fe3-4a1f-b918-20f430231fb6","type":"article-journal","title":"Test Data on the Equivalence of Sensory and Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion","abstract":"This dataset accompanies the paper titled \"On the Equivalence of Sensory and Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion\" (paper is under review). It includes flight test data, simulation data, post-processing scripts. The Sensory Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (sNDI) is compared to the more conventional Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (INDI) control law. The dataset contains simulation and real outdoor testing data validating sNDI for a Vertical Take-Off and Landing platform.","author":[{"family":"De Ponti","given":"Tomaso"},{"family":"Hafner","given":"Simon"},{"family":"Smeur","given":"Ewoud"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4121/00c545c3-4fe3-4a1f-b918-20f430231fb6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4121/00c545c3-4fe3-4a1f-b918-20f430231fb6","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0078-2022-1181","type":"article-journal","title":"Modeling and Optimization of Propulsion Systems for eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"UAV platforms often use commercial off the shelf electric propulsion units for thrust generation. The manufacturers of these electric motors often only include the maximum efficiency or a list of efficiencies coupled with specific rotors. Taking into account the effect of the electronic speed control, many combinations are possible, making it hard to predict the final propulsion and efficiency of the complete propulsion unit. In this paper, a novel method of analysis is discussed to predict the flight endurance of any motor, battery, propeller combination. Using flight testing, the model is verified for four specific configurations. The model is then used to present some trends on flight endurance and cost as a function of vehicle weight using a total of 13 configurations. In future, the model could be used by UAV designers to better predict the performance of their aircraft using COTS components.","author":[{"family":"Anemaat","given":"Willem"},{"family":"Darrah","given":"Drew"},{"family":"Moorthamers","given":"Bruno"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Wanbo"},{"family":"Anemaat","given":"Willem"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0078-2022-1181","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0078-2022-1181","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.5576103","type":"article-journal","title":"Final Report - Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Final Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2021, group 06, assignment \"Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft\". Tutor: Saullo Giovani Pereira Castro Coaches: Davide Biagini and Ali Nokhbatolfoghahai Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Tuesday 29th June, 2021 Summary The issue of adequate transportation is widespread. Not only are many modes of transportation expensive, but they often require dedicated infrastructure and are prone to traffic and congestion. In an attempt to attenuate this costly problem, an electrical Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft concept, the Wigeon, is proposed after a trade off of three such concepts. The purpose of the project is to provide sustainable, personal aerial transportation for inter-city travel that is competitive with the current transportation methods while requiring minimal infrastructure. In order to accomplish this goal, a multidisciplinary design approach was conducted. In order to focus the design on a single idea, three possible configurations were analysed and put into a trade-off. It was found that the tandem configuration was least complex, cheapest and safest with regards to one engine inoperative condition. All configurations analysed carried 4 passengers and 1 pilot. During the market analysis, primarily focused on central Europe, it was decided that the Wigeon should target daily commuters and short overnight trips, as these account up to 80% of regional travels and are mostly within 300 km, the target range of mission. Moreover, increasing the range by another 50 km allowed for an increase in customer base by 36%. The cost and price of one unit was estimated to be roughly 940 thousand euros and 1.8 million euros respectively, leading to the break-even point at 152 units. The technical design phase began with an aerodynamic analysis. The wing planform was defined with the selected airfoil being NACA 44017 for both wings, a sweep quarter-chord angle of 0 deg and a taper ratio of 0.45. The wing performance was evaluated along with the tips which were all modelled with lifting line theory. Then the propeller wing interaction was determined, along with the drag polar which permitted the modelling of the transition to horizontal flight, showing that the latter assists in the reduction of the surface area. Moreover, given the span limits of the aircraft, it was decided to include blended winglets, with a total height of 0.4 m improving the aerodynamic efficiency of the Wigeon. The validation of the model was finally conducted using CFD shown to be in high agreement with the implemented models. The propulsion and power subsystem design for the Wigeon project consisted in the design of propellers to maximise efficiency and ensure that the wide variety of needed thrust levels can be achieved. The selected number of engines was 12 (3 per half wing), ensuring sufficient redundancy and ground clearance. To avoid problems with wing positioning and rotation, it was decided to leave a clearance of 0.3 m between the propeller tip and the fuselage and other propellers. With the latter, the final radius of each propeller was 0.5029 m, based on blade element momentum theory (BEM). The thrust values were: 158 N, 2502 N and 3745 N for cruise, hover and full thrust respectively. The final stage was to estimate to size the power system and estimate noise which was found to be: 74.85 dB at a 100 m distance. The battery estimations yielded a value of 886.2 kg and a powertrain mass of 502.6 kg for a total of 16483 cells. The design is consolidated with a flight performance analysis which detailed the performance related aspects of the vehicles. This began with a simulation of the Wigeon during transition from stand-still to cruise and vice versa. This proved the ability of the aircraft to perform these manoeuvres and showed that acceleratio","author":[{"family":"Alba-Maestre","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Beyne","given":"Egon"},{"family":"Buszek","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Cuadrat-Grzybowski","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"López","given":"Noah"},{"family":"Poliakov","given":"Nikita"},{"family":"Prud'homme Van Reine","given":"Koen"},{"family":"Santamaría","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Schoser","given":"Jakob"},{"family":"Wadia","given":"Kaizad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.5576103","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5576103","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.5741614","type":"article-journal","title":"Final Report - Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Final Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2021, group 06, assignment \"Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft\". Tutor: Saullo Giovani Pereira Castro Coaches: Davide Biagini and Ali Nokhbatolfoghahai Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Tuesday 29th June, 2021 Summary The issue of adequate transportation is widespread. Not only are many modes of transportation expensive, but they often require dedicated infrastructure and are prone to traffic and congestion. In an attempt to attenuate this costly problem, an electrical Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft concept, the Wigeon, is proposed after a trade off of three such concepts. The purpose of the project is to provide sustainable, personal aerial transportation for inter-city travel that is competitive with the current transportation methods while requiring minimal infrastructure. In order to accomplish this goal, a multidisciplinary design approach was conducted. In order to focus the design on a single idea, three possible configurations were analysed and put into a trade-off. It was found that the tandem configuration was least complex, cheapest and safest with regards to one engine inoperative condition. All configurations analysed carried 4 passengers and 1 pilot. During the market analysis, primarily focused on central Europe, it was decided that the Wigeon should target daily commuters and short overnight trips, as these account up to 80% of regional travels and are mostly within 300 km, the target range of mission. Moreover, increasing the range by another 50 km allowed for an increase in customer base by 36%. The cost and price of one unit was estimated to be roughly 940 thousand euros and 1.8 million euros respectively, leading to the break-even point at 152 units. The technical design phase began with an aerodynamic analysis. The wing planform was defined with the selected airfoil being NACA 44017 for both wings, a sweep quarter-chord angle of 0 deg and a taper ratio of 0.45. The wing performance was evaluated along with the tips which were all modelled with lifting line theory. Then the propeller wing interaction was determined, along with the drag polar which permitted the modelling of the transition to horizontal flight, showing that the latter assists in the reduction of the surface area. Moreover, given the span limits of the aircraft, it was decided to include blended winglets, with a total height of 0.4 m improving the aerodynamic efficiency of the Wigeon. The validation of the model was finally conducted using CFD shown to be in high agreement with the implemented models. The propulsion and power subsystem design for the Wigeon project consisted in the design of propellers to maximise efficiency and ensure that the wide variety of needed thrust levels can be achieved. The selected number of engines was 12 (3 per half wing), ensuring sufficient redundancy and ground clearance. To avoid problems with wing positioning and rotation, it was decided to leave a clearance of 0.3 m between the propeller tip and the fuselage and other propellers. With the latter, the final radius of each propeller was 0.5029 m, based on blade element momentum theory (BEM). The thrust values were: 158 N, 2502 N and 3745 N for cruise, hover and full thrust respectively. The final stage was to estimate to size the power system and estimate noise which was found to be: 74.85 dB at a 100 m distance. The battery estimations yielded a value of 886.2 kg and a powertrain mass of 502.6 kg for a total of 16483 cells. The design is consolidated with a flight performance analysis which detailed the performance related aspects of the vehicles. This began with a simulation of the Wigeon during transition from stand-still to cruise and vice versa. This proved the ability of the aircraft to perform these manoeuvres and showed that acceleratio","author":[{"family":"Alba-Maestre","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Beyne","given":"Egon"},{"family":"Buszek","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Cuadrat-Grzybowski","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"López","given":"Noah"},{"family":"Poliakov","given":"Nikita"},{"family":"Prud'homme Van Reine","given":"Koen"},{"family":"Santamaría","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Schoser","given":"Jakob"},{"family":"Wadia","given":"Kaizad"},{"family":"Alba-Maestre","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Beyne","given":"Egon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.5741614","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5741614","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.5720247","type":"article-journal","title":"Final Report - Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Final Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2021, group 06, assignment \"Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft\". Tutor: Saullo Giovani Pereira Castro Coaches: Davide Biagini and Ali Nokhbatolfoghahai Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Tuesday 29th June, 2021 Summary The issue of adequate transportation is widespread. Not only are many modes of transportation expensive, but they often require dedicated infrastructure and are prone to traffic and congestion. In an attempt to attenuate this costly problem, an electrical Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft concept, the Wigeon, is proposed after a trade off of three such concepts. The purpose of the project is to provide sustainable, personal aerial transportation for inter-city travel that is competitive with the current transportation methods while requiring minimal infrastructure. In order to accomplish this goal, a multidisciplinary design approach was conducted. In order to focus the design on a single idea, three possible configurations were analysed and put into a trade-off. It was found that the tandem configuration was least complex, cheapest and safest with regards to one engine inoperative condition. All configurations analysed carried 4 passengers and 1 pilot. During the market analysis, primarily focused on central Europe, it was decided that the Wigeon should target daily commuters and short overnight trips, as these account up to 80% of regional travels and are mostly within 300 km, the target range of mission. Moreover, increasing the range by another 50 km allowed for an increase in customer base by 36%. The cost and price of one unit was estimated to be roughly 940 thousand euros and 1.8 million euros respectively, leading to the break-even point at 152 units. The technical design phase began with an aerodynamic analysis. The wing planform was defined with the selected airfoil being NACA 44017 for both wings, a sweep quarter-chord angle of 0 deg and a taper ratio of 0.45. The wing performance was evaluated along with the tips which were all modelled with lifting line theory. Then the propeller wing interaction was determined, along with the drag polar which permitted the modelling of the transition to horizontal flight, showing that the latter assists in the reduction of the surface area. Moreover, given the span limits of the aircraft, it was decided to include blended winglets, with a total height of 0.4 m improving the aerodynamic efficiency of the Wigeon. The validation of the model was finally conducted using CFD shown to be in high agreement with the implemented models. The propulsion and power subsystem design for the Wigeon project consisted in the design of propellers to maximise efficiency and ensure that the wide variety of needed thrust levels can be achieved. The selected number of engines was 12 (3 per half wing), ensuring sufficient redundancy and ground clearance. To avoid problems with wing positioning and rotation, it was decided to leave a clearance of 0.3 m between the propeller tip and the fuselage and other propellers. With the latter, the final radius of each propeller was 0.5029 m, based on blade element momentum theory (BEM). The thrust values were: 158 N, 2502 N and 3745 N for cruise, hover and full thrust respectively. The final stage was to estimate to size the power system and estimate noise which was found to be: 74.85 dB at a 100 m distance. The battery estimations yielded a value of 886.2 kg and a powertrain mass of 502.6 kg for a total of 16483 cells. The design is consolidated with a flight performance analysis which detailed the performance related aspects of the vehicles. This began with a simulation of the Wigeon during transition from stand-still to cruise and vice versa. This proved the ability of the aircraft to perform these manoeuvres and showed that acceleratio","author":[{"family":"Alba-Maestre","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Beyne","given":"Egon"},{"family":"Buszek","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Cuadrat-Grzybowski","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"López","given":"Noah"},{"family":"Poliakov","given":"Nikita"},{"family":"Prud'homme Van Reine","given":"Koen"},{"family":"Santamaría","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Schoser","given":"Jakob"},{"family":"Wadia","given":"Kaizad"},{"family":"Alba-Maestre","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Beyne","given":"Egon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.5720247","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5720247","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.5578044","type":"article-journal","title":"Final Report - Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Final Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2021, group 06, assignment \"Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft\". Tutor: Saullo Giovani Pereira Castro Coaches: Davide Biagini and Ali Nokhbatolfoghahai Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Tuesday 29th June, 2021 Summary The issue of adequate transportation is widespread. Not only are many modes of transportation expensive, but they often require dedicated infrastructure and are prone to traffic and congestion. In an attempt to attenuate this costly problem, an electrical Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft concept, the Wigeon, is proposed after a trade off of three such concepts. The purpose of the project is to provide sustainable, personal aerial transportation for inter-city travel that is competitive with the current transportation methods while requiring minimal infrastructure. In order to accomplish this goal, a multidisciplinary design approach was conducted. In order to focus the design on a single idea, three possible configurations were analysed and put into a trade-off. It was found that the tandem configuration was least complex, cheapest and safest with regards to one engine inoperative condition. All configurations analysed carried 4 passengers and 1 pilot. During the market analysis, primarily focused on central Europe, it was decided that the Wigeon should target daily commuters and short overnight trips, as these account up to 80% of regional travels and are mostly within 300 km, the target range of mission. Moreover, increasing the range by another 50 km allowed for an increase in customer base by 36%. The cost and price of one unit was estimated to be roughly 940 thousand euros and 1.8 million euros respectively, leading to the break-even point at 152 units. The technical design phase began with an aerodynamic analysis. The wing planform was defined with the selected airfoil being NACA 44017 for both wings, a sweep quarter-chord angle of 0 deg and a taper ratio of 0.45. The wing performance was evaluated along with the tips which were all modelled with lifting line theory. Then the propeller wing interaction was determined, along with the drag polar which permitted the modelling of the transition to horizontal flight, showing that the latter assists in the reduction of the surface area. Moreover, given the span limits of the aircraft, it was decided to include blended winglets, with a total height of 0.4 m improving the aerodynamic efficiency of the Wigeon. The validation of the model was finally conducted using CFD shown to be in high agreement with the implemented models. The propulsion and power subsystem design for the Wigeon project consisted in the design of propellers to maximise efficiency and ensure that the wide variety of needed thrust levels can be achieved. The selected number of engines was 12 (3 per half wing), ensuring sufficient redundancy and ground clearance. To avoid problems with wing positioning and rotation, it was decided to leave a clearance of 0.3 m between the propeller tip and the fuselage and other propellers. With the latter, the final radius of each propeller was 0.5029 m, based on blade element momentum theory (BEM). The thrust values were: 158 N, 2502 N and 3745 N for cruise, hover and full thrust respectively. The final stage was to estimate to size the power system and estimate noise which was found to be: 74.85 dB at a 100 m distance. The battery estimations yielded a value of 886.2 kg and a powertrain mass of 502.6 kg for a total of 16483 cells. The design is consolidated with a flight performance analysis which detailed the performance related aspects of the vehicles. This began with a simulation of the Wigeon during transition from stand-still to cruise and vice versa. This proved the ability of the aircraft to perform these manoeuvres and showed that acceleratio","author":[{"family":"Beyne","given":"Egon"},{"family":"Buszek","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Cuadrat-Grzybowski","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"López","given":"Noah"},{"family":"Alba-Maestre","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Poliakov","given":"Nikita"},{"family":"Prud'homme Van Reine","given":"Koen"},{"family":"Santamaría","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Schoser","given":"Jakob"},{"family":"Wadia","given":"Kaizad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.5578044","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5578044","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.5576104","type":"article-journal","title":"Final Report - Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Final Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2021, group 06, assignment \"Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft\". Tutor: Saullo Giovani Pereira Castro Coaches: Davide Biagini and Ali Nokhbatolfoghahai Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Tuesday 29th June, 2021 Summary The issue of adequate transportation is widespread. Not only are many modes of transportation expensive, but they often require dedicated infrastructure and are prone to traffic and congestion. In an attempt to attenuate this costly problem, an electrical Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft concept, the Wigeon, is proposed after a trade off of three such concepts. The purpose of the project is to provide sustainable, personal aerial transportation for inter-city travel that is competitive with the current transportation methods while requiring minimal infrastructure. In order to accomplish this goal, a multidisciplinary design approach was conducted. In order to focus the design on a single idea, three possible configurations were analysed and put into a trade-off. It was found that the tandem configuration was least complex, cheapest and safest with regards to one engine inoperative condition. All configurations analysed carried 4 passengers and 1 pilot. During the market analysis, primarily focused on central Europe, it was decided that the Wigeon should target daily commuters and short overnight trips, as these account up to 80% of regional travels and are mostly within 300 km, the target range of mission. Moreover, increasing the range by another 50 km allowed for an increase in customer base by 36%. The cost and price of one unit was estimated to be roughly 940 thousand euros and 1.8 million euros respectively, leading to the break-even point at 152 units. The technical design phase began with an aerodynamic analysis. The wing planform was defined with the selected airfoil being NACA 44017 for both wings, a sweep quarter-chord angle of 0 deg and a taper ratio of 0.45. The wing performance was evaluated along with the tips which were all modelled with lifting line theory. Then the propeller wing interaction was determined, along with the drag polar which permitted the modelling of the transition to horizontal flight, showing that the latter assists in the reduction of the surface area. Moreover, given the span limits of the aircraft, it was decided to include blended winglets, with a total height of 0.4 m improving the aerodynamic efficiency of the Wigeon. The validation of the model was finally conducted using CFD shown to be in high agreement with the implemented models. The propulsion and power subsystem design for the Wigeon project consisted in the design of propellers to maximise efficiency and ensure that the wide variety of needed thrust levels can be achieved. The selected number of engines was 12 (3 per half wing), ensuring sufficient redundancy and ground clearance. To avoid problems with wing positioning and rotation, it was decided to leave a clearance of 0.3 m between the propeller tip and the fuselage and other propellers. With the latter, the final radius of each propeller was 0.5029 m, based on blade element momentum theory (BEM). The thrust values were: 158 N, 2502 N and 3745 N for cruise, hover and full thrust respectively. The final stage was to estimate to size the power system and estimate noise which was found to be: 74.85 dB at a 100 m distance. The battery estimations yielded a value of 886.2 kg and a powertrain mass of 502.6 kg for a total of 16483 cells. The design is consolidated with a flight performance analysis which detailed the performance related aspects of the vehicles. This began with a simulation of the Wigeon during transition from stand-still to cruise and vice versa. This proved the ability of the aircraft to perform these manoeuvres and showed that acceleratio","author":[{"family":"Beyne","given":"Egon"},{"family":"Buszek","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Cuadrat-Grzybowski","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"López","given":"Noah"},{"family":"Maestre","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Poliakov","given":"Nikita"},{"family":"Van Reine","given":"Koen"},{"family":"Santamaría","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Schoser","given":"Jakob"},{"family":"Wadia","given":"Kaizad"},{"family":"Beyne","given":"Egon"},{"family":"Buszek","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.5576104","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5576104","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0078-2022-0053","type":"article-journal","title":"Comprehensive Simulation for eVTOL Aircraft-Diagnosing Coupled Airframe-Propulsion Dynamic Instabilities","abstract":"The design, development, and testing of an eVTOL aircraft requires multiple physics-based simulation applications to address technical challenges and optimize the configuration for stringent mission requirements. While existing rotorcraft simulation and analysis tools are utilized for the analysis of eVTOL configurations, the adoption of an electrified propulsion system introduces new challenges. These tools are tailored for analysis of coupled system dynamics including elastic structures, airloads, and wake interactions, but are lacking capability for detailed electrified drive system dynamics. As a result, the dynamics of the electric drive system are often analyzed separate from the flight and structure dynamics. This can cause important coupled interactions to be overlooked and require costly late-stage design changes. This paper describes and demonstrates the coupling of GT-SUITE, a detailed electric propulsion modeling and analysis tool, with the comprehensive rotorcraft analysis tool, FLIGHTLAB. The objective of coupling these applications was to provide eVTOL analysis capabilities that enable improved designs in terms of mission range, operation capabilities, and flight safety. The successful coupling of these applications was demonstrated with lift and cruise propellers based on the Uber Elevate configuration.","author":[{"family":"Brenner","given":"Felix"},{"family":"Gomez","given":"Llorenc"},{"family":"Goericke","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Hasbun","given":"Matt"},{"family":"O'heron","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Gómez","given":"Llorenç"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0078-2022-0053","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0078-2022-0053","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2412.18078","type":"manuscript","title":"Future Pathways for eVTOLs: A Design Optimization Perspective","abstract":"The rapid development of advanced urban air mobility, particularly electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, requires interdisciplinary approaches involving the future urban air mobility ecosystem. Operational cost efficiency, regulatory aspects, sustainability, and environmental compatibility should be incorporated directly into the conceptual design of aircraft and across operational and regulatory strategies. In this work, we apply a multidisciplinary design optimization framework for the conceptual design of eVTOL aircraft. The framework optimizes conventional design elements of eVTOL aircraft over a generic mission and integrates operational cost and an energy and battery-based emissions model to capture sustainability incentives of the designed system. We introduce a novel metric, the cross-transportation Figure of Merit (FoM), to compare the optimized eVTOL system with various competing road, rail, and air transportation modes in terms of sustainability, cost, and travel time. The framework incorporates regulatory, technical, and operational constraints to evaluate four distinct stakeholder-centric configurations: profit-maximizing, cost-minimizing, environmental impact-minimizing, and FoM-optimized designs. The results highlight the importance of integrating multiple operational disciplines into the design process, while underscoring the differing priorities of operators, regulators, and society.","author":[{"family":"Janning","given":"Johannes"},{"family":"Armanini","given":"Sophie"},{"family":"Fasel","given":"Urban"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2412.18078","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2412.18078","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.21256/zhaw-27151","type":"article-journal","title":"A methodology for preliminary performance estimation of a hybrid-electric tilt-wing aircraft for emergency medical services","abstract":"This paper aims to provide a simple methodology to preliminary size a hybrid-electric propulsion system for large scale piloted, optionally piloted or unmanned tilt-wing aircraft. In this work, the author refers to three mission profile representative of an Emergency Medical Service (EMS) operation and estimate the performance of the aircraft along the mission. Thus, based on some assumptions on battery technology, architecture of the hybrid system and mission safety requirements, a methodology for preliminary performance estimation is described and results for a baseline architecture are presented. Based on present and near future battery technology (in terms of charge/discharge rates and energy density), the present study shows how safety requirements can strongly affect the overall size of the power-plant system and impact the feasibility of hybrid-electric technology in aeronautical applications.","author":[{"family":"Barra","given":"Federico"},{"family":"Capone","given":"Pierluigi"},{"family":"Guglieri","given":"Giorgio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.21256/zhaw-27151","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-27151","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12135876","type":"article-journal","title":"Multiobjective Time and Control Effort Optimization of the Takeoff and Transition of a Bi-wing Tailsitter","abstract":"Electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft are being actively developed by manyindustry and government research groups. These vehicles take advantage of distributed electricpropulsion as well as aerodynamic lifting surfaces to take off vertically and perform long-duration flights. We develop a method to find optimal trajectories for takeoff and transitionto aerodynamic flight for a two dimensional blown bi-wing. This method uses the vortexlattice method to model arbitrary aerodynamic surfaces, and performs direct collocation tointegrate the system dynamics through the trajectory. We find trajectories using two objectives:minimum time and minimum control effort; and perform a multiobjective optimization to findthe Pareto front that illustrates the trade-off between these two objectives.","author":[{"family":"Anderson","given":"Ryan"},{"family":"Willis","given":"Jacob"},{"family":"Johnson","given":"Jacob"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.12135876","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12135876","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17866/rd.salford.27853683.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Numerical investigation of Propeller Boundary Layer Ingestion Noise using CABARET on rotating meshes","abstract":"Urban air mobility (UAM) vehicles, including electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, hold significant potential for transforming urban transportation. The placement of propeller, notably downstream of the wing and near the fuselage, has been shown to improve propeller efficiency at a cost of increased noise due to turbulence-rotor interaction. This study employs Wall Modelled LES utilising the CABARET algorithm on rotating grid to simulate the turbulence-rotor ingestion noise in two setups corresponding to (1) zero and (2) adverse pressure gradient boundary layer flows. The far-field noise spectra are computed using the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) method in permeable control surface formulation for both setups. The near-field time-averaged velocity profile and the far-field noise spectra are compared with the measurements of the University of Bristol with showing encouraging agreement between the LES results and the experiment on rather coarse meshes.","author":[{"family":"Ali Abid","given":"Hussain"},{"family":"Markesteijn","given":"Annabel"},{"family":"Solntsev","given":"Igor"},{"family":"Karabasov","given":"Sergey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.17866/rd.salford.27853683.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17866/rd.salford.27853683.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17866/rd.salford.27853683","type":"article-journal","title":"Numerical investigation of Propeller Boundary Layer Ingestion Noise using CABARET on rotating meshes","abstract":"Urban air mobility (UAM) vehicles, including electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, hold significant potential for transforming urban transportation. The placement of propeller, notably downstream of the wing and near the fuselage, has been shown to improve propeller efficiency at a cost of increased noise due to turbulence-rotor interaction. This study employs Wall Modelled LES utilising the CABARET algorithm on rotating grid to simulate the turbulence-rotor ingestion noise in two setups corresponding to (1) zero and (2) adverse pressure gradient boundary layer flows. The far-field noise spectra are computed using the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) method in permeable control surface formulation for both setups. The near-field time-averaged velocity profile and the far-field noise spectra are compared with the measurements of the University of Bristol with showing encouraging agreement between the LES results and the experiment on rather coarse meshes.","author":[{"family":"Ali Abid","given":"Hussain"},{"family":"Markesteijn","given":"Annabel"},{"family":"Solntsev","given":"Igor"},{"family":"Karabasov","given":"Sergey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.17866/rd.salford.27853683","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17866/rd.salford.27853683","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0078-2022-1261","type":"article-journal","title":"Towards Handling Qualities and Automation Assessment for Certification of eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Led by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), research is being conducted to develop certification means of compliance methods for small aircraft including the emerging class of advanced air mobility vehicles that will transition from thrust-borne flight to wing-borne flight and vice versa. These vehicles typically feature highly augmented fly-by-wire flight control systems that offer advanced flight control modes designed for simplified vehicle operations and in many cases completely autonomous flight operations. The emerging means of compliance methods will feature special classes of flight test maneuvers that address the assessments of the vehicle system, flying qualities, handling qualities, and increasing automation. Inspiration for this approach comes from the Army's Aeronautical Design Standard ADS-33-E-PRF that introduced a mission-oriented approach to address handling qualities via predictive requirements and specified flight test maneuvers - Mission Task Elements. Whereas ADS-33E-PRF prescribes methodologies through a procurement process, the FAA seeks a means to determine that a minimum safety standard has been met by an aircraft presented for certification. Thus, the flight test maneuvers as conceived here form a holistic approach to determine acceptable handling qualities via a process that encompasses the period between Type Certification (TC) application to the point where the TC is granted. To facilitate the process further, a team led by Systems Technology, Inc. (STI) is developing a flight test guide that will support the safe and repeatable execution of these flight test maneuvers. This paper provides an overview of not only the holistic approach to handling qualities assessments, but also the key elements of the flight test guide.","author":[{"family":"Jones","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Klyde","given":"David"},{"family":"Sizoo","given":"David"},{"family":"Schaller","given":"Ross"},{"family":"Webber","given":"David"},{"family":"Houdt","given":"Johannes"},{"family":"Feary","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Mitchell","given":"David"},{"family":"Schubert","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Simmons","given":"Rick"},{"family":"Jones","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0078-2022-1261","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0078-2022-1261","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.4231/2xts-m551","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban Air Mobility Vehicle Dataset","abstract":"&lt;p&gt;A wide array of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles are in various stages of development. The addition of these vehicles to the Urban Air Mobility (UAM) market would provide more options for short to medium distance aerial transportation, filling the niche that is currently occupied by helicopters. However, the costs and benefits of adopting these vehicles are reliant on many different factors related to both the aircraft and its operating environment.This paper compares 13 UAM vehicles (12 emerging eVTOL vehicles and one helicopter) using a Direct Operating Cost (DOC) model developed by the authors. With the computed DOC values for each vehicle, a computational framework determines, from a set of known passenger trips in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, the number of passenger trips that would use UAM as part of the total trip. These assessments use a specific network of aerodromes in the ChicagoMetropolitan Area using existing sites that could support UAM aircraft operations. From the results, we infer important vehicle characteristics and preferable vehicle configurations for the specific aerodrome network that lead to the highest number of passenger trips utilizing UAM.&lt;/p&gt;","author":[{"family":"Howard","given":"Ryan"},{"family":"Wright","given":"Ethan"},{"family":"Mudumba","given":"Sai"},{"family":"Gunady","given":"Nicholas"},{"family":"Sells","given":"Brandon"},{"family":"Maheshwari","given":"Apoorv"},{"family":"Delaurentis","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Crossley","given":"William"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.4231/2xts-m551","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4231/2xts-m551","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.82439/ceas-ifasd-2024-208","type":"article-journal","title":"Experimental investigation into the dynamic characteristics of a tilting multirotor system","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) promises a transformative leap in urban transportation, with electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft at the forefront. Pivotal in eVTOL flexibility, especially during transitional flight phases, are tilting rotors. However, these configurations pose challenges in maintaining dynamic stability and controlling vibration, leading to potential resonance issues during transition phases. This study aims to explore experimentally the dynamic interplay between modal characteristics of a tilting multirotor system with operational parameters such as tilt angle and rotational speed of propellers. The key focus is placed on understanding the system-wide implications induced due to changes in tilt angle and rotor speed. This research particularly focuses on how these operation parameters influence resonance, leading to shift in shifts in modal frequencies and damping variations, which are critical in the design and operation of tilting rotors. To scrutinise these characteristics, a dynamically scaled experimental rig is developed. This multirotor test rig facilitates investigations into how variations in rotor tilt angles and rotor speed impact the system’s modal characteristics, including natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping characteristics. A special emphasis is placed on exploring resonance and its implications under different tilt scenarios and operational speeds. Experimental exploration revealed that natural frequencies decrease with an increase in rotor speed, particularly for higher modes. Whereas, increasing the tilt angle from 0◦ to 90◦ results in a substantial increase in frequency and a reduction in amplitude, especially in the first torsional mode. Furthermore, it is found that the system experiences strong resonance at 3120 RPM, where the second-out-plane bending mode is excited by the first rotor harmonics.","author":[{"family":"Sharma","given":"Tanuj"},{"family":"Rezgui","given":"Djamel"},{"family":"Titurus","given":"Branislav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.82439/ceas-ifasd-2024-208","URL":"https://doi.org/10.82439/ceas-ifasd-2024-208","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.1184/r1/14226830.v3","type":"article-journal","title":"eVTOL Battery Dataset","abstract":"A dataset of lithium ion battery discharge data including voltage, temperature, and current from eVTOL duty cycles. The baseline profile is: - High power discharge (takeoff) - Low power discharge (cruise) - High power discharge (landing) - Rest to allow temperature to moderate - Constant current charge - Constant voltage charge - Rest This dataset varies parameters such as ambient temperature, cruise length, aircraft power, charge current, and others which eVTOLs may regularly encounter during flight. It is intended to assist with the development of algorithms to manage electric aircraft batteries, including state of charge and state of health estimation, lifetime prediction, and others. The files VAH##.csv contain the original cycling data, while the files VAH##_impedance.csv contain the processed internal resistance for each cell at each valid measurement of that quantity.","author":[{"family":"Bills","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Viswanathan","given":"Venkatasubramanian"},{"family":"Sripad","given":"Shashank"},{"family":"Frank","given":"Evan"},{"family":"Charles","given":"Devin"},{"family":"Fredericks","given":"William"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1184/r1/14226830.v3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1184/r1/14226830.v3","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.21949/1524492","type":"article-journal","title":"Investigation of Certification Considerations for Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP) Aircraft","abstract":"Efforts from the first year of a multi-year investigation examining the use of estimation of both remaining vehicle control power margins and external environmental disturbances for distributed electric propulsion (DEP) vehicles as a contributor for vehicle certification are described. This study combines simulation of DEP aircraft with experimental testing of representative models in the assessment of algorithms for determining remaining control power margins in real-time operation of these vehicles, to provide a metric for the capability of that vehicle to accommodate operational disturbances and avoid loss of control (LOC) events. The Comprehensive Hierarchical Aeromechanics Rotorcraft Model (CHARM) analysis for aerodynamic interaction effects on these configurations is being used to simulate and characterize vehicle response to disturbances and to applied control inputs throughout its flight envelope. The goal of the effort is to determine the viability of the methods for calculation of remaining control power margins, and to assess the utility of the methods in safety monitoring of DEP flight operations for both manned and unmanned vehicles. This first year of research has shown that application of algorithms for estimating remaining available vehicle control power, and local gust disturbance magnitudes, appear to provide a usable safety assessment for avoiding loss of control (LOC) events for eVTOL/DEP aircraft. A follow-on research project will expand the algorithm application for control equivalent gust estimation and extraction of local disturbance flows.","author":[{"family":"Mckillip","given":"RJ"},{"family":"Wachspress","given":"D"},{"family":"States","given":"Continuum"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.21949/1524492","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21949/1524492","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000471053","type":"article-journal","title":"Potential urban air mobility travel time savings: An exploratory analysis of Munich, Paris, and San Francisco","abstract":"The advent of electrified, distributed propulsion in vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft promises aerial passenger transport within, into, or out of urban areas. Urban air mobility (UAM), i.e., the on-demand concept that utilizes eVTOL aircraft, might substantially reduce travel times when compared to ground-based transportation. Trips of three, pre-existent, and calibrated agent-based transport scenarios (Munich Metropolitan Region, Île-de-France, and San Francisco Bay Area) have been routed using the UAM-extension for the multi-agent transport simulation (MATSim) to calculate congested trip travel times for each trip’s original mode—i.e., car or public transport (PT)—and UAM. The resulting travel times are compared and allow the deduction of potential UAM trip shares under varying UAM properties, such as the number of stations, total process time, and cruise flight speed. Under base-case conditions, the share of motorized trips for which UAM would reduce the travel times ranges between 3% and 13% across the three scenarios. Process times and number of stations heavily influence these potential shares, where the vast majority of UAM trips would be below 50 km in range. Compared to car usage, UAM’s (base case) travel times are estimated to be competitive beyond the range of a 50-minute car ride and are less than half as much influenced by congestion.","author":[{"family":"Rothfeld","given":"Raoul"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Mengying"},{"family":"Balać","given":"Miloš"},{"family":"Antoniou","given":"Constantinos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.3929/ethz-b-000471053","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000471053","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2412.09279","type":"manuscript","title":"Multi-Aircraft Scheduling Optimization in Urban Environments","abstract":"With the increasing development of intelligent transportation systems and advancements in aviation technology, the concept of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) is gaining attention. This study aims to improve operational safety and service quality within Urban Air Mobility (UAM) through a trajectory-based operation (TBO). A multi-layer operational risk assessment model is introduced to capture the effects of aircraft failure scenarios on critical urban entities, including ground personnel, vehicles, and in-flight UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles). Based on this, a single-aircraft track planning model is designed to balance operational risk and transportation cost under the performance constraints of eVTOL (electric Vertical Take-off and Landing) aircraft. A customized track planning algorithm with safety buffer zones is used to identify the most efficient flight paths. Additionally, a multi-aircraft scheduling optimization model is proposed to minimize delays and reduce mid-air collision risks. Experimental results show that the presented approach improves both efficiency and safety, providing practical solutions for UAM operations.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jin"},{"family":"Qin","given":"Xiaoran"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ming"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2412.09279","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2412.09279","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2408.07926","type":"manuscript","title":"Enhanced Equivalent Circuit Model for High Current Discharge of Lithium-Ion Batteries with Application to Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing Aircraft","abstract":"Conventional battery equivalent circuit models (ECMs) have limited capability to predict performance at high discharge rates, where lithium depleted regions may develop and cause a sudden exponential drop in the cell's terminal voltage. Having accurate predictions of performance under such conditions is necessary for electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft applications, where high discharge currents can be required during fault scenarios and the inability to provide these currents can be safety-critical. To address this challenge, we utilize data-driven modeling methods to derive a parsimonious addition to a conventional ECM that can capture the observed rapid voltage drop with only one additional state. We also provide a detailed method for identifying the resulting model parameters, including an extensive characterization data set along with a well-regularized objective function formulation. The model is validated against a novel data set of over 150 flights encompassing a wide array of conditions for an eVTOL aircraft using an application-specific and safety-relevant reserve duration metric for quantifying accuracy. The model is shown to predict the landing hover capability with an error mean and standard deviation of 2.9 and 6.2 seconds, respectively, defining the model's ability to capture the cell voltage behavior under high discharge currents.","author":[{"family":"Goshtasbi","given":"Alireza"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Ruxiu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ruiting"},{"family":"Han","given":"Sangwoo"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Wenting"},{"family":"Neubauer","given":"Jeremy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2408.07926","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2408.07926","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2406.17516","type":"manuscript","title":"Optimal DC-link Voltage from Weight and Loss Perspective for eVTOLs","abstract":"Electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft are emerging as a modern transportation solution aimed at reducing urban traffic congestion and improving the carbon footprint. The power architecture in eVTOLs is defined by the dc bus formed by the battery packs and the power converter used to drive eVTOL motors. A high dc bus voltage is preferred for the power architecture since it can reduce the weight of power cables for a given power rating. However, the impact of high dc bus voltage on the efficiency of the drivetrain power converter must be considered, since reduced efficiency leads to poor battery pack utilization. In this paper, a systematic optimization study is performed considering SiC-based inverter for the drivetrain power converter. Optimal value of dc bus voltage is determined considering the flight profile of eVTOLs. A power converter topology is proposed that can provide optimal performance and enhance the lifetime of the batteries along with providing better monitoring, diagnostics and protection. The optimization strategy is validated experimentally, demonstrating the proposed power architecture's ability to maximize efficiency while enhancing the safety of the battery energy storage system in eVTOLs.","author":[{"family":"Kulkarni","given":"Abhijit"},{"family":"Thiringer","given":"Torbjörn"},{"family":"Teodorescu","given":"Remus"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2406.17516","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2406.17516","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2403.14877","type":"manuscript","title":"TEeVTOL: Balancing Energy and Time Efficiency in eVTOL Aircraft Path Planning Across City-Scale Wind Fields","abstract":"Electric vertical-takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, recognized for their maneuverability and flexibility, offer a promising alternative to our transportation system. However, the operational effectiveness of these aircraft faces many challenges, such as the delicate balance between energy and time efficiency, stemming from unpredictable environmental factors, including wind fields. Mathematical modeling-based approaches have been adopted to plan aircraft flight path in urban wind fields with the goal to save energy and time costs. While effective, they are limited in adapting to dynamic and complex environments. To optimize energy and time efficiency in eVTOL's flight through dynamic wind fields, we introduce a novel path planning method leveraging deep reinforcement learning. We assess our method with extensive experiments, comparing it to Dijkstra's algorithm -- the theoretically optimal approach for determining shortest paths in a weighted graph, where weights represent either energy or time cost. The results show that our method achieves a graceful balance between energy and time efficiency, closely resembling the theoretically optimal values for both objectives.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Songyang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Shuai"},{"family":"Li","given":"Haochen"},{"family":"Li","given":"Weizi"},{"family":"Tan","given":"Jindong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2403.14877","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.14877","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.25967/550050","type":"article-journal","title":"It's a Long Way Up: Quantifying Opportunities and Hurdles for VTOL Manufacturers","abstract":"This research aims to create a transparent ranking mechanism for eVTOL manufacturers using measures and factors based on evidence from the relevant fields rather than cost proxies or algorithmic black boxes. Two factor groups that are essential when discussing firm survival are considered for the ranking mechanism: technology and certification as well as operational capabilities and resources. The main aim of the technology and certification group is to determine the gap between performance claims established by an eVTOL manufacturer and expected performance calculated with a fast, low-fidelity assessment method considering available vehicle input parameters and state-of-the-art technology assumptions. Further factors include the technology readiness level and the certification progress. In terms of operational capability and resources, we look towards knowledge captured by e.g. network diversity, entrepreneurial knowledge or initiative participation, as well as financial resources such as funding, stock exchange or the number of investors. A delphi study allows us to derive weighting factors to include the relevance of the various factor in the calculation of the overall index. Using the described ranking mechanism, Joby and Volocopter achieve the highest scores and thus have the highest probability of developing their aircraft to market readiness.","author":[{"family":"Schaumeier","given":"J"},{"family":"Shamiyeh","given":"M"},{"family":"Straubinger","given":"A"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.25967/550050","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25967/550050","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2311.18047","type":"manuscript","title":"Validation of Collision Detection and Avoidance Methods for Urban Air Mobility through Simulation","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility is a new concept of regional aviation that has been growing in popularity as a solution to the issue of ever-increasing ground traffic. Electric vehicles with vertical take-off and landing capabilities are being developed by numerous market companies as a result of the push toward environmentally sustainable aviation. The next stage in the eVTOL development process would be to define the concept of operation of these conceptual aircraft and then to integrate them with the existing airspace once they are airborne. In addition to coordinating with conventional air traffic and other Urban Air Mobility (UAM) vehicles, collision avoidance with uncooperative airspace users has to be addressed. Birds and drones of all sizes could be dangerous for these low-flying aircraft. Innovative collision detection and avoidance techniques need to be employed due to the uncooperative nature of these airspace users and different performance characteristics of urban air mobility vehicles compared to classical fixed-wing aircraft. The aim of this study is to validate one such system by means of fast-time solutions. This system uses a decision tree and safety envelopes to prevent collisions with non-cooperative airspace members. The system is designed to work with different aircraft configurations used for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations. Various scenarios are modelled by varying intruder type, location, flight path among others. Changes in flight time and closest point of approach are assessed to evaluate the system with regard to safety and efficiency.","author":[{"family":"Panchal","given":"Isha"},{"family":"Armanini","given":"Sophie"},{"family":"Metz","given":"Isabel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2311.18047","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2311.18047","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.13009/eucass2023-009","type":"article-journal","title":"E-VTOL Concept Design with a New Underwing FanFoil Ducted Fan Concept to Improve Aerodynamic Efficiency","abstract":"This paper proposes a novel transitioning e VTOL aircraft concept utilizing distributed underwing ducted fans with a specially designed undercambered airfoil presented as the \\'Maldonado-Hicks\\' airfoil. It is hypothesized that this concept where the airfoil is blended intothe fan on the aft portion of the airfoil, referred to as the \\'FanFoil\\' concept, is aerodynamicallysuperior to mounting the fans over the wing. This is due to the ability to recess and partially hide the fans underneath the wing, such that the fans are not entirely visible in forward flightwhen looking at the wing from the front. It is expected that this \\'FanFoil\\' technique reduces the form drag of the wing with distributed fans. In this initial study, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations are performed on the MaldonadoHicks airfoil which represent a two-dimensional section of the e VTOL wing at the cruise conditions; Mach 0.22 (260 km/h) and Reynolds number of 6.5xlOG The lift and drag coefficients are computed in order to get an understanding of the cruise angle of attack and design lift coefficient that maximizes aerodynamic efficiency as quantified by the lift-toldrag ratio, LID. Open vehicle sketch pad (VSP) is also used to perform a low-fidelity CFD analysis of the clean eVTOL configuration. The base drag coefficient, Cn, is estimated\\'as 0.018. Finally, an idealized steady-state analytical mission analysis is completed for a hypothetical maximum-range mission for a 5-passenger e VTOL concept. Based on power and energy consumption calculations, it is estimated that thisaircraft concept attains a maximum range of 290 km with a 300 kW-h size lithium polymer battery and a usable energy of 270 kW-h.","author":[{"family":"Maldonado","given":"Victor"},{"family":"Hicks","given":"Jack"},{"family":"Fernandes","given":"Guilherme"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.13009/eucass2023-009","URL":"https://doi.org/10.13009/eucass2023-009","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2308.09812","type":"manuscript","title":"Reliability and Delay Analysis of 3-Dimensional Networks with Multi-Connectivity: Satellite, HAPs, and Cellular Communications","abstract":"Aerial vehicles (AVs) such as electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft make aerial passenger transportation a reality in urban environments. However, their communication connectivity is still under research to realize their safe and full-scale operation. This paper envisages a multi-connectivity (MC) enabled aerial network to provide ubiquitous and reliable service to AVs. Vertical heterogeneous networks with direct air-to-ground (DA2G) and air-to-air (A2A) communication, high altitude platforms (HAPs), and low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites are considered. We evaluate the end-to-end (E2E) multi-hop reliability and network availability of the downlink of AVs for remote piloting scenarios, and control/telemetry traffic. Command and control (C2) connectivity service requires ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC), therefore we analyse E2E reliability and latency under the finite blocklength (FBL) regime. We explore how different MC options satisfy the demanding E2E connectivity requirements taking into account antenna radiation patterns and unreliable backhaul links. Since providing seamless connectivity to AVs is very challenging due to the line-of-sight (LoS) interference and reduced gains of downtilt ground base station (BS) antennas, we use coordinated multi-point (CoMP) among ground BSs to alleviate the inter-cell interference. Furthermore, we solve an optimization problem to select the best MC path under the quality of service (QoS) constraints. We maximize spectral efficiency (SE) to specify the optimum MC path with the minimum number of required links. Based on the simulation results, we find out that even with very efficient interference mitigation, MC is the key enabler for safe remote piloting operations.","author":[{"family":"Salehi","given":"Fateme"},{"family":"Ozger","given":"Mustafa"},{"family":"Cavdar","given":"Cicek"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2308.09812","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2308.09812","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2307.03286","type":"manuscript","title":"Physics-Infused Machine Learning Based Prediction of VTOL Aerodynamics with Sparse Datasets","abstract":"Complex optimal design and control processes often require repeated evaluations of expensive objective functions and consist of large design spaces. Data-driven surrogates such as neural networks and Gaussian processes provide an attractive alternative to simulations and are utilized frequently to represent these objective functions in optimization. However, pure data-driven models, due to a lack of adherence to basic physics laws and constraints, are often poor at generalizing and extrapolating. This is particularly the case, when training occurs over sparse high-fidelity datasets. A class of Physics-infused machine learning (PIML) models integrate ML models with low-fidelity partial physics models to improve generalization performance while retaining computational efficiency. This paper presents two potential approaches for Physics infused modelling of aircraft aerodynamics which incorporate Artificial Neural Networks with a low-fidelity Vortex Lattice Method model with blown wing effects (BLOFI) to improve prediction performance while also keeping the computational cost tractable. This paper also develops an end-to-end auto differentiable open-source framework that enables efficient training of such hybrid models. These two PIML modelling approaches are then used to predict the aerodynamic coefficients of a 6 rotor eVTOL aircraft given its control parameters and flight conditions. The models are trained on a sparse high-fidelity dataset generated using a CHARM model. The trained models are then compared against the vanilla low-fidelity model and a standard pure data-driven ANN. Our results show that one of the proposed architectures outperforms all the other models at a nominal increase in run time. These results are promising and pave way for PIML frameworks which can generalize over different aircraft and configurations thereby significantly reducing costs of design and control.","author":[{"family":"Oddiraju","given":"Manaswin"},{"family":"Amin","given":"Divyang"},{"family":"Piedmonte","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Chowdhury","given":"Souma"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2307.03286","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2307.03286","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.5576027","type":"article-journal","title":"Midterm Report - Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Midterm Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2021, group 06, assignment \"Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft\". Tutor: Saullo Giovani Pereira Castro Coaches: Davide Biagini and Ali Nokhbatolfoghahai Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Thursday 27th May, 2021 Summary The issue of adequate transportation is widespread. Not only are many modes of transportation expensive, but they often require dedicated infrastructure and are prone to traffic and congestion. In an attempt to attenuate this costly problem an electrical Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft concept is proposed. To be precise, three such concepts are proposed. One with a tandem wing configuration, another with a box wing and a third with a single wing. While there can be three such solutions, the objective remains the same, which is to provide sustainable, personal aerial transportation for inter-city travel that is competitive with the current transportation methods while requiring minimal infrastructure. In order to accomplish this goal, several steps are taken, which are hereby explained. In Chapter 2 the organisational structure of the group is explained, which allows for the project plan to be explicated in Chapter 3. After the planning is complete the trade-off criteria is listed in Chapter 4 and possible solutions can be graphed by means of a design option tree in Chapter 5. However, out of the realm of possibility, one is likely to be the most suitable for the problem at hand. The purpose of this report is to select the concept which performs the best under the requirements previously formulated, that state what the solution shall do and how it shall do it. Through these requirements, it is possible to establish the relevant trade-off criteria and thereby create a trade-off matrix. That being said the criteria of the trade-off matrix have yet to be defined, for which preliminary values are necessary. For these, Chapter 6 outlines the method used to size the vehicle, using a set of statistical models after the concepts are illustrated. In this, the stall speed, climb rate, turning load factor, and other parameters pertaining to the aircraft is estimated, including the mass. Then the flight performance is discussed in Chapter 7. Therein the aircraft is analysed during the different phases of flight. This leads to its energy consumption being considered during different phases. Thereafter its climb performance is evaluated as well as aspects of the passengers. After that the aerodynamics of the aircraft is explicated in Chapter 8. This includes estimations of the lift and drag coefficients, the design of the wing (if applicable) and the selection of airfoils for the concepts. Once that is complete the drag estimation can be concretised and a more accurate version of the drag polar can be made. The discussion of the design continues with the Propulsion &amp; Power subsystem in Chapter 9, the crux of which lies in selecting a proper and adequate source of power. Several options were considered, including a variety of hydrogen fuel cells and batteries. The design of the propulsion subsystem of the vehicle also presented itself as a challenge, but it could be overcome with Actuator Disk Theory, which exploits the relationship between the area of a propeller and the weight of the aircraft. The stability and control of any aircraft not only constitutes passenger comfort, but also governs their safety during flight, an essential discipline that is presented in Chapter 10. In this chapter, the controllability is explained in hover, through a set of state space models that govern the output of a system, given the inputs. An aircraft is only as good as the loads it is capable to withstand, which implicates another crucial aspect of the design of an aircraft, namely the structure thereof. Chapter 11 presents t","author":[{"family":"Alba-Maestre","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Beyne","given":"Egon"},{"family":"Buszek","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Cuadrat-Grzybowski","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"López","given":"Noah"},{"family":"Poliakov","given":"Nikita"},{"family":"Prud'homme Van Reine","given":"Koen"},{"family":"Santamaría","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Schoser","given":"Jakob"},{"family":"Wadia","given":"Kaizad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.5576027","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5576027","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.5720244","type":"article-journal","title":"Midterm Report - Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Midterm Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2021, group 06, assignment \"Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft\". Tutor: Saullo Giovani Pereira Castro Coaches: Davide Biagini and Ali Nokhbatolfoghahai Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Thursday 27th May, 2021 Summary The issue of adequate transportation is widespread. Not only are many modes of transportation expensive, but they often require dedicated infrastructure and are prone to traffic and congestion. In an attempt to attenuate this costly problem an electrical Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft concept is proposed. To be precise, three such concepts are proposed. One with a tandem wing configuration, another with a box wing and a third with a single wing. While there can be three such solutions, the objective remains the same, which is to provide sustainable, personal aerial transportation for inter-city travel that is competitive with the current transportation methods while requiring minimal infrastructure. In order to accomplish this goal, several steps are taken, which are hereby explained. In Chapter 2 the organisational structure of the group is explained, which allows for the project plan to be explicated in Chapter 3. After the planning is complete the trade-off criteria is listed in Chapter 4 and possible solutions can be graphed by means of a design option tree in Chapter 5. However, out of the realm of possibility, one is likely to be the most suitable for the problem at hand. The purpose of this report is to select the concept which performs the best under the requirements previously formulated, that state what the solution shall do and how it shall do it. Through these requirements, it is possible to establish the relevant trade-off criteria and thereby create a trade-off matrix. That being said the criteria of the trade-off matrix have yet to be defined, for which preliminary values are necessary. For these, Chapter 6 outlines the method used to size the vehicle, using a set of statistical models after the concepts are illustrated. In this, the stall speed, climb rate, turning load factor, and other parameters pertaining to the aircraft is estimated, including the mass. Then the flight performance is discussed in Chapter 7. Therein the aircraft is analysed during the different phases of flight. This leads to its energy consumption being considered during different phases. Thereafter its climb performance is evaluated as well as aspects of the passengers. After that the aerodynamics of the aircraft is explicated in Chapter 8. This includes estimations of the lift and drag coefficients, the design of the wing (if applicable) and the selection of airfoils for the concepts. Once that is complete the drag estimation can be concretised and a more accurate version of the drag polar can be made. The discussion of the design continues with the Propulsion &amp; Power subsystem in Chapter 9, the crux of which lies in selecting a proper and adequate source of power. Several options were considered, including a variety of hydrogen fuel cells and batteries. The design of the propulsion subsystem of the vehicle also presented itself as a challenge, but it could be overcome with Actuator Disk Theory, which exploits the relationship between the area of a propeller and the weight of the aircraft. The stability and control of any aircraft not only constitutes passenger comfort, but also governs their safety during flight, an essential discipline that is presented in Chapter 10. In this chapter, the controllability is explained in hover, through a set of state space models that govern the output of a system, given the inputs. An aircraft is only as good as the loads it is capable to withstand, which implicates another crucial aspect of the design of an aircraft, namely the structure thereof. Chapter 11 presents t","author":[{"family":"Alba-Maestre","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Beyne","given":"Egon"},{"family":"Buszek","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Cuadrat-Grzybowski","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"López","given":"Noah"},{"family":"Poliakov","given":"Nikita"},{"family":"Prud'homme Van Reine","given":"Koen"},{"family":"Santamaría","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Schoser","given":"Jakob"},{"family":"Wadia","given":"Kaizad"},{"family":"Alba-Maestre","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Beyne","given":"Egon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.5720244","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5720244","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.5575953","type":"article-journal","title":"Baseline Report - Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Baseline Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2021, group 06, assignment \"Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft\". Tutor: Saullo Giovani Pereira Castro Coaches: Davide Biagini and Ali Nokhbatolfoghahai Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Thursday 6th May, 2021 Executive summary Around the world, many cities suffer from increasing traffic and congestion problems. Vertical takeoff and landing aircraft are a promising technology to alleviate this problem. Due to their ability to overfly obstacles, move independently of ground infrastructure and take off from anywhere, they could allow for very fast door-to-door transport. It is the aim of this DSE project to explore this market opportunity and design a VTOL aircraft that can carry four passengers over 300 km. Due to the growing relevance of sustainability in transport, the design space will be constrained to electric VTOLs (eVTOL). The mission need statement of the project is as follows: Provide sustainable, personal aerial transportation for intercity travel that is competitive with the current transportation methods while requiring minimal infrastructure. In the report at hand, several aspects of this mission are investigated in detail and the information is used to generate technical requirements. Finally, possible designs for the mission are identified and selected for further analysis. Chapter 2 outlines the functional analysis of all stages of the project. This is a crucial step in the design, since analysing the functions required by the design process and eVTOL provide a clear picture of the use case. On a high level, the functions were investigated in five phases: mission introduction, aircraft design, production and delivery of the aircraft, operation of the aircraft, and disposal of the aircraft. Aircraft operation is of the greatest interest to the customer, which is why it is analysed in greater detail than the others: the steps taken in preflight actions, take-off, cruise, extending the mission, landing and post-flight actions are broken down to up to four levels to capture detail. The result can be seen in the functional flow block diagram and functional breakdown structure. In Chapter 3, the market opportunities for a long-range eVTOL are explored. Among the possible target industries, the commercial transport and private sector were deemed the most promising. With its range of 300 km, the eVTOL could satisfy the needs of intracity travel, but most importantly be used for intercity travel as well. In Europe, 300 km is a typical distance to be covered by commuters and tourists in business and personal trips. It is in this market segment where a long-range eVTOL could hope to gain a lot of traction. Furthermore, it could be a comfortable personal mode of transport for higher income populations. Europe and the United States provide good conditions for this. Europe in particular is suitable since it has many major cities at small distances from each other. Based on previous studies, it was concluded that a market size of 15 billion US dollars could be achieved by 2040 for eVTOLs in the chosen market segment. This corresponds to annual sales of about 5000 units. The team could aim to partake in this with 205 eVTOL vehicles sold per year, priced at 1.53 million apiece. The direct competitors would be helicopters and other eVTOL projects. To inform the sustainable planning of the project, Chapter 4 lays out a literature review on the environmental and social sustainability of eVTOLs. It is found that eVTOLs produce less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional internal combustion engine cars for distances longer than 50 km. Larger distances allow the eVTOL to take advantage of the aerodynamically optimised cruise configuration. However, the sustainability of eVTOLs may be limited by their energy source. Especially Lit","author":[{"family":"Alba-Maestre","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Beyne","given":"Egon"},{"family":"Buszek","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Cuadrat-Grzybowski","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"López","given":"Noah"},{"family":"Poliakov","given":"Nikita"},{"family":"Prud'homme Van Reine","given":"Koen"},{"family":"Santamaría","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Schoser","given":"Jakob"},{"family":"Wadia","given":"Kaizad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.5575953","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5575953","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.5578058","type":"article-journal","title":"Midterm Report - Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Midterm Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2021, group 06, assignment \"Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft\". Tutor: Saullo Giovani Pereira Castro Coaches: Davide Biagini and Ali Nokhbatolfoghahai Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Thursday 27th May, 2021 Summary The issue of adequate transportation is widespread. Not only are many modes of transportation expensive, but they often require dedicated infrastructure and are prone to traffic and congestion. In an attempt to attenuate this costly problem an electrical Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft concept is proposed. To be precise, three such concepts are proposed. One with a tandem wing configuration, another with a box wing and a third with a single wing. While there can be three such solutions, the objective remains the same, which is to provide sustainable, personal aerial transportation for inter-city travel that is competitive with the current transportation methods while requiring minimal infrastructure. In order to accomplish this goal, several steps are taken, which are hereby explained. In Chapter 2 the organisational structure of the group is explained, which allows for the project plan to be explicated in Chapter 3. After the planning is complete the trade-off criteria is listed in Chapter 4 and possible solutions can be graphed by means of a design option tree in Chapter 5. However, out of the realm of possibility, one is likely to be the most suitable for the problem at hand. The purpose of this report is to select the concept which performs the best under the requirements previously formulated, that state what the solution shall do and how it shall do it. Through these requirements, it is possible to establish the relevant trade-off criteria and thereby create a trade-off matrix. That being said the criteria of the trade-off matrix have yet to be defined, for which preliminary values are necessary. For these, Chapter 6 outlines the method used to size the vehicle, using a set of statistical models after the concepts are illustrated. In this, the stall speed, climb rate, turning load factor, and other parameters pertaining to the aircraft is estimated, including the mass. Then the flight performance is discussed in Chapter 7. Therein the aircraft is analysed during the different phases of flight. This leads to its energy consumption being considered during different phases. Thereafter its climb performance is evaluated as well as aspects of the passengers. After that the aerodynamics of the aircraft is explicated in Chapter 8. This includes estimations of the lift and drag coefficients, the design of the wing (if applicable) and the selection of airfoils for the concepts. Once that is complete the drag estimation can be concretised and a more accurate version of the drag polar can be made. The discussion of the design continues with the Propulsion &amp; Power subsystem in Chapter 9, the crux of which lies in selecting a proper and adequate source of power. Several options were considered, including a variety of hydrogen fuel cells and batteries. The design of the propulsion subsystem of the vehicle also presented itself as a challenge, but it could be overcome with Actuator Disk Theory, which exploits the relationship between the area of a propeller and the weight of the aircraft. The stability and control of any aircraft not only constitutes passenger comfort, but also governs their safety during flight, an essential discipline that is presented in Chapter 10. In this chapter, the controllability is explained in hover, through a set of state space models that govern the output of a system, given the inputs. An aircraft is only as good as the loads it is capable to withstand, which implicates another crucial aspect of the design of an aircraft, namely the structure thereof. Chapter 11 presents t","author":[{"family":"Beyne","given":"Egon"},{"family":"Buszek","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Cuadrat-Grzybowski","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"López","given":"Noah"},{"family":"Alba-Maestre","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Poliakov","given":"Nikita"},{"family":"Prud'homme Van Reine","given":"Koen"},{"family":"Santamaría","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Schoser","given":"Jakob"},{"family":"Wadia","given":"Kaizad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.5578058","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5578058","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.5576028","type":"article-journal","title":"Midterm Report - Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Midterm Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2021, group 06, assignment \"Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft\". Tutor: Saullo Giovani Pereira Castro Coaches: Davide Biagini and Ali Nokhbatolfoghahai Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Thursday 27th May, 2021 Summary The issue of adequate transportation is widespread. Not only are many modes of transportation expensive, but they often require dedicated infrastructure and are prone to traffic and congestion. In an attempt to attenuate this costly problem an electrical Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft concept is proposed. To be precise, three such concepts are proposed. One with a tandem wing configuration, another with a box wing and a third with a single wing. While there can be three such solutions, the objective remains the same, which is to provide sustainable, personal aerial transportation for inter-city travel that is competitive with the current transportation methods while requiring minimal infrastructure. In order to accomplish this goal, several steps are taken, which are hereby explained. In Chapter 2 the organisational structure of the group is explained, which allows for the project plan to be explicated in Chapter 3. After the planning is complete the trade-off criteria is listed in Chapter 4 and possible solutions can be graphed by means of a design option tree in Chapter 5. However, out of the realm of possibility, one is likely to be the most suitable for the problem at hand. The purpose of this report is to select the concept which performs the best under the requirements previously formulated, that state what the solution shall do and how it shall do it. Through these requirements, it is possible to establish the relevant trade-off criteria and thereby create a trade-off matrix. That being said the criteria of the trade-off matrix have yet to be defined, for which preliminary values are necessary. For these, Chapter 6 outlines the method used to size the vehicle, using a set of statistical models after the concepts are illustrated. In this, the stall speed, climb rate, turning load factor, and other parameters pertaining to the aircraft is estimated, including the mass. Then the flight performance is discussed in Chapter 7. Therein the aircraft is analysed during the different phases of flight. This leads to its energy consumption being considered during different phases. Thereafter its climb performance is evaluated as well as aspects of the passengers. After that the aerodynamics of the aircraft is explicated in Chapter 8. This includes estimations of the lift and drag coefficients, the design of the wing (if applicable) and the selection of airfoils for the concepts. Once that is complete the drag estimation can be concretised and a more accurate version of the drag polar can be made. The discussion of the design continues with the Propulsion &amp; Power subsystem in Chapter 9, the crux of which lies in selecting a proper and adequate source of power. Several options were considered, including a variety of hydrogen fuel cells and batteries. The design of the propulsion subsystem of the vehicle also presented itself as a challenge, but it could be overcome with Actuator Disk Theory, which exploits the relationship between the area of a propeller and the weight of the aircraft. The stability and control of any aircraft not only constitutes passenger comfort, but also governs their safety during flight, an essential discipline that is presented in Chapter 10. In this chapter, the controllability is explained in hover, through a set of state space models that govern the output of a system, given the inputs. An aircraft is only as good as the loads it is capable to withstand, which implicates another crucial aspect of the design of an aircraft, namely the structure thereof. Chapter 11 presents t","author":[{"family":"Beyne","given":"Egon"},{"family":"Buszek","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Cuadrat-Grzybowski","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"López","given":"Noah"},{"family":"Maestre","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Poliakov","given":"Nikita"},{"family":"Van Reine","given":"Koen"},{"family":"Santamaría","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Schoser","given":"Jakob"},{"family":"Wadia","given":"Kaizad"},{"family":"Beyne","given":"Egon"},{"family":"Buszek","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.5576028","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5576028","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.1184/r1/14226830.v2","type":"article-journal","title":"eVTOL Battery Dataset","abstract":"A dataset of lithium ion battery discharge data including voltage, temperature, and current from eVTOL duty cycles. The baseline profile is:- High power discharge (takeoff)- Low power discharge (cruise)- High power discharge (landing)- Rest to allow temperature to moderate- Constant current charge- Constant voltage charge- Rest This dataset varies parameters such as ambient temperature, cruise length, aircraft power, charge current, and others which eVTOLs may regularly encounter during flight. It is intended to assist with the development of algorithms to manage electric aircraft batteries, including state of charge and state of health estimation, lifetime prediction, and others.","author":[{"family":"Bills","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Viswanathan","given":"Venkatasubramanian"},{"family":"Sripad","given":"Shashank"},{"family":"Frank","given":"Evan"},{"family":"Charles","given":"Devin"},{"family":"Fredericks","given":"William"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1184/r1/14226830.v2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1184/r1/14226830.v2","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.15480/882.5138","type":"article-journal","title":"Life cycle engineering of future aircraft systems : the case of eVTOL vehicles","abstract":"This paper introduces the first steps towards a general modelling framework for the integrated life cycle engineering (LCE) of future air transportation systems. The focus of analysis lies on the potential environmental implications of batteries powering electric vertical takeoff and landing aircrafts (eVTOLs), which have emerged as an option for urban air mobility to alleviate automobile traffic in cities. The impact of main influencing factors on the sustainability of eVTOLs is discussed, presenting the main modelling requirements for an LCE framework to accompany the transition towards a more sustainable air mobility.","author":[{"family":"Pinheiro Melo","given":"Sofia"},{"family":"Cerdas","given":"Felipe"},{"family":"Barke","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Thies","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Spengler","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Herrmann","given":"Christoph"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.15480/882.5138","URL":"https://doi.org/10.15480/882.5138","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.1184/r1/14226830","type":"article-journal","title":"eVTOL Battery Dataset","abstract":"A dataset of lithium ion battery discharge data including voltage, temperature, and current from eVTOL duty cycles. The baseline profile is: - High power discharge (takeoff) - Low power discharge (cruise) - High power discharge (landing) - Rest to allow temperature to moderate - Constant current charge - Constant voltage charge - Rest This dataset varies parameters such as ambient temperature, cruise length, aircraft power, charge current, and others which eVTOLs may regularly encounter during flight. It is intended to assist with the development of algorithms to manage electric aircraft batteries, including state of charge and state of health estimation, lifetime prediction, and others. The files VAH##.csv contain the original cycling data, while the files VAH##_impedance.csv contain the processed internal resistance for each cell at each valid measurement of that quantity.","author":[{"family":"Bills","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Viswanathan","given":"Venkatasubramanian"},{"family":"Sripad","given":"Shashank"},{"family":"Frank","given":"Evan"},{"family":"Charles","given":"Devin"},{"family":"Fredericks","given":"William"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1184/r1/14226830","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1184/r1/14226830","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2302.05849","type":"manuscript","title":"Graph Learning Based Decision Support for Multi-Aircraft Take-Off and Landing at Urban Air Mobility Vertiports","abstract":"Majority of aircraft under the Urban Air Mobility (UAM) concept are expected to be of the electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicle type, which will operate out of vertiports. While this is akin to the relationship between general aviation aircraft and airports, the conceived location of vertiports within dense urban environments presents unique challenges in managing the air traffic served by a vertiport. This challenge becomes pronounced within increasing frequency of scheduled landings and take-offs. This paper assumes a centralized air traffic controller (ATC) to explore the performance of a new AI driven ATC approach to manage the eVTOLs served by the vertiport. Minimum separation-driven safety and delays are the two important considerations in this case. The ATC problem is modeled as a task allocation problem, and uncertainties due to communication disruptions (e.g., poor link quality) and inclement weather (e.g., high gust effects) are added as a small probability of action failures. To learn the vertiport ATC policy, a novel graph-based reinforcement learning (RL) solution called \"Urban Air Mobility- Vertiport Schedule Management (UAM-VSM)\" is developed. This approach uses graph convolutional networks (GCNs) to abstract the vertiport space and eVTOL space as graphs, and aggregate information for a centralized ATC agent to help generalize the environment. Unreal Engine combined with Airsim is used as the simulation environment over which training and testing occurs. Uncertainties are considered only during testing, due to the high cost of Mc sampling over such realistic simulations. The proposed graph RL method demonstrates significantly better performance on the test scenarios when compared against a feasible random decision-making baseline and a first come first serve (FCFS) baseline, including the ability to generalize to unseen scenarios and with uncertainties.","author":[{"family":"Krisshnakumar","given":"Prajit"},{"family":"Witter","given":"Jhoel"},{"family":"Paul","given":"Steve"},{"family":"Dantu","given":"Karthik"},{"family":"Chowdhury","given":"Souma"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2302.05849","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2302.05849","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2206.04513","type":"manuscript","title":"AAM-Gym: Artificial Intelligence Testbed for Advanced Air Mobility","abstract":"We introduce AAM-Gym, a research and development testbed for Advanced Air Mobility (AAM). AAM has the potential to revolutionize travel by reducing ground traffic and emissions by leveraging new types of aircraft such as electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and new advanced artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. Validation of AI algorithms require representative AAM scenarios, as well as a fast time simulation testbed to evaluate their performance. Until now, there has been no such testbed available for AAM to enable a common research platform for individuals in government, industry, or academia. MIT Lincoln Laboratory has developed AAM-Gym to address this gap by providing an ecosystem to develop, train, and validate new and established AI algorithms across a wide variety of AAM use-cases. In this paper, we use AAM-Gym to study the performance of two reinforcement learning algorithms on an AAM use-case, separation assurance in AAM corridors. The performance of the two algorithms is demonstrated based on a series of metrics provided by AAM-Gym, showing the testbed's utility to AAM research.","author":[{"family":"Brittain","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Alvarez","given":"Luis"},{"family":"Breeden","given":"Kara"},{"family":"Jessen","given":"Ian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2206.04513","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2206.04513","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2205.10997","type":"manuscript","title":"Data-Efficient Modeling for Precise Power Consumption Estimation of Quadrotor Operations Using Ensemble Learning","abstract":"Electric Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft is considered as the major aircraft type in the emerging urban air mobility. Accurate power consumption estimation is crucial to eVTOL, supporting advanced power management strategies and improving the efficiency and safety performance of flight operations. In this study, a framework for power consumption modeling of eVTOL aircraft was established. We employed an ensemble learning method, namely stacking, to develop a data-driven model using flight records of three different types of quadrotors. Random forest and extreme gradient boosting, showing advantages in prediction, were chosen as base-models, and a linear regression model was used as the meta-model. The established stacking model can accurately estimate the power of a quadrotor. Error analysis shows that about 80% prediction errors fall within one standard deviation interval and less than 0.5% error in the prediction for an entire flight can be expected with a confidence of more than 80%. Our model outperforms the existing models in two aspects: firstly, our model has a better prediction performance, and secondly, our model is more data-efficient, requiring a much smaller dataset. Our model provides a powerful tool for operators of eVTOL aircraft in mission management and contributes to promoting safe and energy-efficient urban air traffic.","author":[{"family":"Dai","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Mingcheng"},{"family":"Low","given":"Kin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2205.10997","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2205.10997","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2008.01527","type":"manuscript","title":"Universal Battery Performance and Degradation Model for Electric Aircraft","abstract":"Development of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) concepts has been primarily focused on electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOLs), small aircraft which can land and takeoff vertically, and which are powered by rechargeable (typically lithium-ion) batteries. Design, analysis, and operation of eVTOLs requires fast and accurate prediction of Li-ion battery performance throughout the lifetime of the battery. eVTOL battery performance modeling must be particularly accurate at high discharge rates to ensure accurate simulation of the high power takeoff and landing portions of the flight. In this work, we generate a battery performance and thermal behavior dataset specific to eVTOL duty cycles. We use this dataset to develop a battery performance and degradation model (Cellfit) which employs physics-informed machine learning in the form of Universal Ordinary Differential Equations (U-ODE's) combined with an electrochemical cell model and degradation models which include solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth, lithium plating, and charge loss. We show that Cellfit with U-ODE's is better able to predict battery degradation than a mechanistic battery degradation model. We show that the improved accuracy of the degradation model improves the accuracy of the performance model. We believe that Cellfit will prove to be a valuable tool for eVTOL designers.","author":[{"family":"Bills","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Sripad","given":"Shashank"},{"family":"Fredericks","given":"William"},{"family":"Guttenberg","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Charles","given":"Devin"},{"family":"Frank","given":"Evan"},{"family":"Viswanathan","given":"Venkatasubramanian"},{"family":"Bills","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Sripad","given":"Shashank"},{"family":"Fredericks","given":"William"},{"family":"Guttenberg","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Charles","given":"Devin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2008.01527","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2008.01527","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2008.00112","type":"manuscript","title":"Kinetics of lithium electrodeposition and stripping","abstract":"Electrodeposition and stripping are fundamental electrochemical processes for metals and have gained importance in rechargeable Li-ion batteries due to lithium metal electrodes. The electrode kinetics associated with lithium metal electrodeposition and stripping is crucial in determining performance at fast discharge and charge which is important for electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and electric vehicles (EV). In this work, we show the use of Marcus-Hush-Chidsey (MHC) kinetics to accurately predict the Tafel curve data from the work of Boyle et al. We discuss the differences in predictions of reorganization energies from the Marcus-Hush and the MHC models for lithium metal electrodes in four solvents. The MHC kinetic model is implemented and open-sourced within Cantera. Using the reaction kinetic model in a pseudo-2D battery model with a lithium anode paired with a LiFePO$_4$ cathode, we show the importance of accounting for the MHC kinetics and compare it to the use of Butler-Volmer (BV) and Marcus-Hush kinetic models. We find that significant deviation in the overpotentials associated with reaction kinetics for the two different rate laws for conditions of fast discharge and charge relevant for eVTOL and EV respectively.","author":[{"family":"Sripad","given":"Shashank"},{"family":"Korff","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Decaluwe","given":"Steven"},{"family":"Viswanathan","given":"Venkatasubramanian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2008.00112","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2008.00112","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.05413","type":"manuscript","title":"A Framework for eVTOL Performance Evaluation in Urban Air Mobility Realm","abstract":"In this paper, we developed a generalized simulation framework for the evaluation of electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicles (eVTOLs) in the context of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) and under the concept of Urban Air Mobility (UAM). Unlike most existing studies, the proposed framework combines the utilization of UTM and eVTOLs to develop a realistic UAM testing platform. For this purpose, we first enhanced an existing UTM simulator to simulate the real-world UAM environment. Then, instead of using a simplified eVOTL model, a realistic eVTOL design tool, namely SUAVE, is employed and an dilation sub-module is introduced to bridge the gap between the UTM simulator and SUAVE eVTOL performance evaluation tool to elaborate the complete mission profile. Based on the developed simulation framework, experiments are conducted and the results are presented to analyze the performance of eVTOLs in the UAM environment.","author":[{"family":"Sarkar","given":"Mrinmoy"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Xuyang"},{"family":"Girma","given":"Abenezer"},{"family":"Homaifar","given":"Abdollah"},{"family":"Sarkar","given":"Mrinmoy"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Xuyang"},{"family":"Girma","given":"Abenezer"},{"family":"Homaifar","given":"Abdollah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2111.05413","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2111.05413","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.5575954","type":"article-journal","title":"Baseline Report - Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Baseline Report of the Design, Synthesis and Exercise (DSE) carried on during the Spring DSE 2021, group 06, assignment \"Multi-Disciplinary Design and Optimisation of a Long-Range eVTOL Aircraft\". Tutor: Saullo Giovani Pereira Castro Coaches: Davide Biagini and Ali Nokhbatolfoghahai Institution: Delft University of Technology Place: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft Submission Date: Thursday 6th May, 2021 Executive summary Around the world, many cities suffer from increasing traffic and congestion problems. Vertical takeoff and landing aircraft are a promising technology to alleviate this problem. Due to their ability to overfly obstacles, move independently of ground infrastructure and take off from anywhere, they could allow for very fast door-to-door transport. It is the aim of this DSE project to explore this market opportunity and design a VTOL aircraft that can carry four passengers over 300 km. Due to the growing relevance of sustainability in transport, the design space will be constrained to electric VTOLs (eVTOL). The mission need statement of the project is as follows: Provide sustainable, personal aerial transportation for intercity travel that is competitive with the current transportation methods while requiring minimal infrastructure. In the report at hand, several aspects of this mission are investigated in detail and the information is used to generate technical requirements. Finally, possible designs for the mission are identified and selected for further analysis. Chapter 2 outlines the functional analysis of all stages of the project. This is a crucial step in the design, since analysing the functions required by the design process and eVTOL provide a clear picture of the use case. On a high level, the functions were investigated in five phases: mission introduction, aircraft design, production and delivery of the aircraft, operation of the aircraft, and disposal of the aircraft. Aircraft operation is of the greatest interest to the customer, which is why it is analysed in greater detail than the others: the steps taken in preflight actions, take-off, cruise, extending the mission, landing and post-flight actions are broken down to up to four levels to capture detail. The result can be seen in the functional flow block diagram and functional breakdown structure. In Chapter 3, the market opportunities for a long-range eVTOL are explored. Among the possible target industries, the commercial transport and private sector were deemed the most promising. With its range of 300 km, the eVTOL could satisfy the needs of intracity travel, but most importantly be used for intercity travel as well. In Europe, 300 km is a typical distance to be covered by commuters and tourists in business and personal trips. It is in this market segment where a long-range eVTOL could hope to gain a lot of traction. Furthermore, it could be a comfortable personal mode of transport for higher income populations. Europe and the United States provide good conditions for this. Europe in particular is suitable since it has many major cities at small distances from each other. Based on previous studies, it was concluded that a market size of 15 billion US dollars could be achieved by 2040 for eVTOLs in the chosen market segment. This corresponds to annual sales of about 5000 units. The team could aim to partake in this with 205 eVTOL vehicles sold per year, priced at 1.53 million apiece. The direct competitors would be helicopters and other eVTOL projects. To inform the sustainable planning of the project, Chapter 4 lays out a literature review on the environmental and social sustainability of eVTOLs. It is found that eVTOLs produce less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional internal combustion engine cars for distances longer than 50 km. Larger distances allow the eVTOL to take advantage of the aerodynamically optimised cruise configuration. However, the sustainability of eVTOLs may be limited by their energy source. Especially Lit","author":[{"family":"Alba-Maestre","given":"Javier"},{"family":"Beyne","given":"Egon"},{"family":"Buszek","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Cuadrat-Grzybowski","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"López","given":"Noah"},{"family":"Poliakov","given":"Nikita"},{"family":"Prud'homme Van Reine","given":"Koen"},{"family":"Santamaría","given":"Alejandro"},{"family":"Schoser","given":"Jakob"},{"family":"Wadia","given":"Kaizad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.5575954","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5575954","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.25967/550236","type":"article-journal","title":"Assessment of the Handling Qualities of Multirotor Configurations using Real Time Simulation","abstract":"The popularity of the electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft in the Urban Air Mobility (UAM) market has significantly increased over the last decade. Many institutes and companies around the globe are conducting research in this field to translate the theory into practice by developing novel eVTOL configurations. At the German Aerospace Center, the Institute of Flight Systems has been developing processes not only to model novel configurations, but also to asses them qualitatively with real pilots. In this regard, a study concerning the Handling Qualities (HQs) assessments of a two passenger quadrotor configuration with variable blade pitch and variable rotor rotational speed control was conducted. The simulation tests were performed in DLR’s Air VEhicle Simulator (AVES), where the HQs were assessed through Mission Task Elements (MTEs) taken from ADS-33E-PRF. Results from the study showed critical HQs issues regarding the control sensitivity, vehicle stability and yaw bandwidth.","author":[{"family":"Atci","given":"K"},{"family":"Jones","given":"M"},{"family":"Jusko","given":"T"},{"family":"Atci","given":"Kagan"},{"family":"Jones","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Jusko","given":"Tim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.25967/550236","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25967/550236","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12135876.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Multiobjective Time and Control Effort Optimization of the Takeoff and Transition of a Bi-wing Tailsitter","abstract":"Electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft are being actively developed by manyindustry and government research groups. These vehicles take advantage of distributed electricpropulsion as well as aerodynamic lifting surfaces to take off vertically and perform long-duration flights. We develop a method to find optimal trajectories for takeoff and transitionto aerodynamic flight for a two dimensional blown bi-wing. This method uses the vortexlattice method to model arbitrary aerodynamic surfaces, and performs direct collocation tointegrate the system dynamics through the trajectory. We find trajectories using two objectives:minimum time and minimum control effort; and perform a multiobjective optimization to findthe Pareto front that illustrates the trade-off between these two objectives.","author":[{"family":"Anderson","given":"Ryan"},{"family":"Willis","given":"Jacob"},{"family":"Johnson","given":"Jacob"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.12135876.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12135876.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.1109/dasc55683.2022.9925838","type":"article-journal","title":"A Flight Replanning Tool for Terminal Area Urban Air Mobility Operations","abstract":"In this paper we describe and evaluate a flight replanning tool, called the trial planner, for terminal area air transport applications. The trial planner employs predefined airspace structures to generate rerouting options between vertiports. In a simplified definition, vertiports are facilities that provide services for managing the take-off and landing of autonomous or manned electric vertical take-off or landing (eVTOL) aircraft. The airspace structures involved in our test cases are arrival routes that consisting of predefined entry points to which a transitional path is computed dynamically from the current position of the aircraft. Rerouting options include both the transitional path and approach segment along the arrival route. These rerouting options are not vetted for potential conflicts with other operations until a human operator commits to a choice and forwards the flight plan modification for approval from an automated airspace management service. A selected rerouting option is executed by loading a flight plan file to the aircraft ground control station. We conducted a qualitative evaluation of the trial planner using ratings provided by flight crews and air transportation human factors experts with relevant experience from air traffic control. The trial-planner was evaluated against operator rated trust in the route recommendations and rated adequacy of the explanations for the route options. In this paper, we detail the logic and implementation of the trial planner, as well as report the results of the evaluation of the implementation herein.","author":[{"family":"Suzuki","given":"Anne"},{"family":"Dao","given":"Quang"},{"family":"Dao","given":"Quang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1109/dasc55683.2022.9925838","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc55683.2022.9925838","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2411.17552","type":"manuscript","title":"TRUST-UP: Trustworthy Reinforcement learning Using Safe Techniques for UAV Pursuit","abstract":"Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables autonomous aerial vehicles to adapt quickly and make efficient decisions, making it well-suited for dynamic urban air mobility operations. However, the lack of safety guarantees and transparency hinders the airworthiness certification of RL-based flight control systems, particularly in low-altitude urban environments with human presence. This paper proposes a trustworthy reinforcement learning algorithm that utilizes safe techniques to address the AI trustworthiness requirements for aviation safety, ensuring the transparent and certifiable deployment of RL in safety-critical aerial operations. Specifically, we proposed a Trustworthy Reinforcement learning Using Safe Techniques for UAV Pursuit (TRUST-UP), which consists of two key components: a safety filter constructed from Control Barrier Functions (CBFs) that transforms unsafe RL actions into provably safe flight commands, and a switching strategy that enhances feasibility while maintaining operational transparency. These components enable trustworthy AI deployment in urban airspace, satisfying technical robustness and transparency requirements for aviation certification. Simulation results demonstrate that TRUST-UP enables autonomous UAVs to safely navigate congested urban environments while maintaining human-interpretable decision logic. This work contributes toward certifiable and explainable AI frameworks for low-altitude aviation, addressing the critical need for trustworthy autonomous flight systems in future urban air mobility.","author":[{"family":"Deng","given":"Yaosheng"},{"family":"Lyu","given":"Mengtao"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Junjie"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"Jiaping"},{"family":"Feroskhan","given":"Mir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2411.17552","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2411.17552","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.7282/t3-fvwe-0r38","type":"article-journal","title":"Integrated Multimedia City Data (iMCD): a composite survey and sensing approach to understanding urban living and mobility","abstract":"We describe the Integrated Multimedia City Data (iMCD), a data platform involving detailed person-level self-reported and sensed information, with additional Internet, remote sensing, crowdsourced and environmental data sources that measure the wider social, economic and physical context of the participant. Selected aspects of the platform, which covers the Glasgow, UK, city-region, are available to other researchers, and allows knowledge discovery on critical urban living themes, for example in transportation, lifelong learning, sustainable behavior, social cohesion, ways of being in a digital age, and other topics. It further allows research into the technological and methodological aspects of emerging forms of urban data. Key highlights of the platform include a multi-topic household and person-level survey; travel and activity diaries; a privacy and personal device sensitivity survey; a rich set of GPS trajectory data; accelerometer, light intensity and other personal environment sensor data from wearable devices; an image data collection at approximately 5-second resolution of participants’ daily lives; multiple forms of text-based and multimedia Internet data; high resolution satellite and LiDAR data; and data from transportation, weather and air quality sensors. We demonstrate the power of the platform in understanding personal behavior and urban patterns by means of three examples: an examination of the links between mobility and literacy/learning using the household survey, a social media analysis of urban activity patterns, and finally, the degree of physical isolation levels using deep learning algorithms on image data. The analysis highlights the importance of purposefully designed multi-construct and multi-instrument data collection approaches that are driven by theoretical frameworks underpinning complex urban challenges, and the need to link to policy frameworks (e.g., Smart Cities, Future Cities, UNESCO Learning Cities agendas) that have the potential to translate data to impactful decision-making.","author":[{"family":"Thakuriah","given":"Piyushimita"},{"family":"Sila-Nowicka","given":"Katarzyna"},{"family":"Hong","given":"Jinhyun"},{"family":"Boididou","given":"Christina"},{"family":"Osborne","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Lido","given":"Catherine"},{"family":"Mchugh","given":"Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.7282/t3-fvwe-0r38","URL":"https://doi.org/10.7282/t3-fvwe-0r38","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.13016/m2gcmo-ycym","type":"article-journal","title":"Demand Modeling for Advanced Air Mobility","abstract":"In recent years, the rapid pace of urbanization has posed profound challenges globally, exacerbating environmental concerns and escalating traffic congestion in metropolitan areas. To mitigate these issues, Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) has emerged as a promising transportation alternative. However, the effective implementation of AAM requires robust demand modeling. This study delves into the demand dynamics of AAM by analyzing employment based trip data across Tennessee's census tracts, employing statistical techniques and machine learning models to enhance accuracy in demand forecasting. Drawing on datasets from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and additional sources, we perform cost, time, and risk assessments to compute the Generalized Cost of Trip (GCT). Our findings indicate that trips are more likely to be viable for AAM if air transportation accounts for over 70\\% of the GCT and the journey spans more than 250 miles. The study not only refines the understanding of AAM demand but also guides strategic planning and policy formulation for sustainable urban mobility solutions. The data and code can be accessed on GitHub.{https://github.com/lotussavy/IEEEBigData-2024.git }","author":[{"family":"Acharya","given":"Kamal"},{"family":"Lad","given":"Mehul"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Liang"},{"family":"Song","given":"Houbing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.13016/m2gcmo-ycym","URL":"https://doi.org/10.13016/m2gcmo-ycym","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2407.06320","type":"manuscript","title":"An Open-source Hardware/Software Architecture and Supporting Simulation Environment to Perform Human FPV Flight Demonstrations for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Autonomy","abstract":"Small multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), mainly quadcopters, are nowadays ubiquitous in research on aerial autonomy, including serving as scaled-down models for much larger aircraft such as vertical-take-off-and-lift vehicles for urban air mobility. Among the various research use cases, first-person-view RC flight experiments allow for collecting data on how human pilots fly such aircraft, which could then be used to compare, contrast, validate, or train autonomous flight agents. While this could be uniquely beneficial, especially for studying UAV operation in contextually complex and safety-critical environments such as in human-UAV shared spaces, the lack of inexpensive and open-source hardware/software platforms that offer this capability along with low-level access to the underlying control software and data remains limited. To address this gap and significantly reduce barriers to human-guided autonomy research with UAVs, this paper presents an open-source software architecture implemented with an inexpensive in-house built quadcopter platform based on the F450 Quadcopter Frame. This setup uses two cameras to provide a dual-view FPV and an open-source flight controller, Pixhawk. The underlying software architecture, developed using the Python-based Kivy library, allows logging telemetry, GPS, control inputs, and camera frame data in a synchronized manner on the ground station computer. Since costs (time) and weather constraints typically limit numbers of physical outdoor flight experiments, this paper also presents a unique AirSim/Unreal Engine based simulation environment and graphical user interface aka digital twin, that provides a Hardware In The Loop setup via the Pixhawk flight controller. We demonstrate the usability and reliability of the overall framework through a set of diverse physical FPV flight experiments and corresponding flight tests in the digital twin.","author":[{"family":"Xiao","given":"Haosong"},{"family":"Krisshnakumar","given":"Prajit"},{"family":"Pothuri","given":"Jagadeswara"},{"family":"Soni","given":"Puru"},{"family":"Butcher","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Chowdhury","given":"Souma"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.06320","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2407.06320","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2406.13817","type":"manuscript","title":"SkyGrid: Energy-Flow Optimization at Harmonized Aerial Intersections","abstract":"The rapid evolution of urban air mobility (UAM) is reshaping the future of transportation by integrating aerial vehicles into urban transit systems. The design of aerial intersections plays a critical role in the phased development of UAM systems to ensure safe and efficient operations in air corridors. This work adapts the concept of rhythmic control of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) at unsignalized intersections to address complex traffic control problems. This control framework assigns UAM vehicles to different movement groups and significantly reduces the computation of routing strategies to avoid conflicts. In contrast to ground traffic, the objective is to balance three measures: minimizing energy utilization, maximizing intersection flow (throughput), and maintaining safety distances. This optimization method dynamically directs traffic with various demands, considering path assignment distributions and segment-level trajectory coefficients for straight and curved paths as control variables. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to consider a multi-objective optimization approach for unsignalized intersection control in the air and to propose such optimization in a rhythmic control setting with time arrival and UAM operational constraints. A sensitivity analysis with respect to inter-platoon safety and straight/left demand balance demonstrates the effectiveness of our method in handling traffic under various scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Khoshdel","given":"Sahand"},{"family":"Afghah","given":"Fatemeh"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Qi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2406.13817","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2406.13817","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2405.03290","type":"manuscript","title":"Coordinating Cooperative Perception in Urban Air Mobility for Enhanced Environmental Awareness","abstract":"The trend for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is growing with prospective air taxis, parcel deliverers, and medical and industrial services. Safe and efficient UAM operation relies on timely communication and reliable data exchange. In this paper, we explore Cooperative Perception (CP) for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), considering the unique communication needs involving high dynamics and a large number of UAS. We propose a hybrid approach combining local broadcast with a central CP service, inspired by centrally managed U-space and broadcast mechanisms from automotive and aviation domains. In a simulation study, we show that our approach significantly enhances the environmental awareness for UAS compared to fully distributed approaches, with an increased communication channel load, which we also evaluate. These findings prompt a discussion on communication strategies for CP in UAM and the potential of a centralized CP service in future research.","author":[{"family":"Häckel","given":"Timo"},{"family":"Von Roenn","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Juchmann","given":"Nemo"},{"family":"Fay","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Akkermans","given":"Rinie"},{"family":"Tiedemann","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Schmidt","given":"Thomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2405.03290","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2405.03290","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/jmvg8-1xd10","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and analysis of a photovoltaic‐powered charging station for plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles in college campus","abstract":"IET Electrical Systems in TransportationVolume 12, Issue 4 p. 358-368 ORIGINAL RESEARCHOpen Access Design and analysis of a photovoltaic-powered charging station for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in college campus Sureshbabu, Sureshbabu Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorSuresh Padmanabhan, Suresh Padmanabhan Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorGanesan Subramanian, Ganesan Subramanian Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorAlbert Alexander Stonier, Albert Alexander Stonier School of Electrical Engineering (SELECT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorGeno Peter, Geno Peter orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-8427 CRISD, School of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology Sarawak, Sibu, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorVivekananda Ganji, Corresponding Author Vivekananda Ganji [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-5646-2138 Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia Correspondence Vivekananda Ganji, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Sureshbabu, Sureshbabu Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorSuresh Padmanabhan, Suresh Padmanabhan Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorGanesan Subramanian, Ganesan Subramanian Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorAlbert Alexander Stonier, Albert Alexander Stonier School of Electrical Engineering (SELECT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorGeno Peter, Geno Peter orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-8427 CRISD, School of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology Sarawak, Sibu, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorVivekananda Ganji, Corresponding Author Vivekananda Ganji [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-5646-2138 Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia Correspondence Vivekananda Ganji, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 24 November 2022 https://doi.org/10.1049/els2.12060AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract Photovoltaic-powered electric transportation systems are gaining global momentum owing to their superior enactment and zero carbon emissions. With a growing number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the road, implementation of efficient and well-organised charging stations is extremely indispensable. The authors investigate the feasibility of creating a charging station for plug-in-hybrid EVs at an educational institution, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India (10°48.2′N, 79°50.1′E). The statistics related to the solar radiations of the Nagapatt","author":[{"family":"Sureshbabu"},{"family":"Padmanabhan","given":"Suresh"},{"family":"Subramanian","given":"GG"},{"family":"Stonier","given":"Albert"},{"family":"Peter","given":"Geno"},{"family":"Ganji","given":"Vivekananda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/jmvg8-1xd10","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/jmvg8-1xd10","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/anjtn-33r23","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and analysis of a photovoltaic‐powered charging station for plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles in college campus","abstract":"IET Electrical Systems in TransportationVolume 12, Issue 4 p. 358-368 ORIGINAL RESEARCHOpen Access Design and analysis of a photovoltaic-powered charging station for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in college campus Sureshbabu, Sureshbabu Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorSuresh Padmanabhan, Suresh Padmanabhan Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorGanesan Subramanian, Ganesan Subramanian Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorAlbert Alexander Stonier, Albert Alexander Stonier School of Electrical Engineering (SELECT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorGeno Peter, Geno Peter orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-8427 CRISD, School of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology Sarawak, Sibu, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorVivekananda Ganji, Corresponding Author Vivekananda Ganji [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-5646-2138 Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia Correspondence Vivekananda Ganji, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Sureshbabu, Sureshbabu Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorSuresh Padmanabhan, Suresh Padmanabhan Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorGanesan Subramanian, Ganesan Subramanian Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorAlbert Alexander Stonier, Albert Alexander Stonier School of Electrical Engineering (SELECT), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorGeno Peter, Geno Peter orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-8427 CRISD, School of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology Sarawak, Sibu, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorVivekananda Ganji, Corresponding Author Vivekananda Ganji [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-5646-2138 Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia Correspondence Vivekananda Ganji, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 24 November 2022 https://doi.org/10.1049/els2.12060AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract Photovoltaic-powered electric transportation systems are gaining global momentum owing to their superior enactment and zero carbon emissions. With a growing number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the road, implementation of efficient and well-organised charging stations is extremely indispensable. The authors investigate the feasibility of creating a charging station for plug-in-hybrid EVs at an educational institution, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India (10°48.2′N, 79°50.1′E). The statistics related to the solar radiations of the Nagapatt","author":[{"family":"Sureshbabu"},{"family":"Padmanabhan","given":"Suresh"},{"family":"Subramanian","given":"GG"},{"family":"Stonier","given":"Albert"},{"family":"Peter","given":"Geno"},{"family":"Ganji","given":"Vivekananda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/anjtn-33r23","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/anjtn-33r23","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.13016/m2pjwg-vm76","type":"article-journal","title":"Regional Air Mobility Flight Demand Modeling in Tennessee State","abstract":"Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), encompassing Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and Regional Air Mobility (RAM), offers innovative solutions to mitigate the issues related to ground transportation like traffic congestion, environmental pollution etc. RAM addresses transportation inefficiencies over medium-distance trips (50-500 miles), which are often underserved by both traditional air and ground transportation systems. This study focuses on RAM in Tennessee, addressing the complexities of demand modeling as a critical aspect of effective RAM implementation. Leveraging datasets from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and other sources, we assess trip data across Tennessee's Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) to develop a predictive framework for RAM demand. Through cost, time, and risk regression, we calculate a Generalized Travel Cost (GTC) that allows for comparative analysis between ground transportation and RAM, identifying factors that influence mode choice. When focusing on only five major airports (BNA, CHA, MEM, TRI, and TYS) as RAM hubs, the results reveal a mixed demand pattern due to varying travel distances to these central locations, which increases back-and-forth travel for some routes. However, by expanding the RAM network to include more regional airports, the GTC for RAM aligns more closely with traditional air travel, providing a smoother and more competitive option against ground transportation, particularly for trips exceeding 300 miles. The analysis shows that RAM demand is likely to be selected when air transportation accounts for more than 80\\% of the total GTC, air travel time is more than 1 hour and when the ground GTC exceeds 300 for specific origin-destination pairs. The data and code can be accessed on GitHub. {https://github.com/lotussavy/AIAAScitecth-2025.git}","author":[{"family":"Acharya","given":"Kamal"},{"family":"Lad","given":"Mehul"},{"family":"Song","given":"Houbing"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Liang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.13016/m2pjwg-vm76","URL":"https://doi.org/10.13016/m2pjwg-vm76","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2412.10445","type":"manuscript","title":"Regional Air Mobility Flight Demand Modeling in Tennessee State","abstract":"Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), encompassing Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and Regional Air Mobility (RAM), offers innovative solutions to mitigate the issues related to ground transportation like traffic congestion, environmental pollution etc. RAM addresses transportation inefficiencies over medium-distance trips (50-500 miles), which are often underserved by both traditional air and ground transportation systems. This study focuses on RAM in Tennessee, addressing the complexities of demand modeling as a critical aspect of effective RAM implementation. Leveraging datasets from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and other sources, we assess trip data across Tennessee's Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) to develop a predictive framework for RAM demand. Through cost, time, and risk regression, we calculate a Generalized Travel Cost (GTC) that allows for comparative analysis between ground transportation and RAM, identifying factors that influence mode choice. When focusing on only five major airports (BNA, CHA, MEM, TRI, and TYS) as RAM hubs, the results reveal a mixed demand pattern due to varying travel distances to these central locations, which increases back-and-forth travel for some routes. However, by expanding the RAM network to include more regional airports, the GTC for RAM aligns more closely with traditional air travel, providing a smoother and more competitive option against ground transportation, particularly for trips exceeding 300 miles. The analysis shows that RAM demand is likely to be selected when air transportation accounts for more than 80\\% of the total GTC, air travel time is more than 1 hour and when the ground GTC exceeds 300 for specific origin-destination pairs. The data and code can be accessed on GitHub. {https://github.com/lotussavy/AIAAScitecth-2025.git}","author":[{"family":"Acharya","given":"Kamal"},{"family":"Lad","given":"Mehul"},{"family":"Song","given":"Houbing"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Liang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2412.10445","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2412.10445","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.15480/882.4797","type":"article-journal","title":"A systematic review of ground-based infrastructure for the innovative urban air mobility","abstract":"the increasing level of urbanisation and traffic congestion promotes the concept of urban air mobility (UAM), which has become a thriving topic in engineering and neighbouring disciplines. the development of a suitable ground-based infrastructure is necessary to supply these innovative vehicles, which mainly includes networks of take-off and landing sites, facilities for maintenance, energy supply, and navigation and communication capabilities. Further requirements comprise robust business and operating models for emerging service providers and regulatory frameworks, particularly regarding safety, liability and noise emissions. the objective of this study is to provide an overview of the current results and developments in the field of UAM ground-based infrastructure by conducting a systematic literature review (SLr) and to identify the most relevant research gaps in the field. For the systematic literature analysis, our search string contains vertiports and the equivalents, UAM and equivalents, and search phrases for the individual domains. In the final analysis 64 articles were included, finding a strong focus on simulations and vertiport networks, while specific case studies and related aspects like automated MrO and urban planning appear less frequently. therefore, this article provides insights for a more holistic perspective on challenges and necessities of future UAM.","author":[{"family":"Mavraj","given":"Gazmend"},{"family":"Eltgen","given":"Jil"},{"family":"Fraske","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Swaid","given":"Majed"},{"family":"Berling","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Röntgen","given":"Ole"},{"family":"Fu","given":"Yuzhuo"},{"family":"Schulz","given":"Detlef"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.15480/882.4797","URL":"https://doi.org/10.15480/882.4797","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.13467363","type":"article-journal","title":"Ears in the Sky: Potential of Drones for the Bioacoustic Monitoring of Birds and Bats","abstract":"(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) In the context of global biodiversity loss, wildlife population monitoring is a major challenge. Some innovative techniques such as the use of drones—also called unmanned aerial vehicle/system (UAV/UAS)—offer promising opportunities. The potential of UAS-based wildlife census using high-resolution imagery is now well established for terrestrial mammals or birds that can be seen on images. Nevertheless, the ability of UASs to detect non-conspicuous species, such as small birds below the forest canopy, remains an open question. This issue can be solved with bioacoustics for acoustically active species such as bats and birds. In this context, UASs represent an interesting solution that could be deployed on a larger scale, at lower risk for the operator, and over hard-toreach locations, such as forest canopies or complex topographies, when compared with traditional protocols (fixed location recorders placed or handled by human operators). In this context, this study proposes a methodological framework to assess the potential of UASs in bioacoustic surveys for birds and bats, using low-cost audible and ultrasound recorders mounted on a low-cost quadcopter UAS (DJI Phantom 3 Pro). The proposed methodological workflow can be straightforwardly replicated in other contexts to test the impact of other UAS bioacoustic recording platforms in relation to the targeted species and the specific UAS design. This protocol allows one to evaluate the sensitivity of UAS approaches through the estimate of the effective detection radius for the different species investigated at several flight heights. The results of this study suggest a strong potential for the bioacoustic monitoring of birds but are more contrasted for bat recordings, mainly due to quadcopter noise (i.e., electronic speed controller (ESC) noise) but also, in a certain manner, to the experimental design (use of a directional speaker with limited call intensity). Technical developments, such as the use of a winch to safely extent the distance between the UAS and the recorder during UAS sound recordings or the development of an innovative platform, such as a plane–blimp hybrid UAS, should make it possible to solve these issues.","author":[{"family":"Michez","given":"Adrien"},{"family":"Broset","given":"Stéphane"},{"family":"Lejeune","given":"Philippe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.13467363","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13467363","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.13467364","type":"article-journal","title":"Ears in the Sky: Potential of Drones for the Bioacoustic Monitoring of Birds and Bats","abstract":"(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) In the context of global biodiversity loss, wildlife population monitoring is a major challenge. Some innovative techniques such as the use of drones—also called unmanned aerial vehicle/system (UAV/UAS)—offer promising opportunities. The potential of UAS-based wildlife census using high-resolution imagery is now well established for terrestrial mammals or birds that can be seen on images. Nevertheless, the ability of UASs to detect non-conspicuous species, such as small birds below the forest canopy, remains an open question. This issue can be solved with bioacoustics for acoustically active species such as bats and birds. In this context, UASs represent an interesting solution that could be deployed on a larger scale, at lower risk for the operator, and over hard-toreach locations, such as forest canopies or complex topographies, when compared with traditional protocols (fixed location recorders placed or handled by human operators). In this context, this study proposes a methodological framework to assess the potential of UASs in bioacoustic surveys for birds and bats, using low-cost audible and ultrasound recorders mounted on a low-cost quadcopter UAS (DJI Phantom 3 Pro). The proposed methodological workflow can be straightforwardly replicated in other contexts to test the impact of other UAS bioacoustic recording platforms in relation to the targeted species and the specific UAS design. This protocol allows one to evaluate the sensitivity of UAS approaches through the estimate of the effective detection radius for the different species investigated at several flight heights. The results of this study suggest a strong potential for the bioacoustic monitoring of birds but are more contrasted for bat recordings, mainly due to quadcopter noise (i.e., electronic speed controller (ESC) noise) but also, in a certain manner, to the experimental design (use of a directional speaker with limited call intensity). Technical developments, such as the use of a winch to safely extent the distance between the UAS and the recorder during UAS sound recordings or the development of an innovative platform, such as a plane–blimp hybrid UAS, should make it possible to solve these issues.","author":[{"family":"Michez","given":"Adrien"},{"family":"Broset","given":"Stéphane"},{"family":"Lejeune","given":"Philippe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.13467364","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13467364","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.34657/5417","type":"article-journal","title":"Growth Height Determination of Tree Walls for Precise Monitoring in Apple Fruit Production Using UAV Photogrammetry","abstract":"In apple cultivation, spatial information about phenotypic characteristics of tree walls would be beneficial for precise orchard management. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can collect 3D structural information of ground surface objects at high resolution in a cost-effective and versatile way by using photogrammetry. The aim of this study is to delineate tree wall height information in an apple orchard applying a low-altitude flight pattern specifically designed for UAVs. This flight pattern implies small distances between the camera sensor and the tree walls when the camera is positioned in an oblique view toward the trees. In this way, it is assured that the depicted tree crown wall area will be largely covered with a larger ground sampling distance than that recorded from a nadir perspective, especially regarding the lower crown sections. Overlapping oblique view images were used to estimate 3D point cloud models by applying structure-from-motion (SfM) methods to calculate tree wall heights from them. The resulting height models were compared with ground-based light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data as reference. It was shown that the tree wall profiles from the UAV point clouds were strongly correlated with the LiDAR point clouds of two years (2018: R2 = 0.83; 2019: R2 = 0.88). However, underestimation of tree wall heights was detected with mean deviations of −0.11 m and −0.18 m for 2018 and 2019, respectively. This is attributed to the weaknesses of the UAV point clouds in resolving the very fine shoots of apple trees. Therefore, the shown approach is suitable for precise orchard management, but it underestimated vertical tree wall expanses, and widened tree gaps need to be accounted for.","author":[{"family":"Hobart","given":"Marius"},{"family":"Pflanz","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Weltzien","given":"Cornelia"},{"family":"Schirrmann","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.34657/5417","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34657/5417","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/9e3e1-bhd32","type":"article-journal","title":"Towards green communication in 5G systems: Survey on beamforming concept","abstract":"IET CommunicationsVolume 15, Issue 1 p. 142-154 ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPEROpen Access Towards green communication in 5G systems: Survey on beamforming concept Khalid S. Mohamed, Corresponding Author khalidkaradh@hotmail.com orcid.org/0000-0001-5835-4299 Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Mutlimedia, Malaysia Correspondence Khalid S. Mohamed, Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran mutlimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia. Email: khalidkaradh@hotmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorMohamad Y. Alias, Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Mutlimedia, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorMardeni Roslee, orcid.org/0000-0001-8250-4031 Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Mutlimedia, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorYusuf M. Raji, orcid.org/0000-0002-6838-2952 Fibre Optic Research Centre (FORC), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Mutlimedia, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this author Khalid S. Mohamed, Corresponding Author khalidkaradh@hotmail.com orcid.org/0000-0001-5835-4299 Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Mutlimedia, Malaysia Correspondence Khalid S. Mohamed, Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran mutlimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia. Email: khalidkaradh@hotmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorMohamad Y. Alias, Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Mutlimedia, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorMardeni Roslee, orcid.org/0000-0001-8250-4031 Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Mutlimedia, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorYusuf M. Raji, orcid.org/0000-0002-6838-2952 Fibre Optic Research Centre (FORC), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Mutlimedia, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 10 December 2020 https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.12066AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Connectivity in recent wireless communication is accessible anywhere because of the large footprints of both cellular and WiFi networks. Yet, the broadcasting in wireless technology increases the susceptibility of signals to contemporary challenges such as interference, fading, and distortion. In addition, the energy of signals is lost because of Doppler effects and scattering caused by the obstacles in the channel. The use of smaller base stations, exploitation of higher frequencies and millimetre waves, and the expansion towards massive multiple-input multiple-output makes beamforming one of the most important key technologies in fifth generation (5G) systems. Besides the energy efficiency enhancements because of the narrower beamwidths, it reduces the broadcasting probability by adaptively steering the signals towards the targeted receivers while reducing the reception for nearby receiver, that is less interference. It also increases the energy efficiency of the signals because of the narrow beamwidth. In this work, the 5G technology challenges, two of the most known channel models, applications is briefly received. The fundamentals of beamforming technology are also described and provide the neces","author":[{"family":"Mohamed","given":"Khalid"},{"family":"Alias","given":"Mohamad"},{"family":"Roslee","given":"Mardeni"},{"family":"Raji","given":"YM"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.60692/9e3e1-bhd32","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/9e3e1-bhd32","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/vrjg8-t4c53","type":"article-journal","title":"Towards green communication in 5G systems: Survey on beamforming concept","abstract":"IET CommunicationsVolume 15, Issue 1 p. 142-154 ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPEROpen Access Towards green communication in 5G systems: Survey on beamforming concept Khalid S. Mohamed, Corresponding Author khalidkaradh@hotmail.com orcid.org/0000-0001-5835-4299 Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Mutlimedia, Malaysia Correspondence Khalid S. Mohamed, Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran mutlimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia. Email: khalidkaradh@hotmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorMohamad Y. Alias, Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Mutlimedia, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorMardeni Roslee, orcid.org/0000-0001-8250-4031 Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Mutlimedia, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorYusuf M. Raji, orcid.org/0000-0002-6838-2952 Fibre Optic Research Centre (FORC), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Mutlimedia, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this author Khalid S. Mohamed, Corresponding Author khalidkaradh@hotmail.com orcid.org/0000-0001-5835-4299 Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Mutlimedia, Malaysia Correspondence Khalid S. Mohamed, Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran mutlimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia. Email: khalidkaradh@hotmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorMohamad Y. Alias, Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Mutlimedia, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorMardeni Roslee, orcid.org/0000-0001-8250-4031 Centre for Wireless Technology (CWT), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Mutlimedia, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorYusuf M. Raji, orcid.org/0000-0002-6838-2952 Fibre Optic Research Centre (FORC), Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Mutlimedia, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 10 December 2020 https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.12066AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Connectivity in recent wireless communication is accessible anywhere because of the large footprints of both cellular and WiFi networks. Yet, the broadcasting in wireless technology increases the susceptibility of signals to contemporary challenges such as interference, fading, and distortion. In addition, the energy of signals is lost because of Doppler effects and scattering caused by the obstacles in the channel. The use of smaller base stations, exploitation of higher frequencies and millimetre waves, and the expansion towards massive multiple-input multiple-output makes beamforming one of the most important key technologies in fifth generation (5G) systems. Besides the energy efficiency enhancements because of the narrower beamwidths, it reduces the broadcasting probability by adaptively steering the signals towards the targeted receivers while reducing the reception for nearby receiver, that is less interference. It also increases the energy efficiency of the signals because of the narrow beamwidth. In this work, the 5G technology challenges, two of the most known channel models, applications is briefly received. The fundamentals of beamforming technology are also described and provide the neces","author":[{"family":"Mohamed","given":"Khalid"},{"family":"Alias","given":"Mohamad"},{"family":"Roslee","given":"Mardeni"},{"family":"Raji","given":"YM"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.60692/vrjg8-t4c53","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/vrjg8-t4c53","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/50g96-vt732","type":"article-journal","title":"Idle sense with transmission priority in fibre‐wireless networks","abstract":"IET CommunicationsVolume 14, Issue 9 p. 1428-1437 Research ArticleOpen Access Idle sense with transmission priority in fibre-wireless networks Wan Hafiza Wan Hassan, Corresponding Author Wan Hafiza Wan Hassan whafiza@umt.edu.my Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorSevia Mahdaliza Idrus, Sevia Mahdaliza Idrus Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorHorace King, Horace King College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorShabbir Ahmed, Shabbir Ahmed College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorMike Faulkner, Mike Faulkner College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author Wan Hafiza Wan Hassan, Corresponding Author Wan Hafiza Wan Hassan whafiza@umt.edu.my Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorSevia Mahdaliza Idrus, Sevia Mahdaliza Idrus Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorHorace King, Horace King College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorShabbir Ahmed, Shabbir Ahmed College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorMike Faulkner, Mike Faulkner College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 June 2020 https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2019.0313Citations: 1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract The convergence of fibre and wireless technologies realised the fibre-wireless (FiWi) networks. Despite huge capacity offered by fibre, the user experiences a network bottleneck caused by the wireless side. This study investigates wireless local area network (WLAN), the wireless side of the FiWi networks with a gigabits passive optical network (GPON) as the backhaul. The work aims to improve WLAN performance by utilising information gained from GPON. The proposed technique enables all contending stations in multiple access points (APs) WLAN to achieve a desired downlink-to-uplink transmission ratio, k while maintaining maximum throughput. Optimum contention window (CW) sizes for the APs and associate wireless users (WUs) are derived by incorporating the principles of idle sense (IS) and asymmetric AP. However, fairness problem between WUs occurred when they contend the channel with different CW sizes. Hence, this study simplifies the IS scheme to increase fairness between WUs. Furthermore, AP self-adapting and WU adjusting algorithms are proposed to assist the network to achieve the desired k, while maintaining the throughput fairness amongst basis service sets. The robustness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated under various conditions: achieved target k with nearly perfect fairness and gained near-to-maximum throughput within 96% of the theoretical optimum. Nomenclature probability of an AP transmitting probability of a WU transmitting m total number of APs","author":[{"family":"Hassan","given":"Wan"},{"family":"Idrus","given":"Sevia"},{"family":"King","given":"Horace"},{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Shabbir"},{"family":"Faulkner","given":"M"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.60692/50g96-vt732","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/50g96-vt732","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/mvs2x-efb98","type":"article-journal","title":"Idle sense with transmission priority in fibre‐wireless networks","abstract":"IET CommunicationsVolume 14, Issue 9 p. 1428-1437 Research ArticleOpen Access Idle sense with transmission priority in fibre-wireless networks Wan Hafiza Wan Hassan, Corresponding Author Wan Hafiza Wan Hassan whafiza@umt.edu.my Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorSevia Mahdaliza Idrus, Sevia Mahdaliza Idrus Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorHorace King, Horace King College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorShabbir Ahmed, Shabbir Ahmed College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorMike Faulkner, Mike Faulkner College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author Wan Hafiza Wan Hassan, Corresponding Author Wan Hafiza Wan Hassan whafiza@umt.edu.my Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorSevia Mahdaliza Idrus, Sevia Mahdaliza Idrus Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, MalaysiaSearch for more papers by this authorHorace King, Horace King College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorShabbir Ahmed, Shabbir Ahmed College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorMike Faulkner, Mike Faulkner College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 June 2020 https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2019.0313Citations: 1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract The convergence of fibre and wireless technologies realised the fibre-wireless (FiWi) networks. Despite huge capacity offered by fibre, the user experiences a network bottleneck caused by the wireless side. This study investigates wireless local area network (WLAN), the wireless side of the FiWi networks with a gigabits passive optical network (GPON) as the backhaul. The work aims to improve WLAN performance by utilising information gained from GPON. The proposed technique enables all contending stations in multiple access points (APs) WLAN to achieve a desired downlink-to-uplink transmission ratio, k while maintaining maximum throughput. Optimum contention window (CW) sizes for the APs and associate wireless users (WUs) are derived by incorporating the principles of idle sense (IS) and asymmetric AP. However, fairness problem between WUs occurred when they contend the channel with different CW sizes. Hence, this study simplifies the IS scheme to increase fairness between WUs. Furthermore, AP self-adapting and WU adjusting algorithms are proposed to assist the network to achieve the desired k, while maintaining the throughput fairness amongst basis service sets. The robustness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated under various conditions: achieved target k with nearly perfect fairness and gained near-to-maximum throughput within 96% of the theoretical optimum. Nomenclature probability of an AP transmitting probability of a WU transmitting m total number of APs","author":[{"family":"Hassan","given":"Wan"},{"family":"Idrus","given":"Sevia"},{"family":"King","given":"Horace"},{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Shabbir"},{"family":"Faulkner","given":"M"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.60692/mvs2x-efb98","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/mvs2x-efb98","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/kg9qg-ngb09","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban traffic flow prediction techniques: A review","abstract":"In recent decades, the development of transport infrastructure has had a great development, although traffic problems continue to spread due to increase due to the increase in the population in urban areas that require the use of these means of transport. This has led to increased problems related to congestion control, which has a direct impact on citizens: air pollution, fuel consumption, violation of traffic rules, noise pollution, accidents and loss of time. In Latin America, the disorderly growth of cities increases distances and routes, likewise, there is an accelerated increase in the number of cars and motorcycles, which increases the problem. In this sense, intelligent transport systems are an alternative to improve the traffic environment, they incorporate the internet of things and intelligent algorithms, for the collection of data from multiple sources and information processing, respectively, in order to improve the efficiency of the transport flow. However, the processing and modeling of traffic data is challenging due to the complexity of road networks, the space–time dependencies between them, and heterogeneous traffic patterns. In this review study, (i) the smart techniques used for the analysis of mobility data in the prediction of traffic flow in urban areas are grouped, likewise, (ii) the results of implementing said techniques are shown, in addition, (iii) The procedures performed are described and analyzed to understand the benefits and limitations of these smart techniques. Given the above, (iv) the data sets used in the literature and available for use are shown, in addition, (v) the quantifiable results of precision of the various techniques were compared, highlighting advantages and limitations, which allows us to (vi) identify the related challenges and, from there, (vii) propose a general taxonomy in which the knowledge acquired in this traffic flow review converges from a computational approach.","author":[{"family":"Medina-Salgado","given":"Boris"},{"family":"Sánchez-Delacruz","given":"Eddy"},{"family":"Pozos-Parra","given":"Pilar"},{"family":"Sierra","given":"Javier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/kg9qg-ngb09","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/kg9qg-ngb09","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/bc1cd-r8w69","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban traffic flow prediction techniques: A review","abstract":"In recent decades, the development of transport infrastructure has had a great development, although traffic problems continue to spread due to increase due to the increase in the population in urban areas that require the use of these means of transport. This has led to increased problems related to congestion control, which has a direct impact on citizens: air pollution, fuel consumption, violation of traffic rules, noise pollution, accidents and loss of time. In Latin America, the disorderly growth of cities increases distances and routes, likewise, there is an accelerated increase in the number of cars and motorcycles, which increases the problem. In this sense, intelligent transport systems are an alternative to improve the traffic environment, they incorporate the internet of things and intelligent algorithms, for the collection of data from multiple sources and information processing, respectively, in order to improve the efficiency of the transport flow. However, the processing and modeling of traffic data is challenging due to the complexity of road networks, the space–time dependencies between them, and heterogeneous traffic patterns. In this review study, (i) the smart techniques used for the analysis of mobility data in the prediction of traffic flow in urban areas are grouped, likewise, (ii) the results of implementing said techniques are shown, in addition, (iii) The procedures performed are described and analyzed to understand the benefits and limitations of these smart techniques. Given the above, (iv) the data sets used in the literature and available for use are shown, in addition, (v) the quantifiable results of precision of the various techniques were compared, highlighting advantages and limitations, which allows us to (vi) identify the related challenges and, from there, (vii) propose a general taxonomy in which the knowledge acquired in this traffic flow review converges from a computational approach.","author":[{"family":"Medina-Salgado","given":"Boris"},{"family":"Sánchez-Delacruz","given":"Eddy"},{"family":"Pozos-Parra","given":"Pilar"},{"family":"Sierra","given":"Javier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/bc1cd-r8w69","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/bc1cd-r8w69","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.34734/fzj-2023-05377","type":"article-journal","title":"Optimizing the geometry of transportation networks in the presence of congestion","abstract":"Urban transport systems are gaining in importance, as an increasing share of the global population lives in cities and mobility-based carbon emissions must be reduced to mitigate climate change and improve air quality and citizens' health. As a result, public transport systems are prone to congestion, raising the question of how to optimize them to cope with this challenge. In this paper, we analyze the optimal design of urban transport networks to minimize the average travel time in monocentric as well as in polycentric cities. We suggest an elementary model for congestion and introduce a numerical method to determine the optimal shape among a set of predefined geometries considering different models for the behavior of individual travelers. We map out the optimal shape of fundamental network geometries with a focus on the impact of congestion.","author":[{"family":"Dahlmanns","given":"Matthias"},{"family":"Kaiser","given":"Franz"},{"family":"Witthaut","given":"Dirk"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.34734/fzj-2023-05377","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34734/fzj-2023-05377","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2309.16075","type":"manuscript","title":"A review of variable-pitch propellers and their control strategies in aerospace systems","abstract":"The relentless pursuit of aircraft flight efficiency has thrust variable-pitch propeller technology into the forefront of aviation innovation. This technology, rooted in the ancient power unit of propellers, has found renewed significance, particularly in the realms of unmanned aerial vehicles and urban air mobility. This underscores the profound interplay between visionary aviation concepts and the enduring utility of propellers. Variable-pitch propellers are poised to be pivotal in shaping the future of human aviation, offering benefits such as extended endurance, enhanced maneuverability, improved fuel economy, and prolonged engine life. However, with additional capabilities come new technical challenges. The development of an online adaptive control of variable-pitch propellers that does not depend on an accurate dynamic model stands as a critical imperative. Therefore, a comprehensive review and forward-looking analysis of this technology is warranted. This paper introduces the development background of variable-pitch aviation propeller technology, encompassing diverse pitch angle adjustment schemes and their integration with various engine types. It places a central focus on the latest research frontiers and emerging directions in pitch control strategies. Lastly, it delves into the research domain of constant speed pitch control, articulating the three main challenges confronting this technology: inadequacies in system modeling, the intricacies of propeller-engine compatibility, and the impact of external, time-varying factors. By shedding light on these multifaceted aspects of variable-pitch propeller technology, this paper serves as a resource for aviation professionals and researchers navigating the intricate landscape of future aircraft development.","author":[{"family":"Jiang","given":"Hanjie"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Ye"},{"family":"Ho","given":"Hann"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2309.16075","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2309.16075","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.7330162","type":"article-journal","title":"Peoples Income and Consumption Pattern during &amp; before COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study in the Northern Areas of Bangladesh","abstract":"The SARS COV2 pandemic hits the life and livelihoods of millions and consequently slows down the world economy. The pandemic hits hard the specific social groups due to travel restrictions/bans and other regulations that affect their income and consumption patterns. The goal of this paper is to find out whether the pandemic has any effect on consumption and income patterns among consumers in rural settings. To implement this study, structured questionnaires were sent to respondents and collect data from 180 samples living in rural areas of four different administrative districts in Bangladesh such as Rajshahi, Bogura, Naogaon, and Natore. Using paired sample T-test (parametric) and Wilcoxon signed ranked test (nonparametric) test found that pandemics had a significant effect on the pattern of consumption and income in the northern area of Bangladesh. While the Keynesian method of income determination shows that the MPC before the COVID-19 pandemic was 0.31 and during it was 0.37. This shows that consumers would like to consume at a higher level compared to them before the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, the study revealed that though the pandemic significantly affect consumers’ income to reduce, consumption levels inclines fuelled by the fear of panic buying during the pandemic. Government should have preparedness to provide essential goods during any natural disasters or pandemic-like events.","author":[{"family":"Sakib","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Hurira","given":"Abu"},{"family":"Islam","given":"Ariful"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.7330162","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7330162","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.7330163","type":"article-journal","title":"Peoples Income and Consumption Pattern during &amp; before COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study in the Northern Areas of Bangladesh","abstract":"The SARS COV2 pandemic hits the life and livelihoods of millions and consequently slows down the world economy. The pandemic hits hard the specific social groups due to travel restrictions/bans and other regulations that affect their income and consumption patterns. The goal of this paper is to find out whether the pandemic has any effect on consumption and income patterns among consumers in rural settings. To implement this study, structured questionnaires were sent to respondents and collect data from 180 samples living in rural areas of four different administrative districts in Bangladesh such as Rajshahi, Bogura, Naogaon, and Natore. Using paired sample T-test (parametric) and Wilcoxon signed ranked test (nonparametric) test found that pandemics had a significant effect on the pattern of consumption and income in the northern area of Bangladesh. While the Keynesian method of income determination shows that the MPC before the COVID-19 pandemic was 0.31 and during it was 0.37. This shows that consumers would like to consume at a higher level compared to them before the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, the study revealed that though the pandemic significantly affect consumers’ income to reduce, consumption levels inclines fuelled by the fear of panic buying during the pandemic. Government should have preparedness to provide essential goods during any natural disasters or pandemic-like events.","author":[{"family":"Sakib","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Hurira","given":"Abu"},{"family":"Islam","given":"Ariful"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.7330163","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7330163","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2104.04059","type":"manuscript","title":"Machine Learning on the COVID-19 Pandemic, Human Mobility and Air Quality: A Review","abstract":"The ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic is affecting every facet of human lives (e.g., public health, education, economy, transportation, and the environment). This novel pandemic and citywide implemented lockdown measures are affecting virus transmission, people's travel patterns, and air quality. Many studies have been conducted to predict the COVID-19 diffusion, assess the impacts of the pandemic on human mobility and air quality, and assess the impacts of lockdown measures on viral spread with a range of Machine Learning (ML) techniques. This review study aims to analyze results from past research to understand the interactions among the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown measures, human mobility, and air quality. The critical review of prior studies indicates that urban form, people's socioeconomic and physical conditions, social cohesion, and social distancing measures significantly affect human mobility and COVID-19 transmission. during the COVID-19 pandemic, many people are inclined to use private transportation for necessary travel purposes to mitigate coronavirus-related health problems. This review study also noticed that COVID-19 related lockdown measures significantly improve air quality by reducing the concentration of air pollutants, which in turn improves the COVID-19 situation by reducing respiratory-related sickness and deaths of people. It is argued that ML is a powerful, effective, and robust analytic paradigm to handle complex and wicked problems such as a global pandemic. This study also discusses policy implications, which will be helpful for policymakers to take prompt actions to moderate the severity of the pandemic and improve urban environments by adopting data-driven analytic methods.","author":[{"family":"Rahman","given":"Md"},{"family":"Paul","given":"Kamal"},{"family":"Hossain","given":"Md"},{"family":"Nawazali","given":"GGM"},{"family":"Rahman","given":"Md"},{"family":"Thill","given":"Jean"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2104.04059","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2104.04059","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.5150175","type":"article-journal","title":"Meteorological factors and COVID=19 Transmission - A Review","abstract":"The coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), emerged and identified by the end of the year 2019, has been found responsible for a series of lockdowns and a global medical emergency. Since then, several epidemiological studies have been conducted to identify and resolve the mysteries associated with the life-threatening viral strain (SARSCOV-2). The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is widely known as COVID-19. Researchers have well-established both the direct and indirect relationships between various climatic patterns, environmental and meteorological factors (i.e. air quality index (AQI), humidity, temperature, wind speed, etc.), and a surge in emergence, stability, and transmission of the COVID-19. The current review aims to dispense the relative variation in COVID-19 emergence, survival, stability, and transmission ratios due to the variant environmental, meteorological, and/or climatic factors.","author":[{"family":"Razi","given":"Tabinda"},{"family":"Naseem","given":"Sajida"},{"family":"Naeem","given":"Asma"},{"family":"Perveen","given":"Ishrat"},{"family":"Faridi","given":"Tallat"},{"family":"Sabahat","given":"Saba"},{"family":"Naeem","given":"Hafiza"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.5150175","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5150175","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.5150176","type":"article-journal","title":"Meteorological factors and COVID=19 Transmission - A Review","abstract":"The coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), emerged and identified by the end of the year 2019, has been found responsible for a series of lockdowns and a global medical emergency. Since then, several epidemiological studies have been conducted to identify and resolve the mysteries associated with the life-threatening viral strain (SARSCOV-2). The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is widely known as COVID-19. Researchers have well-established both the direct and indirect relationships between various climatic patterns, environmental and meteorological factors (i.e. air quality index (AQI), humidity, temperature, wind speed, etc.), and a surge in emergence, stability, and transmission of the COVID-19. The current review aims to dispense the relative variation in COVID-19 emergence, survival, stability, and transmission ratios due to the variant environmental, meteorological, and/or climatic factors.","author":[{"family":"Razi","given":"Tabinda"},{"family":"Naseem","given":"Sajida"},{"family":"Naeem","given":"Asma"},{"family":"Perveen","given":"Ishrat"},{"family":"Faridi","given":"Tallat"},{"family":"Sabahat","given":"Saba"},{"family":"Naeem","given":"Hafiza"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.5150176","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5150176","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.22004/ag.econ.308399","type":"article-journal","title":"GIS ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL ACCESSIBILITY TO FOOD MARKETS IN THARAKA REGION OF KENYA","abstract":"In semi-arid rural Kenya, most households travel long distances to access food markets. This has negative effects on food consumption and the use of market facilities. Over70 % of farmers in Tharaka Constituency lack access to formal markets often relying on contracted middlemen who buy at farm gate for traders in major urban centres. Studies on intra-variation in accessibility to market services remains scanty, yet market purchases account for most food consumed across urban and rural areas. Distance defines accessibility and performance of market facilities in most areas where food insecurity and malnutrition are common. This study used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to measure physical accessibility to open air markets within semi-arid Tharaka, a constituency where vulnerability to acute food shortage is comparatively high. Normative, administrative and geospatial datasets were used in the analysis. Results showed that geographic accessibility to local market centres vary spatially across the villages. In terms of market accessibility, 40.4% of the total population live in areas with high inaccessibility risks while 36.1% are found in places with low inaccessibility risks and only 23.5% of the population exists in areas with moderate inaccessibility risks. This means a large proportion of deprived population live in villages within high to very high inaccessibility risk areas. This spatial inequity has implications on household food security and explains the chronic problems of hunger and malnutrition experienced in the area. Therefore, markets within high inaccessibility risk areas should be upgraded and infrastructure thereof improved to enable food mobility across these areas.","author":[{"family":"Kibetu","given":"Dickson"},{"family":"Huho","given":"Julius"},{"family":"Ouna","given":"Tom"},{"family":"Kibetu","given":"Dickson"},{"family":"Huho","given":"Julius"},{"family":"Ouna","given":"Tom"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.22004/ag.econ.308399","URL":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.308399","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25340452.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Dataset associated with “Bare Patches Created by Plateau Pikas Contribute to Warming Permafrost on the Tibet Plateau” submitted to GRL (2024)","abstract":"This dataset is associated with Bare Patches Created by Plateau Pikas Contribute to Warming Permafrost on the Tibet Plateau submitted to GRL (2024), including (i) maps illustrating the difference in soil temperature (ST) between scenarios with and without pika disturbance; (ii) maps illustrating the difference in soil water content (SWC); (iii) a surface entrance density map of plateau pikas and (iv) a map depicting the fraction of bare patches induced by plateau pikas. All data are provided as GeoTIFF (.tif) files in a geographic coordinate system of WGS_1984.1. “ST_difference_soilayer[n]_[2.5cm, 66cm, 184cm, 370cm]_2015_2018_[June, July, August, September].tif” is the difference in soil temperature (°C) of the n-th layer at a certain depth with and without pika disturbance averaged from 2015-2018 in June, July, August and September, respectively. These values are derived from simulations by implementing scenarios with and without pika disturbance using the Noah-MP model.2. “SWC_difference_soilayer[n]_[2.5cm, 66cm, 184cm, 370cm]_2015_2018_[June, July, August, September].tif” is the difference in soil water content (m 3 /m 3 ) of n-th layer at a certain depth with and without pika disturbance averaged from 2015-2018 in June, July, August and September, respectively. These values are derived from simulations by implementing scenarios with and without pika disturbance using the Noah-MP model.3. “pika_surface_entrance_density_1km.tif” is the surface entrance density map of plateau pikas, simulated using a stochastic model based on the habitat suitability of plateau pikas.4. “pika_induced_bare_patch_fraction_10km.tif” is the pika-induced bare patch fraction, estimated using an empirical model fitted from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle data.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Yuhong"},{"family":"Nan","given":"Zhuotong"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Shuping"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.25340452.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25340452.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2411.01816","type":"manuscript","title":"Toward Integrating Semantic-aware Path Planning and Reliable Localization for UAV Operations","abstract":"Localization is one of the most crucial tasks for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle systems (UAVs) directly impacting overall performance, which can be achieved with various sensors and applied to numerous tasks related to search and rescue operations, object tracking, construction, etc. However, due to the negative effects of challenging environments, UAVs may lose signals for localization. In this paper, we present an effective path-planning system leveraging semantic segmentation information to navigate around texture-less and problematic areas like lakes, oceans, and high-rise buildings using a monocular camera. We introduce a real-time semantic segmentation architecture and a novel keyframe decision pipeline to optimize image inputs based on pixel distribution, reducing processing time. A hierarchical planner based on the Dynamic Window Approach (DWA) algorithm, integrated with a cost map, is designed to facilitate efficient path planning. The system is implemented in a photo-realistic simulation environment using Unity, aligning with segmentation model parameters. Comprehensive qualitative and quantitative evaluations validate the effectiveness of our approach, showing significant improvements in the reliability and efficiency of UAV localization in challenging environments.","author":[{"family":"Canh","given":"Thanh"},{"family":"Ngo","given":"Huy"},{"family":"Hoangvan","given":"Xiem"},{"family":"Chong","given":"Nak"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2411.01816","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2411.01816","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2410.05996","type":"manuscript","title":"AIVIO: Closed-loop, Object-relative Navigation of UAVs with AI-aided Visual Inertial Odometry","abstract":"Object-relative mobile robot navigation is essential for a variety of tasks, e.g. autonomous critical infrastructure inspection, but requires the capability to extract semantic information about the objects of interest from raw sensory data. While deep learning-based (DL) methods excel at inferring semantic object information from images, such as class and relative 6 degree of freedom (6-DoF) pose, they are computationally demanding and thus often not suitable for payload constrained mobile robots. In this letter we present a real-time capable unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system for object-relative, closed-loop navigation with a minimal sensor configuration consisting of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and RGB camera. Utilizing a DL-based object pose estimator, solely trained on synthetic data and optimized for companion board deployment, the object-relative pose measurements are fused with the IMU data to perform object-relative localization. We conduct multiple real-world experiments to validate the performance of our system for the challenging use case of power pole inspection. An example closed-loop flight is presented in the supplementary video.","author":[{"family":"Jantos","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Scheiber","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Brommer","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Allak","given":"Eren"},{"family":"Weiss","given":"Stephan"},{"family":"Steinbrener","given":"Jan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2410.05996","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.05996","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2410.16943","type":"manuscript","title":"FlightAR: AR Flight Assistance Interface with Multiple Video Streams and Object Detection Aimed at Immersive Drone Control","abstract":"The swift advancement of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technologies necessitates new standards for developing human-drone interaction (HDI) interfaces. Most interfaces for HDI, especially first-person view (FPV) goggles, limit the operator's ability to obtain information from the environment. This paper presents a novel interface, FlightAR, that integrates augmented reality (AR) overlays of UAV first-person view (FPV) and bottom camera feeds with head-mounted display (HMD) to enhance the pilot's situational awareness. Using FlightAR, the system provides pilots not only with a video stream from several UAV cameras simultaneously, but also the ability to observe their surroundings in real time. User evaluation with NASA-TLX and UEQ surveys showed low physical demand ($μ=1.8$, $SD = 0.8$) and good performance ($μ=3.4$, $SD = 0.8$), proving better user assessments in comparison with baseline FPV goggles. Participants also rated the system highly for stimulation ($μ=2.35$, $SD = 0.9$), novelty ($μ=2.1$, $SD = 0.9$) and attractiveness ($μ=1.97$, $SD = 1$), indicating positive user experiences. These results demonstrate the potential of the system to improve UAV piloting experience through enhanced situational awareness and intuitive control. The code is available here: https://github.com/Sautenich/FlightAR","author":[{"family":"Sautenkov","given":"Oleg"},{"family":"Asfaw","given":"Selamawit"},{"family":"Yaqoot","given":"Yasheerah"},{"family":"Mustafa","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Fedoseev","given":"Aleksey"},{"family":"Trinitatova","given":"Daria"},{"family":"Tsetserukou","given":"Dzmitry"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2410.16943","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.16943","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2410.12269","type":"manuscript","title":"LoD-Loc: Aerial Visual Localization using LoD 3D Map with Neural Wireframe Alignment","abstract":"We propose a new method named LoD-Loc for visual localization in the air. Unlike existing localization algorithms, LoD-Loc does not rely on complex 3D representations and can estimate the pose of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) using a Level-of-Detail (LoD) 3D map. LoD-Loc mainly achieves this goal by aligning the wireframe derived from the LoD projected model with that predicted by the neural network. Specifically, given a coarse pose provided by the UAV sensor, LoD-Loc hierarchically builds a cost volume for uniformly sampled pose hypotheses to describe pose probability distribution and select a pose with maximum probability. Each cost within this volume measures the degree of line alignment between projected and predicted wireframes. LoD-Loc also devises a 6-DoF pose optimization algorithm to refine the previous result with a differentiable Gaussian-Newton method. As no public dataset exists for the studied problem, we collect two datasets with map levels of LoD3.0 and LoD2.0, along with real RGB queries and ground-truth pose annotations. We benchmark our method and demonstrate that LoD-Loc achieves excellent performance, even surpassing current state-of-the-art methods that use textured 3D models for localization. The code and dataset are available at https://victorzoo.github.io/LoD-Loc.github.io/.","author":[{"family":"Zhu","given":"Juelin"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Shen"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Long"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Shengyue"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Maojun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2410.12269","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2410.12269","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2409.19466","type":"manuscript","title":"Robot Guided Evacuation with Viewpoint Constraints","abstract":"We present a viewpoint-based non-linear Model Predictive Control (MPC) for evacuation guiding robots. Specifically, the proposed MPC algorithm enables evacuation guiding robots to track and guide cooperative human targets in emergency scenarios. Our algorithm accounts for the environment layout as well as distances between the robot and human target and distance to the goal location. A key challenge for evacuation guiding robot is the trade-off between its planned motion for leading the target toward a goal position and staying in the target's viewpoint while maintaining line-of-sight for guiding. We illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed evacuation guiding algorithm in both simulated and real-world environments with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) guiding a human. Our results suggest that using the contextual information from the environment for motion planning, increases the visibility of the guiding UAV to the human while achieving faster total evacuation time.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Gong"},{"family":"Meghjani","given":"Malika"},{"family":"Prasetyo","given":"Marcel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2409.19466","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2409.19466","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2312.06719","type":"manuscript","title":"SkyScenes: A Synthetic Dataset for Aerial Scene Understanding","abstract":"Real-world aerial scene understanding is limited by a lack of datasets that contain densely annotated images curated under a diverse set of conditions. Due to inherent challenges in obtaining such images in controlled real-world settings, we present SkyScenes, a synthetic dataset of densely annotated aerial images captured from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) perspectives. We carefully curate SkyScenes images from CARLA to comprehensively capture diversity across layouts (urban and rural maps), weather conditions, times of day, pitch angles and altitudes with corresponding semantic, instance and depth annotations. Through our experiments using SkyScenes, we show that (1) models trained on SkyScenes generalize well to different real-world scenarios, (2) augmenting training on real images with SkyScenes data can improve real-world performance, (3) controlled variations in SkyScenes can offer insights into how models respond to changes in viewpoint conditions (height and pitch), weather and time of day, and (4) incorporating additional sensor modalities (depth) can improve aerial scene understanding. Our dataset and associated generation code are publicly available at: https://hoffman-group.github.io/SkyScenes/","author":[{"family":"Khose","given":"Sahil"},{"family":"Pal","given":"Anisha"},{"family":"Agarwal","given":"Aayushi"},{"family":"Deepanshi"},{"family":"Hoffman","given":"Judy"},{"family":"Chattopadhyay","given":"Prithvijit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2312.06719","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2312.06719","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2409.06834","type":"manuscript","title":"Probabilistically safe controllers based on control barrier functions and scenario model predictive control","abstract":"Control barrier functions (CBFs) offer an efficient framework for designing real-time safe controllers. However, CBF-based controllers can be short-sighted, resulting in poor performance, a behaviour which is aggravated in uncertain conditions. This motivated research on safety filters based on model predictive control (MPC) and its stochastic variant. MPC deals with safety constraints in a direct manner, however, its computational demands grow with the prediction horizon length. We propose a safety formulation that solves a finite horizon optimization problem at each time instance like MPC, but rather than explicitly imposing constraints along the prediction horizon, we enforce probabilistic safety constraints by means of CBFs only at the first step of the horizon. The probabilistic CBF constraints are transformed in a finite number of deterministic CBF constraints via the scenario based methodology. Capitalizing on results on scenario based MPC, we provide distribution-free, \\emph{a priori} guarantees on the system's closed loop expected safety violation frequency. We demonstrate our results through a case study on unmanned aerial vehicle collision-free position swapping, and provide a numerical comparison with recent stochastic CBF formulations.","author":[{"family":"Nascimento","given":"Allan"},{"family":"Papachristodoulou","given":"Antonis"},{"family":"Margellos","given":"Kostas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2409.06834","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2409.06834","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2408.09232","type":"manuscript","title":"Intuitive Human-Robot Interface: A 3-Dimensional Action Recognition and UAV Collaboration Framework","abstract":"Harnessing human movements to command an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) holds the potential to revolutionize their deployment, rendering it more intuitive and user-centric. In this research, we introduce a novel methodology adept at classifying three-dimensional human actions, leveraging them to coordinate on-field with a UAV. Utilizing a stereo camera, we derive both RGB and depth data, subsequently extracting three-dimensional human poses from the continuous video feed. This data is then processed through our proposed k-nearest neighbour classifier, the results of which dictate the behaviour of the UAV. It also includes mechanisms ensuring the robot perpetually maintains the human within its visual purview, adeptly tracking user movements. We subjected our approach to rigorous testing involving multiple tests with real robots. The ensuing results, coupled with comprehensive analysis, underscore the efficacy and inherent advantages of our proposed methodology.","author":[{"family":"Chaudhary","given":"Akash"},{"family":"Nascimento","given":"Tiago"},{"family":"Saska","given":"Martin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2408.09232","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2408.09232","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2406.07374","type":"manuscript","title":"Movable-Antenna Array Empowered ISAC Systems for Low-Altitude Economy","abstract":"This paper investigates a movable-antenna (MA) array empowered integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) over low-altitude platform (LAP) system to support low-altitude economy (LAE) applications. In the considered system, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is dispatched to hover in the air, working as the UAV-enabled LAP (ULAP) to provide information transmission and sensing simultaneously for LAE applications. To improve the throughput capacity and meet the requirement of the sensing beampattern threshold, we formulate a data rate maximization problem by jointly optimizing the transmit information and sensing beamforming, and the antenna positions of the MA array. Since the data rate maximization problem is non-convex with highly coupled variables, we propose an efficient alternation optimization based algorithm, which iteratively optimizes parts of the variables while fixing the others. Numerical results show the superiority of the proposed MA array-based scheme in terms of the achievable data rate and beamforming gain compared with two benchmark schemes.","author":[{"family":"Kuang","given":"Ziming"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Wenchao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Chunjie"},{"family":"Jin","given":"Zhenzhen"},{"family":"Ren","given":"Jinke"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xuhui"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Yanyan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2406.07374","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2406.07374","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2407.04719","type":"manuscript","title":"UAV-Assisted Weather Radar Calibration: A Theoretical Model for Wind Influence on Metal Sphere Reflectivity","abstract":"The calibration of weather radar for detecting meteorological phenomena has advanced rapidly, aiming to enhance accuracy. Utilizing an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a suspended metal sphere introduces an efficient calibration method by allowing dynamic adjustment of the UAV's position, effectively acting as a mobile calibration platform. However, external factors such as wind can introduce bias in reflectivity measurements by causing the sphere to deviate from its intended position. This study develops a theoretical model to assess the impact of the metal sphere's one-dimensional oscillation on reflectivity. The findings offer valuable insights for UAV based radar calibration efforts.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Jiabiao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Da"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Jiayuan"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Houjun"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Jianjun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.04719","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2407.04719","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25340452","type":"article-journal","title":"Dataset associated with “Bare Patches Created by Plateau Pikas Contribute to Warming Permafrost on the Tibet Plateau” submitted to GRL (2024)","abstract":"This dataset is associated with Bare Patches Created by Plateau Pikas Contribute to Warming Permafrost on the Tibet Plateau submitted to GRL (2024), including (i) maps illustrating the difference in soil temperature (ST) between scenarios with and without pika disturbance; (ii) maps illustrating the difference in soil water content (SWC); (iii) a surface entrance density map of plateau pikas and (iv) a map depicting the fraction of bare patches induced by plateau pikas. All data are provided as GeoTIFF (.tif) files in a geographic coordinate system of WGS_1984.1. “ST_difference_soilayer[n]_[2.5cm, 66cm, 184cm, 370cm]_2015_2018_[June, July, August, September].tif” is the difference in soil temperature (°C) of the n-th layer at a certain depth with and without pika disturbance averaged from 2015-2018 in June, July, August and September, respectively. These values are derived from simulations by implementing scenarios with and without pika disturbance using the Noah-MP model.2. “SWC_difference_soilayer[n]_[2.5cm, 66cm, 184cm, 370cm]_2015_2018_[June, July, August, September].tif” is the difference in soil water content (m 3 /m 3 ) of n-th layer at a certain depth with and without pika disturbance averaged from 2015-2018 in June, July, August and September, respectively. These values are derived from simulations by implementing scenarios with and without pika disturbance using the Noah-MP model.3. “pika_surface_entrance_density_1km.tif” is the surface entrance density map of plateau pikas, simulated using a stochastic model based on the habitat suitability of plateau pikas.4. “pika_induced_bare_patch_fraction_10km.tif” is the pika-induced bare patch fraction, estimated using an empirical model fitted from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle data.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Yuhong"},{"family":"Nan","given":"Zhuotong"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Shuping"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.25340452","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25340452","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2406.08753","type":"manuscript","title":"UruBots UAV -- Air Emergency Service Indoor Team Description Paper for FIRA 2024","abstract":"This document addresses the description of the corresponding \"Urubots\" Team for the 2024 Fira Air League, \"Air Emergency Service (Indoor).\" We introduce our team and an autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) that relies on computer vision for its flight control. This UAV has the capability to perform a wide variety of navigation tasks in indoor environments, without requiring the intervention of an external operator or any form of external processing, resulting in a significant decrease in workload and manual dependence. Additionally, our software has been designed to be compatible with the vehicle's structure and for its application to the competition circuit. In this paper, we detail additional aspects about the mechanical structure, software, and application to the FIRA competition.","author":[{"family":"Sodre","given":"Hiago"},{"family":"Barcelona","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"Scirgalea","given":"Anthony"},{"family":"Macedo","given":"Brandon"},{"family":"Sampson","given":"Gabriel"},{"family":"Moraes","given":"Pablo"},{"family":"Moraes","given":"William"},{"family":"Saravia","given":"Victoria"},{"family":"Deniz","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Guterres","given":"Bruna"},{"family":"Kelbouscas","given":"Andre"},{"family":"Grando","given":"Ricardo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2406.08753","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2406.08753","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5006225.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Environmental determinants of population health in urban settings. A systematic review","abstract":"Abstract Background Population health is influenced by interactions between environmental determinants, which are captured by dimensions and indicators. This study aims to systematically review key environmental determinants and respective dimensions and indicators, relevant to evaluate population health in urban settings, and to understand their potential implications into policies. Methods A search of literature published between 2008 and 2018 was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SciELO Portugal databases, on studies with evidence on association between an environmental determinant and a health outcome in urban contexts. Health determinants, dimensions and indicators researched in the selected studies were synthetized, and associations analyzed. An independent assessment of quality of the studies was performed. Key conclusions and policy recommendations were extracted to build a framework to analyze environment related population health and policies in urban settings. Results Ninety four studies of varied methodological approaches and quality met the inclusion criteria. The review identified positive associations between all environmental determinants -socioeconomic, built environment, natural environment, healthcare, behaviors, and health outcomes - overall mortality and morbidity, in urban settings. Improvements in income, education, air quality, occupation status, mobility and smoking habits indicators have positive impact in overall mortality and chronic diseases morbidity indicators. Initiatives to improve population health in which policymakers can be more evidence-informed include socioeconomic, natural environment and built environment determinants. Conclusions There is scope and need to further explore which environmental determinants and dimensions most contribute to population health to create a series of robust evidence-based measures to better inform urban planning policies.","author":[{"family":"Salgado","given":"Marta"},{"family":"Madureira","given":"Joana"},{"family":"Mendes","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Torres","given":"Anália"},{"family":"Teixeira","given":"João"},{"family":"Oliveira","given":"Mónica"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5006225.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5006225.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5006225","type":"article-journal","title":"Environmental determinants of population health in urban settings. A systematic review","abstract":"Abstract Background Population health is influenced by interactions between environmental determinants, which are captured by dimensions and indicators. This study aims to systematically review key environmental determinants and respective dimensions and indicators, relevant to evaluate population health in urban settings, and to understand their potential implications into policies. Methods A search of literature published between 2008 and 2018 was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SciELO Portugal databases, on studies with evidence on association between an environmental determinant and a health outcome in urban contexts. Health determinants, dimensions and indicators researched in the selected studies were synthetized, and associations analyzed. An independent assessment of quality of the studies was performed. Key conclusions and policy recommendations were extracted to build a framework to analyze environment related population health and policies in urban settings. Results Ninety four studies of varied methodological approaches and quality met the inclusion criteria. The review identified positive associations between all environmental determinants -socioeconomic, built environment, natural environment, healthcare, behaviors, and health outcomes - overall mortality and morbidity, in urban settings. Improvements in income, education, air quality, occupation status, mobility and smoking habits indicators have positive impact in overall mortality and chronic diseases morbidity indicators. Initiatives to improve population health in which policymakers can be more evidence-informed include socioeconomic, natural environment and built environment determinants. Conclusions There is scope and need to further explore which environmental determinants and dimensions most contribute to population health to create a series of robust evidence-based measures to better inform urban planning policies.","author":[{"family":"Salgado","given":"Marta"},{"family":"Madureira","given":"Joana"},{"family":"Mendes","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Torres","given":"Anália"},{"family":"Teixeira","given":"João"},{"family":"Oliveira","given":"Mónica"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5006225","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5006225","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.06726","type":"manuscript","title":"UAV-Assisted Enhanced Coverage and Capacity in Dynamic MU-mMIMO IoT Systems: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","abstract":"This study focuses on a multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output (MU-mMIMO) system by incorporating an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as a decode-and-forward (DF) relay between the base station (BS) and multiple Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. Our primary objective is to maximize the overall achievable rate (AR) by introducing a novel framework that integrates joint hybrid beamforming (HBF) and UAV localization in dynamic MU-mMIMO IoT systems. Particularly, HBF stages for BS and UAV are designed by leveraging slow time-varying angular information, whereas a deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm, namely deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) with continuous action space, is developed to train the UAV for its deployment. By using a customized reward function, the RL agent learns an optimal UAV deployment policy capable of adapting to both static and dynamic environments. The illustrative results show that the proposed DDPG-based UAV deployment (DDPG-UD) can achieve approximately 99.5% of the sum-rate capacity achieved by particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based UAV deployment (PSO-UD), while requiring a significantly reduced runtime at approximately 68.50% of that needed by PSO-UD, offering an efficient solution in dynamic MU-mMIMO environments.","author":[{"family":"Ghadaksaz","given":"Mohammadmahdi"},{"family":"Mahmood","given":"Mobeen"},{"family":"Le-Ngoc","given":"Tho"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2404.06726","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2404.06726","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2403.12739","type":"manuscript","title":"Path Planning in a dynamic environment using Spherical Particle Swarm Optimization","abstract":"Efficiently planning an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) path is crucial, especially in dynamic settings where potential threats are prevalent. A Dynamic Path Planner (DPP) for UAV using the Spherical Vector-based Particle Swarm Optimisation (SPSO) technique is proposed in this study. The UAV is supposed to go from a starting point to an end point through an optimal path according to some flight criteria. Path length, Safety, Attitude and Path Smoothness are all taken into account upon deciding how an optimal path should be. The path is constructed as a set of way-points that stands as re-planning checkpoints. At each path way-point, threats are allowed some constrained random motion, where their exact positions are updated and fed to the SPSO-solver. Four test scenarios are carried out using real digital elevation models. Each test gives different priorities to path length and safety, in order to show how well the SPSO-DPP is capable of generating a safe yet efficient path segments. Finally, a comparison is made to reveal the persistent overall superior performance of the SPSO, in a dynamic environment, over both the Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) and the Genetic Algorithm (GA). The methods are compared directly, by averaging costs over multiple runs, and by considering different challenging levels of obstacle motion. SPSO outperformed both PSO and GA, showcasing cost reductions ranging from 330\\% to 675\\% compared to both algorithms.","author":[{"family":"Elshaar","given":"Mohssen"},{"family":"Elbalshy","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Hussien","given":"A"},{"family":"Abido","given":"Mohammed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2403.12739","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.12739","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2310.07621","type":"manuscript","title":"AG-CVG: Coverage Planning with a Mobile Recharging UGV and an Energy-Constrained UAV","abstract":"In this paper, we present an approach for coverage path planning for a team of an energy-constrained Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV). Both the UAV and the UGV have predefined areas that they have to cover. The goal is to perform complete coverage by both robots while minimizing the coverage time. The UGV can also serve as a mobile recharging station. The UAV and UGV need to occasionally rendezvous for recharging. We propose a heuristic method to address this NP-Hard planning problem. Our approach involves initially determining coverage paths without factoring in energy constraints. Subsequently, we cluster segments of these paths and employ graph matching to assign UAV clusters to UGV clusters for efficient recharging management. We perform numerical analysis on real-world coverage applications and show that compared with a greedy approach our method reduces rendezvous overhead on average by 11.33%. We demonstrate proof-of-concept with a team of a VOXL m500 drone and a Clearpath Jackal ground vehicle, providing a complete system from the offline algorithm to the field execution.","author":[{"family":"Karapetyan","given":"Nare"},{"family":"Asghar","given":"Ahmad"},{"family":"Bhaskar","given":"Amisha"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Guangyao"},{"family":"Manocha","given":"Dinesh"},{"family":"Tokekar","given":"Pratap"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2310.07621","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2310.07621","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21688843","type":"article-journal","title":"Drone Assisted Effective Pesticide Sprayer","abstract":"This paper is an intend to consolidate the review and perform literature survey on Drone Assisted Effective Sprayer. In this paper we consider how we use unmanned aerial vehicle (drone) in effective pesticide spraying using algorithms like CNN and YOLO. In India, Agriculture is a major sector of our economy. To increase the gross crop yield and to enhance the potency of the crops, the application of pesticides and fertilizers is crucial. To increase the speed and effectiveness of the spraying process, the use of drones are being introduced in agriculture all around the world. The same pesticide cannot be sprayed over different crops as their requirements differ. In this paper we analyse CNN and YOLO algorithms to find a specific crop and spray pesticide to a specific area of crop field.","author":[{"family":"Prakash","given":"Anuj"},{"family":"Bhowal","given":"Arnab"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21688843","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21688843","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21688842","type":"article-journal","title":"Drone Assisted Effective Pesticide Sprayer","abstract":"This paper is an intend to consolidate the review and perform literature survey on Drone Assisted Effective Sprayer. In this paper we consider how we use unmanned aerial vehicle (drone) in effective pesticide spraying using algorithms like CNN and YOLO. In India, Agriculture is a major sector of our economy. To increase the gross crop yield and to enhance the potency of the crops, the application of pesticides and fertilizers is crucial. To increase the speed and effectiveness of the spraying process, the use of drones are being introduced in agriculture all around the world. The same pesticide cannot be sprayed over different crops as their requirements differ. In this paper we analyse CNN and YOLO algorithms to find a specific crop and spray pesticide to a specific area of crop field.","author":[{"family":"Prakash","given":"Anuj"},{"family":"Bhowal","given":"Arnab"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21688842","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21688842","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2303.10270","type":"manuscript","title":"Adaptive Modified RISE Control for Quadrotors: Enhancing Trajectory Tracking Through Uncertainty Compensation","abstract":"This paper presents an adaptive modified Robust Inverse of Signum Error (AM-RISE) control method, which achieves reliable trajectory tracking control for a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle. The proposed method systematically accounts for gyroscopic effects, rotor dynamics, parametric uncertainties, and external disturbances, ensuring robust performance across varying trajectory speeds. Through novel mathematical manipulation in the error system development, the quadrotor dynamics are expressed in a control-oriented form, which explicitly incorporates the uncertainty in the gyroscopic term and control actuation term. An adaptive modified RISE law is then designed to stabilize both the position and attitude loops of the quadrotor system. A rigorous Lyapunov-based analysis is utilized to prove asymptotic trajectory tracking, where the region of convergence can be made arbitrarily large through judicious control gain selection. Moreover, the stability analysis formally addresses gyroscopic effects and actuator uncertainty. To illustrate the performance of the control law, comparative numerical simulation results are provided, which demonstrate the improved closed-loop performance achieved under varying levels of parametric uncertainty, disturbance magnitudes and trajectory speeds.","author":[{"family":"Johnston","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Arrafi","given":"Musabbir"},{"family":"Kidambi","given":"Krishna"},{"family":"Tiwari","given":"Madhur"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2303.10270","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.10270","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.1184/r1/12707963.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"ALFA: A Dataset for UAV Fault and Anomaly Detection","abstract":"The recent growth in the use of Autonomous Aerial Vehicles (AAVs) has increased concerns about the safety of the autonomous vehicles, the people, and the properties around the flight path and onboard the vehicle. Much research is being done on new regulations, more robust systems are designed to address the concerns, and new methods and algorithms are introduced to detect the potential hardware and software issues. This dataset presents several fault types in control surfaces of a fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for use in Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) and Anomaly Detection (AD) research. Currently, the dataset includes processed data for 47 autonomous flights with 23 sudden full engine failure scenarios and 24 scenarios for seven other types of sudden control surface (actuator) faults, with a total of 66 minutes of flight in normal conditions and 13 minutes of post-fault flight time. It additionally includes many hours of raw data of fully-autonomous, autopilot-assisted and manual flights with tens of fault scenarios. The ground truth of the time and type of faults is provided in each scenario to enable the evaluation of new methods using the dataset. We have also provided the helper tools in several programming languages to load and work with the data and to help the evaluation of a detection method using the dataset. A set of metrics is proposed to help to compare different methods using the dataset. Most of the current fault detection methods are evaluated in simulation and as far as we know, this dataset is the only one providing the real flight data with faults in such capacity. We hope it will help advance the state-of-the-art in Anomaly Detection or FDI research for Autonomous Aerial Vehicles and mobile robots to enhance the safety of autonomous and remote flight operations further. Hardware: The platform used for collecting the dataset is a custom modification of the Carbon Z T-28 model plane. The plane has 2 meters of wingspan, a single electric engine in the front, ailerons, flaperons, an elevator, and a rudder. We equipped the aircraft with a Holybro PX4 2.4.6 autopilot, a Pitot Tube, a GPS module, and an Nvidia Jetson TX2 onboard computer. In addition to the receiver, we also equipped it with a radio for communication with the ground station. Software: The Pixhawk autopilot uses a custom version of Ardupilot/ArduPlane firmware to control the plane in both manual and autonomous modes and to create the simulations. The original firmware is modified from ArduPlane v3.9.0beta1 to allow disabling control surfaces during the flight. The onboard computer uses Robot Operating System(ROS) Kinetic Kame on Linux Ubuntu 16.04 (Xenial) to read the flight and state information from the Pixhawk using MAVROS package (the MAVLink node for ROS). More Information and Supplemental Tools Please visit http://theairlab.org/alfa-dataset for more information. It includes the description of each flight sequence, alternative download locations to view and download each individual flight sequence, correct citations to the relevant publications, supplemental code, and an open-source published method using the dataset. The corresponding paper explaining the dataset in more detail is currently under review in the International Journal of Robotics Research (IJRR). The pre-print (arXiv) of the paper can be accessed from our website at http://theairlab.org/alfa-dataset . The supplemental tools for reading and working with the dataset in C++, MATLAB and Python languages can be accessed from https://github.com/castacks/alfa-dataset. The repository also includes a C++ ROS-based tool for evaluating the new methods and all the ROS message type definitions for working directly with the ROS bags. Citing the Work Please refer to our website at http://theairlab.org/alfa-dataset to find the correct citation(s) if you are using this dataset.","author":[{"family":"Keipour","given":"Azarakhsh"},{"family":"Mousaei","given":"Mohammadreza"},{"family":"Scherer","given":"Sebastian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1184/r1/12707963.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1184/r1/12707963.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2412.20699","type":"manuscript","title":"Air-Ground Collaborative Robots for Fire and Rescue Missions: Towards Mapping and Navigation Perspective","abstract":"Air-ground collaborative robots have shown great potential in the field of fire and rescue, which can quickly respond to rescue needs and improve the efficiency of task execution. Mapping and navigation, as the key foundation for air-ground collaborative robots to achieve efficient task execution, have attracted a great deal of attention. This growing interest in collaborative robot mapping and navigation is conducive to improving the intelligence of fire and rescue task execution, but there has been no comprehensive investigation of this field to highlight their strengths. In this paper, we present a systematic review of the ground-to-ground cooperative robots for fire and rescue from a new perspective of mapping and navigation. First, an air-ground collaborative robots framework for fire and rescue missions based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mapping and unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) navigation is introduced. Then, the research progress of mapping and navigation under this framework is systematically summarized, including UAV mapping, UAV/UGV co-localization, and UGV navigation, with their main achievements and limitations. Based on the needs of fire and rescue missions, the collaborative robots with different numbers of UAVs and UGVs are classified, and their practicality in fire and rescue tasks is elaborated, with a focus on the discussion of their merits and demerits. In addition, the application examples of air-ground collaborative robots in various firefighting and rescue scenarios are given. Finally, this paper emphasizes the current challenges and potential research opportunities, rounding up references for practitioners and researchers willing to engage in this vibrant area of air-ground collaborative robots.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ying"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Haibao"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Danni"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Jiankun"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Cui"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Weili"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Xi"},{"family":"Hua","given":"Changchun"},{"family":"Meng","given":"Max"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2412.20699","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2412.20699","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.4035038","type":"article-journal","title":"Digital surface model and orthomosaic of the Chã das Caldeiras lava fields (Fogo Island, Cape Verde, December 2016)","abstract":"Fogo in the Cape Verde archipelago off Western Africa is one of the most prominent and active ocean island volcanoes on Earth, posing an important hazard to both local populations and at a regional level. The last eruption took place between 23 November 2014 and 8 February 2015 in the Chã das Caldeiras area at an elevation close to 1,800 m above sea level The eruptive episode gave origin to extensive lava flows that almost fully destroyed the settlements of Bangaeira, Portela and Ilhéu de Losna. In December 2016 a survey of the Chã das Caldeiras area was conducted using a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle and RTK GNSS, with the objective of improving the mapping accuracy derived from satellite platforms. The main result is an ultra-high resolution 3D point cloud with a Root Mean Square Error of 0.08 m in X, 0.11 m in Y and 0.12 m in Z, which provides unprecedented accuracy. The survey covers an area of 23. 9 km 2 and used 2909 calibrated images with an average ground sampling distance of 7.2 cm. A digital surface model and an orthomosaic with 25 cm resolution are provided, together with elevation contours with an equidistance of 50 cm and a 3D texture mesh for visualization purposes. The delineation of the 2014-15 lava flows shows an area of 4.53 km 2 by lava, which is smaller but more accurate than the previous estimates from 4.8 to 4.97 km 2 . The difference in the calculated area, when compared to previously reported values, is due to a more detailed mapping of flow geometry and the exclusion of the areas corresponding to kīpukas. Our study provides an ultra high-resolution dataset of the areas affected by Fogo’s latest eruption – crucial for local planning – and provides a case study to determine the advantages of ultra high-resolution UAV surveys in disaster-prone areas. The details on surveying and processing are described in the manuscript \"Very high-resolution terrain surveys of the Chã das Caldeiras lava fields (Fogo Island, Cape Verde) submitted to the journal Earth System Science Data and under peer review. Files: - cha_caldeiras_contours_50cm.zip: Compressed shapefile (shp) and auxiliary files. Contour lines of the Chã das Caldeiras in December 2016 with 50 cm equidistance, interpolated from the digital surface model. CRS: ESPG 32626 - WGS 84 / UTM Zone 26N, elevation: ellipsoidal ITRF2014 (WGS84). - cha_caldeiras_dsm_25cm.tif: Digital surface model of the Chã das Caldeiras in December 2016 with 25 cm resolution. CRS: ESPG 32626 - WGS 84 / UTM Zone 26N, elevation: ellipsoidal ITRF2014 (WGS84). - cha_caldeiras_error_assessment_areas.zip: Compressed shapefile (shp) and auxiliary files. . Areas with errors in the point cloud obtained by visual analysis. 1. Low accuracy, 2. Moderate accuracy. CRS: ESPG 32626 - WGS 84 / UTM Zone 26N. - cha_caldeiras_ortho_25cm.tif: Orthomosaic RGB of the Chã das Caldeiras in December 2016 with 25 cm resolution. CRS: ESPG 32626 - WGS 84 / UTM Zone 26N. - cha_caldeiras_pix4d_report.pdf: Report of the processing of the aerial imagery in PIX4D. - lava-2014-15.zip: Compressed shapefile (shp) and auxiliary files. Lava flows of the eruption of 2014-15 digitised from the original 10 cm resolution orthomosaic. CRS: ESPG 32626 - WGS 84 / UTM Zone 26N","author":[{"family":"Vieira","given":"Gonçalo"},{"family":"Mora","given":"Carla"},{"family":"Pina","given":"Pedro"},{"family":"Ramalho","given":"Ricardo"},{"family":"Fernandes","given":"Rui"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.4035038","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4035038","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2412.09502","type":"manuscript","title":"Nonlinear control and stability analysis of a unified Tethered UAV-winder system","abstract":"This paper presents the development of a comprehensive dynamics and stabilizing control architecture for Tethered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (TUAV) systems. The proposed architecture integrates both onboard and ground-based controllers, employing nonlinear backstepping control techniques to achieve asymptotic stability of the TUAV's equilibrium. The onboard controllers are responsible for the position and attitude control of the TUAV, while the ground controllers regulate the winder mechanism to maintain the desired tether length, ensuring it retains its catenary form. Simulation results demonstrate the ability of the TUAV system to accurately track linear and circular trajectories, ensuring robust performance under various operational scenarios. The code and movies demonstrating the performance of the system can be found at https://github.com/sof-danny/TUAV\\_system\\_control.","author":[{"family":"Folorunsho","given":"Samuel"},{"family":"Ni","given":"Maggie"},{"family":"Norris","given":"William"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2412.09502","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2412.09502","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2409.03245","type":"manuscript","title":"UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles): Diverse Applications of UAV Datasets in Segmentation, Classification, Detection, and Tracking","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), have greatly revolutionized the process of gathering and analyzing data in diverse research domains, providing unmatched adaptability and effectiveness. This paper presents a thorough examination of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) datasets, emphasizing their wide range of applications and progress. UAV datasets consist of various types of data, such as satellite imagery, images captured by drones, and videos. These datasets can be categorized as either unimodal or multimodal, offering a wide range of detailed and comprehensive information. These datasets play a crucial role in disaster damage assessment, aerial surveillance, object recognition, and tracking. They facilitate the development of sophisticated models for tasks like semantic segmentation, pose estimation, vehicle re-identification, and gesture recognition. By leveraging UAV datasets, researchers can significantly enhance the capabilities of computer vision models, thereby advancing technology and improving our understanding of complex, dynamic environments from an aerial perspective. This review aims to encapsulate the multifaceted utility of UAV datasets, emphasizing their pivotal role in driving innovation and practical applications in multiple domains.","author":[{"family":"Rahman","given":"Md"},{"family":"Siddique","given":"Sunzida"},{"family":"Kamal","given":"Marufa"},{"family":"Rifat","given":"Rakib"},{"family":"Gupta","given":"Kishor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2409.03245","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2409.03245","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/g5bj3-xfp39","type":"article-journal","title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle‐aided edge networks with ultra‐reliable low‐latency communications: A digital twin approach","abstract":"IET Signal ProcessingEarly View ORIGINAL RESEARCHOpen Access Unmanned aerial vehicle-aided edge networks with ultra-reliable low-latency communications: A digital twin approach Yijiu Li, Yijiu Li School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorDang Van Huynh, Dang Van Huynh orcid.org/0000-0002-2314-4934 School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorTan Do-Duy, Tan Do-Duy Department of Computer and Communications Engineering, HCMC University of Technology and Education, Hochiminh, VietnamSearch for more papers by this authorEmi Garcia-Palacios, Emi Garcia-Palacios School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorTrung Q. Duong, Corresponding Author Trung Q. Duong trung.q.duong@qub.ac.uk orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836 School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK Correspondence Trung Q. Duong, School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Queen's Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK. Email: trung.q.duong@qub.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this author Yijiu Li, Yijiu Li School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorDang Van Huynh, Dang Van Huynh orcid.org/0000-0002-2314-4934 School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorTan Do-Duy, Tan Do-Duy Department of Computer and Communications Engineering, HCMC University of Technology and Education, Hochiminh, VietnamSearch for more papers by this authorEmi Garcia-Palacios, Emi Garcia-Palacios School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorTrung Q. Duong, Corresponding Author Trung Q. Duong trung.q.duong@qub.ac.uk orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836 School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK Correspondence Trung Q. Duong, School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Queen's Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK. Email: trung.q.duong@qub.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 April 2022 https://doi.org/10.1049/sil2.12128 This paper has been accepted in part for presentation in the first International Conference on 6G Networking (6GNet 2022) to be held on July 06-08, 2022 in Paris, France [ 1]. AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract A digital twin (DT) framework for Internet-of-thing (IoT) networks is proposed where unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) acting as flying mobile edge computing (MEC) servers support the task offloading on the fly. The considered DT model is very well suitable for industrial automation with the strict constraints of mission-critical services' ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) links. To support low-latency IoT devices, we formulate the end-to-end (e2e) latency minimisation problem of digital twin-aided offloading UAV-URLLC. Specifically, the minimised latency is obtained by jointly optimising both communication and computation parameters, namely power, offloading factors, and the proc","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Yijiu"},{"family":"Huynh","given":"Dang"},{"family":"Doduy","given":"Tan"},{"family":"Garciapalacios","given":"Emiliano"},{"family":"Duong","given":"Trung"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/g5bj3-xfp39","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/g5bj3-xfp39","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/6gpew-3n997","type":"article-journal","title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle‐aided edge networks with ultra‐reliable low‐latency communications: A digital twin approach","abstract":"IET Signal ProcessingEarly View ORIGINAL RESEARCHOpen Access Unmanned aerial vehicle-aided edge networks with ultra-reliable low-latency communications: A digital twin approach Yijiu Li, Yijiu Li School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorDang Van Huynh, Dang Van Huynh orcid.org/0000-0002-2314-4934 School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorTan Do-Duy, Tan Do-Duy Department of Computer and Communications Engineering, HCMC University of Technology and Education, Hochiminh, VietnamSearch for more papers by this authorEmi Garcia-Palacios, Emi Garcia-Palacios School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorTrung Q. Duong, Corresponding Author Trung Q. Duong trung.q.duong@qub.ac.uk orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836 School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK Correspondence Trung Q. Duong, School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Queen's Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK. Email: trung.q.duong@qub.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this author Yijiu Li, Yijiu Li School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorDang Van Huynh, Dang Van Huynh orcid.org/0000-0002-2314-4934 School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorTan Do-Duy, Tan Do-Duy Department of Computer and Communications Engineering, HCMC University of Technology and Education, Hochiminh, VietnamSearch for more papers by this authorEmi Garcia-Palacios, Emi Garcia-Palacios School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKSearch for more papers by this authorTrung Q. Duong, Corresponding Author Trung Q. Duong trung.q.duong@qub.ac.uk orcid.org/0000-0002-4703-4836 School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK Correspondence Trung Q. Duong, School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Queen's Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK. Email: trung.q.duong@qub.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 April 2022 https://doi.org/10.1049/sil2.12128 This paper has been accepted in part for presentation in the first International Conference on 6G Networking (6GNet 2022) to be held on July 06-08, 2022 in Paris, France [ 1]. AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract A digital twin (DT) framework for Internet-of-thing (IoT) networks is proposed where unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) acting as flying mobile edge computing (MEC) servers support the task offloading on the fly. The considered DT model is very well suitable for industrial automation with the strict constraints of mission-critical services' ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) links. To support low-latency IoT devices, we formulate the end-to-end (e2e) latency minimisation problem of digital twin-aided offloading UAV-URLLC. Specifically, the minimised latency is obtained by jointly optimising both communication and computation parameters, namely power, offloading factors, and the proc","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Yijiu"},{"family":"Huynh","given":"Dang"},{"family":"Doduy","given":"Tan"},{"family":"Garciapalacios","given":"Emiliano"},{"family":"Duong","given":"Trung"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/6gpew-3n997","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/6gpew-3n997","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/1n40f-0gn03","type":"article-journal","title":"Formation control of multiple unmanned vehicles based on graph theory: A Comprehensive Review","abstract":"In recent years, formation control for multiple unmanned vehicles becomes an active research topic that has received a lot of attention from scientists due to its superior advantages compared with other conventional systems. Algebraic graph and graph rigidity theories are the two main mathematical backgrounds of the formation control theory. The graph theory is used to describe the interconnections among vehicles in formation while rigid graph theory - an important subset of graph theory - ensured that the inter-vehicle distance constraints of the desired formation are enforced via the graph rigidity. This paper provides a comprehensive review of graph theory supporting formation control for groups of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) or swarm UAVs. The background of the theory and the recent developments of graph-theory-based formation control are reviewed. We provide a cohesive overview of the formation control and coordination of multiple vehicles. Finally, some challenges and future potential directions in formation control are discussed.","author":[{"family":"Do","given":"Hai"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Hoa"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Cuong"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Mui"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Minh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/1n40f-0gn03","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/1n40f-0gn03","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/6t4gs-ya651","type":"article-journal","title":"Formation control of multiple unmanned vehicles based on graph theory: A Comprehensive Review","abstract":"In recent years, formation control for multiple unmanned vehicles becomes an active research topic that has received a lot of attention from scientists due to its superior advantages compared with other conventional systems. Algebraic graph and graph rigidity theories are the two main mathematical backgrounds of the formation control theory. The graph theory is used to describe the interconnections among vehicles in formation while rigid graph theory - an important subset of graph theory - ensured that the inter-vehicle distance constraints of the desired formation are enforced via the graph rigidity. This paper provides a comprehensive review of graph theory supporting formation control for groups of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) or swarm UAVs. The background of the theory and the recent developments of graph-theory-based formation control are reviewed. We provide a cohesive overview of the formation control and coordination of multiple vehicles. Finally, some challenges and future potential directions in formation control are discussed.","author":[{"family":"Do","given":"Hai"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Hoa"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Cuong"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Mui"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Minh"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/6t4gs-ya651","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/6t4gs-ya651","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/c9218-5h497","type":"article-journal","title":"Comparative analysis on digital surface model of urban area from Sentinel-1 SAR interferometry and aerial photogrammetry for disaster mitigation plan","abstract":"This paper presents an effort to evaluate the generated digital elevation model (DEM) from an active sensor onboard satellite of Sentinel-1A and from aerial photos taken using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The objective is to compare the quality of generated DEM and review the processes for disaster mitigation and prevention plans application. The radar data acquisition used in this study is pair of SLC-type radar data. The interferogram is processed from the coherence and the phase of complex data of the pair radar imageries. Meanwhile, aerial photography was taken within the smaller urban area in Padang City. The photogrammetry process to generate the DEM was conducted using the structure from motion (SfM) technique. The quality and procedures are reviewed by comparing the DEM products with other publicly available DEM data from DEMNAS, SRTM, and AW3D. This study found that generating the DEM from Sentinel-1 interferometry SAR is a challenging process. The product is unmatched and has lower quality compared to available DEM data due to several identified factors. In contrast, high computational cost photogrammetry produced good quality DEM if sufficient ground control points (GCP) were set.","author":[{"family":"Usman","given":"Fathoni"},{"family":"Nanda","given":"Nanda"},{"family":"Nasmirayanti","given":"Rita"},{"family":"Sumantyo","given":"Josapath"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.60692/c9218-5h497","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/c9218-5h497","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/vjyby-zxp18","type":"article-journal","title":"Comparative analysis on digital surface model of urban area from Sentinel-1 SAR interferometry and aerial photogrammetry for disaster mitigation plan","abstract":"This paper presents an effort to evaluate the generated digital elevation model (DEM) from an active sensor onboard satellite of Sentinel-1A and from aerial photos taken using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The objective is to compare the quality of generated DEM and review the processes for disaster mitigation and prevention plans application. The radar data acquisition used in this study is pair of SLC-type radar data. The interferogram is processed from the coherence and the phase of complex data of the pair radar imageries. Meanwhile, aerial photography was taken within the smaller urban area in Padang City. The photogrammetry process to generate the DEM was conducted using the structure from motion (SfM) technique. The quality and procedures are reviewed by comparing the DEM products with other publicly available DEM data from DEMNAS, SRTM, and AW3D. This study found that generating the DEM from Sentinel-1 interferometry SAR is a challenging process. The product is unmatched and has lower quality compared to available DEM data due to several identified factors. In contrast, high computational cost photogrammetry produced good quality DEM if sufficient ground control points (GCP) were set.","author":[{"family":"Usman","given":"Fathoni"},{"family":"Nanda","given":"Nanda"},{"family":"Nasmirayanti","given":"Rita"},{"family":"Sumantyo","given":"Josapath"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.60692/vjyby-zxp18","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/vjyby-zxp18","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/xcn6t-d6741","type":"article-journal","title":"Involvement of Surveillance Drones in Smart Cities: A Systematic Review","abstract":"Drones, or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), are among the most beneficial and emerging technologies, with a wide range of applications that can support the sustainability concerns of smart cities and ultimately improve citizens' quality of life.The goals of this systematic review were to explore the involvement of surveillance drones in smart cities in terms of application status, application areas, proposed models, and characteristics of drones.We conducted this systematic review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.We systematically searched the Web of Science and Scopus for journal articles and conference papers written in English and published up to August 2021.Of the 323 records identified, 43 met the inclusion criteria.Findings showed that surveillance drones were used in seven distinct research fields (transportation, environment, infrastructure, object or people detection, disaster management, data collection, and other applications).Air pollution and traffic monitoring were the dominant application areas.The majority of reviewed models were based on the application of rotary-wing single-drones with the camera as the aerial sensor.Reviewed models showed that the adoption of a single or multiple UAVs, either as a stand-alone technology or integrated with other technologies (e.g., internet of things, wireless sensor networks, convolutional neural networks, artificial intelligence, machine learning, computer vision, cloud computing, web applications), can offer efficient and sustainable solutions compared to conventional surveillance methods.This review can benefit academic researchers and practitioners.","author":[{"family":"Gohari","given":"Adel"},{"family":"Ahmad","given":"Anuar"},{"family":"Rahim","given":"Ruzairi"},{"family":"Supaat","given":"Abu"},{"family":"Razak","given":"Shukor"},{"family":"Gismalla","given":"Mohammed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/xcn6t-d6741","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/xcn6t-d6741","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/r33x0-akf92","type":"article-journal","title":"Involvement of Surveillance Drones in Smart Cities: A Systematic Review","abstract":"Drones, or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), are among the most beneficial and emerging technologies, with a wide range of applications that can support the sustainability concerns of smart cities and ultimately improve citizens' quality of life.The goals of this systematic review were to explore the involvement of surveillance drones in smart cities in terms of application status, application areas, proposed models, and characteristics of drones.We conducted this systematic review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.We systematically searched the Web of Science and Scopus for journal articles and conference papers written in English and published up to August 2021.Of the 323 records identified, 43 met the inclusion criteria.Findings showed that surveillance drones were used in seven distinct research fields (transportation, environment, infrastructure, object or people detection, disaster management, data collection, and other applications).Air pollution and traffic monitoring were the dominant application areas.The majority of reviewed models were based on the application of rotary-wing single-drones with the camera as the aerial sensor.Reviewed models showed that the adoption of a single or multiple UAVs, either as a stand-alone technology or integrated with other technologies (e.g., internet of things, wireless sensor networks, convolutional neural networks, artificial intelligence, machine learning, computer vision, cloud computing, web applications), can offer efficient and sustainable solutions compared to conventional surveillance methods.This review can benefit academic researchers and practitioners.","author":[{"family":"Gohari","given":"Adel"},{"family":"Ahmad","given":"Anuar"},{"family":"Rahim","given":"Ruzairi"},{"family":"Supaat","given":"Abu"},{"family":"Razak","given":"Shukor"},{"family":"Gismalla","given":"Mohammed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/r33x0-akf92","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/r33x0-akf92","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/g09x6-wrx54","type":"article-journal","title":"State-of-the-Art Review on Recent Advancements on Lateral Control of Autonomous Vehicles","abstract":"The most well-known research on driverless vehicles at the moment is connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs), which reflects the future path for the self driving field. The development of connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) is not only increasing logistics operations, but it is also opening up new possibilities for the industry's sustainable growth. In this review, we will explore the cloud-controlled wireless network-based model of cyber physical aspect of the autonomous vehicle, which is coupled with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Additionally, this model is Internet of Things (IoT) managed and AI-based, with a blockchain-based security mechanism. Additionally, we'll focus on lateral control in autonomous driving, particularly the lane change maneuver, taking social behavior into account. Here, we briefly reviewed Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication, which is carried out by on-board sensors and connected wireless medium that enhance the lane departure processes while retaining human driver behavior relying on obstacle avoidance.","author":[{"family":"Biswas","given":"Archishman"},{"family":"Reon","given":"MAO"},{"family":"Das","given":"Prangon"},{"family":"Tasneem","given":"Zinat"},{"family":"Muyeen","given":"SM"},{"family":"Das","given":"Sajal"},{"family":"Badal","given":"Faisal"},{"family":"Sarker","given":"Subrata"},{"family":"Hassan","given":"Md"},{"family":"Abhi","given":"Sarafat"},{"family":"Islam","given":"Md"},{"family":"Ali","given":"Mohamad"},{"family":"Ahamed","given":"Md"},{"family":"Islam","given":"Md"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/g09x6-wrx54","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/g09x6-wrx54","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/47xqs-tmy51","type":"article-journal","title":"State-of-the-Art Review on Recent Advancements on Lateral Control of Autonomous Vehicles","abstract":"The most well-known research on driverless vehicles at the moment is connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs), which reflects the future path for the self driving field. The development of connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) is not only increasing logistics operations, but it is also opening up new possibilities for the industry's sustainable growth. In this review, we will explore the cloud-controlled wireless network-based model of cyber physical aspect of the autonomous vehicle, which is coupled with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Additionally, this model is Internet of Things (IoT) managed and AI-based, with a blockchain-based security mechanism. Additionally, we'll focus on lateral control in autonomous driving, particularly the lane change maneuver, taking social behavior into account. Here, we briefly reviewed Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication, which is carried out by on-board sensors and connected wireless medium that enhance the lane departure processes while retaining human driver behavior relying on obstacle avoidance.","author":[{"family":"Biswas","given":"Archishman"},{"family":"Reon","given":"MAO"},{"family":"Das","given":"Prangon"},{"family":"Tasneem","given":"Zinat"},{"family":"Muyeen","given":"SM"},{"family":"Das","given":"Sajal"},{"family":"Badal","given":"Faisal"},{"family":"Sarker","given":"Subrata"},{"family":"Hassan","given":"Md"},{"family":"Abhi","given":"Sarafat"},{"family":"Islam","given":"Md"},{"family":"Ali","given":"Mohamad"},{"family":"Ahamed","given":"Md"},{"family":"Islam","given":"Md"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/47xqs-tmy51","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/47xqs-tmy51","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/dp91t-mfq84","type":"article-journal","title":"Review on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Assisted Sensor Node Localization in Wireless Networks: Soft Computing Approaches","abstract":"Node positioning or localization is a critical requisite for numerous position-based applications of wireless sensor network (WSN).Localization using the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is preferred over localization using fixed terrestrial anchor node (FTAN) because of low implementation complexity and high accuracy.The conventional multilateration technique estimates the position of the unknown node (UN) based on the distance from the anchor node (AN) to UN that is obtained from the received signal strength (RSS) measurement.However, distortions in the propagation medium may yield incorrect distance measurement and as a result, the accuracy of RSS-multilateration is limited.Though the optimization based localization schemes are considered to be a better alternative, the performance of these schemes is not satisfactory if the distortions are non-linear.In such situations, the neural network (NN) architecture such as extreme learning machine (ELM) can be a better choice as it is a highly non-linear classifier.The ELM is even superior over its counterpart NN classifiers like multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) due to its fast and strong learning ability.Thus, this paper provides a comparative review of various soft computing based localization techniques using both FTAN and aerial ANs for better acceptability.","author":[{"family":"Annepu","given":"Visalakshi"},{"family":"Sona","given":"Deepika"},{"family":"Chinthaginjala","given":"Ravikumar"},{"family":"Bagadi","given":"Kalapraveen"},{"family":"Alibakhshikenari","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Althuwayb","given":"Ayman"},{"family":"Alali","given":"Bader"},{"family":"Virdee","given":"Bal"},{"family":"Pau","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Dayoub","given":"Iyad"},{"family":"See","given":"Chan"},{"family":"Falcone","given":"Francisco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/dp91t-mfq84","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/dp91t-mfq84","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/jg1bx-e2d20","type":"article-journal","title":"Review on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Assisted Sensor Node Localization in Wireless Networks: Soft Computing Approaches","abstract":"Node positioning or localization is a critical requisite for numerous position-based applications of wireless sensor network (WSN).Localization using the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is preferred over localization using fixed terrestrial anchor node (FTAN) because of low implementation complexity and high accuracy.The conventional multilateration technique estimates the position of the unknown node (UN) based on the distance from the anchor node (AN) to UN that is obtained from the received signal strength (RSS) measurement.However, distortions in the propagation medium may yield incorrect distance measurement and as a result, the accuracy of RSS-multilateration is limited.Though the optimization based localization schemes are considered to be a better alternative, the performance of these schemes is not satisfactory if the distortions are non-linear.In such situations, the neural network (NN) architecture such as extreme learning machine (ELM) can be a better choice as it is a highly non-linear classifier.The ELM is even superior over its counterpart NN classifiers like multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) due to its fast and strong learning ability.Thus, this paper provides a comparative review of various soft computing based localization techniques using both FTAN and aerial ANs for better acceptability.","author":[{"family":"Annepu","given":"Visalakshi"},{"family":"Sona","given":"Deepika"},{"family":"Chinthaginjala","given":"Ravikumar"},{"family":"Bagadi","given":"Kalapraveen"},{"family":"Alibakhshikenari","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Althuwayb","given":"Ayman"},{"family":"Alali","given":"Bader"},{"family":"Virdee","given":"Bal"},{"family":"Pau","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Dayoub","given":"Iyad"},{"family":"See","given":"Chan"},{"family":"Falcone","given":"Francisco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.60692/jg1bx-e2d20","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/jg1bx-e2d20","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/h83dp-sj008","type":"article-journal","title":"Guest editorial: Cellular Internet of UAVs for 5G and beyond","abstract":"Emerging unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are playing an increasingly important role in military, public, and civilian applications. More recently, UAVs have become a topic of central research interest in the wireless communication community. For example, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardisation body has recently worked on a study item to facilitate seamless integration of UAVs into future cellular networks, which is called the cellular Internet of UAVs. UAVs can be exploited in different ways to enhance cellular communications. On the one hand, dedicated UAVs can be used as airborne wireless access points or relay nodes to further improve terrestrial communications, which is referred to as UAV-assisted cellular communications. On the other hand, UAVs may be exploited for sensing purposes by leveraging their advantages such as on-demand deployment, larger service coverage compared with the conventional fixed sensor nodes, and flexible spatial network architecture. We refer to this category of UAV applications as cellular-assisted UAV sensing. Unlike terrestrial cellular networks, UAV communications have many distinctive features such as high dynamic network topologies and weakly connected communication links. Besides, they also suffer from some practical constraints such as battery power, no-fly zones, and sensing requirements. Therefore, it is essential to develop novel communication and signal-processing techniques in support of ultra-reliable and real-time sensing applications. This special issue aims to create a platform for researchers from both academia and industry to disseminate state-of-the-art results and to advance the integration of UAVs into cellular networks. In total, 12 excellent papers were accepted after a rigorous multi-round review process. These papers can be divided into two topics: UAV-assisted cellular communications and cellular-assisted UAV sensing. In the following, we will introduce these papers and highlight their contributions. In their survey paper 'A survey on unmanned aerial vehicle relaying networks', Li et al. comprehensively summarise UAV relaying communications, which is an important paradigm of UAV-assisted cellular communications, and introduce its application scenarios. Key challenges are presented and corresponding technologies to address these challenges are discussed. Furthermore, they also show the research opportunities of UAV relaying communications. Yuan et al., in their paper 'Interference coordination and throughput maximisation in an unmanned aerial vehicle-assisted cellular: User association and three-dimensional trajectory optimisation', consider a UAV as an aerial base station (BS) to serve ground users. To reduce the interference between the UAV and terrestrial BSs, they propose a joint user association and 3D trajectory optimisation method. An improved block successive upper-bound minimisation based penalty algorithm is proposed. In 'Age-optimal path planning for finite-battery UAV-assisted data dissemination in IoT networks', Changizi and Emadi consider using UAVs to assist wireless sensor networks to deliver information with the aim to explore the freshness of data. An UAV trajectory planning for data dissemination is proposed, taking into account both maximal use of energy and the freshness of data. The effect of limited energy for UAVs is also discussed. In 'metaheuristic-based optimal 3D positioning of UAVs forming aerial mesh network to provide emergency communication services', Gupta and Varma study the optimal placement of UAVs to facilitate post-disaster emergency communication services. Coverage, quality-of-services, energy consumption, equal load distribution over UAVs, and fault tolerance are all considered for improving network connectivity and lifetime. Two metaheuristic-based hybrid optimisation algorithms are proposed to integrate these objectives together. Sun et al., in their paper 'An efficient data collection framework in the sky: An","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Hongliang"},{"family":"Saad","given":"Walid"},{"family":"Debbah","given":"Mérouane"},{"family":"Song","given":"Lingyang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.60692/h83dp-sj008","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/h83dp-sj008","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/nt2wh-rqe71","type":"article-journal","title":"Guest editorial: Cellular Internet of UAVs for 5G and beyond","abstract":"Emerging unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are playing an increasingly important role in military, public, and civilian applications. More recently, UAVs have become a topic of central research interest in the wireless communication community. For example, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardisation body has recently worked on a study item to facilitate seamless integration of UAVs into future cellular networks, which is called the cellular Internet of UAVs. UAVs can be exploited in different ways to enhance cellular communications. On the one hand, dedicated UAVs can be used as airborne wireless access points or relay nodes to further improve terrestrial communications, which is referred to as UAV-assisted cellular communications. On the other hand, UAVs may be exploited for sensing purposes by leveraging their advantages such as on-demand deployment, larger service coverage compared with the conventional fixed sensor nodes, and flexible spatial network architecture. We refer to this category of UAV applications as cellular-assisted UAV sensing. Unlike terrestrial cellular networks, UAV communications have many distinctive features such as high dynamic network topologies and weakly connected communication links. Besides, they also suffer from some practical constraints such as battery power, no-fly zones, and sensing requirements. Therefore, it is essential to develop novel communication and signal-processing techniques in support of ultra-reliable and real-time sensing applications. This special issue aims to create a platform for researchers from both academia and industry to disseminate state-of-the-art results and to advance the integration of UAVs into cellular networks. In total, 12 excellent papers were accepted after a rigorous multi-round review process. These papers can be divided into two topics: UAV-assisted cellular communications and cellular-assisted UAV sensing. In the following, we will introduce these papers and highlight their contributions. In their survey paper 'A survey on unmanned aerial vehicle relaying networks', Li et al. comprehensively summarise UAV relaying communications, which is an important paradigm of UAV-assisted cellular communications, and introduce its application scenarios. Key challenges are presented and corresponding technologies to address these challenges are discussed. Furthermore, they also show the research opportunities of UAV relaying communications. Yuan et al., in their paper 'Interference coordination and throughput maximisation in an unmanned aerial vehicle-assisted cellular: User association and three-dimensional trajectory optimisation', consider a UAV as an aerial base station (BS) to serve ground users. To reduce the interference between the UAV and terrestrial BSs, they propose a joint user association and 3D trajectory optimisation method. An improved block successive upper-bound minimisation based penalty algorithm is proposed. In 'Age-optimal path planning for finite-battery UAV-assisted data dissemination in IoT networks', Changizi and Emadi consider using UAVs to assist wireless sensor networks to deliver information with the aim to explore the freshness of data. An UAV trajectory planning for data dissemination is proposed, taking into account both maximal use of energy and the freshness of data. The effect of limited energy for UAVs is also discussed. In 'metaheuristic-based optimal 3D positioning of UAVs forming aerial mesh network to provide emergency communication services', Gupta and Varma study the optimal placement of UAVs to facilitate post-disaster emergency communication services. Coverage, quality-of-services, energy consumption, equal load distribution over UAVs, and fault tolerance are all considered for improving network connectivity and lifetime. Two metaheuristic-based hybrid optimisation algorithms are proposed to integrate these objectives together. Sun et al., in their paper 'An efficient data collection framework in the sky: An","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Hongliang"},{"family":"Saad","given":"Walid"},{"family":"Debbah","given":"Mérouane"},{"family":"Song","given":"Lingyang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.60692/nt2wh-rqe71","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/nt2wh-rqe71","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/ac66e-4cp95","type":"article-journal","title":"Orchard management with small unmanned aerial vehicles: a survey of sensing and analysis approaches","abstract":"Abstract Advances in sensor miniaturization are increasing the global popularity of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing applications in many domains of agriculture. Fruit orchards (the source of the fruit industry chain) require site-specific or even individual-tree-specific management throughout the growing season—from flowering, fruitlet development, ripening, and harvest—to tree dormancy. The recent increase in research on deploying UAV in orchard management has yielded new insights but challenges relating to determining the optimal approach (e.g., image-processing methods) are hampering widespread adoption, largely because there is no standard workflow for the application of UAVs in orchard management. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review focused on UAV-based orchard management: the survey includes achievements to date and shortcomings to be addressed. Sensing system architecture focusing on UAVs and sensors is summarized. Then up-to-date applications supported by UAVs in orchard management are described, focusing on the diversity of data-processing techniques, including monitoring efficiency and accuracy. With the goal of identifying the gaps and examining the opportunities for UAV-based orchard management, this study also discusses the performance of emerging technologies and compare similar research providing technical and comprehensive support for the further exploitation of UAVs and a revolution in orchard management.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chenglong"},{"family":"Valente","given":"João"},{"family":"Kooistra","given":"L"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Lei"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Wensheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.60692/ac66e-4cp95","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/ac66e-4cp95","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/a4vcc-fhq84","type":"article-journal","title":"Orchard management with small unmanned aerial vehicles: a survey of sensing and analysis approaches","abstract":"Abstract Advances in sensor miniaturization are increasing the global popularity of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing applications in many domains of agriculture. Fruit orchards (the source of the fruit industry chain) require site-specific or even individual-tree-specific management throughout the growing season—from flowering, fruitlet development, ripening, and harvest—to tree dormancy. The recent increase in research on deploying UAV in orchard management has yielded new insights but challenges relating to determining the optimal approach (e.g., image-processing methods) are hampering widespread adoption, largely because there is no standard workflow for the application of UAVs in orchard management. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review focused on UAV-based orchard management: the survey includes achievements to date and shortcomings to be addressed. Sensing system architecture focusing on UAVs and sensors is summarized. Then up-to-date applications supported by UAVs in orchard management are described, focusing on the diversity of data-processing techniques, including monitoring efficiency and accuracy. With the goal of identifying the gaps and examining the opportunities for UAV-based orchard management, this study also discusses the performance of emerging technologies and compare similar research providing technical and comprehensive support for the further exploitation of UAVs and a revolution in orchard management.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chenglong"},{"family":"Valente","given":"João"},{"family":"Kooistra","given":"L"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Lei"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Wensheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.60692/a4vcc-fhq84","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60692/a4vcc-fhq84","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2403.09008","type":"manuscript","title":"Fault Detection and Tolerant Control for Aero2 2D0F Two-rotor Helicopter","abstract":"Stability and satisfactory performance are critical control requirements for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications. While conventional control systems for UAVs aim to ensure flight stability and safe operation while accomplishing tasks, UAVs may experience various flight faults that can degrade performance or, in severe cases, lead to instability. Unsatisfactory performance or instability of a UAV poses risks to lives, properties, and the flying environment. Therefore, it's essential to design a system capable of detecting faults, pinpointing their location, assessing their severity, and using this information to mitigate them, enabling the vehicle to continue operating satisfactorily. Despite the importance of analysing fault performance to select optimal fault detection and tolerance strategies, limited research has been conducted, especially with real systems. This study examines the performance of a 2-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) bi-rotor helicopter's control system in the presence of various actuator faults. Results from different fault conditions demonstrate that faults degrade the performance of conventional control systems on UAVs and introduce vibrations into the system, particularly when faults cause asymmetry or imbalance. However, additional experiments reveal that effective fault diagnosis and accommodation methods can help maintain satisfactory system performance despite the presence of faults.","author":[{"family":"Dandago","given":"Khalid"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Long"},{"family":"Pan","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2403.09008","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.09008","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2309.03397","type":"manuscript","title":"Cooperative Multi-Agent Planning Framework for Fuel Constrained UAV-UGV Routing Problem","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), although adept at aerial surveillance, are often constrained by limited battery capacity. By refueling on slow-moving Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs), their operational endurance can be significantly enhanced. This paper explores the computationally complex problem of cooperative UAV-UGV routing for vast area surveillance within the speed and fuel constraints, presenting a sequential multi-agent planning framework for achieving feasible and optimally satisfactory solutions. By considering the UAV fuel limits and utilizing a minimum set cover algorithm, we determine UGV refueling stops, which in turn facilitate UGV route planning at the first step and through a task allocation technique and energy constrained vehicle routing problem modeling with time windows (E-VRPTW) we achieve the UAV route at the second step of the framework. The effectiveness of our multi-agent strategy is demonstrated through the implementation on 30 different task scenarios across 3 different scales. This work offers significant insight into the collaborative advantages of UAV-UGV systems and introduces heuristic approaches to bypass computational challenges and swiftly reach high-quality solutions.","author":[{"family":"Mondal","given":"Md"},{"family":"Ramasamy","given":"Subramanian"},{"family":"Humann","given":"James"},{"family":"Reddinger","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Dotterweich","given":"James"},{"family":"Childers","given":"Marshal"},{"family":"Bhounsule","given":"Pranav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2309.03397","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2309.03397","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2110.02429","type":"manuscript","title":"Autonomous Aerial Delivery Vehicles, a Survey of Techniques on how Aerial Package Delivery is Achieved","abstract":"Autonomous aerial delivery vehicles have gained significant interest in the last decade. This has been enabled by technological advancements in aerial manipulators and novel grippers with enhanced force to weight ratios. Furthermore, improved control schemes and vehicle dynamics are better able to model the payload and improved perception algorithms to detect key features within the unmanned aerial vehicle's (UAV) environment. In this survey, a systematic review of the technological advancements and open research problems of autonomous aerial delivery vehicles is conducted. First, various types of manipulators and grippers are discussed in detail, along with dynamic modelling and control methods. Then, landing on static and dynamic platforms is discussed. Subsequently, risks such as weather conditions, state estimation and collision avoidance to ensure safe transit is considered. Finally, delivery UAV routing is investigated which categorises the topic into two areas: drone operations and drone-truck collaborative operations.","author":[{"family":"Saunders","given":"Jack"},{"family":"Saeedi","given":"Sajad"},{"family":"Li","given":"Wenbin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2110.02429","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2110.02429","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.7898711","type":"article-journal","title":"Performance Analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for Improved Aerial Surveillance","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been used for so many applications. One such application is patrolling and surveillance, which involves moving from one defined geographic region to the other in a search for possible security threats to the public. The search area (Surveillance zone) could be bounded or grow continuously. This fact, together with the presence of naturally rough, changing territory and the possibility of bad weather, poses a huge challenge to security personnel that otherwise use the land patrol method. Aerial platforms (UAVs) can be advantageous in patrolling and surveillance due to their ability to provide constant performance missions without getting tired and their lower vulnerability to harsh weather conditions compared to humans. A coordinated team or swamp of UAVs that can assist security personnel by autonomously performing missions such as patrolling, surveillance, detections and sending information to the Ground Control Station (GCS) possibly the police station, would be of great value. However, to date, a suitable UAV coordination for autonomous surveillance that can satisfactorily address the issues relating to security threats is lacking in Nigeria. In this study, a UAV was deployed, and patrolling missions were investigated the speed was determined as a low speed, which is 10.152𝑘𝑚/ℎ , a force of 1.4N acted on the vehicle, the tilting angles of the propellers were measured to be 15 °, propeller efficiency is calculated to be 81%. The UAV was investigated to have a good performance in terms of flight, it attained a very high altitude which was good enough for video coverage but had a limitation of endurance due to battery capacity. Hence various energy management methods were studied, and the best energy management is a hybrid energy source (combination of battery, solar and PEM fuel cell) on board the vehicle. Lastly, the cellular communication between the (GCS) and UAV was considered and the Wi-Fi (communication range of up to 200m with a control radius of 37m was obtained.","author":[{"family":"Elechi","given":"P"},{"family":"Orike","given":"S"},{"family":"Wonodi","given":"CO"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.7898711","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7898711","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.7898712","type":"article-journal","title":"Performance Analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for Improved Aerial Surveillance","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been used for so many applications. One such application is patrolling and surveillance, which involves moving from one defined geographic region to the other in a search for possible security threats to the public. The search area (Surveillance zone) could be bounded or grow continuously. This fact, together with the presence of naturally rough, changing territory and the possibility of bad weather, poses a huge challenge to security personnel that otherwise use the land patrol method. Aerial platforms (UAVs) can be advantageous in patrolling and surveillance due to their ability to provide constant performance missions without getting tired and their lower vulnerability to harsh weather conditions compared to humans. A coordinated team or swamp of UAVs that can assist security personnel by autonomously performing missions such as patrolling, surveillance, detections and sending information to the Ground Control Station (GCS) possibly the police station, would be of great value. However, to date, a suitable UAV coordination for autonomous surveillance that can satisfactorily address the issues relating to security threats is lacking in Nigeria. In this study, a UAV was deployed, and patrolling missions were investigated the speed was determined as a low speed, which is 10.152𝑘𝑚/ℎ , a force of 1.4N acted on the vehicle, the tilting angles of the propellers were measured to be 15 °, propeller efficiency is calculated to be 81%. The UAV was investigated to have a good performance in terms of flight, it attained a very high altitude which was good enough for video coverage but had a limitation of endurance due to battery capacity. Hence various energy management methods were studied, and the best energy management is a hybrid energy source (combination of battery, solar and PEM fuel cell) on board the vehicle. Lastly, the cellular communication between the (GCS) and UAV was considered and the Wi-Fi (communication range of up to 200m with a control radius of 37m was obtained.","author":[{"family":"Elechi","given":"P"},{"family":"Orike","given":"S"},{"family":"Wonodi","given":"CO"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.7898712","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7898712","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2304.01305","type":"manuscript","title":"PyFlyt -- UAV Simulation Environments for Reinforcement Learning Research","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have numerous applications, but their efficient and optimal flight can be a challenge. Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a promising approach to address this challenge, yet there is no standardized library for testing and benchmarking RL algorithms on UAVs. In this paper, we introduce PyFlyt, a platform built on the Bullet physics engine with native Gymnasium API support. PyFlyt provides modular implementations of simple components, such as motors and lifting surfaces, allowing for the implementation of UAVs of arbitrary configurations. Additionally, PyFlyt includes various task definitions and multiple reward function settings for each vehicle type. We demonstrate the effectiveness of PyFlyt by training various RL agents for two UAV models: quadrotor and fixed-wing. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of RL in UAV control and planning, and further show that it is possible to train agents in sparse reward settings for UAVs. PyFlyt fills a gap in existing literature by providing a flexible and standardised platform for testing RL algorithms on UAVs. We believe that this will inspire more standardised research in this direction.","author":[{"family":"Tai","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Wong","given":"Jim"},{"family":"Innocente","given":"Mauro"},{"family":"Horri","given":"Nadjim"},{"family":"Brusey","given":"James"},{"family":"Phang","given":"Swee"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2304.01305","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2304.01305","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2303.15803","type":"manuscript","title":"Vision based UAV Navigation through Narrow Passages","abstract":"This research paper presents a novel approach for navigating a micro UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) through narrow passages using only its onboard camera feed and a PID control system. The proposed method uses edge detection and homography techniques to extract the key features of the passage from the camera feed and then employs a tuned PID controller to guide the UAV through and out of the passage while avoiding collisions with the walls. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a series of experiments were conducted using a micro-UAV navigating in and out of a custom-built test environment (constrained rectangular box). The results demonstrate that the system is able to successfully guide the UAV through the passages while avoiding collisions with the walls.","author":[{"family":"Kumar","given":"Jayakant"},{"family":"Himanshu"},{"family":"Kandath","given":"Harikumar"},{"family":"Agrawal","given":"Pooja"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2303.15803","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.15803","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2212.05028","type":"manuscript","title":"A systematic literature review on Security of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are becoming more common, and their operational range is expanding tremendously, making the security aspect of the inquiry essential. This study does a thorough assessment of the literature to determine the most common cyberattacks and the effects they have on UAV assaults on civilian targets. The STRIDE assault paradigm, the challenge they present, and the proper tools for the attack are used to categorize the cyber dangers discussed in this paper. Spoofing and denial of service assaults are the most prevalent types of UAV cyberattacks and have the best results. No attack style demands the employment of a hard-to-reach gadget, indicating that the security environment currently necessitates improvements to UAV use in civilian applications.","author":[{"family":"Patel","given":"Tirth"},{"family":"Salot","given":"Niyatiben"},{"family":"Parikh","given":"Vrusha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2212.05028","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2212.05028","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2110.13484","type":"manuscript","title":"Applications of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Future Internet: A Comprehensive Survey","abstract":"Future Internet involves several emerging technologies such as 5G and beyond 5G networks, vehicular networks, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks, and Internet of Things (IoTs). Moreover, future Internet becomes heterogeneous and decentralized with a large number of involved network entities. Each entity may need to make its local decision to improve the network performance under dynamic and uncertain network environments. Standard learning algorithms such as single-agent Reinforcement Learning (RL) or Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) have been recently used to enable each network entity as an agent to learn an optimal decision-making policy adaptively through interacting with the unknown environments. However, such an algorithm fails to model the cooperations or competitions among network entities, and simply treats other entities as a part of the environment that may result in the non-stationarity issue. Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) allows each network entity to learn its optimal policy by observing not only the environments, but also other entities' policies. As a result, MARL can significantly improve the learning efficiency of the network entities, and it has been recently used to solve various issues in the emerging networks. In this paper, we thus review the applications of MARL in the emerging networks. In particular, we provide a tutorial of MARL and a comprehensive survey of applications of MARL in next generation Internet. In particular, we first introduce single-agent RL and MARL. Then, we review a number of applications of MARL to solve emerging issues in future Internet. The issues consist of network access, transmit power control, computation offloading, content caching, packet routing, trajectory design for UAV-aided networks, and network security issues.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Tianxu"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Kun"},{"family":"Luong","given":"Nguyen"},{"family":"Niyato","given":"Dusit"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Qihui"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Bing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2110.13484","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2110.13484","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.7005315","type":"article-journal","title":"Climate Change, Strategic Planning, and Impact of IoT and AI Assisted Home Automated and Smart Agricultural Novel Systems","abstract":"Climate Change, Monsoon Pattern Change, lack of labour, rising labour and farming cost, crop failures linked to unforeseen production caused by diseases, soil degradation, and as well as rapidly changing market prices in agricultural products are the main Challenges. Strategic planning, use of Novel Systems, and Home automation are the solutions to adversely impacting agricultural development with new future possibilities for better Human Civilization. Home automated Novel Systems having alert and notifications features incorporate strategic planning and are intelligent, effective, and efficient with many more features is also useful for the Agriculture sector. The marketplace needs massive food, and current agricultural modernization approaches call for substantial energy inputs. Economic factors play a vital role. On the other hand, increased demand for food cereals as a result of population growth has led to an increase in the cost of agricultural commodities. Internet of things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have changed trends in Smart Agriculture. IoT and AI assisted Home Automated and Smart Agricultural Novel Systems created new future possibilities, and helps in strategic planning and impacting from Home Automation with alerts and notifications to large agriculture fields in a positive way by working as Executive Decision Support System (EDSS). It also has the potential to minimise farmer losses, produce high yield, significantly raise the quality of produced food, lower labour costs, boosts farmer incomes, and fully achieve agricultural modernization are the important features of Novel Systems with IoT and AI assisted clever agricultural techniques along with increasing agricultural productivity and helps for Global Economy and food security for Nations. The goal of the current research paper is to review various recent trends and explore new future possibilities, strategic planning, and the Impact of IoT and AI assisted Home Automated and Smart Agricultural Novel Systems in Climate Change and Monsoon Pattern Change scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Johare","given":"Kirankumar"},{"family":"Wagh","given":"Vasant"},{"family":"Shaligram","given":"Arvind"},{"family":"Gaikwad","given":"Krishna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.7005315","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7005315","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.7005316","type":"article-journal","title":"Climate Change, Strategic Planning, and Impact of IoT and AI Assisted Home Automated and Smart Agricultural Novel Systems","abstract":"Climate Change, Monsoon Pattern Change, lack of labour, rising labour and farming cost, crop failures linked to unforeseen production caused by diseases, soil degradation, and as well as rapidly changing market prices in agricultural products are the main Challenges. Strategic planning, use of Novel Systems, and Home automation are the solutions to adversely impacting agricultural development with new future possibilities for better Human Civilization. Home automated Novel Systems having alert and notifications features incorporate strategic planning and are intelligent, effective, and efficient with many more features is also useful for the Agriculture sector. The marketplace needs massive food, and current agricultural modernization approaches call for substantial energy inputs. Economic factors play a vital role. On the other hand, increased demand for food cereals as a result of population growth has led to an increase in the cost of agricultural commodities. Internet of things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have changed trends in Smart Agriculture. IoT and AI assisted Home Automated and Smart Agricultural Novel Systems created new future possibilities, and helps in strategic planning and impacting from Home Automation with alerts and notifications to large agriculture fields in a positive way by working as Executive Decision Support System (EDSS). It also has the potential to minimise farmer losses, produce high yield, significantly raise the quality of produced food, lower labour costs, boosts farmer incomes, and fully achieve agricultural modernization are the important features of Novel Systems with IoT and AI assisted clever agricultural techniques along with increasing agricultural productivity and helps for Global Economy and food security for Nations. The goal of the current research paper is to review various recent trends and explore new future possibilities, strategic planning, and the Impact of IoT and AI assisted Home Automated and Smart Agricultural Novel Systems in Climate Change and Monsoon Pattern Change scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Johare","given":"Kirankumar"},{"family":"Wagh","given":"Vasant"},{"family":"Shaligram","given":"Arvind"},{"family":"Gaikwad","given":"Krishna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.7005316","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7005316","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.06255","type":"manuscript","title":"Correlation Filters for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Aerial Tracking: A Review and Experimental Evaluation","abstract":"Aerial tracking, which has exhibited its omnipresent dedication and splendid performance, is one of the most active applications in the remote sensing field. Especially, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing system, equipped with a visual tracking approach, has been widely used in aviation, navigation, agriculture,transportation, and public security, etc. As is mentioned above, the UAV-based aerial tracking platform has been gradually developed from research to practical application stage, reaching one of the main aerial remote sensing technologies in the future. However, due to the real-world onerous situations, e.g., harsh external challenges, the vibration of the UAV mechanical structure (especially under strong wind conditions), the maneuvering flight in complex environment, and the limited computation resources onboard, accuracy, robustness, and high efficiency are all crucial for the onboard tracking methods. Recently, the discriminative correlation filter (DCF)-based trackers have stood out for their high computational efficiency and appealing robustness on a single CPU, and have flourished in the UAV visual tracking community. In this work, the basic framework of the DCF-based trackers is firstly generalized, based on which, 23 state-of-the-art DCF-based trackers are orderly summarized according to their innovations for solving various issues. Besides, exhaustive and quantitative experiments have been extended on various prevailing UAV tracking benchmarks, i.e., UAV123, UAV123@10fps, UAV20L, UAVDT, DTB70, and VisDrone2019-SOT, which contain 371,903 frames in total. The experiments show the performance, verify the feasibility, and demonstrate the current challenges of DCF-based trackers onboard UAV tracking.","author":[{"family":"Fu","given":"Changhong"},{"family":"Li","given":"Bowen"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Fangqiang"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Fuling"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Geng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2010.06255","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2010.06255","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.11709","type":"manuscript","title":"A Multi-Stage model based on YOLOv3 for defect detection in PV panels based on IR and Visible Imaging by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","abstract":"As solar capacity installed worldwide continues to grow, there is an increasing awareness that advanced inspection systems are becoming of utmost importance to schedule smart interventions and minimize downtime likelihood. In this work we propose a novel automatic multi-stage model to detect panel defects on aerial images captured by unmanned aerial vehicle by using the YOLOv3 network and Computer Vision techniques. The model combines detections of panels and defects to refine its accuracy and exhibits an average inference time per image of 0.98 s. The main novelties are represented by its versatility to process either thermographic or visible images and detect a large variety of defects, to prescript recommended actions to O&amp;M crew to give a more efficient data-driven maintenance strategy and its portability to both rooftop and ground-mounted PV systems and different panel types. The proposed model has been validated on two big PV plants in the south of Italy with an outstanding AP@0.5 exceeding 98% for panel detection, a remarkable AP@0.4 (AP@0.5) of roughly 88.3% (66.9%) for hotspots by means of infrared thermography and a mAP@0.5 of almost 70% in the visible spectrum for detection of anomalies including panel shading induced by soiling and bird dropping, delamination, presence of puddles and raised rooftop panels. The model predicts also the severity of hotspot areas based on the estimated temperature gradients, as well as it computes the soiling coverage based on visual images. Finally an analysis of the influence of the different YOLOv3's output scales on the detection is discussed.","author":[{"family":"Di Tommaso","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Betti","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Fontanelli","given":"Giacomo"},{"family":"Michelozzi","given":"Benedetto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2111.11709","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2111.11709","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2004.12317","type":"manuscript","title":"Online Mapping and Motion Planning under Uncertainty for Safe Navigation in Unknown Environments","abstract":"Safe autonomous navigation is an essential and challenging problem for robots operating in highly unstructured or completely unknown environments. Under these conditions, not only robotic systems must deal with limited localisation information, but also their manoeuvrability is constrained by their dynamics and often suffer from uncertainty. In order to cope with these constraints, this manuscript proposes an uncertainty-based framework for mapping and planning feasible motions online with probabilistic safety-guarantees. The proposed approach deals with the motion, probabilistic safety, and online computation constraints by: (i) incrementally mapping the surroundings to build an uncertainty-aware representation of the environment, and (ii) iteratively (re)planning trajectories to goal that are kinodynamically feasible and probabilistically safe through a multi-layered sampling-based planner in the belief space. In-depth empirical analyses illustrate some important properties of this approach, namely, (a) the multi-layered planning strategy enables rapid exploration of the high-dimensional belief space while preserving asymptotic optimality and completeness guarantees, and (b) the proposed routine for probabilistic collision checking results in tighter probability bounds in comparison to other uncertainty-aware planners in the literature. Furthermore, real-world in-water experimental evaluation on a non-holonomic torpedo-shaped autonomous underwater vehicle and simulated trials in the Stairwell scenario of the DARPA Subterranean Challenge 2019 on a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle demonstrate the efficacy of the method as well as its suitability for systems with limited on-board computational power.","author":[{"family":"Pairet","given":"Èric"},{"family":"Hernández","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Carreras","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Petillot","given":"Yvan"},{"family":"Lahijanian","given":"Morteza"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2004.12317","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2004.12317","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2002.03118","type":"manuscript","title":"Shipper Cooperation in Stochastic Drone Delivery: A Dynamic Bayesian Game Approach","abstract":"With the recent technological innovation, unmanned aerial vehicles, known as drones, have found numerous applications including package and parcel delivery for shippers. Drone delivery offers benefits over conventional ground-based vehicle delivery in terms of faster speed, lower cost, more environment-friendly, and less manpower needed. However, most of existing studies on drone delivery planning and scheduling focus on a single shipper and ignore uncertainty factors. As such, in this paper, we consider a scenario that multiple shippers can cooperate to minimize their drone delivery cost. We propose the Bayesian Shipper Cooperation in Stochastic Drone Delivery (BCoSDD) framework. The framework is composed of three functions, i.e., package assignment, shipper cooperation formation and cost management. The uncertainties of drone breakdown and misbehavior of cooperative shippers are taken into account by using multistage stochastic programming optimization and dynamic Bayesian coalition formation game. We conduct extensive performance evaluation of the BCoSDD framework by using customer locations from Solomon benchmark suite and a real Singapore logistics industry. As a result, the framework can help the shippers plan and schedule their drone delivery effectively.","author":[{"family":"Sawadsitang","given":"Suttinee"},{"family":"Niyato","given":"Dusit"},{"family":"Siew","given":"Tan"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ping"},{"family":"Nutanong","given":"Sarana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2002.03118","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2002.03118","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2009.02280","type":"manuscript","title":"Communication and networking technologies for UAVs: A survey","abstract":"With the advancement in drone technology, in just a few years, drones will be assisting humans in every domain. But there are many challenges to be tackled, communication being the chief one. This paper aims at providing insights into the latest UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) communication technologies through investigation of suitable task modules, antennas, resource handling platforms, and network architectures. Additionally, we explore techniques such as machine learning and path planning to enhance existing drone communication methods. Encryption and optimization techniques for ensuring long lasting and secure communications, as well as for power management, are discussed. Moreover, applications of UAV networks for different contextual uses ranging from navigation to surveillance, URLLC (Ultra reliable and low latency communications), edge computing and work related to artificial intelligence are examined. In particular, the intricate interplay between UAV, advanced cellular communication, and internet of things constitutes one of the focal points of this paper. The survey encompasses lessons learned, insights, challenges, open issues, and future directions in UAV communications. Our literature review reveals the need for more research work on drone to drone and drone to device communications.","author":[{"family":"Sharma","given":"Abhishek"},{"family":"Vanjani","given":"Pankhuri"},{"family":"Paliwal","given":"Nikhil"},{"family":"Basnayaka","given":"Chathuranga"},{"family":"Jayakody","given":"Dushantha"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Hwang"},{"family":"Muthuchidambaranathane","given":"P"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2009.02280","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2009.02280","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2106.07436","type":"manuscript","title":"Snowcover Survey over an Arctic Glacier Forefield: Contribution of Photogrammetry to Identify \"Icing\" Variability and Processes","abstract":"Current climate shift has significant impacts on both quality and quantity of snow precipitation. This directly influences spatial variability of the snowpack as well as cumulative snow height. Contemporary glacier retreat reorganizes periglacial morphology: while the glacier area decreases, the moraine area increases. The latter is becoming a new water storage potential almost as important as the glacier itself, but with a much more complex topography. This work hence fills one of the missing variables of the hydrological budget equation of an arctic glacier basin by providing an estimate of the snow water equivalent (SWE) of the moraine contribution. Such a result is achieved by investigating Structure from Motion (SfM) image processing applied to pictures collected from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) as a method to produce snow depth maps over the proglacial moraine area. Several UAV campaigns were carried out on a small glacial basin in Spitsbergen (Arctic): measurements were made at the maximum snow accumulation season (late April) while reference topography maps were acquired at the end of hydrological year (late September) when the moraine is mostly free of snow. Snow depth is determined from Digital Surface Model (DSM) subtraction. Using dedicated and natural ground control points for relative positioning of the DSMs, the relative DSM georeferencing with sub-meter accuracy removes the main source of uncertainty when assessing snow depth. For areas where snow is deposited on bare rock surfaces, the correlation between avalanche probe in-situ snow depth measurements and DSM differences is excellent. Differences in ice covered areas between the two measurement techniques are attributed to the different quantities measured.","author":[{"family":"Bernard","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Friedt","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Griselin","given":"Madeleine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2106.07436","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2106.07436","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.04175","type":"manuscript","title":"A Survey of Wireless Networks for Future Aerial COMmunications (FACOM)","abstract":"Electrification turned over a new leaf in aviation by introducing new types of aerial vehicles along with new means of transportation. Addressing a plethora of use cases, drones are gaining attention and increasingly appear in the sky. Emerging concepts of flying taxi enable passengers to be transported over several tens of kilometers. Therefore, unmanned traffic management systems are under development to cope with the complexity of future airspace, thereby resulting in unprecedented communication needs. Moreover, the increase in the number of commercial airplanes pushes the limits of voice-oriented communications, and future options such as single-pilot operations demand robust connectivity. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review and vision for enabling the connectivity applications of aerial vehicles utilizing current and future communication technologies. We begin by categorizing the connectivity use cases per aerial vehicle and analyzing their connectivity requirements. By reviewing more than 500 related studies, we aim for a comprehensive approach to cover wireless communication technologies, and provide an overview of recent findings from the literature toward the possibilities and challenges of employing the wireless communication standards. After analyzing the network architectures, we list the open-source testbed platforms to facilitate future investigations. This study helped us observe that while numerous works focused on cellular technologies for aerial platforms, a single wireless technology is not sufficient to meet the stringent connectivity demands of the aerial use cases. We identified the need of further investigations on multi-technology network architectures to enable robust connectivity in the sky. Future works should consider suitable technology combinations to develop unified aerial networks that can meet the diverse quality of service demands.","author":[{"family":"Baltaci","given":"Aygün"},{"family":"Dinc","given":"Ergin"},{"family":"Ozger","given":"Mustafa"},{"family":"Alabbasi","given":"Abdulrahman"},{"family":"Cavdar","given":"Cicek"},{"family":"Schupke","given":"Dominic"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2111.04175","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2111.04175","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.23670/irj.2021.106.4.011","type":"article-journal","title":"ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ СОСТОЯНИЯ ЛЕСНОГО МАССИВА В ГИС С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ МУЛЬТИАГЕНТНОГО ПОДХОДА","abstract":"Цель исследования – обзор текущего состояния лесной отрасли, а также определение и выполнение задач по его анализу и мониторингу, благодаря которым ситуация в данной сфере может измениться. В статье акцентируется внимание на раскрытии принципа работы мультиагентной технологии, а также беспилотных летательных аппаратов. Совместное применение данного подхода направлено на выявление проблемных зон в лесном хозяйстве. Научная новизна заключается в том, что беспилотный летательный аппарат оснащенный мультиагентной системой для оценки данных о состоянии лесного массива является перспективным направлением в лесной сфере за счет уменьшения времени обработки поступающей информации, так как работа агентов представляет собой параллельный процесс, а также за счет упрощения структуры алгоритма агентов. В результате исследования была раскрыта технология работы мультиагентного подхода, а также представлены примеры ее использования в других сферах деятельности. Подчеркивается, что применение беспилотных летательных аппаратов с мультиагентным подходом оценки состояния лесного массива позволит улучшить качество поступающих данных, увеличить объем получаемой и обрабатываемой информации, а также повысить надежность функционирования этого процесса. Основными преимуществами использования мультиагентных технологий и беспилотных летательных аппаратов в лесной отрасли являются: минимальный контроль при дистанционном применении, таксация лесных ресурсов, анализ местности на предмет экстренных ситуаций и т.д.","author":[{"family":"Колбина","given":"ОН"},{"family":"Яготинцева","given":"НВ"},{"family":"Сафонова","given":"ТВ"},{"family":"Мокряк","given":"АВ"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.23670/irj.2021.106.4.011","URL":"https://doi.org/10.23670/irj.2021.106.4.011","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.1184/r1/12707963","type":"article-journal","title":"ALFA: A Dataset for UAV Fault and Anomaly Detection","abstract":"The recent growth in the use of Autonomous Aerial Vehicles (AAVs) has increased concerns about the safety of the autonomous vehicles, the people, and the properties around the flight path and onboard the vehicle. Much research is being done on new regulations, more robust systems are designed to address the concerns, and new methods and algorithms are introduced to detect the potential hardware and software issues. This dataset presents several fault types in control surfaces of a fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for use in Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) and Anomaly Detection (AD) research. Currently, the dataset includes processed data for 47 autonomous flights with 23 sudden full engine failure scenarios and 24 scenarios for seven other types of sudden control surface (actuator) faults, with a total of 66 minutes of flight in normal conditions and 13 minutes of post-fault flight time. It additionally includes many hours of raw data of fully-autonomous, autopilot-assisted and manual flights with tens of fault scenarios. The ground truth of the time and type of faults is provided in each scenario to enable the evaluation of new methods using the dataset. We have also provided the helper tools in several programming languages to load and work with the data and to help the evaluation of a detection method using the dataset. A set of metrics is proposed to help to compare different methods using the dataset. Most of the current fault detection methods are evaluated in simulation and as far as we know, this dataset is the only one providing the real flight data with faults in such capacity. We hope it will help advance the state-of-the-art in Anomaly Detection or FDI research for Autonomous Aerial Vehicles and mobile robots to enhance the safety of autonomous and remote flight operations further. Hardware: The platform used for collecting the dataset is a custom modification of the Carbon Z T-28 model plane. The plane has 2 meters of wingspan, a single electric engine in the front, ailerons, flaperons, an elevator, and a rudder. We equipped the aircraft with a Holybro PX4 2.4.6 autopilot, a Pitot Tube, a GPS module, and an Nvidia Jetson TX2 onboard computer. In addition to the receiver, we also equipped it with a radio for communication with the ground station. Software: The Pixhawk autopilot uses a custom version of Ardupilot/ArduPlane firmware to control the plane in both manual and autonomous modes and to create the simulations. The original firmware is modified from ArduPlane v3.9.0beta1 to allow disabling control surfaces during the flight. The onboard computer uses Robot Operating System(ROS) Kinetic Kame on Linux Ubuntu 16.04 (Xenial) to read the flight and state information from the Pixhawk using MAVROS package (the MAVLink node for ROS). More Information and Supplemental Tools Please visit http://theairlab.org/alfa-dataset for more information. It includes the description of each flight sequence, alternative download locations to view and download each individual flight sequence, correct citations to the relevant publications, supplemental code, and an open-source published method using the dataset. The corresponding paper explaining the dataset in more detail is currently under review in the International Journal of Robotics Research (IJRR). The pre-print (arXiv) of the paper can be accessed from our website at http://theairlab.org/alfa-dataset . The supplemental tools for reading and working with the dataset in C++, MATLAB and Python languages can be accessed from https://github.com/castacks/alfa-dataset. The repository also includes a C++ ROS-based tool for evaluating the new methods and all the ROS message type definitions for working directly with the ROS bags. Citing the Work Please refer to our website at http://theairlab.org/alfa-dataset to find the correct citation(s) if you are using this dataset.","author":[{"family":"Keipour","given":"Azarakhsh"},{"family":"Mousaei","given":"Mohammadreza"},{"family":"Scherer","given":"Sebastian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1184/r1/12707963","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1184/r1/12707963","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18610449","type":"article-journal","title":"Patent Application - System for Providing Essential Item to User - Blue Blocks Complete School (Acceptance: Pending)","abstract":"Complete patent application filed with the Indian Patent Office for a contactless delivery system using unmanned aerial vehicles with robotic arms. Application Details: Application Number: 202041027073 Filing Date: June 25, 2020 Patent Office: Chennai, India Status: Pending Patent Summary: The invention describes an automated, contactless delivery system employing an unmanned aerial vehicle (delivery unit) equipped with a robotic arm to safely distribute essential items. The system includes a server arrangement that processes user requests and generates optimized delivery routes. The delivery unit can autonomously collect items from specified locations, sanitize them using an onboard sprinkler system, and deliver them to users without any physical contact. The system was specifically designed to address delivery needs during pandemics and emergencies requiring social distancing. This patent application is archived on Zenodo as part of Blue Blocks Micro Research Institute's open-access research and innovation archive. Student Inventors: This patent application was filed to formally establish and recognize the inventive contributions of four students from Blue Blocks Complete School. The filing creates an official, timestamped record of their authorship and innovative problem-solving during the COVID-19 pandemic. Students' Open Science Vision: The choice to share this patent application publicly represents the students' active commitment to open science values. These young inventors view knowledge as a shared resource that should flow freely across boundaries rather than being locked behind proprietary walls. By choosing open access, they're practicing what they believe—that science progresses fastest when researchers, inventors, and curious minds can freely access, critique, and extend each other's work. While they appreciate the formal recognition that patent filing provides for their innovation, they've consciously decided that making their technical approach accessible to anyone who might need it, improve it, or adapt it is more valuable than restricting access. This decision reflects a mature understanding of how collaborative innovation works and a genuine belief in knowledge as a public good. This record is part of the Blue Blocks Micro Research Institute's broader commitment to documenting and publishing student-led innovation outputs, from patent filings to peer-reviewed research. Patent Agent: Sarasija Padmanabhan","author":[{"family":"Mani","given":"Akira"},{"family":"Vuppala","given":"Aditi"},{"family":"Jayaraman","given":"Uma"},{"family":"Vadlamudi","given":"Nayonika"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18610449","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18610449","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18610450","type":"article-journal","title":"Patent Application - System for Providing Essential Item to User - Blue Blocks Complete School (Acceptance: Pending)","abstract":"Complete patent application filed with the Indian Patent Office for a contactless delivery system using unmanned aerial vehicles with robotic arms. Application Details: Application Number: 202041027073 Filing Date: June 25, 2020 Patent Office: Chennai, India Status: Pending Patent Summary: The invention describes an automated, contactless delivery system employing an unmanned aerial vehicle (delivery unit) equipped with a robotic arm to safely distribute essential items. The system includes a server arrangement that processes user requests and generates optimized delivery routes. The delivery unit can autonomously collect items from specified locations, sanitize them using an onboard sprinkler system, and deliver them to users without any physical contact. The system was specifically designed to address delivery needs during pandemics and emergencies requiring social distancing. This patent application is archived on Zenodo as part of Blue Blocks Micro Research Institute's open-access research and innovation archive. Student Inventors: This patent application was filed to formally establish and recognize the inventive contributions of four students from Blue Blocks Complete School. The filing creates an official, timestamped record of their authorship and innovative problem-solving during the COVID-19 pandemic. Students' Open Science Vision: The choice to share this patent application publicly represents the students' active commitment to open science values. These young inventors view knowledge as a shared resource that should flow freely across boundaries rather than being locked behind proprietary walls. By choosing open access, they're practicing what they believe—that science progresses fastest when researchers, inventors, and curious minds can freely access, critique, and extend each other's work. While they appreciate the formal recognition that patent filing provides for their innovation, they've consciously decided that making their technical approach accessible to anyone who might need it, improve it, or adapt it is more valuable than restricting access. This decision reflects a mature understanding of how collaborative innovation works and a genuine belief in knowledge as a public good. This record is part of the Blue Blocks Micro Research Institute's broader commitment to documenting and publishing student-led innovation outputs, from patent filings to peer-reviewed research. Patent Agent: Sarasija Padmanabhan","author":[{"family":"Mani","given":"Akira"},{"family":"Vuppala","given":"Aditi"},{"family":"Jayaraman","given":"Uma"},{"family":"Vadlamudi","given":"Nayonika"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18610450","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18610450","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18610200","type":"article-journal","title":"Patent Application - System to Rescue Person - Blue Blocks Complete School (Acceptance: Pending)","abstract":"Complete patent application filed with the Indian Patent Office for a system to rescue persons from boreholes using unmanned aerial vehicles with retractable wings. Application Details: Application Number: 202041027026 Filing Date: June 25, 2020 Patent Office: Chennai, India Status: Pending Patent Summary: The invention describes a rescue system employing an unmanned aerial vehicle (rescue unit) with retractable wings designed to navigate narrow boreholes. The system includes anti-collision sensors, imaging capabilities for real-time monitoring, and a foldable platform to safely extract individuals trapped in boreholes. The rescue unit is controlled remotely by a rescuer using visual feedback and sensor data to manage the rescue operation. This patent application is archived on Zenodo as part of Blue Blocks Micro Research Institute's open-access research and innovation archive. Student Inventors: This patent application was filed to officially document and recognize the inventive contributions of three students from Blue Blocks Complete School. The filing provides formal proof of their authorship and establishes a dated record of their innovative problem-solving work. Open Science Commitment by Students: Making this patent application freely accessible was a deliberate choice made by the student inventors themselves. They are strong advocates for open science and believe that restricting access to knowledge limits collective progress. Rather than keeping their work proprietary, these students chose transparency and collaboration—demonstrating their conviction that scientific advancement happens most effectively when ideas flow freely. While they value having their names formally attached to this innovation through the patent system, they prioritize the potential for others to learn from, adapt, and improve upon their work. This decision exemplifies their understanding that the greatest impact comes not from holding ideas close, but from releasing them into the world where they can inspire further innovation. This record is part of the Blue Blocks Micro Research Institute's broader commitment to documenting and publishing student-led innovation outputs, from patent fillings to peer-reviewed research. Patent Agent: Sarasija Padmanabhan","author":[{"family":"Singh Bangari","given":"Dhairya"},{"family":"Padhy","given":"Sanshray"},{"family":"Ayushmaan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18610200","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18610200","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18610199","type":"article-journal","title":"Patent Application - System to Rescue Person - Blue Blocks Complete School (Acceptance: Pending)","abstract":"Complete patent application filed with the Indian Patent Office for a system to rescue persons from boreholes using unmanned aerial vehicles with retractable wings. Application Details: Application Number: 202041027026 Filing Date: June 25, 2020 Patent Office: Chennai, India Status: Pending Patent Summary: The invention describes a rescue system employing an unmanned aerial vehicle (rescue unit) with retractable wings designed to navigate narrow boreholes. The system includes anti-collision sensors, imaging capabilities for real-time monitoring, and a foldable platform to safely extract individuals trapped in boreholes. The rescue unit is controlled remotely by a rescuer using visual feedback and sensor data to manage the rescue operation. This patent application is archived on Zenodo as part of Blue Blocks Micro Research Institute's open-access research and innovation archive. Student Inventors: This patent application was filed to officially document and recognize the inventive contributions of three students from Blue Blocks Complete School. The filing provides formal proof of their authorship and establishes a dated record of their innovative problem-solving work. Open Science Commitment by Students: Making this patent application freely accessible was a deliberate choice made by the student inventors themselves. They are strong advocates for open science and believe that restricting access to knowledge limits collective progress. Rather than keeping their work proprietary, these students chose transparency and collaboration—demonstrating their conviction that scientific advancement happens most effectively when ideas flow freely. While they value having their names formally attached to this innovation through the patent system, they prioritize the potential for others to learn from, adapt, and improve upon their work. This decision exemplifies their understanding that the greatest impact comes not from holding ideas close, but from releasing them into the world where they can inspire further innovation. This record is part of the Blue Blocks Micro Research Institute's broader commitment to documenting and publishing student-led innovation outputs, from patent fillings to peer-reviewed research. Patent Agent: Sarasija Padmanabhan","author":[{"family":"Singh Bangari","given":"Dhairya"},{"family":"Padhy","given":"Sanshray"},{"family":"Ayushmaan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18610199","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18610199","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2403.10830","type":"manuscript","title":"View-Centric Multi-Object Tracking with Homographic Matching in Moving UAV","abstract":"In this paper, we address the challenge of Multi-Object Tracking (MOT) in moving Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) scenarios, where irregular flight trajectories, such as hovering, turning left/right, and moving up/down, lead to significantly greater complexity compared to fixed-camera MOT. Specifically, changes in the scene background not only render traditional frame-to-frame object IoU association methods ineffective but also introduce significant view shifts in the objects, which complicates tracking. To overcome these issues, we propose a novel HomView-MOT framework, which for the first time, harnesses the view homography inherent in changing scenes to solve MOT challenges in moving environments, incorporating homographic matching and view-centric concepts. We introduce a Fast Homography Estimation (FHE) algorithm for rapid computation of homography matrices between video frames, enabling object View-Centric ID Learning (VCIL) and leveraging multi-view homography to learn cross-view ID features. Concurrently, our Homographic Matching Filter (HMF) maps object bounding boxes from different frames onto a common view plane for a more realistic physical IoU association. Extensive experiments have proven that these innovations allow HomView-MOT to achieve state-of-the-art performance on prominent UAV MOT datasets VisDrone and UAVDT.","author":[{"family":"Ji","given":"Deyi"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Lanyun"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Siqi"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yiru"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Hongtao"},{"family":"Ye","given":"Jieping"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Feng"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Feng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2403.10830","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.10830","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2112.02735","type":"manuscript","title":"A Dataset of Stationary, Fixed-wing Aircraft on a Collision Course for Vision-Based Sense and Avoid","abstract":"The emerging global market for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) services is anticipated to reach USD 58.4 billion by 2026, spurring significant efforts to safely integrate routine UAV operations into the national airspace in a manner that they do not compromise the existing safety levels. The commercial use of UAVs would be enhanced by an ability to sense and avoid potential mid-air collision threats however research in this field is hindered by the lack of available datasets as they are expensive and technically complex to capture. In this paper we present a dataset for vision based aircraft detection. The dataset consists of 15 image sequences containing 55,521 images of a fixed-wing aircraft approaching a stationary, grounded camera. Ground truth labels and a performance benchmark are also provided. To our knowledge, this is the first public dataset for studying medium sized, fixed-wing aircraft on a collision course with the observer. The full dataset and ground truth labels are publicly available at https://qcr.github.io/dataset/aircraft-collision-course/.","author":[{"family":"Martin","given":"Jasmin"},{"family":"Riseley","given":"Jenna"},{"family":"Ford","given":"Jason"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2112.02735","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2112.02735","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2411.11998","type":"manuscript","title":"Uncertainty Propagation and Minimization for Channel Estimation in UAV-mounted RIS Systems","abstract":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) are emerging as a key technology for sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks, leveraging adjustable reflecting elements to dynamically control electromagnetic wave propagation and optimize wireless connectivity. By positioning the RIS on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), it can maintain line-of-sight and proximity to both the transmitter and receiver, critical factors that mitigate path loss and enhance signal strength. The lightweight, power-efficient nature of RIS makes UAV integration feasible, yet the setup faces significant disturbances from UAV motion, which can degrade RIS alignment and link performance. In this study, we address these challenges using both experimental measurements and analytical methods. Using an extended Kalman filter (EKF), we estimate the UAV's orientation in real time during experimental flights to capture real disturbance effects. The resulting orientation uncertainty is then propagated to the RIS's channel estimates by applying the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) framework as well as complex-valued propagation techniques to accurately assess and minimize the impact of UAV orientation uncertainties on RIS performance. This method enables us to systematically trace and quantify how orientation uncertainties affect channel gain and phase stability in real-time. Through numerical simulations, we find that the uncertainty of the RIS channel link is influenced by the RIS's configuration. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the uncertainty area is most accurately represented by an annular section, enabling a 58% reduction in the uncertainty area while maintaining a 95% coverage probability.","author":[{"family":"Weinberger","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Müller","given":"David"},{"family":"Mönnigmann","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Sezgin","given":"Aydin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2411.11998","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2411.11998","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2208.04883","type":"manuscript","title":"Neural-Rendezvous: Provably Robust Guidance and Control to Encounter Interstellar Objects","abstract":"Interstellar objects (ISOs) are likely representatives of primitive materials invaluable in understanding exoplanetary star systems. Due to their poorly constrained orbits with generally high inclinations and relative velocities, however, exploring ISOs with conventional human-in-the-loop approaches is significantly challenging. This paper presents Neural-Rendezvous -- a deep learning-based guidance and control framework for encountering fast-moving objects, including ISOs, robustly, accurately, and autonomously in real time. It uses pointwise minimum norm tracking control on top of a guidance policy modeled by a spectrally-normalized deep neural network, where its hyperparameters are tuned with a loss function directly penalizing the MPC state trajectory tracking error. We show that Neural-Rendezvous provides a high probability exponential bound on the expected spacecraft delivery error, the proof of which leverages stochastic incremental stability analysis. In particular, it is used to construct a non-negative function with a supermartingale property, explicitly accounting for the ISO state uncertainty and the local nature of nonlinear state estimation guarantees. In numerical simulations, Neural-Rendezvous is demonstrated to satisfy the expected error bound for 100 ISO candidates. This performance is also empirically validated using our spacecraft simulator and in high-conflict and distributed UAV swarm reconfiguration with up to 20 UAVs.","author":[{"family":"Tsukamoto","given":"Hiroyasu"},{"family":"Chung","given":"Soon"},{"family":"Nakka","given":"Yashwanth"},{"family":"Donitz","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Mages","given":"Declan"},{"family":"Ingham","given":"Michel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2208.04883","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2208.04883","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2204.08594","type":"manuscript","title":"CoDe: A Cooperative and Decentralized Collision Avoidance Algorithm for Small-Scale UAV Swarms Considering Energy Efficiency","abstract":"This paper introduces a cooperative and decentralized collision avoidance algorithm (CoDe) for small-scale UAV swarms consisting of up to three UAVs. CoDe improves energy efficiency of UAVs by achieving effective cooperation among UAVs. Moreover, CoDe is specifically tailored for UAV's operations by addressing the challenges faced by existing schemes, such as ineffectiveness in selecting actions from continuous action spaces and high computational complexity. CoDe is based on Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), and finds cooperative policies by incorporating a novel credit assignment scheme. The novel credit assignment scheme estimates the contribution of an individual by subtracting a baseline from the joint action value for the swarm. The credit assignment scheme in CoDe outperforms other benchmarks as the baseline takes into account not only the importance of a UAV's action but also the interrelation between UAVs. Furthermore, extensive experiments are conducted against existing MARL-based and conventional heuristic-based algorithms to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed algorithm.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Shuangyao"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Haibo"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Zhiyi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2204.08594","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2204.08594","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.14511470","type":"article-journal","title":"Dataset for Machine Teaching in Swarm Metaverse under Different Levels of Autonomy","abstract":"This dataset contains human demonstration data collected in the Swarm Metaverse. This data is collected from two system experts under two levels of autonomy: high and low. The Swarm Metaverse enables a human to control a swarm of UGVs via a virtual UAV, by leveraging the shepherding model. The data is described and anaylsed in the following publication:Hussein A, Nguyen H, Abbass HA. 2024 Machine teaching in Swarm Metaverse under different levels of autonomy. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 383: 20240149. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2024.0149) The details of Swarm Metaverse can be found here: Nguyen H, Hussein A, Garratt MA, Abbass HA. 2023 Swarm Metaverse for Multi-Level Autonomy Using Digital Twins. Sensors 23. (doi:10.3390/s23104892)","author":[{"family":"Hussein","given":"Aya"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Hung"},{"family":"Abbass","given":"Hussein"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.14511470","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14511470","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.14511469","type":"article-journal","title":"Dataset for Machine Teaching in Swarm Metaverse under Different Levels of Autonomy","abstract":"This dataset contains human demonstration data collected in the Swarm Metaverse. This data is collected from two system experts under two levels of autonomy: high and low. The Swarm Metaverse enables a human to control a swarm of UGVs via a virtual UAV, by leveraging the shepherding model. The data is described and anaylsed in the following publication:Hussein A, Nguyen H, Abbass HA. 2024 Machine teaching in Swarm Metaverse under different levels of autonomy. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 383: 20240149. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2024.0149) The details of Swarm Metaverse can be found here: Nguyen H, Hussein A, Garratt MA, Abbass HA. 2023 Swarm Metaverse for Multi-Level Autonomy Using Digital Twins. Sensors 23. (doi:10.3390/s23104892)","author":[{"family":"Hussein","given":"Aya"},{"family":"Nguyen","given":"Hung"},{"family":"Abbass","given":"Hussein"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.14511469","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14511469","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2211.14931","type":"manuscript","title":"UAV-Assisted Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks: A Technical Review of Recent Learning Algorithms","abstract":"Recent technological advancements in space, air, and ground components have made possible a new network paradigm called space-air-ground integrated network (SAGIN). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a key role in SAGINs. However, due to UAVs' high dynamics and complexity, real-world deployment of a SAGIN becomes a significant barrier to realizing such SAGINs. UAVs are expected to meet key performance requirements with limited maneuverability and resources with space and terrestrial components. Therefore, employing UAVs in various usage scenarios requires well-designed planning in algorithmic approaches. This paper provides an essential review and analysis of recent learning algorithms in a UAV-assisted SAGIN. We consider possible reward functions and discuss the state-of-the-art algorithms for optimizing the reward functions, including Q-learning, deep Q-learning, multi-armed bandit, particle swarm optimization, and satisfaction-based learning algorithms. Unlike other survey papers, we focus on the methodological perspective of the optimization problem, applicable to various missions on a SAGIN. We consider real-world configurations and the 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) UAV trajectories to reflect deployment cases. Our simulations suggest the 3D satisfaction-based learning algorithm outperforms other approaches in most cases. With open challenges discussed at the end, we aim to provide design and deployment guidelines for UAV-assisted SAGINs.","author":[{"family":"Arani","given":"Atefeh"},{"family":"Hu","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Yeying"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2211.14931","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2211.14931","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2407.09342","type":"manuscript","title":"MIXED-SENSE: A Mixed Reality Sensor Emulation Framework for Test and Evaluation of UAVs Against False Data Injection Attacks","abstract":"We present a high-fidelity Mixed Reality sensor emulation framework for testing and evaluating the resilience of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) against false data injection (FDI) attacks. The proposed approach can be utilized to assess the impact of FDI attacks, benchmark attack detector performance, and validate the effectiveness of mitigation/reconfiguration strategies in single-UAV and UAV swarm operations. Our Mixed Reality framework leverages high-fidelity simulations of Gazebo and a Motion Capture system to emulate proprioceptive (e.g., GNSS) and exteroceptive (e.g., camera) sensor measurements in real-time. We propose an empirical approach to faithfully recreate signal characteristics such as latency and noise in these measurements. Finally, we illustrate the efficacy of our proposed framework through a Mixed Reality experiment consisting of an emulated GNSS attack on an actual UAV, which (i) demonstrates the impact of false data injection attacks on GNSS measurements and (ii) validates a mitigation strategy utilizing a distributed camera network developed in our previous work. Our open-source implementation is available at \\href{https://github.com/CogniPilot/mixed\\_sense}{\\texttt{https://github.com/CogniPilot/mixed\\_sense}}","author":[{"family":"Pant","given":"Kartik"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Li"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Jaehyeok"},{"family":"Sribunma","given":"Worawis"},{"family":"Goppert","given":"James"},{"family":"Hwang","given":"Inseok"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.09342","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2407.09342","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.18729","type":"manuscript","title":"Fast Swarming of UAVs in GNSS-denied Feature-poor Environments without Explicit Communication","abstract":"A decentralized swarm approach for the fast cooperative flight of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in feature-poor environments without any external localization and communication is introduced in this paper. A novel model of a UAV neighborhood is proposed to achieve robust onboard mutual perception and flocking state feedback control, which is designed to decrease the inter-agent oscillations common in standard reactive swarm models employed in fast collective motion. The novel swarming methodology is supplemented with an enhanced Multi-Robot State Estimation (MRSE) strategy to increase the reliability of the purely onboard localization, which may be unreliable in real environments. Although MRSE and the neighborhood model may rely on information exchange between agents, we introduce a communication-less version of the swarming framework based on estimating communicated states to decrease dependence on the often unreliable communication networks of large swarms. The proposed solution has been verified by a set of complex real-world experiments to demonstrate its overall capability in different conditions, including a UAV interception-motivated task with a group velocity reaching the physical limits of the individual hardware platforms.","author":[{"family":"Horyna","given":"Jiri"},{"family":"Kratky","given":"Vit"},{"family":"Pritzl","given":"Vaclav"},{"family":"Baca","given":"Tomas"},{"family":"Ferrante","given":"Eliseo"},{"family":"Saska","given":"Martin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2404.18729","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2404.18729","source":"datacite"},{"id":"oa:W3184940860","type":"article-journal","title":"Propulsion Configuration Design and Analysis for an eVTOL Passenger Air Shuttle","abstract":"View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-3290.vid This paper describes the design maturation of an electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft for urban air mobility. This work aims to build upon previous work on the propulsion design to ensure the vehicle is stable and airworthy using GeneAl, a python based genetic algorithm. The design aspects used in the genetic algorithm for this study are wing position, planform dimensions, number of propulsors and their span-wise position. Additionally, a detailed powertrain configuration analyzed using Simulink is also presented. Aerodynamic efficiency of various propulsion configurations and power requirements will be evaluated and the final design presented.","author":[{"family":"Ayar","given":"Nina"},{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Mujahid"},{"family":"Nocon","given":"Kamil"},{"family":"Patel","given":"Roshan"},{"family":"Green","given":"TC"},{"family":"Reband","given":"John"},{"family":"Haran","given":"Kiruba"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2021-3290","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-3290","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3114145059","type":"article-journal","title":"Baseline procedure for conceptual designing of an eVTOL for Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is a long-desired service which will revolutionize the present transportation facilities, by introducing air mobility for on-demand aviation. Due to the continuous increase in population, road traffic is increasing at alarming rates and the problem of congestion is also increasing in metro cities. These new services will provide improved ways for individuals to go around urban communities and urban territories while decreasing blockage. eVTOLs are aircraft that are capable of Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) with no requirement of run-up space and are tremendously getting popular when it comes to UAM due to the important factor of clean propulsion with zero-emission. The industry is rapidly proposing and adopting new vehicle concepts to meet consumer demands and hence conceptually designing these vehicles with basic guidelines will set a preliminary foundation for more innovative technologies to come. This research work sets a baseline procedure and an initial iteration example for the industries and upcoming companies in this sector hence focuses on the Conceptual designing of eVTOLs. The novelty of the presented work lies in enhanced eVTOL configuration using coaxial ducted tilt rotors with wings.","author":[{"family":"Jain","given":"Akshat"},{"family":"Bavikar","given":"Kunal"},{"family":"Sanjay","given":"A"},{"family":"Gupta","given":"Manan"},{"family":"Gupta","given":"Burela"},{"family":"Dineshkumar","given":"H"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/iceca49313.2020.9297649","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iceca49313.2020.9297649","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3185068929","type":"article-journal","title":"Assessing the Suitability of Urban Air Mobility Vehicles for a Specific Aerodrome Network","abstract":"View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-3208.vid A wide array of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles are in various stages of development. The addition of these vehicles to the Urban Air Mobility (UAM) market would provide more options for short to medium distance aerial transportation, filling the niche that is currently occupied by helicopters. However, the costs and benefits of adopting these vehicles are reliant on many different factors related to both the aircraft and its operating environment. This paper compares 13 UAM vehicles (12 emerging eVTOL vehicles and one helicopter) using a Direct Operating Cost (DOC) model developed by the authors to compute economic metrics. With the computed DOC values for each vehicle, a computational framework determines, from a set of known passenger trips in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, the number of passenger trips that would use UAM as part of the total trip. These assessments use a specific network of aerodromes in the Chicago Metropolitan Area using existing sites that could support UAM aircraft operations. From the results, we infer important vehicle characteristics and preferable vehicle configurations for the specific aerodrome network that lead to the highest number of passenger trips utilizing UAM.","author":[{"family":"Howard","given":"Ryan"},{"family":"Wright","given":"Ethan"},{"family":"Mudumba","given":"Sai"},{"family":"Gunady","given":"Nicholas"},{"family":"Sells","given":"Brandon"},{"family":"Maheshwari","given":"Apoorv"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2021-3208","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-3208","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4200436658","type":"article-journal","title":"Optimal Design of High Speed Electric Ducted Fan for Private eVTOL Considering Specific Power and Temperature Distribution","abstract":"This paper details a permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM) design of the high-speed electric ducted fan with small blade diameter for private eVTOL. The key challenge in the design is to trade off specific power and temperature distribution under fixed outer diameter limit. This paper analyzes the influence of split ratio on specific current loading and loss. The appropriate split ratio and pole/slot combination of the motor are determined to improve the specific power of the motor and avoid excessive temperature rise. Two air-cooled heat dissipation modes corresponding to aircraft take-off and cruise process are adopted for thermal analysis of the motor. The simulation results prove the reliability and validity of the designed motor.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Weikang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhuoran"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Wenxin"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Huamin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.23919/icems52562.2021.9634242","URL":"https://doi.org/10.23919/icems52562.2021.9634242","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4312938626","type":"article-journal","title":"eVTOL Rotor Noise Study Using Combined Comprehensive Modeling with Acoustic Analysis","abstract":"Interest in eVTOL air vehicles has increased significantly in recent years. Most development efforts for eVTOL aircraft have addressed conventional performance objectives. However, the acoustic noise remains a critical aspect that must be dealt with due to its significant impact on operations. This paper summarizes a study of eVTOL rotor acoustic noise variation using a CFD augmented comprehensive rotorcraft modeling and simulation tool combined with acoustic analysis that was validated against measured eVTOL drone rotor noise data. The paper presents a thorough parametric investigation of the variation of the rotor/propeller acoustic signature with emphasis on the broadband noise that often dominates in eVTOL rotor/propeller operation. The parametric study has investigated the effect of a range of rotor parameters, including number of rotor blades, rotor solidity, tip Mach number, blade planform (e.g., chord distribution), etc. The study has revealed important acoustic characteristics of eVTOL rotors. Several findings from the study are fundamentally unique to eVTOL rotors, which provide physical insight into supporting low noise eVTOL rotor/propeller design and development.","author":[{"family":"He","given":"Chengjian"},{"family":"Baeder","given":"James"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Jeewoong"},{"family":"Ware","given":"Chris"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Seungjoon"},{"family":"Jung","given":"Yong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0077-2021-16688","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0077-2021-16688","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3121064773","type":"article-journal","title":"Rapid Aero Modeling for Urban Air Mobility Aircraft in Wind-Tunnel Tests","abstract":"View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-1644.vid Rapid Aero Modeling (RAM) applied to wind tunnel testing, RAM-T, is an approach to efficiently and automatically obtain aerodynamic models during testing. The approach saves time and resources by responding to the demand for experimental efficiency and model fidelity. Motivation for this demand is more acute when investigating a class of vehicles categorized as Urban Air Mobility (UAM) aircraft where many features from both aircraft and rotorcraft are present. RAM-T provides a feedback loop around the test facility to guide the test toward high-fidelity, statistically rigorous aircraft models. The general RAM approach is applicable to computational or physical experiments. It combines concepts from design of experiment theory and aircraft system identification theory that allow the user the freedom to choose, in advance of the test, a specific level of fidelity in terms of prediction error. RAM only collects data required to meet the user-specified fidelity and fidelity is only limited by the facility and test article capabilities. This paper presents results from tests conducted for development of an automated RAM-T technology. The results highlight some of the unique features of RAM applied to eVTOL configurations.","author":[{"family":"Murphy","given":"Patrick"},{"family":"Simmons","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Hatke","given":"David"},{"family":"Busan","given":"Ronald"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2021-1644","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-1644","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4296492630","type":"article-journal","title":"On the prediction of noise generated by urban air mobility (UAM) vehicles. II. Implementation of the Farassat F1A formulation into a modern surface-vorticity panel solver","abstract":"This study focuses on the integration of established acoustic prediction techniques directly into a surface-vorticity solver. The main objective is to enhance an aircraft designer's ability to characterize the acoustic signatures generated by urban air mobility (UAM) vehicles, in general, and distributed electric propulsion (DEP) concepts, in particular, including unmanned aerial vehicles. Our solver consists of a reliable, surface-vorticity panel code that incorporates viscous boundary-layer corrections. Thus, it offers a computationally efficient commercial tool for conceptual design and preliminary aerodynamic analysis. By implementing the Farassat F1A acoustics formulation directly into the solver, a new intuitive capability is achieved, which is both conversive with modern engineering tools and efficient in setup and speed of execution. In addition to its application to the X-57 high-lift propeller and the Revolutionary Vertical Lift Technology Tiltwing electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) vehicle by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, this capability is systematically demonstrated using three particular case studies. These consist of both single- and six-propeller Joby S4 eVTOL as well as a small eight-propeller Kittyhawk KH-H1 DEP vehicle. Although the details of this tool and underlying equations are showcased in this article, the acoustic metrics that can be effectively used to characterize the noise level generated by a UAM in flight are described in a companion article. By embedding this assortment of insightful metrics into a simple and user-friendly flow solver, a much improved flow-acoustic analysis capability is thereby provided to support the design of future aircraft.","author":[{"family":"Ahuja","given":"Vivek"},{"family":"Little","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Majdalani","given":"Joseph"},{"family":"Hartfield","given":"Roy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1063/5.0105002","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0105002","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3183760008","type":"article-journal","title":"Adaptive model predictive control of a six-rotor electric vertical take-off and landing urban air mobility aircraft subject to motor failure during hovering","abstract":"In this article, motor failure control of a six-rotor electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) urban air mobility aircraft is investigated using adaptive model predictive control (MPC) based on the linear parameter-varying (LPV) model developed using the nonlinear rigid-body aircraft model. For capturing the aircraft dynamics under motor failure conditions, a family of linearized models are obtained by trimming the nonlinear aircraft model at multiple equilibrium conditions and the LPV model is obtained by linking the linear models using the failed rotor speed, where the system transition from healthy to failure is modeled by a scheduling parameter calculated based on failed rotor speed caused by available motor peak power after failure. The proposed adaptive MPC is developed to optimize the system output performance, including the rigid-body aircraft velocity and altitude, by using quadratic programming optimization with reference compensation subject to a set of time-varying constraints representing the current available propeller acceleration calculated based on the motor power. Simulation study is conducted based on the developed LPV control design and original nonlinear rigid-body model, and the simulation results demonstrate that the designed adaptive MPC controller is able to recover and maintain the aircraft at desired stable condition after motor failure.","author":[{"family":"Qu","given":"Shen"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Guoming"},{"family":"Su","given":"Weihua"},{"family":"Swei","given":"Sean"},{"family":"Hashimoto","given":"Mariko"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Tao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1177/09544100211032434","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544100211032434","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3192352814","type":"article-journal","title":"Toward inclusion of atmospheric effects in the aircraft community noise predictions","abstract":"This paper presents an atmospheric propagation model, based on ray acoustics, that accounts for realistic weather conditions in the evaluation of the noise footprint of an aircraft. Noise sources, obtained using the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings acoustic analogy applied to scale-resolved flow simulation data, are stored on a hemisphere surrounding the vehicle. These noise sources are propagated using a propagation model that takes into account the vertical variability of air temperature and wind velocity. The electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, presented by Casalino, van der Velden, and Romani [(2019). in Proceedings of the AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum, January 7-11, San Diego, CA, pp. 1834-1851], is used as a case study; noise footprints, obtained considering various vertically varying temperature and wind velocity distributions, are compared. It is shown that weather conditions in the acoustic wave propagation can contribute to mismatch up to 4 dBA in the illuminated zone and a significant drop in the refractive shadow zone caused by the vertical air temperature and wind velocity gradients. This work constitutes the first accomplishment in including realistic atmospheric effects in aircraft community noise prediction based on scale-resolved flow simulations.","author":[{"family":"Yunus","given":"Furkat"},{"family":"Casalino","given":"Damiano"},{"family":"Avallone","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Ragni","given":"Daniele"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1121/10.0005733","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0005733","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4288780051","type":"article-journal","title":"Trim Envelope Calculations for a Tiltrotor in Forward Flight, Hover and Transitions","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is a future mode of transportation that will require revolutionary new electronic vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicle concepts and operations. One of the challenges for these eVTOL vehicles will be the complexity of the flight control task which requires operation in hover, forward flight and the transition between the two. The trim envelope is an important piece of information for analyzing which airspeeds and either flight path angles or vertical speeds are safely achievable in each flight regime. The largest share of the vehicle concept designs for UAM are some kind of vectored thrust vehicle, highlighting the importance of analyzing these flight regime transitions. This papercalculates and compares the trim envelopes for a generic tiltrotor aircraft model for different rotor tilt angles. Preliminary results confirm a narrow transition corridor that is a well-known characteristic of tiltrotor aircraft","author":[{"family":"Lombaerts","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Shish","given":"Kimberlee"},{"family":"Kaneshige","given":"John"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.07.195","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.07.195","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4393186415","type":"article-journal","title":"ISUAM: Intelligent and Safe UAM with Deep Reinforcement Learning","abstract":"Urban air mobility (UAM) is on the verge of a fast-growing expansion as the major aircraft manufacturers are in the late-stage development of various Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft models. In recent decades, conflict detection and resolution (CD&R) in air traffic management has been widely studied. However, factors such as the wide availability of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), the expected use of eVTOL, and the latest development of groundbreaking deep reinforcement learning (DRL) have generated new interest in this research field. Some characteristics of this new aircraft type, such as weight, speed, and maneuverability, require a revisit of the CD&R for adaptation to the new paradigm. We propose an Intelligent and Safe UAM with Deep Reinforcement Learning (ISUAM) system that can perform tactical deviation maneuvers in the UAM environment using some latest DRL models. After extensive testing, including various DRL agents, Dueling Deep Q Networks (Dueling DQN) has provided the best performance and proved its ability to provide satisfactory conflict resolution.","author":[{"family":"Garcia","given":"Cristiano"},{"family":"Weigang","given":"Li"},{"family":"Hirata","given":"Nina"},{"family":"Neumann","given":"Clóvis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109/icpads60453.2023.00064","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icpads60453.2023.00064","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3164784210","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerodynamic analysis and static stability analysis of Manned/unmanned distributed propulsion aircrafts using actuator methods","abstract":"The development of personal aerial vehicles (PAVs) using electric power distributed propulsion methods is rapidly growing. As the aerodynamic performance and flight stability characteristics can be significantly affected by multiple-propeller operation, aerodynamic analysis reflecting the power-on effect is required for design/development. Simulating all propellers using the general computational fluid dynamics is inefficient in terms of computational time and cost. Therefore, this study evaluates the practicality of actuator methods in the aerodynamic analysis of two aircrafts with multiple propellers: a quad tilt propeller (QTP) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and an optionally piloted personal air vehicle (OPPAV) of the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI). The normal and side forces generated by the propellers under various angle of attack and sideslip angle conditions are found to be the most contributing factors to the deterioration in the aircraft longitudinal and directional static stabilities, respectively. The forces and moments generated by the propellers are found to make both longitudinal and directional stabilities of the QTP UAV unstable. However, the OPPAV appears to remain stable state even with the operating propellers. We conclude that actuator methods, being computationally efficient in terms of cost, time, and accuracy, possess great potential for aerodynamic analysis in various related industries.","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Dahye"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Ye"},{"family":"Oh","given":"Sejong"},{"family":"Park","given":"Young"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Jae"},{"family":"Park","given":"Donghun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.jweia.2021.104648","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2021.104648","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4283211209","type":"article-journal","title":"Enhanced Performance Prediction of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Powered eVTOL UAV","abstract":"View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-3382.vid The purpose of this paper is to increase the accuracy of eVTOL UAV performance prediction at steady-level-flight conditions. eVTOL UAV is powered by hydrogen fuel cell and battery. Inhouse program ADSP, which is capable of analyzing and optimizing fuel powered aircraft such as VLA, UAV, and UCAV is used as a baseline analysis program. Since ADPS can only perform for fuel powered aircraft, ADSP is upgraded for the battery and hydrogen fuel cell powered eVTOL UAV. However, applied methods in the ADSP are based on statical equations and numerical methods, as a result, the performance cannot be accurately predicted. Therefore, surrogate models for each discipline are developed by collecting high-fidelity data including experimental data and CFD results, and according to the analysis code framework. The aerodynamics analysis fidelity is improved by CFD data, propulsion analysis fidelity is increased by conducting experimental data, in addition, the hydrogen fuel cell experimental data are also used to correct the efficiency to predict the fuel consumption. The high accuracy performance is predicted by integrating the fidelity enhanced model of each discipline, physically. This paper shows an effective integration method for predicting the enhanced performance of eVTOL UAVs in a practical approach. Not only the performance of different flight modes but also the whole flight mission can be predicted. Inhouse program ADSP analysis is used as a baseline, and improved fidelity analysis is used as enhanced analysis, which is compared for performance and mission analysis. The analysis results show that the enhanced analysis prediction results of drag, power, and energy required at forwarding flight are almost 2 times higher than the baseline analysis resulting in lower maximum endurance and lower maximum range which is more realistic to actual flight.","author":[{"family":"Thu","given":"Zin"},{"family":"Ahn","given":"Jae"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Jae"},{"family":"Kwon","given":"Do"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Yeonju"},{"family":"Won","given":"Woon"},{"family":"Tyan","given":"Maxim"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Jae"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.2514/6.2022-3382","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-3382","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3128724560","type":"article-journal","title":"Optimal Control Based Flight Control Law Clearance for eVTOL Using Postoptimal Sensitivity Analysis","abstract":"In this paper, the effectiveness of the optimal control-based method for clearance problem is investigated, which examines the robustness of the control law by searching for the worst conditions. Specifically, the method is applied to a novel-configured electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft with uncertain parameters considered. The criterion under research is the normal load factor limit exceedance criterion. By applying the bi-level optimization scheme, worst-case controls and parameters values are determined in two layers of problems to find the highest load factor that is likely to violate the criterion. The post-optimal sensitivity analysis on the cost function is carried out at the optimal point of the nominal problem. This method helps decide the influence of each parameter and reduce the dimension of the parameter space of the upper-level problem by selecting a subset of parameters. The methods mentioned above appear to perform well and can efficiently be applied to the parameter-dependent clearance problem.","author":[{"family":"Wen","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Weizhong"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1109/cac51589.2020.9327632","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cac51589.2020.9327632","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3044754945","type":"article-journal","title":"Wireless Communication for Flying Cars","abstract":"Abstract The existing ground-based transportation systems suffer from various challenges, mainly the high cost of infrastructure development, limited land space, and the growing urban population. Therefore, the automotive and aviation industries are collaborating to develop flying cars, also knows as electric vertical takeoff and landing aircrafts (eVTOLs). These eVTOLs will enable reliable and rapid urban and suburban transportation. Safe operation of eVTOLs will require well-developed wireless communication networks. However, existing communication technologies need advancement to provide services to flying cars. We report various potential solutions that are feasible for communication among the eVTOLs and with the ground. These possibilities include on-ground three-dimensional cellular networks, tethered balloons, high altitude platforms, and satellites.","author":[{"family":"Saeed","given":"Nasir"},{"family":"Al-Naffouri","given":"Tareq"},{"family":"Alouini","given":"Mohamed‐slim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-155561/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-155561/v1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4383762872","type":"article-journal","title":"Wind Tunnel Testing and Analysis of a Rigid, Variable Speed Rotor for eVTOL Applications","abstract":"Many electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft intended for the urban air mobility (UAM) market are currently being designed with multirotor configurations using variable speed fixed-pitch, rigid rotors for lift. These types of rotors, which are similar in construction to general aviation airplane propellers, are simpler than helicopter rotors and have no moving parts in the rotating frame. This paper discusses wind-tunnel testing of a full-scale, UAM multirotor size, fixed-pitch, rigid rotor with a focus on vibratory blade loads and on the ability to predict these loads with comprehensive analysis. Test results show that vibratory loads are very high, with peak-to-peak magnitudes up to three times greater than the steady component. Correlation of test data to comprehensive analysis using geometrically exact composite beam structural elements and dynamic inflow wake modeling captures the trends in the steady and vibratory loads, but under-predicts the magnitudes by up to 50%. The paper also discusses the physical sources of the observed vibratory loads and suggests potential options for mitigating their magnitude.","author":[{"family":"Staruk","given":"William"},{"family":"Bonny","given":"Evan"},{"family":"Butt","given":"Lauren"},{"family":"Gray","given":"Cody"},{"family":"Hennig","given":"Garrett"},{"family":"Represa","given":"Diego"},{"family":"Toner","given":"Richard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0076-2020-16411","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0076-2020-16411","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W3213076816","type":"article-journal","title":"Scenarios for the Use of eVTOLs Using Multiagent SystemsWith Netlogo:Comparison Of Parameters And The Impact On UAM","abstract":"Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) has been used in the most diverse applications, as electric vehicles and having a small size, they could land in small spaces and maybe in dense urban areas. Another type of vehicle used is the Unmanned air vehicle (UAV), which doesn't need user (human) control. The future of the development of this technology is the use of these vehicles to make deliveries and transportation of people and many others, having many vehicles making transit in small areas, leading to traffic jams. Despite this, most research focuses on scenarios with only one or a few agents. These scenarios, however, do not reflect the reality expected in the future, including multiple aircraft controlled by different entities, with diverse goals. These scenarios, mainly urban and used in dense areas, with many vehicles having to share the same air space, the normal Air Traffic Management (ATM) could not handle this new traffic, of hundreds of small and autonomous vehicles, in a central city region, this requires specific rules that have been called UAM (Urban Air Mobility). Bringing issues as safety and rules regarding the organization of this new system. This work aims to present scenarios using computer simulations created based on a multi-agent simulation tool or a Multi-Agent System (MAS). The MAS has the advantage that we could create and simulate more powerfully the existence of multiple vehicles (or agents) that act independently, as would happen in a real situation. This tool uses the Netlogo language and allows the modeling of multiple UAVs with stochastic trajectories created in a decentralized way, verifying how the model deals with conflicts and obstacles, highlighting some challenges and capabilities of UAM. Presenting some scenarios, using different parameters, such as aircraft by distinct capacities and in adverse climatic situations. As well, analyzes of results from these simulations conducted to assess the safety and the performance of the process. Using this tool, we propose some testing scenarios and execute some validation using multiple executions with different parameters as the number of planes and velocity to get results as the trajectory time and the number of conflicts. With this data, we try to show that we could estimate the airspace capacity and validate the safety of the given model used parameters. We will show some results of the execution of this tool and try to make some inferences and draw some conclusions based on these results.","author":[{"family":"Ferrare","given":"Felipe"},{"family":"Baum","given":"Derick"},{"family":"Almeida","given":"Jorge"},{"family":"Camargo","given":"João"},{"family":"Cugnasca","given":"Paulo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"DOI":"10.1109/dasc52595.2021.9594507","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1109/dasc52595.2021.9594507","source":"openalex"},{"id":"oa:W4285891898","type":"article-journal","title":"A Data-Driven Approach for Performance Evaluation of Autonomous eVTOLs","abstract":"In this paper, we develop a data-driven performance-based evaluation framework for a novel electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOL) in the context of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) applications. First, a two-stage comprehensive simulation framework is developed to generate a benchmark database for the performance evaluation of both UAS Traffic Management (UTM) algorithms and high-fidelity eVTOL dynamical models. In the developed simulation framework, we implement UTM algorithms and incorporate real-world constraints, e.g., vertiport infrastructures and different wind conditions. From the developed simulation framework, we generate 1,213,010 flight profiles. These flight profiles are used in a model based eVTOL performance evaluation tool as inputs to compute the physical performance of 3 types of eVTOLs. Due to the high computational cost of model-based eVTOL performance evaluation approaches, a clustering-based sampling procedure is employed to reduce the redundancy in the generated flight profiles and utilize the re-sampled flight profiles to form an eVTOL performance analysis dataset. We then train and compare several machine learning models on the eVTOL performance analysis dataset to predict: performance variables-flight conditions, aerodynamic coefficients, aircraft electronics, electric motor and propeller efficiencies. Finally, we deploy the proposed data-driven models in the framework and reduce the eVTOL performance inference time to real-time. The implementation of the proposed framework can be found on GitHub: https://github.com/mrinmoysarkar/eVTOL_performance_evaluation.git","author":[{"family":"Sarkar","given":"Mrinmoy"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Xuyang"},{"family":"Gebru","given":"Biniam"},{"family":"Nuhu","given":"Abdul"},{"family":"Gupta","given":"Kishor"},{"family":"Vamvoudakis","given":"Kyriakos"},{"family":"Homaifar","given":"Abdollah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.36227/techrxiv.20327208.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.20327208.v1","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.32657/10356/174062","type":"article-journal","title":"Conflict-free urban air mobility planning with an airspace-resource-centric approach","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has come to the sight of people as a new mobility type that has the potential to be a game changer in large cities' traffic systems. The conventional air transport system has been operating for over a hundred years with great performances in both efficiency and safety, which raises high requirements for the future operations of UAM. To enable the UAM to assess the urban airspace without impeding the operation of existing air traffic, research and developments are needed incorporating the specific features of UAM. Among the major services provided by the future UAM management system, strategic trajectory planning is of great importance as it contributes to both improving operational efficiency and flight safety. Existing trajectory planning methods for conventional aviation can hardly be applied to the context of UAM, and the studies in the literature on trajectory planning methods specifically addressing the challenges in UAM are limited. An advanced trajectory planning method for UAM is needed to incorporate the features and requirements of UAM traffic demands and eVTOL aircraft performances. Motivated by the need for a UAM trajectory planning method, this research unfolds in several stages. Firstly, we introduce the airspace-resource-centric (ARC) concept for urban airspace management. Whether assuming full implementation of the free-flight concept or adopting the air-route-based architecture will not satisfy the requirement of UAM. The ARC concept enables route-free flight planning with better flight predictability than the free-flight concept. It discretizes the spatial volume of urban airspace, and thus also discretizes the urban airspace resources. Dynamic assignment of airspace cells enables 4D management of urban airspace, including spatial volume, navigational services, etc., facilitating quantitative airspace utilization. The concept also leads to a graph-based airspace model for further usage. The second and third stages of this thesis aim to answer the questions supplementing the ARC concept. In the second stage, we analyze the traffic flow distribution based on the structure-free ARC concept. To achieve this goal, a 4D path planning method with strategic conflict avoidance is developed, namely the conflict-free A* algorithm. Numerical study results show that the algorithm can generate multiple flight paths without duplicated airspace cell utilization. The result also shows that the structure-free concept leads to an imbalanced vertical utilization of urban airspace. From the perspective of traffic management, a more balanced traffic flow is preferable. Thus a layered utilization of the airspace is recommended and will be used in the consequent stages. In the third stage, we analyze how the airspace cell shape affects flight safety. We studied the relationships between crossing traffic patterns, centralized tracking system performance, and conflict detection effectiveness provided by the tracking system. To achieve this probabilistic assessment, we propose a Monte Carlo simulation-based framework, which enables the evaluation of the likelihood of successful conflict detection and detection delay in a quantitative manner. The result suggests that orthogonal crossings are more likely to be detected, which supports the selection of block shape as the airspace cells. In the fourth stage, we develop a data-driven power consumption model for eVTOL aircraft. Precise estimation of aircraft power consumption with given kinematic states and environmental states is essential in the management of battery energy and prevents battery draining which will cause serious accidents. Motivated by the absence of a precise power consumption model that can be applied to multiple eVTOL aircraft types, we use the ensemble learning method to model the power consumption of eVTOL aircraft. The model that we develop outperforms the existing models in the literature. The model will be used in the evaluation of trajector","author":[{"family":"Dai","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.32657/10356/174062","URL":"https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/174062","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6944780","type":"manuscript","title":"Susceptibility of urban air mobility vehicles to spatiotemporal non-uniform urban wind fields","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) vehicles operate in complex low altitude environments characterized by strong spatial and temporal wind variations, making the uniform immersion model of conventional flight dynamics no longer adequate. This study presents a numerical investigation focused on how spatially varying urban wind fields influence the aerodynamic susceptibility of both rotary and fixed-wing UAM configurations. The specific goal is to assess the adequacy of simplified gradient-based wind representations relative to full spatial wind field data. For this purpose, high-fidelity flow fields obtained from Large Eddy Simulation (LES) are used as inputs to a Non-linear Vortex Lattice Method (NL-VLM) framework to compute the induced static aerodynamic loads and moments. These loads are evaluated for two NASA UAM concepts, a quadrotor in hover and the fixed-wing of a tilt-wing aircraft in cruise. Two gradient approximation approaches are proposed and compared against distributed NL-VLM loads computed from the actual wind field. The first adopts a Jacobian matrix evaluated at the vehicle center of gravity, and the second a finite-difference approximation evaluated at the tips of the lifting surfaces. The results show that Jacobian-based estimates capture first-order spatial effects but are often insufficient to characterize the full impact of urban wind structures, while tip-based finite-difference estimates improve agreement for fixed-wing configurations. The observed correlations suggest that the disturbance moment can be related to the wind velocity gradient through a generalized susceptibility formulation, where the R² values serve as a measure of how well such a linear mapping can capture the distributed aerodynamic response. These findings motivate advancing conventional flight dynamics and handling qualities analysis toward more accurate spatiotemporal turbulence models supporting the design and evaluation of flight control architectures with better disturbance rejection for safe UAM operations in urban environments.","author":[{"family":"Abraham","given":"Mewael"},{"family":"Gardi","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Parezanovic","given":"Vladimir"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6944780","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6944780","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6194978","type":"manuscript","title":"Information transparency and pricing competition in urban air mobility platforms","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) offering a promising alternative to congested ground transport. UAM platforms require information sharing among service providers for operational coordination, yet the competitive implications of such transparency on pricing and welfare remain unclear. This paper develops a game-theoretic model to analyze pricing competition between UAM service providers under alternative information structures. Using a Hotelling framework with heterogeneous consumers, we derive Nash equilibrium outcomes for three scenarios: uniform pricing, exclusive pricing and personalized discounting under full information transparency. We characterize the equilibrium prices, profits, and welfare for each scenario and establish analytical conditions under which market segmentation dominates uniform pricing. Our analysis reveals that while segmentation capability increases firm profits, full information sharing among competitors intensifies price competition and improves consumer welfare without substantially reducing firm profitability. We conduct numerical experiments to using Beijing commuting data. The results show that exclusive pricing increases firm profits by 5.12% relative to Bertrand competition but reduces total welfare by 13.2%, whereas moving from constrained to full information transparency increases consumer surplus by 42.4% while reducing firm profits by only 0.11\\%. These findings provide theoretical guidance for pricing strategies and information-sharing mechanism design in emerging UAM markets.","author":[{"family":"Yuan","given":"Ye"},{"family":"Feng","given":"Di"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Yu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6194978","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6194978","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6592899","type":"manuscript","title":"Sectoral Adoption and the Regulation of Drones and Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"We develop a parsimonious economic model of drone and Urban Air Mobility (UAM) regulation centered on two questions that are likely to shape early market development: which applications adopt first, and how regulatory stringency affects adoption across sectors. Sectors differ in gross benefit, implementation cost, baseline risk, and social acceptability. A common regulatory instrument improves legitimacy and reduces unresolved risk, but also raises compliance costs. The model delivers four main results. First, under light regulation, sectors are ranked by a baseline adjusted-surplus index that combines benefit, acceptability, cost, and risk. Second, the effect of regulation on sectoral viability is generally inverted-U shaped. Third, common regulation can change not only the level of adoption but also its sectoral composition by re-ranking applications as stringency changes. Fourth, under a simple planner benchmark, differentiated regulation weakly dominates a uniform rule, and the welfare loss from uniformity is increasing in cross-sector heterogeneity in regulatory sensitivity. The analysis provides a tractable bridge between the descriptive UAM literature and the economics of regulation under uncertainty, while remaining general enough to cover medical, logistics, inspection, public-safety, and passenger applications within a single framework.","author":[{"family":"Carlucci","given":"Fabio"},{"family":"Immordino","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Trincone","given":"Barbara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6592899","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6592899","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6667658","type":"manuscript","title":"Informing Metropolitan Noise Mitigation for Urban Air Mobility Operations","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) represents a promising new frontier in on-demand transportation; however, concerns about its potential to contribute to metropolitan noise pollution remain understudied, and the economic implications of noise mitigation strategies. This study investigates the financial relationship between proposed UAM operations and land use by introducing a novel cost-impact model. The framework will inform the minimization of costs to deploy UAM across operational scales. Simulations of hourly and twice-hourly operations of electric vertical takeoff and landing (EVTOL) aircraft between hypothetical vertiports along direct routes in Los Angeles and Dallas-Fort Worth are conducted. Results suggest that neither the network nor the aircraft is likely to significantly affect sensitive structures or residences when applying the current noise guideline threshold of 65 dBA L_dn. However, at lower thresholds of 55 dBA+, a substantially larger number of communities would experience exposure to aviation noise, potentially impeding public acceptance of UAM EVTOL operations.","author":[{"family":"Guerrero","given":"Yair"},{"family":"Molloy","given":"Aidan"},{"family":"Artemyev","given":"Nicole"},{"family":"Clarke","given":"Matthew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6667658","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6667658","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6823358","type":"manuscript","title":"Tour-based Network Design and Demand Forecasting for Urban Air Mobility (UAM)","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has emerged as a promising alternative mode of urban transportation, offering the ability to bypass roadway congestion with environmentally friendly, safe, quiet, and on-demand eVTOL fleet. Our research focuses on estimating UAM demand and identifying key influencing factors using a tour-based demand model, which provides a more realistic representation of urban travel behavior. Compared with traditional trip-based models, the tour-based approach captures the interdependence of trips within a tour, thereby improving forecast accuracy for multimodal systems that integrate UAM. We apply Integer Programming (IP) to design the UAM network and estimate shifted demand, optimizing to minimize travelers' generalized costs. By modeling complete tours rather than isolated trips, the framework better reflects actual travel choices and mode-shift potential. Methodologically, building on Wu &amp;amp; Zhang (2021), we extended the single-allocation p-hub median problem to support a case study in the Tampa Bay Area. Results indicate that with 10 to 100 vertiports, 320 and 2,341 daily tours shift to UAM among the candidate tours. Travelers exhibit strong preferences for shorter access and egress times and distances. With the tourbased (round-trip) structure, personal vehicles (PVs) are primarily used to access and egress origin vertiports, whereas for-hire services are more commonly used at destination vertiports. Overall, the findings provide valuable insights for both city planners and UAM service providers, underscoring that UAM's success hinges on strategically located vertiports that enhance accessibility. The study highlights the importance of comprehensive, system-level planning to develop an efficient and competitive UAM transportation network.","author":[{"family":"Almasabi","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Mahmoudinazlou","given":"Sasan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6823358","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6823358","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9212891/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"AI-Enabled Two-tiered Site Selection and Optimization Model for Waterfront Urban Air Mobility Vertiports","abstract":"Abstract Site selection for urban air mobility (UAM) infrastructure is critical for building a three-dimensional multimodal transportation network. Taking the Shanghai waterfront as a case study, this study reports a two-tiered artificial intelligence–enabled optimization model for the site selection of waterfront vertiports. The first tier utilizes a random forest regression algorithm to score and recommend high-potential candidate sites, while the second tier incorporates an improved genetic algorithm to perform multiobjective topological optimization among construction costs, travel times, and service coverage. The proposed model effectively captures the nonlinear coupling relationships among site selection factors, with population density and distance from the river reflecting potential demand and physical feasibility, respectively. Site spacing influences safety and transfer efficiency, while capacity indirectly determines system coverage. The optimized UAM network exhibits a complementary core–periphery structure, with highly saturated demand at core-area sites, making them suitable for premium express lines, whereas peripheral-area sites are well-suited to serve as main hubs. This study provides a quantitative decision-making reference for planning the low-altitude economy in megacities.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Ben"},{"family":"He","given":"Jianjia"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yuning"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9212891/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9212891/v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8031282/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Informing Metropolitan Noise Mitigation for Urban Air Mobility Operations","abstract":"Abstract Urban Air Mobility (UAM) represents a promising new frontier in on-demand transportation; however, concerns over its potential contribution to metropolitan noise pollution are increasingly understated. Aircraft noise and the associated annoyance have been linked to health risks, such as hearing loss and heightened anxiety in those who face high exposure. Additionally, the economic costs of noise mitigation from aviation are largely underexplored. This paper aims to highlight the economic relationship between proposed UAM operations and land use through a novel cost model. This model identifies a new constraint that can better inform how to minimize the initial cost necessary to enable UAM operations. This is achieved through the simulation of hourly and twice-hourly electric vertical takeoff and landing (EVTOL) aircraft operations between theorized vertiports along direct flight paths in the Los Angeles and Dallas Fort Worth area. Findings suggest that initial and mid-term UAM operations would not have a large impact on sensitive structures and residences based on the existing noise guidelines threshold, 65 dBA $L_{dn}$. However, for noise levels at a slightly lower threshold of 55 dBA+, significantly more communities would be impacted by increased levels of aviation noise, which could hinder public acceptance for UAM EVTOL operations.","author":[{"family":"Guerrero","given":"Yair"},{"family":"Molloy","given":"Aidan"},{"family":"Artemyev","given":"Nicole"},{"family":"Clarke","given":"Matthew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8031282/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8031282/v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.1121/10.0042757","type":"article-journal","title":"Determination of the noise impact range of urban air mobility in urban areas using noise hemisphere.","abstract":"The noise problem associated with the introduction of urban air mobility (UAM) is a critical challenge that must be addressed. Currently, noise evaluation methods and standards for UAM are lacking. The present study, as an initial step towards establishing UAM noise evaluation criteria, aims to analyze the noise impact range based on actual UAM noise data and propose appropriate UAM noise measurement locations comparing them with existing aircraft noise measurement locations. Using soundplan software, the noise impact ranges of noise hemisphere were predicted within the K-UAM Grand Challenge. The results showed that the noise hemisphere exerted noise influence up to a horizontal radius of 400–600 m. Furthermore, appropriate UAM noise measurement locations for each region were proposed comparing the UAM noise impact assessment with existing aircraft noise measurement locations. The findings of the present study can be validated through the actual noise measurements during future UAM demonstrations and contribute to the development of UAM noise evaluation standards.","author":[{"family":"Lee","given":"Seung"},{"family":"Wie","given":"Seong"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Won"},{"family":"Haan","given":"Chan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1121/10.0042757","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0042757","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202512.2648.v1","type":"manuscript","title":"A Low-Altitude Urban Air Mobility Operations Platform with Mission Lifecycle Assetization","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and low-altitude drone operations are emerging as a critical component of next-generation urban transportation and logistics systems. As mission volumes increase, operators face growing challenges in coordinating large-scale low-altitude missions, managing heterogeneous operational states, and closing the loop between mission execution and platform-level resource utilization. Existing UAM platforms primarily focus on flight scheduling and monitoring, while lacking systematic mechanisms to model mission lifecycles and their operational value within an integrated platform architecture. This paper presents SkyNetUAM, a low-altitude UAM operations platform that introduces a structured mission lifecycle model to bridge mission planning, execution, and post-mission settlement within a unified system. We propose a hierarchical operational asset model covering individual missions, service packages, and air-corridor time slots, enabling fine-grained tracking of mission states and operational performance. The platform architecture integrates real-time mission scheduling, operational monitoring, and lifecycle state management, allowing mission-level events to drive platform-wide coordination and resource allocation. As an operational extension, the system incorporates a lightweight on-chain persistence mechanism to record mission states and support automated settlement workflows without altering the core operational logic. A prototype implementation demonstrates the end-to-end workflow from mission creation to completion across simulated low-altitude scenarios, and a reproducible 100k-missions/day experiment quantifies approval rate, delay behavior, and latency distributions under congestion and regulatory constraints.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Yushu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Longbiao"},{"family":"Du","given":"Chenglin"},{"family":"Zhai","given":"Haixiao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.20944/preprints202512.2648.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202512.2648.v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.1121/10.0039427","type":"article-journal","title":"Numerical investigation of the noise generation of electric motors in urban air mobility vehiclesa).","abstract":"Current concepts of urban air mobility vehicles usually rely on a set of individual electrically driven propulsion systems. Although aerodynamically generated noise from the rotors or fans remains the main contribution to the overall noise, noise generated by electric machines may well add to the total noise. This is especially true for fast-spinning electric motors that cause high-frequency noise contributions, which may notably increase the total noise and lead to unwanted psychoacoustic effects. In the current paper, the noise generation of two versions of permanent magnet synchronous machines in a conventional inrunner configuration, intended for use in a concept vehicle propelled by eight tiltable rotors, is investigated through numerical simulations and analytical models. One version is a direct drive, designed to deliver the torque and rotational speed required for the rotor directly. The other is a geared version, delivering a higher rotational speed and lower torque, thus requiring an additional gear box to drive the rotor. The results show that the geared motor version leads to notable noise contributions at frequencies of 2 kHz and 9 kHz. Coupled with a high radiation efficiency in this frequency range, the findings imply that noise from electric machines contributes to the total noise from the vehicle.","author":[{"family":"Hakansson","given":"Sebastian"},{"family":"Schulze","given":"Philipp"},{"family":"Burgmayer","given":"Ralf"},{"family":"Schneehagen","given":"Erik"},{"family":"Geyer","given":"Thomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1121/10.0039427","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0039427","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7621928/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Housing market impacts of urban air mobility in Seoul: evidence across district and parcel scales","abstract":"Abstract Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is emerging as a new layer of urban transport, yet its effects on housing markets remain unclear. This study examines how UAM deployment could reshape apartment prices and support more balanced urban development in Seoul. A scenario-based framework is developed to link reductions in generalized travel cost with spatial variation in housing values. A hedonic pricing model is estimated using 35,408 individual apartment transactions across 466 legal subdistricts, accounting for building characteristics, neighborhood amenities, socio-demographics, and accessibility to transport hubs. Six UAM scenarios, differing in network coverage and service performance, are simulated. Results show that service quality improvements produce stronger housing price appreciation than network expansion alone, while integrated strategies generate the most widespread and equitable gains. Substantial increases appear in peripheral districts where accessibility is currently constrained, suggesting that UAM can mitigate spatial disparities and strengthen housing markets in underserved areas. By evaluating impacts at both the district and parcel levels, the study provides granular evidence of UAM’s influence on housing values. It delivers actionable insights for housing policy, urban planning, and sustainable urban development.","author":[{"family":"Jo","given":"Hanghun"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Gyuseong"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Minseok"},{"family":"Song","given":"Hyunggeun"},{"family":"Cho","given":"Yeolin"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Sungtaek"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7621928/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7621928/v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7047184/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Helicopter Noise Study: Towards A Better Understanding of Urban Air Mobility Noise","abstract":"Abstract The paper presents the set-up, preparation and results of a helicopter noise annoyance study performed around “Héliport de Paris - Issy-les-Moulineaux – Valérie André” heliport. This study includes acoustic measurements around the heliport, simulations of helicopter noise emissions and their associated noise footprint along the measured trajectories, and the results of a survey carried out on the inhabitants living close to the helicopter routes in the area. This study aims at better understanding helicopter noise annoyance criteria and acceptance of future Urban Air Mobility operations.","author":[{"family":"Caillet","given":"Julien"},{"family":"Dieumegard","given":"Pierre"},{"family":"Sineau","given":"Matthieu"},{"family":"Hellot","given":"Manuel"},{"family":"Philipps-Bertin","given":"Chrystele"},{"family":"Kourieh","given":"Aboud"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7047184/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7047184/v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.1121/10.0037186","type":"article-journal","title":"Low-noise trajectory optimization of urban air mobility in the urban environment using deep reinforcement learninga).","abstract":"This study proposes a method for optimizing low-noise flight trajectory for urban air mobility (UAM) in urban environments using deep reinforcement learning (DRL). The objective is to efficiently derive flight trajectories that minimize noise impact on ground observers as UAM vehicles approach a vertiport for landing. Noise data were calculated for various flight velocities, and a deep learning (DL) model was employed to estimate noise map from noise propagation. A DRL model based on the Soft actor critic algorithm was designed, incorporating noise reward function through the trained DL model while adhering to specified flight constraints. The results confirmed that the DRL model effectively guided the UAM vehicle to the target area while accomplishing the given flight conditions. Various case studies were conducted and confirmed that the DRL model can optimize unique noise-optimized trajectories for a given simplified urban environment, vehicle initial state, and designated noise reduction zone. Also, the optimized low-noise trajectory was shown to reduce both the average noise level and the proportion of high noise impact areas compared to the reference trajectory. This DRL based trajectory optimization method is expected to contribute to the development of low-noise operational strategies for UAM vehicles in urban settings.","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Younghoon"},{"family":"Ko","given":"Jeongwoo"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Kukhwan"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Soogab"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1121/10.0037186","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0037186","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.1121/10.0036228","type":"article-journal","title":"Psychoacoustic evaluation of different fan designs for an urban air mobility vehicle with distributed propulsion systema).","abstract":"Distributed propulsion systems are developed to power a new generation of aircraft. However, it is not known yet which noise emissions these propulsion systems produce, which psychoacoustic characteristics such systems exhibit, and how the generated noise is perceived. This paper investigates how fans with fewer stator than rotor blades affect the noise perception of a distributed propulsion system intended for an urban air mobility vehicle, which is equipped with 26 low-speed ducted fans. Three fan designs with different tonal to broadband noise ratio and opposite dominant noise radiation directions are examined. An analytical process is applied to determine the noise emission, propagate the sound through the atmosphere, auralize the flyover signals, and calculate psychoacoustic metrics. A validation and comparison with A320 turbofan engines at takeoff is provided. The results indicate that the distributed propulsion system generates noise signatures with complex directional characteristics and high sharpness. By applying tonal noise reduction mechanisms at source, a significant effective perceived noise level reduction is achieved for the considered fan stages with fewer stator than rotor blades. In addition, tonality, loudness and roughness are reduced well above one noticeable difference compared to a baseline fan and similar or even lower values are achieved than with turbofans.","author":[{"family":"Schade","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Merino-Martinez","given":"Roberto"},{"family":"Moreau","given":"Antoine"},{"family":"Bartels","given":"Susanne"},{"family":"Jaron","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1121/10.0036228","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0036228","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7754842/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Autonomous Person Detection and Tracking","abstract":"Abstract Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology has rapidly advanced, enabling the execution of increasingly complex autonomous tasks. This work presents a cognitive surveillance approach utilizing the low-cost UAV, integrating perception and decision-making for indoor monitoring. The system combines communication protocols, ROS-based control, ORB-SLAM3 visual mapping, OctoMap-based occupancy modeling, and OpenCV for real-time face detection and tracking. A lightweight web interface was implemented for operator interaction, enabling autonomous navigation commands, real-time video streaming, and automatic email alerts triggered by detected faces. Experiments in both simulated and real environments demonstrated that the UAV successfully mapped unknown spaces, avoided obstacles, and navigated autonomously without collisions, relying solely on monocular odometry. The face detection and tracking module consistently maintained the target in the field of view, capturing and transmitting images via email. Despite hardware limitations, results highlighted the effectiveness of learning from environmental cues, adapting navigation, and maintaining continuous target tracking. This confirms the feasibility of low-cost UAVs for autonomous cognitive surveillance applications in security-critical scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Albano","given":"Marcus"},{"family":"Almeida","given":"Aline"},{"family":"Pinto","given":"Milena"},{"family":"Barbosa","given":"Vinícius"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7754842/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7754842/v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.isatra.2025.11.037","type":"article-journal","title":"Prescribed performance collision-free control for bearing-constrained unmanned aerial vehicle.","abstract":"This paper addresses the challenging problem of enabling bearing-constrained unmanned aerial vehicles to navigate through environments with multiple obstacles while strictly satisfying predefined convergence time and steady-state accuracy requirements. To meet the stringent payload and cost constraints of small-scale UAVs, we propose a lightweight local perception and localization framework that relies solely on angular (bearing) measurements, thereby minimizing sensor hardware requirements. An integrated obstacle-avoidance assistance mechanism is developed to ensure safe traversal in cluttered environments under these limited sensing conditions, without appreciably degrading the prescribed temporal and accuracy performance. Furthermore, a non-singular prescribed-performance control strategy is designed that seamlessly incorporates obstacle avoidance while guaranteeing user-specified convergence time and ultimate tracking precision. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through multiple simulation examples.","author":[{"family":"Kh","given":"Cheong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.isatra.2025.11.037","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2025.11.037","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.64898/2025.12.09.693308","type":"article-journal","title":"Study of the Effects of Different Spray Adjuvants on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Crop Protection in Rice Fields","abstract":"Abstract Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) spraying is being increasingly used for rice pest control, but challenges remain in terms of optimizing the uniformity and efficacy of droplet deposition. In this study, the effects of six commercial spray adjuvants on the UAV-based control of rice stem borers in paddy fields were systematically evaluated. With a T30 UAV equipped with water-sensitive paper monitoring, we assessed the droplet spreading dynamics, deposition density, coefficient of variation (CV), and field control efficacy at various heights (1.5–3 m) and speeds (3–6 m/s). The results revealed that Activator 90 significantly reduced the CV by 30% (p&lt;0.01) and resulted in the highest deposition density (30.0 drops/cm 2 ) within 2 minutes. Compared with the control treatment, the Activator 90 increased the control efficacy by 70% to 87%, with optimal parameters at a height of 2.5 m and a spraying rate of 22.5 L/ha. This research reveals that selective adjuvants can markedly improve UAV spray performance, providing a practical framework for precision pest management in rice ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Qin","given":"Weicai"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xiaotuo"},{"family":"Lv","given":"Xiaolan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.64898/2025.12.09.693308","URL":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2025.12.09.693308","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.dib.2026.112480","type":"article-journal","title":"A multi-angle reflectance dataset of wheat and peach trees with unmanned aerial vehicle imagery.","abstract":"Medium- to high-resolution satellite data, such as Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8, have significantly enhanced the accuracy of vegetation monitoring. However, canopy reflectance and vegetation indices are affected by the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) effect, introducing uncertainties in vegetation phenology monitoring and parameter retrieval. Herein, a multi-angle reflectance dataset was developed using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to investigate the angular effect over the crop canopy across various growth stages. Multi-angle measurements were acquired over two 10 m &#xd7; 10 m plots of wheat and peach trees in Yukou Town, Pinggu District, Beijing, China, during their respective key growth stages (29 Feb to 21 May in 2024 for wheat; 11 Apr to 12 Jun in 2024 for peach trees). Wheat measurements were obtained using a DJI Matrice 350 RTK equipped with a Cubert ULTRIS X20 Plus hyperspectral imager, while peach tree data were captured with an Agrowing 61MP Sextuple multispectral imager. UAV flights used a spherical-helical trajectory to maximize solar-view geometry coverage, yielding over 1,800 angular observations under clear-sky conditions. All UAV imagery was post-processed and stored in text and Excel formats. The dataset provides high-quality, multi-angle spectral measurements for two representative crops during multiple growth stages, enabling in-depth investigations into BRDF characteristics, angular sensitivity of spectral metrics, and temporal spectral dynamics. Furthermore, the data support the validation of physical models for vegetation remote sensing, vegetation parameter inversion, and the training of machine-learning models for more remote sensing applications.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.dib.2026.112480","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2026.112480","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26020655","type":"article-journal","title":"Dynamic Event-Triggered Control for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Swarm Adaptive Target Enclosing Mission.","abstract":"Multi-UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) target enclosing control is one of the key technologies for achieving cooperative tasks. It faces limitations in communication resources and task framework separation. To address this, a distributed cooperative control strategy is proposed based on dynamic time-varying formation description and event-triggering mechanism. Firstly, a formation description method based on a geometric transformation parameter set is established to uniformly describe the translation, rotation, and scaling movements of the formation, providing a foundation for time-varying formation control. Secondly, a cooperative architecture for adaptive target enclosing tasks is designed. This architecture achieves an organic combination of formation control and target enclosing in a unified framework, thereby meeting flexible transitions between multiple formation patterns such as equidistant surrounding and variable-distance enclosing. Thirdly, a distributed dynamic event-triggered cooperative enclosing controller is developed. This strategy achieves online adjustment of communication thresholds through internal dynamic variables, significantly reducing communication while strictly ensuring system performance. By constructing a Lyapunov function, the stability and Zeno free behavior of the closed-loop system are proven. The simulation results verify this strategy, showing that this strategy can significantly reduce communication frequency while ensuring enclosing accuracy and formation consistency and effectively adapt to uniform and maneuvering target scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Wanjing"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Xinli"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s26020655","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020655","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7631759/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"An Improved Black-Winged Kite Algorithm for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Path Planning","abstract":"Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) path planning for unmanned aerial vehicles is a classic NP-hard problem, where conventional algorithms often face limitations like slow convergence and susceptibility to local optima. This paper proposes an improved black kite optimization algorithm (IGFMBKA) that enhances performance through the integration of adaptive weights, multi-directional flipping, and differential evolution with vertical crossover strategies. The effectiveness of IGFMBKA was evaluated using 18 benchmark functions, along with test functions from CEC2017 and CEC2022, and further applied to a 3D UAV path planning model. Experimental results demonstrate that IGFMBKA consistently surpasses both individual improvement strategies and state-of-the-art optimization algorithms across all test cases. Notably, IGFMBKA achieved the lowest comprehensive cost while generating smooth and collision-free flight trajectories. This approach provides an efficient solution for UAV path planning in complex scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Jiang","given":"Shuhao"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Tingting"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Shengliang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7631759/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7631759/v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-34622-y","type":"article-journal","title":"Research on the application of unmanned aerial vehicle aeromagnetic measurement based on rubidium optical pump magnetometer.","abstract":"Optical Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs) have become key instruments in the field of precision magnetic field measurement due to their high accuracy, stability, and compact design. These quantum sensors are widely applied in geophysical exploration, engineering surveying, and unexploded ordnance detection. This study presents the [Formula: see text]-type rubidium atomic optical pumped magnetometer developed by the Quantum Precision Measurement Team at Zhejiang University of Technology, which is integrated with a custom-designed unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) magnetic measurement platform. Under static conditions, a performance comparison experiment was conducted between the [Formula: see text]-type rubidium atomic optically pumped magnetometer (ZAM) and a commercial QuSpin magnetometer. Additionally, a QuSpin magnetometer was mounted on one side of the UAV platform, and a self-developed magnetometer was mounted on the other side, to verify the performance of the instrument in practical applications. Experimental results show that: in static tests, the difference between the measurement data of the two sensors had a standard deviation (STD) of 0.3nT, indicating good agreement between the two sensors; in dynamic tests, variational mode decomposition was introduced to separate the geomagnetic signal from the system environmental noise, and the processed difference between the two ZAM instruments had an STD of 1.3nT. These experimental results demonstrate that the stability and accuracy of the ZAM magnetometer are comparable to those of commercial instruments. Finally, a field experiment carried out in a metal mining area of Huzhou further verified the efficiency and practicality of UAV aerial magnetic survey, highlighting its broad application prospects in mineral exploration.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-34622-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34622-y","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202512.1551.v1","type":"manuscript","title":"Radio Frequency Signal Recognition of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Based on Complex-Valued Convolutional Neural Network","abstract":"The rapid development of the low-altitude economy is driving significant societal and industrial transformation. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), as key enablers of this emerging domain, offer substantial benefits in many applications. However, their unauthorized or malicious use poses serious security, safety, and privacy risks, underscoring the critical need for reliable UAV detection technologies. Among existing approaches, such as radar, acoustic, and vision-based methods, radio frequency (RF)-based UAV detection has gained prominence due to its long detection range, robustness to lighting and weather conditions, and capability to identify RF-emitting UAVs even when visually obscured. Nevertheless, conventional RF-based approaches often suffer from limited feature representation and poor generalization. In the past few years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have become the mainstream solution for RF signal recognition. However, most real-valued CNNs (RV-CNNs) process only the magnitude component of RF signals, discarding the phase information that carries valuable discriminative characteristics, which may degrade recognition performance. To address this limitation, this paper proposes a complex-valued CNN (CV-CNN) for UAV RF signal recognition, which exploits the full complex-domain structure of RF signals to enhance recognition accuracy and robustness. The proposed CV-CNN accounts for both the magnitude and phase components of RF signals from UAVs, thereby enabling true complex-valued convolutional operations without loss of phase information. The effectiveness of this approach is validated on the DroneRFa dataset, which encompasses RF signals from 25 distinct UAV categories. The impact of model hyperparameters, including network depth, convolutional kernel size, and dropout strategy on recognition performance is investigated through a series of ablation experiments. Comparisons are also conducted between the performance of CV-CNN with identical parameters and RV-CNN, both in noise-free and noisy conditions. The experimental results demonstrate that the CV-CNN exhibits superior robustness and interference resistance in comparison to its real-valued counterpart, maintaining high recognition accuracy even under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions.","author":[{"family":"Xin","given":"Yibo"},{"family":"Mu","given":"Junsheng"},{"family":"Jing","given":"Xiaojun"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.20944/preprints202512.1551.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202512.1551.v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.021","type":"article-journal","title":"Semi-global exponential convergence nonlinear control of the quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle based on Lie algebra so(3).","abstract":"This paper addresses the position-attitude tracking control problem of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (QUAVs). Over the past decade, the attitude control of QUAVs has achieved global exponential stability (GES) by leveraging Lie group theory to address the singularities in the attitude error representation. However, the position control of QUAVs has not yet reached GES. Based on the geometric position control law and the Lie-algebra-based attitude control law, this paper proposes an improved robust position-attitude control law. For attitude control, a method for computing attitude error represented in Lie algebra so(3) is proposed to address the singularity of the logarithmic map. For position control, a novel hybrid computational scheme of the desired rotation matrix is proposed to address the body flipping problem when the desired yaw direction is parallel to the desired thrust direction. Both attitude and position errors are globally defined on their respective manifolds, ensuring singularity-free tracking performance over the entire configuration space. For stability analysis, some Lyapunov-based techniques are employed to bound the high-order coupling terms between position and attitude. In the presence of unknown disturbances, the position-attitude control system is proven to be semi-globally exponentially stable. The proposed control law is validated through numerical simulations and indoor flight experiments under wind disturbances, in comparison with the classical geometric control method.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.021","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.021","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0329286","type":"article-journal","title":"Accuracy of recording linear erosion using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).","abstract":"Soil erosion is an ongoing environmental problem. To address this issue, calibrated erosion models are used to forecast areas vulnerable to erosion and to determine appropriate preventive measures. Model calibrations are based on erosion data recorded using different techniques such as photogrammetry from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In this study, the accuracy of the DJI P4 RTK UAV data was estimated for cropland boundary conditions. Ground heights of tilled and untilled arable land and standing water surfaces were determined using aerial surveys and compared to terrestrial surveys conducted on site. The results revealed that untilled soils can be accurately detected using a UAV, whereas the detection error rates of tilled soils were 2-3 folds higher. Additionally, the width and height of linear erosion tracks were measured and compared using aerial surveys and manual on-site measurements. The erosion width of the linear tracks was accurately recorded using a UAV whereas the erosion depth was underestimated by the digital elevation model (DEM) generated from UAV data.","author":[{"family":"Hinsberger","given":"Rebecca"},{"family":"Yörük","given":"Alpaslan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0329286","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0329286","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.011","type":"article-journal","title":"Optimized actuator-fault-tolerant control using reinforcement learning for attitude dynamic system of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle.","abstract":"This study proposes a fault-tolerant optimized backstepping (OB) control for the attitude system having actuator failure of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (QUAV). The design principle of OB technology is to perform reinforcement learning (RL) in every backstepping subsystem, so that the entire backstepping control can attain optimization performance. However, owing to the complication and intricateness of OB control algorithm, it will make the QUAV attitude control tenderly happen system failures when executing the long-time running and high-intensity works. For devising the OB attitude control to have the fault-tolerate capability, the RL is integrated with an adaptive estimation of the proportion term of unknown efficiency factor and bias signal of fault actuator model. So as to achieve the integration smooth, the RL training laws of critic and actor networks are deduced in accordance with gradient descent method of a simple positive function that is equivalent to Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation, so that it can significantly reduce the complexity of RL algorithm. Finally, effectiveness of this attitude control scheme is demonstrated through Lyapunov stability proof and simulation example.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.011","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2026.01.011","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25196246","type":"article-journal","title":"Real-Time Detection Sensor for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Using an Improved YOLOv8s Algorithm.","abstract":"This study advances the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) localization technology within the framework of a low-altitude economy, with particular emphasis on the accurate and real-time identification and tracking of unauthorized (\"black-flying\") drones. Conventional YOLOv8s-based target detection algorithms often suffer from missed detections due to their reliance on single-frame features. To address this limitation, this paper proposes an improved detection algorithm that integrates a long-short-term memory (LSTM) network into the YOLOv8s framework. By incorporating time-series modeling, the LSTM module enables the retention of historical features and dynamic prediction of UAV trajectories. The loss function combines bounding box regression loss with binary cross-entropy and is optimized using the Adam algorithm to enhance training convergence. The training data distribution is validated through Monte Carlo random sampling, which improves the model's generalization to complex scenes. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly enhances UAV detection performance. In addition, when deployed on the RK3588-based embedded system, the method achieves a low false negative rate and exhibits robust detection capabilities, indicating strong potential for practical applications in airspace management and counter-UAV operations.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25196246","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25196246","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani15121794","type":"article-journal","title":"An Efficient Algorithm for Small Livestock Object Detection in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery.","abstract":"Livestock population surveys are crucial for grassland management tasks such as health and epidemic prevention, grazing prohibition, rest grazing, and forage-livestock balance assessment. These tasks are integral to the modernization and upgrading of the livestock industry and the sustainable development of grasslands. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide significant advantages in flexibility and maneuverability, making them ideal for livestock population surveys. However, grazing livestock in UAV images often appear small and densely packed, leading to identification errors. To address this challenge, we propose an efficient Livestock Network (LSNET) algorithm, a novel YOLOv7-based network. Our approach incorporates a low-level prediction head (P2) to detect small objects from shallow feature maps, while removing a deep-level prediction head (P5) to mitigate the effects of excessive down-sampling. To capture high-level semantic features, we introduce the Large Kernel Attentions Spatial Pyramid Pooling (LKASPP) module. In addition, we replaced the original CIoU with the WIoU v3 loss function. Furthermore, we developed a dataset of grazing livestock for deep learning using UAV images from the Prairie Chenbarhu Banner in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia. Our results demonstrate that the proposed module significantly improves the detection accuracy for small livestock objects, with the mean Average Precision (mAP) increasing by 1.47% compared to YOLOv7. Thus, this work offers a novel and practical solution for livestock detection in expansive farms. It overcomes the limitations of existing methods and contributes to more effective livestock management and advancements in agricultural technology.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/ani15121794","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15121794","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-07321-x","type":"article-journal","title":"Ice velocity in the Yellow River bends using unmanned aerial vehicle imagery.","abstract":"Ice velocity is a critical parameter in river ice monitoring, playing a vital role in analyzing ice blockages, the freeze-up process, and ice jam locations. It provides essential references for freeze-up forecasting. This study utilized UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) remote sensing imagery from December 2023, during the ice run period, combined with the Pyramidal Lucas-Kanade Optical Flow Algorithm to quantify ice velocity distribution across multiple bends during the Yellow River's ice run period. The study identified low ice velocity cross-sections at bend apexes, where velocity decreased sharply, leading to ice floe accumulation and an increased probability of ice jams. Significant spatial variations in ice velocity within bends were observed. Curvature and constriction ratios were identified as key factors influencing ice velocity distribution. Bends with high curvature and significant constriction should be prioritized for monitoring and early warning. The study also revealed a correlation between the low ice velocity cross-section at the apex of Shisifenzi Bend and the location of the initial ice jam during the ice run period, suggesting its potential as a scientific guide for ice jam risk forecasting. These findings provide valuable insights for freeze-up forecasting and flood prevention in the Yellow River.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-07321-x","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-07321-x","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1002/tpg2.70082","type":"article-journal","title":"Leveraging unmanned aerial vehicle derived multispectral data for improved genomic prediction in potato (Solanum tuberosum).","abstract":"Multispectral leaf canopy reflectance as measured by unmanned aerial vehicles is the result of genetic and environmental interactions driving plant physiochemical processes. These measures can then be used to construct relationship matrices for modeling genetic main effects. This type of phenotypic prediction is particularly relevant for trials with many entries, such as those used in early generation potato (Solanum tuberosum) breeding. We compared three methods for making predictions in our potato breeding program: first, using multispectral-derived relationship matrices; second, using the traditional approach based on genomic derived relationships; and third, using a combination of both. Multispectral bands were collected at five different time points for two market classes of potato: chipping and fresh market. We modeled genetic main effects for yield and quality traits at each time point and all stages combined. Models with multispectral relationship matrices exhibited better prediction accuracy for yield and roundness than genomic only models and models featuring spectra plus genomic kernels outperformed both single-kernel predictions in terms of accuracy for most traits. Time points were variably informative depending on the trait measured, however, for all traits combining across time points performed as well or better than single time point models. Similarly, using feature selection to limit our models to important variables did not improve prediction accuracy significantly. This work highlights two potential uses for spectral data in genomic prediction: first, as an alternative to genetic data and second, in combination with genetic data to increase precision of selection.","author":[{"family":"Tr","given":"Stefaniak"},{"family":"Oa","given":"Montesinos"},{"family":"Lm","given":"Shannon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1002/tpg2.70082","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.70082","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-03552-0","type":"article-journal","title":"Control of a fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicle using a robust fractional order controller.","abstract":"Fixed wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (FWUAVs) are widely utilized in both military and civilian sectors due to their ability to perform risky, inaccessible operations. The mathematical model of FWUAVs is complex, incorporating physical laws and coordinate systems with transformation matrices. In addition, controlling FWUAVs is challenging due to their nonlinear and coupled dynamics. This paper focuses on tracking trajectories for fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicles (FWUAVs) using a Robust Fractional Order Sliding Mode Controller (RFOSMC). An RFOSMC, which combines a conventional Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) with flexible fractional calculus, is proposed in this paper. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used to tune the control gains of RFOSMC. External disturbances and parameter variation are added to evaluate the controller's performance. Comparative studies have been done with Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), Fractional Order PID (FOPID), SMC, and robust FOSMC. RFOSMC performs better than LQR, FOPID, and SMC in tracking accuracy, response speed, and overshoot. In addition, the performance comparison of RFOSMC and conventional SMC has been done based on performance index values of errors (ITAE), and RFOSMC showed a 76.5918% improvement. For a step input, RFOSMC showed the smallest settling time of 0.835s compared with 2.724s for SMC and 4.8573s for FOPID. Open-loop model verification and overall control system of FWUAV are done using MATLAB/Simulink software.","author":[{"family":"Ew","given":"Metekia"},{"family":"Wa","given":"Asfaw"},{"family":"Cm","given":"Abdissa"},{"family":"Ln","given":"Lemma"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-03552-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03552-0","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-95854-6","type":"article-journal","title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle routing based on frog-leaping optimization algorithm.","abstract":"Routing in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) networks is critical for effective data transfer and overall network performance. However, current UAV routing algorithms exhibit high latency, poor route selection, excessive energy consumption, and limited flexibility in changing network topologies. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a new routing strategy that uses the Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA) to improve UAV network routing. Using a two-phase optimization approach considering Quality of Service (QoS), our system combines global exploration with local exploitation, unlike previous techniques. This hybrid method enables UAVs to dynamically change their trajectories, helping to choose the best path even in fast-changing surroundings. Our approach's self-adaptive population-based search mechanism accelerates convergence and removes a common weakness in traditional metaheuristic algorithms-premature standstill elimination-which determines its effectiveness. By constantly adjusting UAV routing patterns depending on energy economy, latency, and throughput characteristics, SFLA guarantees that UAV networks transmit effectively and consistently. Based on experimental data, our method outperforms benchmark alternatives in terms of energy use by 3.11%, latency by 5.14%, and network lifetime by 2.25%. These developments make our approach ideal for real-time applications including aerial surveillance and disaster response that call for high data transfer speeds and great energy economy.","author":[{"family":"Maleki","given":"Farhad"},{"family":"Jamali","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Heidari","given":"Arash"},{"family":"Maj","given":"Jamali"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-95854-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95854-6","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpls.2025.1619695","type":"article-journal","title":"&lt;i&gt;Erannis jacobsoni&lt;/i&gt; disturbance detection based on unmanned aerial vehicle red edge spectral features.","abstract":"Boreal coniferous forests play important roles in global ecological and economic processes. Mongolia, rich in forest resources and part of the boreal ecosystem, faces significant deforestation due to Erannis jacobsoni Djak (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), a rapidly spreading needle pest in coniferous forests. This study aims to provide with rapid and precise pest occurrence data, enabling timely and effective control measures to preserve and enhance the agroforestry ecological environment. In vegetation disturbance detection, UAV remote sensing exhibits operational performance with unique spatiotemporal advantages (notably cm-resolution data acquisition and flexible revisit cycles) unattainable through traditional ground surveys or satellite platforms. Therefore, we used unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery from representative areas affected by E. jacobsoni , calculated conventional and red edge spectral indices, extracted features sensitive to pest infestation levels, detected disturbances using machine-learning algorithms, and analyzed the pest's spatial distribution. The sequential forward selection (SFS) and successive projection algorithms (SPA) can effectively extract features sensitive to the response to pest disturbance, in which the red edge (RE) features have a greater effect than the conventional (CONV) features in detecting the pest. The detection models developed using machine learning all achieved accuracy rates above 82%, with the Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) performing the best. Spatial distribution analysis based on the model revealed that E. jacobsoni primarily exhibited a pattern of outward diffusion from the center of aggregation during the outbreak period.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1619695","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1619695","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25082600","type":"article-journal","title":"A New Algorithm for Visual Navigation in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Water Surface Inspection.","abstract":"Water surface inspection is a crucial instrument for safeguarding the aquatic environment. UAVs enhance the efficiency of water area inspections due to their high mobility and extensive coverage. This paper introduces two UAV inspection methodologies for the characteristics of rivers and lakes, along with an efficient semantic segmentation algorithm, WaterSegLite (Water Segmentation Lightweight algorithm), for UAV visual navigation. The algorithm employs the UAV's aerial perspective alongside a streamlined neural network architecture to facilitate rapid real-time segmentation of water bodies and to furnish positional data to the UAV for visual navigation. The experimental findings indicate that WaterSegLite achieves a segmentation accuracy (mIoU) of 93.81% and an F1 score of 95.44%, surpassing the baseline model by 2.7% and 2.23%, respectively. Simultaneously, the processing frame rate of this algorithm on the airborne device attains 28.27 frames per second, fully satisfying the requirements for real-time water surface inspection by UAVs. This paper offers technical assistance for UAV inspection techniques in aquatic environments and presents innovative concepts for the intelligent advancement of water surface inspection.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25082600","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25082600","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7708917/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Fusion Guard: A Multi-Scale Sequential Fusion Framework for Small Target Detection in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Scenarios Using YOLO-World","abstract":"Abstract This paper presents a multi-scale sequence fusion framework, Fusion Guard, built upon YOLO-World to enhance small target detection from UAV scenarios. To overcome the limitations of traditional models in feature convergence and detail preservation, Fusion Guard incorporates three key modules: Triple Feature Encoding, Scale Sequence Feature Fusion, and Feature Sum Aggregator, which collectively strengthen feature extraction and integration. Moreover, Selective Boundary Aggregation utilizes a bidirectional dynamic fusion approach to enhance feature complementarity. In addition, the integration of the small object detection layer with high-resolution features significantly improves detection performance. To further improve target localization, the WIoU v3 loss function is incorporated into the model. The experimental results indicate that the model presented in this study achieves a 5.7% increase in mAP@0.5 and a 3.2% improvement in mAP@0.5:0.95 on the VisDrone2019 dataset. Additionally, precision and recall improve by about 5%. On the DOTA dataset, the model achieves notable performance enhancements 1 while reducing parameters by 0.5M and model size by 0.7MB, and it also supports customizable detection categories. In general, Fusion Guard demonstrates excellent performance and versatility in detecting small objects across various tasks.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Li"},{"family":"Lv","given":"Ke"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Yanhua"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Hong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7708917/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7708917/v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27090897","type":"article-journal","title":"Bridging Intuition and Data: A Unified Bayesian Framework for Optimizing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Swarm Performance.","abstract":"The swift growth of the low-altitude economic ecosystem and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarm applications across diverse sectors presents significant challenges for engineering managers in terms of effective performance evaluation and operational optimization. Traditional evaluation methods often struggle with the inherent complexities, dynamic nature, and multi-faceted performance criteria of UAV swarms. This study introduces a novel Bayesian Network (BN)-based multicriteria decision-making framework that systematically integrates expert intuition with real-time data. By employing variance decomposition, the framework establishes theoretically grounded, bidirectional mapping between expert-assigned weights and the network's probabilistic parameters, creating a unified model of subjective expertise and objective data. Comprehensive validation demonstrates the framework's efficacy in identifying critical performance drivers, including environmental awareness, communication ability, and a collaborative decision. Ultimately, our work provides engineering managers with a transparent and adaptive tool, offering actionable insights to inform resource allocation, guide technology adoption, and enhance the overall operational effectiveness of complex UAV swarm systems.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/e27090897","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27090897","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25113468","type":"article-journal","title":"MEP-YOLOv5s: Small-Target Detection Model for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Captured Images.","abstract":"Due to complex backgrounds, significant scale variations of targets, and dense distributions of small objects in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) aerial images, traditional object detection algorithms face challenges in adapting to such scenarios. This article introduces a drone detection model, MEP-YOLOv5s, which optimizes the Backbone, Neck layer, and C3 module based on YOLOv5s, and combines effective attention mechanisms to improve the training efficiency of the model by replacing the traditional CIoU loss (Complete Intersection over Union) with MPDIoU (Minimum Point Distance-based Intersection over Union) loss. This model demonstrates an excellent performance in handling typical drone detection scenarios, especially for small and dense objects. To holistically balance the detection accuracy and inference efficiency, we propose a Comprehensive Performance Indicator (CPI), which evaluates the model performance by considering both accuracy and efficiency. Evaluations on the VisDrone2019 dataset demonstrate that MEP-YOLOv5s achieves a 3.3% improvement in precision (P), a 20.9% increase in mAP@0.5, and a 19.86% gain in the CPI (&#x3b1; = 0.5) compared with the baseline model. Additional experiments on the NWPU VHR-10 dataset confirm that MEP-YOLOv5s outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods, offering a robust solution for UAV-based small object detection with enhanced feature extraction and attention-driven adaptability.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25113468","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113468","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/mi16060632","type":"article-journal","title":"Highly Accurate Attitude Estimation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Payloads Using Low-Cost MEMS.","abstract":"Low-cost MEMS sensors are widely utilized in UAV platforms to address attitude estimation problems due to their compact size, low power consumption, and cost-effectiveness. Diverse UAV payloads pose new challenges for attitude estimation, such as magnetic interference environments and high dynamic environments. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical decoupled attitude estimation algorithm, termed HDAEA. Initially, a novel hierarchical decoupling approach is introduced for the attitude and angle representation of the direction cosine matrix, enabling the representation of angles in a new manner. This method reduces the data dimensionality and nonlinearity of observation equations. Furthermore, a magnetic interference identification algorithm is proposed to compute the magnetic interference intensity accurately and quantitatively. Combining the quantified errors of estimated state variables, an error model for magnetic interference and attitude angles in high-dynamic environments is constructed. Subsequently, the proposed error model is employed to calibrate the hierarchical decoupled angles using accelerometer and magnetometer measurements, effectively mitigating the impact of magnetic interference on the calculation of pitch angles and roll angles. Moreover, the integration of the proposed hierarchical decoupled attitude estimation algorithm with the error-state extended Kalman filter reduces system nonlinearity and minimizes linearization errors. Experimental results demonstrate that HDAEA exhibits significantly improved attitude estimation accuracy of UAV payloads.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/mi16060632","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16060632","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41597-025-04783-6","type":"article-journal","title":"Integrated unmanned aerial vehicle-based LiDAR and RGB data for individual cattle growth monitoring in precision livestock farming.","abstract":"Monitoring cattle growth on an individual level is essential in precision livestock farming. Our study utilises an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) system to monitor the growth of 96 semi-free-range beef cattle. We conducted drone campaigns with varying flight speeds and heights under different environmental conditions. The resulting point clouds were processed to segment individual cattle with both standing and lying postures. Concurrently, UAV-based RGB data underwent instance segmentation, categorising cattle images at an individual level. In addition, ground-based cameras recorded the cattle weighing process. Video frames were extracted, selected, segmented, and stored, providing diverse views of each animal. These individual point clouds were processed, resulting in the extracted body measurements (such as height, width, and length), and volumes of point clouds. These results can facilitate the evaluation of the live body weight of cattle, corroborated with the ground truth data provided. Segmented RGB data can support the identification of cattle based on biometric characteristics, such as coat patterns. This comprehensive dataset holds significant potential for research in cattle monitoring using three-dimensional methods.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41597-025-04783-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04783-6","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202504.0331.v1","type":"manuscript","title":"Cover Crop Types Influence Biomass Estimation Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Mounted Multispectral Sensors","abstract":"Accurate cover crop biomass estimation is critical for evaluating their ecological benefits. Traditional methods, like destructive sampling, are labor-intensive and time-consuming. This study assesses unmanned aerial vehicle-mounted multispectral sensors to estimate biomass across oats, Austrian winter peas (AWP), turnips, and a mix of all three replicated in six experimental plots. Five spectral images were collected at two growth stages, analyzing band reflectance, nine vegetation indices, and canopy height models (CHMs) for biomass estimation. Results indicated that most vegetation indices were effective during mid-growth stages but showed reduced accuracy later. Stepwise multiple linear regression revealed that combining normalized difference red-edge (NDRE), vegetation index (NDVI), and CHM provided the best biomass model before termination (R2 = 0.90). For bitemporal images, green reflectance, CHM, near-infrared (NIR)/red ratio, and green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) achieved optimal performance (R2 = 0.86). Cover crop species influenced the model performance. Oats were best modeled with enhanced vegetation index (EVI) (R2 = 0.86), AWP with red-edge reflectance (R2 = 0.71), turnips with NIR, GNDVI, and CHM (R2 = 0.95), and mixed species with NIR and blue band reflectance (R2 = 0.93). These findings demonstrate the potential of high-resolution multispectral imaging for efficient biomass assessment in precision agriculture.","author":[{"family":"Salehin","given":"Sk"},{"family":"Poudyal","given":"Chiranjibi"},{"family":"Rajan","given":"Nithya"},{"family":"Bagavathiannan","given":"Muthukumar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.20944/preprints202504.0331.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202504.0331.v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25072005","type":"article-journal","title":"Tent-PSO-Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Path Planning for Cooperative Relay Networks in Dynamic User Environments.","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with communication devices are easy to deploy and can serve as temporary mobile communication stations, covering dynamic ground users and establishing communication links. The proper planning of UAV paths can improve user coverage while maintaining communication quality. The traditional particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm exhibits strong global search capabilities; however, it suffers from challenges such as uneven search coverage owing to the random distribution of the initial particle positions. Additionally, improper parameter selection often leads to premature convergence to local optima. This study proposes a method for multi-UAV coverage of dynamic users by combining Tent chaotic mapping with PSO (Tent-PSO). By using Tent chaotic mapping to adjust a UAV's speed and position, the method ensures that particles are evenly distributed in the search space. Simulation results demonstrate that Tent-PSO improves the coverage of the global optimal solution by 10% and increases throughput by at least 37%, confirming its effectiveness in covering dynamic user scenarios.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25072005","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072005","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3389/fnbot.2025.1582995","type":"article-journal","title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle based multi-person detection via deep neural network models.","abstract":"Understanding human actions in complex environments is crucial for advancing applications in areas such as surveillance, robotics, and autonomous systems. Identifying actions from UAV-recorded videos becomes more challenging as the task presents unique challenges, including motion blur, dynamic background, lighting variations, and varying viewpoints. The presented work develops a deep learning system that recognizes multi-person behaviors from data gathered by UAVs. The proposed system provides higher recognition accuracy while maintaining robustness along with dynamic environmental adaptability through the integration of different features and neural network models. The study supports the wider development of neural network systems utilized in complicated contexts while creating intelligent UAV applications utilizing neural networks.","author":[{"family":"Da","given":"Alhammadi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fnbot.2025.1582995","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2025.1582995","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/aerospace12020145","type":"article-journal","title":"Autonomous Parafoil Flaring Control System for eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Reducing landing kinetic energy during emergency landings is critical for minimising occupant injury in eVTOL aircraft. This study presents the development of an autonomous parafoil control system for impact point targeting and flare control. A model predictive controller for a six-degree-of-freedom parafoil and eVTOL payload model was designed incorporating an inner-loop flare controller for descent speed-based flare height adjustments and an outer-loop nonlinear model predictive control (MPC) to minimize line-of-sight error. Two guidance methods were explored: a standard fixed impact point approach and an adaptive method that adjusts the target point dynamically to account for horizontal travel during flaring. The standard method outperformed the uncontrolled system in 79.64% of cases, while the adaptive method achieved success in 40.73% of scenarios, with both methods maintaining vertical landing velocities below 8 m/s in all tested cases. Controller performance degraded under higher wind speeds and large control derivative variations, with the adaptive method position error attributed to flare distance estimation inaccuracies.","author":[{"family":"Doran","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Souanef","given":"Toufik"},{"family":"Whidborne","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/aerospace12020145","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12020145","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5211","type":"article-journal","title":"Rotor Failure Analysis on Winged-eVTOL Aircraft in Hover","abstract":"Winged electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft commonly employ multiple lift rotors mounted on underwing booms to enable efficient cruise while retaining vertical flight capabilities, making resilience to rotor failure a critical consideration in design and certification. While prior studies have primarily assessed fault tolerance through control feasibility and allocation strategies, the physical consequences of rotor failure on individual motor loading and overall aircraft power requirements remain relatively unexplored. This paper investigates the effects of single-rotor failure on an eVTOL aircraft with eight rotors on four underwing booms in hover using a physics-based comprehensive rotorcraft model. Three rotor spin configurations are examined, including the baseline NASA Lift plus Cruise arrangement and two alternate configurations inspired by emerging industry designs. Post-failure trim solutions are obtained using both power-optimal and intuitive paired-rotor shutdown strategies. Results quantify changes in rotor thrust, torque, and power, revealing that rotor spin configuration strongly influences load redistribution and peak motor demands despite similar increases in total aircraft power. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating physical motor loading considerations alongside control feasibility in fault-tolerant eVTOL design.","author":[{"family":"Fulton","given":"Eve"},{"family":"Lemelin","given":"Dakoda"},{"family":"Gandhi","given":"Farhan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5211","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5211","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/jahs.71.042008","type":"article-journal","title":"Accident Survey of Fly-by-Wire Powered-Lift Aircraft toward Understanding Variable Configuration eVTOL Aircraft Certification Risks","abstract":"This paper outlines observations from an FAA-sponsored research project that examined aviation fly-by-wire (FBW) accidents in helicopters, transport-category airplanes, and powered-lift aircraft. The goal was to identify risk areas that will help guide a focus for FAA certification testing. Part of this study specifically focused on current powered-lift tiltrotors, identifying six general categories of causal factors for accidents, which will be discussed in detail regarding how they influenced flight control designs. The results of this survey, along with extrapolation to current designs, will be discussed and will illustrate why manufacturers are moving toward state-based flight control designs. In a state-based flight control scheme, the pilot does not have direct control over aircraft attitudes and motor tilt angles. Instead, the pilot requests a speed and or flight path with inceptor input, and the commanded attitudes and motor tilts are scheduled by the flight control computer. Additionally, recent lessons learned from electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft accidents will be discussed, along with a comparison of powered-lift causal factors to accidents in the helicopters and transport category FBW fixed-wing aircraft. From this analysis, broad observations will be offered about the trend of how accident-causal factors may evolve with greater maturity in aircraft design. This accident survey will be detailed further as part of an upcoming FAA research report titled “An Approach to FBW HQ Testing Linking Development Tools to Civil Cert Requirements.”","author":[{"family":"Shubert","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Sizoo","given":"David"},{"family":"Jones","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/jahs.71.042008","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/jahs.71.042008","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.55057/ijbtm.2023.5.4.25","type":"article-journal","title":"Factors Influencing Public Intention To Use eVTOL Aircraft: An Analysis From Malaysian Perspective","abstract":"As an emerging technology with potential benefits in urban transportation, understanding the determinants of public acceptance is crucial for successful implementation. This research aims to identify the predictors that influence the public’s intention to use eVTOL aircraft using the extended model of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). This research was conducted among Malaysians above 15 years old to identify the factors influencing the intention to use eVTOL aircraft in Malaysia using convenience and snowball sampling techniques materialised by respondents. The total number of responses collected was 118 using the questionnaire adopted from the theory. Once the data was collected, it was analysed through SPSS software to identify the relationship and significance using inferential analysis. This research found that subjective norms and travel costs do not influence the intention to use eVTOL aircraft. Although the two predictors are insignificant, perceived safety and hedonic experience significantly impact the intention to use eVTOL aircraft. This study proposed a few benefits for operators and manufacturers to improve customer confidence in using eVTOL aircraft in Malaysia.","author":[{"family":"Wei","given":"Lau"},{"family":"Mathivanan","given":"Norsyela"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.55057/ijbtm.2023.5.4.25","URL":"https://doi.org/10.55057/ijbtm.2023.5.4.25","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5194","type":"article-journal","title":"Design of a Manned eVTOL Aircraft using Cycloidal Rotors","abstract":"This paper discusses the design of a 2000-lb manned eVTOL aircraft propelled by a novel cycloidal rotor propulsion system. To systematically evaluate the performance of the proposed configuration, a coupled trim model was developed to quantitatively evaluate the performance of the configuration across a range of forward flight speeds. The trim framework integrates an efficient physics-guided neural-network-based aerodynamic model for cycloidal rotor performance with a vehicle-level dynamic response model. This framework is used to conduct a systematic parametric study to identify key cycloidal rotor and airframe design parameters. The selected configuration is verified using high-fidelity CFD simulations, and a detailed structural design, powertrain design, and CAD model of the aircraft is developed. In addition to CFD validation, the proposed cycloidal rotor underwent structural optimization to confirm the validity of such a concept at this scale. The results demonstrate that the cycloidal rotors provide a viable propulsion alternative for eVTOL aircraft with strong potential to overcome limitations of existing configurations.","author":[{"family":"Fardin","given":"Nabia"},{"family":"Halder","given":"Atanu"},{"family":"Brown","given":"Cayden"},{"family":"Benedict","given":"Moble"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5194","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5194","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6438823","type":"manuscript","title":"A Data-Driven Handling Qualities Assessment Approach,for a Lift-and-Cruise eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"The rapid development of electric Vertical Take off and Landing (eVTOL) necessitates reliable and efficient methods for assessing Handling Qualities (HQ) across diverse operators. The Cooper-Harper Rating (CHR) method relies on subjective evaluations by highly trained test pilots, which can be time-consuming, costly, and prone to individual biases. Meanwhile, aircraft-based quantitative metrics characterize performance and response, but they provide limited direct observability of the compensatory effort required from the operator. In response, this study proposes a data-driven approach that utilizes a fusion of flight performance metrics and physiological proxies of pilot compensation to estimate assigned HQ levels through deep learning techniques. A flight test was conducted to collect and extract physiological signals from both the reference pilot group and the broader-operator group, where data from the reference pilot group guided the selection of the most responsive indicators based on copula entropy. These indicators were then concatenated with flight performance data and used to train a convolutional neural network-based model. The model demonstrated strong performance, achieving an accuracy of 96.15% in predicting HQ levels. For cross-pilot generalization, the model was adapted via few-shot fine-tuning, yielding an average accuracy of 85.21%. Ablation studies confirmed that fusing aircraft states with physiological proxies significantly enhanced cross-subject generalization compared to relying on single-domain data. The proposed framework complements existing methods by structurally combining aircraft-centric criteria with human-centric effort, thereby supporting the consistency checking of subjective ratings and enabling scalable evaluation for eVTOL HQ testing.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Yuhan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Shuguang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Nan"},{"family":"Zintl","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Holzapfel","given":"Florian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6438823","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6438823","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5203","type":"article-journal","title":"Handling Qualities Analysis of an eVTOL Aircraft with Direct Side Force Control","abstract":"This paper presents an initial handling qualities analysis of an Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) hexacopter. The analysis uses the Distributed Electric Propulsion Simulation (DEPSim), developed by Penn State University (PSU) and the Comprehensive Hierarchical Aeromechanics Rotorcraft Model (CHARM), developed by Continuum Dynamics, Inc. (CDI). The study focuses on evaluating a generic AAM hexacopter performing Handling Qualities Task Elements (HQTE) as defined by the DOT / FAA. A trajectory controller was developed to enable simulation of prescribed flight paths, allowing automated simulation of four HQTEs: Heliport Approach, Hovering Turn and Hold, Pirouette, Lateral Reposition and Hold. Design modifications incorporating lateral mast tilt and Direct Side Force Control (DSFC) were implemented to enhance yaw control and ride qualities. Piloted simulations were conducted at the PSU rotorcraft flight simulation facility using DEPSim, employing an Attitude Command Attitude Hold (ACAH) architecture with mode switching to Translational Rate Command / Position Hold (TRC / PH) and TRC plus DSFC modes. Two of the four HQTEs were tested in piloted simulations. Though formal ratings were not collected at this time, pilot commands and performance indicated that TRC / PH and TRC plus DSFC modes enhance handling qualities over ACAH mode. The DSFC control law was found to have substantially reduced roll attitude, which could potentially enhance visual cueing, pilot comfort, and pilot-perceived handling qualities.","author":[{"family":"Lee","given":"Soohyeon"},{"family":"Horn","given":"Joseph"},{"family":"Quackenbush","given":"Todd"},{"family":"Keller","given":"Jeffrey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5203","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5203","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038487","type":"article-journal","title":"Individual Propeller Source Noise Assessment from Full-Scale eVTOL Flight Test Measurements","abstract":"Aircraft equipped with distributed propulsion, e.g., those utilizing many propulsors for lift and thrust, radiate complex acoustic signatures with strong dependence on the vehicle state. In an effort to better interpret acoustic measurements and characterize the major noise source mechanisms, the Vold–Kalman order-tracking filter is applied to full-scale acoustic flight test measurements of the Joby Aviation eVTOL aircraft. Using synchronized acquisition of the aircraft position, time-varying rotation rates of each propeller, and any given single-channel acoustic signal, harmonic and nonharmonic acoustic content can be separated. Furthermore, this time-domain technique can also separate harmonic content among individual propellers, providing additional physical insight into the total acoustic field. A 60 kt level flyover and hover are used to exemplify the effectiveness of the method. High-fidelity simulations were performed under similar aircraft conditions from the flight test, indicating very good agreement with measured overall aircraft noise levels and filtered levels of individual propellers. Results clearly demonstrate the ability to rank propellers in terms of their relative importance without the use of phased microphone arrays. Frequency- and order-domain results are provided, as well as noise hemispheres, to illustrate relative source contributions and emission angle dependence. Given the similarities in propeller states for each flight condition, acoustic differences can be associated with interactional or installation effects, highlighting the shortcomings of isolated propeller models.","author":[{"family":"Pascioni","given":"Kyle"},{"family":"Thai","given":"Austin"},{"family":"Bain","given":"Jeremy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038487","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038487","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038391","type":"article-journal","title":"Impact of Failure on the Tilt-Wing eVTOL Backward Transition","abstract":"The backward transition from cruise to hover flight is the crucial flight maneuver for tilt-wing aircraft, as it allows for a safe vertical landing. At the same time, this flight phase is especially challenging due to low thrust settings and thereby reduced slipstream effects, which push the wing states toward or beyond flow separation. This raises the question of how failure conditions further impact these already severe conditions and if the remaining flight performance suffices to perform the backward transition. This study therefore assesses the tilt-wing’s fault tolerance against single and combined component failures. The reference scenario of a longitudinal level backward transition is investigated with optimal-control-based trajectory optimization on a six-degree-of-freedom aircraft model. The results indicate fault tolerance of the tilt-wing aircraft for most failure cases. The majority of failure cases leading to unfeasible transition trajectories suffer from unbalanced hover or cruise conditions. Only for the failure case of control surface runaways on the same side of the canard and main wing, the transition maneuver itself is the limiting factor due to increased thrust settings and thus longer transition times.","author":[{"family":"May","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Milz","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Armanini","given":"Sophie"},{"family":"Looye","given":"Gertjan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038391","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038391","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-54743-2","type":"article-journal","title":"How stakeholder requirements constrain drone-based medical delivery: probabilistic sizing of eVTOL aircraft at high altitude.","abstract":"Abstract Drone-based medical delivery can overcome geographic barriers to healthcare in highland regions, but designing aircraft for this mission requires navigating uncertainty that originates outside engineering: physicians define cold-chain requirements, regulators mandate safety systems, and health planners set delivery speed targets, each imposing design penalties whose magnitudes are uncertain. No existing aircraft sizing framework propagates this requirement-origin uncertainty alongside classical technological uncertainty. Here we introduce Requirement Impact Kits (RIKs)—composable modules with uncertain engineering coefficients—within a three-level probabilistic framework that distinguishes requirement-scenario, engineering-translation, and parameter-level uncertainty. Applied to eVTOL medical delivery at 2,800 m altitude in the Quito Metropolitan District, comparing Lift+Cruise, Tilt-Rotor, and Multirotor architectures, the framework reveals that stakeholder decisions dominate the design space: demanding urgent delivery reduces aircraft feasibility by 24 percentage points—four times the impact of adding cold-chain thermal management. Sobol sensitivity decomposition shows that 98% of parameter-level variance is epistemic and reducible through rotor testing, while battery energy density contributes less than 2%. The Lift+Cruise architecture achieves the highest robustness, and an altitude–cruise speed feasibility map provides health system planners with a quantitative tool for negotiating delivery time requirements against operational reliability.","author":[{"family":"Alulema","given":"Victor"},{"family":"Acosta-Vargas","given":"Gloria"},{"family":"Guevara","given":"Cesar"},{"family":"Acosta-Vargas","given":"Patricia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-026-54743-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-54743-2","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202607.1704.v1","type":"manuscript","title":"Coordinated Optimization of Inter-Hub eVTOL Feeder Services with Heterogeneous Passenger Behavior","abstract":"Inter-hub feeder service is a promising application for electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOL), especially when passengers must connect to subsequent flights under tight time constraints. This study develops an optimization framework that accounts for heterogeneous passenger behavior. Based on a stated-preference survey, we introduce delay-risk perception under remaining connection time constraints into passenger utility, identify heterogeneous preference classes, and formulate a bilevel optimization model. The upper level selects eVTOL schedules under given resource and fare configurations, while the lower level captures the stochastic user equilibrium of heterogeneous passengers competing across eVTOL and external transport alternatives. To solve the resulting mixed-integer nonlinear bilevel problem, we propose a Neural Bilevel Optimization and generalized Benders decomposition (Neur2BiLO-GBD) hybrid algorithm. Numerical experiments for the Shanghai Hongqiao-Pudong inter-hub transfer corridor show that the profit-maximizing operating plan generates positive social net utility of the feeder system under the baseline setting. Fleet size, charging infrastructure, and fare levels affect operator profit and social net utility differently, and their high-value regions do not fully coincide across operating scenarios. When external transport faces larger potential delays and remaining connection time is short, eVTOL is more likely to achieve both high operator profit and high social net utility.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"De"},{"family":"Mou","given":"Runze"},{"family":"You","given":"Shengpeng"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Shaobin"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Dongmei"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Zhixiang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.20944/preprints202607.1704.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202607.1704.v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202508.1804.v1","type":"manuscript","title":"Simulation Study on Electromagnetic Response and Cable Coupling Characteristics of eVTOL under Lightning Environment","abstract":"This study employs CST simulations to analyze the electromagnetic response and cable coupling characteristics of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft under lightning conditions. Based on the SAE ARP5414B standard, lightning zoning was carried out, and three typical strike scenarios—the nose, wing, and vertical tail—were established. Referring to representative lightning current waveforms in SAE ARP5412B, Component A was selected as the primary excitation source. On this basis, the L9(3³) orthogonal design method was applied to evaluate the influence of cable structure, length, and routing method on induced current. The results show that lightning strikes at the nose have the strongest coupling effect on the airframe, with both electric and magnetic fields exhibiting significant spatial distribution. Shielded cables effectively reduce induced current in the conductor core by diverting most of the coupled current through the shielding layer, while unshielded single-core cables demonstrate the weakest resistance to interference. Induced current increases with cable length, and Z-shaped wall-mounted routing produces stronger coupling than straight or suspended routing. This research provides a systematic approach for evaluating indirect lightning effects in eVTOL and offers engineering guidance for electromagnetic protection and cable design.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Hangyu"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Tan","given":"Yifang"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Yizhi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.20944/preprints202508.1804.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202508.1804.v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25041255","type":"article-journal","title":"Technological Progress Toward Peanut Disease Management: A Review.","abstract":"Peanut ( Arachis hypogea L.) crops in the southeastern U.S. suffer significant yield losses from diseases like leaf spot, southern blight, and stem rot. Traditionally, growers use conventional boom sprayers, which often leads to overuse and wastage of agrochemicals. However, advances in computer technologies have enabled the development of precision or variable-rate sprayers, both ground-based and drone-based, that apply agrochemicals more accurately. Historically, crop disease scouting has been labor-intensive and costly. Recent innovations in computer vision, artificial intelligence (AI), and remote sensing have transformed disease identification and scouting, making the process more efficient and economical. Over the past decade, numerous studies have focused on developing technologies for peanut disease scouting and sprayer technology. The current research trend shows significant advancements in precision spraying technologies, facilitating smart spraying capabilities. These advancements include the use of various platforms, such as ground-based and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based systems, equipped with sensors like RGB (red-blue-green), multispectral, thermal, hyperspectral, light detection and ranging (LiDAR), and other innovative detection technologies, as highlighted in this review. However, despite the availability of some commercial precision sprayers, their effectiveness is limited in managing certain peanut diseases, such as white mold, because the disease affects the roots, and the chemicals often remain in the canopy, failing to reach the soil where treatment is needed. The review concludes that further advances are necessary to develop more precise sprayers that can meet the needs of large-scale farmers and significantly enhance production outcomes. Overall, this review paper aims to provide a review of smart spraying techniques, estimating the required agrochemicals and applying them precisely in peanut fields.","author":[{"family":"Ms","given":"Mahmud"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25041255","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041255","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6574359","type":"manuscript","title":"Location-Routing Problem for Takeout Delivery Under Drone-Rider Joint Delivery Mode with Dynamic Orders","abstract":"The location-routing problem in delivery services represents a significant challenge within the e-commerce sector, particularly characterized by constraints in delivery range, inefficient routing of orders, elevated operational costs, and diminished customer satisfaction. These challenges become increasingly pronounced in environments characterized by dynamic order arrival patterns. This research introduces an innovative delivery framework that integrates drone stations within a collaborative drone-rider delivery system, specifically designed to accommodate the complexities introduced by dynamically arriving orders. The principal objectives of this proposed model are the reduction of overall delivery expenditures and the enhancement of customer satisfaction metrics. To achieve these objectives, a two-stage heuristic solution methodology is developed. During the initial phase, the Affinity Propagation clustering algorithm is employed to dynamically allocate incoming customer orders to appropriate drone stations, utilizing Euclidean distance as the primary criterion. In the subsequent phase, a novel hybrid algorithm, which integrates Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search with the Dung Beetle Optimization algorithm (ALNS-DBO), is implemented to optimize delivery routes in real-time, responding effectively to the evolving order pool. Numerical experiments, drawing upon operational scenarios from Meituan&amp;apos;s takeout services in China and utilizing adapted versions of the Solomon benchmark dataset, provide empirical evidence that the proposed delivery framework delivers superior performance compared to traditional rider-exclusive systems. The demonstrated advantages include a substantial expansion of serviceable areas, significant reductions in both delivery duration and cost, and a marked improvement in customer satisfaction levels, all within a dynamic order environment.","author":[{"family":"Lu","given":"Fuqiang"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Jialong"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ziteng"},{"family":"Ling","given":"Bihua"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6574359","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6574359","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6814722","type":"manuscript","title":"The Bus-Assisted Drone Delivery Problem: Integrating Public Transport and Drones for Last-Mile Delivery","abstract":"&lt;p&gt;We consider an innovative last-mile delivery paradigm that uses drones in collaboration with public transport to deliver parcels from warehouses to customers. Drones can hitchhike on public transport during parcel delivery and/or return trips, thereby saving energy and enhancing efficiency. Specifically, we deliver a set of parcels from warehouses to customers using drones, in collaboration with several bus lines, aiming to minimize the sum of the completion times of all orders. This problem, referred to as the Bus-Assisted Drone Delivery Problem, is non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP)-hard. We present a compact integer programming formulation, but it can handle only small-scale instances. To address instances of meaningful size, we propose an alternative formulation with exponentially many variables. This formulation tightly couples drone routing and bus‑riding decisions. Building on this, we design a Branch-and-Price-and-Cut (BPC) algorithm with a specialized label‑setting method that uses a step‑function label representation and dominance rules to efficiently prune unpromising labels. We further accelerate it by pre‑enumerating feasible labels, lower‑bounding label propagation, label‑space relaxation, and variable fixing. To handle larger instances, we design a matheuristic based on the BPC algorithm. Extensive experiments using instances derived from real-world data are conducted. We show that the BPC algorithm significantly outperforms solving the compact formulation directly with an off-the-shelf solver, highlight the substantial benefits of the algorithmic enhancements, and demonstrate that the matheuristic can efficiently obtain high-quality solutions. More importantly, we present valuable managerial insights. The drone service area can be expanded by up to 42% using properly selected bus routes, especially under limited drone battery capacity. Moreover, introducing public buses can promote drone sharing among warehouses, thereby reducing the total delivery time by up to 17%. The magnitude of this reduction increases with the imbalance in warehouse demand and the number of available bus lines. Further, riding public buses can reduce drone energy consumption by up to 40% but increases the total completion time. The magnitude of this energy-time trade-off depends on both bus speed and the tightness of customer time windows. Finally, we investigate bus route selection and demonstrate the benefits of making slight adjustments to align routes with warehouse proximity.&lt;/p&gt;","author":[{"family":"Zou","given":"Bipan"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Yuqian"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jiliu"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Rui"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6814722","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6814722","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.36227/techrxiv.173626743.37834191/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"A Leader-Follower Control System for a Package-Delivery Drone","abstract":"This paper proposes a control system to guide drones in delivering packages autonomously. The objective is to guide the quadrotor to take off from a ground vehicle, go to the delivery point, return to the ground vehicle, and land on it. The drone should disregard the ground vehicle as its leader when flying toward the delivery point and resume its leadership after delivering the parcel. To ensure this, the leader-follower formation control paradigm is adopted, allowing controlling the follower to track the leader's movement as a reference trajectory. To fully accomplish the delivery task, the delivery drone will follow two leaders at two different moments: the delivery point in the delivery step and the ground vehicle when returning to it. The delivery drone should also avoid obstacles, such as buildings and trees, to which the well-known potential field theory is adopted, thus completing the controller design. Results of an experiment on a lab scale are presented and discussed, which validates the proposed control system. Consequently, the correctness of the underlying hypothesis that the leader-follower control paradigm is a feasible solution to control a delivery drone in accomplishing package delivery is confirmed. This is the main contribution of the study. Moreover, a possible generalization of the proposed control system for a set of delivery drones is outlined.","author":[{"family":"Cardoso","given":"Emanuele"},{"family":"Bacheti","given":"Vinícius"},{"family":"Filho","given":"Mario"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.36227/techrxiv.173626743.37834191/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.173626743.37834191/v1","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1111/vox.70207","type":"article-journal","title":"Using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) to improve access to blood in low- and middle-income countries: Current challenges and opportunities.","abstract":"Blood transfusion is life-saving for patients in emergencies, but low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) often face a severe shortage of banked blood. Establishing blood banks in rural areas presents substantial logistical and economic challenges for many LMICs. Furthermore, difficult terrain, inadequate transportation infrastructure and adverse environmental conditions frequently cause delays in delivering essential blood supplies to patients in need. However, the freight transport system is undergoing a significant transformation with the introduction of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones. This environmentally conscious technology has made remarkable progress in recent times and demonstrates the potential to transport vital medical supplies, including blood and blood components, to remote areas during emergencies. Moreover, the use of artificial intelligence in drones has enhanced their flight safety. In this brief review, we first outline the various types of UAVs available for use, along with their respective configurations and regulatory requirements. Then we point out key problems of transfusion services within resource-limited regions, which include not having a national blood policy, a mismatch between supply and demand, a lack of robust testing facilities for bloodborne infections and not adhering to the transfusion guidelines. While resolving all challenges may seem unrealistic, we try to explore potential pathways to significantly improve blood accessibility for patients in LMICs through the strategic implementation of UAVs, considering the various barriers and facilitators associated with this innovative approach.","author":[{"family":"Ss","given":"Datta"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1111/vox.70207","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.70207","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0333696","type":"article-journal","title":"Drone-based medication delivery for rural, flood-prone coastal communities.","abstract":"Access to healthcare remains a critical challenge for rural populations, particularly in flood-prone coastal communities where transportation barriers limit access to essential medical services. This study evaluates the effectiveness of drone-based medication delivery in improving healthcare accessibility for vulnerable populations on Virginia's Eastern Shore. Compared to traditional personal vehicle travel, drone delivery reduced trip times from up to 50 minutes to under 10 minutes for more than 80% of the population, including elderly patients. Using publicly available datasets, we developed two transportation vulnerability indices that incorporate age, travel time, and flood risk to prioritize patients for drone-based pharmaceutical delivery. These indices were examined using Getis-Ord Gi* spatial analysis, which identified statistically significant clusters of high-need patients, particularly around the northernmost drone station. The results reveal that elderly residents in remote, low-lying areas are especially vulnerable to missed prescriptions due to both transportation barriers and flooding. Our approach demonstrates how drone delivery can reduce healthcare access disparities while offering a scalable and resilient framework for other medically underserved regions, especially under time or resource constraints.","author":[{"family":"Yh","given":"Chen"},{"family":"Am","given":"El"},{"family":"Kj","given":"O'brien"},{"family":"Hg","given":"Richter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0333696","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0333696","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/a18050245","type":"article-journal","title":"DeCGAN: Speech Enhancement Algorithm for Air Traffic Control","abstract":"Air traffic control (ATC) communication is susceptible to speech noise interference, which undermines the quality of civil aviation speech. To resolve this problem, we propose a speech enhancement model, termed DeCGAN, based on the DeConformer generative adversarial network. The model’s generator, the DeConformer module, combining a time frequency channel attention (TFC-SA) module and a deformable convolution-based feedforward neural network (DeConv-FFN), effectively captures both long-range dependencies and local features of speech signals. For this study, the outputs from two branches—the mask decoder and the complex decoder—were amalgamated to produce an enhanced speech signal. An evaluation metric discriminator was then utilized to derive speech quality evaluation scores, and adversarial training was implemented to generate higher-quality speech. Subsequently, experiments were performed to compare DeCGAN with other speech enhancement models on the ATC dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model is highly competitive compared to existing models. Specifically, the DeCGAN model achieved a perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) score of 3.31 and short-time objective intelligibility (STOI) value of 0.96.","author":[{"family":"Liang","given":"Haijun"},{"family":"He","given":"Yimin"},{"family":"Chang","given":"Hanwen"},{"family":"Kong","given":"Jianguo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/a18050245","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a18050245","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-34880-w","type":"article-journal","title":"A Q-learning-based hybrid search algorithm integrating PRM and ACO for 3D UAV path planning.","abstract":"The utilization of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in diverse scenarios, including disaster relief and delivery services, is experiencing a daily increase. In these applications, 3D path planning holds substantial research significance as it directly influences the operational efficiency, safety, and adaptability of the UAV. Nevertheless, the challenge of efficient 3D path planning for UAV in complex predefined environments persists due to the computational intractability of exact methods and the susceptibility of metaheuristics to local optima. While recent studies have focused on enhancing planners through multi-strategy fusion, they often rely on static heuristic rules and fixed parameter tuning. In this context, to address such problems more effectively, this paper presents a reinforcement learning-based hybrid algorithm integrating Probabilistic Roadmap (PRM) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), namely the PRM-QACO algorithm. Firstly, it employs the PRM method to generate a 3D random graph, thereby simplifying the 3D space and enhancing exploration efficiency. Secondly, it incorporates directional information into the ACO heuristic, enabling the UAV to reach the target more efficiently within the 3D space. Thirdly, and most distinctively, a Q-learning module is embedded as an intelligent controller to dynamically balance exploration and exploitation by rewarding or penalizing the ants' search outcomes, thus optimizing the paths discovered by elite ants. Finally, a path optimization mechanism is introduced to minimize the number of turns in the planned path, which is crucial for the UAV to conserve energy and circumvent obstacles. Simulation experiments conducted in MATLAB and AirSim environments across various 3D terrains demonstrate that PRM-QACO is an effective solution for 3D UAV path planning.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-34880-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34880-w","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38931-8","type":"article-journal","title":"ESO based adaptive neural network control for a quadrotor against wind and payload disturbances.","abstract":"This paper investigates the design of a robust controller for the trajectory tracking issue of an underactuated quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) subject to multiple disturbances. An anti-disturbance control framework is proposed by utilizing extended state observer (ESO) and neural network technology. Firstly, the dynamic model of the quadrotor UAV under wind and payload disturbance is established. To actively estimate the lumped disturbance of the UAV system, an ESO with only one parameter is introduced and the disturbances are transformed into the extended state of the UAV system for estimation. Secondly, an adaptive tracking controller that does not accurately obtain the dynamic model knowledge is constructed based on neural network method, where weights of the network can be automatically adjusted by the developed adaptive law. Then, finite-time convergency is analyzed for the ESO with only one parameter, and the Lyapunov criterion is adopted to verify the uniform ultimate boundedness of the UAV closed-loop system. Finally, various simulations under different scenarios are carried out to demonstrate the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. For comparison, linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC), sliding mode control (SMC), model-free based terminal SMC (MFTSMC), and adaptive fractional-order control (ADFOC) algorithms are introduced. Moreover, the physical experiment is given to validate the practicability of the proposed method.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-026-38931-8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38931-8","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26030755","type":"article-journal","title":"Distinguishing a Drone from Birds Based on Trajectory Movement and Deep Learning.","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) increasingly share low-altitude airspace with birds, making early distinguishing between drones and biological targets critical for safety and security. This work addresses long-range scenarios where objects occupy only a few pixels and appearance-based recognition becomes unreliable. We develop a model-driven simulation pipeline that generates synthetic data with a controlled camera model, atmospheric background and realistic motion of three aerial target types: multicopter, fixed-wing UAV and bird. From these sequences, each track is encoded as a time series of image-plane coordinates and apparent size, and a bidirectional long short-term memory (LSTM) network is trained to classify trajectories as drone-like or bird-like. The model learns characteristic differences in smoothness, turning behavior and velocity fluctuations, and to achieve reliable separation between drone and bird motion patterns on synthetic test data. Motion-trajectory cues alone can support early distinguishing of drones from birds when visual details are scarce, providing a complementary signal to conventional image-based detection. The proposed synthetic data and sequence classification pipeline forms a reproducible testbed that can be extended with real trajectories from radar or video tracking systems and used to prototype and benchmark trajectory-based recognizers for integrated surveillance solutions. The proposed method is designed to generalize naturally to real surveillance systems, as it relies on trajectory-level motion patterns rather than appearance-based features that are sensitive to sensor quality, illumination, or weather conditions.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s26030755","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030755","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-34306-7","type":"article-journal","title":"Fuzzy energy management using a chaotic model to improve fuel consumption of fuel cell-battery hybrid fixed-wing UAVs operating under uncertainty control.","abstract":"This paper presents a novel real-time energy management strategy (EMS) for fuel cell/battery hybrid fixed-wing UAVs based on a chaotic augmentation fuzzy logic controller. In this framework, all fuzzy parameters and chaos suppression coefficients are optimized offline by the Fire Hawk Optimizer (FHO). The main innovation of this research is the simultaneous integration of three components that have never been integrated in the UAV literature: (i) Explicit modeling of environmental uncertainties-especially turbulent gusts-through a modified Lorenz system whose behavior is directly mapped to battery SOC and fuel cell hydrogen consumption dynamics; (ii) Real-time suppression of chaotic oscillations resulting from this model using a lightweight hybrid controller OGY&#x2009;+&#x2009;TDFC; and (iii) Single-stage global co-optimization of all tunable parameters (fuzzy membership functions, rule weights, OGY gain, TDFC gain and delay &#x3c4;) via the recent FHO algorithm. Simulation results on a 5&#xa0;kg fixed-wing UAV under a realistic 3-hour mission with chaotic wind disturbances show that the proposed strategy achieves 44.35% reduction in fuel-cell energy consumption and extends endurance by more than one hour compared to a baseline FHO-optimized conventional fuzzy EMS (without chaos modeling). Compared to state-of-the-art methods reported in the literature, it provides 14.65-28.75% higher fuel savings than NMPC/AHEMS-based approaches, 24.35% higher savings over PSO-optimized fuzzy EMS, and significantly superior disturbance rejection without requiring accurate future mission preview or heavy online computation, while remaining executable in real-time (&lt;&#x2009;16 ms/cycle) on typical UAV companion computers. These results highlight the effectiveness of explicit chaos-based uncertainty representation and lightweight hybrid chaos control in achieving superior fuel economy and robustness for long-endurance hybrid UAV operations.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-34306-7","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34306-7","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26030965","type":"article-journal","title":"MURM-A*: An Improved A* Within Comprehensive Path-Planning Scheme for Cellular-Connected Multi-UAVs Based on Radio Map and Complex Network.","abstract":"For the purpose of fulfilling the dual requirements of persistent cellular network connectivity and flight safety for cellular-connected Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) operating in dense urban airspace, this paper presents an A*-oriented comprehensive path-planning scheme for multiple connected UAVs that integrates a radio map and complex network. Existing research often lacks rigorous processing of environmental map data, while the traditional A* algorithm struggles to simultaneously handle constraints such as obstacle avoidance, flight maneuverability, and multi-UAV path conflicts. To overcome these limitations, this study first constructs a path-planning model based on complex-network theory using environmental data and the radio map, clarifying the separation of responsibilities between environment representation and algorithmic search. On this basis, we proposed an improved A* algorithm for multi-UAV scenarios termed MURM-A*. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm effectively avoids collisions with obstacles, adheres to UAV flight dynamics, and prevents spatial conflicts between multi-UAV paths, while achieving a joint optimization between path efficiency and radio quality. In terms of performance comparison, the proposed algorithm shows a marginal difference but ensures operational validity compared to traditional A*, exhibits a slightly increase in flight time but achieves a substantial reduction in radio-outage time compared to the Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) method. Furthermore, employing the path-planning model enables the algorithm to more accurately identify environmental information compared to directly using raw environmental maps. The modeling time is also notably shorter than the training time required for DRL methods. This study provides a well-structured and extensible systematic framework for reliable path planning of multiple cellular-connected UAVs in complex radio environments.","author":[{"family":"Sk","given":"Im"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s26030965","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030965","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6669165","type":"manuscript","title":"A Co-Design Framework for UAV Logistics Infrastructure and Distributed UAV Swarm Scheduling","abstract":"In large-scale UAV logistics systems, distributed scheduling has emerged as a key approach to overcoming the scalability limitations of centralized architectures. However, existing studies primarily focus on improving optimization algorithms, while largely overlooking the fundamental constraints imposed by the underlying communication topology. In real urban environments, heterogeneous spatial distributions often lead to poorly connected networks, which in turn become a critical bottleneck limiting distributed coordination efficiency.This paper investigates how communication topology shapes distributed scheduling performance from the perspective of coupling transportation infrastructure and information interaction. Building upon algebraic graph theory and distributed optimization, we establish a quantitative relationship between network connectivity and the convergence rate of cooperative errors, and show that, under construction cost constraints, system performance is subject to an inherent structural upper bound. To address this limitation, we propose a topology optimization method that enhances connectivity under realistic spatial constraints, and further develop a topology-aware distributed scheduling framework that enables joint design of infrastructure and coordination mechanisms.Experiments based on real-world logistics networks demonstrate that modest topology enhancements can accelerate system convergence and reduce scheduling delays under high-load conditions. Ablation studies further confirm that network connectivity plays a key role in determining overall system performance.Overall, this work reveals the mechanism linking transportation infrastructure topology to distributed coordination efficiency, and provides a principled approach to upgrading infrastructure from passive physical assets to active computational topology resources, offering theoretical support for the integration of computing and networking in future intelligent transportation systems.","author":[{"family":"Gu","given":"Haoze"},{"family":"Qi","given":"Zhixin"},{"family":"Zejiao","given":"Dong"},{"family":"Gershome","given":"Abaho"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6669165","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6669165","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202509.1726.v1","type":"manuscript","title":"Simulation of Attacks on UAV Swarm with Repeater","abstract":"Study is devoted to the problem of interference protection for communication channels of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarm during attacks, which is relevant due to the growth of threats in military and civilian applications (intelligence, monitoring, and logistics). The use of a repeater expands the range and coordination of the swarm, but increases vulnerability to attacks such as directional interference. A model was developed using NetCracker and includes Base Station, Repeater, Aerial Base Station, UAV swarm, and Attacker that simulates Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks. The model allows analyzing the impact of interference on communication, taking into account Bit Error Rate (BER), delay, and throughput. The simulation results showed that at Time-Between-Transaction (TBT) of 0.01 s and Transaction Size (TS) of 100,000 bits, packet losses reach 30%. The novelty lies in the integration of networks with a repeater and real-time attack simulation, which fills the gaps in existing research.","author":[{"family":"Kharchenko","given":"Volodymyr"},{"family":"Grekhov","given":"Andrii"},{"family":"Kondratiuk","given":"Vasyl"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.20944/preprints202509.1726.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202509.1726.v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.31224/6532","type":"article-journal","title":"Geometry-Aware Moving Viewpoint Particle Swarm Optimisation for Efficient UAV Facade Coverage","abstract":"Inspection of high-rise building façades is critical for structural assessment, emergency response, and risk mitigation in dense urban environments. While Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) provide a safe and flexible platform for data acquisition, the effectiveness of UAVbased inspection is fundamentally constrained by coverage path planning. Conventional optimisation approaches typically operate over static, precomputed viewpoint sets or abstract search spaces, limiting adaptability in complex, concave, and partially occluded geometries. This work proposes a geometry-aware moving-viewpoint Particle Swarm Optimisation (VPSO) framework for UAV façade coverage planning. In the proposed formulation, viewpoints are treated as movable agents constrained by local surface geometry, and the search space is reduced from three spatial degrees of freedom to a single angular parameter. By embedding geometric feasibility directly into the optimisation process, the method integrates coverage optimisation with continuous surface-aware motion. The approach is evaluated against a conventional PSO baseline across three building geometries of increasing complexity. Results demonstrate improved optimisation stability, higher coverage efficiency, and enhanced robustness in non-convex and occluded environments. The proposed framework provides a foundation for unified coverage and trajectory optimisation in UAV-based structural inspection.","author":[{"family":"Agarwal","given":"Manit"},{"family":"Venkatachari","given":"Svetha"},{"family":"Menon","given":"Prathyush"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.31224/6532","URL":"https://doi.org/10.31224/6532","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6308252","type":"manuscript","title":"Agile Target Capture with UAV Swarm in Dense Environments","abstract":"Rapidly capturing fast-moving targets is critical for maintaining border security and public safety. However, traditional swarm-based target acquisition models often rely on target cooperation and focus on fixed formation capture methods. When target positions are uncertain and moving rapidly, deadlocks may occur due to target loss. To address this issue, this paper formulates a sliding-window pose graph optimization framework,, combined with Trajectory Prediction to estimate and predict the three-dimensional trajectory of high-speed maneuvering targets in real time. By adopting a virtual center-of-mass extension strategy to optimize non-uniform circular capture formations, compact target enclosure and obstacle avoidance are achieved. Simultaneously, this paper integrates field-of-view awareness with yaw coordination by formulating a multi-constraint optimization problem. our approach expands environmental perception while ensuring continuous target visibility. The proposed method demonstrates outstanding performance in multi-UAV cooperative tracking, target visibility maintenance, obstacle avoidance planning, and collision avoidance in dense environments.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Ping"},{"family":"Huo","given":"Jianwen"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Ran"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Hongwei"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Simon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6308252","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6308252","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9532263/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"A Co-Design Framework for UAV Logistics Infrastructure and Distributed UAV Swarm Scheduling","abstract":"Abstract In large-scale UAV logistics systems, distributed scheduling has emerged as a key approach to overcoming the scalability limitations of centralized architectures. However, existing studies primarily focus on improving optimization algorithms, while largely overlooking the fundamental constraints imposed by the underlying communication topology. In real urban environments, heterogeneous spatial distributions often lead to poorly connected networks, which in turn become a critical bottleneck limiting distributed coordination efficiency.This paper investigates how communication topology shapes distributed scheduling performance from the perspective of coupling transportation infrastructure and information interaction. Building upon algebraic graph theory and distributed optimization, we establish a quantitative relationship between network connectivity and the convergence rate of cooperative errors, and show that, under construction cost constraints, system performance is subject to an inherent structural upper bound. To address this limitation, we propose a topology optimization method that enhances connectivity under realistic spatial constraints, and further develop a topology-aware distributed scheduling framework that enables joint design of infrastructure and coordination mechanisms.Experiments based on real-world logistics networks demonstrate that modest topology enhancements can accelerate system convergence and reduce scheduling delays under high-load conditions. Ablation studies further confirm that network connectivity plays a key role in determining overall system performance.Overall, this work reveals the mechanism linking transportation infrastructure topology to distributed coordination efficiency, and provides a principled approach to upgrading infrastructure from passive physical assets to active computational topology resources, offering theoretical support for the integration of computing and networking in future intelligent transportation systems.","author":[{"family":"Gu","given":"Haoze"},{"family":"Qi","given":"Zhixin"},{"family":"Dong","given":"Zejiao"},{"family":"Gershome","given":"Abaho"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9532263/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9532263/v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202602.1239.v1","type":"manuscript","title":"Optimized Synchronization Design for UAV Swarm Network Based on Sidelink","abstract":"With the deployment and application of the fifth-generation communication technology as well as the research on the sixth-generation communication technology, the space-air-ground-sea integrated network has emerged as a key vision for future communications. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), serving as aerial nodes, can be utilized in emergency rescue and disaster relief, mapping, environmental monitoring, and enhancement of communication coverage, among other areas. In terms of enhancing communication coverage, the integrated space-ground network, with UAVs as an important component, can provide seamless communication coverage to remote areas, deserts, oceans, and other all-domain three-dimensional spaces. UAVs have become important research objects due to their low cost and high flexibility, and the enhancement of communication coverage in the form of base station-relay UAV-slave UAV based on one-hop relaying has become a significant direction. However, the high mobility and extensive coverage of UAVs also give rise to synchronization challenges. In this work, to tackle the challenges of round-trip delay (RTD) from long-distance transmission and Doppler frequency offset in uplink synchronization between ground base stations and relay UAVs, a long-range random access preamble design is proposed. An enhanced two-step detection framework is introduced, where two distinct root sequence preambles are utilized for RTD estimation and random access respectively, and Doppler frequency offset is mitigated via pre-compensation. For the uplink synchronization in the sidelink between slave UAVs and relay UAVs, to address Doppler frequency offset, improve access efficiency, reduce resource consumption, and simultaneously account for the asynchrony among different users, an asynchronous non-orthogonal multiple access (A-NOMA)-based two-step random access scheme is developed. The scheme leverages existing physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble sequences with paired indexing for Doppler frequency offset estimation; on this basis, a successive interference cancellation algorithm based on Doppler frequency offset and phase compensation is designed to demodulate user data. For downlink synchronization between slave UAVs and relay UAVs, improvements to frequency offset estimation are achieved through redesigned sidelink synchronization signal block (S-SSB) resource allocation. Alongside this, a down-sampling-based detection scheme is designed to reduce UAV power consumption given energy constraints, with a comprehensive link algorithm developed to support implementation.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Hang"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Hua"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Qi"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhu"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Yan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.20944/preprints202602.1239.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202602.1239.v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-97961-w","type":"article-journal","title":"Relative DOA estimation method for UAV swarm based on phase difference information without fixed anchors.","abstract":"A key challenge for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms is achieving inter-aircraft relative direction of arrival (DOA) estimation in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) denied environments without relying on fixed base stations. This paper proposes a Ultra-wide Bandwidth (UWB) based method where each UAV acts as both a transmitter and receiver, effectively functioning as a mobile base station. A theoretical framework for all-directional DOA estimation using a regular tetrahedral array is derived, resolving phase ambiguities via a genetic algorithm (GA) with phase difference information. Simulation results demonstrate that GA-UWB algorithm has a better performance than WP-UWB. When considering noise both in time difference and phase difference information, the algorithm proposed in this paper has a higher success rate.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-97961-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-97961-w","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/e27030256","type":"article-journal","title":"Slot Allocation Protocol for UAV Swarm Ad Hoc Networks: A Distributed Coalition Formation Game Approach.","abstract":"With the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) manufacturing technology, large-scale UAV swarm ad hoc networks are becoming widely used in military and civilian spheres. UAV swarms equipped with ad hoc networks and satellite networks are being developed for 6G heterogeneous networks, especially in offshore and remote areas. A key operational aspect in large-scale UAV swarm networks is slot allocation for large capacity and a low probability of conflict. Traditional methods typically form coalitions among UAVs that are in close spatial proximity to reduce internal network interference, thereby achieving greater throughput. However, significant internal interference still persists. Given that UAV networks are required to transmit a substantial amount of safety-related control information, any packet loss due to internal interference can easily pose potential risks. In this paper, we propose a distributed time coalition formation game algorithm that ensures the absence of internal interference and collisions while sharing time slot resources, thereby enhancing the network's throughput performance. Instead of forming a coalition from UAVs within a contiguous block area as used in prior studies, UAV nodes with no interference from each other form a coalition that can be called a time coalition. UAVs belonging to one coalition share their transmitting slots with each other, and thus, every UAV node achieves the whole transmitting slots of coalition members. They can transmit data packets simultaneously with no interference. In addition, a distributed coalition formation game-based TDMA (DCFG-TDMA) protocol based on the distributed time coalition formation algorithm is designed for UAV swarm ad hoc networks. Our simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the UAV throughput compared with that of the conventional TDMA protocol.","author":[{"family":"Song","given":"Liubin"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Daoxing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/e27030256","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27030256","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9065913/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Perception Uncertainty and Collective Robustness in AI-Driven Swarm UAV Systems","abstract":"Abstract This paper examines risk formation and propagation in AI-driven swarm-based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems operating in complex environments. In distributed multiagent systems, perception errors made by individual agents can propagate through collective interaction and amplify at the swarm level. The lack of a structured approach to assessing such risks increases uncertainty during the preparation, training, and operational deployment of AI-based Geospatial Perception Models (AGPM). A methodological framework is introduced to classify risks across the AGPM lifecycle, including knowledge selection, knowledge analysis, model training, and operational stages. The framework considers both human and technological factors and applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assess their relative significance within a hierarchical multiagent setting. Particular attention is paid to cascading error propagation and its impact on collective swarm behavior. Experiments with contemporary general-purpose multimodal AI systems were conducted to evaluate their ability to interpret graphical representations of complex geospatial scenes relevant to autonomous navigation. The results suggest that while semantic recognition remains stable, spatial-geometric reasoning and formal uncertainty estimation are limited. In swarm-based systems, these limitations may contribute to the amplification of local perception errors. Overall, the analysis indicates that technological risks during operation, especially cascading error propagation among agents, have the strongest influence on the overall risk profile. The framework is intended to clarify how vulnerabilities emerging at different lifecycle stages may affect collective behavior in AI-driven swarm systems.","author":[{"family":"Kravchuk","given":"Oleksandr"},{"family":"Taranowski","given":"Artem"},{"family":"Sinko","given":"Dmytro"},{"family":"Kravtsov","given":"Hryhoriy"},{"family":"Samoylov","given":"Victor"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9065913/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9065913/v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26030869","type":"article-journal","title":"A Comprehensive Review of Metaheuristic Algorithms for Node Placement in UAV Communication Networks.","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Communication Networks (UAVCNs) have emerged as a transformative solution to enable resilient, scalable, and infrastructure-independent wireless communication in urban and remote environments. A key challenge in UAVCNs is the optimal placement of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) nodes to maximize coverage, connectivity, and overall network performance while minimizing latency, energy consumption, and packet loss. As this node placement problem is NP-hard, numerous meta-heuristic algorithms (MHAs) have been proposed to find near-optimal solutions efficiently. Although research in this area has produced a wide range of meta-heuristic algorithmic solutions, most existing review articles focus on MANETs with terrestrial nodes, while comprehensive reviews dedicated to node placement in UAV communication networks are relatively scarce. This article presents a critical and comprehensive review of meta-heuristic algorithms for UAVCN node placement. Beyond surveying existing methods, it systematically analyzes algorithmic strengths, vulnerabilities, and future research directions, offering actionable insights for selecting effective strategies in diverse UAVCN deployment scenarios. To demonstrate practical applicability, selected hybrid algorithms are evaluated in a reproducible Python framework using computational time and coverage metrics, highlighting their ability to optimize multiple objectives and providing guidance for future UAVCN optimization studies.","author":[{"family":"Sa","given":"Temesheva"},{"family":"Da","given":"Turlykozhayeva"},{"family":"Sn","given":"Akhtanov"},{"family":"Nm","given":"Ussipov"},{"family":"Aa","given":"Zhunuskanov"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s26030869","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030869","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26020419","type":"article-journal","title":"AoI-Aware Data Collection in Heterogeneous UAV-Assisted WSNs: Strong-Agent Coordinated Coverage and Vicsek-Driven Weak-Swarm Control.","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms offer an efficient solution for data collection from widely distributed ground users (GUs). However, incomplete environment information and frequent changes make it challenging for standard centralized planning or pure reinforcement learning approaches to simultaneously maintain global solution quality and local flexibility. We propose a hierarchical data collection framework for heterogeneous UAV-assisted wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A small set of high-capability UAVs (H-UAVs), equipped with substantial computational and communication resources, coordinate regional coverage, trajectory planning, and uplink transmission control for numerous resource-constrained low-capability UAVs (L-UAVs) across power-Voronoi-partitioned areas using multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL). Specifically, we employ Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG) to enhance H-UAVs' decision-making capabilities and enable coordinated actions. The partitions are dynamically updated based on GUs' data generation rates and L-UAV density to balance workload and adapt to environmental dynamics. Concurrently, a large number of L-UAVs with limited onboard resources perform self-organized data collection from GUs and execute opportunistic relaying to a remote access point (RAP) via H-UAVs. Within each Voronoi cell, L-UAV motion follows a weighted Vicsek model that incorporates GUs' age of information (AoI), link quality, and congestion avoidance. This spatial decomposition combined with decentralized weak-swarm control enables scalability to large-scale L-UAV deployments. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed strong and weak agent MADDPG (SW-MADDPG) scheme reduces AoI by 30% and 21% compared to No-Voronoi and Heuristic-HUAV baselines, respectively.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s26020419","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020419","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6174722","type":"manuscript","title":"Toward a Safer Low-Altitude Airspace in Urban Environments: Risk and Airspace Availability in Central Wuhan","abstract":"This study quantitatively evaluates the potential of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs) operations across different urban functional units, providing a fine-grained understanding of how built form, population density, and regulatory constraints affect low-altitude airspace usability. Using voxel-based spatial modeling and visibility analysis, this study assesses available airspace layers and operational feasibility in four urban regions: central core, historical-commercial, industrial, and community zones. The results reveal pronounced spatial heterogeneity. The central core with high building density and population exposure exhibits lower airspace availability, restricting UAV applications mainly to emergency and inspection tasks. Historical-commercial zones face similar constraints due to heritage protection and narrow streets, although peripheral areas have moderate availability and are suitable for controlled operations, such as façade inspection and fire monitoring. In contrast, industrial areas exhibit the highest operational potential, providing natural UAV corridors ideal for logistics and factory inspections. Residential communities have intermediate availability, necessitating context-sensitive governance to balance service convenience with social tolerance.By integrating spatial simulation results with functional differentiation, this research proposes a conceptual framework for parcel-level airspace governance that emphasizes different vertical zones analogous to land-use regulations. The findings highlight the need for safety–efficiency trade-offs tailored to urban functions, informing planning policy and operational guidelines for future low-altitude urban management. This study contributes to the emerging discourse on three-dimensional urban governance by providing a quantitative foundation for the adaptive, safe, and efficient integration of UAVs into complex city environments.","author":[{"family":"Peng","given":"Chong"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Yuchen"},{"family":"Ming","given":"Tingzhen"},{"family":"Zhai","given":"Wei"},{"family":"Du","given":"Kejun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6174722","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6174722","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8500641/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"A Digital Twin-Driven Computation and Analysis Framework for Low-Altitude Airspace","abstract":"Abstract To address key challenges in low-altitude airspace management, such as high dynamic complexity, significant safety risks, and information fragmentation, a digital twin-based methodology for low-altitude airspace computation and analysis is proposed in this paper. First, a four-layer digital twin system architecture is established. High-fidelity digital twin mapping of the low-altitude airspace is achieved through the integration of multi-source heterogeneous data, the application of unified spatio-temporal representation, the implementation of dynamic evolution modeling, and the facilitation of bidirectional physical-virtual closed-loop interaction. Second, innovative intelligent algorithms, including a bidirectional GRU-Seq2Seq trajectory prediction model and a Kalman filter-based error compensation mechanism, are incorporated. These components form a comprehensive technical framework that supports quantitative airspace resource evaluation, real-time trajectory analysis, and conflict prediction and early warning. Finally, experimental validation is conducted across three scenarios: single-target conventional flight, multi-target collaborative flight, and extreme weather interference. The results indicate that, compared with the conventional geometric twin approach, the proposed method achieves a 37.2% reduction in trajectory deviation, a 62.5% improvement in conflict warning accuracy, and a 28.6% enhancement in site selection safety. Furthermore, it is shown to outperform traditional methods across five core performance metrics, including computational efficiency and trajectory accuracy, which further confirms its strong suitability for supporting the high-quality development of the low-altitude economy.","author":[{"family":"He","given":"Zhenghan"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Weibin"},{"family":"Du","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zhiyong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8500641/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8500641/v1","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6958660","type":"manuscript","title":"An Explainable Safety Assessment and Decision Framework for UAV Emergency Landing in Urban Low-Altitude Airspace","abstract":"Emergency landing is a critical safety function for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operating in urban low-altitude airspace, where complex environments and ground-risk exposure impose stringent requirements on both landing-site selection and approach-trajectory safety. To address this challenge, this paper presents a semantic-driven and explainable safety assessment and decision framework for UAV emergency landing. From scene-level semantic information, the proposed method constructs complementary safety representations that explicitly characterize touchdown-area feasibility, overflight risk distribution, and hard exclusion zones around high-risk entities. Based on fixed feasibility constraints, a diverse set of non-overlapping emergency landing zone (ELZ) candidates is generated to support consistent and reproducible evaluation.To enable end-to-end assessment, a unified safety evaluation protocol is further developed to quantify site-level safety, path-level safety, and their combined global safety. This formulation provides an interpretable decomposition of safety factors and enables direct comparison across different decision strategies. Experimental results in simulation-consistent urban environments demonstrate that the proposed framework consistently improves end-to-end emergency landing safety compared with representative site-only and path-only decision baselines. In particular, the joint decision strategy achieves the best global safety performance with improved robustness, while the heading-aware planner yields higher overflight safety than geometric shortest-path and semantic A* baselines. These results indicate that explicitly coupling landing-site feasibility and trajectory safety is beneficial for reliable emergency landing decision-making. Beyond algorithmic design, this work establishes a standardized and data-driven safety assessment benchmark, providing a principled foundation for future learning-based and safety-critical UAV emergency landing systems.","author":[{"family":"Tan","given":"Jintao"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Xia"},{"family":"Chenglong","given":"Li"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6958660","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6958660","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu25-3506","type":"article-journal","title":"Characteristics of Jet Stream in Low-altitude Airspace and Impact to Fog in Tianjin Urban Areas","abstract":"This study analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of jet stream in low airspace (1500 meters) and the impact to fog in Tianjin urban areas, based on the data of the boundary layer wind profiler and the 255 m Meteorological Tower during 2016-2018.The statistical results show that: (1) As for the distribution height of wind jet stream, there are two peak heights within 1500 m, one peak is within 500-600 m, about 23% of the wind stream jet is located at the height; The other peak is located in the 200-300 m range, and about 19% of the jet stream is located at the height; and wind jet streams are more evenly distributed in other low-altitudes airspace. (2) As for the height and frequency seasonal distribution characteristics of the jet stream, the average height of the jet stream is generally located at 700-1000 m, and the seasonal variation of the jet height is not obvious, but the height of the cold season is higher than that of the warm season. The frequency of stream jet in 300-1500 m layer is the lowest in December and the highest in May. In contrast, the low-level jet within the 300 m layer occurs more frequently during the transition from warm to cold season, accounting for about 70% in autumn and winter, with the lowest frequency in June and the highest in October. (3) As for the diurnal distribution characteristics and wind direction of the jet stream, the frequency of wind stream jet at 300-1500 m layer increased at sunset, and the high frequency lasted until dawn of the next day, the character is the same for the low-altitude jet below 300 m, and the frequency during nighttime is more than 70%, far more than the frequency of wind jet at the upper layer. The prevailing jet direction is southwest, accounting for 47%; Followed by northerly wind, accounting for 17%; The southeast (90-180&amp;#176;) jet direction is less than 20%, while the northwest low-level jet stream least frequent. (4) The southerly jet before the fog, which was conducive to the formation of fog, transported water vapor to the fog area; while the northerly jet have bidirectional effect of leading to fog burst or dissipation, which afford to the fog area with cold air and kinetic energy.In conclusion, Due to sparse vertical layer data, such as the FNL reanalysis data, the features of low-altitude airspace jet are rough, especially those below 300 meters. This study supplemented the understanding of the distribution characteristics of the low-altitude jet under 300 m and the effect to fog in Tianjin urban area, which is important for fog forecasting and low-altitude flight meteorological service .&amp;#160;","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Bingui"},{"family":"Ju","given":"Tingting"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Meng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5194/egusphere-egu25-3506","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-3506","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7232659","type":"manuscript","title":"A Multi-Candidate Semantic Safe-Corridor Planner for Incremental UAV Path Recovery in Grid-Coded Low-Altitude Airspace","abstract":"Semantic updates in grid-coded low-altitude airspace require front-end unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) planners that keep recovery decisions tied to airspace-database records. This paper proposes the Multi-Candidate Semantic Safe-Corridor (MC-SSC) planner as a database-indexed corridor-state and connector-verification layer for incremental path recovery. MC-SSC plans over database level-7 (L7) voxels, activates level-8 (L8) child voxels for corridor-local validation, and maintains a ranked pool of corridor candidates with voxel identifiers, hard-semantic admissibility, update exposure, standby availability, and diagnostic labels. Experiments on database-derived urban airspace windows show that the retained corridor state provides usable standby alternatives, supports faster verified recovery in standby-required and repeated-update settings than global replanning or corridor-reconstruction baselines, and preserves corridor membership during refinement through local L8 validation. The method incurs additional static pool-construction and local-validation cost, and deployed end-to-end reaction time remains outside the measured loop. MC-SSC serves as a tactical database-indexed corridor-decision layer for downstream trajectory optimization and supervisory fail-safe policies.","author":[{"family":"Lin","given":"Junliang"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Shigen"},{"family":"Nie","given":"Yuwei"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.7232659","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7232659","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26041270","type":"article-journal","title":"Probabilistic Bird Trajectory Forecasting with Heavy-Tailed Uncertainty Modeling for Low-Altitude Airspace Monitoring","abstract":"The low-altitude airspace of bird flocks is gradually shared by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), posing safety risks that necessitate accurate trajectory forecasting. However, existing vision-based methods often treat trajectory prediction and UAV detection as separate tasks, assume light-tailed Gaussian noise, and rely on heavy backbones. These limitations, when applied to bird trajectory forecasting, limit uncertainty calibration and embedded deployment in ground-based monocular surveillance. In this work, we propose a unified framework for low-altitude monitoring. Its core, Mini-BirdFormer, combines a lightweight Transformer encoder with a Student-t mixture density head to model heavy-tailed flight dynamics and produce calibrated uncertainty. Experiments on a real-world dataset show the model achieves strong long-horizon performance with only 1.05 million parameters, attaining a minADE of 0.785 m and reducing negative log-likelihood from 1.25 to −2.01 (lower is better) compared with a Gaussian Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) baseline. Crucially, it enables low-latency inference on resource-constrained platforms at 616 FPS. Additionally, a system-level extension supports zero-shot UAV detection via open-vocabulary learning, attaining 92% recall without false alarms. Results demonstrate that combining heavy-tailed probabilistic modeling with a compact backbone provides a practical, deployable approach for monitoring shared airspace.","author":[{"family":"Song","given":"Feiyang"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zhonghe"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Yuyang"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Jingguo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s26041270","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041270","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4271/2026-99-0597","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of UAV Support Technologies for Low-Altitude Airspace Operation and Management","abstract":"&lt;div class=\"section abstract\"&gt;&lt;div class=\"htmlview paragraph\"&gt;In recent years, with the low-altitude economy developing rapidly, the operation and management of low-altitude airspace has gradually become a hot topic. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) constitute a fundamental component of the low-altitude airspace ecosystem, significantly influencing its structure and functionality. The technological advancement of UAVs has fundamentally transformed the operational paradigm for low-altitude airspace management. This paper presents a comprehensive review of UAV-supported technologies in the context of low-altitude airspace operations and management. It systematically analyzes key technologies and applications of UAVs in areas such as airspace capacity and safety assessment, trajectory planning, and standardized flight management. Drawing from kinematic analysis and traffic flow theory, UAV density control and collision risk prediction offer quantitative insights into airspace capacity evaluation. Additionally, probabilistic analysis and simulation techniques enhance the accuracy and efficiency of safety assessments. In trajectory planning, multi-objective optimization algorithms tailored to operational scenarios—such as logistics delivery and agricultural operations—have significantly improved the utilization of airspace resources. Concurrently, collision avoidance techniques leveraging graph search, numerical optimization, and machine learning ensure flight safety in complex environments. Standardized flight management relies on pilot qualification review, airworthiness certification, and planning standardization, while discussing airspace segmentation strategies based on geofencing and intelligent control systems. Future developments in UAV-supported technologies are expected to trend toward higher precision, intelligence, and regulatory integration. By incorporating cutting-edge fields such as deep reinforcement learning and digital integration, these technologies are poised to further enhance the efficiency and safety of low-altitude airspace management, thereby providing robust technical support for the sustainable growth of the low-altitude economy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;","author":[{"family":"Gong","given":"Lei"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Zhenxiao"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Qin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4271/2026-99-0597","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2026-99-0597","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6263809","type":"manuscript","title":"An E!cient Real-Time Semantic Segmentation Framework for Candidate Landing Zone Recognition in Urban Low-Altitude Airspace","abstract":"With the rapid growth of the low-altitude economy and urban air mobility, ensuring the operational safety of low-altitude aerial vehicles in dense urban environments has become a critical engineering challenge, particularly under GPS loss or abnormal flight conditions that require emergency landing. Reliable real-time perception of feasible landing zones is therefore essential to support autonomous emergency landing decision-making for unmanned aerial vehicles and eVTOL aircraft. To address this challenge, this paper proposes LZSeg-PID, a real-time semantic segmentation framework with dedicated architectural and learning design for safety-critical aerial perception. The proposed method introduces a tri-branch architecture that explicitly decouples and jointly models detailed spatial information, global contextual semantics, and boundary-aware features. In addition, a boundary-aware multi-task learning strategy is developed, incorporating explicit boundary supervision and OHEM, to enhance small-object recognition and boundary discrimination under real-time constraints. The proposed framework is evaluated on three representative aerial benchmarks—UDD6, VDD, and UAVid—covering complex urban scenes with heterogeneous surface categories and scale variations. Experimental results demonstrate that LZSeg-PID achieves a favorable trade-o! between segmentation accuracy and inference e\"ciency, consistently outperforming state-of-the-art lightweight segmentation baselines. The accuracy-oriented variant reaches 77.1% mIoU (62.6 FPS), 81.1% mIoU (43.2 FPS), and 69.3% mIoU (39.8 FPS) on the respective datasets, while the lightweight variant (7.6M parameters) attains 73.7% mIoU (136.7 FPS), 71.9% mIoU (101.1 FPS), and 67.6% mIoU (93.2 FPS). These results demonstrate the e!ectiveness and practical feasibility of the proposed framework for real-time onboard perception in low-altitude emergency landing scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Qian","given":"Jingjing"},{"family":"Cheng","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Tang","given":"Xinmin"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Siyao"},{"family":"Gu","given":"Junwei"},{"family":"Dai","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6263809","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6263809","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-32450-8","type":"article-journal","title":"Adaptive airspace allocation model for urban drone logistics using multi-objective optimization under uncertainty.","abstract":"The large-scale application of urban unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) logistics is confronted with challenges such as limited airspace resources, dynamic changes in demand, and multiple uncertainties. Traditional static allocation methods are difficult to adapt to complex urban environments. This study constructs a DRL-RO hybrid framework that integrates deep reinforcement learning and discrete robust optimization. It characterizes the influence mechanisms of demand fluctuations, weather changes, and emergencies through a three-layer uncertainty modeling system, and introduces a policy network enhanced by an attention mechanism to capture spatio-temporal correlations in the spatial domain. The improved MOEA/D-DRL algorithm is adopted to achieve rapid approximation of the Pareto frontier. The verification of the actual scenarios in Shenzhen shows that this framework reduces the computational complexity to the sub-quadratic level while maintaining a high success rate. Through the hierarchical airspace management strategy, it effectively balances the three goals of distribution efficiency, flight safety and operating costs. The Wasserstein sphere constraint ensures robustness and scalability in extreme scenarios. It provides theoretical support and technical solutions for the construction of city-level unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) traffic management systems.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-32450-8","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32450-8","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-96255-5","type":"article-journal","title":"Acoustic monitoring with miniature drones shows reduced Myotis bat occurrence with altitude and drone movement.","abstract":"Our understanding of aeroecology is hampered by the challenge of sampling the air column, especially for nocturnal species like bats that forage high in the airspace. Nonetheless, monitoring endangered bat populations is vital for conservation efforts. Drones (unoccupied aerial vehicles) offer a relatively safe, cost-effective, and non-intrusive option for studying aerial wildlife. Here, we present a method for measuring bat distribution in the airspace using miniature drones (Mavic Mini 3 Pro) that are small enough to have negligible impacts on the bats themselves. We investigate how habitat, drone altitude, and drone movement influence bat sampling efficiency. A hovering drone detected more bats per minute than a moving drone for the EPNO complex (Eptesicus fuscus and Lasionycteris noctivagans) and all bats. Thus, we recommend the use of hovering point counts for surveying bats via drone. The Myotis complex (M. septentrionalis, M. lucifugus, and M. leibii) was more frequently present at lower altitudes over the sampled range (0-60&#xa0;m). We conclude that bat taxa differentially occupy sectors of the air column, and that bat density in the airspace can be efficiently monitored by miniature drones.","author":[{"family":"Dm","given":"Bird"},{"family":"Kh","given":"Elliott"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-96255-5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96255-5","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.dib.2025.112086","type":"article-journal","title":"Air-to-ground channel dataset via UAV-aided measurements in multiple scenarios.","abstract":"Low-altitude communication networks are emerging to facilitate reliable connectivity for aerial platforms, where a deep understanding of the radio propagation channel is fundamental for the design and optimization of the communication systems. In this study, a self-developed air-to-ground (A2G) channel sounder is employed to conduct field measurements under three typical communication scenarios, i.e., sports field, farmland, and over-water. In each scenario, channel measurement data are collected at different flight heights of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), i.e., 10 m and 15 m. A dataset of measured channel impulse responses (CIRs) is constructed accordingly. Under each scenario, hundreds of CIR snapshots are recorded, where each CIR snapshot has a size of 1 &#xd7; 200. Each CIR snapshot is also labeled with corresponding global positioning system (GPS) locations and time, where time represents the seconds elapsed since the start of the measurement. All data are stored in .xls format. Unlike most existing A2G channel measurement datasets that are limited to a single scenario or UAV altitude, our dataset simultaneously encompasses diverse scenarios and multiple flight heights at 3.6 GHz, which enhances its value for reproducibility and broad applicability in future channel modeling and system-level evaluations. The dataset is validated through on-site monitoring and repeated measurements when anomalies were detected, and its practical utility is demonstrated through the analysis of power delay profiles and path loss. This dataset provides a realistic representation of height-dependent A2G channel characteristics in diverse environments and reveals both the propagation delay and attenuation of multipath components, offering direct insights into the fundamental behavior of A2G propagation. The dataset also offers valuable references for system design and optimization of the A2G link of the low-altitude communication.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.dib.2025.112086","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2025.112086","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25196091","type":"article-journal","title":"Intelligent Counter-UAV Threat Detection Using Hierarchical Fuzzy Decision-Making and Sensor Fusion.","abstract":"This paper proposes an intelligent hierarchical fuzzy decision-making framework for threat detection and identification in Counter-Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (Counter-UAV) systems, based on the fusion of heterogeneous sensor data. To address the increasing complexity and ambiguity in modern UAV threats, this study introduces a novel three-stage fuzzy inference architecture that supports adaptive sensor evaluation and optimal pairing. The proposed methodology consists of three-layered Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS): FIS-A quantifies sensor effectiveness based on UAV flight altitude and detection probability; FIS-B assesses operational suitability using sensor range and cost; and FIS-C synthesizes both outputs, along with sensor capability overlap, to determine the composite suitability of sensor pairs. This hierarchical structure enables detailed analysis and system-level optimization, reflecting real-world constraints and performance trade-offs. Simulation-based evaluation using diverse sensor modalities (EO/IR, Radar, Acoustic, RF), supported by empirical data and literature, demonstrates the framework's ability to handle uncertainty, enhance detection reliability, and support cost-effective sensor deployment in Counter-UAV operations. The framework's modularity, scalability, and interpretability represent significant advancements in intelligent Counter-UAV system design, offering a transferable methodology for dynamic threat environments.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25196091","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25196091","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-09753-x","type":"article-journal","title":"Integrated method for multi-UAV task assignment and trajectory planning with deadlock based on Three-dimensional dubins path.","abstract":"By discretizing the UAV's heading angle in a three-dimensional Dubins model, the path planning problem and the task assignment problem are established as a discrete graph model, aiming to solve the problem that decoupling solutions can only obtain local optimal solutions for multi-heterogeneous UAV task assignment and track planning. A genetic algorithm strategy based on parallel processing is established to realise the fast solution of the mixed integer programming problem; a depth-first algorithm is introduced to determine the feasibility of task planning by detecting the loop state of the timing constraint graph to eliminate the deadlock problem in execution. The simulation findings demonstrate that the integrated solution technique, taking into account the coupled task planning results, yields much more optimal planning results compared to the decoupling method's task planning outcomes. The distributed genetic algorithm has clear advantages over the traditional centralised genetic algorithm in terms of solution efficiency.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-09753-x","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09753-x","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0171","type":"article-journal","title":"Comparing Different Pilot Control Schemes for eVTOL and Powered-Lift Aircraft","abstract":"This paper presents insights into a comparative approach to down-select on the most suitable pilot control schemes for eVTOL and powered-lift aircraft. The investigation examines three main areas: (1) experimental flight test performance, (2) flight control analysis, and (3) Human-Machine Interface (HMI) factors. Experiments were conducted to evaluate how various inceptor control schemes were perceived by people of various experience levels, ranging from manned aviation pilots with experience in flying F-16 jets, AH-64D helicopters and high-performance turboprop trainers, to unmanned aviation pilots of various backgrounds, such as with remote control (RC) rotorcraft and RC fixed-wing aircraft, and finally to participants with zero experience with either of these. In this experimental surveying study, all participants were briefed on a standardized mission profile and tasked to fly a VTOL drone and a computer based flight simulator using various flight control schemes. Videos were recorded for each test and reviewed for in-depth flight performance and controls scoring and analysis. At the end, feedback on key Human Machine Interface (HMI) factors for each flight control method is obtained. These results in totality provided insights, strengths and weaknesses for each flight control scheme. Upon identification of the most optimal control methodology, a novel energy-based control method to unify both multirotor drone and fixed wing aircraft control logics was developed, future testing will involve incorporating the 3+1 control inceptor scheme with the energy-based control method for further testing and optimization in a simulation environment. The goal of this study is providing a design framework to help eVTOL and powered-lift aircraft designers optimize their pilot control methodology; to become more instinctive, easier to operate, safer and more cost-effective to train new eVTOL and powered-lift pilots and operators.","author":[{"family":"Feroskhan","given":"Mir"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Xiaoqiang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"James"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Eden"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0171","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0171","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0212","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerodynamic Analysis Framework for eVTOL Aircraft at ERC","abstract":"This paper presents an overview of the comprehensive aerodynamic framework developed at ERC for the analysis and simulation of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Addressing the challenges inherent to distributed propulsion architectures and the complex transition between hover and forward flight, the methodology integrates multi-fidelity simulation tools ranging from analytical models and low-fidelity simulation to fully-resolved transient CFD. The framework addresses all phases of aircraft design and validation, and includes dedicated insight into aeroacoustics, aeroelasticity, and interactional aerodynamics problems. A modular approach is adopted, where individual phenomena are first studied in isolation before being synthesized into an aircraft model. Experimental validation through wind tunnel testing, full-scale static thrust test stand measurements, and scaled model flight tests is essential to ensuring model accuracy and validity. The paper concludes with an outlook to further enhance data generation, simulation efficiency, and fidelity in future eVTOL development programs.","author":[{"family":"Heckmeier","given":"Florian"},{"family":"Faust","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Pflüger","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Hartmann","given":"Ulrich"},{"family":"Stuhlpfarrer","given":"Marco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0212","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0212","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1088/1742-6596/3044/1/012003","type":"article-journal","title":"The Research on Compliance Verification Methods for Lightning Protection of eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Abstract The emergence of eVTOL aircraft has sparked extensive research both domestically and internationally. However, the field is still in its early stages, facing numerous challenges in terms of technological advancements and airworthiness certification. While considerable research has been conducted in areas such as flight control, power systems, and flight stability, there remains relatively limited attention given to lightning protection for eVTOL aircraft and related compliance verification methods. Given the unique flight characteristics, innovative structural configurations, and widespread use of composite materials in eVTOL designs, the likelihood of lightning strikes has significantly increased. As a result, lightning protection has become a critical barrier to achieving airworthiness. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the main areas of concern regarding lightning protection for eVTOL aircraft, with a particular focus on the protection needs of composite material structures, batteries, motors, and electronic systems. Additionally, it proposes comprehensive compliance verification methods for both direct and indirect lightning effects, aimed at ensuring the airworthiness of these emerging aircraft, and concludes with recommendations for lightning strike protection.","author":[{"family":"Ma","given":"Zy"},{"family":"Li","given":"Bin"},{"family":"Duan","given":"Zb"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1742-6596/3044/1/012003","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3044/1/012003","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1088/1742-6596/3169/1/012080","type":"article-journal","title":"An integrated RL–adaptive control framework for stable transition of tilt-rotor eVTOL aircraft","abstract":"Abstract The transition flight of tilt-rotor eVTOL UAVs is one of the most critical and challenging phases because the aircraft must switch from rotor-borne lift to wing-borne lift while managing strong aerodynamic coupling and external disturbances. To address this, this paper proposes an integrated control framework that combines reinforcement learning (RL) with adaptive control. RL provides high-level policy decisions, while adaptive control gives real-time parameter adjustment to compensate for uncertainties. The framework is built on a CFD-informed simplified model, where aerodynamic data from ANSYS Fluent are used to calibrate thrust allocation and dynamic equations. The UAV model has a mass of 3 kg, a span of 1.66 m, and eight rotors of 0.26 m diameter. Simulations include an inflow velocity of 10 m/s, an angle of attack of 5°, and a rotor speed of 8000 RPM, with the k - ω SST model applied. Residuals converge to the order of 10 −4− 10 −3 , ensuring stable numerical solutions. Two representative operating points are examined: a hover-like case with total lift ≈ 313 N and drag ≈ 12.9 N, and a low-speed forward case with total lift ≈ 240 N and drag ≈ –82.8 N. Rotor loads are consistent and balanced across conditions, supporting robust thrust allocation. Flow-field visualizations highlight wake interference and tip vortex structures, which validate the need for adaptive compensation. The integrated RL ＋ adaptive controller achieves smoother transition, lower tracking error, and reduced power consumption compared to PID and standalone adaptive methods. These results demonstrate that the proposed strategy improves both stability and efficiency, and they provide a reliable foundation for software-in-the-loop and future hardware-in-the-loop testing.","author":[{"family":"Zuo","given":"Zhaonan"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Shang"},{"family":"Jia","given":"Yifei"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Gang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1742-6596/3169/1/012080","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3169/1/012080","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1115/1.4067673","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and Analysis of a Liftfan for eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Abstract Ducted liftfans provide greater hovering efficiency to electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft than open propellers of equal disk area. Liftfans are designed with minimized length to limit propulsor weight added and drag incurred during forward flight. Three challenges posed by the liftfan propulsor configuration are addressed in this paper. First, instead of a single-row propeller, liftfans require the design of a fully integrated stage. To maximize the hovering figure of merit, a non-dimensional measure of power consumption, the preliminary and 3D design variables of the rotor and splittered diffuser stator rows are optimized simultaneously using 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The resulting prototype liftfan design is validated through experimental testing. Second, despite efficiency improvements during hover, liftfans sustain additional inlet distortion and drag during forward flight due to their surrounding nacelles. A low-order model is developed to investigate the maximum range for different fan designs with varying diffuser area ratios and forward flight tilt angles. Design selections are validated using full annulus, 3D CFD, and experimental wind tunnel tests. Third, as the electric motors of liftfans are mounted within the hub, fan-driven active cooling is necessary to prevent overheating. The stagnation pressure losses incurred by cooling airflow must be minimized without impeding heat transfer. Low-order models are developed to predict motor heat transfer and loss and to guide the design of a mixed-flow cooling fan. Experimental testing and 3D CFD simulations confirm that the addition of forward sweep and adoption of a high blade count can reduce cooling fan losses.","author":[{"family":"Hine","given":"RD"},{"family":"Cousins","given":"DR"},{"family":"Maden","given":"L"},{"family":"Walker","given":"SJ"},{"family":"Atkins","given":"NR"},{"family":"Grimshaw","given":"SD"},{"family":"Taylor","given":"JV"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1115/1.4067673","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4067673","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0399","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-Axis Active Vibration Damping Using Electric Rotor Torque with Pitch-Lag Coupling in eVTOL Aircraft: Demonstration of Concept","abstract":"Active vibration damping by rotor torque modulation has been demonstrated for vibratory modes in the rotor disk plane. In this study, we introduce a simple, first-principles model, which includes kinematic coupling between lag movement and blade pitch, in order to extend damping authority to strut vibratory modes normal to the rotor disk plane. Using a medium-sized (12kg) quadcopter drone model, we demonstrate the capability to excite strut vibrations normal to the rotor disk plane, indicating control authority for vibration damping. For this vehicle model, a steady state strut deflection of over 12% is obtained using a 15% voltage perturbation, with under 2% rotor speed change. Redesign of the vehicle to have lower and/or co-located lag and structural frequencies increases the control authority of rotor torque actuation with pitch-lag coupling.","author":[{"family":"Severnyak","given":"Alexei"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Edward"},{"family":"Rahn","given":"Christopher"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0399","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0399","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1115/1.4069950","type":"article-journal","title":"Battery State Estimation for High Power Safety Critical Settings With Application to eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Abstract In electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft applications, a major function of the battery management system is to provide estimates of battery state of power (SOP) to the pilot. These algorithms are predictive in nature, and their accuracy relies on the accuracy of the underlying predictive model and the initial conditions. Here, we focus on how the initialization, often provided through a state of charge (SOC) estimator, can profoundly impact SOP estimation. We use the extended Kalman filter (EKF) framework to design an estimator for a recently proposed equivalent circuit model (ECM) for eVTOL applications. We demonstrate that in contrast with electric vehicles, high power applications such as eVTOL are clearly influenced by internal states beyond just the SOC and that a holistic approach is needed in designing the state estimator to ensure satisfactory performance. Evaluation on over 1000 experimental eVTOL flight profiles underlines the utility of the proposed state estimation in reducing the uncertainty in an application-specific SOP prediction error by more than 60% compared to open-loop predictions.","author":[{"family":"Goshtasbi","given":"Alireza"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Ruxiu"},{"family":"Neubauer","given":"Jeremy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1115/1.4069950","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4069950","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0359","type":"article-journal","title":"Enabling Novel Collaborative Control Paradigms between Humans and Machines in Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) Aircraft","abstract":"Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles undergoing advanced air mobility (AAM) operations feature increasingly autonomous systems (IAS) with non-traditional role allocations. Ensuring the safety of these operations and their novel human–machine teaming (HMT) paradigms requires an appropriate body of knowledge created through relevant, reproducible research. In this paper, we briefly examine the meaning of teaming; current regulation, standards, and guidance; and the knowledge required to build resilient HMTs before turning our attention to how this knowledge is being created by recent research and what conclusions or recommendations can be made. We identify the need for further research into the holistic performance of HMTs, the effect of novel allocations of roles between humans and machines, the ability of humans to provide resilience to unforeseen dangers when acting as a part of these teams; and the characteristics required for clear, timely, and accurate communication between the humans and machines. This work is done in the context of eVTOL aircraft with an indirect flight control system (IFCS) undergoing urban air mobility operations.","author":[{"family":"Neogi","given":"Natasha"},{"family":"Graydon","given":"Mallory"},{"family":"Holbrook","given":"Jon"},{"family":"Maddalon","given":"Jeffrey"},{"family":"Mccormick","given":"Frank"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0359","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0359","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0220","type":"article-journal","title":"Flight-Test System Identification Methodology and Hover Results for a Vectored-Thrust eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"This paper describes an ongoing aircraft system identification effort for an industry prototype electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicle. Building on previous eVTOL aircraft system identification developments in windtunnel testing and flight simulations, an approach to modeling from flight-test data is formulated for the AIBOT 500 aircraft. The full system identification process is presented, including the experiment design, flight data collection, and model identification steps. Orthogonal phase-optimized multisine programmed test inputs are integrated into the flight control system and are applied to each control surface and propulsor simultaneously to efficiently collect informative flight data for model identification. Initial modeling results are given in hover, where an aero-propulsive model is identified using the equation-error method in the frequency domain. The presented results demonstrate the utility of the modeling approach and are compared to FLIGHTLAB® predictions executed using a dynamic wake model made prior to conducting flight testing. Practical techniques and recommended improvements are discussed to inform future flight-test system identification efforts for eVTOL aircraft.","author":[{"family":"Simmons","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Rapsomanikis","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Jacobellis","given":"George"},{"family":"Ofodile","given":"Nk"},{"family":"Hamilton","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Max"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0220","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0220","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0161","type":"article-journal","title":"Subscale Tiltrotor eVTOL Aircraft Dynamic Modeling and Flight Control Software Development","abstract":"This paper describes the dynamic modeling and flight control software development efforts for a subscale tiltrotor electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft built at NASA Langley Research Center. The vehicle, referred to as the Research Aircraft for eVTOL Enabling techNologies (RAVEN) SubscaleWind-Tunnel and Flight Test (SWFT) model, serves as a flight dynamics and controls research testbed to foster advances in eVTOL aircraft technology. After fabricating the vehicle, wind-tunnel testing was conducted to identify a high-fidelity aero-propulsive model for use in a flight dynamics simulation enabling flight control system development. The RAVEN-SWFT aircraft subsequently underwent flight-test risk reduction steps and then free flight testing employing custom research flight control software. The flight control software, which can be efficiently updated and tested on the vehicle, includes a robust model-based control algorithm and an extensive programmed test input injection capability. The progress of RAVEN-SWFT research activities will be summarized alongside the associated modeling and flight control software development aspects, including the flight dynamics simulation, flight control system architecture, vehicle integration, and testing approaches.","author":[{"family":"Simmons","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Ackerman","given":"Kasey"},{"family":"Asper","given":"Garrett"},{"family":"Gray","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Snyder","given":"Steven"},{"family":"Axten","given":"Rachel"},{"family":"Geuther","given":"Steven"},{"family":"Chan","given":"Ryan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0161","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0161","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.54941/ahfe1006771","type":"article-journal","title":"Towards the Future of Air Travel: Public Perceptions on eVTOL Aircraft and Service Design","abstract":"Commercial interest in Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft is accelerating, yet user perspectives on aircraft design and service models remain underexplored. Early integration of these insights is critical to ensuring successful implementation and public acceptance of this emerging transport mode. An interview study was conducted with 33 participants who attended the Farnborough International Airshow 2022, UK. Uniquely, participants had physical access to a production-size model of Supernal LLC’s SA-1 eVTOL aircraft during the interviews. Given the novelty of eVTOLs, this was of significant methodological benefit to the study. Thematic coding and analysis of the interviews using two independent researchers was conducted, resulting in two distinct thematic groupings of participants: 1) eVTOLs as a service, and 2) eVTOLs on demand. Importantly, across the two groups, there were significant differences in the perceptions towards the physical design of the eVTOL and its purpose, impacting scheduling, seat capacity, set layout, and pilot interactions. These significant findings around the design of the aircraft and service should be used in conjunction with the growing body of literature on eVTOL implementation to ensure the successful implementation of future eVTOLs and wider shared mobility services.","author":[{"family":"Ulahannan","given":"Arun"},{"family":"Collins","given":"Charlotte"},{"family":"Lombardo","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Kang","given":"Christina"},{"family":"Birrell","given":"Stewart"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.54941/ahfe1006771","URL":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1006771","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm_avtol_2025-5337","type":"article-journal","title":"Novel Human Factors Challenges, Unexpected Events, and Safety Hazards Associated with Operation of Battery-powered eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"As the AAM industry approaches its respective takeoff, novel dimensions of aircraft design, including propulsion systems and pilot interfaces, have emerged. These new and often complex dimensions result in operations differing from traditional aviation contexts, with the potential to influence pilot behavior and decision-making (Mendolia et al., 2022). There are also novel safety-critical events that pilots must be prepared to cope with on battery-powered aircraft. To examine these issues, we conducted an interview study with 11 pilots and engineers who have either flown, worked on, or conducted research pertaining to electrically powered aircraft. During the interview process, the participants were asked to describe and identify novel events pilots would face on electric aircraft, factors that would influence their decisions regarding power management, and challenges associated with transitioning to electric aircraft. We then conducted a qualitative analysis in which we identified themes that emerged across the interview responses related to the previous categories.","author":[{"family":"Carmody","given":"Kendall"},{"family":"Chauhan","given":"Bhoomin"},{"family":"Namukasa","given":"Maureen"},{"family":"Adorno","given":"Yarisse"},{"family":"Caroll","given":"Meredith"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm_avtol_2025-5337","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm_avtol_2025-5337","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0017","type":"article-journal","title":"Development and Integration of Flight Dynamics Models for Study of eVTOL Aircraft in the NASA Vertical Motion Simulator","abstract":"A piloted simulation study in the Vertical Motion Simulator at NASA Ames Research Center will investigate the handling and ride qualities of eVTOL configurations (lift-plus-cruise and tiltwing) for both civilian and military applications. The flight dynamics models were developed in the FLIGHTLAB modeling and analysis software environment, while explicit model-following control laws and high-fidelity powertrain models were developed in Simulink. The Joint Input-Output method was used to generate frequency responses for linear model verification, as the control effectors are highly correlated for these types of vehicles. The linear models were verified for the frequency range of interest for handling qualities. Once verified and tested individually, the three parts (flight dynamics model, control laws, and powertrain) will be integrated into the Vertical Motion Simulator for piloted simulation evaluations.","author":[{"family":"Caudle","given":"David"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Raghuvir"},{"family":"Nadell","given":"Samuel"},{"family":"Berger","given":"Tom"},{"family":"Malpica","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Suh","given":"Peter"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0017","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0017","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3389/arc.2025.14986","type":"article-journal","title":"An Efficient Parametric Modeling, Evaluation and Optimization Strategy for Aerodynamic Configuration Design of eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Traditional aerodynamic design faces significant limitations in modeling and computational efficiency during conceptual design stage. A phased collaborative aerodynamic design strategy for eVTOL aircraft was established, by combining the OpenVSP platform for rapid parametric modeling and evaluation, a Kriging surrogate framework with an improved differential evolution algorithm for optimization, and the SUAVE platform for propeller reverse design. In the wing-body (WB) optimization phase, 23 configuration parameters such as the wing shape and location were adjusted. The aerodynamic evaluation was conducted using the Vortex Lattice Method (VLM) in OpenVSP, resulting in a 9.3% increase in the lift-to-drag ratio ( L/D ). During the wing-body-propeller (WBP) coupling optimization phase, the Actuator Disk Theory (ADT) was incorporated into WB model to quantify the slipstream effects. After optimizing the key geometric parameters such as disk diameter and location, the comprehensive propulsion efficiency and lift-to-drag ratio ( η ·/ L/D ) was increased by 14%. Relative performance parameters were then transferred to SUAVE to reconstruct the propeller based on the Betz-BEM theory. The RANS high-fidelity verification of the optimized WBP model shows high consistency in the trends of lift coefficient C l and L/D calculated by VLM, with the propeller thrust error 5.2%, and the C l error 9.7%, which confirms the engineering reliability and efficiency of the proposed strategy.","author":[{"family":"Du","given":"Yiming"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Zehao"},{"family":"Shen","given":"Meizhu"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Jiang"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Kexin"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Chuanye"},{"family":"Zhong","given":"Jiale"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/arc.2025.14986","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/arc.2025.14986","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42405-025-00888-9","type":"article-journal","title":"Improved Conceptual Design of eVTOL Aircraft: Considering Rotor–Rotor Interactional Effects","abstract":"Abstract Electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft equipped with a distributed electric propulsion (DEP) system have rotors positioned close to one another, leading to unsteady rotor–rotor interactions. These interactions are known to increase rotor aeroacoustic noise due to aerodynamic load fluctuations. Therefore, capturing the noise increase caused by rotor interactions is critical during the conceptual design phase of eVTOL aircraft. Low-fidelity rotor analysis models, such as blade element momentum theory (BEMT), which are commonly used in conventional conceptual design frameworks for their efficiency, fail to account for rotor–rotor interaction effects as they assume each rotor operates in isolation. In this study, a rotor aeroacoustic solver is integrated into the conceptual design framework, RISPECT+. Additionally, a new aerodynamic coupling module between two distinct aerodynamic solvers is developed to capture the noise increase from rotor–rotor interactions. In this module, rotor aerodynamic analysis results from the lower-fidelity model are corrected based on differences with the higher-fidelity model, enabling the capture of aerodynamic force unsteadiness and the resulting noise increase. Finally, this new framework is used to conduct sensitivity analysis and multi-objective design optimization, taking into account both gross weight and noise impact.","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Hojin"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Jinwhuy"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Donguk"},{"family":"Yee","given":"Kwanjung"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s42405-025-00888-9","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42405-025-00888-9","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-171","type":"article-journal","title":"Comparing Different Pilot Control Schemes for eVTOL and Powered-Lift Aircraft","abstract":"This paper presents insights into a comparative approach to down-select on the most suitable pilot control schemes for eVTOL and powered-lift aircraft. The investigation examines three main areas: (1) experimental flight test performance, (2) flight control analysis, and (3) Human-Machine Interface (HMI) factors. Experiments were conducted to evaluate how various inceptor control schemes were perceived by people of various experience levels, ranging from manned aviation pilots with experience in flying F-16 jets, AH-64D helicopters and high-performance turboprop trainers, to unmanned aviation pilots of various backgrounds, such as with remote control (RC) rotorcraft and RC fixed-wing aircraft, and finally to participants with zero experience with either of these. In this experimental surveying study, all participants were briefed on a standardized mission profile and tasked to fly a VTOL drone and a computer based flight simulator using various flight control schemes. Videos were recorded for each test and reviewed for in-depth flight performance and controls scoring and analysis. At the end, feedback on key Human Machine Interface (HMI) factors for each flight control method is obtained. These results in totality provided insights, strengths and weaknesses for each flight control scheme. Upon identification of the most optimal control methodology, a novel energy-based control method to unify both multirotor drone and fixed wing aircraft control logics was developed, future testing will involve incorporating the 3+1 control inceptor scheme with the energy-based control method for further testing and optimization in a simulation environment. The goal of this study is providing a design framework to help eVTOL and powered-lift aircraft designers optimize their pilot control methodology; to become more instinctive, easier to operate, safer and more cost-effective to train new eVTOL and powered-lift pilots and operators.","author":[{"family":"Feroskhan","given":"Mir"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Xiaoqiang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"James"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Eden"},{"family":"Khoo","given":"Gregory"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-171","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-171","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5101","type":"article-journal","title":"Investigation of Vortex Ring State Onset in eVTOL Aircraft using Viscous Vortex Particle Method","abstract":"This paper investigates the feasibility of using the Viscous Vortex Particle Method (VVPM) to simulate Vortex Ring State (VRS) and analyzes the detailed flow physics. Evaluating various rotor configurations, including isolated rotor, dual side-by-side rotors, coaxial rotors, and multiple rotors of a full eVTOL air vehicle configuration, the study found that VRS onset is accurately captured using VVPM. Statistical analysis and flowfield investigation help identify VRS onset, showing good agreement with literature for isolated rotor configurations. Roll rate effects on dual side-by-side rotors and mutual wake interactions in a coaxial rotor configuration were examined, and revealed valuable insights into the system behavior upon VRS onset. This study also investigated multi-rotor wake interaction in a full flight lift and cruise configuration, which exhibited larger thrust fluctuations in installed rotors compared to an isolated rotor in the same flow condition. More specifically, a detailed analysis of the full aircraft flowfield indicated a sideward trajectory of rotor wake vortices on the installed rotors, which interacted with vortices on the opposite end of the rotor disk, resulting in VRS onset. Additionally, the frequency content of the rotor thrust was evaluated, and the unsteady nature of the rotor wake induced various peaks at multiples of the blade passage frequency just prior to, and within the VRS regime for all configurations.","author":[{"family":"Batther","given":"Jagdeep"},{"family":"Goericke","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Henderson","given":"Chengjian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5101","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5101","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5062","type":"article-journal","title":"Acoustic Analysis and Design Optimization of eVTOL Aircraft Rotors Using FLIGHTLAB Acoustic Toolkit (FLAT)","abstract":"In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) to help alleviate strain on city transportation networks due to rapid urbanization. In this paper, an efficient noise prediction tool that couples comprehensive rotorcraft modeling, acoustic analysis, and design optimization in a user-friendly simulation environment is presented for evaluating and optimizing eVTOL rotor performance and acoustic characteristics. This tool features expanded acoustic noise prediction and analysis capability via a recently developed FLIGHTLAB® acoustic toolkit (FLAT), which computes unsteady tonal and broadband noise through a compact source approach. This solver couples seamlessly with the comprehensive modeling code to render informative results with minimal user effort and at a reasonable computational cost. Validation studies for a variety of rotors were carried out to assess the noise prediction capability of FLAT. These configurations include an isolated DJI-CF-9443 rotor, an isolated KDE-CF125 rotor, two side-by-side KDE-CF125 rotors, and an isolated Sensinech L26H propeller, Excellent agreement with experimental data is observed for both noise directivity and total noise predictions. In addition, a multi-objective design optimization study targeting improved performance and reduced noise signature was carried out on an eVTOL rotor, and results yielded lower power required and a quieter noise profile for the optimized configuration.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Seungjoon"},{"family":"Batther","given":"Jagdeep"},{"family":"He","given":"Chengjian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5062","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5062","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5080","type":"article-journal","title":"Design of a Lift Plus Cruise eVTOL Aircraft with an Initial Fuselage Frame Design","abstract":"To address urban traffic congestion, electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles are proposed for urban air mobility (UAM). Many studies have investigated its conceptual design deriving extensive insights, but more analytical exploration is needed for the preliminary design and methodology bridging the conceptual and preliminary design phases. This paper proposes a conceptual design for a lift plus cruise (LPC) eVTOL vehicle, including the decision of battery placement in either the fuselage or the main wing. The study integrates various analysis tools like NDARC, DATCOM, VSPAERO, and MATLAB R2022a for weight estimation, flight performance analysis, and parametric studies. The structural design phase introduces an initial fuselage airframe design method, combining topology optimization, and a manual method of fuselage airframe design, followed by static structural and modal analyses. The analysis aims to ensure compliance with regulations, structural robustness, and prevention of resonance between the rotors and major natural modes of the fuselage in the designed LPC vehicle.","author":[{"family":"Cha","given":"Wonseok"},{"family":"Park","given":"Sunhoo"},{"family":"Ahn","given":"Chihyun"},{"family":"Chang","given":"Yooho"},{"family":"Shin","given":"Sangjoon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5080","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5080","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0082-2026-0193","type":"article-journal","title":"High-Fidelity CFD Analysis and PD Controller Evaluation for a Multirotor eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"A high-fidelity computational study investigates the aerodynamic behavior, flight response, and control effectiveness of a multirotor electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) configuration. The investigation is organized into two parts. Part I employs an unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) framework coupled with a six-degree-of-freedom (6-DoF) rigid-body dynamics module. Simulations for isolated coaxial rotors and a complete eVTOL isolate rotor aerodynamics and rotor–airframe interactions under constrained kinematics, quantifying lift capability, fuselage download, and a residual nose-up pitching moment arising from fore-aft rotor lift imbalance. Fully coupled 6-DoF free-flight simulations capture the transient vehicle response to a motor failure and recovery sequence during hover. Part II assesses flight control response through a cascade Proportional-Derivative (PD) controller implemented in MATLAB/Simulink across two maneuver cases: hover stabilization and climb rate tracking, which are parameterized using aerodynamic data extracted from the isolated rotor CFD simulation. This decoupled approach enables systematic gain tuning and controller assessment without the computational overhead of fully coupled closed-loop CFD simulations. The results confirm that the CFD–6-DOF framework effectively resolves tightly coupled aerodynamic-dynamic interactions inherent to distributed electric propulsion configurations, and that the cascade PD architecture provides initial control authority assessment across the primary flight axes. These findings establish a foundation for trim strategy development, advanced control law design, and future integration toward robust flight control for urban air mobility operations.","author":[{"family":"Sheng","given":"Chunhua"},{"family":"Basnet","given":"Sunil"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Qiuying"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0082-2026-0193","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0193","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/wevj16030137","type":"article-journal","title":"Feasibility Study of Current and Emerging Battery Chemistries for Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing Aircraft (eVTOL) Applications","abstract":"The feasibility of electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft (eVTOL) relies on high-performance batteries with elevated energy and power densities for long-distance flight. However, systemic evaluation of battery chemistries for eVTOLs remains limited. This paper fills this research gap through a comprehensive investigation of current and emerging battery technologies. First, the properties of current battery chemistries are benchmarked against eVTOL requirements, identifying nickel-rich lithium-ion batteries (LIB), such as NMC and NCA, as the best suited for this application. Through comparison of 300 commercial battery cells, the Molicel INR21700-P45B cell is identified as the best candidate. Among next-generation batteries, SiSu solid-state batteries (SSBs) emerge as the most promising alternative. The performance of these cells is evaluated using a custom eVTOL battery simulation model for two eVTOL aircraft: the Volocopter VoloCity and the Archer Midnight. Results indicate that the Molicel INR21700-P45B underperforms in high-load scenarios, with a state of charge (SoC) at the end of the flight below the 30% safety margin. Simulated SoC values for the SiSu cell remain above this threshold, reaching 64.9% for the VoloCity and 64.8% for the Midnight. These results highlight next-generation battery technologies for eVTOLs and demonstrate the potential of SSBs to enhance flight performance.","author":[{"family":"Fay","given":"Tu"},{"family":"Semmler","given":"Fynn"},{"family":"Cigarini","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Göhlich","given":"Dietmar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/wevj16030137","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16030137","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42401-026-00483-0","type":"article-journal","title":"Null-space control allocation for generalized load reduction in eVTOL aircraft","abstract":"Abstract Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft rely on distributed electric propulsion systems to generate lift and control forces during low-speed flight. Under external disturbances or internal faults, some rotors may experience disproportionately high loads, leading to thermal stress and long-term reliability degradation. To mitigate such risks, this paper proposes a control allocation method guided by Lyapunov stability theory that minimizes a generalized p -norm of the control load. By exploiting the null space of the control effectiveness matrix, the proposed method asymptotically reduces either overall or peak control load without altering the achieved virtual control. This null-space update supports both conventional and incremental control allocation architectures. In contrast to optimization-based approaches that require solving constrained problems online, the proposed null-space update is lightweight and well-suited for safety-critical flight control systems. Simulation results on a high-fidelity lift-plus-cruise eVTOL platform demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in reducing both overall and peak rotor loads, even in the presence of rotor failures.","author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jiannan"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Zhidong"},{"family":"Holzapfel","given":"Florian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s42401-026-00483-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42401-026-00483-0","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202568000016","type":"article-journal","title":"Accurate State of Charge Estimation for Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) Aircraft Batteries Using Coulomb Counting","abstract":"Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft are emerging as a promising solution for urban air mobility, offering rapid and efficient transportation in congested areas. A critical challenge in these systems is the accurate estimation of the battery State of Charge (SoC), which directly impacts flight safety and operational reliability. This study evaluates the performance of the Coulomb Counting method for SoC estimation using a MATLAB-based simulation. The method demonstrated high accuracy across all flight phases, with estimation errors remaining below 0.01 specifically 0.0053 during take-off, 0.0050 during hover, 0.0080 during cruise, and 0.0077 during landing. These results confirm the suitability of Coulomb Counting for real-time SoC tracking in eVTOL applications, while emphasizing the importance of calibration and drift correction for long-term accuracy.","author":[{"family":"Labiri","given":"Hind"},{"family":"Farhat","given":"Sadik"},{"family":"Nadir","given":"Fatima"},{"family":"Elihssini","given":"Hossine"},{"family":"Chekoubi","given":"Zakaria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1051/e3sconf/202568000016","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202568000016","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0079-2023-0118","type":"article-journal","title":"The Battery Cooling Design and Simulation Study in Multirotor eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"High-specific energy Li-ion batteries are widely used in eVTOL aircraft and usually rapidly heat up during flight. Therefore, proper and efficient cooling strategies should be adopted during eVTOL design in order to prevent overheating. This paper collected and compared the battery cooling strategies adopted by different eVTOL aircraft manufacturers based on published patents. The choice of battery cooling strategies could be influenced by aircraft configurations. The ZJCopter eVTOL aircraft developed by Zhejiang Lab adopted the PCM cooling method as a fast-cooling and lightweight battery cooling strategy. The effectiveness of this cooling method was demonstrated by comparing it with air cooling method through simulation, which showed that the PCM cooling method can reduce the average and maximum temperatures of the battery. Moreover, increasing the heat transfer area and thickness of the PCM layers could improve the cooling effect even further.","author":[{"family":"Shao","given":"Lintao"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Anhuan"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Jiandong"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Yunzheng"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Shiqiang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0079-2023-0118","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0079-2023-0118","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0082-2026-0065","type":"article-journal","title":"Simulation-Based Route Analysis and Digital Twin Integration for Electric Aircraft and eVTOL Design &amp; Operations","abstract":"The rapid expansion of electric aviation and eVTOL operations introduces tightly coupled challenges related to energy‑constrained aircraft design, battery and thermal management, mission planning, and the generation of certification‑relevant evidence. This paper presents an integrated simulation workflow developed by AVL, Unisphere, and blueflite that combines high‑fidelity electric powertrain and battery models with a guidance‑level, digital‑twin‑based 4‑D trajectory simulation driven by historical weather and operational constraints. At each mission time step, the trajectory layer provides time‑resolved environmental and routing conditions, while the system‑level models compute instantaneous power demand, state‑of‑charge evolution, and thermal response, enabling mission feasibility assessment under realistic wind, temperature, and airspace effects. The workflow is calibrated and validated using flight telemetry from blueflite's active eVTOL cargo aircraft development, ensuring alignment between simulation assumptions and real‑world mission execution. The validated framework is subsequently applied to seasonal route studies and large‑scale virtual flight campaigns spanning multiple regions and years, enabling statistically robust assessment of energy margins, thermal behavior, and mission‑duration variability. The results demonstrate how integrated, traceable simulation can bridge conceptual design and real‑world electric flight operations, supporting informed decision‑making by OEMs and operators in aircraft design, validation, and deployment planning.","author":[{"family":"Schneider","given":"Jürgen"},{"family":"Mcclearen","given":"James"},{"family":"Anger","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0082-2026-0065","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0065","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5165","type":"article-journal","title":"A Comparison of 2, 3, and 4 Bladed eVTOL Lift Rotor Performance and Vibratory Loads","abstract":"This study investigates the performance and vibration characteristics of representative lift rotors for a notional lift+cruise electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) configuration. As new eVTOL concepts continue to be developed and others progress towards FAA certification, it is crucial to understand the performance and vibratory considerations associated with different lift rotor design choices, including the number of blades and the method of thrust control (e.g., variable blade pitch/fixed RPM vs. fixed blade pitch/variable RPM). The NASA Revolutionary Vertical Lift Technology (RVLT) Lift+Cruise configuration was chosen as the baseline vehicle for this analysis (Ref 1). The investigation includes the evaluation of multiple lift rotors with 2-, 3-, and 4-bladed configurations as well as variable- vs. fixed-pitch designs. Both isolated rotor and full vehicle simulations were assessed to demonstrate some of the design variables applicable to the full vehicle performance and vibratory content. Industry-standard rotorcraft comprehensive analysis software, the Rotorcraft Comprehensive Analysis System (RCAS) (Ref 3), was used to evaluate and compare each configuration for performance and vibratory loads at key points in the rotors and in the fuselage","author":[{"family":"Saberi","given":"Sayna"},{"family":"Hasbun","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Saberi","given":"Hossein"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5165","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5165","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0082-2026-0293","type":"article-journal","title":"Shape Optimization of a Single-Stator Dual-Rotor Axial Flux Motor for eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Emerging technologies in the field of electrified propulsion systems offer a promising solution to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and improve efficiency. However, the design of high-power density electric machines introduces new challenges, including limited passive cooling potential and the issue of the weight of electric motors. To address these challenges, this paper considers analysis and design methods for high torque-to-weight ratio axial flux motors. A magnetic equivalent circuit model coupled with a lumped parameter thermal network is developed for design space exploration and optimization. This inexpensive analytical model predicts the performance of a single-stator dual-rotor axial flux motor based on geometry, loading condition, and slot and pole pair combination. To enable comparisons against real-world data, the optimization study was demonstrated using the hover mission requirements from the Research Aircraft for eVTOL Enabling techNologies (RAVEN) vehicle to minimize the mass of the motor. In tandem with the analytical model, a higher-fidelity finite element model was also developed, and good agreement between predicted power and efficiency was demonstrated across a range of axial flux motor designs. The lightest weight design that satisfied the hover mission requirements was the 12 pole pair 27 slot (12PP 27S) configuration with a fixed weight of 9.28 kg. The analytic model undersized the output power of the electric motor by approximately 9% across a range of slot and pole pair combinations.","author":[{"family":"Arulampalam","given":"Seiyon"},{"family":"German","given":"Brian"},{"family":"Kennedy","given":"Graeme"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Cameron"},{"family":"Gutknecht","given":"Jonathan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0082-2026-0293","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0293","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0082-2026-0226","type":"article-journal","title":"Model-based Optimization of Fuel Cell Powered Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) Aircraft","abstract":"Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft are poised to transform urban and regional mobility by offering zero-emission, congestion-free transportation. As regulatory frameworks evolve and advanced air mobility (AAM) gains traction, manufacturers are exploring propulsion strategies that improve range, power delivery, and overall system efficiency. A key challenge in eVTOL development is balancing range with payload capacity. While larger battery packs can extend range, they also increase system weight, reduce payload, and prolong charging times, limiting operational flexibility and turnaround time. Hydrogen fuel cells, supported by liquid hydrogen (LH₂) present a promising alternative for eVTOL propulsion. This study proposes a methodology for optimizing fuel cell propulsion systems tailored to eVTOL applications. A multi-physics modeling framework for eVTOL flight dynamics and propulsion system was developed, representing the target eVTOL configuration. For a defined flight path including vertical takeoff, hover, cruise, and landing, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based optimization was conducted on propulsion system. The algorithm down-selected battery size, fuel cell stack specifications, and hydrogen tank capacity to meet mission requirements while minimizing propulsion system weight. The modeling framework was also used to evaluate trade-offs between payload and performance as functions of component sizing, battery chemistry and energy distribution strategy.","author":[{"family":"Garcia","given":"Bruno"},{"family":"Paul","given":"Sumit"},{"family":"Zeigler","given":"Sophia"},{"family":"Franke","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Joshi","given":"Satyum"},{"family":"Araujo","given":"Joao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0082-2026-0226","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0226","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.51583/ijltemas.2025.1410000049","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and Development of a Radio-Controlled Aircraft and Concept of Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL)","abstract":"(eVTOL) capabilities. The primary objective is to explore the feasibility of incorporating VTOL functionality into a lightweight RC platform using accessible, low cost materials and components. The aircraft is constructed using foam board for its favorable weight to strength ratio and employs a straightforward elevon- based control mechanism for pitch and roll modulation. A brushless DC motor, electronic speed controller (ESC), and Li-Po battery constitute the propulsion system, while an Arduino Nano and IMU (MPU6050) support the eVTOL’s stability and control. The system is manually operated via a Flysky FS-i6 transmitter and receiver. The prototype demonstrated stable flight in fixed wing mode and basic lift-off and hover capabilities in VTOL mode; however, it encountered instability during mode transitions due to limitations in PID control tuning and power demands. The outcomes suggest that hybrid flight systems are achievable on a small scale, albeit with significant challenges in stability control and energy efficiency. This work lays a foundation for future investigations into hybrid UAV platforms and low-cost autonomous aerial mobility solutions.","author":[{"family":"Kumar","given":"Gutti"},{"family":"Girish","given":"Jethwa"},{"family":"Chavda","given":"Mr"},{"family":"Purohit","given":"Ms"},{"family":"Bisen","given":"Dr"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Dr"},{"family":"Balwanshi","given":"Dr"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.51583/ijltemas.2025.1410000049","URL":"https://doi.org/10.51583/ijltemas.2025.1410000049","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7420467/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Application of Low-Fidelity Methods to Evtol Propeller Icing and Performance Degradation","abstract":"Abstract The performance of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles can be significantly degraded by ice accretion on propeller blades during flight through supercooled clouds. While high-fidelity icing tools are available, their computational cost limits rapid design-space exploration. This study presents a low-fidelity, modular framework that couples blade element momentum theory (BEMT) with two-dimensional icing models to predict both ice accretion and performance degradation. Experimental data from NASA Glenn's Icing Research Tunnel for 28-inch and 36-inch diameter carbon fiber propellers serve as validation for the methodology. Ice shapes for both rime and glaze conditions are simulated using single- and multi-step approaches with LEWICE and GTICE2D. Comparisons with tunnel data demonstrate that the approach captures reasonably well the trends in impingement limits, ice thickness, and collection efficiency, while preserving computational efficiency. The results highlight the utility of low-fidelity tools for assessing the effects of icing in early-stage design and operational analysis of eVTOL propulsion systems.","author":[{"family":"Gahlot","given":"Aishwerya"},{"family":"Hardenberg","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Sankar","given":"Lakshmi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7420467/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7420467/v1","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0124","type":"article-journal","title":"eVTOL Vehicle-Agnostic Instrument Flight Procedures Test Plan","abstract":"NASA Airspace Operations and Safety Program is researching the utility of electric vertical takeoff and land (eVTOL) advanced air mobility (AAM) instrument flight procedures. The result will be dynamic and tailored procedures that align to the following modus operandi: maximize safety, optimize efficiency, support passenger comfort and minimize acoustics. This is achieved through dynamic airspace procedure design, which is a modular approach to create an airspace construct that customizes procedures to vehicle design and configuration, operation, and environmental conditions. The test plan supports different eVTOL platforms and envisioned operations for flight test or simulation and may be leveraged by AAM aircraft manufacturers and operators for any given aircraft, location and operation. This white paper is a reduced subset of the flight test plan; the full publication can be found on the NASA Technical Research Server (NTRS), https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20240002788.","author":[{"family":"Zahn","given":"David"},{"family":"Eggum","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Guion","given":"Andrew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0124","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0124","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10532667/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Developing A Network-Based Framework for Urban Air Mobility and eVTOL Route Planning Using Existing Heliport Infrastructure","abstract":"Abstract Urban Air Mobility (UAM) using electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft offers a potential alternative for improving mobility in congested metropolitan areas. However, its implementation requires route-planning methods that integrate available aviation infrastructure, airspace constraints, and operational safety requirements. This study proposes a network-based framework for UAM and eVTOL route planning using existing heliports and helipads as candidate vertiport nodes. The framework comprises five stages: existing heliport inventory, candidate vertiport identification, UAM network development, aviation operational assessment, and operational safety validation. The framework was applied to the Jakarta Metropolitan Area using 56 existing heliports and helipads as the initial infrastructure database. Proposed routes were assessed against controlled airspace, airport obstacle limitation surfaces, published departure and arrival procedures, visual flight routes, restricted areas, terrain and building obstacles, and communication requirements. Operational safety validation was subsequently conducted with AirNav Indonesia through hazard identification, safety risk assessment, mitigation planning, and residual risk evaluation. The assessment identified initial operational risk ratings ranging from 2C to 3D, particularly for routes interacting with controlled airspace, airport operational areas, and existing flight procedures. Following the implementation of route, altitude, coordination, and procedural mitigation measures, the residual risks were reduced to acceptable or tolerable levels ranging from 1C to 2E. The proposed framework demonstrates how existing heliport infrastructure can support the preliminary development of an aviation-constrained UAM network while providing a systematic basis for future eVTOL planning and operational assessment.","author":[{"family":"Hadi","given":"Devie"},{"family":"Berawi","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Susantono","given":"Bambang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-10532667/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10532667/v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.82992/intellectum/handle.10818.129","type":"article-journal","title":"Operations Research methodologies in Advanced Air Mobility and their potential applications in Emergency Medical Services","abstract":"Recent and important progress in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles indicates that soon, these vehicles could transport people and cargo in urban and rural areas. Advanced air mobility (AAM) vehicles such as eVTOL aircraft have the potential to serve as an alternative to traditional modes of transportation. In addition, AAM vehicles can also be used to support healthcare operations. For example, they can be used to provide emergency medical services (EMS) in areas with limited access to ground transportation. This thesis explores the use of operations research techniques to solve important planning problems in AAM operations while considering the unique features of this new technology. This work addresses (i) the aircraft scheduling problem at vertiports, (ii) the vertiport selection problem for EMS, and (iii) the simultaneous vertiport selection and eVTOL distribution problem for EMS. To tackle these problems, various operations research techniques are employed including optimization, heuristics, and simulation models. Data analytics techniques, such as clustering algorithms, are also integrated into the research. The performance of the proposed solution procedures is evaluated using synthetic data and case studies inspired in data from the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Grand Est regions in France. The main results indicate that using the appropriate tools for scheduling aircraft at vertiports (such as the one presented in this thesis) the operations of vertiports can be efficient. In addition, the results indicate that implementing eVTOL vehicles for aeromedical transportation can provide better access to EMS in remote areas. However, the autonomy of these vehicles remains a critical factor in determining their broader applicability. Overall, this thesis provides insights and methodologies to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of AAM operations in vertiports and its applicability to EMS.","author":[{"family":"Espejo Diaz","given":"Julian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.82992/intellectum/handle.10818.129","URL":"https://doi.org/10.82992/intellectum/handle.10818.129","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42405-026-01180-0","type":"article-journal","title":"Design of Lift Plus Cruise eVTOL Aircraft with Initial Fuselage Frame Design","abstract":"Abstract Electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles are proposed for urban air mobility to alleviate traffic congestion. While many conceptual designs exist, bridging the gap to detailed design requires further investigation. This study proposes both conceptual and detailed designs for a lift-plus-cruise eVTOL. Multiple software applications, including the NASA Design and Analysis of Rotorcraft, DATCOM, VSPAERO, CAMRAD II, and MATLAB, are integrated for weight estimation and performance analysis of the vehicle. The proposed structural design task provides an initial fuselage airframe that was completed using both topology optimization considering the weight factors of various flight maneuvers and a manual design procedure for the fuselage airframe, followed by static structural and modal analyses. The proposed design is compatible with certification regulations, ensures structural integrity, and prevents resonance between the rotors and the major structural modes of the fuselage.","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Aerok"},{"family":"Cha","given":"Wonseok"},{"family":"Park","given":"Sunhoo"},{"family":"Ahn","given":"Chihyun"},{"family":"Chang","given":"Yooho"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Keeyoung"},{"family":"Shin","given":"Sang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s42405-026-01180-0","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42405-026-01180-0","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3934/mina.2024011","type":"article-journal","title":"Machine learning-based surrogates for eVTOL performance prediction and design optimization","abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Predicting the performance of different electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicle designs is paramount to vehicle manufacturers and hobbyists. These vehicles' maximum flight time (endurance) and maximum flight distance (range) depend on design and operational parameters relating to their structure, propulsion system, payload, and mission profile. In recent years, sophisticated physics-based models have been developed to estimate and optimize their aerodynamic, propulsion, and electrical performance. Integrating and simulating those models can closely estimate a vehicle's endurance and range. However, this demands advanced knowledge of different subsystems utilized and extensive computational resources limiting the wide-scale utilization of such models. This paper showcases the development and implementation of a framework to train simpler machine learning-based surrogates. The surrogate models are trained on a limited number of eVTOL performance estimates generated by physics-based models and can mimic them accurately. Forty-seven thousand eVTOL vehicle designs were simulated to generate the training data for various machine-learning models. These include several decision tree models, K-nearest neighbor models, linear regression models, and a multi-perceptron neural network model. Vehicle design and operational parameters such as propeller size, payload mass, drag coefficient, velocity, and motor and battery parameters are used as features, and vehicle endurance and range estimates are used as targets. Compared to the alternative approaches, these surrogate models are computationally very efficient and easy to understand and use. Testing on hold-out datasets shows excellent performance, with multiple models having a mean average percentage error of less than 2% in estimating vehicle endurance and range.&lt;/p&gt;","author":[{"family":"Rao","given":"Jubilee"},{"family":"Chimata","given":"Sai"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.3934/mina.2024011","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3934/mina.2024011","source":"openalex"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5084","type":"article-journal","title":"Downwash/Outwash Investigation in Support of eVTOL Landing Operations","abstract":"The analysis of rotor downwash and outwash (DWOW) for electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicles (eVTOLs) based on tools and experience from conventional helicopter designs was investigated in this study. eVTOL aircraft exhibit diverse rotor configurations compared to traditional helicopters and therefore pose unique challenges in landing area operations. Flow field simulation of an eVTOL configuration in hover and in proximity to the ground was employed for qualitative and quantitative analyses of the rotor wake, including the aerodynamic interactions of adjacent lift rotors and the ground surface. The viscous vortex particle method (VVPM) was investigated for the characterization of the eVTOL DWOW velocities and the development of flow velocity measurement arrangements for simulation validation.","author":[{"family":"Goericke","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Batther","given":"Jagdeep"},{"family":"Habana","given":"Zoren"},{"family":"Muia","given":"Maria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5084","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5084","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1115/imece2024-145240","type":"article-journal","title":"Power System Analysis of Solar and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Powered EVTOL UAV","abstract":"Abstract The interest in electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has increased with the introduction of Advanced Air Mobility (UAM) vehicles. This configuration, reliant on multiple lifting motors for vertical flight and a forward flight motor for horizontal flight, necessitates a well-designed power and propulsion system. This study explores a propulsion system combining photovoltaic (PV) panels with a hydrogen fuel cell for eVTOL UAVs. Fuel cell integration is studied to enhance the vertical flight time in which fuel cell is used to power the vertical flight motors. The PV panels are studied to be integrated with forward flight motor to analyze the improvement in forward flight time. This hybrid system aims to extend flight endurance and operational capabilities by harnessing solar and hydrogen energy. The study looks at the integration of these technologies, aiming to address typical energy limitations of batteries and enhance UAV performance regarding endurance, payload capacity, and hover time. These enhancements added to the system achieved an extended hover time of 35 minutes and 55 minutes for 3.5L and 5L hydrogen cylinders, respectively. It also allowed the eVTOL UAV to conduct 4 to 6 take-off/landing cycles, improving the UAV’s operational capability.","author":[{"family":"Almesafri","given":"Nouf"},{"family":"Alhammadi","given":"Majed"},{"family":"Zafar","given":"Sayem"},{"family":"Santos","given":"Gustavo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1115/imece2024-145240","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2024-145240","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5060","type":"article-journal","title":"A Compact and Efficient eVTOL Design Utilizing Multirotor Lift-Offset During Cruising Flight","abstract":"A conceptual design of a compact and efficient lift + cruise type eVTOL aircraft of 4 seats utilizing the multirotor liftoffset (MRLO) during cruising flight is carried out. The interference between the front and rear rotors can be avoided when the rotors are operating at high advance ratios (above 0.5) without cyclic pitch controls, which lead to rotors working in lift-offset states naturally. For three rotors on one side, a shift layout is very effective to avoid performance degradation caused by foregoing rotors during forward flight. It is demonstrated that by setting the rotating speed of the rotors to match the target advance ratio and adjusting the rotor thrust through collective pitch controls, a compact and efficient lift + cruise eVTOL aircraft can be realized.","author":[{"family":"Tanabe","given":"Yastuda"},{"family":"Sugawara","given":"Hideaki"},{"family":"Yasue","given":"Kanako"},{"family":"Yumino","given":"Takumi"},{"family":"Kameda","given":"Masaharu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5060","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5060","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5100","type":"article-journal","title":"Investigation of eVTOL Operations in Turbulent Airwake Using Comprehensive Rotorcraft Analysis and Physics-Based Electric Propulsion System Models","abstract":"Expanding on previous investigations of coupled rotorcraft comprehensive simulation with physics-based electric propulsion models, the research focuses on transient flight operations of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft in turbulent environments. Operations in urban environment introduce challenges in approach, takeoff, and landing for eVTOL aircraft in steady wind which are exacerbated by ambient turbulence that affects flight control and power requirements. The study emphasizes the importance of considering power demand variations during the early stages of eVTOL design, highlighting implications for hardware selection in electric propulsion components and explores heat dissipation challenges during high discharge rates at low airspeeds and in turbulent airwake.","author":[{"family":"Goericke","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Dooyong"},{"family":"Habana","given":"Zoren"},{"family":"Habana","given":"Zoren"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5100","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5100","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1142/s2301385028300016","type":"article-journal","title":"eVTOL Aircraft for Last-Mile Delivery: Opportunities, Challenges, and Climate Considerations","abstract":"With the increasing demand for sustainable and efficient last-mile delivery, electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft are emerging as a groundbreaking solution. By bypassing the challenges of ground congestion, eVTOL systems can reach hard-to-access urban and rural areas, transforming delivery networks. This paper presents a structured and systematic review of eVTOL technologies across five domains: design and aerodynamics, control strategies, energy systems, last-mile delivery integration, and climate-related performance constraints. Unlike descriptive surveys, the review synthesizes evidence across studies to identify cross-domain trade-offs, performance limitations, and operational implications for short-range, hover-dominant delivery missions. To make the role of atmospheric conditions explicit, we introduce a compact climate–performance interaction framework that links key climate variables (wind, temperature, density-altitude, and precipitation) to aerodynamic, control, and energy metrics relevant for VTOL last-mile operations. Building on this framework, we examine how operational weather conditions such as wind, extreme temperatures, and precipitation impact eVTOL performance and mission reliability. Particular emphasis is placed on climate influences, which remain underexamined yet critically shape operational feasibility in densely built environments. Using a transparent inclusion and classification framework, the study evaluates how eVTOL performance, autonomy, and energy efficiency interact with logistics demands and urban constraints. The paper identifies critical gaps in research: (1) improving the ability of eVTOLs to adapt to unpredictable weather, (2) enhancing energy management and advancing battery technologies, (3) increasing the role of autonomy, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning in navigation, (4) seamlessly integrating eVTOLs into larger logistics networks, and (5) exploring the potential of multi-drone swarming. Overall, this review demonstrates that the successful deployment of eVTOLs for last-mile delivery depends on coordinated advances in aircraft design, autonomy, energy systems, infrastructure, and climate-aware planning. The synthesis presented herein provides a foundation for future research and the development of scalable, resilient, and sustainable eVTOL delivery ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Ali","given":"Badar"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Mingkai"},{"family":"Elhesasy","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Khurshid","given":"Yahya"},{"family":"Kamra","given":"Mohamed"},{"family":"Dief","given":"Tarek"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1142/s2301385028300016","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2301385028300016","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2478/fas-2024-0006","type":"article-journal","title":"Fatigue Life Estimation of the Critical Wing Structure in a New-Generation Stol Aircraft","abstract":"Abstract The lower wing section of an aircraft is considered particularly vulnerable to fatigue failure due to the presence of inspection holes, which create stress concentrations and increase local stress in the surrounding material. This study estimates the fatigue life of the lower wing structure, including rivet holes around the inspection openings, in a new-generation Indonesian short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft under cyclic flight loads. Fatigue assessment was conducted in five stages: (1) development of a 3D design model of the lower wing skin; (2) stress analysis of the skin without rivet holes, using finite element analysis (FEA), to identify critical areas around the inspection hole; (3) stress analysis of the skin with rivet holes in these critical areas; (4) compilation of a stress spectrum from flight test data; and (5) fatigue life estimation using the cumulative damage method with the application of a scatter factor. The analysis results indicate a maximum fatigue life of 67,750 flight cycles for rivet holes in the lower wing skin, exceeding the industry target of 30,000 cycles. However, when a scatter factor is applied, the maximum fatigue life is reduced to 13,550 flight cycles, establishing the required inspection threshold for the STOL aircraft.","author":[{"family":"Dewa","given":"Rando"},{"family":"Atami","given":"MI"},{"family":"Setiawan","given":"Anang"},{"family":"Maulana","given":"Fattah"},{"family":"Wafiqni"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2478/fas-2024-0006","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fas-2024-0006","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2478/fas-2024-0007","type":"article-journal","title":"Optimizing Inspection Intervals Through Risk Evaluation in Aircraft Structures","abstract":"Abstract As aircraft fleets age, maintaining operational readiness at an affordable cost becomes increasingly challenging. This is largely due to the rise in Preventive Maintenance Task Requirements (PMTRs) outlined in the Aircraft Maintenance Program (AMP). While aging aircraft may require more frequent inspections, leveraging data from prior inspections enables the optimization of inspection intervals based on risk, ensuring cost efficiency by minimizing unnecessary downtime, while maintaining the required safety level. The primary objective of the AMP is to ensure the airworthiness and operational readiness of an aircraft system throughout their service life. To achieve this, it is essential to establish an acceptable level of risk as a basis for determining optimal PMTR recurrence. The SMART|DT tool, developed with FAA funding, provides a robust framework for conducting risk assessments of aircraft structures using Probabilistic Damage Tolerance Analysis (PDTA), which effectively assesses and manages the risk of structural failure. During the sustainment phase of the Swiss Air Force F/A 18 fleet, data-driven analyses within SMART|DT, and other tailored statistical tools, were performed to evaluate the risks associated with various PMTR intervals. This paper will explain the methodology applied to both Safe-Life and Damage-Tolerance structures, with real-world applications to demonstrate how inspection intervals can be optimized. By doing so, PMTR recurrence can be fine-tuned to enhance aircraft readiness and program affordability while maintaining an acceptable level of safety.","author":[{"family":"Ferrari","given":"Michea"},{"family":"Ocampo","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Taylor","given":"Samson"},{"family":"Ferrari","given":"Viola"},{"family":"Wahlen","given":"Dimitri"},{"family":"Lüchinger","given":"Mattia"},{"family":"Figliolino","given":"Mirco"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2478/fas-2024-0007","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fas-2024-0007","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.26153/tsw/58133","type":"article-journal","title":"Active phasing for thrust control of electric rotorcraft","abstract":"Advancements in electric propulsion technology over recent years have led to a diverse electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft ecosystem due to the greater design freedom possible with electrification. This highlights the present challenge in discerning the optimal propulsion system topology to meet design goals. A subject of significant debate is whether the weight reductions and simplicity of speed-controlled rotors justify the reduction in thrust control bandwidth versus pitch control. Therefore, the goals of this work were to quantify the thrust performance and power requirements of speed-controlled rotor systems and to develop and assess the performance of a new thrust control concept possible with electric propulsion: thrust control via stacked rotor index angle. A stacked rotor, or a coaxial co-rotating rotor, comprises two rotors spaced axially that spin in the same direction. The index angle is the angular separation between the rotors, which was controlled by electronically phasing each rotor with independent electric motors. Prior work has shown that at an axial spacing of 0.73 chord, the aerodynamic interaction between stacked rotors leads to thrust variations of 17% with changes in the index angle of 23 degrees, suggesting a low magnitude, high bandwidth thrust control method which may be useful for attitude stabilization and disturbance rejection. To compare and contrast the performance of the thrust control via index angle concept, a comprehensive experimental and numerical study was conducted. Two hover stands for two-bladed, two meter diameter rotors were designed and tested in this work: a single rotor, single motor setup and a stacked rotor, dual motor setup. All tests were conducted at 950 RPM and rotor blade loadings ranging from C [subscript T] /σ = 0 to C [subscript T] /σ = to 0.13. A model of the rotors and powertrains was developed coupling dynamic inflow, potential flow, blade element theory, and an electric motor model to predict steady and dynamic performance. A study was conducted on the single rotor system to investigate the time and frequency response of the rotor thrust and torque for changes in rotor speed of 3% magnitude and up to 8π rad/s. The model captured the measured thrust and torque responses for all test cases; dynamic inflow was found to be necessary to predict the thrust magnitude and phase dependence with rotor speed, with predictions being within 6% for all cases. Torque magnitude and phase trends were predicted accurately up to 4π rad/s changes in rotor speed, however, faster frequencies were over-predicted in magnitude and phase due to discrepancies between the motor model and experiment which resulted in an over-prediction in the motor speed cutoff frequency. A stacked rotor study was conducted for steady and ramp changes in the index angle. Findings highlighted design considerations needed to optimize the rotor for index angle control, such as a large collective pitch angle and small axial spacing for sufficient control bandwidth and high hover efficiency. Dynamic inflow and quasi-steady aerodynamics adequately captured the increased thrust response measured for ramp changes in the index angle of 5°/rev at 950 RPM. The index angle control concept was compared to the simulated performance of an equivalent speed and pitch-controlled rotor for a 10% thrust increase in 0.27 seconds; findings showed a reduction in the peak torque required of 22% versus a speed-controlled rotor and an increase of 27% versus the pitch-controlled rotor. Thus, if fixed-pitch simplicity is needed, index angle-controlled stacked rotors are a useful option to overcome control bandwidth limitations.","author":[{"family":"Asper","given":"Matthew"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.26153/tsw/58133","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/58133","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.13016/dspace/plnz-ckyz","type":"article-journal","title":"Aeroacoustic Implications of Installed Propeller Interactional Aerodynamics and Transient Propeller Motions","abstract":"The emergence of advanced air mobility and sustainable aviation concepts have revived the interest in propeller-driven aircraft. A number of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have been developed to cater to the demands of urban air mobility (UAM) and significant advancements have been made in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) equipped with vertical take-off and landing capabilities. However, the community acceptance of these new aircraft configurations highly depends on having a low noise footprint as they will operate in dense urban environments. Propeller noise is considered the major source of noise in these aircraft with the introduction of electric propulsion and it can significantly increase with the effects of installation and transient propeller motions. This study aims to comprehend the complex aerodynamic interactions within such aircraft that result from propeller installation and contribute to the generation of high noise levels. To understand the physics of propeller installation, a wingtip-mounted propeller was analyzed at several angles of attack using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and computational aeroacoustics based on the Ffowcs Williams - Hawkings equation. The aeroacoustic implications of the propeller axis inclination and the propeller-wing aerodynamic interaction were studied in-depth. The propeller-wing interaction leads to a significant increase in propeller noise (~20 to 30 dB increase along the rotational axis) and causes the wing to generate a loading noise in the same order of magnitude as the propeller noise. To extrapolate the understanding of installation effects to a full aircraft, the aeroacoustic characteristics of a quadrotor biplane tailsitter were analyzed in both hover and forward flight focusing on the rotor-rotor and rotor-airframe aerodynamic interaction. The rotor-rotor interaction was found to be a significant source of loading noise in hover but having the fuselage as a physical barrier between the rotors largely reduces its effect. The airframe loading noise and rotor broadband noise are equally dominant as the rotor tonal noise when the aircraft is in forward flight. Moreover, the study evaluated the effectiveness of rotor synchrophasing in reducing the aircraft noise footprint and it showed promising results in hover, causing a reduction of aircraft noise by more than 10 dB. Furthermore, an efficient computational aeroacoustics framework was developed to facilitate the computations, ensuring optimal utilization of the computational resources. The CPU and GPU parallelization and other optimization techniques were able to achieve a 98% reduction in computation time for an isolated propeller case. This enabled the rapid aeroacoustic computations of periodic and non-periodic problems. This was used to analyze the aeroacoustics of an isolated propeller undergoing a transition from hover to forward flight. The aerodynamic and acoustic results of the unsteady case were compared with quasi-steady cases performed at intermediate tilt angles. The quasi-steady CFD simulations predicted the unsteady transition aeroacoustics with reasonable accuracy. A tilting quasi-steady approach was proposed to better capture the aerodynamics and acoustics of the unsteady transition.","author":[{"family":"Herath Mudiyanselage","given":"Anjanaka"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.13016/dspace/plnz-ckyz","URL":"https://doi.org/10.13016/dspace/plnz-ckyz","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2311.04472","type":"manuscript","title":"Autonomous Advanced Aerial Mobility -- An End-to-end Autonomy Framework for UAVs and Beyond","abstract":"Developing aerial robots that can both safely navigate and execute assigned mission without any human intervention - i.e., fully autonomous aerial mobility of passengers and goods - is the larger vision that guides the research, design, and development efforts in the aerial autonomy space. However, it is highly challenging to concurrently operationalize all types of aerial vehicles that are operating fully autonomously sharing the airspace. Full autonomy of the aerial transportation sector includes several aspects, such as design of the technology that powers the vehicles, operations of multi-agent fleets, and process of certification that meets stringent safety requirements of aviation sector. Thereby, Autonomous Advanced Aerial Mobility is still a vague term and its consequences for researchers and professionals are ambiguous. To address this gap, we present a comprehensive perspective on the emerging field of autonomous advanced aerial mobility, which involves the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft for various applications, such as urban air mobility, package delivery, and surveillance. The article proposes a scalable and extensible autonomy framework consisting of four main blocks: sensing, perception, planning, and controls. Furthermore, the article discusses the challenges and opportunities in multi-agent fleet operations and management, as well as the testing, validation, and certification aspects of autonomous aerial systems. Finally, the article explores the potential of monolithic models for aerial autonomy and analyzes their advantages and limitations. The perspective aims to provide a holistic picture of the autonomous advanced aerial mobility field and its future directions.","author":[{"family":"Mishra","given":"Sakshi"},{"family":"Palanisamy","given":"Praveen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2311.04472","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2311.04472","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.25967/610120","type":"article-journal","title":"Influence of Electric Propulsion on Performance and Flight Mechanics of VTOL Aircraft","abstract":"In recent years, electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have emerged as a promising alternative for urban air mobility (UAM). These aircraft, characterized by their wide altitude-velocity flight envelope, feature electric propulsion systems that are now part of the primary control system, introducing additional complexity in their design process. This study outlines a basic framework for the design, simulation, and analysis of eVTOL aircraft, with emphasis on understanding the impact of electric propulsion systems on flight mechanics and performance characteristics. The central part of our framework is a simulation of the flight dynamics using a multi-physics, multibody model based on the nonlinear equations of motion of a tiltrotor aircraft configuration. To show possible applications of the framework, we simulate a trimmed conversion flight, as well as the effect of a voltage drop at the tilting motors on an initially trimmed flight condition. The initial framework offers a flexible toolbox for eVTOL analysis, that can be easily adapted to different configurations. Future extensions of this framework will enable a more comprehensive investigation of the complex dynamics that govern eVTOL aircraft.","author":[{"family":"Lampl","given":"DE"},{"family":"Armanini","given":"SF"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.25967/610120","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25967/610120","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0156","type":"article-journal","title":"Fire Risk Assessment Techniques for eVTOL Operations at Heliports","abstract":"This paper identifies key considerations necessary to perform a fire risk assessment for electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) operations at heliports. Fire and life safety goals, objectives, and performance (i.e., acceptance) criteria are postulated for heliport structures designed to accommodate vertical takeoff and landing of eVTOL aircraft. Quantitative techniques used to assess performance criteria, such as design fire development and fire modeling, are discussed for localized and large-scale fire events. Select heliport design elements that support fire and life safety are identified. The paper concludes with recommendations for future fire safety research efforts related to eVTOL operations at heliports.","author":[{"family":"Gonzales","given":"Jeff"},{"family":"Krebs","given":"Andy"},{"family":"Naru","given":"Ryan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0156","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0156","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6234188/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Optimizing eVTOL Time Scheduling through Origin-Destination and Temporal Data Analysis","abstract":"Abstract This study introduces a novel data-driven methodology to optimize the scheduling and station placement of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles, addressing key challenges in urban air mobility (UAM). Using São Paulo's metropolitan area and New York City as case studies, the research integrates diverse datasets—including helicopter path data, heliports, Uber Movement data, taxi data, and Google API information—to analyze traffic patterns, origin-destination pairs, and peak usage times. The study identifies strategic locations for eVTOL stations and optimal flight schedules by employing clustering algorithms and proximity analysis. The primary contribution is a framework that generates a comprehensive dataset in .csv format, detailing routes and schedules tailored to urban mobility needs and supporting the planning and deployment of eVTOL operations. This scalable and adaptable approach enables integrating urban traffic data into eVTOL planning, advancing sustainable transportation systems, and enhancing the efficiency of UAM solutions worldwide.","author":[{"family":"Lima","given":"Carolina"},{"family":"Moreira","given":"Fernando"},{"family":"Maximo","given":"Marcos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6234188/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6234188/v1","source":"preprints"},{"id":"doi:10.54941/ahfe1006501","type":"article-journal","title":"The Implementation of AI in the eVTOL Safety Management Systems","abstract":"The emergence of electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft represents a transformative evolution in urban mobility, promising sustainable and efficient air transportation. However, the integration of eVTOLs into high-density urban environments introduces new safety challenges that require advanced Safety Management Systems (SMS). Traditional SMS frameworks, which rely on deterministic models and human-centric decision-making, are insufficient for managing the complexity of eVTOL operations. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into SMS offers a proactive approach to risk assessment, predictive maintenance, and human-machine interaction, ensuring enhanced operational safety and regulatory compliance. This study explores the role of AI in augmenting SMS for eVTOL operations, focusing on predictive analytics, human-machine interface (HMI) enhancements, and real-world applications from leading eVTOL manufacturers such as Joby Aviation and Lilium. AI-driven predictive analytics enable real-time risk detection and mitigation, improving component reliability and reducing maintenance-related failures. Enhanced HMI tools facilitate adaptive decision-making, reducing cognitive workload for pilots and optimizing safety-critical interactions between human operators and automated systems. Case studies demonstrate that AI-integrated SMS frameworks improve emergency response times, enhance situational awareness, and support the continuous evolution of safety protocols in eVTOL aviation. The findings of this study have significant implications for policy development, training programs, and collaborative innovation. Regulatory agencies such as the FAA and EASA must establish AI-driven safety regulations to ensure compliance while fostering technological advancements in urban air mobility. Training programs must be restructured to incorporate AI-based learning methodologies, preparing pilots and maintenance personnel for AI-enhanced workflows. Collaboration between AI developers, aviation regulators, and eVTOL manufacturers is essential to establishing standardized AI-driven safety management practices.As urban air mobility continues to expand, AI-driven SMS will play a critical role in ensuring the safety, efficiency, and scalability of eVTOL operations. The integration of AI into SMS provides a pathway for predictive, data-driven risk management, enabling a future where eVTOLs operate seamlessly within the global aviation ecosystem. Future research should focus on refining AI decision-making algorithms, improving real-time safety interventions, and developing regulatory frameworks that ensure the safe deployment of AI-driven eVTOL technologies.","author":[{"family":"Ziakkas","given":"Dimitrios"},{"family":"Pechlivanis","given":"Konstantinos"},{"family":"Henneberry","given":"Debra"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.54941/ahfe1006501","URL":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1006501","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0089","type":"article-journal","title":"A Comparison of Direct and Reduction Drive Approaches for Power-Dense eVTOL Applications","abstract":"Electric aviation is advancing rapidly, with aircraft from manufacturers like Joby and Archer well on their way to certification, aircraft electrification will continue and begin to apply to larger aircraft. To support larger electrified rotorcraft, rotors will need to grow if disc-loading and hover efficiency are to be maintained. A consequence of this is the need to reduce rotor speed to maintain an acceptable acoustic signature, especially for operation in urban environments. Most current applications utilize radial flux motors, sometimes with a reduction gearbox. Gearboxes can improve overall propulsion system power density by enabling higher motor speeds but are generally not preferred as they introduce additional potential failure modes and maintenance schedules. In this paper a holistic approach is used to understand the trade-offs between rotor and motor and their consequences on propulsion system power density.","author":[{"family":"Rogers","given":"Lee"},{"family":"Flores","given":"Alex"},{"family":"Jones","given":"Evan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0089","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0089","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0321","type":"article-journal","title":"Minimum Energy Automatic Flight Control Design for eVTOL Transition Phases","abstract":"The transition phase of eVTOL aircraft poses a challenge in balancing energy efficiency and stability. This study presents the development and evaluation of an automatic flight control system for eVTOL transition phases, focusing on minimizing energy consumption while ensuring robust performance. The control architecture implements a hybrid response type combining Translational Rate Command below 5 knots and Acceleration Command Speed Hold above 5 knots, with control allocation dynamically adjusted based on airspeed and rotor shaft angle. Stability analysis reveals surge mode instability at high shaft angles due to negative speed stability derivatives, stabilized through carefully tuned feedback control. The system demonstrates Level 1 handling qualities against bandwidth, quickness, and disturbance rejection criteria when evaluated against MIL-DTL-32742 and MIL-STD-1797B standards. Simulation results verify the control system's ability to maintain precise acceleration/deceleration rates and attitude control while ensuring passenger comfort through limited pitch excursions. The control strategy achieves minimum energy transitions by locking rotor shaft angles to optimal schedules while avoiding excessive hub moments. Flight test maneuvers developed specifically for conversion phases confirm the system's capability to execute efficient transitions within defined performance boundaries. This research establishes a framework for certifiable eVTOL flight control systems that balance energy efficiency with robust performance across diverse flight regimes.","author":[{"family":"Kang","given":"Namuk"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Linghai"},{"family":"Whidborne","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0321","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0321","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0218","type":"article-journal","title":"Simulation-Based Evaluation of Motor Failure Resilience in a Prototyped Multirotor eVTOL","abstract":"This study investigates the fault tolerance of a large-scale coaxial quadrotor Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) under motor failure through high-fidelity software-in-the-loop (SIL) simulations using PX4-Gazebo environment. The objective is to evaluate the vehicle's ability to maintain flight stability and complete critical missions under various propulsion failure scenarios, without the control system being explicitly aware of which motors have failed. Four motor failure cases-single, two adjacent, two diagonally opposite, and three distributed motor failures-were introduced during takeoff, hover, cruise, and hover under crosswind missions. Results show that the eVTOL maintained controllability and mission completion under all scenarios, with increasing levels of performance degradation under more severe failures. Notably, considerable yaw instabilities of about 10 degrees occurred under two diagonally opposite motor failures. The highest thrust demands after motor failures were observed during cruise mission, with some motors demanding about 80% to 90% of their maximum throttle. Hover under crosswind revealed compounded challenges in attitude control during descent under severe failure cases compared to calm weather. These findings underscore the robustness of the integrated control system and vehicle configuration in managing motor failure scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Khanouki","given":"Mostafa"},{"family":"Sadat-Nejad","given":"Younes"},{"family":"Pourmostaghimi","given":"Nima"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0218","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0218","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/aerospace12110973","type":"article-journal","title":"Study on Certification-Driven Fault Detection Threshold Optimization for eVTOL Dual-Motor-Driven Rotor","abstract":"Advances in motor technology and the application of distributed electric propulsion systems have greatly promoted the development of electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft. As a critical safety component of eVTOL aircraft, the motor system design must satisfy both performance requirements and stringent airworthiness standards. This paper studies the lift–thrust unit drive motor system of an eVTOL aircraft and proposes an architecture that utilizes analytical redundancy to enhance system-level reliability. This paper focuses on threshold optimization in analytical redundancy systems. Through simulations and reliability analyses, the performance of the analytical redundancy system is quantified, with false alarm and missed detection probabilities evaluated, fault detection thresholds optimized, and overall system reliability enhanced analytical redundancy systems is improved. Simulation and calculation results demonstrate that the proposed fault detection method can effectively meet the requirements for rapid detection and achieve optimal reliability at the given optimal threshold.","author":[{"family":"Ma","given":"Liqun"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Chenchen"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Jianzhong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/aerospace12110973","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12110973","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1088/1742-6596/3022/1/012016","type":"article-journal","title":"Performance Modeling and Trajectory Optimization of eVTOL Using RBF Neural Network","abstract":"Abstract Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) is a key development direction for the future of electric urban air mobility (UAM),which are characterized by multiple lift surfaces, control surfaces,and operational modes.eVTOL offers superior flight capabilities, enabling high-speed travel while maintaining vertical takeoff and landing capabilities. However,the inherent complexity of the aircraft’s dynamic model complicates its solution, thereby limiting its applicability in trajectory optimization. This paper presents a dynamic model of the aircraft for analyzing its flight performance. A Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network surrogate model is subsequently employed to construct the aircraft performance model. The effectiveness of the model is validated through RBF neural network-based fitting analysis.A case study on urban low-altitude flight trajectory optimization further demonstrates the advantages of the flight performance surrogate model:it effectively captures the capabilities of eVTOL and maximizes the utilization of the aircraft’s performance limits.","author":[{"family":"Tianle","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Chaoqun","given":"Zhang"},{"family":"Jianbo","given":"Li"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1742-6596/3022/1/012016","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3022/1/012016","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0397","type":"article-journal","title":"Gaussian Process Surrogate Model for eVTOL Propeller Aerodynamics","abstract":"Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) is a flexible, non-parametric machine learning method well-suited for regression tasks. In the context of modeling aerodynamic propellers, GPR significantly reduces the amount of computationally expensive training data needed compared to simpler interpolation or curve-fitting approaches for the same level of accuracy. This work explores several strategies for building a surrogate model of an isolated propeller for the Joby Aviation tilt-propeller electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. To better capture sharp local variations in output quantities of interest and accommodate unevenly spaced training data, a novel delta-layer GPR approach is introduced. This method builds on the traditional single-layer GPR method by fitting to the error between the training data and the first layer fit. In parallel, a multi-fidelity GPR model is developed, using lower-fidelity data to achieve better prediction of the underlying mean function while incorporating high-fidelity CFD data for precision. This approach is further extended by integrating a third source of high-fidelity wind tunnel data, resulting in a smooth and accurate surrogate model across the entire flight envelope.","author":[{"family":"Ryseck","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Erhard","given":"Racheal"},{"family":"Cunningham","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Guener","given":"Feyyaz"},{"family":"Londono","given":"Monica"},{"family":"Mahboubi","given":"Zouhair"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0397","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0397","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0042","type":"article-journal","title":"Dynamic Drop Testing of eVTOL Energy Storage Systems Part 1: Drop Test Data Summary","abstract":"Researchers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have conducted a series of module-level tests on electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) Energy Storage Systems (ESS) for the generation of dynamic impact data to support standards developments. The tests were conducted on zero-state-of-charge Electric Power Systems (EPS) Electric Propulsion Ion Core (EPIC) modules at the National Institute for Aviation Research (NIAR), utilizing the NIAR outdoor drop test setup and personnel. Four total tests were conducted. For each test, the module was dropped at a specific orientation from a height of 50 feet while connected to a guided trolley in order to assess the effects of a 50-foot drop test on the ESS. The test velocities ranged between 46.9 and 52.8 ft/s with impact angles ranging between a flat, zero-degree impact and 18 degrees. Data were recorded in the form of temperatures, cell-level voltage, module level acceleration and digital image correlation from the tests. Accelerations were in the range of 1,500 g for a few millisecond duration, which were indicative of a shock type loading condition. No modules entered thermal runaway, and post-test inspections revealed a variety of internal deformations and damage present in the various modules tested, with specific damage occurring for specific orientations. The modules were ranked according to a custom developed scoring rubric developed by utilizing the test and post-test inspection results. The results were compiled, reported, and will be used to guide future ESS testing. Part 1 discusses the loading environments in the modules, while Part 2 will discuss the deformation and damage in the modules.","author":[{"family":"Littell","given":"Justin"},{"family":"Gardner","given":"Nathaniel"},{"family":"Ellafrits","given":"Shay"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0042","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0042","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm_avtol_2025-5322","type":"article-journal","title":"Sensitivity Analysis and Aerodynamic Modeling of eVTOL Low-speed Predicted Handling Qualities","abstract":"This study explores aerodynamic modelling and the application of Sensitivity Analysis (SA) to the low-speed predicted Handling Qualities (pHQs) of a small-scale eVTOL, to identify the impact of uncertainty in modeling. The methodology integrates the statistical simulation tool Dakota with a Flight Simulation Model (FSM) to assess the propagation of input parameter uncertainties on pHQs: Attitude Quickness, Dynamic Stability, and Bandwidth. The aerodynamic analysis, conducted using the DUST aerodynamic model, determines the correct approach for computing dynamic stability derivatives. The results highlight the dependency of these derivatives on reduced frequency, emphasizing the need to consider this in FSM development and uncertainty analysis. A hybrid SA framework that combines the Morris One-at-a-Time (MOAT) method for preliminary analysis with Variance-Based Decomposition (VBD) using a Kriging meta-model for efficiency is implemented. Key parameters whose uncertainty affects pHQs, such as mass, system time delay and aerodynamic parameters, are identified using the SA. This work demonstrates how to implement a robust SA process for uncertainty analysis, to support informed decision-making in assessing the credibility of flight simulation models to be used for certification by simulation.","author":[{"family":"Rylko","given":"Agata"},{"family":"Favaro","given":"Lorenzo"},{"family":"Quaranta","given":"Giuseppe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm_avtol_2025-5322","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm_avtol_2025-5322","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1088/1742-6596/3032/1/012029","type":"article-journal","title":"Design of a multirotor eVTOL flight controller based on sliding mode and dynamic inversion","abstract":"Abstract To address the challenges of strong nonlinear coupling and multi-source disturbance sensitivity in multi-rotor eVTOLs operating in low-altitude dense-disturbance environments, an SMC-NDI cascade control architecture is proposed. The nonlinear characteristics and dynamic behaviors of multi-rotor eVTOLs are analyzed, and a dynamic model is established. Based on singular perturbation theory, the vehicle states are divided into four independent loops according to response speeds. The nonlinear decoupling for each sub-loop is achieved via NDI-based control laws. A sliding mode variable structure theory is utilized to design pseudo-control inputs for the dynamic inversion controller, while an exponential reaching law is employed to suppress model uncertainties and external disturbances. Simulation results demonstrate that, under parameter perturbations and wind disturbances, the proposed SMC-NDI controller reduces the peak hover position error from ± 1.2 m to ± 0.3 m and decreases the trajectory tracking RMSE by 52%, compared to traditional dynamic inversion methods. Additionally, attitude angle overshoot is confined within ± 1.5°, validating the controller’s comprehensive advantages in dynamic response, robustness, and decoupling performance.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Wenshuo"},{"family":"Li","given":"Guorui"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1742-6596/3032/1/012029","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3032/1/012029","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/drones9060435","type":"article-journal","title":"An Efficient SDOF Sweep Wing Morphing Technology for eVTOL-UAV and Experimental Realization","abstract":"The presented study demonstrates that UAVs can be flown with a morphing wing to develop essential aerodynamic efficiency without a tail structure, which decides the operational cost and flight safety. The mechanical control for morphing is discussed, where the system design, simulation, and experimental realization of ±15° SDOF sweep motion for a 7 kg eVTOL wing are detailed. The methodology, developed through a mathematical modeling of the mechanism’s kinematics and dynamics, is explained using Denavit–Hartenberg (D-H) convention, Lagrangian mechanics, and Euler–Lagrangian equations. The simulation and MBD analyses were performed in MATLAB R2021 and by Altair Motion Solve, respectively. The experiment was conducted on a dedicated test rig with two wing variants fitted with IMUs and an autopilot. The results from various methods were analyzed and experimentally compared to provide an accurate insight into the system’s design, modeling, and performance of the sweep morphing wing. The theoretical calculations by the mathematical model were compared with the test results. The sweep requirement is essential for eVTOL to have long endurance and multi-mission capabilities. Therefore, the developed sweep morphing mechanism is very useful, meeting such a demand. However, the results for three-dimensional morphing, operating sweep, pitch, and roll together are also presented, for the sake of completeness.","author":[{"family":"Shanmugam","given":"Palaniswamy"},{"family":"Mahali","given":"Parammasivam"},{"family":"Raja","given":"Samikkannu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/drones9060435","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9060435","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0168","type":"article-journal","title":"Vertical Motion Simulator Handling Qualities Testing of a Piloted eVTOL Vehicle Having a Degraded Powertrain","abstract":"This paper presents handling qualities (HQs) research findings for electrical Vertical Take-off and Landing vehicles. Testing in the Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS) investigated handling qualities of vehicle configurations having a degraded powertrain. Powertrain components, including batteries and electric motors, can degrade as the vehicle is flown. This paper investigates the impact of low battery charge and high motor temperature degradations on the pilot's ability to execute precise maneuvers. Pilot comments and ratings that were collected from four rotorcraft test pilots in VMS testing are used to quantify the effects that powertrain degradations had on the HQs of the vehicle.","author":[{"family":"Barnes","given":"Kyle"},{"family":"Suh","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Hanson","given":"Curt"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0168","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0168","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/wevj16040220","type":"article-journal","title":"eVTOL Dispatch Cost Optimization Under Time-Varying Low-Altitude Delivery Demand","abstract":"In the emerging paradigm of embodied intelligence, eVTOL technology holds significant potential to transform the low-altitude economy, particularly in short-distance emergency logistics and urban distribution. Companies like Meituan and Shunfeng (SF) are pioneering fixed low-altitude routes to reduce reliance on human delivery. We first investigate the performance and routing of Meituan’s eVTOL system, focusing on the dynamic optimization of eVTOL reserves and total costs at distribution stations under fluctuating order surges and charging constraints. An iterative algorithm is constructed, supported by numerical examples and Monte Carlo simulations. Our results reveal that cost parameters and demand characteristics jointly shape eVTOL incremental decision-making and its economic performance. To optimize costs, strategies like multi-period decentralized scheduling or low-frequency centralized decision-making are proposed. Future research will address limitations such as 2C charging effects and joint battery-eVTOL replenishment to further advance urban logistics and low-altitude economy development.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Du","given":"Yingjun"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zemin"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yushun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/wevj16040220","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16040220","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1149/ma2025-023539mtgabs","type":"article-journal","title":"Distinct Dynamics of Lithium Intercalation and Plating on Graphite Anode of Li-Ion Batteries for eVTOL Applications","abstract":"Electrifying air mobility is a major move toward cleaner, more efficient transportation. Li-ion batteries are poised to play a crucial role in achieving this goal by powering the electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) platforms 1, 2 . Unlike Li-ion batteries used in electric vehicles and portable electronics, eVTOL battery systems experience unique operational loads, which necessitates an independent assessment of battery materials degredation mechanisms. In this presentation, we discuss one such case by focusing on the evolution of graphite anode that is subjected to cycling protocols of an eVTOL platform. Li-ion batteries are intermittently discharged between high-power and high-energy segments to accommodate the unique operational pattern of an eVTOL 3 . We find that such cycling leads to the entrapment of Li-ions on the graphite particles, likely due to the incomplete Li deintercalation during the high-power discharge events that are typical of eVTOL take-off and landing operations. Entrapped Li reduces the capacity that can be delivered through Li (de)intercalation and, over time, promotes Li plating. Current understanding of Li plating on graphite anode cannot fully explain this behavior, as it is commonly believed to take place at high charging rates due to factors such as concentration polarization and reaction overpotential 4 . Therefore, this study demonstrates the exceptional degradation pathway of battery materials for this application, highlighting the need for considering realistic load profiles of eVTOLs to study battery materials evolution. Acknowledgement This research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT Battelle, LLC, for the US Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725, was sponsored by the US Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory and was accomplished under Support Agreement 2371-Z469-22. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory or the U.S. Government. Rahman would also like to acknowledge the support from the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. References M. Dixit, A. Bisht, R. Essehli, R. Amin, C.-B. M. Kweon, and I. Belharouak, ACS Energy Lett. , 9 , 934 (2024). X.-G. Yang, T. Liu, S. Ge, E. Rountree, and C.-Y. Wang, Joule , 5 , 1644 (2021). M. Dixit, A. Bisht, B. Witherspoon, R. Essehli, R. Amin, A. Duncan, J. Hines, C. B. M. Kweon, and I. Belharouak, Advanced Energy Materials , 14 , 2400772 (2024). X. Lu, M. Lagnoni, A. Bertei, S. Das, R. E. Owen, Q. Li, K. O’Regan, A. Wade, D. P. Finegan, and E. Kendrick, Nat. Commun. , 14 , 5127 (2023).","author":[{"family":"Rahman","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Amin","given":"Ruhul"},{"family":"Abouimrane","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Belharouak","given":"Ilias"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1149/ma2025-023539mtgabs","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2025-023539mtgabs","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-218","type":"article-journal","title":"Simulation-Based Evaluation of Motor Failure Resilience in a Prototyped Multirotor eVTOL","abstract":"This study investigates the fault tolerance of a large-scale coaxial quadrotor Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) under motor failure through high-fidelity software-in-the-loop (SIL) simulations using PX4-Gazebo environment. The objective is to evaluate the vehicle's ability to maintain flight stability and complete critical missions under various propulsion failure scenarios, without the control system being explicitly aware of which motors have failed. Four motor failure cases-single, two adjacent, two diagonally opposite, and three distributed motor failures-were introduced during takeoff, hover, cruise, and hover under crosswind missions. Results show that the eVTOL maintained controllability and mission completion under all scenarios, with increasing levels of performance degradation under more severe failures. Notably, considerable yaw instabilities of about 10 degrees occurred under two diagonally opposite motor failures. The highest thrust demands after motor failures were observed during cruise mission, with some motors demanding about 80% to 90% of their maximum throttle. Hover under crosswind revealed compounded challenges in attitude control during descent under severe failure cases compared to calm weather. These findings underscore the robustness of the integrated control system and vehicle configuration in managing motor failure scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Khanouki","given":"Mostafa"},{"family":"Sadat-Nejad","given":"Younes"},{"family":"Pourmostaghimi","given":"Nima"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-218","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-218","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.58286/31055","type":"article-journal","title":"A data-driven method for aircraft static strength test anomaly recognition","abstract":"The strain data from the static strength test of the aircraft is the correct response to the structure bearing deformation. Real-time monitoring and fast analysis of strain data is an important factor. In this paper, we propose a data-driven approach for aircraft static intensity test anomaly identification in order to address the problems of large aircraft strain gauge numbers, weak data interference resistance, and low manual detection efficiency. First, the regression equations are constructed based on the five points of the test data, and the predicted values of the remaining test data are obtained by the regression equations. The residual analysis is then performed with the actual values measured by the strain gauge and the residuals are calculated using the standard method. Finally, machine learning models are used to discriminate between binary anomalies. By comparing the classification effect of SVM and random forest algorithm, it is found that both algorithms achieve high accuracy, reaching 92% anomaly recognition accuracy. This approach has great engineering applications in real-time monitoring and early warning of static intensity tests of aircraft.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Jiaojiao"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Chang"},{"family":"Nie","given":"Xiaohua"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.58286/31055","URL":"https://doi.org/10.58286/31055","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038005","type":"article-journal","title":"Energy-Harvesting Performance of an Aircraft Propeller","abstract":"The electrification of aircraft is strongly coupled with the use of propellers as a propulsion system because of their high efficiency and their convenient integration with electric motors. Due to the operational flexibility of electric motors, the propeller can also be used in alternative operations, such as negative thrust and power mode. By operating the propeller at negative inflow angles at the blade segments, the torque and thrust are in the opposite direction compared to the conventional positive thrust conditions. This can be useful for control purposes or for energy harvesting. An experimental investigation was carried out to explain the physics behind the aerodynamic performance of a propeller at both positive thrust and energy-harvesting operation. Next to the measured integrated forces and moments on the propeller, stereoscopic particle image velocimetry was used to analyze the flowfield around the blades as well as the slipstream behind the propeller disk to identify the dominating flow phenomena that drive the energy-harvesting operation. The highly cambered blade sections for this typical aircraft propeller do not operate efficiently in energy-harvesting mode due to the associated negative angles of attack. The thin tip blade sections experience separated flow in these conditions, reducing the useful output power, compared to wind turbines, which feature opposite camber. To maximize the output power in the energy-harvesting conditions, a low pitch setting is required in combination with a relatively high advance ratio. However, this also comes at a cost of large negative thrust (drag) values.","author":[{"family":"Nederlof","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Ragni","given":"Daniele"},{"family":"Sinnige","given":"Tomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038005","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038005","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0172","type":"article-journal","title":"Noise of a Propeller Designed for eVTOL Operations in Forward and Edgewise Flight","abstract":"The performance and acoustics of a scaled propeller designed for an eVTOL vehicle were investigated in axial and edgewise flight. The measured performance compared well with BEMT predictions in axial flight conditions. The noise produced by the propeller is dominated by broadband noise sources, where there is evidence of contributions from blade wake interaction noise, turbulent boundary layer trailing edge noise, and laminar boundary layer vortex shedding noise. The directivity of the noise was found to be dependent on the advance ratio. Beamform maps also identified changes in the dominant noise source at different observer locations as a function of advance ratio.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Szu"},{"family":"Chaware","given":"Shreyas"},{"family":"Lundquist","given":"Ryan"},{"family":"Intaratep","given":"Nanyaporn"},{"family":"Alexander","given":"William"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0172","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0172","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0043","type":"article-journal","title":"Dynamic Drop Testing of eVTOL Energy Storage Systems Part 2: Deformation and Post-Test Forensics Results","abstract":"Researchers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have conducted a series of module-level 50-ft dynamic drop tests on electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) Energy Storage Systems (ESS) for the generation of dynamic impact data to support standards developments. The tests were conducted on zero-state-of-charge Electric Power Systems (EPS) Electric Propulsion Ion Core (EPIC) modules at the National Institute for Aviation Research (NIAR), utilizing the NIAR outdoor drop test setup and conducted by NIAR test personnel. Four total tests were conducted on modules oriented in four different orientations. During initial post-test inspections at the drop facility, it was observed that the modules experienced varying amounts of damage in various locations and forms. The damage was quantified to the maximum extent possible via photogrammetric methods such as digital image correlation and marker tracking. Post-test modules were then disassembled, and forensics were conducted, which involved inspections into various containment structures and the cells themselves. A scoring rubric was developed in order to utilize a common methodology to quantitatively assess the damage incurred into each module as way of determining the least and most amount of damage present. Results in the form of post-test inspections, digital image correlation deformations, and scoring rubric values will be all presented, along with proposed paths forward for future work.","author":[{"family":"Ellafrits","given":"Shay"},{"family":"Gardner","given":"Nathaniel"},{"family":"Littell","given":"Justin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0043","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0043","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0062","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerodynamic Analysis of Stopped and Stopping Rotors in Lift+Cruise eVTOL Configurations","abstract":"This study investigates the aerodynamic behavior of lift rotors in a representative lift+cruise electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) configuration using high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. As lift+cruise concepts gain prominence for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) applications due to their operational simplicity, flight performance, and reduced cruise noise, a detailed understanding of rotor aerodynamics during transition and cruise is critical. CFD analysis was conducted for both slowed rotors at high advance ratios and fully stopped rotors, where traditional predictive tools become inaccurate. Results show that lift rotors operating at advance ratios approaching three exhibit quasi-steady behavior similar to stopped rotors. The influence of rotor lock orientation on aerodynamic loads was characterized, with a freestream-aligned lock angle minimizing drag and asymmetry. A rotor hub fairing was found to reduce blade root separation and drag, though at the cost of slightly increased hub moments. The sensitivity of axial loads to vehicle pitch angle was quantified, highlighting the need to account for effective angle of attack in cruise load predictions. These findings inform future modeling strategies, control system design, and airframe integration for advanced eVTOL vehicles concepts.","author":[{"family":"Marepally","given":"Koushik"},{"family":"Baeder","given":"James"},{"family":"Habana","given":"Zoren"},{"family":"Goericke","given":"Jan"},{"family":"Plumley","given":"Ryan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0062","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0062","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/jahs.70.032003","type":"article-journal","title":"Study of Advanced Occupant Models to Quantify Injury Risk for eVTOL Vehicles","abstract":"Urban transportation is currently evolving from traditional ground-based vehicles to include air-based electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles. These new eVTOL vehicles are designed to be small, lightweight, and eventually autonomously operable without user intervention. Anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) are used in aerospace crashworthiness standards to quantify occupant injury risk and develop improved safety designs for emergency landing situations, despite their development many decades ago. ATD technology has continued to evolve, leading to a host of newer and more biofidelic ATDs, such as the test device for human occupant restraint (THOR). Increased computing power has also allowed for detailed computational human body models (HBMs) to be created, such as the Global Human Body Model Consortium (GHBMC). This study aims to assess the capability of both GHBMC and new ATD designs to identify injury mechanisms within eVTOL-relevant emergency landing conditions. Finite element analyses, using GHBMC, HBM, and THOR ATD models, were used to expand upon full-vehicle and seat-level impact testing to look at the effects of occupant model configurations on injury prediction. Of these test conditions, four crash pulses were implemented to a rigid seat, with two of those also being implemented in a generic composite seat and a NASA-designed energy-absorbing seat. Further exploration was performed by altering the position of the GHBMC into a relaxed and upright position. As expected, the GHBMC models are much more deformable than the ATDs and exhibit a higher distribution of forces and increased sensitivity to the duration of acceleration pulses. Both occupant models incorporated into this study identified key mechanisms for injury that should be considered for passenger safety in the development of these novel aircraft. In addition, this study demonstrated the value of FE modeling for running a variety of complex human surrogate impact simulations to identify potential injury mechanisms for consideration in the regulation and development of new aircraft. Continued research in this field to validate these models will lead to safer aircraft and more comprehensive safety measures.","author":[{"family":"Jones","given":"Nathaniel"},{"family":"Putnam","given":"Jacob"},{"family":"Untaroiu","given":"Costin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4050/jahs.70.032003","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/jahs.70.032003","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0151","type":"article-journal","title":"Flight Dynamics and Control Analysis for Motor Sizing and Failure Accommodation for a Lift+Cruise eVTOL Near Hover","abstract":"This paper demonstrates methods of aircraft sizing, flight dynamics modeling, and performance analysis using a lift+cruise concept vehicle with an electric powertrain and variable-speed rotors. The central focus is the development of methods to relate the aircraft design sizing constraints to achievable maneuverability and predicted handling qualities. A toolchain is demonstrated that performs aircraft sizing, mass moment of inertia estimation, powertrain modeling, trim optimization, dynamics linearization, handling qualities prediction, and quantification of achievable maneuverability under both nominal conditions and control effector failures. A convex optimization problem framework is introduced to compute agility bound estimates without requiring control system design or control allocation, potentially supporting rapid design iteration as well as early detection of deficiencies and undesirable operating conditions. This analysis is supplemented with more conventional methods of analysis to provide additional perspective and observations. Overall, the results suggest that each modeling and analysis element in the demonstrated toolchain adds significant value, with the combined approach supporting a more efficient and comprehensive exploration of trade-offs within the design space.","author":[{"family":"Hartman","given":"David"},{"family":"Suh","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Altamirano","given":"George"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0151","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0151","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0309","type":"article-journal","title":"Experimental and Computational Evaluation of Particle Impact Dampers in Multi-Mode Passive Vibration Control of eVTOL Support Arms","abstract":"Electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOL) have swiftly risen to prominence since the early 2000's due to their potential to serve as a sustainable and scalable improvement in urban air mobility. In edgewise forward flight, these aircraft can experience significant time-varying aerodynamic loads due to being variable RPM vehicles. Their fuselage, booms and auxiliary lifting surfaces are often very lightly damped, lightweight and highly stiff. Thus, multiple bending and torsional modes of vibration can be excited and result in unacceptably high stress levels. Particle impact dampers (PIDs) are an attractive vibration mitigation strategy as they can target more than one mode of vibration. The potential use of a PID to target a bending mode of vibration is experimentally and numerically studied within this work. Experimental forced response analysis shows a 53% attenuation in amplitude of vibrations at the cost of a 5% mass penalty. A reduced order model was developed in order to allow users to parametrically study the damper performance as a function of a variety of inputs. Initial numerical simulations of this reduced-order model show behavior observed in the experimental arrangement. Model parameters are set to match laboratory values, and agreement is found with experimental results. This publication, in tandem with the work presented at the Vertical Flight Society's 80th Annual Forum, by the same authors, sheds light on the potential multi-mode damping capacities of these devices.","author":[{"family":"Bapat","given":"Siddhant"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Edward"},{"family":"Vlajic","given":"Nicholas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0309","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0309","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0139","type":"article-journal","title":"On the Design and Testing of a Full-Scale Quiet and Efficient eVTOL Propeller","abstract":"This paper describes the design, development, and testing of a full-scale eVTOL propulsor optimized for quiet and efficient operation. To design the propulsor, a design tool was developed for predicting the aerodynamic and acoustic performance of eVTOL propellers and rotors. The design tool consists of an aerodynamic prediction code, AMP (Aerodynamic Modeling of Propulsor), and an acoustics prediction code, OpenCOPTER, coupled with an acoustics propogator, PSU-WOPWOP, which can receive inputs from either an acoustic solver or high-fidelity CFD. The tool was used to design a coaxial eVTOL propulsor, and both subscale and full-scale blades were manufactured. The aerodynamic and acoustic performance of the subscale propulsor was tested in hover and edgewise flight in an anechoic wind tunnel. A custom test stand was developed and used to measure the aerodynamic and acoustic performance of the 8-ft diameter full-scale propeller in hover. The experimental results were used to validate the design tool.","author":[{"family":"Coleman","given":"David"},{"family":"Heimerl","given":"Joseph"},{"family":"Halder","given":"Atanu"},{"family":"Greenwood","given":"Eric"},{"family":"Benedict","given":"Moble"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0139","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0139","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038131","type":"article-journal","title":"Metamodeling Approach for Wing Structural Sizing of Box-Wing Aircraft","abstract":"This paper presents a predictive metamodel, built on a finite element method (FEM)-based design of experiment (DoE), developed for the structural design of a box wing. For this configuration, statistical or semi-empirical predictions are not available for the conceptual design. The aim, hence, is to develop a fast and reliable structural sizing model for the early stages of the aircraft design process. The proposed model can predict maximum stress and wing deflections for a wide range of combinations of wing design variables related to geometrical (e.g., aspect ratio, span, surface) and structural parameters (e.g., stringer thickness and shape, skin thickness). The metamodel, built by handling the information from an FEM-based DoE database, has been implemented into multidisciplinary design frameworks for the conceptual design of box-wing aircraft of different sizes and geometries. The tool proved to be effective for optimizing lifting system structure, considering wing structural mass as the objective function. The accuracy of the proposed metamodel is assessed by comparing the results of different box-wing structural solutions sized with both the DoE-based surrogate model and FEM analyses; the comparisons showed a good accuracy for the metamodel, with a maximum error on the estimation of structural mass below 4% and maximum Von Mises stress below 6%.","author":[{"family":"Palaia","given":"Giuseppe"},{"family":"Salem","given":"Karim"},{"family":"Binante","given":"Vincenzo"},{"family":"Carrera","given":"Erasmo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038131","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038131","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038166","type":"article-journal","title":"Ride Quality in Transonic High-Aspect-Ratio-Wing Aircraft","abstract":"Evaluating human comfort during flight through a ride quality metric is critical to meeting aircraft operational requirements. This paper investigates the ride quality of a transonic high-aspect-ratio-wing aircraft, representative of a potential future commercial transport configuration, compared with a standard-aspect-ratio-wing aircraft of the same class. The investigation explores the impact of wing aspect ratio and airframe flexibility on ride quality during longitudinal gust encounters. The computational study uses a nonlinear aeroelastic–flight dynamics modeling, analysis, and simulation framework, which is enhanced to evaluate an acceleration-based ride quality metric. For a rigid airframe, the high-aspect-ratio-wing aircraft shows higher ride quality than the standard-aspect-ratio-wing aircraft due to the longitudinal redistribution of pitch-induced vertical accelerations. Wing flexibility enhances ride quality by absorbing the gust through out-of-plane bending deflections, with greater benefits for a higher aspect ratio. Fuselage flexibility degrades ride quality due to added out-of-plane bending accelerations, particularly at the most forward and aft fuselage locations. This study advances the understanding of ride quality in commercial transport aircraft by highlighting the physical mechanisms that impact fuselage accelerations during longitudinal gust encounters.","author":[{"family":"Sanghi","given":"Divya"},{"family":"Riso","given":"Cristina"},{"family":"Cesnik","given":"Carlos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038166","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038166","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038007","type":"article-journal","title":"Minimum-Power Trim of Overactuated Multi-Tiltrotor Aircraft in Transition","abstract":"Multi-tiltrotor aircraft concepts capable of vertical takeoff and landing along with efficient high-speed cruise often incorporate multiple propulsors, aerodynamic lifting surfaces, and control surfaces. The trim problem for a configuration with more control actuators than degrees of freedom is underdetermined, but an optimal solution can be found that maximizes some measure of desirability while satisfying constraints. This article presents an optimization-based method for analyzing the trim problem for an overactuated multi-tiltrotor aircraft through transition from rotor-borne to wing-borne flight. A three-degree-of-freedom longitudinal dynamics model is constructed for a notional multi-tiltrotor aircraft, and a gradient-based optimizer is used to solve for the trimmed control allocation that minimizes propulsive power while satisfying operational constraints. Results are presented for power-optimal trim points in level flight and at varying climb rates in the transition corridor. The methodology enables exploration of assumptions, design parameters, and constraints that influence the performance and design of multi-tiltrotor aircraft.","author":[{"family":"Sagan","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Lau","given":"Mark"},{"family":"German","given":"Brian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038007","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038007","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038197","type":"article-journal","title":"Battery Optimization for Sustainable Aviation: A Comprehensive Analysis for Battery Electric Aircraft","abstract":"The aviation industry is entering a transformative era with the introduction of electrified aircraft, driven by the imperative to reduce reliance on legacy fossil fuels and to mitigate the industry’s environmental impact. Battery systems are an enabling technology of this revolution, and an appropriate balance between performance, efficiency, and cost becomes critically important to the viability and acceptance of this new propulsion paradigm. This paper provides a comprehensive set of considerations for battery system optimization for the application of electric aircraft. We leverage the relationship between depth of discharge, [Formula: see text]-rate, and cycle life of multiple battery chemistries to enable the design of efficient and cost-effective energy storage systems. The paper will analyze the operational, economic, and environmental implications of battery use, considering factors such as mission lengths, operating conditions, and battery life cycle and energy production costs and emissions. The results and discussion contribute to a framework for battery electric aircraft design for a variety of mission requirements.","author":[{"family":"Spierling","given":"Todd"},{"family":"Lynch","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Bradley","given":"Thomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038197","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038197","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038155","type":"article-journal","title":"Concurrent Value-Driven Optimization Problems Addressing Aircraft Design, Manufacturing, and Supply Chain","abstract":"In the last decades, several studies show how the concurrent evaluation of manufacturing and supply chain in the early design phase brings significant advantages to industries. In this frame, a value-driven methodology has been developed and applied in the aeronautical context to identify the best solution when considering design, manufacturing, and supply chain criteria at the same time. This study aims at including optimization algorithms in the methodology to face a new challenge: the identification of solutions simultaneously optimizing manufacturing, design, and supply chain variables. To achieve this objective, collaborative optimization problems are presented in this research activity in three multidisciplinary design and optimization (MDO) cases, which integrate domains first in pairs and then together. Shortly, MDO case I identifies a Pareto front of optimal supply chain combinations producing aircraft components among millions of possibilities after several hours of execution; MDO case II shows the optimal aircraft configuration made by considering hundreds of combinations of materials and processes in less than one hour; MDO case III reaches the Pareto front in a half-day considering millions of choices of materials, processes, and enterprises.","author":[{"family":"Donelli","given":"Giuseppa"},{"family":"Bartoli","given":"Nathalie"},{"family":"Lefebvre","given":"Thierry"},{"family":"Boggero","given":"Luca"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038155","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038155","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0040","type":"article-journal","title":"Experimental Investigation of Vortex Ring State Conditions for Archer Maker eVTOL Tilter Propeller","abstract":"This study experimentally explores the behavior of an isolated propeller of an electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, a next-generation type of vehicle that combines the operational capabilities of both helicopters and airplanes, in vortex ring state (VRS). VRS is a hazardous aerodynamic phenomenon that occurs when a propeller in vertical descent interacts with its own wake, forming a vortex ring around the propeller disk. Depending on the inflow and operating conditions of the propeller, VRS can lead to a significant loss of thrust, making it a critical flight condition for helicopters, tiltrotors, and eVTOL aircraft. Despite its importance, VRS has not yet been extensively studied in the context of eVTOL systems. This research study, carried out under the collaboration between Archer Aviation and the Department of Aerospace Science and Technology of Politecnico di Milano, focuses on characterizing the performance of a propeller of an eVTOL vehicle during vertical descent and analysing the flow field around the propeller blades in VRS. Experimental tests were conducted at the \"S. De Ponte\" wind tunnel of Politecnico di Milano using a 1:4 scaled model of one of the tilting propellers of Archer Aviation eVTOL Maker vehicle.","author":[{"family":"Savino","given":"Alberto"},{"family":"Gianotti","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Grassi","given":"Donato"},{"family":"Riccobene","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Zanotti","given":"Alex"},{"family":"Droandi","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Kerho","given":"Mike"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0040","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0040","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038174","type":"article-journal","title":"Design of Hydrogen Solid Oxide Fuel Cells in Blended-Wing–Body Aircraft","abstract":"This paper presents the design methodology for integrating a hydrogen solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine (SOFC/GT) propulsion system into a blended-wing–body (BWB) aircraft and tube-and-wing (T&amp;W) configurations for 365 and 162 passengers. The design methodology utilizes aircraft sizing and modeling tools that encompass aerodynamic properties, structural design, and powertrain integration. The proposed hydrogen BWB and T&amp;W aircraft are compared against conventional models like the B777-300ER and B737-800. Key results indicate significant reductions in fuel consumption and emissions. For instance, the hydrogen BWB aircraft, on average, exhibits a 56% reduction in Megajoule of fuel energy consumption per passenger-kilometer compared to conventional aircraft. The analysis highlights the environmental benefits, with [Formula: see text] equivalent emissions per passenger-kilometer being significantly lower for hydrogen-powered models. The total takeoff weight per passenger for the hydrogen BWB-365 is 714 kg, compared to 916 kg for the conventional B777-300ER. Hydrogen aircraft configurations, on average, also show a 21% increase and 99.48% decrease in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] emissions. Moreover, hydrogen BWB configurations exhibit reduced emissions compared to hydrogen T&amp;W despite higher takeoff weights. This study underscores the potential of hydrogen SOFC/GT systems and BWB configurations to enhance efficiency and reduce the environmental impacts for future aircraft.","author":[{"family":"Chung","given":"Oi"},{"family":"Alsamri","given":"Khaled"},{"family":"Huynh","given":"Jacqueline"},{"family":"Brouwer","given":"Jack"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038174","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038174","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c037718","type":"article-journal","title":"Multifidelity Rotor Wake Modeling with Uncertainty Quantification of Transitioning Tilt-Propeller Aircraft Performance","abstract":"A framework for efficient multifidelity modeling of tilt-propeller aircraft performance is developed, with an emphasis on accurate modeling of transition maneuvers between vertical and forward flight. Low- and midfidelity vortex models are used for the propeller aerodynamic data sources and lifting surface analyses. Uncertainty quantification of propeller model parameters is conducted and used as the input uncertainty of the source data over the operational domain. A multifidelity approach is proposed, using active learning of Gaussian processes (GPs) that are sequentially and adaptively enhanced with additional higher-fidelity data queried at strategic points selected from an acquisition function. This process is applied to the buildup of single- and multifidelity GPs, forming surrogate models of propeller performance over the operational domain. Each surrogate model is used in the full aircraft mission analysis of a tilt-propeller aircraft and provides quantified uncertainty in aircraft performance over the full flight envelope. Optimal maneuvers are also explored, balancing the tradeoff between maximum power, tilt rates, and time efficiency of conversion. The developed methods are applicable to many distributed electric propulsion aircraft configurations and are applied in this paper to a pusher-configured tilt-propeller aircraft.","author":[{"family":"Erhard","given":"Racheal"},{"family":"Alonso","given":"Juan"},{"family":"Cunningham","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c037718","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c037718","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.25967/570230","type":"article-journal","title":"Application of a Hierarchical Task Analysis in the Design Process of an Emergency EVTOL HMI","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and the concept of electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) systems are on the way of becoming reality. Closely related, the concept of Simplified Vehicle Operations (SVO) is often discussed as a way of reducing the training required to operate those aircrafts. Currently discussed display configurations of eVTOLs are usually based upon traditional display concepts. However, following the User Centered Design (UCD) and the SVO approach, it is preferable to redesign such display configurations with (future) users in mind. Consequently, it is necessary, to reevaluate the amount and way that information on the current aircraft status is communicated to the pilot. A Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) was conducted to identify a design space for this change in design philosophy in the UAM context. The HTA was based on a generic emergency helicopter mission, in which an emergency doctor has to be transferred to a patient in a remote area. In a second step, the tasks from the HTA were analyzed for necessary adaptions for a future single-pilot operation in the emergency mission context. First guidelines for adaptations are derived.","author":[{"family":"Janetzko","given":"D"},{"family":"Kacem","given":"B"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.25967/570230","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25967/570230","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.34726/hss.2023.112808","type":"article-journal","title":"Combined propeller blade geometrical modifications to reduce noise emissions of urban air mobility vehicles","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) ist ein langfristiges Konzept für die Verkehrsentwicklung in Städten, das elektrisch betriebene Senkrechtstarter und -landefahrzeuge (eVTOL) für die Beförderung von Personen und Gütern vorsieht. Es wird erwartet, dass die ersten Konzepte bereits in diesem Jahrzehnt in Betrieb genommen werden. Ein wichtiger Aspekt ist die Lärmentwicklung, denn davon hängt die soziale Akzeptanz dieser Luftfahrzeuge in dicht besiedelten Gebieten ab. Das Antriebssystem solcher Flugzeuge, in den meisten Fällen die Propeller, sind die Hauptquelle der Lärmemissionen. Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit ist es daher, die Reduzierung der Lärmentwicklung in allen Phasen des Vertikalfluges durch geometrische Veränderungen der Propellerblätter zu untersuchen. Hierzu wurden in den letzten Jahren zahlreiche Konzepte entwickelt, jedoch ohne eine abgestimmte Kombination, die im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit steht. Zur Validierung und Analyse der Auswirkungen einzelner geometrischer Modifikationen werden aerodynamische und aeroakustische Simulationen im Fernfeld unter Verwendung der CFD-Software OpenFOAM mit einer extern implementierten Aeroakustik-Bibliothek durchgeführt. Die Kombination von Hinterkantenverzahnung, Vorderkantentuberkel und Modifikationen an der Blattspitze führt zu einer Reduzierung des Breitbandgeräusches im Vergleich zur Referenzpropellergeometrie, wobei deren Ausmaß von der angewendeten Drehgeschwindigkeit abhängt. Eine Verringerung des tonalen Geräusches kann auch durch geometrische Anpassungen erreicht werden, die eine Verringerung der Drehzahl bei gleichzeitiger Beibehaltung des erzeugten Schubs und der mechanischen Leistung ermöglichen. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde dabei auf die Kombination von Merkmalen hinsichtlich der radialen Positionierung und der aerodynamischen sowie aeroakustischen Effektstärke gemäß den Ergebnissen einer Literaturrecherche gelegt. Die Optimierungsergebnisse werden im Rahmen einer Parameterstudie für verschiedene Phasen des Vertikalfluges und bei zahlreichen Rotationsgeschwindigkeiten verglichen. Dies zeigt, wie wichtig die Berücksichtigung zahlreicher Parameter im Optimierungsprozess sowie die gezielte Auslegung für bestimmte Betriebsbedingungen ist, da eine Verbesserung für jeden einzelnen Betriebszustand nicht möglich ist. Für den Steigflug kann durch die kombinierte Anwendung geometrischer Modifikationen im Vergleich zu einem nicht modifizierten Propellerblatt eine Verringerung des Breitbandlärms um bis zu 8 dB bei Frequenzen unterhalb von 1000 Hz sowie oberhalb von 5000 Hz festgestellt werden. Die vielversprechenden numerischen Ergebnisse sollen in zukünftigen Forschungsarbeiten experimentell verifiziert werden.","author":[{"family":"Skrna","given":"Dominik"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.34726/hss.2023.112808","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34726/hss.2023.112808","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.7907/eytr-nd50","type":"article-journal","title":"Studies on Off-Nominal Rotor Aerodynamics for eVTOL Aircraft","abstract":"As electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft become increasingly common, improved understanding of rotor aerodynamics in off-nominal conditions becomes ever more important. A better fundamental understanding of these effects can help inform vehicle design, leading to lower power consumption and improved performance. This thesis will cover a selection of topics to gain a better understanding of the expected rotor aerodynamics associated with use in this class of vehicle, as well as the development of tools to aid in the studies and an analysis of the impact of the effects. To consider special effects on a rotor in hover on such a vehicle, Chapter 2 is the study of obstructions in the upstream of a propeller, representing the effects of a wing or fuselage blocking a propeller’s inlet. The next is the effect of forward flight on the forces produced by a rotor. Lifting rotors are often used in eVTOL aircraft as the craft transitions to forward flight, so a study of their performance in forward flight as well as a model are presented in Chapter 3. Having examined rotor-wing interactions in hover and isolated rotor performance in forward flight, the next step is to examine rotor-wing interactions in forward flight. Chapter 6 shows the design of an integrated test stand for studying the aerodynamic interactions between lifting propellers and a wing in low-speed, transitional forward flight, as well as the subsequent results. This thesis also describes the development and implementation of two tools to aid in the work herein. The first (Chapter 4) is a rapid, low-cost method of extracting the geometry of a propeller using photogrammetry which is subsequently used in simulations. The second (Chapter 5) is low-cost and accessible multi-axis force sensor used in the integrated test stand for propeller-wing interaction studies. To assess the impact of the findings, the experimental results and models developed are then taken into consideration by applying them to models of existing eVTOL aircraft in Chapter 7. The change in modeling of hover and transition performance is studied with and without the additional modeling.","author":[{"family":"Tang","given":"Ellande"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.7907/eytr-nd50","URL":"https://doi.org/10.7907/eytr-nd50","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9652880/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Nonlinear Torque Compensation Based on Propeller Load Identification for eVTOL Electric Drivetrains","abstract":"Abstract To address the slow dynamic response and excessive speed ripple of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) caused by the strong nonlinear coupling between propeller torque and speed in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) electric propulsion systems, this paper proposes an improved model reference adaptive system (IMRAS) incorporating state estimation error compensation and speed-dependent gain compensation. By introducing a state estimation error compensation, the estimation error of intermediate variables in the MRAS identification process is reduced, and the identification accuracy is improved. Meanwhile, a speed-dependent gain compensation is adopted to alleviate the degradation of identification accuracy resulting from the mismatch of gain coefficients under high-speed operating conditions. Finally, the identified propeller torque is used to feedforward to the input of the current loop to realize active compensation for the nonlinear propeller load. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a faster dynamic response and reduced speed tracking error over the full speed range, thereby significantly improving both transient performance and steady-state accuracy.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Dongliang"},{"family":"Fan","given":"Wenhao"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Weijie"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Haidong"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Lili"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9652880/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9652880/v1","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7157988","type":"manuscript","title":"Assessment of Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation under eVTOL Duty Cycles for Second-Life Use","abstract":"Electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft expose lithium-ion batteries to highly transient and power-intensive mission profiles that accelerate battery degradation and complicate battery health assessment. This study uses the open Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) eVTOL battery dataset to analyze degradation behavior under aviation-relevant operating conditions with systematic variations in cruise duration, discharge power, charging protocol, and ambient temperature. The analysis first characterizes mean and cell-to-cell degradation trends, including capacity fade and resistance-related behavior, and then benchmarks multiple predictive models for state of health (SoH) estimation using trajectory-derived features and mission descriptors. The results show clear degradation heterogeneity across cells and indicate that model performance is influenced more strongly by model choice than by cell identity in the benchmarking stage. Cell-level extrapolation further reveals substantial variation in predicted degradation trajectories and threshold-crossing behavior. For remaining useful life (RUL) prediction, accuracy improves as a larger fraction of life-cycle history becomes available, with the mean absolute relative error decreasing from approximately 0.58 at an available data fraction of 0.30 to about 0.33 at 0.60. The distribution of relative errors remains predominantly conservative, while per-cell diagnostics confirm that the gain from additional historical data is not uniform across the cell population. Overall, the findings provide an experimentally grounded view of eVTOL battery degradation and highlight the importance of cell-level variability, data availability, and robust prognostic modeling when interpreting battery health for potential second-life screening and repurposing.","author":[{"family":"Krismadinata","given":"Krismadinata"},{"family":"Srinivasan","given":"Vignesh"},{"family":"Selvaraj","given":"Jeyraj"},{"family":"Putra","given":"Dwi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.7157988","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7157988","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0082-2026-0317","type":"article-journal","title":"Interactional Aerodynamics of the ERC ROMEO eVTOL","abstract":"The present study provides a detailed analysis of interactional aerodynamic effects present in the lift and cruise ROMEO demonstrator aircraft. A combination of high-fidelity unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations and mid-fidelity actuator disk and actuator line methods is applied to efficiently capture the dominant flow phenomena of a distributed electric propulsion configuration across multiple flight regimes. The mid-fidelity approaches are initially validated against fully-resolved propeller simulations to assess their accuracy and computational benefits. Subsequently, the influence of multi-propeller interactions on lifting arms and tail components is analyzed in hover, followed by an investigation of propeller-airframe interactions during forward and sideward hover maneuvers. A particular emphasis is placed on the modification of local inflow conditions and the subsequent distribution of loads. In the context of sideward flight, the present study explores the effects of asymmetric wake deflection on aerodynamic forces and moments. The findings indicate that propellers- airframe interactions exert a significant influence on aerodynamic performance, stability, and control behavior. This underscores the necessity for effective and precise modeling methodologies in the design of eVTOL systems.","author":[{"family":"Pflüger","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Wick","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Stuhlpfarrer","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Faust","given":"Jan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0082-2026-0317","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0317","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6485038","type":"manuscript","title":"Optimization of New Hybrid Power System Configuration and Power Distribution Range for eVTOL Based on OW-PMSG","abstract":"The open winding permanent magnet synchronous generator (OW-PMSG) is expected to be applied in hybrid power systems for electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (eVTOL) due to its high power density and reliability. To improve the power to weight ratio of the system, this paper proposes a new hybrid power system configuration based on an open winding structure, which replaces the traditional DCDC configuration with an inverter. Furthermore, the power flow of the proposed configuration under different operating conditions was presented, and a power coordination algorithm for energy management was proposed. In addition, the power allocation range of the dual inverter determines the maximum power it can output. Existing research is limited to voltage vector allocation methods and has not explored current control strategies extensively. Therefore, this paper proposes the Power Allocation Range Optimization Algorithm (PAROA) and, taking into account system losses, further designs the Torque Switching Control Strategy (TSCS) to enable the dual inverter to output higher power. Finally, simulation experiments were designed to validate the proposed control strategy. The simulation results showed that when using the Fully Feasible Domain Allocation Algorithm (FFDAA) for voltage vector allocation, TSCS can achieve a wider range of load power following compared to traditional MTPA methods, thus better meeting the application requirements in high-power scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Xianglong"},{"family":"Ma","given":"Yue"},{"family":"Qu","given":"Jianzhen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6485038","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6485038","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6233019","type":"manuscript","title":"Hover-Informed Equivalent Lifting-Line Model for Predicting Aerodynamic Interference in eVTOL Multi-Rotor System","abstract":"Aerodynamic interference among multiple rotors significantly affects the performance and efficiency of electric Vertical TakeOff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft, particularly in complex configurations such as coaxial or tandem layouts. High-fidelity computational methods can accurately capture these interactions but are computationally expensive, while conventional analytical models often neglect hover and low-speed regimes, reducing prediction accuracy. To address these limitations, this paper develops a hover-informed equivalent lifting-line model that integrates experimental hover data with analytical expressions to predict rotor-rotor aerodynamic interference across the full flight envelope. The proposed method is evaluated against both tandem and coaxial rotor configurations, showing good agreement with experimental and computational results. Application to a coaxial octo-rotor eVTOL demonstrates that at hover and low speeds, the upper front rotor mainly interferes with its corresponding lower rotor and at low-to-medium speeds it primarily affects the rear rotors. Aerodynamic interaction also significantly alters the power&amp;nbsp;distribution of the rear rotors, causing an increase in power with forward speed under hover and low-speed conditions. The lower rear rotor experiences the strongest interference, contributes least to total thrust, and underperforms compared with the other rotors. These findings indicate that the hover-informed equivalent lifting-line model effectively captures rotor-rotor aerodynamic coupling across the full flight envelope and provides a computationally efficient tool for eVTOL design and optimization.","author":[{"family":"Ji","given":"Honglei"},{"family":"Ji","given":"Wenjun"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yeping"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Renliang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6233019","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6233019","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6795471","type":"manuscript","title":"Safety-aware eVTOL Trajectory Planning in Urban Canyon Environments: A Knowledge-Guided Fuzzy Double DQN Approach","abstract":"Safety-aware electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft trajectory planning in dense urban canyon environments is challenging due to complex geometric constraints and limited maneuvering space. Traditional heuristic and sampling-based planners struggle with high-dimensional 3-D environments, while purely data-driven reinforcement learning methods often lack a structured way to incorporate explicit geometric safety information. To bridge this gap, this paper proposes a Knowledge-Guided Fuzzy Double DQN (KF-DDQN) approach for voxel-level eVTOL trajectory planning with clearance-based fuzzy guidance. In the proposed method, Double Deep Q-Network (DDQN) serves as the reward-driven value-learning backbone, coupled with a fuzzy inference module that maps building-clearance constraints into action-wise safety guidance values. By integrating these guidance values into action selection and target-value formulation, the planner balances the long-term task performance with local obstacle avoidance. Experiments in procedurally generated 3-D voxel urban canyon environments show that KF-DDQN enhances the mission success rate from 0.797 to 0.938 and reduces collision attempts by approximately 44% compared with standard DDQN, and increases the average safety clearance from 2.779 to 3.221 voxels, while maintaining comparable path efficiency. The parameter sensitivity analysis further confirms that the knowledge-weighting factor λ_fuzzy controls the trade-off between safety clearance and path efficiency. These results indicate that incorporating building-clearance-based fuzzy guidance into DDQN can improve safety-related trajectory metrics in voxelized urban canyon environments.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Jihan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Hao"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Jian"},{"family":"Tu","given":"Huizhao"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Zhonghao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6795471","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6795471","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0082-2026-0139","type":"article-journal","title":"Virtual Rainwater Management for eVTOL and Drone Applications Using PreonLab SPH Simulation","abstract":"Rainwater accumulation and management are critical to the safety and reliability of drones and emerging eVTOL aircraft. Current industry practice relies on physical rain testing, such as RTCA DO-160, which defines rainfall conditions for environmental qualification but is costly and difficult to apply during early design stages. This work presents a virtual rainwater assessment framework using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) simulation in PreonLab. Using an early-stage APELEON cargo drone as a reference case, the method predicts rain impingement, surface runoff, pooling, and ingress under representative rainfall conditions. The meshless SPH approach enables direct simulation of complex geometries and transient interactions without mesh generation, while also supporting rotating components and arbitrary orientations. Results identify key mechanisms governing water transport, including geometry-driven runoff, hinge-related ingress, and droplet deflection from nearby structures. While the total water accumulated on the aircraft can reach on the order of several hundred grams, the amount entering the cargo space remain small. Localized moisture exposure highlights potential durability risks. The framework enables early design evaluation, parametric studies, and rapid assessment of mitigation strategies, supporting simulation-driven development and certification preparation for advanced air mobility systems.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Jun"},{"family":"Fuerlinger","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Schneider","given":"Juergen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0082-2026-0139","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0139","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/aerospace13050412","type":"article-journal","title":"The Necessity of a Human Pilot in eVTOL—Balancing Safety and Autonomy","abstract":"With the rapid development of electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft for urban air mobility, ensuring safe operation in complex low-altitude environments remains a major challenge. In particular, interactions with non-cooperative airspace users introduce uncertainties that are difficult to fully handle with current autonomous systems. To better understand these risks, a Monte Carlo simulation framework is developed to model random encounters between an eVTOL and uncontrolled unmanned aerial vehicles. The results show a relatively low collision probability of approximately 0.18%. However, a large proportion of encounters fall within an intermediate separation range of 100–200 m, indicating a high-frequency conflict region that still requires continuous monitoring and decision-making. Based on these observations, Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is further applied to evaluate system-level safety under different operational architectures, incorporating revised assumptions on human reliability and system interactions. The results suggest that the inclusion of human pilots can contribute to reducing the probability of catastrophic failure compared with fully autonomous configurations, particularly in uncertain and non-cooperative scenarios. These findings suggest that, although full autonomy is a long-term goal, current intelligent systems still face limitations in dealing with uncertain and non-cooperative scenarios in urban airspace. In such situations, human operators can provide additional situational awareness and flexible decision-making, improving overall system robustness. Overall, a phased transition toward full autonomy, starting from a human–machine collaborative approach, appears to be a practical path to ensure safety, support certification, and enable the deployment of eVTOL systems.","author":[{"family":"Xue","given":"Songbai"},{"family":"Zeng","given":"Xinyue"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Xiangzhang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Shun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/aerospace13050412","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13050412","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0082-2026-0169","type":"article-journal","title":"Computational Performance Analysis of Impact Dampers in Vibration Control of eVTOL Booms","abstract":"Electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have rapidly emerged as a potential promising solution for sustainable and scalable urban air mobility. These vehicles are at a crucial stage of development, with sub-scale and full-scale flight test campaigns already underway. In forward flight, critical structural components of these variable RPM rotary wing aircraft can experience strong time varying aerodynamic loads. These components are lightweight, stiff, and often have very little intrinsic damping. Thus, from a life-cycle perspective, vibratory strains are of significant concern. This work investigates the use of Impact Dampers (IDs) in attenuating the bending and torsional response of a characteristic eVTOL boom. A computational reduced order model of an ID is developed using the Hunt-Crossley nonlinear contact model and linear beam finite elements. Predicted damper performance is compared with prior experimental measurements. Parametric studies are performed by varying key damper design variables, and predicted trends are shown to be consistent with experimentally observed behavior. The IDs attenuated the system structural response at resonance by 60.7% in bending and 52.1% in torsion, for a 5% mass penalty. Building on works presented at the 80th and 81st Vertical Flight Society Annual Forums, this publication is a next step towards establishing IDs as a viable multi-modal passive vibration control device in variable RPM multirotor vehicles.","author":[{"family":"Bapat","given":"Siddhant"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Edward"},{"family":"Vlajic","given":"Nicholas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0082-2026-0169","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0169","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/jahs.71.042006","type":"article-journal","title":"Minimum Energy Automatic Flight Control Design for eVTOL Transition Phases","abstract":"The transition phase of eVTOL aircraft poses a challenge in balancing energy efficiency, stability, handling, and ride qualities. This study develops and evaluates an automatic flight control system designed to minimize energy consumption while ensuring robust dynamic performance throughout the transition. The methodology is demonstrated using the Aston Martin Volante Vision as a benchmark vectored-thrust eVTOL configuration. The control architecture implements a hybrid response type combining translational rate command below 5 kt and acceleration command speed hold above 5 kt, with control allocation dynamically adjusted based on airspeed and propeller tilt angle. Stability analysis reveals surge mode instability at high tilt angles due to unstable speed stability derivatives, stabilized through carefully tuned feedback control. The system demonstrates Level 1 handling qualities against bandwidth, quickness, and disturbance rejection criteria when evaluated against MIL-DTL-32742 and MIL-STD-1797B standards. Simulation results verify the control system's ability to maintain precise acceleration/deceleration rates and attitude control while ensuring passenger comfort through limited pitch excursions. The control strategy achieves minimum energy transitions by locking propeller tilt angles to optimal schedules while avoiding excessive hub moments. Flight-test maneuvers developed specifically for conversion phases confirm the system's capability to execute efficient transitions within defined performance boundaries. This research establishes a framework for eVTOL flight control systems that balance energy efficiency with robust performance across diverse flight regimes.","author":[{"family":"Kang","given":"Namuk"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Linghai"},{"family":"Whidborne","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/jahs.71.042006","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/jahs.71.042006","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0082-2026-0272","type":"article-journal","title":"Operational Range Extension of a Multi-Passenger Lift+Cruise eVTOL Air Taxi","abstract":"This study evaluates the impact of range extension on gross takeoff weight (GTOW) and energy cost for the NASA Lift+Cruise eVTOL configuration under present and near-term battery technology limitations. A baseline 8,210 lb, 6-passenger vehicle, originally designed for a 75-mile mission at 400 Wh/kg battery energy density, is shown to achieve only 15 miles at a more realistic 200 Wh/kg, largely due to the 20-minute SFAR reserve, which accounts for 64% of total onboard energy. To quantify the penalties of range extension, three sizing strategies are examined: fixed GTOW with payload trade-offs, fixed-geometry overloading, and fully co-scaled vehicle resizing. The co-scaled configurations reveal a strong nonlinear GTOW growth driven by an \"adding battery to carry battery\" effect, in which increases in GTOW necessitate heavier structure and propulsion, leading to a practical feasibility ceiling near 45 miles. Energy cost per payload-mile is found to be non-monotonic, reaching a minimum near 20-25 miles before increasing due to compounding weight penalties, contrary to trends predicted by fixed-weight analyses. Significant off-design penalties are also observed; operating a 40-mile aircraft on a 10-mile mission incurs a 72% energy cost increase relative to a co-scaled vehicle for 10 miles. Increasing battery energy density by 22.5% (to 245 Wh/kg) reduces the 6-passenger 40-mile design GTOW by 33% (from 13,712 lb to 9,187 lb) and shifts the optimal energy cost point outward to 30 miles. Ultimately, battery energy density is identified as the dominant parameter dictating the vehicle size, weight, performance, and the fundamental operational feasibility of UAM eVTOLs.","author":[{"family":"Chandravanshi","given":"Ashutosh"},{"family":"Gandhi","given":"Farhan"},{"family":"Halder","given":"Anubhav"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0082-2026-0272","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0272","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0082-2026-0208","type":"article-journal","title":"A Multi-Fidelity Approach for Improving Modeling of eVTOL Rotor Noise","abstract":"A methodology was developed and validated to predict total noise from a 1/5th scale eVTOL rotor in hover by coupling 2D-RANS airfoil simulations with the comprehensive code, CHARM, for rotor loading, the acoustic code, PSU-WOPWOP, for tonal noise, and the broadband noise code, UCD-QuietFly, for broadband noise prediction. Improved sectional 2D aerodynamic inputs obtained from 2D-RANS simulations were used throughout the framework, replacing XFOIL-derived inputs to enhance the prediction accuracy of low Reynolds-number effects such as transition and laminar separation bubbles. Predictions were validated against measurements at Virginia Tech. Results indicate that turbulence model selection influences local boundary-layer development and sectional aerodynamic loading, producing modest differences in tonal noise at 4000 RPM (first BPF) and spectral differences of approximately 4 dB in broadband noise, while integrated OASPL shows slight sensitivity to turbulence model choice. At 2000 RPM, broadband noise dominates the total SPL, with transitional models predicting thinner boundary layers and reduced high-frequency trailing-edge noise. In addition, high-fidelity 3D-DDES simulations performed in OpenFOAM capture the mid-frequency noise content that is underpredicted by CHARM. Overall, the combined mid-fidelity broadband noise results and high-fidelity mid-frequency range noise results provide improved agreement with experimental spectra and demonstrate an effective approach for eVTOL rotor noise prediction.","author":[{"family":"Bezuidenhout","given":"Daniella"},{"family":"Golubev","given":"Vladimir"},{"family":"Lyrintzis","given":"Anastasios"},{"family":"Marques","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0082-2026-0208","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0208","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6592900","type":"manuscript","title":"Multi-Dimensional Evaluation of Urban Air Mobility of eVTOL Airspace Configurations to Optimize Operational Risk, Efficiency, and Capacity","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is expected to enable high-density low-altitude operations of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, but the associated risks depend strongly on the chosen urban airspace structure. This study applies an integrated Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach to evaluate six airspace structure alternatives (Full Mix, Tubes, Zones, Layers, Corridors, and Skylanes) against nine risk-relevant criteria: operational risk (C1), security (C2), third-party risk (C3), time and energy efficiency (C4), social impact (C5), operating range (C6), accuracy requirements (C7), airspace utilization (C8), and airspace capacity (C9). AHP results show acceptable consistency (CR = 0.096) and indicate that accuracy requirements (w = 0.235) are the most influential criterion, followed by third-party risk (w = 0.173) and security (w = 0.157). TOPSIS ranking identifies layered airspace as the lowest-risk option (closeness coefficient = 0.433), followed by full-mix (0.188), skylanes (0.151), corridors (0.125), tubes (0.052), and zones (0.051). The findings suggest that structured airspace, particularly layered designs, provides stronger risk controllability for early-stage UAM deployment, while more flexible concepts require higher capability in navigation accuracy, monitoring, and enforcement to achieve comparable safety performance","author":[{"family":"Hadi","given":"Devie"},{"family":"Berawi","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Susantono","given":"Bambang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6592900","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6592900","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7122620","type":"manuscript","title":"Research on Pressure-Power Coupling Control Strategy for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System in eVTOL Applications","abstract":"To address the issues of pressure mismatch, low hydrogen utilization, and difficulty in balancing dynamic response and stack safety under highly dynamic loads in hydrogen fuel cell-lithium battery hybrid power systems for electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft — where existing control strategies treat anode hydrogen pressure control and power distribution as independent serial links — this paper proposes a bidirectional pressure-power coupling control strategy. Mechanism models of the fuel cell stack and hydrogen circulation system, as well as the state-space equation of hydrogen pressure, are constructed. A double-layer nested coupling control architecture with model predictive control (MPC) for predictive guidance and fuzzy decision-making is designed, establishing a bidirectional feedback closed loop between power and pressure. Research is carried out through simulation comparison under full eVTOL flight conditions and controller-in-the-loop (CIL) semi-physical verification.,The results show that the strategy limits the fuel cell load tracking error within -42 to 38 W. Compared with traditional fuzzy control, the average hydrogen utilization under full working conditions increases by 3.36%, and the total comprehensive energy consumption of the system decreases by 3.64 g. CIL verification indicates that the deviation between control commands and simulation is no more than 5.13%, the coupling logic is executed accurately, real-time performance meets aviation scenario requirements, and core operating parameters are maintained within the safe range. This strategy realizes synchronous optimization of multi-performance indexes and provides a new practical engineering scheme for the control of aviation hydrogen fuel cell hybrid power systems.","author":[{"family":"Li","given":"Yong"},{"family":"Qi","given":"Pengfei"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Kaixuan"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Sheng"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Lilong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.7122620","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7122620","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6631979","type":"manuscript","title":"How Can Public Concerns Shape eVTOL Policy Design? A Knowledge Graph-Enhanced Large Language Model (LLM) Framework","abstract":"Electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft (eVTOL) may provide faster and more flexible connections for urban and intercity trips, especially in congested metropolitan areas. Their adoption, however, depends on more than aircraft performance. Potential users must trust the service, accept its cost, and find the access and transfer process convenient enough for real travel. Although existing studies have examined eVTOL acceptance and potential demand, the link between behavioral evidence and policy design remains underdeveloped. To address this gap, this study proposes a knowledge graph-enhanced large language model (KG-enhanced LLM) framework that integrates stated preference survey data, causal network analysis, literature-based evidence, and LLM-assisted policy generation. Using survey data from six Chinese low-altitude mobility pilot cities, we construct a three-layer causal network to examine how individual characteristics, psychological perceptions, and travel-scenario attributes jointly shape eVTOL mode choice. The results show that travel cost, waiting time, and transfer distance constrain eVTOL adoption, whereas perceived convenience, perceived usefulness, income, and congestion experience increase adoption potential. Network analysis further identifies income and perceived usefulness as key leverage points in the decision system. A comparative experiment shows that the KG-enhanced LLM generates recommendations with higher evidence reliability, scenario relevance, logical coherence, and overall quality than a standalone LLM. The findings suggest that eVTOL deployment should prioritize transparent safety governance, accessible pricing, door-to-door integration, and differentiated communication across user groups. This study advances a structured approach for linking public acceptance analysis with policy design and offers methodological implications for emerging mobility systems.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Tianlin"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Cheng"},{"family":"Chung","given":"Hyungchul"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Manman"},{"family":"Han","given":"Ke"},{"family":"Ding","given":"Hongliang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6631979","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6631979","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038534","type":"article-journal","title":"Thermofluid Modeling for Next-Generation Aircraft Engine Design","abstract":"This paper introduces two novel adapted polynomial-based fluid models (Adapted Methods 1 and 2) that combine the computational efficiency of simplified models (e.g., Walsh and Fletcher polynomials) with the accuracy of advanced chemical equilibrium codes (e.g., NASA’s Chemical Equilibrium and Applications). These methods incorporate dissociation and pressure effects, enabling versatile and accurate engine performance analyses for conventional and next-generation aviation fuels, including Jet-A, sustainable aviation fuels, and hydrogen. A comprehensive evaluation is conducted across multiple analysis levels, from thermodynamic state and engine station level to flight mission and engine comparison levels. Results indicate that dissociation and pressure effects significantly impact accuracy, particularly for high-temperature, low-pressure conditions. Adapted Method 2 provides accurate results at all levels while achieving a 70% reduction in computational time compared to fine-grid fluid tables. Practical recommendations are provided, highlighting the suitability of the adapted methods for mission-level optimization and comparative assessments of novel engine technologies, such as hydrogen-fueled and hybrid-electric engines.","author":[{"family":"Wiegand","given":"Marcus"},{"family":"Lange","given":"Martin"},{"family":"Mailach","given":"Ronald"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038534","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038534","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0082-2026-0276","type":"article-journal","title":"Field-to-Lab Validation of Psychoacoustic Metrics for eVTOL/UAS Community Acceptance","abstract":"The increasing use and development of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for logistics and urban mobility requires acoustic assessment methods that better correlate with human perception and community acceptance than the conventional SPL-based metrics alone. This study presents field-based psychoacoustic measurements of repeated tilt-Octorotor delivery flight operations using a binaural Head and Torso Simulator (HATS). Event segments including lateral approach, takeoff, hover, departure and landing were analyzed using A-weighted SPL, loudness, tonality, fluctuation strength, sharpness, and roughness. Results show strong repeatability across runs and event-dependent signatures within the analysis. Landing produced the highest average loudness (11.65 soneHMS) and sharpness (3.06 acum), while hovering exhibited the highest peak roughness (1.12 asper) and strong tonal persistence. Lateral approach events showed high tonality and sharpness highlighting the directional cues. These findings demonstrate that psychoacoustic metrics provide an improved interpretation of perceived annoyance and support validation workflows for future eVTOL/UAS acoustic design and certification.","author":[{"family":"Lutz","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Bray","given":"Wade"},{"family":"Greenway","given":"Joshua"},{"family":"Sondergaard","given":"Jacob"},{"family":"Mcclearen","given":"James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0082-2026-0276","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0276","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42401-026-00499-6","type":"article-journal","title":"Topology-aware nullspace control allocation for eVTOL powertrain current protection","abstract":"Abstract This paper presents a topology-aware control allocation strategy to mitigate thermal risks in electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft. By integrating the powertrain architecture directly into the control design, a control allocation method is proposed that actively regulates the electrical load distribution among motors and battery packs. This method exploits the null space of the control effectiveness matrix to minimize the maximum current in both motors and battery packs without altering the primary force and moment commands. The efficacy of the current regulation algorithm is validated through comprehensive simulations on a Lift-plus-Cruise eVTOL platform. Results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm significantly reduces electrical stresses during both transient maneuvers and steady-state operations. It effectively protects the powertrain under nominal conditions and in the event of motor or battery failures. Moreover, the study characterizes the trade-offs between regulation aggressiveness and control smoothness, and discusses the priority distribution among motors and batteries. These findings offer a foundation for integrating hardware constraints into flight control laws for future eVTOLs, enabling more resilient distributed electric propulsion systems.","author":[{"family":"Jiang","given":"Guolong"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Jiannan"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Zhidong"},{"family":"Holzapfel","given":"Florian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s42401-026-00499-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42401-026-00499-6","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038318","type":"article-journal","title":"Wind-Optimal Transatlantic Route Planning for Civil Supersonic Aircraft","abstract":"Renewed interest in supersonic air travel has prompted researchers to consider where next-generation civil supersonic aircraft will operate. These aircraft are expected to fly lower and slower than Concorde, meaning that prevailing winds will have a greater impact on flight duration and fuel consumption. However, nonstandard atmospheric conditions have not always been considered in recent supersonic design studies. This paper therefore quantifies the influence of the jet stream on next-generation supersonic operations between London and New York and investigates the potential benefits of wind-optimal transatlantic routing. Four notional supersonic aircraft with performance characteristics representative of concepts found in the literature are used to assess the effect of wind at different cruise Mach numbers and altitudes. For great circle routes, the assumption of standard atmospheric conditions leads to average time and fuel burn underestimates of 4–7% and 3–6%, respectively, for westbound winter flights. If aircraft deviate from the great circle to seek favorable wind conditions, statistically significant reductions in average flight time and fuel burn are possible, but this is not the case for all cruise altitudes, Mach numbers, or flight directions. Nevertheless, wind-optimal routing is presented as one strategy to help reduce the environmental impact of future supersonic aircraft.","author":[{"family":"Colling","given":"Mike"},{"family":"Thomas","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Sarhadi","given":"Pouria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038318","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038318","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6889844","type":"manuscript","title":"Physics-Embedded Multi-Fidelity Neural Network for Modeling a Methanol-Fueled Micro Gas Turbine in an eVTOL Range Extender","abstract":"Battery-powered electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have limited endurance due to low specific energy. Micro gas turbines used as range extenders can alleviate this limitation, but accurate and low-cost performance models for system integration and control remain difficult to obtain. The paper presents the development of a physics-embedded multi-fidelity neural network (MuFiNN) in modeling the thermal performance of a methanol-fueled micro gas turbine. The neural network model takes rotational speed and fuel flow rate as inputs, and outputs compressor outlet temperature, turbine inlet temperature, exhaust temperature, and electrical power. The MuFiNN combines a low-fidelity physics module with a high-fidelity data-driven module. The low-fidelity part solves the operating line using differentiable compressor and turbine maps from low-fidelity CFD simulations and a learnable model of the combustion chamber. The high-fidelity part learns both linear and nonlinear corrections from experimental data. An adaptive fusion mechanism assigns learnable weights to balance the two correction branches for each output variable. Hyperparameter studies on 533 quasi-steady points from a ground test show that LeakyReLU activation, two hidden layers, and 512 neurons per layer give the lowest validation loss. Compared with a purely data-driven network optimized by Bayesian search, the proposed multi-fidelity network reduces the validation loss by 73%. In addition, the root mean square errors for the prediction of turbine inlet temperature and electrical power both drop by nearly half. The MuFiNN captures rapid fluctuations in time series predictions that the purely data-driven model misses. The predicted operating lines on the compressor and turbine maps indicate a surge risk at 70% to 80% of rated speed and turbine choking above 80% speed. Contour plots of the predicted variables reveal non-monotonic temperature and power behavior with respect to speed at high fuel flows. These results provide practical guidelines for the safe operations of eVTOL range extenders.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Xiangyi"},{"family":"Luo","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jiaqi"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Qiao"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Kyle"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6889844","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6889844","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0082-2026-0121","type":"article-journal","title":"Numerical Investigation of Vortex Ring State Conditions for Archer Maker eVTOL Tilter Propeller","abstract":"Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles are emerging as solutions for urban air mobility, but their operation can encounter hazardous aerodynamic conditions such as the Vortex Ring State (VRS), which causes thrust loss and intense vibrations. This study investigates VRS for the Archer Maker tilter propeller by combining numerical simulations using the mid-fidelity solver DUST and the high-fidelity solver OVERFLOW with prior experimental observations. Propeller performance is evaluated through thrust and torque evolution under various descent conditions, while flow fields in the propeller wake at different descent ratios around VRS conditions are evaluated and compared via 2D visualizations. A comparison of results reveals that both numerical approaches are capable of evaluating the performance degradation in correlation with vortex ring formation within specific descent regimes, showing slight discrepancies particularly regarding the descent ratio regime where VRS occurs. A flow field comparison with experimental data validates the multi-fidelity numerical approach, showing the capabilities of both numerical approaches to capture the flow physics mechanisms that lead to the generation of the vortex ring around the propeller disk.","author":[{"family":"Droandi","given":"Giovanni"},{"family":"Isola","given":"Dario"},{"family":"Palmer","given":"David"},{"family":"Norena","given":"Diego"},{"family":"Savino","given":"Alberto"},{"family":"Zanotti","given":"Alex"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0082-2026-0121","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0121","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42401-026-00477-y","type":"article-journal","title":"Reliability-driven DC-link optimization for fault-tolerant 3L T-type eVTOL propulsion inverters","abstract":"Abstract This article proposes a mission-profile-based sizing methodology for DC-link capacitors in eVTOL propulsion inverters. While DC-link capacitors contribute significantly to converter volume, traditional design relies on conservative worst-case operating points, leading to significant oversizing. To address this, an electro-thermal modelling approach is developed to evaluate capacitor lifetime based on core temperature fluctuations throughout a dynamic flight profile. The methodology accounts for thermal properties, modulation strategies, and the effects of fault-tolerant operation. Although the method is applicable to various inverter topologies and capacitor technologies, the three-level T-type (3L-TT) fault-tolerant converter benefits most, as demonstrated by an exemplary design achieving a 37.5% reduction in DC-link volume compared to conventional methods while for a specified life-time goal.","author":[{"family":"Krug","given":"Niklas"},{"family":"Galek","given":"Marek"},{"family":"Holzapfel","given":"Florian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s42401-026-00477-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42401-026-00477-y","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1177/1475472x261419107","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-fidelity assessment of eVTOL propeller noise in ground-effect conditions","abstract":"The aeroacoustic impact of ground proximity on an eVTOL propeller in hover and edgewise flight is examined using a multi-fidelity framework. Delayed-Detached Eddy Simulations (DDES) in OpenFOAM, coupled with PSU-WOPWOP, for high-fidelity acoustic predictions, and CDI-CHARM, a free-vortex panel-method code, as a lower fidelity approach. Extensive validation of the numerical simulations against experiments was performed. Performance metrics and flow-field analyses were examined prior to conducting the acoustic analysis. In-ground-effect (IGE) conditions, here defined as rotor operation within a few radii of a rigid ground plane, modify wake dynamics and alter tonal and overall sound levels, producing around ∼ 5 dB SPL increases beneath the rotor. CHARM reproduces the main tonal trends observed in DDES cannot predict broadband content. We also evaluate approaches for treating ground reflections, including the Method of Images (MOI), and introduce a permeable “upside-down T” acoustic surface that captures reflected waves without requiring MOI. These findings clarify rotor–ground acoustics and offer practical guidance for permeable acoustic surface selection in high-fidelity simulations.","author":[{"family":"Marques","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Golubev","given":"Vladimir"},{"family":"Lyrintzis","given":"Anastasios"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1177/1475472x261419107","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1475472x261419107","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0082-2026-0046","type":"article-journal","title":"Sub-Scale Testing for Validation of eVTOL Simulations and Analysis of Disturbance Rejection Properties","abstract":"This paper investigates a sub-scale testing methodology via Froude scaling combined with comprehensive simulation model development to validate Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft simulations and disturbance rejection characteristics. Both sub-scale and full-scale quadrotor aircraft were modeled using the Distributed Electric Propulsion Simulation (DEPSim) and the Comprehensive Hierarchical Aeromechanics Rotorcraft Model (CHARM) for simulation analysis. The sub-scale simulation was validated using flight data from the sub-scale model, including frequency sweeps and impulsive gust disturbance tests in the Penn State University (PSU) indoor flight facility. The PX4 control architecture was modeled in DEPSim and implemented in both scale models, using Froude-scaling in the control laws with the limitation that the Electronic Speed Controller (ESC) dynamics were not fully replicated in the simulation. The scaling methodology and control laws were verified through gust response tests and the Hovering turn and hold Handling Qualities Task Element (HQTE) test. The results indicate that the sub-scale flight testing and simulation provide a low-risk and low-cost method to evaluate full-scale flight performance and disturbance rejection properties.","author":[{"family":"Lee","given":"Soohyeon"},{"family":"Prewitt","given":"Jack"},{"family":"Jue","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Keller","given":"Jeffrey"},{"family":"Horn","given":"Joseph"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0082-2026-0046","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0046","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038130","type":"article-journal","title":"Aircraft Weight Estimation Using Surveillance Data Based on Statistical Modeling of Climb-Thrust","abstract":"Accurate trajectory prediction is essential for a highly efficient air traffic system, and aircraft weight estimation by ground systems is one of its key technologies. Since aircraft weight includes payload and fuel, it is regarded by airlines as commercially sensitive and is not available to air traffic control (ATC) facilities. Attempts have therefore been made to estimate aircraft weight using data available to ATC, including meteorological and surveillance data. Such techniques often target the climb phase because reasonable assumptions may be made about thrust during this phase. However, in real-world operations, even aircraft of the same type flying the same route show a wide variety of flight tracks and climb profiles due to traffic and weather conditions. In this study, the uncertainties in climb phase weight estimation are classified into two types, and a two-step method is applied to deal with each type of uncertainty: estimation of the steady climb segment and simultaneous estimation of aircraft weight and thrust setting. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated using flight data collected during actual operations, and the superiority of the proposed method in terms of accuracy over previous studies was suggested under certain conditions.","author":[{"family":"Matsuda","given":"Haruki"},{"family":"Matsuno","given":"Yoshinori"},{"family":"Yairi","given":"Takehisa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038130","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038130","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0082-2026-0225","type":"article-journal","title":"Development and Testing of a Subscale eVTOL Flight Vehicle for Stability, Control and Disturbance Response Characteristics","abstract":"Advanced air mobility (AAM) seeks to develop a large-scale transportation system to revolutionize how people live and work, with electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft serving a central role due to reduced emissions and noise impact. An important aspect for eVTOL aircraft certification is safe urban operations, which require understanding of the response due to aerodynamic disturbances. Experimental data are required to support eVTOL aircraft development with respect to flight dynamics and controllability, as well as design specification development. While flight testing of the full-sized air vehicle will be necessary as part of the certification process, subscale testing offers many advantages with respect to cost and flexibility, in addition to examining operational conditions that one would be reluctant to test in flight at full scale such as emergency conditions. These advantages only may be seen if the underlying scaling principles of flight dynamics / control, aerodynamic interactions, and propulsion-airframe integration are understood. This paper describes initial work towards development of a general subscale testing methodology for eVTOL aircraft flight dynamics and disturbance response characteristics including limited degree of freedom (DOF) and free flight testing. An overview of the initial development work is provided, including discussion of scaling relationships, subscale air vehicle model development, and testing activities focusing on flying qualities and stability / control characteristics.","author":[{"family":"Keller","given":"Jeffrey"},{"family":"Robert M Mckillip","given":"Jr"},{"family":"Horn","given":"Joseph"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Soohyeon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0082-2026-0225","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0082-2026-0225","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038452","type":"article-journal","title":"FAST: A Future Aircraft Sizing Tool for Conventional and Electrified Aircraft Design","abstract":"Electrified aircraft are a promising solution to reduce aviation’s carbon footprint across general and commercial aviation sectors. However, existing computational tools for aircraft design require information about the aircraft’s configuration, forcing the designer to down-select before optimizing their design. As a result of the limited flexibility, suboptimal system architectures may be selected during the early phases of conceptual design. To address this, the Future Aircraft Sizing Tool (FAST), an open-source, MATLAB-based tool, was developed as a propulsion system-agnostic tool for early-phase conceptual design. Using limited design parameters, FAST facilitates rapid and comprehensive aircraft sizing and performance evaluation, utilizing an extensive database of over 450 historical aircraft. Both data-driven and physics-based models are combined to seamlessly integrate new electrification technologies into a design while rapidly predicting its performance. This capability enables early-stage design space exploration to rigorously assess a wide range of propulsion architectures, energy sources, and operational strategies for novel aircraft configurations. This paper presents the key features of FAST, including workflows for aircraft sizing and analysis. The paper also presents a case study involving a commercial freighter, demonstrating FAST’s ability to perform design space exploration and early-phase trade studies.","author":[{"family":"Mokotoff","given":"Paul"},{"family":"Arnson","given":"Maxfield"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Yi"},{"family":"Cinar","given":"Gokcin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038452","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038452","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038127","type":"article-journal","title":"Evaluating “Critical-Engine-Inoperative” Conditions for Distributed Hybrid-Electric Aircraft","abstract":"To ensure flight safety, a set of flight certification rules are defined at critical-engine-inoperative (CEI) conditions for conventional fuel-powered tube-and-wing aircraft. However, the definition of CEI is unclear for distributed hybrid-electric propulsion aircraft, where a single propulsor can be driven by multiple power sources in parallel and/or propulsive power can be unevenly distributed among power sources. These innovative designs necessitate a revisit of CEI conditions for the demonstration of certification compliance. This paper proposes a potential solution for determining critical propulsion failure states and demonstrating the equivalent safety level for distributed hybrid-electric aircraft through reliability analysis and flight dynamic simulations. As an example, NASA’s PEGASUS aircraft is selected as the use case. The failure rates of propulsive failure states computed using a Bayesian modeling approach indicate that PEGASUS’s overall reliability is improved compared to its conventional counterpart despite its more complex propulsion architecture. The flight dynamic simulations show that PEGASUS requires at least 45% of maximum power at sea level for takeoff and maintaining steady level flight. To satisfy the controllability constraints specified in CEI rules, the yawing moment induced by asymmetric loss of thrust may not exceed 1.7 times that induced by the critical engine failure of the ATR 42-500.","author":[{"family":"Xie","given":"Jiacheng"},{"family":"Bendarkar","given":"Mayank"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Mavris","given":"Dimitri"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038127","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038127","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6413183","type":"manuscript","title":"Estimating opposition to urban air mobility: A list experiment on eVTOL social licence under noise, regulatory assurance, and incident information","abstract":"Urban air mobility (UAM) using electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft (eVTOL ”air taxis”) is increasingly framed as a stage-gated transition from demonstrations to routine operations, contingent on safe integration, governance maturity, and community acceptance. Yet most evidence on UAM acceptance relies on direct self-reports, which may not fully capture opposition when it is difficult to express directly or is shaped by localised externalities. We combine a 2×2×2 randomised vignette experiment—manipulating noise (low vs high), regulatory assurance (strong vs weak), and incident information (none vs a minor incident reported)—with a list experiment to estimate opposition indirectly and to compare direct and indirect opposition estimates at the group level. In an online sample (N = 1,600), higher noise and incident information reduce policy support and increase complaint intention, while strong assurance increases support and lowers baseline complaint propensity. Assurance also buffers incident-related declines in policy support, whereas buffering is weaker for complaint intention. Across the full sample, indirect opposition estimates are directionally higher than direct opposition estimates, consistent with possible understatement in direct questioning; however, evidence for systematic direct–indirect discrepancy across deployment conditions remains imprecise. The study provides a replication-ready framework for combining behaviourally consequential outcomes with a measurement-sensitive assessment of social licence during UAM scale-up.","author":[{"family":"Gao","given":"Yuchen"},{"family":"He","given":"Tong"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Sa"},{"family":"Chu","given":"Xinlei"},{"family":"Qu","given":"Qing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6413183","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6413183","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038617","type":"article-journal","title":"Design Limitations for Runway Operations of Gliding Aircraft","abstract":"The conceptual design of future high-Mach airframes relies upon constraints imposed by simplified feasibility and performance screening metrics. Reusable aircraft must safely land under all circumstances, including situations with engines inoperative. To identify designs that permit unpowered aircraft to operate in real-world runways, we developed a novel method optimizing kinematic performance, which a designer can use to discover emerging (statistical) relationships to predict landing feasibility. To land under “dead-stick” (unpowered) conditions with a low-[Formula: see text] aircraft, pilots cannot fly standard stabilized approaches to the threshold. Instead, these aircraft must arrest their sink rate through a dynamic maneuver initiated far in advance of the runway. This parametric study identifies design space regions where unpowered aircraft can land following generalized procedures. We also identify regions of the design space requiring specialized procedures as well as still others that simply cannot perform a safe landing.","author":[{"family":"Takahashi","given":"Timothy"},{"family":"Camberos","given":"José"},{"family":"Grandhi","given":"Ramana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038617","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038617","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7112671","type":"manuscript","title":"Rotating Blade Tip Vortex Characterization for Improved Blade–Wake Interaction Noise Prediction Using the Amiet–Glegg Model in eVTOL Rotors","abstract":"The acoustic footprint of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) rotors is one of the decisive factor in the public acceptance and commercial viability of urban air mobility, with blade–wake interaction (BWI) noise constituting a dominant contributor across the mid frequency range to which the human ear is most sensitive. Existing Amiet–Glegg semi analytical model provide computationally efficient BWI noise predictions, however their accuracy depends strongly on the prescribed tip vortex turbulence spectrum, which is commonly obtained from von Kármán turbulence models or stationary-blade vortex measurements. This paper develops a rotating-blade turbulence input for BWI prediction using high fidelity, wall-modelled lattice Boltzmann method simulations of a representative multi-bladed eVTOL rotor in hover. A blade-fixed rotating probe system is introduced to track the tip vortex from roll-up to impingement on the following blade, resolving vorticity, tangential velocity, velocity spectra, coherence, and leading edge pressure footprints. The rotating tip vortex is found to be strongly non-axisymmetric and does not collapse onto classical self-similar vortex profiles. Its coherent span saturates before impingement and it is in close agreement with the effective span predicted by the Glegg geometric model, while its spectral content evolves substantially with wake age. Energy initially concentrated in the coherent vortex core is progressively redistributed toward smaller-scale fluctuations in the surrounding vortex wake region, and the blade leading edge footprint indicates that both the vortex core and the outer wake contribute to the blade encounter. A new representation of the rotating-blade tip vortex spectrum, fitted to the LBM spectra across the full effective vortex span at the interaction wake age, is incorporated into the Glegg BWI framework. Comparisons with LBM/FW–H acoustic spectra show improved prediction of broadband levels and spectral decay rates relative to the original stationary-blade spectrum, and a second rotor case demonstrates transferability without additional spectral-shape tuning. The resulting model retains the low computational cost of the semi analytical approach while improving its physical basis for preliminary low noise eVTOL rotor design.","author":[{"family":"Naseer","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Trascinelli","given":"Leone"},{"family":"Poole","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Azarpeyvand","given":"Mahdi"},{"family":"Raposo","given":"Henrique"},{"family":"Mead","given":"Craig"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.7112671","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7112671","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038403","type":"article-journal","title":"Uncertainty Quantification of Single Event Noise Predictions for Conceptual Supersonic Transport Aircraft","abstract":"This contribution discusses the uncertainties associated with single-event aircraft system noise as predicted with so-called Scientific simulation tools. The authors aim to highlight the inherent uncertainties of such simulations and increase awareness when analyzing these system noise prediction results. The considerations presented here are applicable to predictions with Scientific simulation tools in general but in this study are tailored to a specific case. This contribution presents 1) the authors’ application of uncertainty quantification for aircraft noise simulations, 2) the status quo of research activities, and 3) a specific application case. Compared to previous work limited to the noise prediction task, the uncertainty approach is now extended to fully incorporate the simulation of the flight trajectory. For this study, an application case that is of high priority because it supports ongoing technical discussions concerning the definition of landing and takeoff noise certification regulations for novel civil supersonic transport aircraft. The findings are compared to results from the literature. Based on the findings, initial conclusions can be derived for the potential community noise impact if these vehicles are in operation. The outcome of this single-event assessment directly affects whole fleet scenarios because they are assembled from individual events.","author":[{"family":"Bertsch","given":"Lothar"},{"family":"Lößle","given":"Felix"},{"family":"Nöding","given":"Michel"},{"family":"Schäffer","given":"Beat"},{"family":"Mulani","given":"Sameer"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038403","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038403","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038387","type":"article-journal","title":"Predicting Conceptual Aircraft Design Parameters Using Gaussian Process Regressions on Historical Data","abstract":"This paper presents a novel methodology for predicting key aircraft design parameters using Gaussian process regressions (GPRs) applied to a comprehensive, open-source database of over 400 aircraft and 200 engines. The database, made freely available through the Future Aircraft Sizing Tool (FAST), enables aircraft designers to apply detailed historical data in early-stage conceptual design and provides full visibility into the data underlying the regressions—unlike traditional regression models, where the training data and model fit are often not disclosed. The nonparametric GPR models developed in this work allow for flexible input configurations, improving the accuracy of predicting critical parameters, such as operating empty weight and uninstalled engine weight, compared to established regressions from the literature. By incorporating a broader range of inputs, these models reduce prediction errors and provide tighter error distributions, leading to more reliable estimates during early design phases. This paper outlines a methodology for adapting conventional aircraft data to explore hybrid-electric and fully electric aircraft designs, ensuring that historical data can be leveraged effectively for novel propulsion systems. Additionally, the flexibility of the GPR framework allows users to create their own regressions and update predictions as new data becomes available, making it a useful tool for researchers working with their own datasets.","author":[{"family":"Arnson","given":"Maxfield"},{"family":"Aljaber","given":"Rawan"},{"family":"Cinar","given":"Gokcin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038387","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038387","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1088/1742-6596/3208/1/012008","type":"article-journal","title":"Escalating cooling efficiency in parallel-channel cold plates for battery thermal management in eVTOL systems","abstract":"Abstract Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing ( eVTOL ) aircraft, as a highly promising mode of transportation, offer new possibilities for alleviating traffic congestion. Their unique flight patterns and high-power demands pose significant challenges for the design of battery thermal management systems ( BTMS ). Therefore, this work selected two typical operating conditions of eVTOL , namely 4C hover and 2C climb, and established a 3D-thermal model of the cooling system to investigate the effects of inlet and outlet arrangements, inlet flow velocities, and ambient temperatures on temperature rises and distributions during battery discharge. The results primarily showed that the opposite-side inlet and outlet arrangement has superior cooling performance compared to the same-side arrangement, significantly reducing temperature inhomogeneity ( ΔT ). Meanwhile, increasing the inlet flow velocity would be more effective for achieving appropriate cooling of the battery pack; however, at a 4C rate, a marginal diminishing effect becomes apparent when the flow velocity exceeds 0.1 m/s. Therefore, a flow velocity of about 0.04 m/s is mainly recommended for 2C, when 0.35 m/s is targeted for 4C. Notably, an increase in ambient temperature results in a linear rise in maximum temperature ( T max ) while simultaneously reducing pressure drop ( ΔP ), thereby contributing to energy savings. These findings offer key design guidelines for the BTMS of eVTOL.","author":[{"family":"Zeng","given":"Keyi"},{"family":"Tian","given":"Liyu"},{"family":"Ye","given":"Zhouteng"},{"family":"Ragui","given":"Karim"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Zheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1088/1742-6596/3208/1/012008","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3208/1/012008","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038519","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerodynamic Optimization of Flying-V Aircraft","abstract":"High-fidelity aerodynamic optimization based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations is used to investigate the aerodynamic performance of the Flying-V aircraft configuration in the twin-aisle and single-aisle classes. Lift-constrained drag minimization is performed at the start-of-cruise operating point with the aircraft planform fixed and free. Aircraft weights are estimated using empirical methods. The planform-fixed case has design freedom in section shape and twist, while planform-free cases add chord, span, and sweep angles. At a cruise static margin of 6% and an altitude of 13,000 m, exclusive of nacelles, pylons, and excrescences, the optimized fixed-planform twin-aisle-size Flying-V aircraft produces a cruise lift-to-drag ratio of 25.5. Planform optimization, which reduces chord and sweep and increases span, enables a cruise lift-to-drag ratio of 26.7 at the same altitude. The optimized single-aisle-size Flying-V aircraft produces cruise lift-to-drag ratios of 20.2 and 23.2 at altitudes of 10,973 and 13,711 m, respectively, again excluding drag contributions from nacelles, pylons, and excrescences. High-fidelity aerodynamic optimization shows that the Flying-V aircraft is capable of excellent aerodynamic performance at cruise. Strong shocks are absent on all optimized designs. The configuration excels in the twin-aisle class and attains sufficient aerodynamic performance at the single-aisle size to justify further study.","author":[{"family":"Yazdi","given":"Rasam"},{"family":"Reist","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Zingg","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038519","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038519","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038409","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerodynamic and Static Aeroelastic Analysis of a High-Agility Aircraft","abstract":"An aeroelastic dataset generation method for aircraft based on coupled computational fluid dynamics–computational structural mechanics (CFD-CSM) simulations and a Chimera approach for control surfaces is presented. The procedures are embedded in the multidisciplinary simulation environment SimServer. The TAU code is employed to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. Structural displacements are computed with a modal solver. The dataset production tool is applied to a reconstruction of the Northrop F-5A aircraft, representing aerodynamic characteristics, including static aeroelastic effects. Control surface deflections of the leading-edge flaps, trailing-edge flaps, ailerons, and horizontal stabilizers are considered. The effects of control surface deflections on the flowfield as well as on the force and moment coefficients are analyzed. The influence of structural elasticity on the aircraft configuration is evaluated by comparing the aerodynamic coefficients of the aeroelastic simulations to those of the purely aerodynamic simulations, for which the aircraft is assumed to be fully rigid. In addition, variable dynamic pressure and variable inertia loads at several control surface deflection combinations are investigated. The results show that the structural elasticity of the aircraft significantly influences the aerodynamic force and moment coefficient characteristics for large regions of the flight envelope.","author":[{"family":"Reinbold","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Breitsamter","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Sørensen","given":"Kaare"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038409","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038409","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5209","type":"article-journal","title":"Impact of Aircraft Parameters on AAM Downwash/Outwash Characteristics","abstract":"Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) air vehicles with electric vertical takeoff and landing capability come in a wide variety of configurations and are often equipped with many lift and propulsion devices. Lift rotors of AAM configurations often have high disk loading which produce strong downwash and outwash (DWOW) at low speed and hover close to the ground. Recent outwash surveys of AAM aircraft have confirmed the presence of strong DWOW produced by various aircraft configurations [1]. The capability to predict the DWOW characteristics produced by these aircraft can aid in deriving requirements for vertiport design, ground operation, and landing/takeoff flight safety procedures. This paper investigates the sensitivity of selected aircraft design and operation parameters on the overall DWOW. This includes rotor horizontal and vertical separation distances, and near ground flight maneuvers. The focus in this paper is on the DWOW profile near the aircraft to help inform design and operational decisions. Moreover, transient approach/departure simulation for an AAM aircraft are conducted for an understanding of the complex flow field during unsteady flight maneuvers. The Viscous Vortex Particle Method (VVPM) is used to estimate the aircraft DWOW characteristics.","author":[{"family":"Batther","given":"Jagdeep"},{"family":"Habana","given":"Zoren"},{"family":"Goericke","given":"Jan"},{"family":"He","given":"Chengjian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5209","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5209","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5208","type":"article-journal","title":"Downwash Outwash Modeling of Conventional and Multirotor VTOL Aircraft","abstract":"Recent flight tests and simulations have suggested that the outwash from eVTOL air-taxis could be larger than conventional helicopters of equal weight and thus pose greater safety issues for their operation than previously anticipated. This has prompted interest in the analytical and experimental study of the aerodynamics related to multi-rotor aircraft outwash. This paper will describe work investigating some of the related issues, specifically (1) how wake models and wake model parameters impact outwash predictions in comprehensive rotorcraft analyses and (2) considerations when scaling results from model scale to full scale. This work will also compare outwash predictions for conventional and multi-rotor VTOL aircraft obtained with a Lagrangian free-vortex wake model and with an Eulerian velocity-vorticity grid based wake model.","author":[{"family":"Wachspress","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Boschitsch","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Whitehouse","given":"Glen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5208","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm-2026-vlada-5208","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/math14162940","type":"article-journal","title":"eVTOL Route Planning for Urban Low-Altitude Bus Services Considering Dynamic Passenger Load Variations and Battery Safety Constraints","abstract":"Urban low-altitude bus operations require coordinated eVTOL route decisions under station time windows, dynamic passenger boarding and alighting, load-dependent energy consumption, opportunity charging, and battery safety requirements. We formulate a mixed-integer programming model for reservation-based shared services that lexicographically minimizes the number of deployed aircraft first and total flight distance second while enforcing passenger-capacity, time-window, charging, and battery-safety constraints. To solve large instances efficiently, an Elite-Pool guided Load-Coupled Energy-aware Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search algorithm (EP-LCE-ALNS) is developed by combining forward load-energy-coupled decoding, multi-start construction, elite-route guidance, and adaptive neighborhood search. Benchmark comparisons show that EP-LCE-ALNS consistently achieves strong solution quality across instances of different scales and outperforms the comparison algorithms on large-scale problems. Sensitivity analyses further show that increasing passenger capacity reduces fleet requirements and flight distance, whereas a larger battery safety margin increases both, providing decision support for fleet configuration, route organization, and safety settings.","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Guohua"},{"family":"Xie","given":"Wen"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Guangzhi"},{"family":"Hong","given":"Fangyu"},{"family":"Xing","given":"Fen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/math14162940","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14162940","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038103","type":"article-journal","title":"Practical Nonlinear Flight Dynamic Modeling for Multirotor Aircraft","abstract":"High-fidelity yet compact nonlinear flight dynamic models for multirotor aircraft are derived from blade-element and momentum theory for use in control, estimation, and efficient simulation. The aim is to obtain models that are valid over a wide range of flight conditions and identifiable from flight data. Individual rotor force and moment models, along with airframe aerodynamics and motor inertial effects, are incorporated into a quasi-steady, nonlinear model for generic multirotor aircraft. A simulation study is conducted in which the derived model is used to inform the design of statistically principled experiments that facilitate accurate model identification. The relative importance of model parameters is evaluated using a high-fidelity simulation constructed from wind tunnel data. This process informs the selection and estimation of model parameters, which are then used to quantify the contribution of model terms across common flight conditions.","author":[{"family":"Hopwood","given":"Jeremy"},{"family":"Simmons","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Woolsey","given":"Craig"},{"family":"Cooper","given":"Jared"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038103","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038103","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038340","type":"article-journal","title":"Historical Trends and Future Projections of Key Performance Parameters in Aircraft Design","abstract":"This study presents a comprehensive analysis of historical trends and future projections for key performance parameters (KPPs) in commercial turbofan aircraft, focusing on operational empty weight to maximum takeoff weight ratio (OEW/MTOW), thrust-to-weight ratio (T/W), thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC), and lift-to-drag ratio (L/D). Leveraging the open-source FAST Aerobase, comprising over 400 commercial airframes and 200 engines, drawn from authoritative sources such as FAA and EASA certifications, along with enhanced regression modeling, this study systematically examines the evolution of each KPP in response to technological advancements, market demands, and regulatory constraints. The analysis reveals that TSFC improvements align closely with technological advances and primarily increases in bypass ratio enabled by core downsizing. Trends in OEW/MTOW and T/W are dominated by market-driven range, size, and regulatory factors rather than pure material or propulsion breakthroughs, which indicates limited room for further improvement without disruptive configurations. Cruise L/D improvements have been primarily enabled by wingtip devices, although they are approaching structural and regulatory limits. This work lays a robust foundation for the open-source Future Aircraft Sizing Tool (FAST), equipping designers with data-driven insights to support early-stage design decisions and providing a transparent resource for understanding the historical and technical drivers of commercial aircraft performance.","author":[{"family":"Acar","given":"Huseyin"},{"family":"Arnson","given":"Maxfield"},{"family":"Tsai","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Cinar","given":"Gokcin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038340","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038340","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038870","type":"article-journal","title":"Engine Position Effects on Contrail Evolution for a Realistic Aircraft Configuration","abstract":"This study investigates the influence of representative engine positions on contrail evolution during the vortex and dissipation regimes, using three-dimensional simulations of a realistic aircraft geometry. Large-eddy simulations are employed, coupled with an Eulerian microphysical bulk model, and initialized using fields obtained from prior Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations. This approach enables a consistent transition from near-field jet–vortex interactions to far-field wake dynamics. Three engine placements are examined under two atmospheric stratification and two relative humidity conditions. The results reveal that engine position influences the onset and evolution of vortex instabilities, alters the descent of the vortex pair, and leads to slight changes in the distribution of particles within the wake. Despite these aerodynamic differences, the microphysical properties of the contrails tend to converge over time for the parameters and configurations covered in this study. From a broader perspective, engine placement strongly influences initial contrail formation and early vortex-regime dynamics. At later stages, these differences largely disappear, as vortex dynamics and atmospheric conditions dominate over the initial dilution changes induced by engine position.","author":[{"family":"Annunziata","given":"Rémy"},{"family":"Bonne","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Garnier","given":"François"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038870","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038870","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2025-wcbc5","type":"manuscript","title":"Empowering Urban Skies: Energy Storage Solutions with Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors for Advanced Air Mobility and Air Taxi Systems","abstract":"The rapid growth of urbanization and increasing congestion in metropolitan areas have spurred the development of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) systems, with electric and hybrid air taxis emerging as a promising solution for sustainable urban transport. Central to the viability of AAM is the selection and integration of suitable energy storage and conversion technologies, which directly impact safety, endurance, cost, and scalability. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current state and future prospects of batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells in the context of AAM applications. Batteries, particularly lithium-ion chemistries, are currently the most mature technology, enabling near-term demonstrations and certification efforts. However, their limitations in energy density, charging time, and thermal management restrict endurance and necessitate innovations in solid-state and lithium–sulfur variants. Supercapacitors, though limited in energy capacity, offer unparalleled power density and rapid response, making them ideal for handling transient loads during take-off, landing, and regenerative braking. Fuel cells present a promising long-term solution, providing high specific energy and zero carbon emissions at the point of use. Yet, their adoption depends heavily on the establishment of scalable hydrogen production, storage, and refueling infrastructure. The review further highlights hybrid architectures that combine these technologies, such as battery–supercapacitor and battery–fuel cell systems, to exploit complementary advantages. Integration challenges, including thermal management, power electronics, and intelligent energy management systems, are analyzed alongside safety considerations and certification requirements. Case studies of ongoing demonstrators illustrate the diverse strategies being pursued globally. Finally, the paper identifies key challenges and future directions, emphasizing material innovations, infrastructure readiness, supportive policy frameworks, and a roadmap for next-generation AAM energy systems. The findings underscore that while battery-powered air taxis are poised for near-term deployment, the long-term sustainability of AAM will rely on hybrid solutions and breakthroughs in advanced materials and hydrogen technologies.","author":[{"family":"Garg","given":"Ashish"},{"family":"Akkinepally","given":"Bhargav"},{"family":"Harursampath","given":"Dineshkumar"},{"family":"Shim","given":"Jaesool"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.26434/chemrxiv-2025-wcbc5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2025-wcbc5","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6539998","type":"manuscript","title":"Empirical Analysis of the Factors Affecting Public Acceptance and Adoption of Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"This study explores factors influencing Urban Air Mobility (UAM) acceptance and adoption, aiming to inform the successful integration of this transformative transportation mode into urban environments. Examining UAM acceptance components, positive experiences&amp;apos; impact, socio-demographic influences, and the relationship with individual travel decisions, the research uncovers nuanced insights. Analyzing a sample of 170 participants, correlations among UAM factors and demographics provide valuable context. As UAM addresses urban congestion, understanding public perceptions is pivotal. The study sheds light on the interconnected dynamics shaping UAM acceptance, offering guidance for policymakers and stakeholders. By fostering a comprehensive understanding of UAM&amp;apos;s reception, this research contributes to informed decision-making, supporting the development of strategies aligned with urban populations&amp;apos; needs and expectations.","author":[{"family":"Yadav","given":"Rakesh"},{"family":"Roy","given":"Hiran"},{"family":"Jain","given":"Arvind"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6539998","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6539998","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6540147","type":"manuscript","title":"Empirical Analysis of the Factors Affecting Public Acceptance and Adoption of Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"This study explores factors influencing Urban Air Mobility (UAM) acceptance and adoption, aiming to inform the successful integration of this transformative transportation mode into urban environments. Examining UAM acceptance components, positive experiences&amp;apos; impact, socio-demographic influences, and the relationship with individual travel decisions, the research uncovers nuanced insights. Analyzing a sample of 170 participants, correlations among UAM factors and demographics provide valuable context. As UAM addresses urban congestion, understanding public perceptions is pivotal. The study sheds light on the interconnected dynamics shaping UAM acceptance, offering guidance for policymakers and stakeholders. By fostering a comprehensive understanding of UAM&amp;apos;s reception, this research contributes to informed decision-making, supporting the development of strategies aligned with urban populations&amp;apos; needs and expectations.","author":[{"family":"Yadav","given":"Rakesh"},{"family":"Roy","given":"Hiran"},{"family":"Jain","given":"Arvind"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6540147","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6540147","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6773314","type":"manuscript","title":"Comparing Station-Location Approaches for Urban Air Mobility: A Case Study of the Metropolitan Area Ruhr","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is increasingly discussed as a potential complement to existing transport networks in metropolitan regions. However, the performance and practical relevance of UAM station networks depend strongly on the underlying station-location logic. While comparative studies are emerging, cross-logic comparisons of different station-location approaches under consistent spatial data, network sizes, and evaluation criteria remain limited. This paper addresses this gap by comparing three complementary station-location logics in the polycentric Metropolitan Area Ruhr in Germany: a proximity-oriented k-means++ clustering approach, a demand-weighted location-allocation approach based on the p-median problem, and a transport-oriented location assessment (TOLA) used as a practical reference configuration. The resulting networks are evaluated with respect to access distance, catchment coverage, spatial distribution, flight-path characteristics, and representative test routes. The results show that the semi-automated approaches substantially improve accessibility and coverage compared with the practical reference configuration. The k-means++ approach performs particularly well in terms of geometric proximity, while the location-allocation approach provides competitive demand-weighted accessibility for medium and large network sizes. TOLA performs weaker in distance-based metrics but remains useful for interpreting the planning plausibility of optimized solutions. The study demonstrates that early-stage UAM station planning benefits from comparing multiple station-location logics rather than relying on a single method. It thereby contributes to a more transparent and transferable basis for comparing methodological assumptions in early-stage UAM infrastructure planning.","author":[{"family":"Husemann","given":"Michael"},{"family":"Schuermann","given":"Joschua"},{"family":"Stumpf","given":"Eike"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6773314","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6773314","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7157818","type":"manuscript","title":"The Urban Air Mobility Fleet Scheduling Problem with Nonlinear Charging Time","abstract":"This paper introduces a vehicle-routing formulation of the Urban Air Mobility (UAM) fleet scheduling problem. The proposed model, electric urban air mobility vehicle routing problem with non-linear battery charging time (eUAMVRP-NL), studies the optimal flight scheduling and charging policy for a given fleet of eVToL vehicles to maximize the operating revenue with the assumption of a non-linear charging model for the aircraft batteries. We design a Cluster-First Route-Second (CFRS) solution heuristic that first decomposes the k-vehicle problem into k number of 1-vehicle problems before optimizing the flight scheduling and charging decisions for each aircraft in the fleet. We validate our CFRS algorithm on a small, two-vertiport instance in which an optimal solution can be obtained. We found a loss of optimality less than 2\\%. Finally, we demonstrate the use of eUAMVRP-NL in obtaining meaningful metrics for the estimation of capital cost and operating cost by considering the airport access use case of UAM at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)","author":[{"family":"Cao","given":"Shangqing"},{"family":"Onat","given":"Emin"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Xuan"},{"family":"Sengupta","given":"Raja"},{"family":"Hansen","given":"Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.7157818","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7157818","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/en18061426","type":"article-journal","title":"Emerging Trends in Urban Air Mobility: An Extensive Review","abstract":"This paper presents a review of the main trends in the urban air mobility (UAM) sector. After an initial introduction to the key aspects driving the design of aircraft for this type of application and the main characteristics of each type of aircraft developed so far, the focus shifts to the description of the main regulatory frameworks, highlighting the essential requirements that the aircraft must meet at each stage of flight. To translate the aircraft or propeller requirements into design specifications for electric motors, an aerodynamic model is presented. Subsequently, a series of aircraft developed by major industry players is described. In the following section, the key characteristics sought in motors for UAM are outlined, along with various examples of motors developed by leading companies. Additionally, specific design considerations and recommendations are discussed, emphasizing critical aspects such as the adoption of advanced conductors and high-performance cooling systems to enhance power density and efficiency. In conclusion, this review highlights the diverse UAM designs shaping a technological shift in aviation. As prototypes evolve, greater standardization will drive industry growth and support the broader ecosystem, including vertiport providers.","author":[{"family":"Tripaldi","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Vianello","given":"Stefano"},{"family":"Bianchi","given":"Nicola"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/en18061426","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061426","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21192576","type":"article-journal","title":"Solar Axis Mobility in Public Transportation: A Sustainable Approach to Reducing Urban Air Pollution","abstract":"Urban air pollution is a growing global concern, primarily driven by the rapid increase in fossil fuel-powered vehicles in densely populated cities. Among various sources of pollution, public transportation systems like buses contribute significantly to carbon emissions and particulate matter, adversely affecting public health and the environment. Traditional diesel and petrol buses not only consume large amounts of non-renewable fossil fuels but also release harmful gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and particulate matter (PM), which exacerbate respiratory diseases and environmental degradation. This issue necessitates urgent development of sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives in urban mobility to mitigate air pollution and its associated hazards.","author":[{"family":"Parab","given":"Shreyas"},{"family":"Gondhali","given":"Yash"},{"family":"Jagadale","given":"Nayan"},{"family":"Sawant","given":"Sujit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21192576","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21192576","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21192577","type":"article-journal","title":"Solar Axis Mobility in Public Transportation: A Sustainable Approach to Reducing Urban Air Pollution","abstract":"Urban air pollution is a growing global concern, primarily driven by the rapid increase in fossil fuel-powered vehicles in densely populated cities. Among various sources of pollution, public transportation systems like buses contribute significantly to carbon emissions and particulate matter, adversely affecting public health and the environment. Traditional diesel and petrol buses not only consume large amounts of non-renewable fossil fuels but also release harmful gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and particulate matter (PM), which exacerbate respiratory diseases and environmental degradation. This issue necessitates urgent development of sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives in urban mobility to mitigate air pollution and its associated hazards.","author":[{"family":"Parab","given":"Shreyas"},{"family":"Gondhali","given":"Yash"},{"family":"Jagadale","given":"Nayan"},{"family":"Sawant","given":"Sujit"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21192577","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21192577","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5194/ems2026-257","type":"article-journal","title":"Evaluation and Correction of Doppler Lidar–Derived Turbulent Kinetic Energy for Urban Air Mobility Applications","abstract":"Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is a fundamental parameter for characterizing atmospheric turbulence and is essential for assessing hazardous weather conditions that directly impact Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations. Accurate estimation of turbulence intensity is particularly important for ensuring the safety and efficiency of low-altitude urban airspace, where UAM vehicles operate under complex and highly variable atmospheric conditions. While three-dimensional sonic anemometers are widely regarded as the reference standard for TKE estimation due to their high temporal resolution and accuracy, their measurements are inherently limited in spatial representativeness, especially in heterogeneous urban environments.Doppler lidar has emerged as a promising remote sensing technology capable of providing spatially distributed wind and turbulence information over extended areas, making it highly suitable for operational applications in UAM. In this study, TKE estimates derived from Doppler lidar are systematically compared with those obtained from three-dimensional sonic anemometers collocated on a 300 m meteorological tower. The analysis reveals that lidar-derived TKE is consistently higher than that measured by the sonic anemometer.To investigate the underlying causes of this discrepancy, several potential error sources are examined, including volume averaging effects associated with the lidar measurement volume, instrumental noise, limitations in scanning strategies, and assumptions involved in retrieving velocity variances. Furthermore, multiple correction techniques are explored to enhance the reliability of lidar-based TKE estimates, such as noise filtering, spectral correction methods, and adjustments accounting for spatial averaging effects. The performance of these correction approaches is quantitatively evaluated through direct comparison with reference measurements from the sonic anemometer.The findings of this study improve the accuracy of Doppler lidar–derived turbulence measurements and support the development of reliable hazardous weather information systems for conditions such as turbulence, wind shear, and crosswind. Ultimately, this research provides a robust scientific foundation for real-time turbulence monitoring and contributes to safer and more efficient UAM operations in complex urban environments.","author":[{"family":"Kwon","given":"Byung"},{"family":"Yu","given":"Anseok"},{"family":"Jung","given":"Yeonung"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5194/ems2026-257","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ems2026-257","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/urbansci10070412","type":"article-journal","title":"Air Quality in Urban Mobility Hubs: An Analysis of Particulate Matter in Underground Transport Spaces","abstract":"Enclosed transport environments are becoming an integral part of compact urban structures; however, their air quality is monitored less systematically than that of the outdoor urban environment. This study evaluates particulate matter concentrations (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) in two urban microenvironments in Banská Bystrica (Slovakia): an underground parking garage (representing private urban mobility) and an underground bus station (representing public transport). Continuous measurements using an enviDUST monitoring device were analysed in relation to occupancy rates and transport intensity. The results showed a dominance of the PM10 fraction in both environments, suggesting the importance of non-exhaust sources and dust resuspension in enclosed urban transport spaces. In the parking facility, the immediate relationship between occupancy and PM concentrations was weak; however, a time lag effect was observed, indicating particle accumulation. The bus station exhibited higher average concentrations (PM1: 8.67; PM2.5: 14.12; PM10: 34.12 µg/m3), while peak levels during nighttime highlighted the critical role of air stagnation and ventilation regimes. The study emphasizes the need to perceive such transport nodes as semi-public urban spaces requiring the integration of intelligent air quality management within sustainable urban development.","author":[{"family":"Loman","given":"Michal"},{"family":"Harantová","given":"Veronika"},{"family":"Milojević","given":"Saša"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/urbansci10070412","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10070412","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6570207","type":"manuscript","title":"CREST: A Constraint-Respecting Residual Framework for Safe UAV Trajectory Planning in Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"The rapid advancement of urban air mobility requires unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to navigate safely through complex, non-convex urban environments under strict physical constraints. While generative planners can model multimodal solution distributions, they often lack explicit feasibility guarantees and suffer from scale–precision coupling when regressing full waypoint sequences in the raw state space. In this paper, we propose CREST, a constraint-respecting estimation framework for safe trajectories. Unlike mainstream methods that regress full coordinates in the raw state space, CREST reformulates trajectory planning as a hierarchical residual learning task. The framework first employs a topology-prior network to infer a global feasible homotopy class anchored on a linear baseline, which is followed by a residual diffusion polisher that refines local geometric details within the residual space. To ensure rigorous safety, we introduce a soft-to-hard constraint assurance mechanism that synergizes kinematics-aware geometric pre-guidance during the diffusion sampling process with a lightweight safety guarantee module for post-processing. Experimental results demonstrate that CREST achieves a 100\\% success rate in both obstacle avoidance and kinematic feasibility, significantly outperforming representative baselines such as A* and RRT*. Furthermore, CREST maintains the diversity of the solution space, providing a robust and efficient solution for UAV trajectory planning in dense urban canyons.","author":[{"family":"Haohui","given":"Mai"},{"family":"Zhaoying","given":"Li"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Zhang"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Hao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6570207","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6570207","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.36227/techrxiv.175296359.98980093/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"3D Simulation of Advanced Air Mobility Vehicles in a Photorealistic Urban Environment","abstract":"In recent years, the concepts of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) have risen rapidly. While the companies designing and manufacturing them focus on creating some of the marvellous aircraft in existence, the MIMS Lab has been exploring options to develop a custom simulator for UAM vehicles from different perspectives. This paper presents a proof-ofconcept application designed using Unreal Engine and Cesium plugin and assets collected and modified from various online databases to produce a photorealistic flight simulator focused on UAM flight and traffic. While the project is still in its infancy, this paper presents proof of concept for a possible scenario for UAM vehicles navigating in an urban setup such as the City of Toronto. Here, three modes of simulation are presented: a pre-programmed flight with a tunnel-inthe-sky corridor for Head-Up Display (HUD) visualization, a tower view perspective to monitor multiple UAM flights within the area, and a pilot-controlled Vertical TakeOff and Landing (VTOL) flights between different helipads in Downtown Toronto. As the project progresses, the plans include implementing proper flight dynamic models for multiple recognized aircraft that fall under the UAM category and conducting a pilot study to obtain their perspectives, areas of improvement and results.","author":[{"family":"Rostami","given":"Mohsen"},{"family":"Pradhan","given":"Pratik"},{"family":"Omorodion","given":"Jeffery"},{"family":"Venkatesh","given":"Aditya"},{"family":"Kongara","given":"Charith"},{"family":"Chung","given":"Joon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.36227/techrxiv.175296359.98980093/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.175296359.98980093/v1","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6460218","type":"manuscript","title":"Experimental Study of Urban Air Mobility Noise Based on Scaled-Model Tests","abstract":"This study investigates how ground surface treatment and nearby buildings affect the noise radiation of a hovering unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) using a scaled-model experimental setup. Sound pressure level spectra were measured along a linear microphone array and at locations on the building surfaces for multiple source positions. Spectral differences were evaluated in representative frequency bands to quantify frequency-dependent and spatial effects. An absorptive ground condition implemented using artificial grass, introduced as a non-rigid surface in contrast to the rigid ground, reduced high-frequency broadband noise by several decibels with minimal spatial variation along the array. In contrast, the presence of a building produced a clear spatial contrast between shadowed and unshielded regions at high frequencies, acting as a partial acoustic barrier. Both effects diminished at lower frequencies as diffraction and interference became more important. Although the band-averaged interaction between grass and building was small, localized narrowband variations were observed at specific frequencies, indicating frequency-selective interference effects. Measurements near the building surface further showed that the local spectral response could be sensitive to local configuration and hovering height. The results highlight the influence of surface conditions, structural layout, and operating clearance in scaled-model UAV noise studies and provide insight for urban air mobility noise assessment.","author":[{"family":"Zeng","given":"Zhangming"},{"family":"Han","given":"Tao"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Huancai"},{"family":"Mcfarland","given":"DM"},{"family":"Hanbo","given":"Jiang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6460218","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6460218","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/aerospace12040306","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban Air Mobility Aircraft Operations in Urban Environments: A Review of Potential Safety Risks","abstract":"The expansion of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has led to diverse aircraft designs, with piloted systems expected to evolve into remotely piloted and automated operations. Future advancements in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) will further improve automation capabilities, promising significant benefits to the environment and overall efficiency of UAM aircraft. However, UAM aircraft face unique operational conditions that need to be accounted for when assessing safety risks, such as lower operating altitudes and hazards present in urban settings, thus leading to a potential increased risk of collisions with foreign objects, particularly birds and drones. This paper reviews historical safety data with an aim to better assess the potential risks of UAM aircraft. A survey was conducted to gather quantitative and qualitative insights from subject matter experts, reinforcing findings from existing studies. The results highlight the need for a comprehensive risk assessment framework to guide design improvements and regulatory strategies, ensuring safer UAM operations.","author":[{"family":"Charnsethikul","given":"Chananya"},{"family":"Silva","given":"Jose"},{"family":"Verhagen","given":"Wim"},{"family":"Das","given":"Raj"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/aerospace12040306","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12040306","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.5194/icuc12-67","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning-Based Short-Term Weather Forecasting and Optimal Data Quantity Analysis for Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is an innovative aviation system designed for efficient operation in urban areas, providing solutions for rapid transportation of passengers and cargo. The safe operation of UAM depends on accurate predictions of weather phenomena such as turbulence, gusts, and icing conditions. However, the lack of observational data in the atmospheric boundary layer, which is UAM's primary operational area, has limited research on real-time weather prediction (nowcasting). To address this issue, this study utilizes high-resolution meteorological data from the Boseong Weather Observation Tower, which provides detailed insights into atmospheric boundary layer conditions. This study improves prediction accuracy by combining Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, specialized in time series data analysis, with Fully Connected Layers. Additionally, through power spectrum analysis, we investigate the impact of meteorological variable characteristics on prediction performance and identify the optimal amount of data required for deep learning-based real-time weather prediction models. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of real-time weather prediction models that can enhance the safety and efficiency of UAM operations. By addressing observational data gaps and utilizing deep learning technology, this study aims to contribute to establishing UAM as a reliable urban transportation solution. Furthermore, the methodology proposed in this study can be applied to building weather prediction systems for UAM operations in various urban environments, which is expected to play a crucial role in the development of sustainable transportation infrastructure for smart cities.","author":[{"family":"Kim","given":"Hyeyeong"},{"family":"Jeon","given":"Mijeong"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Jonghan"},{"family":"Moon","given":"Woosok"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5194/icuc12-67","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/icuc12-67","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu26-8896","type":"article-journal","title":"Establishing High-Resolution Meteorological Monitoring for Safe Urban Air Mobility Operations","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is emerging as a next-generation transportation system that not only alleviates traffic congestion in high-density urban areas but also supports emergency medical response, time-critical logistics and supply delivery, and urban and regional tourism. UAM vehicles operate at low altitudes within the atmospheric boundary layer, where airflow and turbulence are strongly modified by topography, buildings, and other urban structures. In such environments, localized meteorological phenomena, such as gusts, vertical wind shear, and turbulence, frequently develop and pose significant challenges to flight stability and operational safety.Conventional meteorological observation networks and mesoscale numerical weather prediction models lack the spatial and temporal resolution required to resolve these microscale urban flow features. Consequently, short-term forecasting of boundary-layer winds and turbulence in complex urban environments remains highly uncertain. To support safe UAM operations, a new observation framework providing high-resolution, three-dimensional meteorological information is needed. High-frequency, multi-point surface and remote-sensing observations can capture spatiotemporal variability of meteorological conditions and provide essential inputs for data assimilation in numerical prediction models as well as for training and constraining artificial-intelligence-based forecast systems designed to generate high-fidelity, short-term meteorological fields for UAM operations.We propose a multi-point meteorological observation network designed to characterize wind and turbulence fields within UAM corridors. The network is configured to resolve the spatiotemporal variability of winds and turbulence in the boundary layer with high fidelity. The resulting dataset can enhance the understanding of urban low-altitude meteorology and provide a foundational dataset for high-resolution forecasting and operational decision-support for safe and efficient UAM operations. This work was funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under Grant (RS-2024-00404042).","author":[{"family":"Park","given":"Yongmi"},{"family":"Han","given":"Subin"},{"family":"Seo","given":"Seongmin"},{"family":"Shin","given":"Jihoon"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Jae"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Wonsik"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5194/egusphere-egu26-8896","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-8896","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6359392","type":"manuscript","title":"Optimizing Fixed-Route Planning for Urban Air Mobility: An Efficient Method for Early Implementation","abstract":"The development of electric vertical takeoff and landing technologies lays the groundwork for the large-scale deployment of urban air mobility (UAM). To address the challenges of fully implementing on-demand point-to-point services in early UAM development, this study proposes an optimization approach to selecting fixed UAM routes anchored to rail transit stations. By leveraging the strengths of UAM in cross-terrain connectivity and operational efficiency, the proposed approach integrates these services into existing high-capacity public transport networks, exploring feasible implementation pathways within the constraints of established urban transport systems. To maximize urban travel-time savings, we developed a fixed-route selection model solved using a greedy algorithm. This method optimizes route combinations under a limited route-number constraint. Additionally, the framework compares different objective function settings and assesses the efficiency of single-leg versus multi-leg flight schemes, particularly considering transfer costs. An empirical case study in Shenzhen demonstrated that the proposed approach significantly enhanced efficiency while maintaining equitable travel coverage. In addition, the findings support the use of single-leg fixed routes during the early operational stage of UAM, revealing their potential to reduce long-term spatial homogenization effects from conventional transport systems. By shifting away from fully point-to-point route strategies, this study offers a practical framework for the early deployment of regular UAM services and provides insights for developing an integrated multimodal transportation system combining aerial metro and rail transit.","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Renwei"},{"family":"Xia","given":"Haishan"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Kangyu"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Chunxiang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Lu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6359392","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6359392","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/urbansci10070353","type":"article-journal","title":"Assessing the Effect of Hypothetical Urban Air Mobility Demand Redistribution on Signalized Intersection Performance: A Microsimulation Study of Threshold Effects","abstract":"This study examines the potential effect of hypothetical Urban Air Mobility (UAM) demand redistribution on congestion and signalized intersection performance in the urban environment of Topoľčany, Slovakia. Based on a calibrated microsimulation model, scenarios involving the redistribution of a portion of ground traffic demand away from the road network were analyzed at 30% and 50% during the morning peak period. The evaluation focused primarily on travel times and intersection load. The results indicate that a moderate reduction in ground traffic demand leads to a significant reduction in travel times and traffic intensity. The most substantial improvement was observed in the 30% redistribution scenario. In comparison, a further increase to 50% did not yield proportional benefits, suggesting a nonlinear threshold effect in the transport system’s performance. It should be emphasized that the UAM scenarios in this study do not represent a full operational simulation of Urban Air Mobility, including aerial corridors, vertiports, waiting times, intermodal transfers, or airspace capacity. Instead, they represent demand redistribution scenarios used to evaluate the response of the existing signalized road network to reduced ground traffic demand. The study identifies limitations arising from simplified model assumptions and the absence of broader environmental, operational, and social considerations. Nevertheless, the findings show that even a moderate reduction in road traffic demand, potentially associated with future multimodal mobility concepts, can contribute to improved traffic efficiency in congested urban networks.","author":[{"family":"Kalašová","given":"Alica"},{"family":"Poliak","given":"Miloš"},{"family":"Fabian","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Čulík","given":"Kristián"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/urbansci10070353","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10070353","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.d0501","type":"article-journal","title":"Development of Benefit-Effect Assessment Method for Improving Social Acceptance of Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"In recent years, urban air mobility (UAM) technologies have been studied worldwide. However, social acceptance of UAMs and drones remains underexplored. Without adequate research, the anticipated “aerial industrial revolution” from drone use and flying vehicles may face social issues. To address this, the authors’ group proposed a social acceptance evaluation method combining subjective questionnaires with objective stress evaluations using a Kansei Analyzer based on a simple electroencephalograph and confirmed the effectiveness of this method. Related studies have assessed subjective stress from drone noise, but stress varies by the applications of the UAMs and stakeholders. It is critical to assess the stress people perceive from noise for each application and each stakeholder. This study evaluates sensitivity indices, including stress, for UAM uses, focusing on people uninvolved with UAMs, who face the greatest disadvantages. We conduct statistical tests for changes in cognitive sensitivities and physiological stress that is affected by the instruction in benefits of the UAM applications, focusing on residents uninvolved with UAMs, who face the greatest disadvantages. The study concludes with a summary of the benefit-effect assessment results.","author":[{"family":"Hara","given":"Susumu"},{"family":"Kusano","given":"Satoshi"},{"family":"Mitsukura","given":"Yasue"},{"family":"Kamide","given":"Hiroko"},{"family":"Sasaki","given":"Yasuo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.d0501","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.d0501","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7212160","type":"manuscript","title":"Dynamic Multi-Criteria Algorithm for Hybrid Urban Air Mobility Airspace Structure Synthesis Using Nonlinear State-Space Simulation","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) requires airspace structures that balance safety, congestion resilience, scalability, utilization efficiency, and robustness in dynamic urban environments. However, existing evaluations largely rely on static approaches and isolated indicators, limiting their ability to capture nonlinear traffic evolution, congestion accumulation, and disturbance propagation under realistic operating conditions. This study proposes a dynamic multi-criteria algorithm for UAM airspace structure optimization using nonlinear state-space simulation. The framework integrates traffic evolution, congestion-aware operational modeling, cyber disturbance representation, scenario-based simulation, and dynamic performance evaluation. First, six existing structures, namely Full Mix, Zones, Skylanes, Corridors, Layers, and Tubes, were evaluated under five scenarios: normal operation, high-density traffic, burst traffic surge, navigation degradation, and cyber disturbance. The model dynamically represents traffic density, collision risk, ground risk, energy consumption, airspace utilization, and congestion over time. Results show that Layers deliver the strongest safety performance through altitude-based separation, whereas Full Mix provides superior congestion resilience through routing flexibility and traffic dissipation. Building on these complementary strengths, a novel hybrid structure, DEVAS (Dual Echelon Vertical Mix Airspace), was developed by combining the safety advantages of Layers with the flexibility of Full Mix. DEVAS was then compared with Layers and Full Mix under identical scenarios. The results demonstrate that DEVAS consistently delivers a more balanced overall performance across safety, congestion resilience, scalability, energy efficiency, utilization, and operational robustness. The proposed framework offers a systematic basis for designing next-generation UAM airspace structures capable of supporting high-density urban electric vertical take-off and landing operations while supporting decisions under disturbance conditions.","author":[{"family":"Hadi","given":"Devie"},{"family":"Berawi","given":"Mohammed"},{"family":"Susantono","given":"Bambang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.7212160","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7212160","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7175994","type":"manuscript","title":"Retrieval Algorithm for High-Resolution Near-Surface Air Temperature Based on Land Surface Temperature from a Geostationary Satellite for Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Near-Surface Air Temperature (NSAT) are critical parameters for understanding surface–atmosphere interactions. Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations involve small aircraft flying at low altitudes, making them highly sensitive to near-surface meteorological conditions. Among these, NSAT directly and indirectly affects UAM flight safety and serves as a key variable for stable operations. Owing to the small size of UAM aircraft, even local weather phenomena can significantly impact flight performance, underscoring the need for high-resolution meteorological monitoring. In this study, we develop a high-resolution NSAT retrieval algorithm to support UAM flight operations. A modified Taylor Expansion Algorithm, utilizing surface spectral indices with low temporal variability, was applied to spatially downscale LST from the Geostationary Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite - 2A to a 100 m resolution by integrating surface information from Landsat-8. A thermodynamics-based formulation for converting LST to NSAT was then parameterized using satellite-observable variables, enabling air temperature estimation solely from satellite inputs. The parameterized equation was combined with multiple regression using air temperature observations from the Automatic Weather System (AWS) to retrieve NSAT at 30-minute intervals. Independent validation over southeastern South Korea for 2023, using time steps for which AWS data were not used as input, yielded an annual root mean square error of 2.15 °C, a mean absolute error of 1.54 °C, and a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.96. The retrieved product captures the local air temperature variability within urban environments in near real time and is expected to serve as a key meteorological input for UAM operational support.","author":[{"family":"Shin","given":"Dahwan"},{"family":"Javid","given":"Ehsan"},{"family":"Park","given":"Sang"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Minseok"},{"family":"Cha","given":"Dong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.7175994","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7175994","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.21256/zhaw-33982","type":"article-journal","title":"Schwammstadt-Superblock als Chance für die Stadt von heute","abstract":"Städte sind dynamisch, was eine Vielzahl komplexer Herausforderungen mit sich bringt. Zu den bedeutendsten Problemen zählen das Bevölkerungswachstum, der Klimawandel, der Verlust der Biodiversität, soziale Ungleichheiten und die Zersiedelung. Die unzureichende Anpassung städtischer Infrastrukturen und Planungen an die aktuellen Anforderungen führt zu sozialen, ökologischen und ökonomischen Problemen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, das Potenzial der Kombination der stadtplanerischen Anpassungsstrategien «Schwammstadt» und «Superblock» zu untersuchen, um einen Beitrag zur Entwicklung einer klimaangepassten und gerechten Stadt der Zukunft zu leisten. Hierfür wird eine Literaturrecherche zu den gegenwärtigen Herausforderungen in mittel- und westeuropäischen Städten sowie eine ausführliche Literaturrecherche der Konzepte Superblock und Schwammstadt durchgeführt. Darauf basierend wird anschliessend ein Konzept für einen «Schwammstadt-Superblock» an einem zentralen Standort in der Stadt Zürich entwickelt. Das Konzept der Superblocks konzentriert sich auf die Förderung fussgänger:innen- und velo-freundlicher Mobilität, die Verbesserung der Luft- und Aussenraumqualität, den Zugang zu nahegelegenen Grünflächen und die Förderung sozialer Durchmischung. Das Schwammstadt-Prinzip hingegen adressiert die Schaffung urbaner Grünflächen, das Regenwassermanagement, die Verbesserung des Mikroklimas und die Stärkung der Klimaresilienz. Die Ergebnisse der Literaturrecherche und der Standortanalyse zeigen, dass die Kombination der Konzepte Schwammstadt und Superblock Synergien bildet. Diese Kombination erweist sich als besonders effektiv, da sie die jeweiligen Stärken der beiden Ansätze vereint. Durch die Implementierung eines Superblocks wird zusätzlicher Raum in dicht besiedelten Quartieren geschaffen, der für Grünflächen im Rahmen der Schwammstadt genutzt werden kann. Die Elemente der Schwammstadt tragen zur Verbesserung des Mikroklimas und der Aufenthaltsqualität bei, was wiederum positive Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit der Bewohnerinnen und Bewohner hat. Die Verknüpfung beider Konzepte ermöglicht es, auf ökonomischer, ökologischer und sozialer Ebene Vorteile zu realisieren. Es wird empfohlen, das entwickelte Konzept nicht nur an einem einzelnen Standort, sondern an verschiedenen Standorten innerhalb der Stadt anzuwenden, um eine gerechtere und nachhaltigere Stadtentwicklung zu fördern. Das vorgestellte Konzept eignet sich gut für die Anwendbarkeit in Zürich. Aufgrund der Flexibilität des «Schwammstadt-Superblocks» können die Erkenntnisse und Lösungen jedoch auch auf andere Städte in der Schweiz und Europa übertragen werden. Diese Anpassungsfähigkeit stellt einen erheblichen Vorteil dar, da städtebauliche Gegebenheiten, verfügbare Flächen und Ressourcen je nach Standort variieren. Für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung und Akzeptanz sind die Priorisierung seitens der Städte sowie eine klare Kommunikation und der Einbezug der Bevölkerung entscheidend.","author":[{"family":"Riedel","given":"Jana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.21256/zhaw-33982","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-33982","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.65351/hsi24.021","type":"article-journal","title":"Pilot’s Roles in the Urban Air Mobility: Individual Capabilities for Safety and Security Enterprise Concerns","abstract":"Safety and security are cross-cutting concerns of the Urban Air Mobility (UAM) ecosystem and critical for its future operations. Addressing those concerns requires an integrated approach, including stakeholders, people, processes, systems, and capabilities. While previous research has explored safety and security at the System-of-Systems (SoS) level, this paper embraces the Human Systems Integration (HSI) approach to investigate the pilot as an individual performer. In UAM’s early phases, the pilot is expected to be on board, controlling the vehicle and interacting with multiple systems and operators. This study employs the Unified Architecture Framework (UAF) to discern the pilot’s roles and capabilities consistent with the UAM as an enterprise. Results include views combining strategic resource exchanges and responsibilities associated with each pilot role. Lastly, we analyze the relationships among roles and capabilities and discuss the pilot’s critical capabilities for addressing situation awareness, security, and safety culture concerns. Leveraging the HSI approach allows for understanding the pilot’s perspective, facilitating informed decision-making, and fostering a culture of safety and security throughout the UAM ecosystem.","author":[{"family":"Hoffmann","given":"Raquel"},{"family":"Mishimura","given":"Hidekazu"},{"family":"Calhau","given":"Rodrigo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.65351/hsi24.021","URL":"https://doi.org/10.65351/hsi24.021","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/drones9100692","type":"article-journal","title":"Mapping the Integration of Urban Air Mobility into the Built Environment: A Bibliometric Analysis and a Scoping Review","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has the potential to revolutionize urban transportation, largely with the deployment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones. After an initial stage focused on technology requirements, research is now shifting toward investigating operational requirements, which are unavoidably affected by urban characteristics. This study aims to explore the implementation of UAM services within urban environments by mapping the current scientific landscape from a city-focused perspective. Following a systematic search procedure, a bibliometric analysis was conducted on studies published between 2010 and 2024, examining over 350 articles that address UAM and urban-related topics. Trends in publication volume and scientific impact were analysed, along with influential manuscripts, collaborations, and leading countries in the field. Through a keyword co-occurrence analysis, five main research themes were identified: air traffic management, risk assessment, environmental factors (wind and noise), and vertiport location. These themes were further explored through a scoping review to assess current research and emerging directions. The findings highlight that urban characteristics are not just operational constraints but also fundamental elements that shape UAM strategies, influencing UAV path planning, safety, environmental constraints, and infrastructure design. Future research directions include the development of urban digital twins, comprehensive urban spatial databases, and multi-objective optimization frameworks to support the effective implementation of UAM into cities.","author":[{"family":"Campagna","given":"Ludovica"},{"family":"Carlucci","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Fiorito","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Marinelli","given":"Erika"},{"family":"Ottomanelli","given":"Michele"},{"family":"Marinelli","given":"Mario"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/drones9100692","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9100692","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6915852","type":"manuscript","title":"Urban Air Mobility for Emergency Medical Services: A Cost-Timeliness-Equity Multi-Objective Model for Vertiport Siting","abstract":"Deploying vertiports to support low-altitude emergency medical services is a crucial direction for urban air mobility. However, existing research on vertiport siting mostly focuses on general urban air mobility scenarios, leaving a significant gap in scenario-specific adaptation for low-altitude emergency medical services. Taking Wuhan, a megacity, as an empirical case, this study constructs a multi-objective optimization model for vertiport siting that integrates construction cost, emergency response timeliness, and spatial equity. It proposes an EMS-adapted NSGA-III algorithm tailored to emergency medical scenarios. A comparative experiment conducted under unified parameter configurations against native NSGA-II and NSGA-III algorithms verifies that the proposed algorithm achieves 100% hard constraint satisfaction in the first generation; its Pareto frontier uniformity is significantly superior to the two baseline algorithms, with faster convergence speed and greater result robustness. The approximately 4% reduction in hypervolume compared to the native NSGA-II is a designed performance trade-off, actively abandoning extreme solutions with no practical engineering value. The results demonstrate that the optimized solution achieves full coverage of the 4-minute golden rescue window for Level I patients in core high-demand areas and significantly outperforms the traditional ground-based mode in emergency response timeliness. This study provides scientific support for the planning of low-altitude emergency medical networks in megacities.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Peng","given":"Chong"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Mengjie"},{"family":"Xiao","given":"Zuopeng"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Jianzhong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6915852","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6915852","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42524-026-5302-4","type":"article-journal","title":"Data-driven vertiport location optimization for urban air mobility","abstract":"Abstract Urban air mobility (UAM), as an emerging transportation mode, represents an effective strategy to alleviate ground traffic congestion and is expected to be promoted globally in the coming years. This study focuses on the data-driven optimization of vertiport location. By integrating travel choice modeling with a three-phase multi-objective integer programming (TP-MOIP) model based on K -means clustering analysis, the study provides decision-making support for scientific vertiport network planning. The study combines revealed preference (RP) and stated preference (SP) surveys, employing binomial logistic regression to analyze the probability of individuals choosing UAM, while introducing time value coefficients to identify potential user groups. Utilizing ride-hailing order data, potential vertiport locations were identified through K -means clustering. The developed TP-MOIP model simultaneously optimizes the objectives of demand coverage maximization and cost minimization across three implementation phases. Using Shenzhen as a case study, the feasibility of the proposed approach was validated. The results show that the average selection probability for UAM is 16.7%, with time-sensitive users being a critical demographic. In addition, the TP-MOIP model achieved a demand coverage rate of 88.21%. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the land cost budget has the most pronounced impact on demand coverage. This research establishes both theoretical foundations and practical methodologies for vertiport location optimization, offering substantial implications for advancing UAM development.","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Shaorui"},{"family":"Pan","given":"Jia"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Min"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Lingxiao"},{"family":"Li","given":"Weiqing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s42524-026-5302-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-026-5302-4","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19080652","type":"article-journal","title":"Wind-Aware RRT* with Neural Energy Refinement for Energy-Efficient Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"Urban air mobility depends on small aerial vehicles threading through dense, wind-swept cities, yet most sampling-based planners treat the urban wind field as noise to reject rather than structure to exploit—and pay for it in flight energy. We take the opposite view. Behind every building lies a sheltered wake where the air slows and aerodynamic drag drops, and this work turns that physical fact into a planning principle. We present an energy-aware, wind-shadow-aware framework that routes a single quadrotor, at the planning level, through these low-wind corridors. The wind model couples a power-law shear profile with Ekman directional veer and a frozen-turbulence gust component, grounding the planner in realistic boundary-layer physics. A feed-forward neural energy surrogate, trained to approximate a cost field that aggregates wind exposure and obstacle clearance, then guides a two-stage refinement—energy-aware, collision-checked shortcutting followed by Laplacian and energy-guided smoothing—so that every accepted change stays collision-free. Against classical sampling-based baselines (RRT, goal-biased RRT, Informed RRT*, and BIT*) over a 50-run Monte-Carlo study, evaluated with multi-criteria metrics and Pareto-dominance analysis, the framework characterizes how wind-shadow-aware routing balances route energy against smoothness and clearance, offering a reproducible, wind-informed basis for flying robots navigation.","author":[{"family":"Bagheri","given":"Farhad"},{"family":"Atashgah","given":"Mohammadali"},{"family":"Ebrahimi","given":"Morteza"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/a19080652","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19080652","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.5194/icuc12-40","type":"article-journal","title":"Near-Real Time Weather Forecasting for Urban Air Mobility Using Deep Learning Emulators","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operates at altitudes of 1,000–2,000 feet within urban environments, where dynamic airflows require precise and real-time meteorological forecasts. Traditional large-scale forecasting systems often fail to capture intra-urban phenomena such as turbulence, while high-resolution Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are prohibitively computationally expensive for real-time applications. To address these challenges, this study introduces a deep learning-based emulator that rapidly generates CFD-like results using data from the Local Data Assimilation and Prediction System (LDAPS). The proposed model integrates Residual Dense Blocks (RDBs) with a wind direction classification system, significantly enhancing both predictive accuracy and computational efficiency. RDBs enable the effective learning of complex data patterns, while the wind direction classification system accurately predicts real-time wind direction changes, crucial for safe route planning and flight management in UAM operations. Experimental results demonstrate that the emulator reduces Mean Square Error (RMSE) compared to traditional forecasting models and achieves high accuracy in wind direction classification. Additionally, the emulator exhibits markedly lower computational costs and faster processing times than conventional CFD simulations, confirming its suitability for real-time applications. This deep learning-based emulator facilitates high-resolution urban-scale weather forecasting essential for the safe and efficient integration of UAM into urban airspaces. Furthermore, the approach holds significant potential for broader applications in urban meteorology and real-time computational tasks, establishing a new standard for meteorological forecasting tools in complex urban environmentsKey Words: Urban Air Mobility (UAM), Urban meteorology, Deep Learning, Emulator, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).","author":[{"family":"Bae","given":"Jinil"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Yunhyeong"},{"family":"Rho","given":"Ju"},{"family":"Kang","given":"Geon"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Jae"},{"family":"Son","given":"Rackhun"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5194/icuc12-40","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/icuc12-40","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.d0553","type":"article-journal","title":"Quantitative Metric to Assess Socioeconomic Impacts of Noise from Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"Urban air mobility (UAM) is a promising transportation frontier, but noise pollution issues are increasingly marginalized. High exposure to aircraft noise can cause hearing damage and anxiety. Additionally, disproportionately afflicted groups’ psychological repercussions exacerbate inequities. This article distills the relationship between projected UAM electric vertical takeoff and landing (EVTOL) aircraft operations and human activity and proposes a new community annoyance noise index based on present rules, population density, and land use to lessen the likelihood of ill-planned air traffic management. This holistic indicator can better inform public health and quality of life in communities near airports that are historically subjected to increased aircraft noise. To demonstrate the efficacy of this new statistic and its application, a Greater Los Angeles trade study was conducted. Hourly operations between postulated vertiports were simulated using three EVTOL aircraft configurations. The findings suggest that for direct vertiport-to-vertiport flight operations the degree to which specific demographics of people are impacted varies with configuration.","author":[{"family":"Guerrero","given":"Yair"},{"family":"Molloy","given":"Aidan"},{"family":"Nanjappa","given":"Niranjan"},{"family":"Cipriani","given":"Ava"},{"family":"Artemyev","given":"Nicole"},{"family":"Clarke","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Tillman","given":"Ceyenna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.d0553","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.d0553","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.d0556","type":"article-journal","title":"Integrating Social and Economic Sustainability in Urban Air Mobility Network Planning","abstract":"Urban air mobility (UAM) is an innovative concept with the potential to create numerous economic opportunities. However, the integration of UAM into existing urban environments presents significant challenges. Factors such as aircraft noise, community acceptance, and economic feasibility are primary concerns for investors, governments, and users. Recognizing the critical role of network and infrastructure design in a sustainable UAM system, this work focuses on enhancing UAM’s social and economic sustainability from a network planning perspective. Specifically, the authors plan the configurations of vertiports and flight corridors in a city by considering several key socioeconomic and environmental factors. The proposed methodology consists of social and economic factors identification, geospatial data integration, vertiport location selection, and flight corridor optimization. The methodology is applied in a detailed case study of the Austin, Texas, metropolitan area, in which the authors present and discuss a series of sustainable UAM network planning results across various cost-benefit scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Barsotti","given":"Mariah"},{"family":"Clarke","given":"John"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Zhenyu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.d0556","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.d0556","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.d0348","type":"article-journal","title":"Convex Approach to Real-Time Multiphase Trajectory Optimization for Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"Electric vertical takeoff and landing technology has emerged as a promising solution to alleviate ground transportation congestion. However, the limited capacity of onboard batteries enforces hard time constraints for vehicle operations in a complex urban environment. Therefore, a constrained, real-time trajectory optimization method is necessary to enable safe and energy-efficient vehicle flight. Unfortunately, most existing trajectory optimization methods suffer from low computational efficiency, unpredictable convergence processes, and strong dependence on a good initial trajectory. In this paper, we employ a successive convex programming approach to solve the multiphase minimum-energy-cost electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicle trajectory optimization problem for urban air mobility applications. The main contribution is the development and validation of two novel convexification methods that find approximate optimal solutions to the multiphase nonlinear trajectory optimization problem in real time by solving a sequence of convex subproblems. Specifically, the first method transforms the original nonlinear problem into a sequence of second-order cone programming problems through a convenient change of variables and lossless convexification, while the second approach achieves a similar goal without the need for control convexification. The resulting convex subproblems can be solved reliably in real time by advanced interior point methods. The proposed methods are demonstrated through numerical simulations of two different urban air mobility scenarios and compared with the solution obtained from GPOPS-II, a state-of-the-art general-purpose optimal control solver. Our proposed sequential convex programming methods can obtain near-optimal solutions with faster computational speed than GPOPS-II.","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Yufei"},{"family":"Deniz","given":"Sabrullah"},{"family":"Shi","given":"Yang"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Zhenbo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.d0348","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.d0348","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40864-026-00270-2","type":"article-journal","title":"Multimodal Hub-and-Spoke Network Design Problems to Integrate Urban Air Mobility and High-Speed Rail Services: A Semi-Quadratic Assignment Formulation and its Linearization","abstract":"Abstract Urban air mobility (UAM) leverages advanced air transportation systems to facilitate efficient and reliable air travel within and around urban areas. It involves the use of electric aircraft capable of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL), such as air taxis, which navigate urban airspace to transport passengers quickly between locations. High-speed rail (HSR) service, on the other hand, is a rail transport system that utilizes trains operating at higher speeds than traditional rail services, providing rapid connectivity between major metropolitan areas. In this study, we aim to develop a hub-and-spoke network design (HSND) problem that integrates UAM and HSR (UAMHSR–HSND) to improve the efficiency of multimodal transportation systems. The hub-and-spoke model captures the interfacility interactions between passenger flows and vertiport–station assignments via a semi-quadratic assignment model, which poses significant computational challenges. To address this challenge, we compare different linearization models that leverage the special network configuration of UAMHSR–HSND and allow the problem to be solved using off-the-shelf solvers. We further propose a hybrid solving strategy that uses NET-QAP to generate warm-start solutions and then refine them with stronger linearization models, thereby enhancing scalability for large instances. Numerical results show that the NET-QAP model consistently solves large-scale cases with reasonable optimality gaps, and that integrating it with the multicommodity-flow linearization can obtain optimality (GAP = 0%) within reasonable time limit on large-scale instances. Case studies conducted along the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed rail corridor, with spoke vertiports scattered throughout both Beijing and the Changjiang Delta, demonstrate the practicality of the proposed method.","author":[{"family":"Wu","given":"Xin"},{"family":"Huo","given":"Yanfu"},{"family":"Wen","given":"Yidan"},{"family":"Xing","given":"Jiahao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s40864-026-00270-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40864-026-00270-2","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/jrh75fg3zx.3","type":"article-journal","title":"ISTADFuels - Italian SpatioTemporal Augmented Dataset on Fuels","abstract":"We present a dataset for fuel sales analysis at the Italian provincial (NUTS3) level from January 2015 to October 2023 (release V3, January 2024). Fuel sales data are collected at monthly frequency, and are organized by fuel type, usage, and point of sale (highway, municipal road, extra-network road). Fuels data are augmented by a set of socio-economic and geographical variables, which help explain the impact of economic phenomena and topography on fuel sales. The data is collected from the Monthly oil Bullettin of Italian Ministry of Environment and Energy Security (MITE), ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica), Bank of Italy and Eurostat, and has been collected through both automated web scraping and manual downloads, then cleaned and reshaped to be suitable for analysis. The produced dataset may be useful for spatiotemporal fuel sales forecasting, air quality analysis, urban mobility, econometric research, as well as machine learning applications. To further assist the user in finding valuable insight, an R Shiny app (freely available at the webpage https://ale-ch.shinyapps.io/it-fuel-dashboard/) was developed for data exploration. App code and the data have been made fully available on the following Github repository (https://github.com/ale-ch/it-fuel-dashboard). The app consists of interactive plots that allow the user to visualize every variable in the dataset at different time ranges and locations, allowing full flexibility in data exploration.","author":[{"family":"Chiodin","given":"Alessio"},{"family":"Maranzano","given":"Paolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.17632/jrh75fg3zx.3","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/jrh75fg3zx.3","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/jrh75fg3zx","type":"article-journal","title":"ISTADFuels - Italian SpatioTemporal Augmented Dataset on Fuels","abstract":"We present a dataset for fuel sales analysis at the Italian provincial (NUTS3) level from January 2015 to October 2023 (release V3, January 2024). Fuel sales data are collected at monthly frequency, and are organized by fuel type, usage, and point of sale (highway, municipal road, extra-network road). Fuels data are augmented by a set of socio-economic and geographical variables, which help explain the impact of economic phenomena and topography on fuel sales. The data is collected from the Monthly oil Bullettin of Italian Ministry of Environment and Energy Security (MITE), ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica), Bank of Italy and Eurostat, and has been collected through both automated web scraping and manual downloads, then cleaned and reshaped to be suitable for analysis. The produced dataset may be useful for spatiotemporal fuel sales forecasting, air quality analysis, urban mobility, econometric research, as well as machine learning applications. To further assist the user in finding valuable insight, an R Shiny app (freely available at the webpage https://ale-ch.shinyapps.io/it-fuel-dashboard/) was developed for data exploration. App code and the data have been made fully available on the following Github repository (https://github.com/ale-ch/it-fuel-dashboard). The app consists of interactive plots that allow the user to visualize every variable in the dataset at different time ranges and locations, allowing full flexibility in data exploration.","author":[{"family":"Chiodin","given":"Alessio"},{"family":"Maranzano","given":"Paolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.17632/jrh75fg3zx","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/jrh75fg3zx","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/jrh75fg3zx.2","type":"article-journal","title":"ISTADFuels - Italian SpatioTemporal Augmented Dataset on Fuels","abstract":"We present a dataset for fuel sales analysis at the Italian provincial (NUTS3) level from January 2015 to mid-2023. Fuel sales data are collected at monthly frequency, and are organized by fuel type, usage, and point of sale (highway, municipal road, extra-network road). Fuels data are augmented by a set of socio-economic and geographical variables, which help explain the impact of economic phenomena and topography on fuel sales. The data is collected from the Monthly oil Bullettin of Italian Ministry of Environment and Energy Security (MITE), ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica), Bank of Italy and Eurostat, and has been collected through both automated web scraping and manual downloads, then cleaned and reshaped to be suitable for analysis. The produced dataset may be useful for spatiotemporal fuel sales forecasting, air quality analysis, urban mobility, econometric research, as well as machine learning applications. To further assist the user in finding valuable insight, an R Shiny app was developed for data exploration. App code and the data have been made fully available on the following Github repository (https://github.com/ale-ch/it-fuel-dashboard). The app consists of interactive plots that allow the user to visualize every variable in the dataset at different time ranges and locations, allowing full flexibility in data exploration.","author":[{"family":"Chiodin","given":"Alessio"},{"family":"Maranzano","given":"Paolo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.17632/jrh75fg3zx.2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/jrh75fg3zx.2","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.17632/jrh75fg3zx.1","type":"article-journal","title":"ISTADFuels - Italian SpatioTemporal Augmented Dataset on Fuels","abstract":"We present a dataset for fuel sales analysis at the Italian provincial (NUTS3) level from January 2015 to mid-2023. Fuel sales data are collected at monthly frequency, and are organized by fuel type, usage, and point of sale (highway, municipal road, extra-network road). Fuels data are augmented by a set of socio-economic and geographical variables, which help explain the impact of economic phenomena and topography on fuel sales. The data is collected from the Monthly oil Bullettin of Italian Ministry of Environment and Energy Security (MITE), ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica), Bank of Italy and Eurostat, and has been collected through both automated web scraping and manual downloads, then cleaned and reshaped to be suitable for analysis. The produced dataset may be useful for spatiotemporal fuel sales forecasting, air quality analysis, urban mobility, econometric research, as well as machine learning applications. To further assist the user in finding valuable insight, an R Shiny app was developed for data exploration. App code and the data have been made fully available on the following Github repository (https://github.com/ale-ch/it-fuel-dashboard). The app consists of interactive plots that allow the user to visualize every variable in the dataset at different time ranges and locations, allowing full flexibility in data exploration.","author":[{"family":"Maranzano","given":"Paolo"},{"family":"Chiodin","given":"Alessio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.17632/jrh75fg3zx.1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.17632/jrh75fg3zx.1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26165/juelich-data/syirws","type":"article-journal","title":"SAPHIR CHANEL 2024 Campaign","abstract":"This dataset contains gas-phase and aerosol measurements collected during the CHANEL (Household Chemicals Amplifying Urban Aerosol Pollution) campaign, conducted at the SAPHIR (Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction Chamber) outdoor atmospheric simulation chamber at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany, during summer 2024. The campaign comprised 27 experiments simulating a range of urban chemical environments, including single-source oxidation experiments (volatile chemical products, cooking, gasoline, and diesel exhaust) and multi-source mixtures representative of present-day Los Angeles, diesel-dominated European cities, and future low-vehicle-emission scenarios, under diverse daytime and nighttime oxidant regimes. Measurements include: gas-phase VOCs and oxygenated VOCs by NH4⁺ and H3O⁺ chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (VOCUS and FUSION PTR-TOF); non-methane hydrocarbons (C2–C12) by online GC–MS/FID (GC-ACTRIS and GC-1); trace inorganic gases including NOx, NOy, O3, and HONO by chemiluminescence, UV absorption, and iterative cavity-enhanced DOAS (ICAD); OH, HO2, and RO2 radical concentrations by laser-induced fluorescence (ROxLIF); NO3 radical chemistry by chemical ionisation; total OH reactivity by laser-flash photolysis LIF; aerosol chemical composition by high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS), Orbitrap mass spectrometry, WALL-E Orbitrap, and Extractive Electrospray Ionisation (EESI); aerosol volatility and molecular composition by a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO) coupled to iodide chemical ionisation and by a CHARON inlet coupled to NH4⁺ and H3O⁺ chemical ionisation mass spectrometry; gas-phase molecular composition by a Multi-Reagent Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometer (MR-CIMS) operated with iodide, acetone, bromide, and benzene reagent ions; oxygenated compounds by a high-resolution amine time-of-flight instrument (amine-HTOF); aerosol size distributions by Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers (SMPS) and an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI); and photolysis frequencies by CCD spectroradiometry. The dataset supports investigations of urban radical chemistry, secondary organic aerosol formation and volatility, ozone production, organic nitrate chemistry, and the chemical diversity of urban air under atmospherically relevant oxidation conditions.","author":[{"family":"Gkatzelis","given":"Georgios"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Yizhen"},{"family":"Tillmann","given":"Ralf"},{"family":"Pfannerstill","given":"Eva"},{"family":"Khare","given":"Peeyush"},{"family":"Marcillo","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Grasse","given":"Achim"},{"family":"Rohrer","given":"Franz"},{"family":"Depp","given":"Clémence"},{"family":"Roska","given":"Milan"},{"family":"Adam","given":"Max"},{"family":"Albertin","given":"Sarah"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.26165/juelich-data/syirws","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26165/juelich-data/syirws","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.7939/r3-n9dk-p715","type":"article-journal","title":"Associations between air pollution, income inequality, and death from suicide","abstract":"Background. In 2019, suicide was the second-leading cause of death among Canadians aged 18-35 and the ninth-leading cause of death for all Canadians. Environmental air pollution has been associated with respiratory, neurological, cardiovascular, oncological, and psychiatric health conditions. Short term exposures to air pollution have been linked to suicide attempts and deaths, but there is less evidence of the association with long-term exposures. Income inequality, a measure of the distribution of income within an area, may elevate mental ill-health symptoms contributing to suicide. Income inequality is hypothesized to negatively impact mental health by increasing awareness of social rank and reducing social cohesion. While studies have explored the joint effects of area-level inequality and pollution on health, few studies have examined the relationship between pollution and psychiatric conditions. Understanding these associations has relevance for Canadian public health, as the potential for both rising inequality from a changing social environment and the potential for increased environmental air pollution from a changing physical environment could increase risks for health conditions that, in turn, increase the risk for suicide-related behaviors. Objective. This research aimed to estimate the association between air pollution, area-level income inequality, and suicide deaths among Canadian adults. It was hypothesized that air pollution and area-level income inequality would be independently associated with greater hazards of death from suicide. It was also hypothesized that area-level income inequality and air pollution may have a positive multiplicative interaction on the hazard of death by suicide. Methods. This study used a retrospective cohort design with national, population-level data. Participants in the 2006 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts (CanCHECs) with residential mobility (postal code) data were followed from July 1, 2006 to June 30, 2017. Suicide deaths were obtained from in the Canadian Vital Statistics Database. Environmental exposure data was provided at the postal code level by the Canadian Urban Environmental Health Research Consortium. Particulate matter at or below the 2.5-micron level (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) were assigned at the postal code level included as time-varying lagged exposures. Estimates for area-level income inequality (the Gini coefficient of after-tax household income) and relevant area-level covariates were assigned at baseline using data from the 2006 Census. Cox-proportional hazard models were fit with cluster-robust standard errors to estimate the hazard of suicide, with baseline hazards stratified by sex, age, and income adequacy. Interactions were tested between income inequality and particulate matter. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to compare single- and multipollutant models with and without the inclusion of temperature as an area-level covariate, varied cluster-levels (individual-level, area-level, and none). Results. The analytic sample included 1,588,340 Canadian adults who contributed 16,754,215 years of person-time over the follow-up period. There were 104,450 observed deaths (6.6% of the sample), 2,790 of which were suicides (0.2%). In multipollutant models adjusted for area-level clustering, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM2.5 exposure (2.73 µg/m3) was significantly associated with increased relative hazards for suicide (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.08 – 1.51). Log hazard plots displayed non-linear but positive associations between PM2.5 and suicide. Results were inconsistent for ozone. In fully adjusted models, IQR-level increases in Gini (0.0316 units) were not associated with statistically significant increases in adjusted relative hazards. Conclusion. As the effects of anthropogenic climate change intensify, ambient air pollution is expected to increasingly affect population health. The results of this study suggest that long-t","author":[{"family":"Steele","given":"Brian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.7939/r3-n9dk-p715","URL":"https://doi.org/10.7939/r3-n9dk-p715","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.7939/r3-4gar-m289","type":"article-journal","title":"Climate change, women, and children: Assessing health vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation in the Kavre district, Nepal","abstract":"Nepal is ranked as one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change. Certain Nepalese subpopulations, including women and children, are at higher risk than others and may experience climate change impacts disproportionately due to socioeconomic disparities, gender roles, limited mobility and access to resources, physiological characteristics, and others. This thesis research qualitatively explored the women's lived experiences concerning climate change and quantitatively investigated the impacts of meteorological factors and air pollution exposure on adverse pregnancy outcomes (APO) and childhood infectious diseases in Kavre, Nepal. In Chapter II, we conducted a scoping review synthesizing evidence from recent South Asian studies on the relationship of meteorological factors and air pollution with women’s and children’s health. A research librarian executed the search on six databases for the period from January 2010 to May 2020. Two reviewers independently conducted title, abstract, and full-text screening. We extracted data from 42 studies. Most studies were based in India (23) and Bangladesh (14) and focused on meteorological factors (19) as the primary exposure. The impacts of extreme weather events, meteorological factors, and air pollution on children's health were the focus of 34 studies, and only eight focused on women's health. Undernutrition, acute respiratory infection (ARI), diarrheal diseases, low birthweight, and premature mortality were the main health focus in children and women. This study highlighted a gap in the geographic area of studies across regions and suggested opportunities for future work in climate change and women's and children's health. Chapter III included qualitative research exploring women's perspectives and lived experiences concerning climate change, its adverse impacts on agriculture and health and ongoing adaptation strategies. Eight focus group discussions and eight interviews were conducted using purposive and snowball recruitment. Interviews in the Nepali language, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Nepali, and content analysis using NVivo 1.7. was conducted. Three primary topical areas appeared. The first topical area, \"When the weather changes, it gets very cold,\" captured participants' perspectives on climate change. The second, ‘the unpredictability of weather,’ captured their lived experience related to climate change. The third, ‘acting locally,’ captured local-level actions to address impacts expected from climate change. These results can guide the development of interventions to address women's and children's needs and concerns. Chapter IV examined quantitative relationships between environmental exposures and APOs in Kavre, Nepal. Using a historical cohort study design, we conducted a secondary analysis of health facilities-based data. We linked health records to temperature, precipitation, and PM2.5 exposures for six months preceding each birth. A random intercept model was used to analyze birthweight. A composite APO outcome was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. We observed that total precipitation (β: 0.17, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.33) positively affected birthweight in the wetter season. Negative effects for mean maximum (β: -33.37, 95% CI -56.68 to -10.06), mean (β: -32.35, 95% CI -54.44 to -10.27), and mean minimum temperature (β: -29.28, 95% CI -49.58 to -8.98) on birthweight was observed in the wetter season. Future studies should consider larger cohorts to explain these complex relationships in Nepal. Chapter V included an analysis of health facilities-based data using a historical cohort study design examining the association of meteorological and air pollution exposures with diarrhea and ARI. Daily temperature and precipitation were linked to health records for the two weeks preceding each recorded health outcome. For PM2.5, we linked health records to the month preceding each recorded health outcome. Multivariable logistic regression was used","author":[{"family":"Tiwari","given":"Ishwar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.7939/r3-4gar-m289","URL":"https://doi.org/10.7939/r3-4gar-m289","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.18154/rwth-2024-06136","type":"article-journal","title":"Preliminary design method for sizing and optimization of on-demand air mobility aircraft with distributed electric ducted fans along the wing leading edge","abstract":"The On-Demand Air Mobility (ODAM) concept, small aircraft comparable to CS-23 class aircraft, presents a promising solution to meet the growing demand for inter-city and intra-city air transportation and a pivotal step towards a more sustainable aviation industry, aligning with Europe's ambitious Flightpath 2050 initiative. The ODAM system represents a transformative concept in urban and regional transportation, aiming to provide efficient and sustainable air travel for distances ranging from 100 to 500 kilometres. This research aims to analyse the performance of a small aircraft with distributed electric ducted fans (DEDFs) along the wing leading edge at a conceptual level. The aircraft configuration under consideration is a 4-seater with a high-wing and a T-tail. The main focus of this study is to extend an existing multidisciplinary preliminary aircraft design tool for investigating and optimizing of the current small aircraft configuration utilizing innovative propulsion concept, DEDFs along the wing leading edge. To achieve this, this research focuses on the design methodology of an all-electric powertrain architecture, with a specific emphasis on integrating DEDFs into the aircraft's propulsion system. The powertrain architecture, inspired by NASA's SCEPTOR project. Aero-propulsive interactions due to induced velocity of the DEDFs placement along the wing's upper leading edge are analysed with the LIFTING_LINE program. The developed models resulting from the installation of distributed ducted fans at the wing's leading edge, have been integrated into the ILR conceptual aircraft design code MICADO (multidisciplinary integrated conceptual aircraft design and optimization). Subsequently, the design studies and optimization process have been conducted using MICADO based on preliminary requirements analysis. The primary objective is to identify an optimized aircraft configuration that minimizes the mission energy consumption, based on the top level aircraft requirements (TLAR). To achieve these objectives, the present study investigates the effects of employing blown wing span area ratio, facilitated by the presence of ducted fans, and varying the number of ducted fans for different combination of the design aspects, cruise speeds and wing aspect ratio and design range. The optimized aircraft configuration, utilizing blown wing span area with DEDFs along the wing leading edge, demonstrated significant improvements in mission energy expenditure with only slight increases in MTOM, compared to a conventional all-electric aircraft with single propeller integrated into the nose of the fuselage. The study underscores the significance of aspect ratios, elucidating their sensitivity in proximity to minimum values. While higher aspect ratios generally reduce drag, they also add weight, leading to a shift in minimum mission energy towards higher aspect ratios compared to MTOM optimization. Moreover, our findings emphasize the substantial impact of cruise speed on MTOM and mission energy, especially at speeds exceeding 350 km/h, where unfavourable increases in both parameters are observed.","author":[{"family":"Awad","given":"Mohamed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.18154/rwth-2024-06136","URL":"https://doi.org/10.18154/rwth-2024-06136","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-031-95284-5_62","type":"article-journal","title":"Medical Applications of Urban Air Mobility: A Study on Acceptance","abstract":"Abstract In recent years, urban air mobility (UAM) has emerged as a transformative force in transportation, powered by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones. UAM promises to revolutionize air transport services by establishing efficient and innovative connections between cities, suburbs, rural areas, and previously inaccessible regions. This study delves deeper into one of the most promising applications of UAM, the healthcare sector, by analyzing ongoing survey data collected from healthcare workers (N = 154). The survey investigates the perceptions and attitudes of these professionals, with a specific focus on the potential applications to the Portuguese medical and healthcare services. Early results find a limited prior knowledge of using drones for medical purposes among healthcare workers. Furthermore, concerns related to safety and security are apparent. However, it is noteworthy that healthcare workers generally hold a positive outlook on both urgent and non-urgent applications of drones in their field. By recognizing and addressing these diverse perspectives, encompassing both the negative and positive aspects, through deliberate and systematic design, valuable insights can be gained. These insights have the potential to guide the development of UAM technologies in healthcare, ultimately contributing to improved services, enhanced safety, and more efficient and effective healthcare delivery.","author":[{"family":"Silva","given":"André"},{"family":"Duarte","given":"Sérgio"},{"family":"Melo","given":"Sandra"},{"family":"Lobo","given":"António"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/978-3-031-95284-5_62","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-95284-5_62","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/su17115054","type":"article-journal","title":"Efficient Urban Air Mobility Vertiport Operational Plans Considering On-Ground Traffic Environment","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has high potential as an ecofriendly transportation mode that can alleviate traffic congestion on the ground and reduce travel times by utilizing three-dimensional airspace. However, efficient vertiport operational plans are needed for UAM to become an accessible transportation mode for the public. In this study, the numerical analysis program MATLAB (R2023a) and the traffic simulation software VISSIM (PTV VISSIM 2024) were used to model vertiport operations and analyze the on-ground traffic environment, including vertiport capacity and UAM aircraft delays. Additionally, on-time performance was considered by applying uncertainties to the intervals between consecutive generations and the turnaround time to simulate situations where UAM aircraft cannot adhere to their scheduled arrival and departure times. Operational scenarios were developed by varying the interval time between UAM aircraft generated in the simulation (3–10 min) in two cases: (1) without considering the on-time performance and (2) considering the on-time performance. This study aimed to maximize vertiport capacity and minimize UAM aircraft delay times. In addition, the reduction of delay times and improvement of turnaround efficiency directly contribute to sustainable urban airspace management by lowering ground energy use and environmental impact. In Case 1, the vertiport was most efficient at an interval time of 7 min. In Case 2, capacity was maximized at an interval time of 6–7 min while delay times were minimized at an interval time of 8–10 min. The simulation results provide valuable insights for developing not only efficient but also environmentally responsible vertiport operational plans, contributing to the successful and sustainable implementation and scalability of UAM systems.","author":[{"family":"Lee","given":"Jaekyun"},{"family":"Huh","given":"Uwon"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Peng"},{"family":"Song","given":"Kyowon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su17115054","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115054","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5088","type":"article-journal","title":"Evaluating Impact Damage in Urban Air Mobility Using Acoustic Emission Sensing and a Probability-Based Classification Method","abstract":"The integrity and reliability of composite components for Urban Air Mobility is critical to operational safety and performance. A significant challenge to maintaining this integrity comes from airborne particulate impacts, which can lead to unforeseen damage and degradation. This paper introduces a novel in-flight impact assessment methodology employing acoustic emission sensing technology. The focus of the approach is to evaluate the extent of impact damage on a given composite component by scrutinizing the AE signals generated under in-flight stress conditions. A sophisticated algorithm is proposed to estimate the probability that the damage sustained by a component belongs to different damage classes. A series of composite panels were fabricated and subjected to impact as well as compression after impact testing. The AE signals collected during testing provided a preliminary validation for the method proposed in this paper, demonstrating its potential feasibility in assessing impact damage.","author":[{"family":"Ai","given":"Li"},{"family":"Houck","given":"Sydney"},{"family":"Widawsky","given":"Joshua"},{"family":"Henderson","given":"Bryson"},{"family":"Mesaric","given":"Tanner"},{"family":"Flowers","given":"Sydney"},{"family":"Ziehl","given":"Paul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5088","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/sm-2024-tvf-5088","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/math14162949","type":"article-journal","title":"Dimensional Synthesis of Urban Air Mobility Deployable Wings via Spectral Surrogate Modeling","abstract":"The rapid evolution of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) necessitates high-performance morphing structures capable of seamless transitions between flight and ground modes. This research presents a rigorous structural optimization framework for a wing deployment mechanism, addressing the critical challenge of minimizing stress concentrations in cantilevered revolute joints. To overcome the computational prohibitive cost of traditional multibody dynamics, a Generalized Spectral Surrogate Model (GSSM) is introduced. This novel approach maps the mechanism’s geometric parameters to its kinetic response using polynomial-modulated Fourier series, reducing the evaluation time of 105 design configurations from 4.2 h to merely 0.8 s while maintaining a determination coefficient R2&gt;0.995. Comparative analysis demonstrates that the GSSM outperforms Artificial Neural Networks and Kriging models in capturing periodic kinematic boundaries without spurious local minima. Through a weighted topological analysis, the study identifies a global optimum (L2=0.5 m, θ2=64.2∘) that effectively shunts 70.3% of the aerodynamic load to the robust vehicle chassis. The proposed solution deviates from the theoretical unconstrained minimum by only 0.24%, providing a validated mathematical basis for the rapid synthesis of reliable aerospace mechanisms.","author":[{"family":"Pérez-Carrera","given":"Carlos"},{"family":"Rubio","given":"Higinio"},{"family":"Soriano-Heras","given":"Enrique"},{"family":"Guida","given":"Domenico"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/math14162949","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14162949","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.3828","type":"article-journal","title":"International standard-compliant vertiport marker detector for instrument landing systems of urban air mobility","abstract":"Vertiports, dedicated takeoff and landing sites for urban air mobility (UAM), require precision landing technologies for safe operations. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) have recently introduced new symbols for vertiport identification, yet existing vertiport detectors still predominantly depend on fiducial markers such as ArUco or AprilTag. To address this, this study proposes a vision-based detector for FAA- and EASA-compliant vertiport markers to support precision landing in UAM operations, assuming a nadir-oriented camera viewpoint consistent with regulatory concepts that foresee vertical takeoff and landing segments where standardized vertiport markings provide visual cues. The proposed approach identifies international standard-compliant vertiport identification symbols, estimates relative position and attitude via geometric transformation, and displays pose estimation results on instruments similar to an instrument landing system. The proposed method is validated by analyzing relative position and angle errors in indoor camera and drone flight experiments, where multiple images under diverse relative poses are statistically analyzed and officially defined test criteria are adopted to obtain ground-truth data. The results show high accuracy and robustness under both controlled indoor and real flight conditions, and the instrument visualization demonstrates the practical applicability of the proposed approach to typical UAM landing operations.","author":[{"family":"Heo","given":"Hyeonjeong"},{"family":"Song","given":"Jeonghoon"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Kyuman"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.7717/peerj-cs.3828","URL":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3828","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17909868","type":"article-journal","title":"Geo-referenced environmental data collected by mobile sensing vehicles","abstract":"This dataset consists of geo-referenced and time-stamped environmental measurements, including CO₂ concentration, air temperature, and relative humidity, collected by a fleet of mobile sensors in Benevento, Italy. The sensors are Sensirion SCD41 CO₂ sensors, managed by a vehicle-mounted RaspeberryPi, which perform local preprocessing, GPS acquisition, timestamp synchronization, and data transmission. Data was collected by three vehicles with identical sensors, covering diverse urban trajectories to ensure wide spatial coverage. Each vehicle generated continuous data streams of CO₂, temperature, humidity, latitude, longitude, and timestamps. The dataset comprises raw sensor readings, spatial coordinates, temporal metadata, and vehicle IDs, enabling the reconstruction of trajectories and facilitating environmental analyses. Sampling intervals range from 1 to 5 seconds. This dataset supports research on urban air quality, mobile sensing, spatio-temporal analysis, environmental monitoring, and vehicular sensor networks. It can be used for benchmarking interpolation algorithms, validating mobile sensing strategies, evaluating uncertainty propagation, and mobility-aware sampling. Additionally, it offers insight into sensor behavior in real-world conditions and methods for robust urban monitoring. This dataset is described in a Data in Brief article currently under revision, entitled “Geo-Temporal Vehicular Environmental Sensing Dataset,” authored by the same authors. This dataset was used in the Case Study section of the following article Mobile Urban Sensing: Spatio-Temporal Observability Analysis and Optimization: @article{COLARUSSO2026101907, title = {Mobile Urban Sensing: Spatio-Temporal Observability Analysis and Optimization}, journal = {Internet of Things}, pages = {101907}, year = {2026}, issn = {2542-6605}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101907}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542660526000375}, author = {Carmine Colarusso and Marco Consales and Ida Falco and Eugenio Zimeo}}","author":[{"family":"Colarusso","given":"Carmine"},{"family":"Consales","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Dalia","given":"Gregorio"},{"family":"Falco","given":"Ida"},{"family":"Goglia","given":"Lorenzo"},{"family":"Mazzitelli","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Perugini","given":"Pio"},{"family":"Zimeo","given":"Eugenio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17909868","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17909868","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17909869","type":"article-journal","title":"Geo-referenced environmental data collected by mobile sensing vehicles","abstract":"This dataset consists of geo-referenced and time-stamped environmental measurements, including CO₂ concentration, air temperature, and relative humidity, collected by a fleet of mobile sensors in Benevento, Italy. The sensors are Sensirion SCD41 CO₂ sensors, managed by a vehicle-mounted RaspeberryPi, which perform local preprocessing, GPS acquisition, timestamp synchronization, and data transmission. Data was collected by three vehicles with identical sensors, covering diverse urban trajectories to ensure wide spatial coverage. Each vehicle generated continuous data streams of CO₂, temperature, humidity, latitude, longitude, and timestamps. The dataset comprises raw sensor readings, spatial coordinates, temporal metadata, and vehicle IDs, enabling the reconstruction of trajectories and facilitating environmental analyses. Sampling intervals range from 1 to 5 seconds. This dataset supports research on urban air quality, mobile sensing, spatio-temporal analysis, environmental monitoring, and vehicular sensor networks. It can be used for benchmarking interpolation algorithms, validating mobile sensing strategies, evaluating uncertainty propagation, and mobility-aware sampling. Additionally, it offers insight into sensor behavior in real-world conditions and methods for robust urban monitoring. This dataset is described in a Data in Brief article currently under revision, entitled “Geo-Temporal Vehicular Environmental Sensing Dataset,” authored by the same authors. This dataset was used in the Case Study section of the following article Mobile Urban Sensing: Spatio-Temporal Observability Analysis and Optimization: @article{COLARUSSO2026101907, title = {Mobile Urban Sensing: Spatio-Temporal Observability Analysis and Optimization}, journal = {Internet of Things}, pages = {101907}, year = {2026}, issn = {2542-6605}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101907}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542660526000375}, author = {Carmine Colarusso and Marco Consales and Ida Falco and Eugenio Zimeo}}","author":[{"family":"Colarusso","given":"Carmine"},{"family":"Consales","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Dalia","given":"Gregorio"},{"family":"Falco","given":"Ida"},{"family":"Goglia","given":"Lorenzo"},{"family":"Mazzitelli","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Perugini","given":"Pio"},{"family":"Zimeo","given":"Eugenio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17909869","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17909869","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6878678","type":"manuscript","title":"Urban Form, Air Pollution, and Climate Moderate Greenspace-Emotion Links in Daily Mobility: Within-Person Evidence From 140 Million Geo-Tagged Posts","abstract":"Urban greenspace is linked to mental health benefits, yet most studies assess it only at residential locations using crosssectional, single-city data.Urban greenspace is linked to mental health benefits, yet most studies assess it only at residential locations using cross-sectional, single-city data. These designs cannot address under what built environment, weather, and climatic conditions greenspace is most effective in restoring emotional well-being as people navigate through cities. We analysed 71.4 million geotagged posts from 3.97 million users across 60 Chinese cities (2018-2023) with linked highresolution geospatial data. Within-individual models tested whether users expressed more positive emotions at locations with higher greenspace while systematically controlling for co-occurring environmental exposures (weather, air pollution, building characteristics) and other spatiotemporal characteristics. Higher greenspace exposure increases positive and reduces negative emotions and exhibits nonlinear patterns that peak at moderate-to-high vegetation density. Effects are heterogeneous across all out-of-home and residential locations. Higher building density, counterintuitively, amplifies greenspace benefits, and finergrained street networks further enhance effects. Excessive building height, however, both independently reduces emotional well-being and attenuates greenspace's restorative benefits. Thermal stress approximately halves benefits, whereas solar radiation strengthens them. Greenspace benefits are also amplified under higher PM2.5 exposure. Across cities, associations are more than twice as strong in drier, temperate climates compared to subtropical humid zones. Effects peak during spring, winter and the COVID-19 pandemic period. Our results emphasise that integrating restorative urbanism into planning policy requires activity-aware, configuration-sensitive, regionally equitable and climate-adaptive approaches that reflect the well-being impacts of engaging with greenspace in daily life.","author":[{"family":"Deng","given":"Hong"},{"family":"Kandt","given":"Jens"},{"family":"Shelton","given":"Nicola"},{"family":"Signorelli","given":"Valerio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6878678","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6878678","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu26-23261","type":"article-journal","title":"A multi-dimensional KPI framework for evaluating urban mobility scenarios: Integrating air quality, climate, and equity metrics across three metropolitan areas","abstract":"Evaluating urban mobility scenarios typically relies on single-metric assessments—CO2 reductions, modal shares, or air quality indices—that fail to capture trade-offs between environmental effectiveness, social equity, and policy feasibility. A scenario delivering maximum emission cuts may exacerbate inequalities; one prioritising accessibility may underperform on climate targets. Decision-makers need multi-dimensional frameworks that make these trade-offs explicit and comparable across contexts.We present the Key Performance Indicator (KPI) framework developed within IMTECC (Integrated Multimodal Traffic Emissions Climate and Cities), a Sino-European collaboration funded by ANR, Innovation Fund Denmark, and NSFC, involving LISA-CNRS, University of Copenhagen, Aarhus University, Zhejiang University, and the Municipality of Copenhagen. The framework structures scenario evaluation across six pillars and fourteen sub-dimensions:• Climate &amp; Pollution: emission reductions, net-zero pathway alignment, public health impacts • Society &amp; Lifestyles: behavioural shifts, inequality trends • Mobility &amp; Transport: pricing and incentives, multimodality, infrastructure upgrades • Technology &amp; Innovation: low-emission vehicle penetration, ITS optimisation • Governance &amp; Policy: master plan integration, low-emission zone implementation • Territorial: urban typology coherence, innovation cluster development This structure enables systematic cross-city comparison between Paris (OLYMPUS-CHIMERE platform), Copenhagen (COMPASS transport model), and Hangzhou, despite differences in modelling approaches and local policy contexts.For the Paris metropolitan area, four scenarios at the 2035 horizon are evaluated against this KPI matrix:• Scenario A (Reference): Baseline trajectory. • Scenario B (Densification): 220,000 inhabitants and 140,000 jobs relocated within 800m of Grand Paris Express stations. • Scenario C (LEZ + Electrification): 50% electric vehicle target with reinforced emission standards. • Scenario E1 (Progressive LEZ + Equity): Gradual implementation with social support for vulnerable households.The KPI matrix reveals differentiated scenario profiles. Scenario C scores highest on climate &amp; pollution indicators (emission reductions, net-zero alignment) but neutral on inequality trends. Scenario B shows balanced performance across territorial coherence, multimodality, and master plan integration. Scenario E1 achieves the strongest score on inequality trends while maintaining moderate climate performance—demonstrating that equity need not be sacrificed for environmental ambition.Cross-pillar analysis exposes synergies and tensions: scenarios combining electrification with densification (B+C hybrid) could maximise both climate and territorial scores, while pure technology-push approaches (C alone) leave behavioural and equity dimensions unaddressed. A composite sustainability index weighting GHG emissions, travel times, population exposure, exposure inequalities, and non-fossil energy share is proposed to support multi-criteria decision-making. This KPI-based approach, aligned with the Integrated Urban System framework promoted by the World Meteorological Organization, offers a replicable methodology for evidence-based urban climate governance.","author":[{"family":"Etuman","given":"Arthur"},{"family":"Coll","given":"Isabelle"},{"family":"Benoussaid","given":"Taos"},{"family":"Costes","given":"Malo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5194/egusphere-egu26-23261","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-23261","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7038807","type":"manuscript","title":"Real-Time Communication-Aware Ride-Sharing Route Planning for Urban Air Mobility: A Multi-Source Hybrid Attention Reinforcement Learning Approach","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) systems are rapidly emerging as promising solutions to alleviate urban congestion, with path planning becoming a key focus area. Unlike ground transportation, UAM trajectory planning has to prioritize communication quality for accurate location tracking in constantly changing environments to ensure safety. Meanwhile, a UAM system, serving as an air taxi, requires adaptive planning to respond to real-time passenger requests, especially in ride-sharing scenarios where passenger demands are unpredictable and dynamic. However, conventional trajectory planning strategies based on predefined routes lack the flexibility to meet varied passenger ride demands. To address these challenges, this work first proposes constructing a radio map to evaluate the communication quality of urban airspace. Building on this, we introduce a novel Multi-Source Hybrid Attention Reinforcement Learning (MSHA-RL) framework for the challenge of effectively focusing on passengers and UAM locations, which arises from the significant dimensional disparity between the representations. This model first generates the alignment among diverse data sources with large gap dimensions before employing hybrid attention to balance global and local insights, thereby facilitating responsive, real-time path planning. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the approach enables communication-compliant trajectory planning, reducing travel time and enhancing operational efficiency while prioritizing passenger safety.","author":[{"family":"Xie","given":"Yuejiao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Maonan"},{"family":"Zhou","given":"Di"},{"family":"Pun","given":"Man"},{"family":"Han","given":"Zhu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.7038807","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7038807","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/su18052187","type":"article-journal","title":"People-Oriented Mobility and Urban Air Quality: The Case of Almaty’s Transport Reforms Towards an Eco-City Model","abstract":"Urban transport systems are major contributors to air pollution in rapidly growing post-Soviet metropolitan areas. Almaty, Kazakhstan’s largest city, has experienced a sharp rise in private vehicle ownership, accompanied by persistent exceedance of guideline values, particularly for particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). In response, successive municipal administrations have introduced transport and mobility reforms aimed at mitigating traffic-related emissions and improving urban environmental sustainability. This study applies a descriptive longitudinal policy analysis to review and systematize major transport policy interventions implemented in Almaty between 2005 and 2019, including metro expansion, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) corridors, pedestrianization programs, cycling infrastructure development, and public transport fleet modernization. A brief comparative reference to Bishkek (Kyrgyz Republic) is included as a contextual benchmark rather than as a full comparative case, situating Almaty’s experience within the Central Asian urban context. Using aggregated time-series air-quality data from RSE Kazhydromet, transport infrastructure statistics, and demographic indicators, the study examines how successive reform phases align with long-term particulate matter dynamics. The analysis suggests that people-oriented mobility restructuring and investments in high-capacity public transport tend to coincide with downward trends in particulate matter concentrations, whereas road-expansion-oriented measures demonstrate limited long-term environmental benefits. The study applies a descriptive longitudinal policy framework, focusing on system-level patterns and indicative alignment between transport policy phases and air-quality dynamics rather than causal attribution. The findings provide policy-relevant insights into other rapidly motorizing post-Soviet cities, subject to data and methodological limitations.","author":[{"family":"Kerimova","given":"Zhansaya"},{"family":"Akhapov","given":"Yerlan"},{"family":"Moshkal","given":"Madina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su18052187","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18052187","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4271/2026-26-0777","type":"article-journal","title":"Preliminary Requirement Elicitation for Urban Air Mobility in India – A Mission-Based Approach","abstract":"&lt;div class=\"section abstract\"&gt;&lt;div class=\"htmlview paragraph\"&gt;The present paper reports preliminary requirement elicitation for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) from Indian perspective. A mission based approach has been adopted to identify the stakeholders and their respective requirements during different phases of the mission profile. Non adherence to the requirements emerge as possible risks for the mission and need mitigation planning. Three UAM operations for Bengaluru city viz. cargo delivery, organ delivery and passenger transport using UAM vehicle are elaborated. Stakeholders for these missions are identified and associated requirements are reported. For the cargo delivery mission, a detailed analysis is carried out to emphasis on how the India specific statutory restrictions of abiding by the red zone restrictions levied by DGCA impacts the de-tour factor and flight time. A qualitative assessment of the impact of these mission based requirements on the UAM vehicle design is presented.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;","author":[{"family":"De","given":"Manabendra"},{"family":"Hebbar","given":"Archana"},{"family":"Henry","given":"Devanandham"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4271/2026-26-0777","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2026-26-0777","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu26-15281","type":"article-journal","title":"From residence-based to mobility-based exposure assessment: a comparison of urban air pollution exposure modelling approaches for environmental health equity","abstract":"Air pollution is a significant environmental risk for premature mortality and disease. Previous research has documented inequitable air pollution exposure and health outcomes among marginalized and biologically susceptible populations. Characterizing air pollution exposure levels is a key component of assessing public health risks to inform urban policies and planning decisions; however, traditional, residence-based approaches to exposure assessment can fail to capture real-world variability in exposure across space and time, and between households. In this work, we investigate the impact of considering mobility patterns and microenvironments on exposure variability across households.In urban environments, air pollutant concentrations show strong spatial patterns with fine-scale heterogeneity across diverse microenvironments. For example, traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) often decays by approximately 50% within 150 meters of emission sources (e.g., major roads) and returns to the local background within 500 meters. Still, the decay is context-dependent, shaped by local meteorology and urban-modified flow. Indoor exposure differs further from outdoor concentrations, which are determined by factors such as indoor emissions, building characteristics, and air exchange rates. Individual routines also influence their exposure levels, as reflected in daily activity locations (origins/destinations), the travel trajectories between them, and mobility modes.To better capture air pollution exposure and assess health risks by accounting for these sources of variability and uncertainty, our study utilizes hourly, 1-km resolution air pollution estimates (NO₂, PM₂.₅, and O₃) for Metro Vancouver, Canada, generated by the coupled WRF-CMAQ modelling system. The high temporal resolution allows us to assess health risks associated with both short- and long-term exposure to air pollution. Beyond assigning exposure based on residential location, the fine resolution enables us to characterize concentration variability across microenvironments and to link exposures with individuals’ daily time-activity patterns and commuting trajectories. There is a wide range of microenvironment types relevant to air pollution exposure. For example, the U.S. EPA’s Hazardous Air Pollutant Exposure Model defines 18 microenvironments within broader categories such as indoor, outdoor, and in-vehicle, including residences, offices, public transit, and transit-waiting areas. Air pollution exposure within these microenvironments can be estimated using inputs such as the penetration of outdoor pollutants indoors and proximity to emission sources.As a next step to explore exposure disparities, we will estimate exposures using developed, narrative household archetypes that are grounded in residents' lived experiences. These archetypes are designed to capture intersecting marginalization and disadvantage, reflecting mobility inequities (e.g., barriers to travel, mode choice constraints, and differences in commuting routes).Together, we will compare and discuss: (1) differences in exposure estimates and their associated uncertainties across modelling methods; and (2) exposure disparities across groups that may contribute to health inequities. We hypothesize that mobility-based approaches offer higher granularity and therefore better capture exposure variability across households and populations than residence-based approaches. We further expect larger exposure differences between households after explicitly accounting for time-activity patterns and travel modes. By evaluating exposures under alternative policy and planning scenarios, our findings can inform sustainable travel mode shift as well as land-use and transportation planning to reduce exposures and enhance environmental health benefits.","author":[{"family":"Ren","given":"Shuoqi"},{"family":"Giang","given":"Amanda"},{"family":"Delbari","given":"Seyed"},{"family":"Bhalla","given":"Manvi"},{"family":"Hosseini","given":"Vahid"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5194/egusphere-egu26-15281","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-15281","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1177/08854122251314481","type":"article-journal","title":"Decoding the Vertiport: Planning for Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"The potential of advanced air mobility (AAM) has recently been receiving a tremendous amount of attention in both the media and within the research literature. In particular, service in urban environments, referred to as urban air mobility (UAM), has received the overwhelming majority of focus. This nascent field, centered around electric vertical takeoff and landing flying vehicles (eVTOLs), is capturing imaginations and investments at an impressive pace. Yet, guidance on the siting and development of vertiports, the interface between ground transit and UAM, is trailing the pace of the forthcoming service. Vertiports are expected to operate like bus stops, transit stations, helipads, and airports. Still, this new public transportation infrastructure has the potential to dramatically alter the urban landscape due to their space requirements, safety requirements, and pace of low-altitude flight operations. Therefore, current and long-range plans must acknowledge this potential, and planning stakeholders must utilize participatory geographic information systems (GIS) to select safe, efficient, and accessible locations for vertiports to ensure future capital investment. Because of its unique attributes and requirements, the site selection process for UAM infrastructure demands a unique perspective that varies from the planning criteria for traditional transit hubs. This article summarizes the current UAM literature and offers stakeholders an informed yet simple workflow process for urban, suburban, and exurban site suitability selection that can be implemented during preliminary community engagement and early master planning processes. An example case in which this workflow was applied is provided using the San Francisco Bay Area as recent literature has shown this area to be a prime candidate for a UAM transportation network of vertiport locations being integrated into a regional multi-modal transit system.","author":[{"family":"Rohrmeier","given":"Kerry"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Wenbin"},{"family":"Ison","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1177/08854122251314481","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08854122251314481","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3389/arc.2026.16513","type":"article-journal","title":"Electric VTOL design exploration and configurations comparison for urban air mobility","abstract":"The development of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has led to the introduction of various electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft configurations, which plays a crucial role in determining performance. This paper systematically compares two typical eVTOL configurations, lift + cruise and tiltrotor, under the context of a UAM mission with a payload of 200 kg and a range of 200 km. Employing a comprehensive aircraft sizing and mission analysis framework, the study evaluates weight, energy consumption, power requirements, and noise characteristics. The results show that the tiltrotor outperforms the lift + cruise in terms of maximum takeoff weight (MTOW), cruise aerodynamic efficiency, and mission energy consumption, mainly due to the avoidance of non-operating lift systems during cruise, thus reducing aerodynamic and weight penalties. However, the tiltrotor presents increased complexity in propulsion system design and mode transition. Noise analysis highlights that the lift + cruise generates significantly higher sound pressure levels (SPL) during vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) due to high disk loading rotors, posing a critical urban constraint. A sensitivity analysis of battery energy density indicates that, although improvements in energy density enhance overall performance for both configurations, the relative performance gap remains stable across various energy densities. Ultimately, the configuration type plays a dominant role in determining aircraft performance. This study provides quantitative insights for eVTOL configuration selection and early-stage UAM aircraft design.","author":[{"family":"Chen","given":"Xue"},{"family":"Yao","given":"Xuanyu"},{"family":"Man","given":"Yunkun"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yaolong"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Yao"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3389/arc.2026.16513","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/arc.2026.16513","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038602","type":"article-journal","title":"Acoustic Characteristics of Urban Air Mobility-Scale Rotors of Increasing Size","abstract":"This study examines the acoustics of Urban Air Mobility-scale (UAM), variable-RPM electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) rotors in hover. The high-solidity, 5-bladed rotors operate at low tip speeds and a nominal 6psf disk loading. Rotor diameter varies from 4 to 14 ft, and variations in disk loading and solidity are also considered. Far-field in-plane tonal and broadband noise increases of 11 dB and 7.4 dB are observed, going from 4 to 14 ft diameter, with the 14 ft rotor carrying 12.25 times the thrust. But with A-weighting, tonal noise from the 14 ft rotor is 9.1 dBA lower than the 4 ft rotor, due to its lower blade passage frequency. Over the range of rotor sizes, broadband noise was observed to be 3–6.6 dB higher than tonal, unweighted, while completely dominating when A-weighting is used. Increasing from 6 psf to 12 psf disk loadings results in increased tip Mach numbers, and increases of [Formula: see text] in tonal noise and 6.8–8 dB in broadband noise. At high disk loading, A-weighted broadband noise continues to dominate, but tonal noise comes to within 5.6 dBA of broadband for the 4 ft rotor. Going to a lower solidity 2-bladed rotor operating at higher tip Mach number shows similar characteristics of increase in unweighted tonal noise, relative to broadband, but continued dominance of broadband with A-weighting. Moving from an in-plane observer to elevation angles below the rotor, the tonal noise is seen to drop away sharply, while the broadband noise shows a gentler increase.","author":[{"family":"Gandhi","given":"Farhan"},{"family":"Keller","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Whitt","given":"Jonah"},{"family":"Smith","given":"Brendan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038602","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038602","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6400620","type":"manuscript","title":"Deep Learning-Based Minute-Scale Forecasting for Urban Air Mobility: An Analysis of Temporal Structure and Predictability","abstract":"​Accurate ultra-short-term forecasting of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) turbulence is essential for the safe operation of urban air mobility (UAM). While conventional deep learning–based studies have primarily focused on performance comparison and accuracy improvement, relatively little attention has been paid to the physical and dynamical interpretation of how the strong nonlinearity and chaotic characteristics of turbulence are learned and represented within these models. This study systematically investigates how deep learning models predict time series of various physical variables under ABL turbulence conditions. To this end, the predictive performance of five models—Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN), Transformer, and Echo State Network (ESN)—is evaluated and compared. In addition, multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA) and the Langevin equation are employed to examine the memory effects and scaling properties associated with predictability. The results indicate that the intrinsic scaling properties and dynamical structures of the time series, rather than the structural complexity of the models, are the dominant factors determining predictability. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that predictive performance comparable to that of models trained on six years of data can be achieved using only 30 days of training data. This study contributes to strengthening the theoretical foundation of turbulence forecasting for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations.","author":[{"family":"Moon","given":"Woosok"},{"family":"Lee","given":"Jonghan"},{"family":"Kang","given":"Song"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Jae"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Wonsik"},{"family":"Kim","given":"Hyeyeong"},{"family":"Jeon","given":"Mijeong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6400620","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6400620","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7216697","type":"manuscript","title":"Multi-Source Geospatial Data-Driven Multi-Objective Spatial Optimization for Vertiport Location in Urban Air Mobility: A Pareto Trade-Off Analysis in Shanghai","abstract":"Vertiport location critically determines the coverage capacity, operational cost, and service accessibility of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) networks. However, existing location studies predominantly rely on simplified urban spatial representations and single-dimensional objectives, failing to integrate multi-source geospatial big data for coordinated optimization of coverage breadth, construction economy, and spatial equity in large-scale real-world urban environments. This study develops a multi-source geospatial data-driven framework that couples a Multi-Objective Optimization Vertiport Location Problem (MOOVLP) model with the Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm Based on Reinforcement Learning with Deep Q-Network (DQN-RLMOEA) to generate Pareto-optimal vertiport location schemes. The framework integrates building footprints, points of interest, and mobile phone signaling data to construct a fine-grained candidate vertiport network and population-weighted demand surface for Shanghai. Four representative schemes sampled from the Pareto front span a trade-off from 66-site full coverage to 26-site cost efficiency, exhibiting a core-to-periphery concentric expansion pattern. Spatial analyses quantitatively confirm that S1 exhibits a statistically significant peripheral-infilling bias, while S2, S3 occupies a transitional position and S4 does not significantly differ from proportional urban-rural sampling. A supplementary experiment tracing the absence of vertiport sites on Chongming Island to data coverage bias in the candidate generation stage further demonstrates that extending the candidate framework beyond the urban commercial-building paradigm enables effective peripheral coverage at reasonable marginal cost. The proposed framework provides a transferable methodology for data-driven vertiport spatial planning and contributes to the growing literature on computational spatial optimization for urban infrastructure systems.","author":[{"family":"Zhou","given":"Xinxin"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Chenyu"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Runtian"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Hongye"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Changbin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.7216697","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7216697","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1177/03611981261441296","type":"article-journal","title":"Elevating Urban Public Transit: Consensus-Based Expert Study on Urban Air Mobility and Aerial Cable Car Integration","abstract":"Airspace is increasingly emerging as a relevant dimension for urban mobility. Urban cable cars, a prime example of airborne modes, have already succeeded in emerging and developing countries, supplementing conventional public transit. However, aerial cable cars are less prevalent in industrialized nations, and integration with high-quality transit in such countries requires careful consideration. Therefore, this study identifies impacts, challenges, and stakeholders associated with cable cars, determines common challenges, and suggests appropriate use cases. An online consensus-based two-wave expert survey involving 63 high-caliber participants from engineering and consulting companies, public authorities, transit agencies, research institutions and cable car manufacturers yielded more than 4,700 answers. Key findings from consolidated expert knowledge indicated that cable cars could effectively supplement transit in industrialized countries. Positive impacts include connectivity to transit, reliability owing to minimal road-level competition, direct connections over obstacles, and being an attractive transit option. Negative impacts include privacy concerns, property ownership interference, limited access to adjacent sites along routes owing to aerial routing, lower capacity compared with conventional transit, and knowledge gaps. Handling passenger transfers between cable cars and other transit modes owing to height differences and passenger volumes poses service challenges. Transparent communication with stakeholders is crucial for project acceptance. Municipalities, operators/planners, politicians, and manufacturers are key stakeholders. Cable cars are considered a suitable aerial transit mode, with accessibility and safety levels similar to those of traditional transit modes. High demand is anticipated, especially when bridging barriers. In conclusion, cable cars can complement transit and this study provides valuable consensus-proven planning guidance for policy makers and practitioners.","author":[{"family":"Flesser","given":"Morten"},{"family":"Shalaby","given":"Amer"},{"family":"Friedrich","given":"Bernhard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1177/03611981261441296","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261441296","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13272-025-00917-z","type":"article-journal","title":"Safety assessment for battery thermal runaway propagation for urban air mobility","abstract":"Abstract Recent research on batteries has led to novel approaches for preventing TRP at both the module and pack levels. Since evidence for failure mechanisms and propagation processes is still emerging and limited, this study introduces a scenario-based framework to evaluate strategies for mitigating TRP. The focus is on the synergistic use of thermal barriers and liquid cooling systems in combination with a TRP containment mechanism. Four scenarios were analyzed under simplified assumptions to investigate whether the considered battery system could meet the safety targets for manned eVTOL and UAV applications. The results highlight the crucial role of TRP containment mechanisms, in addition to cell-to-cell TRP prevention techniques. Under the most conservative scenario, where no TRP containment mechanism is included, the safety targets could be achieved only for UAV applications with a moderate mass penalty. However, achieving the safety targets for manned eVTOL applications would require a TRP containment mechanism, which significantly increases the mass penalty. In more progressive scenarios, safety targets for both UAV and manned eVTOL applications could be met with a negligible mass penalty even without any TRP containment mechanism.","author":[{"family":"Bosch","given":"Colin"},{"family":"Pachchhao","given":"Rishabh"},{"family":"Yavrucuk","given":"Ilkay"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s13272-025-00917-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-025-00917-z","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6521194","type":"manuscript","title":"Joint Supply-Demand Control of Urban Air Mobility Operations with Variable Pricing: A Case Study of Airport Access Market at JFK","abstract":"This paper introduces a novel joint-supply-demand optimization framework for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations, designed to maximize operating profit by simultaneously managing fleet scheduling and pricing. While existing research treats pricing as an exogenous factor, our model recognizes the UAM operator&amp;apos;s dual role as both service provider and market maker. By integrating a discrete choice model into a spatial-temporal optimization framework, we capture the heterogeneity of passenger demand, including variability in travel time advantages and the value of time across different Origin-Destination (OD) markets. We apply the proposed model to a case study of the airport access market at John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK). Our results demonstrate that the integrated approach can achieve a 60% increase in profit compared to benchmark pricing schemes that only consider temporal or spatial variability. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis reveals that the joint model effectively mitigates the \"Wild Goose Chase\" phenomenon by aligning pricing policy with aircraft availability. This paper provide a tool with which UAM operators can identify economically viable markets. It also allows policy makers to evaluate the integration of UAM into urban transportation networks.","author":[{"family":"Cao","given":"Albert"},{"family":"Park","given":"Jung"},{"family":"Duarte","given":"Jorge"},{"family":"Srinivasan","given":"Rishi"},{"family":"Sengupta","given":"Raja"},{"family":"Hansen","given":"Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6521194","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6521194","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1115/ssdm2025-152311","type":"article-journal","title":"Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of Urban Air Mobility Aircraft Subject to Stochastic Gust Excitations","abstract":"Abstract The paper explores improving the ride quality of urban air mobility (UAM) aircraft by using a nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC) for trajectory tracking in the presence of gusts. A hybrid UAM aircraft with traditional control surfaces and multiple rotors is studied. The aircraft’s free-flight behavior is governed by a set of nonlinear rigid-body dynamic equations that account for the gyroscopic and inertial effects of the tiltrotors. The control inputs for the aircraft include the spin rate and acceleration of the rotors, their tilt angle and rate, and the deflections of traditional control surfaces, such as the elevator, aileron, and rudder. This research numerically studies the effects of NMPC in actively suppressing the dynamic responses of the aircraft to continuous stochastic gusts applied symmetrically and asymmetrically on the lifting surfaces. The findings indicate that NMPC can effectively maintain the aircraft on its desired flight path, closely resembling the undisturbed level flight under moderate-intensity gusts. However, the controller’s effectiveness decreases as gust intensity increases. When the intensity of gusts surpasses a specific threshold, the NMPC is unable to constrain flight path deviation within a bounded range, primarily due to an increased pitch rate. This highlights the limitations of NMPC under extreme gust conditions, while demonstrating its effectiveness in managing moderate gust scenarios.","author":[{"family":"Nunes","given":"Jessica"},{"family":"Su","given":"Weihua"},{"family":"He","given":"Tianyi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1115/ssdm2025-152311","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ssdm2025-152311","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1115/ssdm2025-152507","type":"article-journal","title":"Dynamic Load of Urban Air Mobility Aircraft in Wake Vortex of Large Passenger Aircraft","abstract":"Abstract This paper investigates the dynamic loads experienced by a UAM (Urban Air Mobility) aircraft encountering a modeled wake vortex generated by a Boeing 737-800. The modeled wake vortex follows the Barnham-Hallock vortex model, characterized by a circular velocity profile. The UAM aircraft is simulated in longitudinal motion, beginning from a trimmed-level flight condition and penetrating the wake vortex with symmetric wing loading. Two flight scenarios are explored: free flight and closed-loop controlled flight. In the controlled scenario, an LQR controller is designed to mitigate the adverse effects of the wake vortex by dynamically adjusting the control surfaces to maintain the trimmed-level flight. The study evaluates and compares bending strains on the wing and the rigid-body dynamics of the UAM aircraft under both scenarios. Simulations are conducted with a wake vortex of a circulation strength of 250 m2/s and a core radius of 1.5 m. Results indicate that while the LQG flight controller effectively attenuates perturbations in pitch angle and vertical motion, it also increases bending strains and structural loads on the aircraft’s wing.","author":[{"family":"He","given":"Tianyi"},{"family":"Su","given":"Weihua"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Zhongquan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1115/ssdm2025-152507","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ssdm2025-152507","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0073","type":"article-journal","title":"Powertrain System Analysis for an Urban Air Mobility Tiltwing Concept Vehicle","abstract":"In support of research and development for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) operations, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is developing a fleet of Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) concept vehicles. These vehicles aim to identify key areas for technological growth and provide reference data to the UAM community. A six-passenger Tiltwing concept recently added to the fleet offers new opportunities to explore the UAM design space through trade studies of the power and propulsion systems. In this paper, a turboelectric powertrain is designed and analyzed using the Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) tool, the NPSS Power System Library, and a motor drivetrain optimization tool. Direct and geared motor drivetrains are designed and compared across a UAM design mission. Sensitivity of the Tiltwing maximum takeoff weight to motor drivetrain weights and efficiencies is estimated and used to inform optimal motor and gearbox selection. Results indicate that direct-drive and geared-drive configurations are comparable for this vehicle, with slight advantages to direct-drive when the radius of the drivetrain is unconstrained. When the drivetrain radius is constrained, a geared-drive system becomes more optimal.","author":[{"family":"Horton","given":"Jeshurun"},{"family":"Chapman","given":"Jeffryes"},{"family":"Tallerico","given":"Thomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0073","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0073","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1115/1.4068426","type":"article-journal","title":"Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of Urban Air Mobility Aircraft With Gust Disturbance","abstract":"Abstract The paper explores improving the ride quality of urban air mobility (UAM) aircraft by using a nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC) for trajectory tracking in the presence of gusts. A hybrid UAM aircraft with traditional control surfaces and multiple rotors is studied. The aircraft's free-flight behavior is governed by a set of nonlinear rigid-body dynamic equations that consider the gyroscopic and inertial effects of the tiltrotors. The control inputs for the aircraft include the spin rate and acceleration of the rotors, their tilt angle and rate, and the deflections of traditional control surfaces, such as the elevator, aileron, and rudder. This research numerically studies the effects of NMPC in actively suppressing aircraft's dynamic responses to continuous stochastic gusts or discrete “1-cosine” gusts, which are applied symmetrically and asymmetrically on the lifting surfaces. The findings indicate that NMPC can effectively maintain the aircraft on its desired flight path, closely resembling the undisturbed level flight when it experiences moderate-intensity gusts. However, the controller's effectiveness decreases as the intensity of the gusts increases. The NMPC can no longer constrain the flight path deviation within a bounded range due to an increased pitch rate when the gust intensity surpasses a certain threshold. In addition, the discrete “1-cosine” gusts present more significant challenges, resulting in pitch angle deviations from the desired value, even at low gust magnitudes.","author":[{"family":"Nunes","given":"Jessica"},{"family":"Su","given":"Weihua"},{"family":"He","given":"Tianyi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1115/1.4068426","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4068426","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2514/1.c038188","type":"article-journal","title":"Annoyance Model Assessments of Urban Air Mobility Vehicle Operations","abstract":"As urban air mobility (UAM) vehicles begin to enter service, consideration must be given to vertiport siting and flight routing to help reduce community noise impact and promote adoption by the community. A possible early strategy to reduce annoyance is to operate the vehicles in areas of existing high ambient noise. In order to assess the effectiveness of such a strategy, an annoyance model that takes audibility into account is needed. This paper reviews a recently developed annoyance model that includes audibility as a factor and applies it to two flight operations. A simple overflight case is first undertaken to demonstrate the approach. A point-to-point operation in the New York City area is then considered to demonstrate how annoyance varies across an urban soundscape. The cases considered use modeled UAM vehicle noise propagated to a set of ground observers as the signals and either recorded or modeled ambient acoustic data as the maskers.","author":[{"family":"Rizzi","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Christian","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Letica","given":"Stefan"},{"family":"Lympany","given":"Shane"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2514/1.c038188","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.c038188","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1177/00420980251403399","type":"article-journal","title":"Mobility freedoms: Conceptions of freedom in contestations over urban transport","abstract":"The link between urban transport and freedom has long been recognised in academic literature and is drawing renewed attention in controversies over initiatives to reduce car use within urban areas and flying between cities. This paper analyses how multiple conceptualisations of freedom from across the humanities and social sciences are, and can be, implicated in public contestations over urban transport. It suggests that individualised notions of freedom are commonly invoked by adversaries of car- and flight-curbing initiatives, a dominance that reflects prevailing histories of systems of automobility and aeromobility across the Global North. It also proposes that those initiatives can be understood as applications of Mill’s harm principle by the (local) state seeking to reconfigure the co-evolution of mobility freedoms and unfreedoms. Yet, the harm principle is ultimately inadequate as legitimation for interventions in urban transport on a climate-constrained planet given its grounding in individualised freedoms. The paper therefore elaborates a collective, dynamic and non-sovereign conceptualisation of mobility freedoms as a framework for changes to urban mobility systems from above and below. The paper concludes that harnessing freedom’s descriptive and performative capabilities can enrich analysis of urban mobility contestations and facilitate practical action to transform urban mobilities at times of climate emergency.","author":[{"family":"Schwanen","given":"Tim"},{"family":"Hopkins","given":"Debbie"},{"family":"Loader","given":"Ian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1177/00420980251403399","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980251403399","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1155/ijae/7914048","type":"article-journal","title":"Unresolved Challenges of Fuel Cell Propulsion Systems in Urban Air Mobility: An MBSE‐Based Systematic Literature Review","abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to investigate the unresolved challenges in fuel cell propulsion system integration in small‐category VTOL‐capable aircraft, addressing a critical gap in the existing literature by elaborating an MBSE‐based systematic literature review with the PRISMA content analysis strategy. The methodology reviewed 122 papers in peer‐reviewed journals published from 2000 to 2024 and included keyword research in four relevant publication platforms before analyzing the papers in a deductive MBSE V‐model strategy combined with an inductive, data‐driven research analysis. The results reveal a significant misalignment between identified barriers and proposed future research, indicating that current R&amp;D efforts are not addressing the most pressing integration challenges. The findings provide evidence that patterns of research fragmentation and life‐cycle disconnect have emerged, offering significant implications for future research in the field.","author":[{"family":"Bachler","given":"Johannes"},{"family":"Wright","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Koskinen","given":"Kari"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1155/ijae/7914048","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijae/7914048","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.55845/jos-2026-21103","type":"article-journal","title":"Advancing the Sustainable Urban Air Mobility Indicators (SUAMI) Framework: Integrating Non-Core Indicators and Proposing New Metrics for UAM","abstract":"The integration of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) into urban transportation systems represents a significant step towards sustainable and innovative mobility solutions. Building upon the Sustainable Urban Air Mobility Indicators (SUAMI) framework introduced previously, this study extends the framework by analysing and integrating non-core indicators from the Sustainable Urban Mobility Indicators (SUMI). Each indicator’s relevance and applicability to UAM are systematically evaluated, and necessary adaptations are proposed. Furthermore, this paper identifies critical gaps in the existing framework and introduces new indicators tailored to address the unique characteristics and challenges of UAM. These include environmental, operational, societal, and infrastructure-specific metrics essential for the practical assessment and successful implementation of UAM in smart cities. By refining and expanding the SUAMI framework, this work provides municipalities and policymakers with a comprehensive tool to evaluate and guide UAM integration, supporting sustainability, safety, and efficiency objectives.","author":[{"family":"Palaiologk","given":"Anna"},{"family":"Daskaloudi","given":"Kyriaki"},{"family":"Georganti","given":"Eleftheria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.55845/jos-2026-21103","URL":"https://doi.org/10.55845/jos-2026-21103","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/su18104904","type":"article-journal","title":"Towards Sustainable Urban Mobility: An ESG-Based Decision Framework for Urban Air Integration","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has emerged as a promising solution to alleviate urban congestion and support low-carbon transportation by utilizing low-altitude airspace. However, its large-scale deployment requires governance mechanisms that simultaneously address environmental impacts, social acceptance, and institutional coordination. Existing studies have not yet provided an operational Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG)-based decision framework for UAM governance. This study develops and empirically validates an ESG-oriented governance model for UAM integration into urban development. A mixed-method approach was adopted, including literature and policy analysis to identify 22 execution-level factors, a questionnaire survey of industry practitioners and experts (N = 307), and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined with expert consultation to determine priority weights. The results show that the Governance dimension has the highest importance (38.72%), followed by Social (32.15%) and Environmental (29.13%). Laws and regulations, standard certification, and digital management constitute the core institutional foundations for UAM deployment. Privacy protection and social acceptance are the dominant social concerns, while noise pollution represents the most critical environmental constraint. Across all dimensions, standard certification, privacy, noise control, management framework, and digital management are the highest-weighted factors. The proposed framework provides a practical ESG-based decision tool to support policy prioritization and sustainable UAM implementation in rapidly urbanizing regions.","author":[{"family":"Wen","given":"Ziying"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Wansong"},{"family":"Zheng","given":"Caimiao"},{"family":"Hao","given":"Jian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/su18104904","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18104904","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-0587-3.ch005","type":"article-journal","title":"Next-Gen Multimodal Integration for Sustainable and Resilient Cities","abstract":"The chapter discusses Urban Mobility 5.0 as an emerging paradigm that furthers the notion of multimodal transportation systems and utilises advanced technologies to increase the urban sustainability, resilience, and inclusivity. It explores the theoretical underpinnings, the enabling technologies, governance systems and international best practice that is powering urban mobility of the future. The chapter reports on critical issues in institutional innovation, policy reform, and citizen-focused design by analysing its details. Digital inequities, data governance, and operational limitations serve as such issues. It also displays a vision into the future of Urban Mobility 6.0, focusing on the importance of hyper-personalization, ethical automation, and climate-responsive infrastructure. Based on these findings, strategic recommendations have been generated to direct cities on how to develop holistic, equitable, and intelligent mobility ecosystems.","author":[{"family":"Singh","given":"Sitesh"},{"family":"Gothania","given":"Jaishri"},{"family":"Balushi","given":"Khuloud"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4018/979-8-2600-0587-3.ch005","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-2600-0587-3.ch005","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1108/jtas-01-2025-0007","type":"article-journal","title":"Performance evaluation of a radar-on-chip system for obstacle detection strategies for urban air mobility (UAM) applications","abstract":"Purpose The transition to sustainable urban air mobility (UAM) is critical for decongesting ground traffic and reducing urban CO2 emissions through the use of electric aerial vehicles. However, this sustainability potential is contingent on solving the foundational challenge of safe, autonomous operations in dense urban airspace. This paper, therefore, analyses a “radar-on-chip” millimeter-wave Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar sensor (Texas Instruments IWR1642) as a core component for a detect-and-avoid (DAA) system, evaluating its performance as a key enabler for the safe and viable implementation of sustainable UAM. Design/methodology/approach Experimental results demonstrate that the IWR1642 is both precise and reliable in tracking moving objects, whether their motion is radial or transverse. Data processing was performed using the mmWave Demo Visualizer software, which utilizes the radar's basic detection algorithm. Using Geographical Positioning System (GPS) positions as reference, the radar's tracking of moving targets was found to be highly consistent, with only minor percentage errors during the data acquisition process. The radar was successively mounted onboard an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to simulate autonomous operations in UAM scenarios, designing and developing a dedicated structure to house the sensor. The IWR1642 radar sensor demonstrated potential suitability for use in future UAM applications, providing accurate and reliable detection capability under a variety of conditions. Findings This work outlines the studies about possible solutions, identified by authors that could support beyond line of sight (BVLOS) operations in a medium- and low-risk environment, in particular, during UAM missions. UAM is considered a potential technology for future urban and suburban transportation, for both goods and passengers. By exploiting the vertical dimension, it decongests roads that are unable to support current city traffic while reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, thereby moving toward a more eco-sustainable (through the use of exclusively electric vehicles) and multimodal transport system, in line with the concept of smart cities. This manuscript focuses on the operational limitations of the radar-on-chip system, as opposed to its functional constraints, emphasizing both the characterization phase and its performance during operational applications, such as in-flight testing. Based on the obtained results, the authors believe that the highlighted operational limitations could be mitigated by integrating additional sensors, such as light detection and ranging, to complement the radar-on-chip system. Originality/value This work represents a preliminary step toward the development of a robust obstacle detection system to be integrated onboard UAVs for UAM operations. UAS predominantly operate at very low altitudes (VLL, &amp;lt;500 feet), where the density of obstacles and human activity is significantly higher. Many of these aircraft function autonomously or in self-flying modes, necessitating rigorous safety measures to ensure mission reliability and operational safety. In this context, the ability to accurately perceive the surrounding environment is critical for UAM missions, particularly during BVLOS operations or fully autonomous missions. This study aims to develop a reliable obstacle detection system utilizing low-cost technologies.","author":[{"family":"Menichino","given":"Aniello"},{"family":"Inverno","given":"Michele"},{"family":"Core","given":"Giuseppe"},{"family":"Vito","given":"Vittorio"},{"family":"Ponte","given":"Salvatore"},{"family":"Ariante","given":"Gennaro"},{"family":"Abategiovanni","given":"Federica"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1108/jtas-01-2025-0007","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jtas-01-2025-0007","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42524-026-5134-2","type":"article-journal","title":"Planning, operations, and management for urban air mobility: A comprehensive review and future research directions","abstract":"Abstract Driven by rapid advancements in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) technology, urban air mobility (UAM) has attracted unprecedented attention worldwide, with governments, industries, and researchers exploring its potential to revolutionize urban transportation. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive review of key research problems in UAM to establish a foundational knowledge framework and provide insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders. Specifically, we examine UAM-related studies and reports from the perspectives of planning, operations, and management, including topics such as infrastructure development, airspace management, and service optimization. Additionally, the potential societal impact and public acceptance of UAM are explored to provide a balanced view of opportunities and challenges in this emerging field. The application of UAM in several representative scenarios is also analyzed to examine the operational feasibility of integrating this new mobility solution into modern urban transportation networks. Based on our review findings, we identify a series of challenges and open questions that need to be adequately addressed for future UAM commercialization. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of potential research directions aimed at designing a more reliable and scalable UAM network.","author":[{"family":"Zhao","given":"Zhonghao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Kai"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Xiqun"},{"family":"Chang","given":"Ximing"},{"family":"Li","given":"Guo"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Jianjun"},{"family":"Zhen","given":"Lu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s42524-026-5134-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-026-5134-2","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1063/5.0311473","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerodynamic and aeroacoustic interactions in multirotor aircraft for urban air mobility: A review","abstract":"The rapid growth of urbanization and increasing road traffic congestion are straining ground transportation infrastructure for both conventional and emergency purposes, driving the need for alternative mobility solutions. urban air mobility (UAM) offers a promising pathway by deploying electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft to enable efficient and flexible aerial transport in dense urban environments. However, the successful integration of UAM into city airspace faces critical technical challenges, both at the vehicle and operational levels. In particular, complex aerodynamic and aeroacoustic interactions between closely spaced propellers significantly influence vehicle performance, energy efficiency, and public acceptance. This work presents a review of experimental and computational studies on propeller–propeller and propeller–wing interactions, highlighting the state-of-the-art methodologies and their application to multirotor eVTOL designs. Results indicate that distributed electric propulsion systems arranged in side-by-side configurations exhibit minimal thrust degradation, typically less than 3% compared to an isolated propeller. However, reductions in propeller spacing can induce unsteady blade loading and increase tonal noise levels by up to 10 dB. In contrast, one-after-another configurations may suffer thrust losses of up to 80%, due to slipstream ingestion by the rear propeller, with a lateral separation of at least twice the propeller radius required to recover performance within 4% of the isolated case. The review also addresses propeller–wing interactions that modify local pressure distributions and spanwise lift, particularly in wing-mounted distributed propulsion configurations. The insights provided establish a foundation for developing efficient, low-noise multirotor architectures for future UAM integration.","author":[{"family":"Combey","given":"Kangni"},{"family":"Elsayed","given":"Omer"},{"family":"Magrini","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Ramirez","given":"Federico"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Sen"},{"family":"Qaissi","given":"Khaoula"},{"family":"Chouiyakh","given":"Hajar"},{"family":"Pereira","given":"Lourenço"},{"family":"Ragni","given":"Daniele"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1063/5.0311473","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0311473","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4277-1.ch005","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"Urban air mobility (UAM) vehicles have the significant potential to transform urban transportation in many countries by allowing unrestricted movement within city airspace. However, implementing them presents numerous challenges, including the need for adequate infrastructure, navigating regulatory frameworks, reducing noise pollution, ensuring safety and reliability, addressing public perception and acceptance, promoting energy efficiency and sustainability, integrating with existing transportation systems, managing costs and affordability, and assessing environmental impact. Additionally, the advancement in Urban Air Mobility requires contributions from multiple engineering fields, such as aerospace engineering, electrical and electronic engineering, and IoT/AI. This chapter provides an overview of the key factors in implementing UAM, following a brief introduction. The chapter mainly focuses on the current developments reported in recent articles published between 2016 and January 2024.","author":[{"family":"Rudresh","given":"M"},{"family":"Rajan","given":"SS"},{"family":"Jain","given":"Prathik"},{"family":"Kotari","given":"BKM"},{"family":"Inchara","given":"N"},{"family":"Sridhar","given":"Megha"},{"family":"Pragna","given":"GD"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4018/979-8-3373-4277-1.ch005","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-4277-1.ch005","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6240121","type":"manuscript","title":"Data-Driven Framework for Urban Air Mobility Planning: Integrating Socioeconomic and Operational Factors for Optimal Network Design in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) has been positioned as a promising alternative for large metropolitan regions, using electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft connected in vertiport networks, with potential benefits in travel time, emissions, and noise compared with traditional transport modes. However, the early design of these networks depends on the strategic location of the vertiports in areas with a high pay ability, integration with the existing aeronautical infrastructure, and compatibility with operational concepts developed by air navigation service providers, which recommend using helicopter routes and already certified infrastructure in the initial phases. This study proposes an income-based spatial demand analysis model for the location of UAM vertiports in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region (RMSP), using as reference the population, trip, and income data from the 2023 Origin-Destination (OD) Survey of the São Paulo Metro, the distribution of helipads registered by the Brazilian National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC) and the network of Helicopter Special Routes (REH) connected to the urban airport system provided by the Aeronautical Information Service Web (AISWEB). Methodologically, the helipads are grouped using clustering algorithms based on income, and the medoids of the clusters are selected as candidate vertiports. The graph composed of REH waypoints and these candidate vertiports, along with the main airports of the RMSP, is then used to compute the shortest paths using an adapted Dijkstra’s algorithm. Finally, we propose a comprehensive step-by-step procedure to estimate the initial origin-destination demand for UAM. The results suggest that combining income patterns, reuse of the existing helipad infrastructure in the RMSP, and route modeling over the REH network can support an initial phase of UAM focused on maximizing market viability and demand satisfaction, in line with operational guidelines from DECEA, FAA, and Eurocontrol.","author":[{"family":"Carvalho","given":"Lucas"},{"family":"Gomes","given":"Igor"},{"family":"Rodrigues","given":"Jaqueline"},{"family":"Murça","given":"Mayara"},{"family":"Guterres","given":"Marcelo"},{"family":"Pamplona","given":"Daniel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6240121","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6240121","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15080367","type":"article-journal","title":"Effects of Low-Altitude Urban Landscapes on Pilot Cognitive Load in Urban Air Mobility: An Explainable Machine Learning Approach","abstract":"Whereas environmental effects on driver cognition have been extensively studied in ground transportation, research linking low-altitude visual environment characteristics to pilot cognitive load (CL) in urban air mobility (UAM) remains scarce. This study combines multimodal physiological data with explainable machine learning to elucidate how low-altitude visual environments influence pilots’ CL. First, a CL quantification framework integrating electroencephalography (EEG) and eye-tracking data is developed to capture real-time cognitive dynamics during flight. Second, multidimensional visual environment indicators are extracted from low-altitude urban landscape images captured during simulated flights using computer vision techniques. These indicators, combined with flight dynamics features, serve as input variables for constructing pilot CL prediction models via machine learning approaches. The results demonstrate that a Bayesian-optimized XGBoost model achieves superior predictive performance. Further interpretability analysis based on SHAP reveals that environmental contrast and the visibility of buildings and water bodies are key factors influencing pilot CL. Additionally, significant interaction effects are also identified among spatial morphology, color characteristics, and landscape typology, with certain landscape elements exhibiting marked variations in both importance and directional influence across different low-altitude flight scenarios. These findings inform low-altitude route optimization, urban morphological regulation, and blue-green infrastructure configuration, advancing an air-ground synergistic planning paradigm.","author":[{"family":"Jiang","given":"Yupeng"},{"family":"Song","given":"Jie"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Yukun"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Yu"},{"family":"Cai","given":"Chengfeng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Bolun"},{"family":"Gou","given":"Bingchen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/ijgi15080367","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15080367","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/act14040176","type":"article-journal","title":"Design of Experiments Approach for Structural Optimization of Urban Air Mobility Vehicles","abstract":"The current global context demands the development of new solutions that prioritize energy efficiency, time optimization, safety, and sustainability. Urban transportation is one of the sectors undergoing significant transformation. Pursuing new urban transportation solutions has become increasingly intense, involving research institutions and companies. Considering this context, this study focused on the optimization procedures for designing a new vehicle capable of vertical take-off for urban air mobility applications. This paper reports on the optimization process of a thruster deployment mechanism using statistical techniques. In particular, the authors tested the use of Design of Experiments (DOE) techniques for the optimal design of a structural component of a new vehicle for urban mobility purposes under development at the Applied Mechanics laboratory of the Department of Industrial Engineering of the University of Salerno. For this reason, it was decided that a parametric multibody model would be developed in the Simscape Multibody environment for structural optimization using designed experiment plans to “guide” the designer in the analysis phase and search for an optimal configuration using a minimum number of configurations. Finally, employing FEM analysis, the chosen configuration was validated. This study allowed us to test the use of DOE techniques to design new systems. It allowed us to evaluate different configurations, the static and dynamic behavior, the constraining reactions present in the joints, and the active forces and torques of the actuators, highlighting the correlation between factors that can guide the designer in identifying optimal solutions.","author":[{"family":"Simone","given":"Marco"},{"family":"Veneziano","given":"Salvio"},{"family":"Porcaro","given":"Alessia"},{"family":"Guida","given":"Domenico"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/act14040176","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/act14040176","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1115/1.4067770","type":"article-journal","title":"Vibration Suppression and Trajectory Tracking With Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for Urban Air Mobility Aircraft","abstract":"Abstract This paper describes developing and simulating a nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC) for a tiltrotor urban air mobility (UAM) aircraft. The aircraft’s free flight is governed by a set of nonlinear rigid-body dynamic equations, considering multiple tiltrotors and their gyroscopic and inertial effects. The control variables include two push rotors’ spin rates and the deflections of traditional control surfaces, including the elevator, aileron, and rudder. The performance of the NMPC is compared with the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and model predictive controller (MPC) for vibration suppression during the level flight. The NMPC and LQR can fully remove pitch angle oscillation and stabilize altitude in approximately 15 s. The MPC, while still able to reduce the rigid body vibration cannot fully remove the oscillation in 80 s. The NMPC and LQR are compared for lateral and longitudinal trajectory path tracking, with the NMPC showing better performance in both cases due to its ability to take into account the nonlinear nature of the aircraft flight dynamics and predict the vehicle’s future response when determining the best control inputs. Different from the vibration control case, the nonlinear nature of the aircraft flight dynamics should be accounted for by the controller design to properly track the ever-changing path reference, which is not the case for the LQR. While the NMPC has a higher computational cost, it demonstrates much better control performance than the MPC and LQR.","author":[{"family":"Nunes","given":"Jessica"},{"family":"Su","given":"Weihua"},{"family":"He","given":"Tianyi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1115/1.4067770","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4067770","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1017/aer.2025.30","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-view representation learning for performance-based tactical conflict resolution in urban air mobility","abstract":"Abstract Ensuring safety and security in urban air mobility is of utmost significance. As air traffic becomes more concentrated in urban regions, instances of flight conflicts are on the rise. The complex urban morphology, micro-environmental factors and various flight risks significantly impact flight safety. This paper introduces a comprehensive framework to address these challenges. The framework incorporates random 3D city layouts, encompassing city buildings and terrains to establish a corridor graph structure. Leveraging this graph, a multi-view representation learning approach is proposed, which employs graph neural networks, recurrent neural networks (RNN) and contrastive learning to effectively manage tactical conflicts. Through rigorous testing across diverse scenarios, including the incorporation of uncertainties such as wind turbulence, the model’s performance is extensively evaluated. The conclusive results underscore the robustness and efficacy of the proposed approach in ensuring safety and resolving conflicts within the dynamic urban air mobility landscape.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Cheng"},{"family":"Petrunin","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Tsourdos","given":"Antonios"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1017/aer.2025.30","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2025.30","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-control-022823-031353","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban Air Mobility Research Challenges and Opportunities","abstract":"This article reviews the literature on urban air mobility (UAM), examining both the research challenges it presents and the transformative opportunities that make these challenges worth addressing. While UAM has historical precedents, the current iteration is born of novel aircraft technology, primarily electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) and electric short takeoff and landing (eSTOL) aircraft. These advances raise new questions in aerodynamics, control, and integration with urban infrastructure. We explore several key research areas, including aircraft design, vertiport development, network planning, and air traffic management. We also address the scalability challenges in air traffic management for high-density UAM operations and the potential of autonomous and remotely piloted systems. If new aircraft are to birth a new urbanism, they will do so by integrating aircraft engineering and computational intelligence in control, systems, robotics, and human factors.","author":[{"family":"Sengupta","given":"Raja"},{"family":"Bulusu","given":"Vishwanath"},{"family":"Mballo","given":"Chams"},{"family":"Onat","given":"Emin"},{"family":"Cao","given":"Shangqing"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1146/annurev-control-022823-031353","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-022823-031353","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/environments12110411","type":"article-journal","title":"Modeling Air Pollution from Urban Transport and Strategies for Transitioning to Eco-Friendly Mobility in Urban Environments","abstract":"Urban air pollution caused by vehicular emissions remains one of the most pressing environmental challenges, negatively affecting both public health and climate processes. In Kokshetau, Kazakhstan, where electric vehicle (EV) adoption accounts for only 0.019% of the total fleet and charging infrastructure is nearly absent, reducing transport-related emissions requires short-term and cost-effective solutions. This study proposes an integrated approach combining urban ecology principles with computational modeling to optimize traffic signal control for emission reduction. An artificial neural network (ANN) was trained using intersection-specific traffic data to predict emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM2.5). The ANN was incorporated into a nonlinear optimization framework to determine traffic signal timings that minimize total emissions without increasing traffic delays. The results demonstrate reductions in emissions of CO by 12.4%, NOx by 9.8%, SO2 by 7.6%, and PM2.5 by 10.3% at major congestion hotspots. These findings highlight the potential of the proposed framework to improve urban air quality, reduce ecological risks, and support sustainable transport planning. The method is scalable and adaptable to other cities with similar urban and environmental characteristics, facilitating the transition toward eco-friendly mobility and integrating data-driven traffic management into broader climate and public health policies.","author":[{"family":"Zhaparova","given":"Sayagul"},{"family":"Kulisz","given":"Monika"},{"family":"Kospanov","given":"Nurzhan"},{"family":"Ibrayeva","given":"Anar"},{"family":"Bayazitova","given":"Zulfiya"},{"family":"Kurmanbayeva","given":"Aigul"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/environments12110411","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110411","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.2478/tar-2025-0002","type":"article-journal","title":"From Hybrid to Hydrogen: Development and Optimization of Air Taxi Layout Schemes and Propulsion Systems for Urban Mobility Applications","abstract":"Abstract The rapid expansion of urban air mobility (UAM) is transforming the market of short-distance transportation, offering a sustainable alternative to ground-based transit systems. The first part of this paper analyzes various propulsion system layouts and aircraft configurations that have been proposed for air taxis, emphasizing their applicability in both passenger and cargo transport. A comprehensive review of existing eVTOL (electric vertical take-off and landing) designs is conducted, highlighting the advantages and limitations of hybrid-electric and hydrogen-based propulsion systems. The study explores the integration of new aerodynamic schemes, such as tiltrotors and flying wings, with advanced energy management strategies to enhance efficiency and flight range. Next, in the second part of this paper, a hydrogen-powered vertical take-off and landing (HydVTOL) aircraft concept, named XFlight, is proposed, in two transport options. The first has a hydrogen-electric power plant inside the body, while the second option has it outside the body. The XFlight design aims to offer greater flight range, higher cruise speeds, enhanced system redundancy, and zero harmful emissions, making it a more efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to current VTOL and eVTOL solutions. The findings underscore the potential of hydrogen propulsion in shaping the next generation of UAM vehicles, offering a pathway to greater autonomy, cost-effectiveness, and scalability in urban transportation networks.","author":[{"family":"Loginov","given":"Vasyl"},{"family":"Ukrainets","given":"Yevgen"},{"family":"Shevchenko","given":"Sergiy"},{"family":"Loginov","given":"Anton"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.2478/tar-2025-0002","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2478/tar-2025-0002","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/jsan14020039","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban Air Mobility, Personal Drones, and the Safety of Occupants—A Comprehensive Review","abstract":"Urban air mobility (UAM) is expected to provide environmental benefits while enhancing transportation for citizens and businesses, particularly in commercial and emergency medical applications. The rapid development of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft has demonstrated the potential to introduce new technological capabilities to the market, fostering visions of widespread and diverse UAM applications. This paper reviews state-of-the-art occupant safety for personal drones and examines existing occupant protection methods in the aircraft. The study serves as a guide for stakeholders, including regulators, manufacturers, researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals—by providing insights into the regulatory landscape and safety assurance frameworks for eVTOL aircraft in UAM applications. Furthermore, we present a functional hazard assessment (FHA) conducted on a reference concept, detailing the process, decision-making considerations, and key variations. The analysis illustrates the FHA methodology while discussing the trade-offs involved in safety evaluations. Additionally, we provide a summary and a featured description of current eVTOL aircraft, highlighting their key characteristics and technological advancements.","author":[{"family":"Zhyriakov","given":"Dmytro"},{"family":"Ptak","given":"Mariusz"},{"family":"Sawicki","given":"Marek"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/jsan14020039","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan14020039","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0313","type":"article-journal","title":"An Initial Flight Performance Assessment of New Urban Air Mobility Concept Vehicles for Medical Rendezvous Operations","abstract":"A novel multirotor concept is proposed for airlifting the emergency medical personnel without the use of a rescue helicopter (designed for patient transport) during the first line emergency services. Based on this concept, two configurations are designed and introduced, comprising a common quadrotor system with single and dual pusher propellers, respectively. An initial flight performance assessment is conducted for the introduced configurations by means of trim calculations in two distinctive flight modes across the entire designated flight speed range, initially without rotor-rotor interactions, and subsequently, with their inclusion. For this purpose, an existing mid-fidelity rotor-rotor interaction method is extended to capture the interactions in all three directions between the rotors that are arbitrarily positioned and oriented to each other. The trim calculations including rotor-rotor interactions show a 10% increase in the vehicle power at the maximum flight speed. The interactions between the pusher propellers and the lifting rotor wakes result in sudden increases up to 100% in the induced inflow of the propellers at low-speed regimes. The paper presents the two conceptual configurations along with their model syntheses and the results of the trim calculations. The influences of the rotor-rotor interactions on the trim results are discussed both at the rotor and the vehicle level.","author":[{"family":"Atci","given":"Kagan"},{"family":"Weiand","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Inac","given":"Hilal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0313","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0313","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0027","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban Air Mobility Passenger Discomfort Evaluations of Sudden Heave Motion in a Virtual Reality Motion-Base Simulator","abstract":"Small, highly maneuverable Urban Air Mobility (UAM) air taxis might exhibit motions during hover and low-speed flight that are unfamiliar to many passengers, and for which there are no established guidelines to predict passenger comfort. Researchers performed a study in the Armstrong Virtual Reality Passenger Ride Quality Laboratory to identify relationships between sudden motion characteristics and UAM passenger comfort and acceptance. Twenty-three volunteer test subjects from the Armstrong workforce each completed a 15-minute experience as a passenger in a virtual air taxi simulation. Subjects evaluated a series of flight maneuvers with varying levels of sudden motion using a five-point rating scale and indicated which motion(s) they found uncomfortable. Researchers then administered a post-test questionnaire to relate the passengers’ ratings to their willingness to fly on a real air taxi with similar levels of motion. The study results relate peak heave acceleration and jerk to passenger acceptance.","author":[{"family":"Hanson","given":"Curt"},{"family":"Ramia","given":"Saravanakumaar"},{"family":"Barnes","given":"Kyle"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0027","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0027","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4050/f-0081-2025-0320","type":"article-journal","title":"Sensitivity Analysis of Urban Air Mobility Aircraft Landing Trajectory Deviation to Microscale Wind Disturbances","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) aircraft are highly susceptible to turbulent wind disturbances when operating near buildings in complex urban environments. Microscale wind phenomena, combined with the unconventional designs of UAM aircraft, increase the risk of performance deviation, the overall duration, and the cost of flight tests for certification. A way to overcome this would be through simulation-based flight tests. Therefore, this study simulates a UAM aircraft landing vertically behind an isolated tall building, considering four different wind scenarios: no wind, uniform wind fields at low and high spatial resolutions (assumed constant across the airframe), and non-uniform fields with spatially varying velocity profiles at individual rotor hubs. The resultant flight test data are then used to quantify the impact of microscale wind characteristics on landing performance by systematically analyzing the rotor performance, aerodynamics, control response, and trajectory deviation.","author":[{"family":"Quaranta","given":"Giuseppe"},{"family":"Muscarello","given":"Vincenzo"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Man"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4050/f-0081-2025-0320","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-0320","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0882-1.ch005","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban Mobility Solutions as a Sociotechnical System","abstract":"The efficiency of urban mobility systems significantly depends on the following factors: what technical and technological solutions are used in the system, how the interaction of all system participants is organized and what is the main motivation of the system users. This means that when analyzing urban mobility systems, it is necessary to use a socio-technical approach. The work is based on cases of integrating sustainable transport solutions of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU) into the urban transport system of St. Petersburg. Following the socio-technical approach, the chapter presents the results of the analysis of the technical and technological subsystem of the corporate transport system with an emphasis on the infrastructure necessary to support various innovative solutions in the transport sector.","author":[{"family":"Nurulin","given":"Yury"},{"family":"Skvortsova","given":"Inga"},{"family":"Zorina","given":"Tatyana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4018/979-8-3373-0882-1.ch005","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-0882-1.ch005","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12544-024-00700-x","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban Air Mobility demand forecasting: modeling evidence from the case study of Milan (Italy)","abstract":"Abstract This paper presents the results of a demand forecasting study about the introduction of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) services in the metropolitan area of Milan (Italy). Demand forecasting is based on random utility mode choice models, which include factors related to the individuals’ perception of vertical take-off/landing and low altitude flying over urbanized areas. The use cases of UAM services include airport shuttles, intercity air connections, and “air-taxis”, i.e., UAM services for short-trips within the metropolitan area. Several scenarios have been considered based on the number of access points (“vertiports”) and UAM fare levels. The results indicate that airport shuttles have a modal share of trips to/from airports (for both business and leisure) in a range of 2-5%. They resulted to be more attractive than air-taxis, which have a modal share in a range of 1-3%. Furthermore, the probability of choosing UAM services for intercity travels decreases with the distance and the time required for access/egress to/from the vertiports, whose catchment areas are dependent on the level of service provided by competing modes (notably the presence of good railway and highway connections).","author":[{"family":"Coppola","given":"Pierluigi"},{"family":"Fabiis","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Silvestri","given":"Fulvio"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1186/s12544-024-00700-x","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-024-00700-x","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0265-2.ch002","type":"article-journal","title":"Reimagining Urban Mobility","abstract":"Urban mobility, a critical component of modern cities, faces challenges such as congestion, pollution, and inefficient resource allocation. Blockchain technology, with its decentralized, transparent, and secure nature, offers a promising solution to address these issues. This chapter delves into the potential applications of blockchain in transforming urban transportation systems. The authors explore how blockchain can revolutionize various aspects of urban mobility, including smart contracts for autonomous vehicles; enabling secure and efficient interactions between autonomous vehicles, infrastructure, and other stakeholders; decentralized mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) platforms; facilitating seamless integration of diverse transportation modes into a unified platform; secure data management; protecting sensitive user data and vehicle information while enabling data sharing for improved decision-making, traceability, and verification; creating an immutable record of vehicle history and maintenance for enhanced trust and transparency; efficient payment systems.","author":[{"family":"Ali","given":"Syed"},{"family":"Shaikh","given":"Mohammad"},{"family":"Patidar","given":"Praveen"},{"family":"Pagare","given":"Sanjay"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4018/979-8-3373-0265-2.ch002","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-0265-2.ch002","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0265-2.ch012","type":"article-journal","title":"VANET","abstract":"A new field called Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) uses wireless local area networks (WLANs) with an ad-hoc topology. Routing complexity and high control overhead are two frequent challenges faced by vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). However, most of these initiatives failed to provide a comprehensive solution to the problems associated with routing and control overhead minimization. In order to lower the augmented control overhead, the current work presents an Improved Deep Reinforcement Learning (IDRL) method for routing. As 5G cells arrive, emerging automotive networks could make driving safer, more environmentally friendly, and more efficient. They should also pave the road for autonomous driving. High sequence factors in vehicle settings give rise to a variety of new irritants, which is why remote design approaches are being reconsidered. Future smart cars, which constitute the foundation of high-performance multipurpose networks, are steadily receiving increasingly sophisticated sensors and are still generating vast amounts of data.","author":[{"family":"Jewani","given":"Varkha"},{"family":"Ajmire","given":"Prafulla"},{"family":"Chaurasia","given":"Suhashini"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4018/979-8-3373-0265-2.ch012","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-0265-2.ch012","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13272-025-00850-1","type":"article-journal","title":"Experimental evaluation of bird strikes in urban air mobility","abstract":"Abstract Since the Wright brothers demonstrated the first powered, sustained, and controlled flight in 1903, the airspace has been shared between birds and humans. Novel aircraft and advanced mobility concepts such as urban air mobility (UAM) are emerging in full swing. In that concept, a safe and efficient aviation transportation system will use highly automated aircraft that will transport passengers or cargo at low altitudes within and between metropolitan regions. To accomplish these missions, new types of aircraft which are sometimes known as air taxis are being developed. A successful integration of these aircraft into existing airspace is complicated and needs to take into account various aspects. One of these is the risk of wildlife strikes in general and bird strikes in particular. While bird strike constitutes a risk to any type of aircraft, the risk is predicted to be higher in case of air taxis. The proposed operational cruising altitude of air taxis is lower resulting in higher probability of collision as these are the altitudes where birds typically fly. In addition, air taxis are smaller in size and have lower certification requirements compared to conventional aircraft. As a result, the severity of damaging bird strikes is higher. To assess the risk and formulate suitable regulations, an extensive analysis is required providing more quantitative insight into the bird strike challenge. Therefore, a theoretical model of bird strike to quantify the impact force exerted due to a strike by considering different bird and aircraft-related parameters was developed previously. This paper aims to validate this theoretical model experimentally. While impact forces have been extensively studied for bird strikes in case of conventional aircraft, this work seeks to apply these principles in a novel context, where traditional aircraft standards may not fully address the unique challenges posed by air taxis. The paper presents a methodology for implementing an experimental setup, allowing for the theoretical impact force model to be fully validated and providing insights into the bird strike influencing parameters. A test matrix containing 7 test cases, 9 test scenarios, and 135 iterations is formulated to conduct the bird strike experiment, and the influencing parameters are considered for theoretical model verification. The paper closes with the presentation of the experimental results for validating the theoretical model which indicate 92.89 % conformance of experimental results with the theoretical model.","author":[{"family":"Devta","given":"Aditya"},{"family":"Metz","given":"Isabel"},{"family":"Armanini","given":"Sophie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s13272-025-00850-1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-025-00850-1","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.54941/ahfe1006996","type":"article-journal","title":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM): Preliminary Task Analysis for a Terminal Corridor Vertiport Concept of Operation","abstract":"Urban Air Mobility (UAM) refers to a transportation system of cargo and passenger in urban areas. UAM concepts include a mix of onboard, remotely operated, and increasingly autonomous operations (NASA, 2017). Although mature concepts will likely employ remotely piloted vehicle operations or increasing autonomous systems to operate a fleet or network of UAM vehicles, early UAM concepts will likely employ onboard human pilots operating the vehicles (Holbrook et al., 2020). In this paper, a task analysis is presented for a potential near-term UAM concept of operation. The use case is that of terminal UAM operations in a designated corridor with the following operators: UAM fleet manager, onboard UAM pilots, Tower Controller, Vertiport Manager and Automation. The results of the task analysis highlight the roles, responsibilities, and tasks performed by different operators that can inform future design of UAM terminal operations.","author":[{"family":"Vu","given":"Kim"},{"family":"Strybel","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Battiste","given":"Vernol"},{"family":"Dao","given":"Quang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.54941/ahfe1006996","URL":"https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1006996","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/app15063181","type":"article-journal","title":"A Survey of the Effects of Vehicle Configuration on Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"This paper examines developments in urban air mobility (UAM), the configurations and flight mechanisms of different aerial vehicles. Despite the interest generated around UAM, there seems to be a gap in the literature concerning a systematic comparative analysis of different configurations, especially regarding their appropriateness for given applications, performance under fault conditions, and potential in even more foresightful but neglected designs. The other problems standing in the way of current UAM technologies are limited payload capacity, endurance, and energy efficiency, all of which work against successful commercialization. This study, therefore, considers a representation of 53 of the more prominent UAM aircraft, classified into a number of groups, paving a way for the in-depth study of important specifications such as range, speed, endurance, cargo capacity, number of passengers, and dimensions. Twelve general UAM configurations are identified, along with their advantages, disadvantages, and fault tolerance. Some underutilized designs are highlighted as worthy of more attention due to their potential. An attempt is made to link UAM configurations to specific applications, such as transportation, emergency response, and cargo delivery, in order to provide specific recommendations for each application. This work challenges standard design thinking, thus inciting designers to explore unusual avenues. The outcome is a useful analysis for researchers and engineers to look at UAM technologies in a different light while opening up possibilities for unconventional and creative designs.","author":[{"family":"Darvishpoor","given":"Shahin"},{"family":"Roshanian","given":"Jafar"},{"family":"Mesbah","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Haghighi","given":"Kamyar"},{"family":"Ebrahimi","given":"Benyamin"},{"family":"Serbezov","given":"Vladimir"},{"family":"Georgiev","given":"Krasin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/app15063181","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063181","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0882-1.ch004","type":"article-journal","title":"Ethical and Social Implications of Urban Mobility","abstract":"Urban mobility determines the vector of economic development of territories. And if the positive aspects of it have been studied quite fully, its negative aspects have not been studied sufficiently. A systemic view of the problem of urban mobility determines not only the formulation of tasks, but also determines the methods of their solution. The chapter uses an interdisciplinary approach, including the analysis of normative documents, statistical data, a comparative study of foreign experience. Content analysis methods of interviews with experts in the field of urbanism were used to study ethical aspects. The results of the study revealed that urban mobility contributes to the deepening of social stratification in a number of cities. The analysis shows that effective urban mobility management should be based on the principles of social justice, environmental sustainability, and ethical responsibility. The chapter provides recommendations for the implementation of inclusive transport solutions and emphasizes the importance of integrating ethical principles into an urban policymaking.","author":[{"family":"Izmaylov","given":"Maxim"},{"family":"Silkina","given":"Galina"},{"family":"Livintsova","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Krastev","given":"Viliyan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4018/979-8-3373-0882-1.ch004","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-0882-1.ch004","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0265-2.ch013","type":"article-journal","title":"Blockchain Enhanced VANETs for Secure, Resilient, and Efficient Urban Mobility","abstract":"As urban populations grow, cities face increasing challenges in developing transportation systems that are both efficient and secure. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) provide a promising solution by enabling real-time communication between vehicles and infrastructure, improving road safety and optimizing traffic flow. However, VANETs encounter issues related to data integrity, privacy, and scalability. The integration of blockchain technology offers a secure, decentralized framework for data sharing and identity verification. This chapter introduces a blockchain-enhanced VANET architecture that tackles these challenges by, Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus for VANETs, enabling vehicles and infrastructure nodes to share computational efforts with the help of collabrative mining. This approach addresses the resource constraints and real-time requirements typical in VANET environments. enhancing security, reducing traffic delays, and improving system resilience, offering a transformative approach to urban mobility.","author":[{"family":"Dhawale","given":"Krupali"},{"family":"Dubey","given":"Parul"},{"family":"Bhagat","given":"ARP"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4018/979-8-3373-0265-2.ch013","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-0265-2.ch013","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/drones9120863","type":"article-journal","title":"Development and Validation of a Custom Stochastic Microscale Wind Model for Urban Air Mobility Applications","abstract":"Urban air mobility operations, such as flying Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and small passenger aircraft in and around cities, will be inherently susceptible to the turbulent wind conditions in urban environments. Therefore, understanding UAM aircraft performance under microscale wind disturbances is critical. Gaining such insight is non-trivial due to the lack of sufficient UAM aircraft operational data and the complexities involved in flight testing UAM aircraft. A viable solution to overcome this hindrance is through simulation-based flight testing, data collection, and performance assessment. To support this effort, the present paper establishes a custom Stochastic microscale Wind Model (SWM) capable of efficiently generating high-resolution, spatio-temporally varying urban wind fields. The SWM is validated against wind tunnel test data, and subsequently, the findings are employed to guide targeted refinements of urban wake simulation. Furthermore, to incorporate realistic atmospheric conditions and demonstrate the ability to generate location-specific wind fields, the SWM is coupled with the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. This integrated approach is demonstrated through a case study focused on a potential vertiport site in Milan, Italy, illustrating its utility for assessing operational area-specific UAM aircraft performance and vertiport emplacement.","author":[{"family":"Nithya","given":"DS"},{"family":"Monteleone","given":"Francesca"},{"family":"Quaranta","given":"Giuseppe"},{"family":"Liang","given":"Man"},{"family":"Muscarello","given":"Vincenzo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/drones9120863","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9120863","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13272-024-00802-1","type":"article-journal","title":"Introducing digital air-traffic controllers for urban-air mobility to ensure safe and energy-efficient flight operations","abstract":"Abstract Facing the continued growth of cities, the introduction of urban-air mobility intends to reduce traffic congestion and improve the quality of services such as on-demand-transport, reduced travel times and increased connectivity. Nevertheless, its integration into existing air-traffic flows remains one of the biggest challenges ahead, especially once controlled airspace overlaps with urban-air mobility areas, such as at airport control zones. Here, air-traffic control needs to coordinate amobng urban-air mobility vehicles and conventional air traffic. In 2022, DLR conducted a human-in-the-loop simulation with ten air-traffic controllers to validate previously developed workflows for that coordination task applied for Hamburg airport. The simulation results revealed that additional urban-air mobility traffic increases controllers’ experienced workload up to 30% while slightly reducing their perceived situation awareness. Thus, a majority of controllers participating in the trials suggested to introduce an additional controller working position to exclusively control airtaxis and traffic following visual flight rules. This option is assessed as owning a high potential as cost intensive adaptions of regulations and procedures can be omitted. Nevertheless, the feasibility of this option is rather low due to the limited availability of endorsed human controllers. This study proposes a concept for a digital controller taking the responsibility of guidance for airtaxis under visual flight rules traffic (abbr. VFR) within a control zone. This digital controller is named “UAM digital controller” (abbr. UDC) and based on algorithms calculating slots and trajectories which have been validated in previous DLR projects. The UDC coordinates with the human controller once a potential conflict is detected. Within the study, first the concept of the digital controller is defined, following existing work. As a second step, a theoretical evaluation based on an air-traffic control task model and an operational concept for airtaxi integration will analyze the task load reduction for the human controller. Last but not least, the expected energy saving of flight operations by the digital controllers will be assessed.","author":[{"family":"Schier-Morgenthal","given":"S"},{"family":"Abdellaoui","given":"R"},{"family":"Metz","given":"IC"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1007/s13272-024-00802-1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-024-00802-1","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0265-2.ch008","type":"article-journal","title":"Secure Data Exchange in VANETs Using Blockchain and Support Vector Machines for Smart Urban Mobility","abstract":"This research proposes a machine learning-based framework integrating blockchain technology and Support Vector Machines (SVM) to secure data exchange in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) for smart urban mobility. VANETs, essential to modern smart city infrastructure, enable vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, facilitating real-time information sharing. However, these networks face significant security and privacy challenges due to their open and dynamic nature. By employing blockchain, the framework ensures data integrity and prevents unauthorized access, creating a secure environment for data transactions within VANETs. The SVM algorithm enhances data processing efficiency by accurately classifying and filtering data exchanged across the network, mitigating potential threats and minimizing vulnerabilities.","author":[{"family":"Karthikeyan","given":"R"},{"family":"Swaminathan","given":"K"},{"family":"Ponnusamy","given":"Sivaram"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.4018/979-8-3373-0265-2.ch008","URL":"https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-0265-2.ch008","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.5772/intechopen.1014814","type":"article-journal","title":"Cooperative Autonomy of Unmanned Aerial Systems – Stable Swarm Formation and Deconfliction for Next-Generation Aerial Collaboration","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are quickly becoming not only isolated systems but also cooperative and intelligent, with the ability to perform in complex, dynamic, and contested environments. With the growth in size and autonomy of mission requirements, the safety of such coordination, formation control, and strong deconfliction between or among multiple aerial agents has emerged as a significant research and engineering issue. The book chapter introduces a comprehensive discourse on emerging ideas in UAV collaboration, especially their application to increase the resilience of a system by applying intelligent deconfliction strategies and formation adaptability techniques. It presents the basic concepts of cooperative autonomy and swarm intelligence, linking the theoretical background with practical design issues. The chapter examines how distributed decision-making, communication-aware coordination, and conflict-avoidance mechanisms are useful in ensuring stability and reliability in multi-UAV operations. It has a specific focus on resilience and deals with the manner in which formations respond to uncertainties like communication delays, dynamic obstacles, partial system failures, and unfavorable conditions. Based on developments in control theory, optimization, artificial intelligence (AI), and computational coordination models, the book chapter surveys classical swarm control methods and learning swarm control methods for civilian, industrial, and military uses. It is a comprehensive but affordable source of information for the design of safe, effective, and resilient cooperative UAV systems.","author":[{"family":"Iqbal","given":"Nimra"},{"family":"Aziz","given":"Izzatdin"},{"family":"Raza","given":"Muhammad"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5772/intechopen.1014814","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1014814","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7605133/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"A Bayesian Network Approach for Systemic Risk Analysis in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Operations","abstract":"Abstract Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operations confront complex systemic risks that challenge traditional analytical methods. This paper develops a hierarchical Bayesian Network (BN) to quantitatively model these risks. Our model establishes causal pathways from foundational drivers to key performance indicators (KPIs): Safety, Mission Success, and Third-Party Risk. The baseline risk assessment reveals significant operational vulnerabilities. It identifies degraded pilot performance, evidenced by a 54\\% probability of 'Poor' Decision Making, as a primary contributor to a 56\\% baseline probability of an 'Accident'. However, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis demonstrates a more critical insight: the operational environment, specifically 'Adverse Weather' and 'Terrain \\&amp; Obstacles', constitutes the single most dominant risk driver across all KPIs. This finding underscores the strategic importance of rigorous pre-flight environmental assessment over in-flight reactive measures. Furthermore, the analysis reveals the necessity for differentiated mitigation strategies; Mission Success exhibits unique sensitivity to 'Signal Interference', a factor less critical for direct safety outcomes. This framework provides a data-driven, causal tool to support UAV operators in resource prioritization and systemic resilience enhancement within a complex operational landscape.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Lu"},{"family":"Zhu","given":"Maoran"},{"family":"Li","given":"Na"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7605133/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7605133/v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26020620","type":"article-journal","title":"Radio Frequency Signal Recognition of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Based on Complex-Valued Convolutional Neural Network.","abstract":"The rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology necessitates reliable recognition methods. Radio frequency (RF)-based recognition is promising, but conventional real-valued CNNs (RV-CNNs) typically discard phase information from RF spectrograms, leading to degraded performance under low-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. To address this, this paper proposes a complex-valued CNN (CV-CNN) that operates on a constructed complex representation, where the real part is the logarithmic power spectral density (PSD) and the imaginary part is derived from Sobel edge detection. This enables genuine complex convolutions that fuse magnitude and structural cues, enhancing noise resilience. As complex-valued networks are known to be sensitive to architectural choices, we conduct comprehensive ablation experiments to investigate the impact of key hyperparameters on model performance, revealing critical stability constraints (e.g., performance collapse beyond 4–5 network depth). Evaluated on the 25-class DroneRFa dataset, the proposed model achieves 100.00% accuracy under noise-free conditions. Crucially, it demonstrates significantly superior robustness in low-SNR regimes: at −20 dB SNR, it attains 15.58% accuracy, over seven times higher than a dual-channel RV-CNN (2.20%) with identical inputs; at −15 dB, it reaches 45.86% versus 14.03%. These results demonstrate that the CV-CNN exhibits potentially superior robustness and interference resistance in comparison to its real-valued counterpart, maintaining high recognition accuracy even under low-SNR conditions.","author":[{"family":"Xin","given":"Yibo"},{"family":"Mu","given":"Junsheng"},{"family":"Jing","given":"Xiaojun"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Wei"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s26020620","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020620","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-05322-4","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-source data fusion-based knowledge transfer for unmanned aerial vehicle flight data anomaly detection and recovery.","abstract":"Flight data anomaly detection (AD) is essential for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) health management. Despite the current dominance of data-driven approaches, their effectiveness often requires sufficient data for model training. However, in practice, it is inevitable to face the situation of limited data, such as the high cost of data acquisition and the difficulty of collecting data in special scenarios, resulting in the performance degradation of the traditional data-driven methods with limited samples. This paper proposes an innovative data-driven approach leveraging transfer learning to detect and recover abnormal UAV flight data with limited samples through multi-source data fusion. First, a data-driven framework based on one-dimensional convolutional neural network and bi-directional long short-term memory (1D CNN-BiLSTM) with parameter selection and residual smoothing (1DCB-PSRS) is proposed. It employs the designed 1D CNN-BiLSTM prediction model for fully extracting spatiotemporal features of flight data, the maximum information coefficient (MIC) for parameter selection, and the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) for residual smoothing, thereby improving the AD and recovery performance. Second, multiple source domains with sufficient data are fused to pre-train the model to gain initialized parameters for the target domain. Then, the model is fine-tuned using limited training samples in the target domain through model-based transfer learning method and is evaluated using test data of the target domain. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on real UAV flight data.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-05322-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05322-4","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0318769","type":"article-journal","title":"The spatiotemporal evolution of flight-coupled wind field for a four-rotor plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle.","abstract":"The four-rotor plant protection Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an important piece of equipment for the efficient plant protection field. However, the flight-coupled wind field is unclear, which has become the bottleneck factor limiting the improvement of the spray quality. When the multi-rotor plant protection UAV flew and sprayed, the liquid droplets were accelerated, the stems and branches were shaken, and the leaves were turned over in the disturbance area of the spiral backward flight-coupled wind field. The flight-coupled wind field, liquid droplets and crop canopy were closely related. Only when the flight-coupled wind field was analyzed could the interaction mechanism among the flight-coupled wind field, liquid droplets, and crop canopy be effectively studied, then the flight and spray scheme could be reasonably formulated. By combining the Re-Normalization Group (RNG) k-&#x3b5; turbulence model, compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, the dynamic mesh based on the spring smoothing and layering method, pressure-velocity coupling algorithm, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the flight-coupled wind field for the four-rotor plant protection UAV was established, the dynamic evolution law of the flight-coupled wind field in the spatial and temporal dimensions was also discussed in this paper. Numerical simulations were carried out for flight-coupled wind fields in two working conditions, analysis showed that the maximum relative error between the simulated and measured values of Zb-direction (Z direction in the absolute coordinate system) velocity was less than 12.7% when the flight-coupled wind field was stable. When switching from hover to flight state, the downwash wind field experienced a lateral interruption and developed into the stable flight-coupled wind field after flying for 0.696&#x2009;s, and the velocity distribution diagram of the cross section evolved from four rings to four horseshoe vortices. When the flight-coupled wind field evolved to stabilize, the dense atmosphere reduced the absolute values of the four Zb-direction velocity peaks at observation line 1 from left to right along the flight direction by 4.5%, 4.2%, 9.0%, and 26.1% respectively. The angles between the horizontal direction and the four curves formed by Zb-direction velocity peaks were also changed from 90&#xb0; to 72&#xb0;, 69&#xb0;, 61&#xb0;, and 56&#xb0; respectively at the flight speed of 3 m/s. Therefore, the installation of the nozzle and the formulation of the spray strategy are crucial to improve the spray deposition effect.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0318769","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318769","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180256","type":"article-journal","title":"A novel and scalable flood risk assessment framework for cultural heritage based on unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry and multi-scale rain-on-grid hydraulic modeling.","abstract":"This study presents a novel multi-scale flood risk assessment framework for cultural heritage sites, applied to the Temple of Apollo, Aegina Island, Greece. Three modeling configurations were developed and compared: (i) an island-wide Rain-on-Grid (RoG) hydraulic model at 5&#xa0;m resolution, (ii) a site-only model driven by inflows from the island-scale simulation, and (iii) a high-resolution nested model coupling island-scale outputs with centimeter-scale site RoG simulations enabled by UAV photogrammetry. Simulations for 100-, 1000-, and 2000-year return periods revealed strong scale-dependent differences: island-wide inundation extents of 7.3-10.3&#xa0;km 2 , site-specific inundation of 2-24&#xa0;%, and water volumes of 92-1483&#xa0;m 3 depending on the model configuration and return period. Flow velocities remained below 1.0&#xa0;m/s, indicating low erosive potential but possible material degradation. Limestone deterioration analysis showed 4-10&#xa0;% compressive strength reduction, 3-9&#xa0;% elastic modulus decrease, and mass losses of 0.64-26.08&#xa0;kg after 24-h inundations. The nested approach provided more realistic water volume accumulation over the single-scale model and revealed critical micro-topographic controls on flood behavior. This scalable, built on readily accessible tools (HEC-RAS and UAV), framework supports rapid deployment to heritage sites globally, enabling quantitative risk assessments for adaptation planning and conservation prioritization.","author":[{"family":"Mj","given":"Alexopoulos"},{"family":"Cc","given":"Spyrakos"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180256","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180256","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.22541/au.174287754.48283973/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"A Low Side Lobe Anti Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Radar Beamforming Method Based on Hybrid Basic Beams Superposition","abstract":"Radar beamforming is one of the most important technologies in the radar system, and the anti unmanned aerial vehicle (anti-UAV) radar beamforming is usually difficult because of its complex beams. In this paper, a beamforming method based on a hybrid basic beams super position for anti-UAV radar and a modulation parameter decoupling method are proposed. Basic beams based on a window function and their improved versions with fast attenuation side lobe, are combined by different weightings on different pointing directions to obtain the anti-UAV radar beam. A basic beams generation method for improving the attenuation side lobe of the original basic beams is proposed by minimizing the total power without any power loss in one specific pointing direction. To obtain the optimal weightings for different direc tions, the average beamforming error is minimized and then solved by a genetic algorithm. The method for decoupling the modulation param eters is also derived mathematically. Three groups of experiments with different types of beams are carried out. The experimental results show that the proposed method with hybrid beams can obtain a better beam forming effect in terms of side lobe level based on the window function under different types of anti-UAV radar beams.","author":[{"family":"Tong","given":"Fei"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Yihui"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Jingwei"},{"family":"Li","given":"Lin"},{"family":"Liao","given":"Guisheng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.22541/au.174287754.48283973/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.174287754.48283973/v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-93343-4","type":"article-journal","title":"Research on the condition monitoring method of unmanned aerial vehicle based on improved multivariate state estimation technique.","abstract":"The widespread use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) stimulates the demand for condition monitoring methods. To this end, a wide range of condition monitoring methods have been developed to monitor UAVs' performance. However, since the relatively low accuracy of monitoring and high reliance on human experience for threshold setting, the performance of condition monitoring methods for UAVs is deficient. Therefore, this paper proposes an advanced condition monitoring method for UAVs which is composed of improved multivariate state estimation technique (IMSET) and a novel threshold setting method based on probability distribution. Firstly, the IMSET constructs memory matrix (MM) by dynamic selection with incremental learning to improve the accuracy of estimation. Secondly, the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) is employed to mitigate the impact of measurement errors in condition vectors and then the threshold is set by probability distribution to reduce the dependence on human experience. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, sufficient experiments based on condition monitoring data generated by DJI F450 are conducted. The experimental results demonstrate that the method proposed in this paper can accurately monitor the condition of UAVs in time.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-93343-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-93343-4","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1111/nph.70197","type":"article-journal","title":"Estimating canopy leaf angle from leaf to ecosystem scale: a novel deep learning approach using unmanned aerial vehicle imagery.","abstract":"Leaf angle distribution (LAD) impacts plant photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and ecosystem primary productivity, which are crucial for understanding surface energy balance and climate change responses. Traditional LAD measurement methods are time-consuming and often limited to individual sites, hindering effective data acquisition at the ecosystem scale and complicating the modeling of canopy LAD variations. We present a deep learning approach that is more affordable, efficient,&#xa0;automated, and less labor-intensive than traditional methods for estimating LAD. The method uses unmanned aerial vehicle images processed with structure-from-motion point cloud algorithms and the Mask Region-based convolutional neural network. &#xa0;Validation at the single-leaf scale using manual measurements across&#xa0;three plant species confirmed high accuracy of the proposed method (Pachira glabra: R 2 &#x2009;=&#x2009;0.87, RMSE&#x2009;=&#x2009;7.61&#xb0;; Ficus elastica: R 2 &#x2009;=&#x2009;0.91, RMSE&#x2009;=&#x2009;6.72&#xb0;; Schefflera macrostachya: R 2 &#x2009;=&#x2009;0.85, RMSE&#x2009;=&#x2009;5.67&#xb0;). Employing this method, we efficiently measured leaf angles for 57 032 leaves within a 30 m &#xd7; 30 m plot, revealing distinct LAD among four representative tree species: Melodinus suaveolens (mean inclination angle 34.79&#xb0;), Daphniphyllum calycinum (31.22&#xb0;), Endospermum chinense (25.40&#xb0;), and Tetracera sarmentosa (30.37&#xb0;). The method can efficiently estimate LAD across scales, providing critical structural information of vegetation canopy for ecosystem modeling, including species-specific leaf strategies and their effects on light interception and photosynthesis in diverse forests.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1111/nph.70197","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70197","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-97832-4","type":"article-journal","title":"An innovative decision-making approach for unmanned aerial vehicle software selection using bipolar fuzzy aggregation operators.","abstract":"Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology is functioning as a substitute for numerous remote sensing applications, particularly those requiring high-resolution satellite imaging, which is undergoing a significant transformation. This is especially beneficial in areas with persistent cloud cover, like the North East, as it facilitates the operation of UAVs in those specific areas. The North Eastern Space Applications Centre (NESAC) is seeking data processing and analysis software capable of handling the photographs and videos captured by UAVs and supporting the most recent operating system version. Adoption of technology involves a complicated and unpredictable decision-making process. Bipolar fuzzy sets are useful in decision-making because they provide an elegant representation of uncertainty by permitting both positive and negative membership degrees at the same time. In this study, we define ordered weighted averaging, ordered weighted geometric, dynamic ordered weighted averaging, and dynamic ordered weighted geometric operators within the context of a bipolar fuzzy setting. Additionally, we delineate several essential characteristics of these operators. We demonstrate a systematic approach to resolve MADM issues. Furthermore, we effectively implement these novel methodologies to address the MADM challenge pertaining to the identification of the most auspicious data processing and analysis software intended for UAVs. In the end, we perform a comparative analysis to demonstrate the viability and applicability of the suggested methodologies in contrast to established approaches.","author":[{"family":"Aw","given":"Baidar"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-97832-4","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-97832-4","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25061924","type":"article-journal","title":"A Weighted-Transfer Domain-Adaptation Network Applied to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Fault Diagnosis.","abstract":"With the development of UAV technology, the composition of UAVs has become increasingly complex, interconnected, and tightly coupled. Fault features are characterized by weakness, nonlinearity, coupling, and uncertainty. A promising approach is the use of deep learning methods, which can effectively extract useful diagnostic information from weak, coupled, nonlinear data from inputs with background noise. However, due to the diversity of flight environments and missions, the distribution of the obtained sample data varies. The types of fault data and corresponding labels under different conditions are unknown, and it is time-consuming and expensive to label sample data. These challenges reduce the performance of traditional deep learning models in anomaly detection. To overcome these challenges, a novel weighted-transfer domain-adaptation network (WTDAN) method is introduced to realize the online anomaly detection and fault diagnosis of UAV electromagnetic-sensitive flight data. The method is based on unsupervised transfer learning, which can transfer the knowledge learnt from existing datasets to solve problems in the target domain. The method contains three novel multiscale modules: a feature extractor, used to extract multidimensional features from the input; a domain discriminator, used to improve the imbalance of the data distribution between the source domain and the target domain; and a label classifier, used to classify data categories for the target domain. Multilayer domain adaptation is used to reduce the distance between the source domain datasets and the target domain datasets distributions. The WTDAN assigns different weights to the source domain samples in order to weight the different contributions of source samples to solve the problem during the training process. The dataset adopts not only open datasets from the website but also test datasets from experiments to evaluate the transferability of the proposed WTDAN model. The experimental results show that, under the condition of fewer anomalous target data samples, the proposed method had a classification accuracy of up to 90%, which is higher than that of the other compared methods, and performed with superior transferability on the cross-domain datasets. The capability of fault diagnosis can provide a novel method for online anomaly detection and the prognostics and health management (PHM) of UAVs, which, in turn, would improve the reliability, repairability, and safety of UAV systems.","author":[{"family":"Yang","given":"Jian"},{"family":"Chu","given":"Hairong"},{"family":"Guo","given":"Lihong"},{"family":"Ge","given":"Xinhong"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25061924","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25061924","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c05121","type":"article-journal","title":"Strategy for the Selection of Tank-Mix Adjuvants to Improve the Wettability of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Sprayed Liquids on Citrus Leaf Surfaces.","abstract":"The past decade has witnessed a growth spurt in aerial pesticide application by plant protection unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, compared to the traditional ground application, their operation characteristics of low capacity and high concentration put forward rather higher requirements for the wettability of pesticide solutions on the target crop surface, which was a critical link to the pesticide efficiency. Tank mix of adjuvants is a common measure to modify the spray liquid wettability during foliar pesticide application. Yet, given the wide variety of spray adjuvants available, how to select suitable ones based on crop leaf surface characteristics during pesticide application of plant-protection UAVs still lacks attention, especially for tree crops like citrus. Herein, the surface free energy of citrus leaf, the surface tension of tested liquids, and their contact angles on citrus leaf were determined, and the quantitative relationship between the contact angle and the surface tension and its components, as well as the citrus leaf surface free energy and its components, was analyzed. The surface free energy of the adaxial and abaxial surface of citrus leaf was as low as 30.31 mJ m -2 and 27.50 mJ m -2 , respectively, showing that citrus leaves are relatively difficult to wet. However, addition with 1% ( v / v ) of the three tested spray adjuvants to the liquid significantly reduced the surface tension, especially the polar component, thereby substantially decreasing its contact angles on the citrus leaf surface. There was a significant positive correlation between the droplet contact angle on citrus leaf surfaces and liquid surface tension and its polar component, with total surface tension as the main variable and the polar component as the covariant. Our findings proposed a strategy for screening tank-mix adjuvants to improve spray liquid wettability on tree crop leaves during pesticide application by plant-protection UAVs.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c05121","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c05121","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/plants14111677","type":"article-journal","title":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Imagery for Plant Communities: Optimizing Visible Light Vegetation Index to Extract Multi-Species Coverage.","abstract":"Low-cost unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) visible light remote sensing provides new opportunities for plant community monitoring, but its practical deployment in different ecosystems is still limited by the lack of standardized vegetation index (VI) optimization for multi-species coverage extraction. This study developed a universal method integrating four VIs-Excess Green Index (EXG), Visible Band Difference Vegetation Index (VDVI), Red-Green Ratio Index (RGRI), and Red-Green-Blue Vegetation Index (RGBVI)-to bridge UAV imagery with plant communities. By combining spectral separability analysis with machine learning (SVM), we established dynamic thresholds applicable to crops, trees, and shrubs, achieving cross-species compatibility without multispectral data. The results showed that all VIs achieved robust vegetation/non-vegetation discrimination (Kappa &gt; 0.84), with VDVI being more suitable for distinguishing vegetation from non-vegetation. The overall classification accuracy for different vegetation types exceeded 92.68%, indicating that the accuracy is considerable. Crop coverage extraction showed a minimum segmentation error of 0.63, significantly lower than that of other vegetation types. These advances enable high-resolution vegetation monitoring, supporting biodiversity assessment and ecosystem service quantification. Our research findings track the impact of plant communities on the ecological environment and promote the application of UAVs in ecological restoration and precision agriculture.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/plants14111677","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14111677","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112411","type":"article-journal","title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) paired with LiDAR sensor to detect bodies on surface under vegetation cover: Preliminary test.","abstract":"The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has become increasingly accessible, enabling their deployment in a diverse range of operational contexts. UAVs have been tested as part of search and rescue missions. Following the successful use of UAVs in the wilderness medicine literature, we questioned their ability to be used in forensic context to search for missing persons or human remains, especially under canopy cover. Subsequently, various sensors were then repurposed from their original applications to address forensic concerns. This preliminary study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of airborne Light Detection and Ranging sensors (LiDAR) in detecting a concealed human body on a surface within a densely vegetated search area. To proceed, two LiDAR sensors were tested with several modalities. A dendrometric method was used to estimate the tree density of the search area, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to bring precision in the appreciation of canopy cover density. The results showed that airborne LiDAR sensors can capture body signatures in areas with dense vegetation. The ground point density reached 0.26&#x202f;% in a high-vegetated area. The study highlighted the importance of refining data processing techniques, including point cloud selection and the implementation of true positive/false positive analysis, to improve detection accuracy. Furthermore, the potential integration of complementary sensors such as thermographic and multispectral sensors was discussed, which may enhance the detection of thermal anomalies and chemical markers associated with decomposition.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112411","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112411","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25071966","type":"article-journal","title":"Estimating Tea Plant Physiological Parameters Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery and Machine Learning Algorithms.","abstract":"Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) holds agricultural economic value and forestry carbon sequestration potential, with Taiwan's annual tea production exceeding TWD 7 billion. However, climate change-induced stressors threaten tea plant growth, photosynthesis, yield, and quality, necessitating an accurate real-time monitoring system to enhance plantation management and production stability. This study surveys tea plantations at low, mid-, and high elevations in Nantou County, central Taiwan, collecting data from 21 fields using conventional farming methods (CFMs), which emphasize intensive management, and agroecological farming methods (AFMs), which prioritize environmental sustainability. This study integrates leaf area index (LAI), photochemical reflectance index (PRI), and quantum yield of photosystem II (&#x3a6;PSII) data with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)-derived visible-light and multispectral imagery to compute color indices (CIs) and multispectral indices (MIs). Using feature ranking methods, an optimized dataset was developed, and the predictive performance of eight regression algorithms was assessed for estimating tea plant physiological parameters. The results indicate that LAI was generally lower in AFMs, suggesting reduced leaf growth density and potential yield differences. However, PRI and &#x3a6;PSII values revealed greater environmental adaptability and potential long-term ecological benefits in AFMs compared to CFMs. Among regression models, MIs provided greater stability for tea plant physiological parameters, whereas feature ranking methods had minimal impact on accuracy. XGBoost outperformed all models in predicting parameters, achieving optimal results for (1) LAI: R 2 = 0.716, RMSE = 1.01, MAE = 0.683, (2) PRI: R 2 = 0.643, RMSE = 0.013, MAE = 0.009, and (3) &#x3a6;PSII: R 2 = 0.920, RMSE = 0.048, MAE = 0.013. Overall, we highlight the effectiveness of integrating gradient boosting models with multispectral data to capture tea plant physiological characteristics. This study develops generalizable predictive models for tea plant physiological parameter estimation and advances non-contact crop physiological monitoring for tea plantation management, providing a scientific foundation for precision agriculture applications.","author":[{"family":"Zh","given":"Zhuang"},{"family":"Hp","given":"Tsai"},{"family":"Ci","given":"Chen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25071966","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25071966","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpls.2025.1568237","type":"article-journal","title":"Detection of litchi fruit maturity states based on unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing and improved YOLOv8 model.","abstract":"Rapid and accurate detection of the maturity state of litchi fruits is crucial for orchard management and picking period prediction. However, existing studies are largely limited to the binary classification of immature and mature fruits, lacking dynamic evaluation and precise prediction of maturity states. To address these limitations, this study proposed a method for detecting litchi maturity states based on UAV remote sensing and YOLOv8-FPDW. The YOLOv8-FPDW model integrated FasterNet, ParNetAttention, DADet, and Wiou modules, achieving a mean average precision (mAP) of 87.7%. The weight, parameter count, and computational load of the model were reduced by 17.5%, 19.0%, and 9.9%, respectively. The improved model demonstrated robust performance in different application scenarios. The proposed target quantity differential strategy effectively reduced the detection error for semi-mature fruits by 12.58%. The results showed significant stage-based changes in the maturity states of litchi fruits: during the rapid growth phase, the fruit count increased by 18.28%; during the maturity differentiation phase, semi-mature fruits accounted for approximately 53%; and during the peak maturity phase, mature fruits exceeded 50%, with a fruit drop rate of 11.46%. In addition, YOLOv8-FPDW was more competitive than mainstream object detection algorithms. The study predicted the optimal harvest period for litchis, providing scientific support for orchard batch harvesting and fine management.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1568237","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1568237","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/plants14111640","type":"article-journal","title":"A Bottom-Up Multi-Feature Fusion Algorithm for Individual Tree Segmentation in Dense Rubber Tree Plantations Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Light Detecting and Ranging.","abstract":"Accurate individual tree segmentation (ITS) in dense rubber plantations is a challenging task due to overlapping canopies, indistinct tree apexes, and intricate branch structures. To address these challenges, we propose a bottom-up, multi-feature fusion method for segmenting rubber trees using UAV-LiDAR point clouds. Our approach first involves performing a trunk extraction based on branch-point density variations and neighborhood directional features, which allows for the precise separation of trunks from overlapping canopies. Next, we introduce a multi-feature fusion strategy that replaces single-threshold constraints, integrating geometric, directional, and density attributes to classify core canopy points, boundary points, and overlapping regions. Disputed points are then iteratively assigned to adjacent trees based on neighborhood growth angle consistency, enhancing the robustness of the segmentation. Experiments conducted in rubber plantations with varying canopy closure (low, medium, and high) show accuracies of 0.97, 0.98, and 0.95. Additionally, the crown width and canopy projection area derived from the segmented individual tree point clouds are highly consistent with ground truth data, with R 2 values exceeding 0.98 and 0.97, respectively. The proposed method provides a reliable foundation for 3D tree modeling and biomass estimation in structurally complex plantations, advancing precision forestry and ecosystem assessment by overcoming the critical limitations of existing ITS approaches in high-closure tropical agroforests.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/plants14111640","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14111640","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25092729","type":"article-journal","title":"A Tree Crown Segmentation Approach for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Remote Sensing Images on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Neural Network Accelerator.","abstract":"Tree crown detection of high-resolution UAV forest remote sensing images using computer technology has been widely performed in the last ten years. In forest resource inventory management based on remote sensing data, crown detection is the most important and essential part. Deep learning technology has achieved good results in tree crown segmentation and species classification, but relying on high-performance computing platforms, edge calculation, and real-time processing cannot be realized. In this thesis, the UAV images of coniferous Pinus tabuliformis and broad-leaved Salix matsudana collected by Jingyue Ecological Forest Farm in Changping District, Beijing, are used as datasets, and a lightweight neural network U-Net-Light based on U-Net and VGG16 is designed and trained. At the same time, the IP core and SoC architecture of the neural network accelerator are designed and implemented on the Xilinx ZYNQ 7100 SoC platform. The results show that U-Net-light only uses 1.56 MB parameters to classify and segment the crown images of double tree species, and the accuracy rate reaches 85%. The designed SoC architecture and accelerator IP core achieved 31 times the speedup of the ZYNQ hard core, and 1.3 times the speedup compared with the high-end CPU (Intel CoreTM i9-10900K). The hardware resource overhead is less than 20% of the total deployment platform, and the total on-chip power consumption is 2.127 W. Shorter prediction time and higher energy consumption ratio prove the effectiveness and rationality of architecture design and IP development. This work departs from conventional canopy segmentation methods that rely heavily on ground-based high-performance computing. Instead, it proposes a lightweight neural network model deployed on FPGA for real-time inference on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), thereby significantly lowering both latency and system resource consumption. The proposed approach demonstrates a certain degree of innovation and provides meaningful references for the automation and intelligent development of forest resource monitoring and precision agriculture.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25092729","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092729","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320608","type":"article-journal","title":"Inversion and analysis of leaf area index (LAI) of urban park based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral remote sensing and random forest (RF).","abstract":"Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a critical indicator of vegetation growth and ecological function. Unlike the relatively uniform crop types and planting methods typically found in agricultural fields, parks typically feature a diverse range of plant species, varied configurations, and complex vertical structures, making LAI estimation more complex and challenging. To improve the accuracy of LAI estimation in urban parks, this study, by combining unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral remote sensing technology with Random Forest (RF) to conduct the inversion and analysis of LAI in Xinxiang People's Park. High-resolution images are obtained using multispectral sensors carried by a UAV, which are then used to calculate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Combined with ground-measured vegetation LAI data, this study applies RF to estimate the park LAI. The results indicate that the average LAI of Xinxiang People's Park is 2.30 (for the entire park). excluding the hard surfaces (which account for 36.05%), the average LAI increases to 3.59, indicating good vegetation conditions. The LAI of the park and its distribution are influenced by factors such as plant species, configuration patterns, planting density, aesthetic design, and site function. Accurate LAI inversion is crucial for effective management and optimization of these green spaces. RF can effectively capture the complex nonlinear relationship between NDVI and LAI, with a coefficient of determination (R&#xb2;) of 0.54 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.91. Although the accuracy is still insufficient, RF's ability to handle nonlinear relationships makes it an effective tool for LAI inversion in complex vegetation environments. LAI inversion of park vegetation based on UAV multispectral imagery can provide valuable insights for the management and optimization of park vegetation.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0320608","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320608","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20787573","type":"article-journal","title":"Effective mission planning for fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","abstract":"Abstract. Today Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are integrated into the different duties of human activity. Multiple advantages of UAV stimulate continuous growing number of practical applications in industry 4.0. Precision level of modern onboard positioning sensors supports accurate trajectory maintaining in a fully automatic mode for most short-length missions. Effective trajectory planning is a key element of mission success. In the paper, we study mission planning stage with a focus on UAV navigation. Flight phase classification is used for lateral UAV navigation and safe altitude is calculated based on a digital elevation model. Trajectory calculation for effective UAV missions includes estimation of true and magnetic heading angles; pitch angle; ground speed; time of flight and safe altitude. Forecasted weather data of wind speed and direction are used for ground speed estimation and effective mission planning. In numerical demonstration, we use specially developed software for effective mission planning of power lines exploration with UAV of airplane type. Keywords. flight planning, UAV, air navigation, trajectory calculation, aerospace This is an archival copy of the original publication in CEUR Workshop Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Computational Methods in Systems Engineering 2025 (CMSE 2025), vol. 3981, 2025, pp. 78-88. Available online at https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3981/paper07.pdf. Published under the Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).","author":[{"family":"Ostroumov","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Tkachuk","given":"Daria"},{"family":"Kyzymchuk","given":"Olena"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20787573","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20787573","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20787574","type":"article-journal","title":"Effective mission planning for fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","abstract":"Abstract. Today Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are integrated into the different duties of human activity. Multiple advantages of UAV stimulate continuous growing number of practical applications in industry 4.0. Precision level of modern onboard positioning sensors supports accurate trajectory maintaining in a fully automatic mode for most short-length missions. Effective trajectory planning is a key element of mission success. In the paper, we study mission planning stage with a focus on UAV navigation. Flight phase classification is used for lateral UAV navigation and safe altitude is calculated based on a digital elevation model. Trajectory calculation for effective UAV missions includes estimation of true and magnetic heading angles; pitch angle; ground speed; time of flight and safe altitude. Forecasted weather data of wind speed and direction are used for ground speed estimation and effective mission planning. In numerical demonstration, we use specially developed software for effective mission planning of power lines exploration with UAV of airplane type. Keywords. flight planning, UAV, air navigation, trajectory calculation, aerospace This is an archival copy of the original publication in CEUR Workshop Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Computational Methods in Systems Engineering 2025 (CMSE 2025), vol. 3981, 2025, pp. 78-88. Available online at https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3981/paper07.pdf. Published under the Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).","author":[{"family":"Ostroumov","given":"Ivan"},{"family":"Tkachuk","given":"Daria"},{"family":"Kyzymchuk","given":"Olena"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20787574","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20787574","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22132003","type":"article-journal","title":"Numerical Investigation of Aerodynamic Performance of a Fixed-Wing UAV Wing Using High-Lift NACA Airfoils","abstract":"Cruise flight is the longest level phase of an aircraft’s journey between climb and descend in which the significance lies in maximizing energy efficiency, achieving optimal speed and endurance while minimizing operational risk by cruising under stable conditions. In this study, the aerodynamic performance of a fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle wing was investigated with high-lift NACA airfoils, NACA 2415 and NACA 4415, under representative cruise flight conditions at a low Reynolds number of 105, low velocity of 15ms-1 and the aerodynamic performance of both airfoils was compared and assessed using lift coefficient, drag coefficient, lift-to-drag ratio, pressure coefficient distribution, pressure contours, velocity contours, and streamline visualization using the XFLR5 and ANSYS fluent software. Results of the study indicate that NACA 4415 wing exhibit a higher lift coefficient with an increased aerodynamic drag than the NACA 2415 under the cruise flight conditions. NACA 4415 wing generated a stronger suction peak pressure near the leading edge of the upper surface compared to NACA 2415 wing which is followed by pressure recovery toward the trailing edge, thereby maintaining a relatively higher pressure differential required for lift generation. Velocity contours also indicate higher local velocities over the upper surface of NACA 4415 than over NACA 2415 with a corresponding lower static pressure at the regions of increased velocity and acceleration.","author":[{"family":"Ahmad","given":"KH"},{"family":"Yusuf","given":"Hadi"},{"family":"Ephraim","given":"TG"},{"family":"Abubakar","given":"Musa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22132003","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22132003","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22132004","type":"article-journal","title":"Numerical Investigation of Aerodynamic Performance of a Fixed-Wing UAV Wing Using High-Lift NACA Airfoils","abstract":"Cruise flight is the longest level phase of an aircraft’s journey between climb and descend in which the significance lies in maximizing energy efficiency, achieving optimal speed and endurance while minimizing operational risk by cruising under stable conditions. In this study, the aerodynamic performance of a fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle wing was investigated with high-lift NACA airfoils, NACA 2415 and NACA 4415, under representative cruise flight conditions at a low Reynolds number of 105, low velocity of 15ms-1 and the aerodynamic performance of both airfoils was compared and assessed using lift coefficient, drag coefficient, lift-to-drag ratio, pressure coefficient distribution, pressure contours, velocity contours, and streamline visualization using the XFLR5 and ANSYS fluent software. Results of the study indicate that NACA 4415 wing exhibit a higher lift coefficient with an increased aerodynamic drag than the NACA 2415 under the cruise flight conditions. NACA 4415 wing generated a stronger suction peak pressure near the leading edge of the upper surface compared to NACA 2415 wing which is followed by pressure recovery toward the trailing edge, thereby maintaining a relatively higher pressure differential required for lift generation. Velocity contours also indicate higher local velocities over the upper surface of NACA 4415 than over NACA 2415 with a corresponding lower static pressure at the regions of increased velocity and acceleration.","author":[{"family":"Ahmad","given":"KH"},{"family":"Yusuf","given":"Hadi"},{"family":"Ephraim","given":"TG"},{"family":"Abubakar","given":"Musa"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22132004","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22132004","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20932101","type":"article-journal","title":"Lightweight UAV Fault-Type Classification Using Composite Distance Metric and Multi-Sensor Voting","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarms areincreasingly deployed as distributed sensing platformswithin Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems for applicationssuch as infrastructure inspection, environmental monitor-ing, and logistics. However, the development of scalableand low-latency frameworks for real-time fault detectionremains a major challenge due to the limited computationalcapacity of aerial platforms and the heterogeneous natureof their sensor data. This paper proposes a lightweightvibration-based machine learning framework for UAV pro-peller condition monitoring during flight. A custom nearest-neighbor classifier with composite distance model processesmulti-domain vibration features extracted from dual three-axis accelerometers, achieving fault classification across sixdefect types including blade cracks, chips, bends, brokentips, and complete failures. The system employs a multi-domain feature extraction approach capturing frequency,time, and complexity characteristics, combined with multi-sensor fusion across six axes for robust classification. Exper-imental results demonstrate that the proposed frameworkachieves a classification accuracy of 96.77% with lowinference times, while maintaining low CPU utilization andmemory footprint (< 150 MB). The architecture supportsscalable deployment for large UAV fleets while ensuringreal-time responsiveness.","author":[{"family":"Ntib","given":"Antonios"},{"family":"Stefanopoulos","given":"Napoleon"},{"family":"Katrakazas","given":"Panagiotis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20932101","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20932101","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20932102","type":"article-journal","title":"Lightweight UAV Fault-Type Classification Using Composite Distance Metric and Multi-Sensor Voting","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarms areincreasingly deployed as distributed sensing platformswithin Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems for applicationssuch as infrastructure inspection, environmental monitor-ing, and logistics. However, the development of scalableand low-latency frameworks for real-time fault detectionremains a major challenge due to the limited computationalcapacity of aerial platforms and the heterogeneous natureof their sensor data. This paper proposes a lightweightvibration-based machine learning framework for UAV pro-peller condition monitoring during flight. A custom nearest-neighbor classifier with composite distance model processesmulti-domain vibration features extracted from dual three-axis accelerometers, achieving fault classification across sixdefect types including blade cracks, chips, bends, brokentips, and complete failures. The system employs a multi-domain feature extraction approach capturing frequency,time, and complexity characteristics, combined with multi-sensor fusion across six axes for robust classification. Exper-imental results demonstrate that the proposed frameworkachieves a classification accuracy of 96.77% with lowinference times, while maintaining low CPU utilization andmemory footprint (< 150 MB). The architecture supportsscalable deployment for large UAV fleets while ensuringreal-time responsiveness.","author":[{"family":"Ntib","given":"Antonios"},{"family":"Stefanopoulos","given":"Napoleon"},{"family":"Katrakazas","given":"Panagiotis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20932102","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20932102","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19465561","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-Sensor INS–Vision–Terrain–RF Navigation Architecture for Long-Range Military UAV Operations in GNSS-Denied and Contested Electromagnetic Environments","abstract":"Reliable navigation in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-denied environments has become a mission-critical requirement for long-range military unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operations supporting intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR), convoy overwatch, border monitoring, maritime domain awareness, and forward operating base protection. Contemporary operational theatres increasingly feature contested electromagnetic environments in which satellite navigation signals are degraded by jamming, spoofing, terrain shadowing, and spectrum congestion. This paper presents a resilient multi-sensor navigation architecture integrating inertial navigation systems (INS), vision-based localisation, terrain-referenced navigation (TRN), and radio-frequency (RF) signal-of-opportunity positioning within a tightly coupled extended Kalman filter (EKF) framework to ensure navigation continuity during prolonged GNSS outages. A mission-level simulation framework representative of endurance-class ISR UAV operations is developed to evaluate navigation performance across representative contested-spectrum scenarios. Results demonstrate that the proposed architecture reduces cumulative position drift by approximately 73% relative to standalone INS propagation and maintains stable trajectory tracking during extended GNSS denial intervals exceeding 120 minutes. The modular architecture supports scalable deployment across long-range military UAV platforms operating in electronically contested environments.","author":[{"family":"Imam","given":"AS"},{"family":"Sirajo","given":"B"},{"family":"Surajo","given":"A"},{"family":"Ibrahim","given":"IA"},{"family":"Baballe","given":"MA"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19465561","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19465561","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19465562","type":"article-journal","title":"Multi-Sensor INS–Vision–Terrain–RF Navigation Architecture for Long-Range Military UAV Operations in GNSS-Denied and Contested Electromagnetic Environments","abstract":"Reliable navigation in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-denied environments has become a mission-critical requirement for long-range military unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operations supporting intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR), convoy overwatch, border monitoring, maritime domain awareness, and forward operating base protection. Contemporary operational theatres increasingly feature contested electromagnetic environments in which satellite navigation signals are degraded by jamming, spoofing, terrain shadowing, and spectrum congestion. This paper presents a resilient multi-sensor navigation architecture integrating inertial navigation systems (INS), vision-based localisation, terrain-referenced navigation (TRN), and radio-frequency (RF) signal-of-opportunity positioning within a tightly coupled extended Kalman filter (EKF) framework to ensure navigation continuity during prolonged GNSS outages. A mission-level simulation framework representative of endurance-class ISR UAV operations is developed to evaluate navigation performance across representative contested-spectrum scenarios. Results demonstrate that the proposed architecture reduces cumulative position drift by approximately 73% relative to standalone INS propagation and maintains stable trajectory tracking during extended GNSS denial intervals exceeding 120 minutes. The modular architecture supports scalable deployment across long-range military UAV platforms operating in electronically contested environments.","author":[{"family":"Imam","given":"AS"},{"family":"Sirajo","given":"B"},{"family":"Surajo","given":"A"},{"family":"Ibrahim","given":"IA"},{"family":"Baballe","given":"MA"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19465562","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19465562","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19535715","type":"article-journal","title":"The Viability of Non-classified U.S. Military Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Technologies  in Disaster Public Health Emergency Response, Logistics, Search, and Rescue","abstract":"Abstract: Escalating natural and manmade disasters increasingly strain local emergency response systems, exposing gaps in situational awareness, rescue capacity, logistics coordination, and damage assessment. This qualitative narrative inquiry examines how military personnel with advanced education in logistics and humanitarian operations conceptualize the use of non-classified military Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technologies in domestic disaster response. Drawing on two phases of data collection, semi-structured narrative interviews and asynchronous reflective journaling, the study analyzes the perspectives of ten U.S. military service members trained in logistics and supply chain management. Findings indicate that military UAVs function as critical capability multipliers by accelerating situational awareness, reducing responder risk, improving logistics visibility, enhancing damage assessment, and supporting interagency coordination across disasters such as floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, wildfires, snowstorms, and mudslides. Participants emphasized that military UAV capabilities exceed those typically available to local fire and police departments in endurance, sensor integration, and operational scalability. The study concludes that non-classified military UAV integration, when appropriately governed and coordinated, significantly enhances the effectiveness, resilience, and life-saving capacity of domestic disaster and emergency response systems. Keywords: Drone Technology, Public Health, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Disaster Response, Humanitarian Logistics, Search and Rescue, Emergency Management, Military Support JEL Codes: H56, H84, L96, Q54, R11","author":[{"family":"Burrell","given":"Darrell"},{"family":"Huff","given":"Allison"},{"family":"Nobles","given":"Calvin"},{"family":"Burton","given":"Sharon"},{"family":"Song","given":"Won"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19535715","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19535715","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19535716","type":"article-journal","title":"The Viability of Non-classified U.S. Military Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Technologies  in Disaster Public Health Emergency Response, Logistics, Search, and Rescue","abstract":"Abstract: Escalating natural and manmade disasters increasingly strain local emergency response systems, exposing gaps in situational awareness, rescue capacity, logistics coordination, and damage assessment. This qualitative narrative inquiry examines how military personnel with advanced education in logistics and humanitarian operations conceptualize the use of non-classified military Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technologies in domestic disaster response. Drawing on two phases of data collection, semi-structured narrative interviews and asynchronous reflective journaling, the study analyzes the perspectives of ten U.S. military service members trained in logistics and supply chain management. Findings indicate that military UAVs function as critical capability multipliers by accelerating situational awareness, reducing responder risk, improving logistics visibility, enhancing damage assessment, and supporting interagency coordination across disasters such as floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, wildfires, snowstorms, and mudslides. Participants emphasized that military UAV capabilities exceed those typically available to local fire and police departments in endurance, sensor integration, and operational scalability. The study concludes that non-classified military UAV integration, when appropriately governed and coordinated, significantly enhances the effectiveness, resilience, and life-saving capacity of domestic disaster and emergency response systems. Keywords: Drone Technology, Public Health, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Disaster Response, Humanitarian Logistics, Search and Rescue, Emergency Management, Military Support JEL Codes: H56, H84, L96, Q54, R11","author":[{"family":"Burrell","given":"Darrell"},{"family":"Huff","given":"Allison"},{"family":"Nobles","given":"Calvin"},{"family":"Burton","given":"Sharon"},{"family":"Song","given":"Won"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19535716","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19535716","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.15482/usda.adc/26946841","type":"article-journal","title":"UAV image and ground data of two citrus 'Valencia' orange (<i>Citrus</i> sinensis [L.] Osbeck) rootstock trials","abstract":"The data are UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) and individual tree ground measurements collected from 2 citrus rootstock trials at the U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory Picos Road farm site, Ft. Pierce, Florida, USA located at 27.437115254946757, -80.42786069428246. The trees in both trials were Valencia sweet orange scion grafted onto various rootstock selections and varieties. The trials are designated as Valencia 5-16 and Valencia 17-28, which indicate the row numbers used for each trial. Valencia 5-16 includes 648 trees and Valencia 17-28 includes 643 trees. The ground data was taken for the 5-16 and 17-28 trials in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The UAV images were taken twice the same day, 5/12/2021, once each under partially sunny (images 27-176) and overcast conditions (images 177-327). A single flight of rows 5-28 for each condition captured both trials. Some of the images under the partially sunny condition show tree shadows when the sun was not obscured behind a cloud, whereas the images under the overcast condition flight have uniform lighting and no sun shadows. Each image is notated to designate the flight condition. For example, the image labeled DJI_0033_R5-R28_Valencia_sunny.JPG was taken from the partially sunny flight and the image labeled DJI_0183_R5-R28_Valencia_overcast.JPG was taken from the overcast flight. The UAV images were taken using a DJI Phantom 4 Pro drone using a side-overlap of 80% and a forward-overlap of 80% of the flight lines. The images are suitable for orthorectification. The images were red-green-blue (sRGB) in a 3:2 format with 5472 x 3648 pixels. The dataset is included in one folder that contains 305 files – 301 image files, 2 Excel spreadsheets (one for each trial) that contain the planting plan and ground measures, and 2 images with the rows and tree spaces labeled. The 2 labeled images are composite images constructed from the 150 images from the overcast set and were created to label rows and tree space numbers. The composite image is useful for general orientation and matching the individual trees to the ground data and other post-processing image analyses.","author":[{"family":"Niedz","given":"Randall"},{"family":"Bowman","given":"Kim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.15482/usda.adc/26946841","URL":"https://doi.org/10.15482/usda.adc/26946841","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.15482/usda.adc/26946841.v1","type":"article-journal","title":"UAV image and ground data of two citrus 'Valencia' orange (<i>Citrus</i> sinensis [L.] Osbeck) rootstock trials","abstract":"The data are UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) and individual tree ground measurements collected from 2 citrus rootstock trials at the U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory Picos Road farm site, Ft. Pierce, Florida, USA located at 27.437115254946757, -80.42786069428246. The trees in both trials were Valencia sweet orange scion grafted onto various rootstock selections and varieties. The trials are designated as Valencia 5-16 and Valencia 17-28, which indicate the row numbers used for each trial. Valencia 5-16 includes 648 trees and Valencia 17-28 includes 643 trees. The ground data was taken for the 5-16 and 17-28 trials in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The UAV images were taken twice the same day, 5/12/2021, once each under partially sunny (images 27-176) and overcast conditions (images 177-327). A single flight of rows 5-28 for each condition captured both trials. Some of the images under the partially sunny condition show tree shadows when the sun was not obscured behind a cloud, whereas the images under the overcast condition flight have uniform lighting and no sun shadows. Each image is notated to designate the flight condition. For example, the image labeled DJI_0033_R5-R28_Valencia_sunny.JPG was taken from the partially sunny flight and the image labeled DJI_0183_R5-R28_Valencia_overcast.JPG was taken from the overcast flight. The UAV images were taken using a DJI Phantom 4 Pro drone using a side-overlap of 80% and a forward-overlap of 80% of the flight lines. The images are suitable for orthorectification. The images were red-green-blue (sRGB) in a 3:2 format with 5472 x 3648 pixels. The dataset is included in one folder that contains 305 files – 301 image files, 2 Excel spreadsheets (one for each trial) that contain the planting plan and ground measures, and 2 images with the rows and tree spaces labeled. The 2 labeled images are composite images constructed from the 150 images from the overcast set and were created to label rows and tree space numbers. The composite image is useful for general orientation and matching the individual trees to the ground data and other post-processing image analyses.","author":[{"family":"Niedz","given":"Randall"},{"family":"Bowman","given":"Kim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.15482/usda.adc/26946841.v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.15482/usda.adc/26946841.v1","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9297239/v1","type":"article-journal","title":"Cooperative Search Algorithm for UAV Swarm Based on Heterogeneous Sensor Fusion","abstract":"Abstract To address the limited robustness of single-sensor detection in complex environments, this paper proposes a cooperative search algorithm for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm based on heterogeneous sensor fusion (HS-CS). The algorithm leverages the complementary detection capabilities of visible light and infrared sensors as its core, and establishes a framework tailored to heterogeneous detection characteristics. Initially, the mission area is discretized into a grid, and a four-state map model—comprising undetected, visible-only, infrared-only, and heterogeneous fusion coverage—is constructed. Collaborative update and distributed fusion operators are designed to achieve accurate map updates. Subsequently, dual optimization objectives, total coverage and fusion coverage, are established, and a fast non-dominated sorting approach is employed to derive the Pareto optimal solution set. Finally, a multi-dimensional evaluation index is defined, and a four-stage adaptive evaluation function, integrated with a stochastic exploration mechanism, is developed to determine optimal actions for the UAVs. Simulation results demonstrate that, in a scenario containing 50 targets, 25 of which require fused detection as difficult targets, the proposed algorithm achieves an average fusion coverage rate of 97.5% and an average difficult target detection rate of 98.0% over 20 independent repeated experiments. These values surpass those of the digital pheromone and fixed-weight multi-objective algorithms, validating the improved search efficiency of the proposed method in complex environments.","author":[{"family":"Guo","given":"Jingzhi"},{"family":"Li","given":"Zhe"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhihao"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Ning"},{"family":"Zuo","given":"Jialiang"},{"family":"Shang","given":"Yaobo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9297239/v1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9297239/v1","source":"europepmc"},{"id":"doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20250527-01311","type":"article-journal","title":"[Feasibility and timeliness of unmanned aerial vehicles-delivered automated external defibrillator in the emergency treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest].","abstract":"To explore the feasibility and timeliness of using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to deliver automated external defibrillator (AED) for the emergency rescue of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), a simulation experiment was conducted in the urban area of Jiaxing from November 2023 to November 2024. With the emergency rescue center as the center, 43 simulated OHCA events were randomly set within a radius of 6.5 kilometers. The distance and time indicators among emergency medical services (EMS), UAV-delivered AED, and public AED retrieval were compared. The results showed that the UAV flight distance [2.29 (1.21, 3.58) vs 3.10 (2.10, 5.30) km], flight time [266.0 (193.0, 344.0) vs (555.3&#xb1;11.6) seconds], and response time [353.0 (272.0, 426.0) vs (597.2&#xb1;210.0) seconds] were all shorter than those of EMS (all P &lt;0.05). However, the UAV's activation time [(76.4&#xb1;8.7) vs 40.0 (35.0, 51.0) seconds] was longer than that of EMS ( P &lt;0.05). The distance for retrieving public AEDs was shorter than the UAV flight distance [0.76 (0.40, 1.12) vs 2.29 (1.21, 3.58) km], but the retrieval time was longer [550.1 (286.6, 803.5) vs 353.0(272.0, 426.0) seconds] (both P &lt;0.05). This study indicates that UAVs have a significant advantage in emergency rescue timeliness, and the integrated use of EMS, UAV, and AED is a feasible new model for OHCA emergency rescue.","author":[{"family":"Zz","given":"Chen"},{"family":"Dt","given":"Fei"},{"family":"Nh","given":"A"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20250527-01311","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20250527-01311","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-32436-6","type":"article-journal","title":"Robust performance optimization of UAV dynamic systems using MPC-PID hybrid control.","abstract":"This paper intends to address the challenges of insufficient robustness and model uncertainty compensation in unmanned aerial vehicle dynamic systems under complex disturbances. The paper proposes a hybrid control architecture that combines deep fusion model predictive control with adaptive Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) based on Transformer attention mechanism. The core innovation of this architecture lies in introducing attention neural networks to dynamically tune PID gains online, and forming a deep collaborative control framework of \"prediction-learning-compensation\" with Model Predictive Control (MPC) and sliding mode disturbance observer with H&#x221e; (H-infinity) robust optimization. This thereby improvs the adaptability and control accuracy of the system under unstructured disturbances and model mismatches. The control architecture employs a robustly optimized upper-layer MPC controller, which, based on the receding horizon principle, utilizes real-time system state updates to predict future state evolution. An H&#x221e; performance criterion is incorporated into the control sequence optimization to strengthen robustness against model parameter perturbations and external disturbances. The lower-layer controller adopts an adaptive PID structure that responds quickly to the reference signals generated by the MPC. To address the degradation of PID tuning performance under dynamic mismatches and unmodeled disturbances, an attention mechanism neural network based on the Transformer architecture is introduced to adjust the PID gains online and capture nonlinear dynamic variations. Additionally, in order to further enhance system stability under severe disturbances, this control framework integrates sliding mode control technology into the disturbance observer design, and constructs a sliding mode disturbance observer module for explicit estimation of external disturbances and model uncertainties. The estimated values are injected into the lower-level adaptive PID controller through a feedforward compensation mechanism to achieve active disturbance rejection. Simulation experiments conducted in a nonlinear disturbance environment built on the AirSim platform, as well as tests using the EuRoc dataset, demonstrate that the proposed method maintains a steady-state tracking error within 5% during path-following tasks. Compared with the traditional MPC combined with fixed gain PID control, this method improves the steady-state robustness by about 17%, and shortens the system adjustment time from 3.15&#xa0;s to 2.47&#xa0;s, significantly improving by 21.6%, demonstrating excellent convergence and anti-interference ability. The results indicate that the MPC-PID hybrid control approach offers significant advantages in enhancing the robustness, adaptability, and control accuracy of UAV systems, making it well-suited for intelligent control demands in complex flight missions.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-32436-6","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32436-6","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.dib.2025.112356","type":"article-journal","title":"RivAIrSet: A multitemporal high-resolution UAV imagery dataset for machine learning-based river water segmentation.","abstract":"Understanding and predicting river dynamics requires frequent and systematic observations from imaging sensors deployed in situ or on different platforms. In this context, machine learning methods are increasingly applied to pixel-based classification and image segmentation, enabling innovative approaches for spatiotemporal mapping of dynamic fluvial environments. These methods often rely on large, multitemporal, and well-annotated datasets to ensure robust training and validation. We present RivAIrSet, a dataset of 7630 high-resolution RGB images collected by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) along a reach of the Basento River (Southern Italy), with corresponding annotations of river water areas. The images were acquired during multitemporal surveys under varying hydrological and meteorological conditions, capturing different flow regimes. Overall, the dataset provides a valuable resource for fluvial research, supporting advances in machine learning-based river water segmentation, enabling the calibration and validation of hydrological and hydraulic models, and fostering the development of intelligent systems for monitoring fluvial environments. RivAIrSet is available in the UAVRiverMonitoring community, an open repository we created to promote data sharing, enable comparative studies, and drive new research on UAV-based river monitoring.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.dib.2025.112356","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2025.112356","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26020374","type":"article-journal","title":"Direct UAV-Based Detection of &lt;i&gt;Botrytis cinerea&lt;/i&gt; in Vineyards Using Chlorophyll-Absorption Indices and YOLO Deep Learning.","abstract":"The transition toward Agriculture 5.0 requires intelligent and autonomous monitoring systems capable of providing early, accurate, and scalable crop health assessment. This study presents the design and field evaluation of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system for the detection of Botrytis cinerea in vineyards using multispectral imagery and deep learning. The proposed system integrates calibrated multispectral data with vegetation indices and a YOLOv8 object detection model to enable automated, geolocated disease detection. Experimental results obtained under real vineyard conditions show that training the model using the Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index (CARI) significantly improves detection performance compared to RGB imagery, achieving a precision of 92.6%, a recall of 89.6%, an F1-score of 91.1%, and a mean Average Precision (mAP@50) of 93.9%. In contrast, the RGB-based configuration yielded an F1-score of 68.1% and an mAP@50 of 68.5%. The system achieved an average inference time below 50 ms per image, supporting near real-time UAV operation. These results demonstrate that physiologically informed spectral feature selection substantially enhances early Botrytis cinerea detection and confirm the suitability of the proposed UAV-AI framework for precision viticulture within the Agriculture 5.0 paradigm.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s26020374","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020374","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0322662","type":"article-journal","title":"Pavement crack identification method based on IOtsu-Dd algorithm.","abstract":"Rapid identification of highway cracks is greatly significant for highway maintenance. In recent years, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles to collect images of road cracks for automatic recognition has become a topic of concern for many researchers. Based on this, to raise the accuracy and efficiency of crack recognition, a road crack recognition method based on unmanned aerial vehicle images and improved Otsu method is developed. Firstly, certain processing techniques are applied to the images captured by the unmanned aerial vehicle, such as grayscale and equalization, to reduce computational complexity and facilitate subsequent identification of image cracks. Subsequently, to improve recognition accuracy, the image is segmented and the Otsu method is introduced and improved. Finally, a pavement crack recognition model is constructed using damage density, achieving the extraction and recognition of pavement crack features from images. The experiment findings show that the raised recognition model has an average accuracy of 98.2%, a recall rate of 0.75, and an F1 score of 0.85 in crack recognition of unmanned aerial vehicle captured images. This denotes that the raised recognition model has strong effectiveness and high recognition accuracy, and the method can effectively recognize road cracks based on unmanned aerial vehicle images.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0322662","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0322662","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1093/jxb/erag062","type":"article-journal","title":"Persistent and transient QTLs underlying growth trajectory of plant height in sorghum.","abstract":"Genetic studies based on end-of-season measurements focus only on the outcome of a complex and dynamic process. Uncovering the genetic basis underlying the temporal dynamics of plant height will enhance our understanding of the genotype-to-phenotype relationship. Here, we conducted functional mapping to investigate the temporal dynamics of plant height using the time-series data extracted from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based RGB imagery from two sorghum populations. Significant correlations were found between the UAV-derived measurements and manual measurements. We modeled the growth trajectory using a logistic function. Among quantitative trait loci (QTLs) identified by mapping with the growth curve parameters as derived traits, several were co-localized with known genes controlling plant height. To further visualize the temporal patterns of genetic effects, we used the logistic function to estimate the height of each genotype at 5 d intervals. Genome scans of the model-estimated heights detected QTLs with dynamic effect changes across development. Persistent QTLs, co-localizing with Dw1, Dw2, Dw3, and qHT7.1, were detectable starting from 40 d after planting, whereas several transient QTLs were only detectable within specific shorter periods or during some growing seasons. These findings enabled us to generate a conceptual figure to depict six potential dynamic patterns of persistent and transient QTLs underlying growth trajectories.","author":[{"family":"Bme","given":"Alladassi"},{"family":"Fe","given":"Miguez"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1093/jxb/erag062","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erag062","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.85435","type":"article-journal","title":"A Systematic Review of Drone Customization and Application in Public Health Innovation.","abstract":"A drone, also known as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), is an aircraft operated without a human pilot on board embedded with diverse capabilities. Recent advancements in drone technology have expanded their applicability beyond military and recreational use, enabling critical functions across civilian sectors. In particular, the integration of UAVs into healthcare systems presents new opportunities to overcome logistical barriers, especially in hard-to-reach or underserved regions. This review aims to explore the expanding horizon of drone services within the public health domain and identify future research avenues in this innovative field. In line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, this systematic review followed a structured approach to screen and select studies. Initially, a comprehensive search was conducted across five major databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, and Scopus. Search terms included combinations of \"unmanned aerial vehicle,\" \"drone,\" \"UAV\" with \"public health,\" \"healthcare delivery,\" \"medical logistics,\" \"telemedicine,\" and \"remote healthcare.\" Boolean operators and search filters were applied to refine results, yielding an initial count of 1,200 articles from which only 36 have met our inclusion criteria. We found that drones are capable of serving in multiple arenas such as pharmaceutical delivery, blood and organ transportation, disaster response, aerial telemedicine stations, environmental monitoring, remote diagnostics, patient monitoring and care, training and simulation, nutritional support, water and sanitation, psychological support, bio medical waste management, public health surveillance, veterinary care, mobile laboratory services, support of elderly care and education and outreach.","author":[{"family":"Sk","given":"Mudgal"},{"family":"Vs","given":"Munda"},{"family":"Kb","given":"Pradhan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.7759/cureus.85435","URL":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.85435","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25164988","type":"article-journal","title":"Research on Disaster Environment Map Fusion Construction and Reinforcement Learning Navigation Technology Based on Air-Ground Collaborative Multi-Heterogeneous Robot Systems.","abstract":"The primary challenge that robots face in disaster rescue is to precisely and efficiently construct disaster maps and achieve autonomous navigation. This paper proposes a method for air-ground collaborative map construction. It utilizes the flight capability of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to achieve rapid three-dimensional space coverage and complex terrain crossing for rapid and efficient map construction. Meanwhile, it utilizes the stable operation capability of an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) and the ground detail survey capability to achieve precise map construction. The maps constructed by the two are accurately integrated to obtain precise disaster environment maps. Among them, the map construction and positioning technology is based on the FAST LiDAR-inertial odometry 2 (FAST-LIO2) framework, enabling the robot to achieve precise positioning even in complex environments, thereby obtaining more accurate point cloud maps. Before conducting map fusion, the point cloud is preprocessed first to reduce the density of the point cloud and also minimize the interference of noise and outliers. Subsequently, the coarse and fine registrations of the point clouds are carried out in sequence. The coarse registration is used to reduce the initial pose difference of the two point clouds, which is conducive to the subsequent rapid and efficient fine registration. The coarse registration uses the improved sample consensus initial alignment (SAC-IA) algorithm, which significantly reduces the registration time compared with the traditional SAC-IA algorithm. The precise registration uses the voxelized generalized iterative closest point (VGICP) algorithm. It has a faster registration speed compared with the generalized iterative closest point (GICP) algorithm while ensuring accuracy. In reinforcement learning navigation, we adopted the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) path planning algorithm. Compared with the deep Q-network (DQN) algorithm and the A* algorithm, the DDPG algorithm is more conducive to the robot choosing a better route in a complex and unknown environment, and at the same time, the motion trajectory is smoother. This paper adopts Gazebo simulation. Compared with physical robot operation, it provides a safe, controllable, and cost-effective environment, supports efficient large-scale experiments and algorithm debugging, and also supports flexible sensor simulation and automated verification, thereby optimizing the overall testing process.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25164988","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25164988","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109396","type":"article-journal","title":"Quantification of greenhouse gas emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator using an uncrewed aerial vehicle.","abstract":"The accurate quantification of greenhouse gas emissions from waste treatment facilities is critical for effective climate change mitigation and regulatory compliance. Measurement-based methods are increasingly emphasized as essential for addressing uncertainties in emission estimates, with uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) recognized for their flexibility and ability to capture spatially resolved data. This study evaluated CO 2 emissions at a municipal solid waste incinerator using UAV monitoring with two quantification methods-the mass balance and inverse Gaussian methods. Ground-based wind data introduced significant uncertainty in CO 2 emission quantification. Therefore, this study proposed using a mounted anemometer to capture high-resolution spatially-resolved wind data. The performance of the proposed quantification methods was assessed by comparing UAV-derived fluxes to reference quantification data to calculate errors, which were then compared across methods to evaluate accuracy. The mass balance method, incorporating spatially-resolved wind data, achieved a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 37.34%, which was a marked improvement compared to the 64.32% MAPE using spatially-averaged wind data. Similarly, the inverse Gaussian method showed a lower MAPE of 46.45% using spatially-resolved wind data, compared to 54.97% using spatially averaged wind data. Additionally, the advantages of each method under varying conditions of wind variability were evaluated. This study demonstrates that spatially-resolved wind measurements with a mounted anemometer improve the accuracy of CO 2 emission calculations. This approach highlights the importance of UAV-based monitoring of greenhouse gases emitted by waste management facilities.","author":[{"family":"Kt","given":"Kim"},{"family":"Ys","given":"Lee"},{"family":"Jy","given":"Kim"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.envint.2025.109396","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109396","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25165201","type":"article-journal","title":"Innovative Technologies to Improve Occupational Safety in Mining and Construction Industries-Part I.","abstract":"Innovative technologies have been helping to improve comfort and safety at work in high-risk sectors for years. The study analysed the impact, along with an assessment of potential implementations (opportunities and limitations) of innovative technological solutions for improving occupational safety in two selected sectors of the economy: mining and construction. The technologies evaluated included unmanned aerial vehicles and inspection robots, the Internet of Things and sensors, artificial intelligence, virtual and augmented reality, innovative individual and collective protective equipment, and exoskeletons. Due to the extensive nature of the obtained materials, the research description has been divided into two articles (Part I and Part II). This article presents the first three technologies. After the scientific literature from the Scopus database was analysed, some research gaps that need to be filled were identified. In addition to the obvious benefits of increased occupational safety for workers, innovative technological solutions also offer employers several economic advantages that affect the industry's sustainability. Innovative technologies are playing an increasingly important role in improving safety in mining and construction. However, further integration and overcoming implementation barriers, such as the need for changes in education, are needed to realise their full potential.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25165201","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25165201","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3389/fnbot.2025.1643011","type":"article-journal","title":"Integrated neural network framework for multi-object detection and recognition using UAV imagery.","abstract":"Accurate vehicle analysis from aerial imagery has become increasingly vital for emerging technologies and public service applications such as intelligent traffic management, urban planning, autonomous navigation, and military surveillance. However, analyzing UAV-captured video poses several inherent challenges, such as the small size of target vehicles, occlusions, cluttered urban backgrounds, motion blur, and fluctuating lighting conditions which hinder the accuracy and consistency of conventional perception systems. To address these complexities, our research proposes a fully end-to-end deep learning-driven perception pipeline specifically optimized for UAV-based traffic monitoring. The proposed framwork integrates multiple advanced modules: RetinexNet for preprocessing, segmentation using HRNet to preserve high-resolution semantic information, and vehicle detection using the YOLOv11 framework. Deep SORT is employed for efficient vehicle tracking, while CSRNet facilitates high-density vehicle counting. LSTM networks are integrated to predict vehicle trajectories based on temporal patterns, and a combination of DenseNet and SuperPoint is utilized for robust feature extraction. Finally, classification is performed using Vision Transformers (ViTs), leveraging attention mechanisms to ensure accurate recognition across diverse categories. The modular yet unified architecture is designed to handle spatiotemporal dynamics, making it suitable for real-time deployment in diverse UAV platforms.","author":[{"family":"Na","given":"Almujally"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fnbot.2025.1643011","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2025.1643011","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-10121-y","type":"article-journal","title":"An unmanned intelligent inspection technology based on improved reinforcement learning algorithm for power large-area multi-scene inspection.","abstract":"Patrol path planning, as the basis of unmanned intelligent patrol, significantly influences the efficiency and quality of power system surveillance. Consequently, this study investigates a multi scene unmanned intelligent patrol technology for power large area, based on an improved reinforcement learning algorithm. The unmanned intelligent patrol model is designed according to the patrol UAVs, wireless charging piles distributed in appropriate locations, and the targets to be patrolled (i.e., multiple scenes within a large power area). On this basis, the shortest patrol path is taken as the objective function for unmanned intelligent patrol path planning, with constraints including flight time limitations,, speed restrictions, and safety distance constraint. The Q-learning algorithm, a subset of reinforcement learning, is used to search the solution space of the objective function, enabling the UAV to select actions that maximize benefits based on this Q-values, thereby determining the next patrol target point. To enhance search efficiency and optimize the reinforcement learning algorithm, prior environmental knowledge is added as heuristic information during the initialization process of the standard Q-learning algorithm, mitigating the randomness of early exploration. A new reward function is developed to implement collision-free traversal checking within the reinforcement learning framework. Experimental results demonstrate that the patrol paths generated by this technology not only ensure the UAV patrol's safety but also meet the requirements of the shortest patrol path, guaranteeing a coverage rate exceeding 98.5% for all designated patrol targets.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-025-10121-y","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10121-y","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26030912","type":"article-journal","title":"A Review of Wireless Charging Solutions for FANETs in IoT-Enabled Smart Environments.","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are emerging as a fundamental part of Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs). However, owing to the limited energy capacity of UAV batteries, wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies have recently gained interest from researchers, offering recharging possibilities for FANETs. Based on this background, this study highlights the need for wireless charging to enhance the operational endurance of FANETs in Internet-of-Things (IoT) environments. This review investigates WPT power replenishment to explore the dynamic usage of UAVs in two ways. The former is for using a UAV as a mobile charger to recharge the ground nodes, whereas the latter is for WPT applications in in-flight (UAV-to-UAV) charging. For the two research domains, we describe the different methods of WPT and its latest advancements through the academic and industrial research literature. We categorized the results based on the power transfer range, efficiency, wireless charger topology (ground or in-flight), coordination among multiple UAVs, and trajectory optimization formulation. A crucial finding is that in-flight UAV charging can extend the endurance by three times compared to using standalone batteries. Furthermore, the integration of IoT for the deployment of a clan of UAVs as a FANET is rigorously emphasized. Our data findings also indicate the present and future forecasting graphs of UAVs and IoT-integrating UAVs in the global market. Existing systems have scalability issues beyond 20 UAVs; therefore, future research requires edge computing for WPT scheduling and blockchains for energy trading.","author":[{"family":"Nur","given":"Junejo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s26030912","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030912","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1021/acssensors.5c00898","type":"article-journal","title":"Stabilizing Ti(III) Species in Black TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; via a Phosphate Capping Layer for Sub-Parts-per-Billion-Level NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Detection at Room Temperature.","abstract":"The requirement of a high operating temperature to achieve sufficient sensitivity is a common challenge for metal oxide semiconductor (MOS)-based chemiresistive gas sensors because of their intrinsic poor conductivity and scarce active sites. In this study, utilizing the phosphate group as a surface capping layer, we show that the electrochemical reduction (ECR) technique is a simple and effective method to endow MOS nanoarrays with improved conductivity for a long time, even after they undergo high-temperature treatment in air. Using TiO 2 nanotube arrays (Ti NTs) grown on a Ti chip as a proof of principle, a large number of Ti(III) and oxygen vacancy (O V ) species were created by the ECR technique in a phosphate ion-containing electrolyte. The affinity between phosphate groups and TiO 2- x enables the phosphates to act as a capping layer blocking oxygen penetration, thus stabilizing most of the Ti(III) and O V species after a double annealing treatment at 450 &#xb0;C and storage for 3 months at room temperature (RT). Using NO 2 as a model target, the formation of an S-scheme TiO 2- x /BiVO 4 heterojunction on the sensing chip resulted in a remarkable NO 2 sensing performance at RT, with a response of 16.4 toward 100 ppb NO 2 (the response is defined as the ratio of the sensor's resistance in the target gas to that in air) and rapid response/recovery rates (27/55 s). Moreover, the hydrogen bond formed between H 2 O and phosphate groups endowed the sensor with good humidity resistance. Further loading the sensing chip onto an unmanned aerial vehicle demonstrated its high applicability, enabling on-site environmental detection and providing an alternative to traditional gas sensing devices for high-sensitivity, real-time monitoring of trace target gases.","author":[{"family":"Yy","given":"Song"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1021/acssensors.5c00898","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.5c00898","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/plants15020243","type":"article-journal","title":"UAV NDVI-Based Vigor Zoning Predicts PR-Protein Accumulation and Protein Instability in Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc Wines.","abstract":"Protein instability in white wines is mainly caused by pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins that survive winemaking and can form haze in bottle. Because PR-protein synthesis is modulated by vine stress, this study evaluated whether unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral imagery and NDVI-based vigor zoning can be used as early predictors of protein instability in commercial Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc wines. High-resolution multispectral images were acquired over two seasons (2023-2024) in two vineyards, and three vigor zones (high, medium, low) were delineated from the NDVI at the individual vine scale. A total of 180 georeferenced vines were sampled, and musts were analyzed for thaumatin-like proteins and chitinases via RP-HPLC. Separate microvinifications were carried out for each vigor zone and cultivar, and the resulting wines were evaluated for protein instability (heat test) and bentonite requirements. Low-vigor vines consistently produced musts with higher PR-protein concentrations, greater turbidity after heating, and higher bentonite demand than high-vigor vines, with stronger effects in Sauvignon Blanc. These vigor-dependent patterns were stable across vintages, despite contrasting seasonal conditions. Linear discriminant analysis using NDVI, PR-protein content, turbidity, and bentonite dosage correctly separated vigor classes. Overall, UAV NDVI-based vigor zoning provided a robust, non-destructive tool for identifying vineyard zones with increased risk of protein instability. This approach supports precision enology by enabling site-specific stabilization strategies that reduce overtreatment with bentonite and preserve white wine quality.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/plants15020243","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15020243","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25185652","type":"article-journal","title":"Integrating UAV-Derived Diameter Estimations and Machine Learning for Precision Cabbage Yield Mapping.","abstract":"Non-destructive diameter estimation of cabbage heads and yield prediction employing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery are superior to conventional approaches, which are labor intensive and time consuming. This approach assesses spatial variability across the field, effective allocation of resources, and supports variable application rates of fertilizer and supply chain management. Here, individual cabbage head diameters were estimated using deep learning-based pose estimation models (YOLOv8s-pose and YOLOv11s-pose) using high spatial resolution RGB images acquired from UAV 6 m during the cabbage-growing season in 2024. With a mean relative error (MRE) of 4.6% and a high mean average precision (mAP) 98.5% at 0.5, YOLOv11s-pose emerged as the best-performing model, verifying its accuracy for pragmatic agricultural use. The approximated diameter was then combined with climatic variables (temperature and rainfall) and canopy reflectance indices (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference red edge index (NDRE), and green chlorophyll index (CIg)) that were extracted from the multispectral images with 6 m resolution and fed into AI models to develop individual cabbage head fresh weight. Among the machine learning models (MLMs) tested, CatBoost achieved the lowest Mean Squared Error (MSE = 0.025 kg/cabbage), highest R 2 (0.89), and outperformed other models based on the Diebold-Mariano statistical test ( p &lt; 0.05). This finding suggests that an integrated AI-powered framework enhances non-invasive and precise yield estimation in cabbage farming.","author":[{"family":"St","given":"Arab"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25185652","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185652","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpls.2025.1633206","type":"article-journal","title":"Spatiotemporal pattern analysis of juglans leaf necrosis disease occurrence and development in southern Xinjiang, China, based on UAV.","abstract":"Juglans leaf necrosis (JLN) is a physiological disease primarily associated with abiotic stressors such as high temperatures, drought, and soil salinity, though biotic factors may also exacerbate its severity. It is a global concern affecting walnut production in multiple regions, including Xinjiang, China. In recent years, climate change, shifting agricultural practices, and disease transmission have increased its incidence, severely affecting tree growth, yield, and quality. Traditional field-based monitoring is labor-intensive and often inaccurate, underscoring the need for advanced remote sensing. To provide fast and objective monitoring, we used hyperspectral and high-resolution RGB imagery acquired by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to track JLN from June to September 2024 in southern Xinjiang. Five survey rounds captured the progression of disease severity. Among 17 vegetation indices, the modified red edge simple ratio (MRESRI), carotenoid reflectance index 1 (CRI1), and photochemical reflectance index (PRI) were the most informative for severity mapping. A Random Forest classifier achieved 86% overall accuracy and a Cohen's kappa of 0.825. Spatial patterns showed persistent hotspots in low-lying areas, near roads, and in dense stands. These findings provide an effective, scalable approach for early detection and severity assessment, enabling timely, targeted interventions. Adoption of UAV-based hyperspectral monitoring can improve field surveillance, optimize resource allocation, and support sustainable walnut production.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3389/fpls.2025.1633206","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1633206","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17296417","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial Survey of Harmony Point and The Toe (ASPA 133, Nelson Island , Antarctica) for Pygoscelis penguins and Antarctic Shag counts.","abstract":"This data set contains high resolution ortho-rectified mosaics constructed from drone aerial images, and shapefiles of seabird nests positions. Aerial imagery was collected using a DJI Mavic 3 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a high-resolution camera at Harmony Point (Fig 1a,b,c). A total of 14 flights were conducted during the peak of the penguin incubation period in December 2024, at an altitude of 100 m above ground level and a speed of 5 m/s, ensuring uniform image resolution while minimizing disturbance to breeding birds. Flights were conducted only under favorable weather conditions. Multiple images were captured with 50% to 70% overlap, totalling 5,932 images. The collected drone imagery was processed using Agisoft Metashape Professional software to generate high-resolution orthomosaic images. Flight operations adhered to guidelines established by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and complied with all permit requirements for drone use in ASPAs. Nest counts were conducted manually by placing a point on each identified nest structure within the orthomosaic images. The positions of Gentoo penguin breeding groups at Harmony Point were marked on-site using a handheld GPS (Garmin Montana I7) to aid in species identification within the orthomosaic images. We did not have access to the Toe site, so the drone was launched from Harmony Point (∼ 3km). Although it is possible to distinguish between the two penguin species based on nest density, additional imagery was captured at an 80 m altitude to confirm species identification. For Antarctic shags, a nest was defined as a bird and its corresponding anatomical structure. For penguin species, a nest was considered occupied if a bird was observed in an incubation posture within the boundary of a guano stain. Data collection was funded by Instituto Antártico Chileno Programa Áreas Marinas Protegidas (AMP 24 09 052) and ANID, through Instituto Milénio de Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantarticos (Programa Iniciativa Milénio ICN2021_002).","author":[{"family":"Krüger","given":"Lucas"},{"family":"Pizarro","given":"Eduardo"},{"family":"Santa Cruz","given":"Francisco"},{"family":"Mejías","given":"Gaspar"},{"family":"Cabrol","given":"Léa"},{"family":"Vianna","given":"Juliana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17296417","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17296417","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19470477","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial Survey of Harmony Point and The Toe (ASPA 133, Nelson Island , Antarctica) for Pygoscelis penguins and Antarctic Shag counts.","abstract":"This data set contains high resolution ortho-rectified mosaics constructed from drone aerial images, and shapefiles of seabird nests positions. Aerial imagery was collected using a DJI Mavic 3 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a high-resolution camera at Harmony Point (Fig 1a,b,c). A total of 14 flights were conducted during the peak of the penguin incubation period in December 2024, at an altitude of 100 m above ground level and a speed of 5 m/s, ensuring uniform image resolution while minimizing disturbance to breeding birds. Flights were conducted only under favorable weather conditions. Multiple images were captured with 50% to 70% overlap, totalling 5,932 images. The collected drone imagery was processed using Agisoft Metashape Professional software to generate high-resolution orthomosaic images. Flight operations adhered to guidelines established by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and complied with all permit requirements for drone use in ASPAs. Nest counts were conducted manually by placing a point on each identified nest structure within the orthomosaic images. The positions of Gentoo penguin breeding groups at Harmony Point were marked on-site using a handheld GPS (Garmin Montana I7) to aid in species identification within the orthomosaic images. We did not have access to the Toe site, so the drone was launched from Harmony Point (∼ 3km). Although it is possible to distinguish between the two penguin species based on nest density, additional imagery was captured at an 80 m altitude to confirm species identification. For Antarctic shags, a nest was defined as a bird and its corresponding anatomical structure. For penguin species, a nest was considered occupied if a bird was observed in an incubation posture within the boundary of a guano stain. Data collection was funded by Instituto Antártico Chileno Programa Áreas Marinas Protegidas (AMP 24 09 052) and ANID, through Instituto Milénio de Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantarticos (Programa Iniciativa Milénio ICN2021_002).","author":[{"family":"Krüger","given":"Lucas"},{"family":"Pizarro","given":"Eduardo"},{"family":"Santa Cruz","given":"Francisco"},{"family":"Mejías","given":"Gaspar"},{"family":"Cabrol","given":"Léa"},{"family":"Vianna","given":"Juliana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19470477","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19470477","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.34620/dadosipb/m1zzjv","type":"article-journal","title":"Forest Inventory: SILFORE","abstract":"This dataset, entitled Forest Inventory: SILFORE – Forest Inventory Plots and LiDAR-Derived Canopy Height Models in Northern Portugal (DOI: 10.34620/dadosipb/M1ZZJV), was published on March 5, 2026. It was produced and deposited by João Paulo Castro (Centro de Investigação de Montanha – CIMO, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança), who is also the point of contact (jpmc@ipb.pt). The dataset was developed with contributions from Júlio Germano, Eduardo Pousa, Caroline Podsclan, Raphael Britto, Ana Castro, and Marina Castro, affiliated with CIMO and CeDRI. The work was supported by the LIFE SILFORE project (LIFE21-CCA-ES-LIFE) and is distributed under the Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license. The dataset documents forest inventory procedures integrating field measurements with LiDAR data acquired using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), with the objective of providing replicable methods suitable for forest management applications. The study was conducted in the district of Bragança, northern Portugal, between March 2024 and June 2025, covering forest stands of Pinus pinaster (in São Joanico, Vilarinho and Soutelo), Quercus pyrenaica (in Zeive), and Quercus rotundifolia (in Vilarinho). The dataset integrates field-based dendrometric measurements, spatial data representing plot geometry, and raster-based canopy height models (CHM). Each sampling unit includes a central point, a circular plot with variable radius, a 30 m buffer, and a CHM clipped to the buffer extent. All spatial data are referenced in the ETRS89 / Portugal TM06 coordinate system (EPSG:3763). The data structure includes a GeoPackage file (parcelas.gpkg) containing plot centres, plot polygons, buffer areas, and a CHM index table; a set of CHM raster files in GeoTIFF format stored in the “CHM” folder; a QGIS (v3.40.15) project file (DATASET.qgz) for visualisation; and a README file. The QGIS project includes pre-configured layers and symbology and uses relative paths to ensure portability. Each sampling plot is uniquely identified by the attribute PARCELA, which ensures the linkage between field data, spatial data, and raster files. Each CHM raster file is named according to the corresponding PARCELA identifier and represents the canopy height model clipped to the 30 m buffer. The relationship between raster and vector data is described in a metadata table provided as a separate CSV file (chm_index.csv), including the plot identifier (PARCELA), site name, and raster file name. Additional information on LiDAR acquisition dates and field data collection is provided in a separate table (acquisition_dates.csv), which also includes mission identifiers and the time difference (in days) between LiDAR acquisition and field measurements (date_diff). Field inventory data were aggregated at plot level, with each record corresponding to a sampling plot (PARCELA). These data include variables such as location, species, plot area, stand age, number of trees, diameter at breast height (DBH), mean and maximum tree height, dominant height, basal area, and volume. The complete field inventory table is provided as a CSV file (field_inventory.csv). Field data were collected in circular plots ranging from 250 to 500 m², randomly distributed and georeferenced using RTK GNSS with centimetre-level accuracy. Plot size was adapted to stand density. DBH was measured for all trees, while sample trees were selected using the Draudt method and heights measured using a Haglöf Vertex 5 hypsometer. Stand age was determined when necessary. Tree-level data were aggregated to plot level, and basal area and volume were computed using standard forestry procedures. Field and LiDAR data were acquired on different dates, with time differences ranging from 0 to 148 days, as explicitly reported in the acquisition_dates.csv table. These differences are considered negligible due to low growth rates, although they should be taken into account in analyses sensitive to temporal variation. LiDAR data were collected using a","author":[{"family":"Castro","given":"João"},{"family":"Germano","given":"Júlio"},{"family":"Pousa","given":"Eduardo"},{"family":"Podsclan","given":"Caroline"},{"family":"Britto","given":"Raphael"},{"family":"Castro","given":"Ana"},{"family":"Castro","given":"Marina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.34620/dadosipb/m1zzjv","URL":"https://doi.org/10.34620/dadosipb/m1zzjv","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18703199","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial Survey of Harmony Point and The Toe (ASPA 133, Nelson Island , Antarctica) for Pygoscelis penguins and Antarctic Shag counts.","abstract":"This data set contains high resolution ortho-rectified mosaics constructed from drone aerial images, and shapefiles of seabird nests positions. Aerial imagery was collected using a DJI Mavic 3 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a high-resolution camera at Harmony Point (Fig 1a,b,c). A total of 14 flights were conducted during the peak of the penguin incubation period in December 2024, at an altitude of 100 m above ground level and a speed of 5 m/s, ensuring uniform image resolution while minimizing disturbance to breeding birds. Flights were conducted only under favorable weather conditions. Multiple images were captured with 50% to 70% overlap, totalling 5,932 images. The collected drone imagery was processed using Agisoft Metashape Professional software to generate high-resolution orthomosaic images. Flight operations adhered to guidelines established by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and complied with all permit requirements for drone use in ASPAs. Nest counts were conducted manually by placing a point on each identified nest structure within the orthomosaic images. The positions of Gentoo penguin breeding groups at Harmony Point were marked on-site using a handheld GPS (Garmin Montana I7) to aid in species identification within the orthomosaic images. We did not have access to the Toe site, so the drone was launched from Harmony Point (∼ 3km). Although it is possible to distinguish between the two penguin species based on nest density, additional imagery was captured at an 80 m altitude to confirm species identification. For Antarctic shags, a nest was defined as a bird and its corresponding anatomical structure. For penguin species, a nest was considered occupied if a bird was observed in an incubation posture within the boundary of a guano stain. Data collection was funded by Instituto Antártico Chileno Programa Áreas Marinas Protegidas (AMP 24 09 052) and ANID, through Instituto Milénio de Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantarticos (Programa Iniciativa Milénio ICN2021_002).","author":[{"family":"Krüger","given":"Lucas"},{"family":"Pizarro","given":"Eduardo"},{"family":"Santa Cruz","given":"Francisco"},{"family":"Mejías","given":"Gaspar"},{"family":"Cabrol","given":"Léa"},{"family":"Vianna","given":"Juliana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18703199","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18703199","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5061/dryad.9cnp5hqtr","type":"article-journal","title":"Data from: Selection of appropriate multispectral camera exposure settings and radiometric calibration methods for applications in phenotyping and precision agriculture","abstract":"The radiometric accuracy of multispectral images is crucial for quantitative precision agriculture and phenotyping applications. Very often the effect of exposure time and gain on radiometric accuracy is overlooked, and most application acquire images using the camera's auto-exposure settings. However, the large scene-to-scene variations in exposure time and gain in response to the reflective range of objects on ground significantly affects the radiometic accuracy of the auto-exposure images. On the other hand, the use of fixed-exposure settings result in spatiotemporally consistent radiometric measurements from multispectral images. This dataset will provide the necessary information to replicate the results of our published work (https://doi.org/10.1002/ppj2.70000), which includes studying (1) the variations in exposure settings for different objects in the scene, (2) potential radiometric errors when using auto-exposure settings, (3) the ideal exposure range for the different multispectral bands, (4) the spaiotemporal radiometric accuracy of auto- and fixed-exposure settings, and (3) the performance of auto- and fixed-exposure settings for cotton nitrogen monitoring.","author":[{"family":"Swaminathan","given":"Vaishali"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5061/dryad.9cnp5hqtr","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9cnp5hqtr","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.17296418","type":"article-journal","title":"Aerial Survey of Harmony Point and The Toe (ASPA 133, Nelson Island , Antarctica) for Pygoscelis penguins and Antarctic Shag counts.","abstract":"This data set contains high resolution ortho-rectified mosaics constructed from drone aerial images, and shapefiles of seabird nests positions. Aerial imagery was collected using a DJI Mavic 3 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a high-resolution camera at Harmony Point (Fig 1a,b,c). A total of 14 flights were conducted during the peak of the penguin incubation period in December 2024, at an altitude of 100 m above ground level and a speed of 5 m/s, ensuring uniform image resolution while minimizing disturbance to breeding birds. Flights were conducted only under favorable weather conditions. Multiple images were captured with 50% to 70% overlap, totalling 5,932 images. The collected drone imagery was processed using Agisoft Metashape Professional software to generate high-resolution orthomosaic images. Flight operations adhered to guidelines established by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and complied with all permit requirements for drone use in ASPAs. Nest counts were conducted manually by placing a point on each identified nest structure within the orthomosaic images. The positions of Gentoo penguin breeding groups at Harmony Point were marked on-site using a handheld GPS (Garmin Montana I7) to aid in species identification within the orthomosaic images. We did not have access to the Toe site, so the drone was launched from Harmony Point (∼ 3km). Although it is possible to distinguish between the two penguin species based on nest density, additional imagery was captured at an 80 m altitude to confirm species identification. For Antarctic shags, a nest was defined as a bird and its corresponding anatomical structure. For penguin species, a nest was considered occupied if a bird was observed in an incubation posture within the boundary of a guano stain. Data collection was funded by Instituto Antártico Chileno Programa Áreas Marinas Protegidas (AMP 24 09 052) and ANID, through Instituto Milénio de Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantarticos (Programa Iniciativa Milénio ICN2021_002).","author":[{"family":"Krüger","given":"Lucas"},{"family":"Pizarro","given":"Eduardo"},{"family":"Santa Cruz","given":"Francisco"},{"family":"Mejías","given":"Gaspar"},{"family":"Cabrol","given":"Léa"},{"family":"Vianna","given":"Juliana"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.17296418","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17296418","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.6790225","type":"manuscript","title":"Diffusion-Driven Synthetic Data Generation for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Imagery: Harnessing Visual Knowledge Priors for Generalized Aerial Semantic Segmentation","abstract":"High-quality semantic segmentation is essential for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications, enabling precise data interpretation and efficient decision-making across diverse domains. However, the development of robust segmentation models is often constrained by the limited availability of large-scale, well-annotated datasets, which are expensive and labor-intensive to produce. In this work, we introduce D²S²-UI, a novel synthetic UAV dataset designed for generalized aerial semantic segmentation. Rather than relying on traditional rendering, our methodology harnesses the vast visual and semantic knowledge priors embedded within large-scale text-to-image diffusion models. By actively guiding these knowledge priors through structured textual conditioning and class-consistent semantic control, our framework synthesizes large volumes of accurately labeled aerial imagery without requiring manual annotation. This knowledge-driven approach allows us to scale dataset creation while ensuring high label fidelity and scene diversity. Specifically, D²S²-UI features multi-altitude (20m, 60m, 120m) and multi-viewpoint (nadir, high-oblique, low-oblique) coverage, alongside systematically injected variations in environmental conditions (e.g., weather, time of day) and region-specific terrains (e.g., Asian, Arabic, American, Egyptian, European). Experimental results demonstrate that models trained on D²S²-UI achieve substantially better segmentation accuracy compared to those trained on existing synthetic UAV datasets, showcasing strong, effective generalization across multiple real-world UAV benchmarks. The dataset is publicly available at https://github.com/fahad-lateef/UAV-semantic-segmentation-dataset to support further research in aerial scene understanding and UAV-based vision systems.","author":[{"family":"Lateef","given":"Fahad"},{"family":"Mohamed","given":"Kas"},{"family":"Yassine","given":"Ruichek"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.6790225","URL":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6790225","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21842998","type":"article-journal","title":"UAV-Based Digital Phenotyping for Quantification of Cotton Jassid (Amrasca biguttula) Injury and Identification of Putatively Resistant Cotton Lines","abstract":"This repository contains processed data, images, and analysis scripts supporting the associated study of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based phenotyping for quantifying cotton jassid (Amrasca biguttula) injury severity. The repository is organized into two primary data packages: 1. UAV-derived phenotypic data and statistical analysisA ZIP archive containing the processed UAV-derived datasets used for statistical analyses, along with the R script used to perform the analyses. The datasets include vegetation metrics generated from combinations of vegetation indices, image segmentation methods, and summary statistics. These data were used for correlation analyses, predictor evaluation, multivariate regression, mixed-effects modeling, and identification of cotton lines exhibiting putative resistance to jassid-associated injury. The directory structure is preserved so the analysis can be run using the included relative file paths after extraction. 2. Quantitative segmentation accuracy analysisA ZIP archive containing the images and Python scripts used to quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of the image segmentation approaches examined in the study. The included workflow calculates standard segmentation performance metrics, including Precision, Recall, Accuracy, Specificity, F1 score, and mean Intersection over Union (mIoU), and generates the quantitative results used to compare segmentation performance. The directory structure and required files are preserved so the workflow can be run after extraction. Across the study, 241 UAV-derived predictors were evaluated from combinations of vegetation indices, segmentation methods, and summary statistics. These materials support both the evaluation of UAV-derived predictors against manually assigned injury ratings and the quantitative comparison of image segmentation approaches. The repository contains processed, analysis-ready data and reproducible computational workflows rather than the complete collection of raw UAV imagery. These materials are provided to support transparency and reproducibility of the analyses reported in the associated publication.","author":[{"family":"Bauer","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Beffart Schardong","given":"Iago"},{"family":"Somala","given":"Rama"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Mingrui"},{"family":"Wan","given":"Samantha"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Kangning"},{"family":"Campbell","given":"BT"},{"family":"Sansbury","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Paterson","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Roberts","given":"Phillip"},{"family":"Li","given":"Changying"},{"family":"Esquivel","given":"Isaac"},{"family":"Taylor","given":"Sally"},{"family":"Jones","given":"Don"},{"family":"Chee","given":"Peng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21842998","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21842998","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21842999","type":"article-journal","title":"UAV-Based Digital Phenotyping for Quantification of Cotton Jassid (Amrasca biguttula) Injury and Identification of Putatively Resistant Cotton Lines","abstract":"This repository contains processed data, images, and analysis scripts supporting the associated study of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based phenotyping for quantifying cotton jassid (Amrasca biguttula) injury severity. The repository is organized into two primary data packages: 1. UAV-derived phenotypic data and statistical analysisA ZIP archive containing the processed UAV-derived datasets used for statistical analyses, along with the R script used to perform the analyses. The datasets include vegetation metrics generated from combinations of vegetation indices, image segmentation methods, and summary statistics. These data were used for correlation analyses, predictor evaluation, multivariate regression, mixed-effects modeling, and identification of cotton lines exhibiting putative resistance to jassid-associated injury. The directory structure is preserved so the analysis can be run using the included relative file paths after extraction. 2. Quantitative segmentation accuracy analysisA ZIP archive containing the images and Python scripts used to quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of the image segmentation approaches examined in the study. The included workflow calculates standard segmentation performance metrics, including Precision, Recall, Accuracy, Specificity, F1 score, and mean Intersection over Union (mIoU), and generates the quantitative results used to compare segmentation performance. The directory structure and required files are preserved so the workflow can be run after extraction. Across the study, 241 UAV-derived predictors were evaluated from combinations of vegetation indices, segmentation methods, and summary statistics. These materials support both the evaluation of UAV-derived predictors against manually assigned injury ratings and the quantitative comparison of image segmentation approaches. The repository contains processed, analysis-ready data and reproducible computational workflows rather than the complete collection of raw UAV imagery. These materials are provided to support transparency and reproducibility of the analyses reported in the associated publication.","author":[{"family":"Bauer","given":"Matthew"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Rui"},{"family":"Beffart Schardong","given":"Iago"},{"family":"Somala","given":"Rama"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Mingrui"},{"family":"Wan","given":"Samantha"},{"family":"Cui","given":"Kangning"},{"family":"Campbell","given":"BT"},{"family":"Sansbury","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Paterson","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Roberts","given":"Phillip"},{"family":"Li","given":"Changying"},{"family":"Esquivel","given":"Isaac"},{"family":"Taylor","given":"Sally"},{"family":"Jones","given":"Don"},{"family":"Chee","given":"Peng"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21842999","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21842999","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19466714","type":"article-journal","title":"Machine Learning-Based Cyber Attack Detection Framework For Secure Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Communication Networks","abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, are increasingly used in various applications such as surveillance, logistics, environmental monitoring, and disaster management. Despite their numerous benefits, the rapid adoption of UAV systems has introduced significant cybersecurity challenges. UAV communication networks are vulnerable to different types of cyber threats including GPS spoofing, data injection attacks, and network intrusions, which can compromise system functionality, mission objectives, and data security. To address these challenges, this study proposes a machine learning-based framework for detecting cyber attacks in UAV systems. The proposed approach combines supervised and unsupervised learning techniques to analyse UAV telemetry data, communication signals, and operational parameters in real time. By performing behavioural analysis and anomaly detection, the system can identify abnormal patterns and isolate potential cyber threats with high accuracy and minimal false positives. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed framework can effectively detect various attack scenarios while maintaining efficient response time and reliable performance. The integration of machine learning techniques into UAV cybersecurity systems provides a robust solution for enhancing the safety and reliability of drone communication networks.","author":[{"family":"Venkata","given":"Dr"},{"family":"Neeharikasri","given":"Vasa"},{"family":"Subrahmanyam","given":"Vudatha"},{"family":"Venkatesh","given":"Suravarapu"},{"family":"Pavan","given":"Malagala"},{"family":"Praneeth","given":"Mattaparthi"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19466714","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19466714","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20414946","type":"article-journal","title":"Leveraging UAV Autonomy for Minimum 4D Flight Authorization Volumes","abstract":"The increasing UAV traffic in urban areas has prompted the creation of U-space, an EASA framework for safe and efficient unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operations. Within this context, this work presents a flight authorization framework that leverages autonomous UAVs, using their motion models and control characteristics to improve authorization efficiency. In the proposed framework, probabilistic spatial-temporal envelopes are generated to predict future UAV locations within a desired confidence level, and this information is then used to determine the minimum 4D operational volumes that form a valid authorization request for the mission. By reserving only the necessary airspace, the approach enhances capacity and supports simultaneous UAV operations. Simulations comparing the proposed method with a conventional rule-based strategy demonstrate consistently more compact and efficient airspace reservations across a range of mission types.","author":[{"family":"Vitale","given":"Christian"},{"family":"Grigoriou","given":"Yiannis"},{"family":"Kolios","given":"Panayiotis"},{"family":"Ellinas","given":"Georgios"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20414946","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20414946","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18762007","type":"article-journal","title":"3D REM-based Positioning Procedure for UAV-Assisted Het-Nets","abstract":"The recent advances in wireless communications toward upcoming services and infrastructure have spurred the development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) assisted terrestrial networks. They offer the prospect of significant capacity improvement through the aerial base station (ABS), particularly when it leverages three-dimensional (3D) radio environment maps (REMs) that provide spectrum occupancy characterization. The heterogeneous network (Het-Net) with an ABS scenario consists of a stationary ground base station (GBS), an ABS and mobile users. Motivated by the 3D REMs’ potential and their limited application in the field, this work introduces a heuristic procedure for ABS positioning that integrates the collection of received signal strength (RSS) measurements to update the REM, Kriging-based 3D REM reconstruction, and user association with the ABS. The experiments determine the 3D REM sampling rate and, consequently, the amount of necessary measurements, based on the highest achievable system capacity. In addition, this novel solution is compared to reference methods for UAV positioning through extensive simulations, showing an increase of up to 15% compared to alternative algorithms, reaching a maximum capacity of 128 Mbps.","author":[{"family":"Ivanov","given":"Antoni"},{"family":"Тonchev","given":"Кrasimir"},{"family":"Vlahov","given":"Atanas"},{"family":"Poulkov","given":"Vladimir"},{"family":"Manolova","given":"Agata"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18762007","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18762007","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18762008","type":"article-journal","title":"3D REM-based Positioning Procedure for UAV-Assisted Het-Nets","abstract":"The recent advances in wireless communications toward upcoming services and infrastructure have spurred the development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) assisted terrestrial networks. They offer the prospect of significant capacity improvement through the aerial base station (ABS), particularly when it leverages three-dimensional (3D) radio environment maps (REMs) that provide spectrum occupancy characterization. The heterogeneous network (Het-Net) with an ABS scenario consists of a stationary ground base station (GBS), an ABS and mobile users. Motivated by the 3D REMs’ potential and their limited application in the field, this work introduces a heuristic procedure for ABS positioning that integrates the collection of received signal strength (RSS) measurements to update the REM, Kriging-based 3D REM reconstruction, and user association with the ABS. The experiments determine the 3D REM sampling rate and, consequently, the amount of necessary measurements, based on the highest achievable system capacity. In addition, this novel solution is compared to reference methods for UAV positioning through extensive simulations, showing an increase of up to 15% compared to alternative algorithms, reaching a maximum capacity of 128 Mbps.","author":[{"family":"Ivanov","given":"Antoni"},{"family":"Тonchev","given":"Кrasimir"},{"family":"Vlahov","given":"Atanas"},{"family":"Poulkov","given":"Vladimir"},{"family":"Manolova","given":"Agata"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18762008","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18762008","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.6073/pasta/2610bbc137b71606032f7fe0d80f8f0f","type":"article-journal","title":"Mourning Warbler vocalizations and locations from a wellsite in Alberta, 2016","abstract":"The dataset includes 24 spatially localized Mourning Warbler (Geothlypis philadelphia) vocalizations. The acoustic localization array used to generate these data was centred on a reclaimed wellsite in deciduous-dominated boreal forest near Lac La Biche, Alberta, Canada. These data were collected as a proof of concept to assess whether bird microhabitat use could be mapped by combining fine-scale bird locations derived from acoustic localization with detailed vegetation structure data obtained through UAV photogrammetry. The results of the study were published in Wilson et al. (2020). References: Wilson SJ, Hedley RW, Rahman MM, Bayne EM. 2020. Use of an unmanned aerial vehicle and sound localization to determine bird microhabitat. Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems. 9(1):59–66. doi:10.1139/juvs-2020-0021.","author":[{"family":"Wilson","given":"Scott"},{"family":"Hedley","given":"Richard"},{"family":"Bayne","given":"Erin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.6073/pasta/2610bbc137b71606032f7fe0d80f8f0f","URL":"https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/2610bbc137b71606032f7fe0d80f8f0f","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21100998","type":"article-journal","title":"D3.1: Robot mission planning, navigation, safety and communications 1","abstract":"This deliverable, D3.1, constitutes the first comprehensive specification of the autonomy, navigation,safety, and communication capabilities developed within Work Package 3 (WP3) of the TRIFFIDproject. Delivered at month 15, it establishes the conceptual, methodological, and software foundationsupon which subsequent integration, refinement, and validation activities will be built. The documentdefines a robust and implementable baseline that enables autonomous robotic operation in complexdisaster-response scenarios and provides a flexible foundation for the integration with the evolvingcomponents developed in other work packages. Thereby, D3.1 plays a pivotal role in aligning theproject’s high-level objectives with concrete technical solutions, ensuring that autonomy-relateddevelopments proceed in a structured, interoperable, and verifiable manner.Within the overall TRIFFID framework, WP3 is positioned as the operational core that transformsperception, human input, and mission objectives into safe and purposeful robot behavior. The workpackage explicitly addresses both the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and the unmanned ground vehicle(UGV) as complementary robotic assets within a hybrid air-ground system. The UAV benefits from themature, professional, off-the-shelf software ecosystem provided by DJI, enabling reliable execution oftask and motion planning (T3.1), autonomous navigation (T3.2), monitoring and recovery behaviors(T3.3), and communication hardware (T3.4). This allows the UAV to serve as a robust aerial sensingand mapping platform, fully integrated with the Ground Station and perception pipelines. Building onthese solid UAV foundations, this deliverable emphasizes the UGV, where research, development, andsystem integration efforts are advancing its level of autonomy and robustness to meet the specificrequirements of First Responder (FR) field operations. While other work packages address sensing,semantic understanding, and human-robot interaction, WP3 consolidates these inputs into planningdecisions, navigation actions, safety supervision, and recovery strategies executed primarily onboardthe UGV.D3.1 frames WP3 key tasks where abstract goals and situational awareness are translated into concrete,verifiable actions, ensuring reliable operation in environments characterized by uncertainty, partialobservability, and potentially degraded communications. Hence, D3.1 provides a contribution aroundfour tightly interconnected tasks following the WP3 structures, each addressing a distinct butinterdependent aspect of autonomous operation. Task T3.1 focuses on dynamic task and missionplanning, defining how high-level operational intent is represented, reasoned upon, and dispatched tothe robotic platforms. Task T3.2 addresses autonomous navigation, covering the mechanisms that allowthe UGV and UAV to move safely and effectively through unstructured and potentially hazardousenvironments. Task T3.3 introduces safety monitoring and fault recovery, ensuring that autonomy iscontinuously supervised and that deviations, failures, or risky situations are detected and handled in aprincipled manner. Task T3.4 defines the communications architecture that enables information flowbetween robots and the ground station, recognizing communication as a mission-critical resource ratherthan a transparent background service. In general, D3.1 emphasizes that these tasks cannot be treatedin isolation, and therefore devotes substantial effort to clarifying their interfaces, data flows, and mutualdependencies.At the mission-planning level, D3.1 presents a hierarchical planning and execution approach designedto balance deliberation and reactivity. The ground-station mission planner manages mission objectives,temporal constraints, and coordination requirements, providing a framework not only for humansupervision and intervention, but also for actively guiding and coordinating system operations. Thisdeliverable describes the adoption of a timeline-based pl","author":[{"family":"Santamaria-Navarro","given":"Angel"},{"family":"Umbrico","given":"A"},{"family":"Rompogiannakis","given":"Emmanouil"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21100998","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21100998","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21100999","type":"article-journal","title":"D3.1: Robot mission planning, navigation, safety and communications 1","abstract":"This deliverable, D3.1, constitutes the first comprehensive specification of the autonomy, navigation,safety, and communication capabilities developed within Work Package 3 (WP3) of the TRIFFIDproject. Delivered at month 15, it establishes the conceptual, methodological, and software foundationsupon which subsequent integration, refinement, and validation activities will be built. The documentdefines a robust and implementable baseline that enables autonomous robotic operation in complexdisaster-response scenarios and provides a flexible foundation for the integration with the evolvingcomponents developed in other work packages. Thereby, D3.1 plays a pivotal role in aligning theproject’s high-level objectives with concrete technical solutions, ensuring that autonomy-relateddevelopments proceed in a structured, interoperable, and verifiable manner.Within the overall TRIFFID framework, WP3 is positioned as the operational core that transformsperception, human input, and mission objectives into safe and purposeful robot behavior. The workpackage explicitly addresses both the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and the unmanned ground vehicle(UGV) as complementary robotic assets within a hybrid air-ground system. The UAV benefits from themature, professional, off-the-shelf software ecosystem provided by DJI, enabling reliable execution oftask and motion planning (T3.1), autonomous navigation (T3.2), monitoring and recovery behaviors(T3.3), and communication hardware (T3.4). This allows the UAV to serve as a robust aerial sensingand mapping platform, fully integrated with the Ground Station and perception pipelines. Building onthese solid UAV foundations, this deliverable emphasizes the UGV, where research, development, andsystem integration efforts are advancing its level of autonomy and robustness to meet the specificrequirements of First Responder (FR) field operations. While other work packages address sensing,semantic understanding, and human-robot interaction, WP3 consolidates these inputs into planningdecisions, navigation actions, safety supervision, and recovery strategies executed primarily onboardthe UGV.D3.1 frames WP3 key tasks where abstract goals and situational awareness are translated into concrete,verifiable actions, ensuring reliable operation in environments characterized by uncertainty, partialobservability, and potentially degraded communications. Hence, D3.1 provides a contribution aroundfour tightly interconnected tasks following the WP3 structures, each addressing a distinct butinterdependent aspect of autonomous operation. Task T3.1 focuses on dynamic task and missionplanning, defining how high-level operational intent is represented, reasoned upon, and dispatched tothe robotic platforms. Task T3.2 addresses autonomous navigation, covering the mechanisms that allowthe UGV and UAV to move safely and effectively through unstructured and potentially hazardousenvironments. Task T3.3 introduces safety monitoring and fault recovery, ensuring that autonomy iscontinuously supervised and that deviations, failures, or risky situations are detected and handled in aprincipled manner. Task T3.4 defines the communications architecture that enables information flowbetween robots and the ground station, recognizing communication as a mission-critical resource ratherthan a transparent background service. In general, D3.1 emphasizes that these tasks cannot be treatedin isolation, and therefore devotes substantial effort to clarifying their interfaces, data flows, and mutualdependencies.At the mission-planning level, D3.1 presents a hierarchical planning and execution approach designedto balance deliberation and reactivity. The ground-station mission planner manages mission objectives,temporal constraints, and coordination requirements, providing a framework not only for humansupervision and intervention, but also for actively guiding and coordinating system operations. Thisdeliverable describes the adoption of a timeline-based pl","author":[{"family":"Santamaria-Navarro","given":"Angel"},{"family":"Umbrico","given":"A"},{"family":"Rompogiannakis","given":"Emmanouil"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.21100999","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21100999","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.26262/heal.auth.ir.359564","type":"article-journal","title":"Αξιολόγηση της κινητικής συμπεριφοράς των οχημάτων σε αστικό περιβάλλον στην αέρια ρύπανση","abstract":"Οι επιπτώσεις της κυκλοφορίας των αυτοκινήτων, του κυκλοφοριακού θορύβου και των αέριων ρύπων σε τοπικούς δρόμους αλλά και τοπικές κοινωνίες γενικότερα, μπορούν να επηρεάσουν σοβαρά την ποιότητα της ανθρώπινης ζωής. Με τη συνεχή αύξηση της χρήσης ιδιωτικών αυτοκινήτων, το πρόβλημα του κυκλοφοριακού όγκου στο οδικό δίκτυο της Ελλάδας έχει επιδεινωθεί δραματικά από τον 20ο αιώνα και συνεχίζει έως και τον 21ο αιώνα. Αυτή η αύξηση έχει συνοδευτεί από αυξημένα επίπεδα θορύβου και κραδασμών, ιδιαίτερα προερχόμενων από μεγάλα οχήματα, με σοβαρές περιβαλλοντικές και υγειονομικές επιπτώσεις. Ο υπερβολικός θόρυβος που προκαλείται από την κυκλοφορία έχει αρνητική επίδραση στην ποιότητα ζωής των κατοίκων. Επίσης, οι ατμοσφαιρικοί ρύποι που εκπέμπονται από τα οχήματα συνιστούν μια σοβαρή απειλή για την υγεία των κατοίκων. Η ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση από τα οχήματα περιλαμβάνει εκπομπές όπως διοξείδιο του άνθρακα, οξείδια του αζώτου και σωματίδια, τα οποία μπορούν να προκαλέσουν αναπνευστικά προβλήματα, καρδιαγγειακές ασθένειες και άλλα σοβαρά προβλήματα υγείας. Ειδικά σε μια πόλη με μεγάλο πληθυσμό όπως η Θεσσαλονίκη, οι περιβαλλοντικές επιπτώσεις είναι ιδιαιτέρως αισθητές. Η ανάπτυξη βιώσιμων και οικολογικών τρόπων μετακίνησης, όπως η χρήση δημόσιων μέσων, η προώθηση της ποδηλασίας και η υποστήριξη των πεζών, είναι ζωτικής σημασίας για τη μείωση του κυκλοφοριακού όγκου και των αρνητικών επιπτώσεων στο περιβάλλον και την υγεία. Ξεκινώντας αναλύονται οι περιβαλλοντικές επιπτώσεις των οδικών μεταφορών σύμφωνα με τα ελληνικά και ευρωπαϊκά πλαίσια, όσο αναφορά τους περιβαλλοντικούς ρύπους, τον κυκλοφοριακό θόρυβο και την ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση, ενώ στην συνέχεια παρατίθενται αποτελέσματα από βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση έρευνας με την μεθοδολογία VSP και την μοντελοποίηση AIMSUN. Συμπερασματικά, εξάγονται ορισμένα συμπεράσματα σχετικά με την προώθηση της βιώσιμης περιβαλλοντικής κινητικότητας στους αστικούς δρόμους. Στόχος είναι η αξιολόγηση της τρέχουσας κατάστασης και η πρόταση στρατηγικών για τον μετριασμό ή την εξάλειψη αυτού του ζητήματος που αποτελεί σημαντική πρόκληση για τη σύγχρονη κοινωνία και το περιβάλλον συνολικά.","author":[{"family":"Χατζηγεωργίου","given":"Μαρία"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.26262/heal.auth.ir.359564","URL":"https://doi.org/10.26262/heal.auth.ir.359564","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-4-38-50","type":"article-journal","title":"Choosing a Method for Implementing a Local Navigation System for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","abstract":"Discussion. Local navigation systems are diverse and have characteristic features that need to be grouped and classified. Classification is necessary to determine the steps of developing a method and implementing a system in the form of equipment. Purpose: formation of criteria for the local navigation system of unmanned aerial vehicles, taking into account the analysis of existing systems. Methods: structuring and describing well-known local navigation systems according to a single template, identifying common features, grouping them into groups based on similarity of features, testing the result using the example of using classification as a basis for advancing system requirements. Results. A system of criteria for a local navigation system for use in unmanned aerial vehicles. The angular-difference-rangefinder method with a set of parameters was chosen as the most suitable for the requirements of a local navigation system for unmanned aerial vehicles. Novelty: classification system for local navigation systems by selected groups of features is proposed, and a system of requirements for local navigation systems is proposed, taking into account the technical features of unmanned vehicles. Practical relevance: the study provided scientifically based requirements for a local navigation system, which further minimize the time needed to develop this system.","author":[{"family":"Shalunov","given":"Sergei"},{"family":"Kurochkin","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Izmestyeva","given":"Ekaterina"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-4-38-50","URL":"https://doi.org/10.31854/2307-1303-2024-12-4-38-50","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.25105/jamin.v6i1.18557","type":"article-journal","title":"PENYULUHAN PENGGUNAAN PETA DESA MENGGUNAKAN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV) DI KECAMATAN CIMENYAN, KABUPATEN BANDUNG","abstract":"Creating a village map is essential for regional development planning. However, it can be costly and time-consuming. The purpose of community service is to map the area around Mandalamekar Village, Cimenyan District, Bandung Regency, as one of the supporting documents for village planning based on disaster mitigation. The scope of this community service activity includes field data acquisition, such as creating flight paths and aerial photography using UAV vehicles, as well as data processing, including ortho mosaic, digitizing maps, and spatial analysis. The community service activity will produce an Aerial Photo Image Map and Land Use Map of Mandalamekar Village, both of which will be created at a scale of 1:5000. The output from the Community Service activity can be utilized for village development planning based on disaster mitigation. Furthermore, training on drone operation and processing has been conducted with the expectation that employees of Mandala Mekar Village can utilize drone technology. The feedback from the survey suggests that the Community Service activity is aligned with the users' requirements and has the potential to offer solutions for Mandala Mekar Village.","author":[{"family":"Raja","given":"Denny"},{"family":"Kirana","given":"Fidela"},{"family":"Finlandini","given":"Nadya"},{"family":"Rahman","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Simatupang","given":"Christopher"},{"family":"Aditya","given":"Reinaldy"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.25105/jamin.v6i1.18557","URL":"https://doi.org/10.25105/jamin.v6i1.18557","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.14651852","type":"article-journal","title":"Global Drone Market 2024 To 2033","abstract":"Drone Market Size, Trends and Insights By Type (Fixed-Wing Drone, Rotary Blade Drone, Hybrid Drone), By Payload (Upto 100 kg, Above 100 kg), By End User (Agriculture, Delivery & Logistics, Energy, Media & Entertainment, Real Estate & Construction, Security & Law Enforcement, Others), and By Region - Global Industry Overview, Statistical Data, Competitive Analysis, Share, Outlook, and Forecast 2024–2033. Reports Description Global Drone Market was valued at USD 25.3 Billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 133.6 Billion by 2033, at a CAGR of 13.4% during the forecast period 2024 – 2033. A drone also referred to as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), is an aircraft that does not have a human pilot on board. A human operator can remotely operate drones, or they can be programmed to fly along an identified direction on their own. For more information, DOWNLOAD FREE SAMPLE Now at https://www.custommarketinsights.com/request-for-free-sample/?reportid=47780","author":[{"family":"Sirsat","given":"Nitin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.14651852","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14651852","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.14651851","type":"article-journal","title":"Global Drone Market 2024 To 2033","abstract":"Drone Market Size, Trends and Insights By Type (Fixed-Wing Drone, Rotary Blade Drone, Hybrid Drone), By Payload (Upto 100 kg, Above 100 kg), By End User (Agriculture, Delivery & Logistics, Energy, Media & Entertainment, Real Estate & Construction, Security & Law Enforcement, Others), and By Region - Global Industry Overview, Statistical Data, Competitive Analysis, Share, Outlook, and Forecast 2024–2033. Reports Description Global Drone Market was valued at USD 25.3 Billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 133.6 Billion by 2033, at a CAGR of 13.4% during the forecast period 2024 – 2033. A drone also referred to as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), is an aircraft that does not have a human pilot on board. A human operator can remotely operate drones, or they can be programmed to fly along an identified direction on their own. For more information, DOWNLOAD FREE SAMPLE Now at https://www.custommarketinsights.com/request-for-free-sample/?reportid=47780","author":[{"family":"Sirsat","given":"Nitin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.14651851","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14651851","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.14651674","type":"article-journal","title":"India UAV Market 2024 To 2033","abstract":"India UAV Market Size, Trends and Insights By Type (Fixed wing UAVs, Rotary-wing UAVs (Drones), Hybrid UAVs, Nano and Micro UAVs, Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) UAVs), By Technology (Fixed-wing vs. Rotary-wing, Autonomous vs. Remote-controlled, Propulsion, Sensors and Payloads), By Application (Military and Defense, Commercial, Consumer, Others), By Capacity (Small UAVs (Micro and Mini), Medium UAVs, Large UAVs (HAPS - High Altitude Pseudo-Satellites), Payload Capacity (Light, Medium, Heavy)), and By Region - Industry Overview, Statistical Data, Competitive Analysis, Share, Outlook, and Forecast 2024–2033. Reports Description As per the current market research conducted by the CMI Team, the India UAV Market is expected to record a CAGR of 9.5% from 2024 to 2033. In 2024, the market size is projected to reach a valuation of USD 1,775.5 Million. By 2033, the valuation is anticipated to reach USD 4,018.4 Million. The Indian UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) market is a dynamic and rapidly evolving sector characterized by technological innovation and diverse applications across industries. With a focus on agriculture, infrastructure, defense, and commercial sectors, the market offers a wide range of UAV solutions for surveillance, monitoring, mapping, and delivery services. Government initiatives such as the National Drone Policy and the ‘Make in India’ campaign have provided impetus to the market, driving investments, innovation, and regulatory reforms. Key players in the market are leveraging advancements in technology to develop cutting-edge UAVs tailored to the unique needs of Indian industries, fostering growth and expansion in the sector. For more information, DOWNLOAD FREE SAMPLE Now at https://www.custommarketinsights.com/request-for-free-sample/?reportid=49940","author":[{"family":"Sirsat","given":"Nitin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.14651674","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14651674","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.14651675","type":"article-journal","title":"India UAV Market 2024 To 2033","abstract":"India UAV Market Size, Trends and Insights By Type (Fixed wing UAVs, Rotary-wing UAVs (Drones), Hybrid UAVs, Nano and Micro UAVs, Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) UAVs), By Technology (Fixed-wing vs. Rotary-wing, Autonomous vs. Remote-controlled, Propulsion, Sensors and Payloads), By Application (Military and Defense, Commercial, Consumer, Others), By Capacity (Small UAVs (Micro and Mini), Medium UAVs, Large UAVs (HAPS - High Altitude Pseudo-Satellites), Payload Capacity (Light, Medium, Heavy)), and By Region - Industry Overview, Statistical Data, Competitive Analysis, Share, Outlook, and Forecast 2024–2033. Reports Description As per the current market research conducted by the CMI Team, the India UAV Market is expected to record a CAGR of 9.5% from 2024 to 2033. In 2024, the market size is projected to reach a valuation of USD 1,775.5 Million. By 2033, the valuation is anticipated to reach USD 4,018.4 Million. The Indian UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) market is a dynamic and rapidly evolving sector characterized by technological innovation and diverse applications across industries. With a focus on agriculture, infrastructure, defense, and commercial sectors, the market offers a wide range of UAV solutions for surveillance, monitoring, mapping, and delivery services. Government initiatives such as the National Drone Policy and the ‘Make in India’ campaign have provided impetus to the market, driving investments, innovation, and regulatory reforms. Key players in the market are leveraging advancements in technology to develop cutting-edge UAVs tailored to the unique needs of Indian industries, fostering growth and expansion in the sector. For more information, DOWNLOAD FREE SAMPLE Now at https://www.custommarketinsights.com/request-for-free-sample/?reportid=49940","author":[{"family":"Sirsat","given":"Nitin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.14651675","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14651675","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5285/4c8cfe1b-f426-4cc7-819b-236d1058ea0d","type":"article-journal","title":"3D density and susceptibility distribution model derived from 2024 gravity and magnetic surveys of Marguerite Bay, West Antarctica","abstract":"We present a 3D crustal model of density and susceptibility distribution in Marguerite Bay, west Antarctica. The inversion is based on airborne gravity and magnetic data collected with a Windracers Ultra UAV (2023/2024 Antarctic season) with a line spacing of 2 km and a ground clearness of 500m. The inverted densities and susceptibilities allow us to contain and identify large scale 3D intrusion in Marguerite Bay. We provide a CSV file, which contains the coordinates, the depth and the inverted density and susceptibility distribution. This work was funded through \"Protecting environments with unmanned aerial vehicle swarms\" project number 10023377 as part of \"Innovate UK Future flight challenge phase 3\"","author":[{"family":"Lowe","given":"Maximilian"},{"family":"Jordan","given":"Tom"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.5285/4c8cfe1b-f426-4cc7-819b-236d1058ea0d","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5285/4c8cfe1b-f426-4cc7-819b-236d1058ea0d","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2407.17321","type":"manuscript","title":"Energy Efficiency Optimization in Integrated Satellite-Terrestrial UAV-Enabled Cell-Free Massive MIMO","abstract":"Integrating cell-free massive MIMO (CF-mMIMO) into satellite-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks offers an effective solution for enhancing connectivity. In this setup, UAVs serve as access points (APs) of a terrestrial CF-mMIMO network extending the satellite network capabilities, thereby ensuring robust, high-quality communication links. In this work, we propose a successive convex approximation algorithm for maximizing the downlink energy efficiency (EE) at the UAVs under per-UAV power budget and user quality-of-service constraints. We derive a closed-form expression for the EE that accounts for maximum-ratio transmission and statistical channel knowledge at the users. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in maximizing the EE at the UAV layer. Moreover, we observe that a few tens of UAVs transmitting with a fine-tuned power are sufficient to empower the service of satellite networks and significantly increase the spectral efficiency.","author":[{"family":"Tran","given":"Thong"},{"family":"Interdonato","given":"Giovanni"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.48550/arxiv.2407.17321","URL":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2407.17321","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.60797/irj.2024.144.178","type":"article-journal","title":"ВЫБОР СХЕМЫ БЕСПИЛОТНОГО ЛЕТАТЕЛЬНОГО АППАРАТА САМОЛЕТНОГО ТИПА С ВЕРТИКАЛЬНЫМ ВЗЛЕТОМ И ПОСАДКОЙ","abstract":"Применение современных беспилотных летательных аппаратов является одним из ключевых направлений мировой транспортной системы. Их применение в труднодоступных регионах мира позволяет значительно автоматизировать логистику, что, в свою очередь, приводит к снижению операционных издержек. При этом развитие транспортной логистики играет значительную роль в развитии отдаленных регионов. В работе показан подход к выбору схемы беспилотного летательного аппарата, позволяющего эффективно решать логистические задачи в условиях эксплуатации на неподготовленных площадках, основанный на определении минимальной относительной массы силовой установки и топлива для требуемой взлетной массы летательного аппарата.","author":[{"family":"Ушаков","given":"Илья"},{"family":"Федоров","given":"Роман"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.60797/irj.2024.144.178","URL":"https://doi.org/10.60797/irj.2024.144.178","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/electronics14153021","type":"article-journal","title":"Fixed-Time Bearing-Only Formation Control Without a Global Coordinate Frame","abstract":"This work addresses distributed fixed-time bearing-only formation stabilization for multi-agent systems lacking shared orientation knowledge. Addressing the challenge of missing global coordinate alignment in multi-agent systems, this work introduces a novel distributed estimator ensuring almost globally fixed-time convergence of orientation estimates. Leveraging this estimator, we develop a distributed bearing-only formation control law specifically designed for agents governed by double-integrator dynamics, guaranteeing fixed-time convergence. Comprehensive stability analysis proves the almost global fixed-time stability of the overall closed-loop system. Crucially, the proposed control strategy drives actual formation to achieve the desired geometric pattern with almost global exponential convergence within a fixed time bound. Rigorous numerical experiments corroborate the theoretical framework.","author":[{"family":"Huang","given":"Hanqiao"},{"family":"Lu","given":"Mengwen"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Bo"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Qian"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/electronics14153021","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153021","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22008733","type":"article-journal","title":"Quantifying the three-dimensional spatial distribution of soil moisture and its response to microtopography in alpine hillslopes using ERT and UAV imagery","abstract":"The dataset comprises four folders. The folder \"ERT_Fit\" contains the electrical conductivity (r) observed by ERT and the fitted soil water content (SWC). Within this folder, there are three files corresponding to the south-facing slope (SFS), north-facing slope (NFS), and valley in a typical alpine watershed of the Qinghai Lake Basin, with each sheet representing a different date. The folder \"SWC\" contains files with the mean soil water content for SFS, NFS, and the valley, including mean values at different depths and layers. The folder \"UV_Microtopography_classification\" contains different micro-topography types identified using UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) remote sensing. The folder \"Factor\" contains the influencing factors of soil water content variation for SFS, NFS, and the valley, among which the micro-topography and vegetation parameter-related indices are all derived from UAV identification.","author":[{"family":"Shi","given":"Fangzhong"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Meng"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Shaojie"},{"family":"Liao","given":"Qiwen"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xiaoyan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22008733","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22008733","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.22008732","type":"article-journal","title":"Quantifying the three-dimensional spatial distribution of soil moisture and its response to microtopography in alpine hillslopes using ERT and UAV imagery","abstract":"The dataset comprises four folders. The folder \"ERT_Fit\" contains the electrical conductivity (r) observed by ERT and the fitted soil water content (SWC). Within this folder, there are three files corresponding to the south-facing slope (SFS), north-facing slope (NFS), and valley in a typical alpine watershed of the Qinghai Lake Basin, with each sheet representing a different date. The folder \"SWC\" contains files with the mean soil water content for SFS, NFS, and the valley, including mean values at different depths and layers. The folder \"UV_Microtopography_classification\" contains different micro-topography types identified using UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) remote sensing. The folder \"Factor\" contains the influencing factors of soil water content variation for SFS, NFS, and the valley, among which the micro-topography and vegetation parameter-related indices are all derived from UAV identification.","author":[{"family":"Shi","given":"Fangzhong"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Chao"},{"family":"Yang","given":"Meng"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Shaojie"},{"family":"Liao","given":"Qiwen"},{"family":"Li","given":"Xiaoyan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.22008732","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22008732","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19431226","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and Development of a Low-Cost Long-Range Autonomous Delta-Wing UAV Airframe for Extended-Endurance Tactical Surveillance Missions","abstract":"This paper presents the design, aerodynamic sizing, propulsion–energy matching, simulation-based evaluation, and experimental validation of a low-cost long-range autonomous delta-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) airframe developed at the Nigerian Defence Academy Centre for Innovation and Creativity (NDA–CINOCRE) for endurance-class surveillance experimentation and indigenous aerospace research. The demonstrator employs a 52° moderate-sweep delta-wing configuration with a wingspan of 2.40 m and maximum take-off mass of 18 kg, optimised for low-Reynolds-number cruise efficiency and structural simplicity using hybrid foam–composite construction. Analytical modelling and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations predicted a cruise lift coefficient of approximately 0.30 and peak aerodynamic efficiency of 𝐿/𝐷 ≈ 8.4at an optimum cruise speed of 24 m/s. Propulsion–energy matching indicated an endurance capability approaching two hours using lithium-ion battery storage. Ground testing and flight-envelope validation demonstrated close agreement between predicted and measured performance, including cruise power deviation of about 2.0%, lift coefficient error below 3.3%, and endurance deviation of approximately 3.5%. Sensitivity analysis further confirmed endurance prediction robustness within ±12% uncertainty bounds. The validated platform provides a scalable experimental baseline for persistent ISR research, autonomous navigation studies, launch-rail deployable UAV systems, and precursor long-range loitering-mission configuration development within indigenous defence innovation environments.","author":[{"family":"Imam","given":"AS"},{"family":"Ogunleye","given":"OA"},{"family":"Surajo","given":"A"},{"family":"Ibrahim","given":"IA"},{"family":"Baballe","given":"MA"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19431226","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19431226","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19431227","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and Development of a Low-Cost Long-Range Autonomous Delta-Wing UAV Airframe for Extended-Endurance Tactical Surveillance Missions","abstract":"This paper presents the design, aerodynamic sizing, propulsion–energy matching, simulation-based evaluation, and experimental validation of a low-cost long-range autonomous delta-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) airframe developed at the Nigerian Defence Academy Centre for Innovation and Creativity (NDA–CINOCRE) for endurance-class surveillance experimentation and indigenous aerospace research. The demonstrator employs a 52° moderate-sweep delta-wing configuration with a wingspan of 2.40 m and maximum take-off mass of 18 kg, optimised for low-Reynolds-number cruise efficiency and structural simplicity using hybrid foam–composite construction. Analytical modelling and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations predicted a cruise lift coefficient of approximately 0.30 and peak aerodynamic efficiency of 𝐿/𝐷 ≈ 8.4at an optimum cruise speed of 24 m/s. Propulsion–energy matching indicated an endurance capability approaching two hours using lithium-ion battery storage. Ground testing and flight-envelope validation demonstrated close agreement between predicted and measured performance, including cruise power deviation of about 2.0%, lift coefficient error below 3.3%, and endurance deviation of approximately 3.5%. Sensitivity analysis further confirmed endurance prediction robustness within ±12% uncertainty bounds. The validated platform provides a scalable experimental baseline for persistent ISR research, autonomous navigation studies, launch-rail deployable UAV systems, and precursor long-range loitering-mission configuration development within indigenous defence innovation environments.","author":[{"family":"Imam","given":"AS"},{"family":"Ogunleye","given":"OA"},{"family":"Surajo","given":"A"},{"family":"Ibrahim","given":"IA"},{"family":"Baballe","given":"MA"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19431227","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19431227","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19644130","type":"article-journal","title":"Passive Multi-Modal Target Detection Architectures for Autonomous Long-Range Loitering Strike Platforms Supporting Low-Probability-of-Intercept Operations","abstract":"Passive sensing architectures are increasingly required for autonomous long-range loitering strike platforms operating in contested electromagnetic environments where active emissions elevate interception risk and degrade mission survivability. This paper presents a hierarchical passive multi-modal target detection architecture integrating Electro-Optical (EO), infrared (IR), Radio-Frequency (RF), and acoustic sensing pipelines within a distributed fusion framework designed to support low-probability-of-intercept reconnaissance–strike convergence operations. The proposed architecture incorporates adaptive signal-to-noise ratio–based modality weighting, cooperative multi-node triangulation geometry, consensus-supported localisation refinement, and energy-aware sensing allocation compatible with endurance-class delta-wing unmanned aerial vehicle platforms operating under GNSS-denied conditions. Analytical evaluation demonstrates that multi-modal fusion improves detection robustness by up to 42% relative to single-sensor pipelines, while distributed consensus perception reduces localisation covariance by approximately 27% and cooperative triangulation across four sensing nodes improves localisation precision by up to 35%. Elimination of active radar emissions reduces interception exposure probability by as much as 90%, and energy-aware sensing scheduling enables persistence improvements of up to 46% during extended surveillance missions. The resulting framework establishes a scalable perception backbone for survivable autonomous strike deployment across infrastructure-limited operational theatres and provides a practical autonomy baseline for next-generation distributed loitering munition systems supporting resilient reconnaissance–strike convergence architectures.","author":[{"family":"Imam","given":"AS"},{"family":"Ibrahim","given":"IA"},{"family":"Rabo","given":"HG"},{"family":"Sirajo","given":"B"},{"family":"Baballe","given":"MA"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19644130","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19644130","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19644131","type":"article-journal","title":"Passive Multi-Modal Target Detection Architectures for Autonomous Long-Range Loitering Strike Platforms Supporting Low-Probability-of-Intercept Operations","abstract":"Passive sensing architectures are increasingly required for autonomous long-range loitering strike platforms operating in contested electromagnetic environments where active emissions elevate interception risk and degrade mission survivability. This paper presents a hierarchical passive multi-modal target detection architecture integrating Electro-Optical (EO), infrared (IR), Radio-Frequency (RF), and acoustic sensing pipelines within a distributed fusion framework designed to support low-probability-of-intercept reconnaissance–strike convergence operations. The proposed architecture incorporates adaptive signal-to-noise ratio–based modality weighting, cooperative multi-node triangulation geometry, consensus-supported localisation refinement, and energy-aware sensing allocation compatible with endurance-class delta-wing unmanned aerial vehicle platforms operating under GNSS-denied conditions. Analytical evaluation demonstrates that multi-modal fusion improves detection robustness by up to 42% relative to single-sensor pipelines, while distributed consensus perception reduces localisation covariance by approximately 27% and cooperative triangulation across four sensing nodes improves localisation precision by up to 35%. Elimination of active radar emissions reduces interception exposure probability by as much as 90%, and energy-aware sensing scheduling enables persistence improvements of up to 46% during extended surveillance missions. The resulting framework establishes a scalable perception backbone for survivable autonomous strike deployment across infrastructure-limited operational theatres and provides a practical autonomy baseline for next-generation distributed loitering munition systems supporting resilient reconnaissance–strike convergence architectures.","author":[{"family":"Imam","given":"AS"},{"family":"Ibrahim","given":"IA"},{"family":"Rabo","given":"HG"},{"family":"Sirajo","given":"B"},{"family":"Baballe","given":"MA"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19644131","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19644131","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19685138","type":"article-journal","title":"Launch-Rail and Mobile Ground Deployment Systems for Rapid Field Employment of Long-Range Delta-Wing Loitering Munitions","abstract":"Runway-independent deployment of endurance-class unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is critical for persistent surveillance across infrastructure-limited environments such as the Sahel corridor, Lake Chad Basin, and North-East Nigeria. This paper presents the design, modelling, and experimental validation of a portable elastic-energy rail-launcher architecture for expeditionary deployment of delta-wing UAV platforms using tripod-mounted and pickup-mounted configurations. A kinematic sizing framework was developed to determine required rail length, exit velocity, and structural deflection limits for stable transition to autonomous flight. Experimental validation conducted using the HATSABIBI-26A Long Range Endurance UAV demonstrated close agreement between predicted and measured launcher performance, achieving a normalised launch-performance ratio of 0.984 with exit-velocity deviation below 2%. Deployment readiness trials confirmed setup times of 6.5 minutes (tripod) and 9.2 minutes (vehicle-mounted), supporting reduced Time-to-Surveillance (TTS) in forward operational scenarios. Results further show that launcher geometries within the 2.2–3.5 m rail-length envelope provide sufficient acceleration while maintaining alignment stability and low trajectory dispersion. The elastic-energy launch mechanism also reduces thermal and acoustic signatures relative to powered alternatives, enabling concealed deployment in semi-arid operational theatres. Overall, the validated architecture provides a scalable solution for persistent, distributed, runway-independent ISR operations in infrastructure-constrained environments.","author":[{"family":"Imam","given":"AS"},{"family":"Ibrahim","given":"IA"},{"family":"Surajo","given":"A"},{"family":"Sirajo","given":"B"},{"family":"Baballe","given":"MA"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19685138","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19685138","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.19685139","type":"article-journal","title":"Launch-Rail and Mobile Ground Deployment Systems for Rapid Field Employment of Long-Range Delta-Wing Loitering Munitions","abstract":"Runway-independent deployment of endurance-class unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is critical for persistent surveillance across infrastructure-limited environments such as the Sahel corridor, Lake Chad Basin, and North-East Nigeria. This paper presents the design, modelling, and experimental validation of a portable elastic-energy rail-launcher architecture for expeditionary deployment of delta-wing UAV platforms using tripod-mounted and pickup-mounted configurations. A kinematic sizing framework was developed to determine required rail length, exit velocity, and structural deflection limits for stable transition to autonomous flight. Experimental validation conducted using the HATSABIBI-26A Long Range Endurance UAV demonstrated close agreement between predicted and measured launcher performance, achieving a normalised launch-performance ratio of 0.984 with exit-velocity deviation below 2%. Deployment readiness trials confirmed setup times of 6.5 minutes (tripod) and 9.2 minutes (vehicle-mounted), supporting reduced Time-to-Surveillance (TTS) in forward operational scenarios. Results further show that launcher geometries within the 2.2–3.5 m rail-length envelope provide sufficient acceleration while maintaining alignment stability and low trajectory dispersion. The elastic-energy launch mechanism also reduces thermal and acoustic signatures relative to powered alternatives, enabling concealed deployment in semi-arid operational theatres. Overall, the validated architecture provides a scalable solution for persistent, distributed, runway-independent ISR operations in infrastructure-constrained environments.","author":[{"family":"Imam","given":"AS"},{"family":"Ibrahim","given":"IA"},{"family":"Surajo","given":"A"},{"family":"Sirajo","given":"B"},{"family":"Baballe","given":"MA"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.19685139","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19685139","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20500494","type":"article-journal","title":"Integrating UAV-based high-throughput phenotyping and GWAS reveals favorable alleles for low nitrogen adaptation in wheat","abstract":"1.IntroductionThis repository contains the dataset associated with the study“ Integrating UAV-based high-throughput phenotyping and GWAS reveals favorable alleles for low nitrogen adaptation in wheat”. The dataset comprises manually measured yield and biomass data collected at harvest for 210 wheat varieties. It also includes UAV-acquired multispectral imagery captured across five distinct growth stages, alongside 22 vegetation indices extracted from these images. The multispectral imagery was captured using an EcoDrone UAS-8 multifunctional unmanned aerial vehicle (Beijing EcoTech Science and Technology Ltd., Beijing, China) equipped with a RedEdge-MX Multispectral camera (MicaSense, USA). Subsequently, QGIS and ENVI software were utilized to delineate individual plots and extract the vegetation indices. 2.Description of filesThe dataset is structured into three primary folders:● Yield_and_Biomass: Contains two Excel spreadsheets documenting the manual yield and biomass measurements for the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons. The dataset evaluates 210 wheat varieties under two nitrogen fertilization treatments: N0 (0 kg ha⁻¹) and N240 (240 kg ha⁻¹). ● UAV_Multispectral_Images: Comprises compressed archives of multispectral imagery from both years. Each archive contains images captured across five distinct growth stages (Z24, Z31, Z43, Z75, and Z83). Note that these images have been pre-cropped based on QGIS-generated buffers. ● Vegetation_indices: Provides 22 extracted vegetation indices for the respective years and growth stages in CSV format. Within these files, identical IDs represent biological replicates, encompassing a total of 1,260 experimental plots per dataset.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Hengtong"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qing"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Shunyuan"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Minghao"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Xiahui"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Haoyu"},{"family":"Zhong","given":"Yingxin"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Shouyang"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Dong"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Shan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20500494","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20500494","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.20500495","type":"article-journal","title":"Integrating UAV-based high-throughput phenotyping and GWAS reveals favorable alleles for low nitrogen adaptation in wheat","abstract":"1.IntroductionThis repository contains the dataset associated with the study“ Integrating UAV-based high-throughput phenotyping and GWAS reveals favorable alleles for low nitrogen adaptation in wheat”. The dataset comprises manually measured yield and biomass data collected at harvest for 210 wheat varieties. It also includes UAV-acquired multispectral imagery captured across five distinct growth stages, alongside 22 vegetation indices extracted from these images. The multispectral imagery was captured using an EcoDrone UAS-8 multifunctional unmanned aerial vehicle (Beijing EcoTech Science and Technology Ltd., Beijing, China) equipped with a RedEdge-MX Multispectral camera (MicaSense, USA). Subsequently, QGIS and ENVI software were utilized to delineate individual plots and extract the vegetation indices. 2.Description of filesThe dataset is structured into three primary folders:● Yield_and_Biomass: Contains two Excel spreadsheets documenting the manual yield and biomass measurements for the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons. The dataset evaluates 210 wheat varieties under two nitrogen fertilization treatments: N0 (0 kg ha⁻¹) and N240 (240 kg ha⁻¹). ● UAV_Multispectral_Images: Comprises compressed archives of multispectral imagery from both years. Each archive contains images captured across five distinct growth stages (Z24, Z31, Z43, Z75, and Z83). Note that these images have been pre-cropped based on QGIS-generated buffers. ● Vegetation_indices: Provides 22 extracted vegetation indices for the respective years and growth stages in CSV format. Within these files, identical IDs represent biological replicates, encompassing a total of 1,260 experimental plots per dataset.","author":[{"family":"Wang","given":"Hengtong"},{"family":"Li","given":"Qing"},{"family":"Wang","given":"Shunyuan"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Minghao"},{"family":"Wu","given":"Xiahui"},{"family":"Wei","given":"Haoyu"},{"family":"Zhong","given":"Yingxin"},{"family":"Liu","given":"Shouyang"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Dong"},{"family":"Xu","given":"Shan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.20500495","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20500495","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/thermo6020032","type":"article-journal","title":"A Critical Review of Multi-Energy Microgrids and Urban Air Mobility","abstract":"This paper offers a critical review of cutting-edge research on multi-energy microgrids (MEMs), with a novel exploration of their potential role in supporting urban air mobility (UAM), specifically electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. While extensive research has focused on improving the economic performance and emission reductions of MEMs, particularly in the context of electric vehicle (EV) charging, there remains a significant gap in understanding how microgrids can support the decarbonization of UAM. The paper examines the opportunities and challenges of integrating microgrids with UAM operations, highlighting the need for more research to optimize energy management systems that balance renewable energy use with the growing demand for aerial transport. Thermal energy storage systems are emphasized as a critical component for addressing transportation energy needs, offering a promising solution to reduce carbon emissions while enhancing system efficiency. This review aims to provide new insights into how the coupling of microgrids and UAM can contribute to the development of economically and environmentally sustainable smart cities.","author":[{"family":"Yuan","given":"Yujie"},{"family":"Lai","given":"Chun"},{"family":"Lai","given":"Loi"},{"family":"Zhao","given":"Zhuoli"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/thermo6020032","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo6020032","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/urbansci10060326","type":"article-journal","title":"A Literature Review on Challenges and Solutions for Smart and Sustainable Urban Mobility","abstract":"Urban mobility is undergoing a rapid transition driven by digitalization, electrification, and automation. However, current research remains largely fragmented across specific technological domains, obscuring the interactions required for city-scale deployment. To address this gap, we conducted a literature review (2018–2026) adhering to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Using Google Scholar as an aggregate search engine, we screened and synthesized 162 peer-reviewed studies across four foundational pillars: intelligent transportation systems, resilient infrastructure, electric mobility, and autonomous/connected vehicles. The methodological evaluation of the literature reveals a prevalent overreliance on simulation models compared to large-scale field trials. Through a narrative synthesis of the selected studies, we derive a comprehensive five-layer conceptual framework that integrates the infrastructure, mobility, energy, digital, and governance layers. The findings indicate that scaling smart mobility is frequently constrained by institutional fragmentation and infrastructure rigidity, which often act as bottlenecks equal to or greater than technological capability. The review concludes by outlining targeted research priorities to guide the integration of sustainable urban mobility.","author":[{"family":"Verde","given":"Antonio"},{"family":"Meléndez-Useros","given":"Miguel"},{"family":"Viadero-Monasterio","given":"Fernando"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/urbansci10060326","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10060326","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.3846/transport.2024.23159","type":"article-journal","title":"Computer-aided simulation of unmanned aerial vehicle composite structure dynamics","abstract":"The dynamic response of an aerial vehicle structure is a key parameter that must be determined before further aeroelastic phenomena can be analysed in the aerospace sector. Natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping can be measured or predicted through experimental, operational, or computational studies. To reduce the costs and complexity of experimental investigations, there is a demand for numerical models that accurately represent the structure′s dynamic behaviour. This article focuses on modelling composite structures, which are increasingly utilised in the aerospace industry and whose dynamic properties are heavily influenced by fibre directionality. ANSYS software and the ACP module were employed to develop a numerical model of a wet Epoxy Carbon UD (230 GPa) composite commonly used in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) components. Ten layers of 0.1 mm thick carbon fibre were incorporated into the model to create a 1 mm thick composite plate, with fibres oriented at 0°, 30°, 45°, and 90° relative to the horizontal direction of the plate. The simulations demonstrated that careful consideration and modelling of the material significantly impact the values of natural frequencies and, more importantly, the mode shapes. First published online 28 January 2025","author":[{"family":"Kierzkowski","given":"Artur"},{"family":"Kisiel","given":"Tomasz"},{"family":"Milewski","given":"Maciej"},{"family":"Török","given":"Ádám"},{"family":"Stosiak","given":"Michał"},{"family":"Wróbel","given":"Jakub"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3846/transport.2024.23159","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2024.23159","source":"crossref"},{"id":"doi:10.23649/jae.2024.41.20","type":"article-journal","title":"ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ СИСТЕМЫ ОРОШЕНИЯ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ БПЛА","abstract":"В статье рассматривается система автоматизированного орошения сельскохозяйственных культур с применением беспилотного летательного аппарата. При обработке сельскохозяйственных культур, колесной или гусеничной техникой повреждается 5% урожая. Техника повреждает культуры колесным или гусеничным движителем, что негативно влияет на плодородность почвы и количество урожая не только в текущем году, но и в последующие годы. Большое количество обслуживающего персонала эксплуатируемой техники, ее ремонт, заправка горюче-смазочными материалами являются причиной больших затрат для агробизнеса.В работе приведено описание конструкции оросительного комплекса на основе беспилотного летательного аппарата и представлено экономическое обоснование рациональности его применения в сельском хозяйстве.","author":[{"family":"Nesterenko","given":"Grigorii"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.23649/jae.2024.41.20","URL":"https://doi.org/10.23649/jae.2024.41.20","source":"datacite"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26030927","type":"article-journal","title":"UAV-Based Coverage Path Planning for Unmanned Agricultural Vehicles.","abstract":"Accurate path planning was the prerequisite for autonomous navigation of agricultural vehicles. An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based coverage path planning was developed in this research for automating guidance of agricultural vehicles and reducing the operator maneuver in the creation of navigation maps. High-resolution orthophoto maps of the field were constructed by using low-altitude UAV photogrammetry to obtain spatial information. Travel paths and working paths were automatically generated from anchor points selected by the operator under the image coordinate domain. The navigation path for unmanned agricultural vehicles was generated by Mercator projection-based conversion for the anchor pixel coordinates into latitude and longitude geographic coordinates. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed for path generation, visualization, and performance evaluation, through which the proposed path planning method was implemented for autonomous agricultural vehicle navigation. Calculation accuracy tests demonstrated the mean planar coordinate error was 2.23 cm and the maximum error was 3.37 cm for path planning. Field tests showed that lateral navigation errors remained within &#xb1;5.5 cm for the unmanned high-clearance sprayer, which indicated that the developed UAV-based coverage path planning method was feasible and featured high accuracy. It provided an effective solution for achieving fully autonomous agricultural vehicle operations.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s26030927","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030927","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25144334","type":"article-journal","title":"Robust and Precise Navigation and Obstacle Avoidance for Unmanned Ground Vehicle.","abstract":"This paper presents a robust control strategy based on simplified second-order sliding mode for autonomous navigation and obstacle avoidance for an unmanned ground vehicle. The proposed control is implemented in a mini ground vehicle equipped with redundant inertial sensors for orientation, a global positioning system, and LiDAR sensors. The algorithm control avoids the derivative of the sliding surface. This provides a feasibility in real-time programming. In order to demonstrate stability in the system, the second method of the Lyapunov theory is used. In addition, the robustness of the proposed algorithm is verified through numerical simulations. Outdoor experimental tests are performed in order to validate the performance of the proposed control.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25144334","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144334","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25206403","type":"article-journal","title":"Autonomous Vision-Based Object Detection and Tracking System for Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.","abstract":"This paper introduces an autonomous vision-based tracking system for a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with an onboard camera, designed to track a maneuvering target without external localization sensors or GPS. Accurate capture of dynamic aerial targets is essential to ensure real-time tracking and effective management. The system employs a robust and computationally efficient visual tracking method that combines HSV filter detection with a shape detection algorithm. Target states are estimated using an enhanced extended Kalman filter (EKF), providing precise state predictions. Furthermore, a closed-loop Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller, based on the estimated states, is implemented to enable the UAV to autonomously follow the moving target. Extensive simulation and experimental results validate the system's ability to efficiently and reliably track a dynamic target, demonstrating robustness against noise, light reflections, or illumination interference, and ensure stable and rapid tracking using low-cost components.","author":[{"family":"Mm","given":"Touba"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25206403","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25206403","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26041158","type":"article-journal","title":"UAV-Deployable Open-Source Sensor Nodes for Spatial and Temporal In Situ Water Quality Monitoring and Mapping.","abstract":"Cost efficient, spatially resolved water quality monitoring is essential for managing pollution and protecting aquatic ecosystems. This study presents a low-cost (approximately USD 200), open-source, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-deployable in situ sensor node for real-time assessment of surface-water conditions. The system integrates sensors for pH, turbidity, temperature, and total dissolved solids (TDSs), with onboard data logging and real-time clock (RTC) synchronization. Bench validation of the sensor package yielded mean absolute percentage errors of 1.34% for pH, 5.23% for TDS, and 0.81% for temperature, and the device operated continuously for 42 h. Field deployment demonstrated its ability to resolve spatial gradients, with observed ranges in the tested water body of pH 6.0-6.7, turbidity 11-18 NTU, TDS 44-51 ppm, and temperature 22.8-24.6 &#xb0;C. Ordinary Kriging was used to interpolate measurements and generate continuous spatial maps. The open-source, UAV-deployable design provides an accessible platform for community-scale and research-oriented water quality mapping.","author":[{"family":"Jn","given":"Satme"},{"family":"Arj","given":"Downey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s26041158","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041158","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0326951","type":"article-journal","title":"Air-ground collaborative multi-source orbital integrated detection system: Combining 3D imaging and intrusion recognition.","abstract":"With the rapid expansion of railway networks globally, ensuring rail infrastructure safety through efficient detection methods has become critical. Traditional inspection systems face limitations in flexibility, adaptability to adverse weather, and multifunctional integration. This study proposes a ground-air collaborative multi-source detection system that integrates 3D light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-based point cloud imaging and deep learning-driven intrusion detection. The system employs a lightweight rail inspection vehicle equipped with dual LiDARs and an Astro camera, synchronized with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) carrying industrial-grade LiDAR. We propose an improved LiDAR odometry and mapping with sliding window (LOAM-SLAM) algorithm enables real-time dynamic mapping, while an optimized iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm achieves high-precision point cloud registration and colorization. For intrusion detection, a You Only Look Once version 3 (YOLOv3)-ResNet fusion model achieves a recall rate of 0.97 and precision of 0.99. The system's innovative design and technical implementation offer significant improvements in railway track inspection efficiency and safety. This work establishes a new paradigm for adaptive railway maintenance in complex environments.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0326951","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0326951","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26041100","type":"article-journal","title":"Digitalization and Automation of Runway Inspection Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.","abstract":"This paper presents an end-to-end framework for automated inspection and condition assessment of airport runway pavement using UAV-acquired imagery. The proposed approach integrates Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based data collection, deep learning-based pixel-level semantic segmentation of surface defects, and Geographic Information System (GIS)-based spatial aggregation to generate a georeferenced digital representation of airfield pavement condition. Multiple safety-critical defect types are detected and localized at pixel resolution, while spatially referenced processing enables a Pavement Condition Index (PCI)-inspired condition assessment based on defect density within predefined sampling units. The framework is validated through a real-world case study at Zadar Airport, where the entire runway was surveyed using high-resolution UAV imagery. The results demonstrate the system's capability to identify and map multiple defect categories across the full runway extent and to produce a coherent, runway-scale condition map supporting maintenance prioritization and decision-making. Overall, the proposed solution provides a scalable, data-driven alternative to traditional manual runway inspection workflows and establishes a practical foundation for digital condition monitoring of airport pavement infrastructure.","author":[{"family":"Ss","given":"Palic"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s26041100","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041100","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26010268","type":"article-journal","title":"Deep Learning Wavefront Sensing from Object Scene for Directed Energy HEL Systems.","abstract":"Atmospheric turbulence significantly degrades the performance of High Energy Laser (HEL) systems by distorting the laser wavefront as it propagates through the atmosphere. Conventional correction techniques rely on Adaptive Optics (AO), which preserve beam quality at the object. However, AO systems require wavefront sensors, such as Shack-Hartmann, and a reference beam, increasing system complexity and cost. This work presents a Deep Learning (DL)-based wavefront sensing approach that operates directly on scene imagery, thereby eliminating the need for dedicated wavefront sensors and a reference beam. A DL model was trained to predict wavefront distortions, represented by Zernike coefficients, from aberrated imagery of the Reaper Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Reaper imagery utilized in training was aberrated at different levels of turbulence, D/r0, with D=30 cm being the aperture diameter of a telescope capturing the object scene and r0=3, 5, 7 cm the Fried parameter that defines weak turbulence for higher values and strong turbulence for lower values. The proposed model, trained across all these turbulence levels, outperformed models trained on a single level by providing superior accuracy and offering practical advantages for deployment. The model also demonstrated strong generalization capabilities for two practical scenarios: (a) Reaper imagery with turbulence levels beyond the training range, and (b) Mongoose UAV imagery not included in the training set. The model predicts turbulence accurately in both cases. The results confirm that if the model is trained for a UAV model for a certain turbulence level, it provides accurate predictions for turbulence levels outside its training range and for other UAV aberrated images.","author":[{"family":"Bn","given":"Agrawal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s26010268","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010268","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/nano15070489","type":"article-journal","title":"Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Nanofluid Utilization on Heat Transfer Performance in Unmanned Aircraft Radiators with Various Spring-Type Fins.","abstract":"In the study conducted for the cooling systems of MALE class unmanned aerial vehicles using internal combustion engines, new type radiators were designed using spring-structure fins. Among the radiators formed with spring structures acting as fins, the radiator developed using springs with a pitch of 2.25 mm was named Radiator-Y1, the radiator developed using springs with a pitch of 4.25 mm was named Radiator-Y2, and the radiator developed using springs with a pitch of 8.25 mm was named Radiator-Y3. This design change is seen as an innovative method that can increase heat transfer on the radiator surface and increase cooling performance by increasing the turbulence effect of the air affecting the radiator. Experimental studies were carried out using single type (Al 2 O 3 and ZnO) and hybrid (ZnO-CuO) nanofluids in addition to pure water. Experiments were carried out using different air speeds (8-10-12 m/s) and different coolant flow rates (20-22 L/min) and radiator performance was investigated. The effects of the surface area created by the spring structure and the turbulence effect on heat transfer were evaluated. As a result of the studies, Radiator-Y1 showed the best cooling performance among the radiators developed with spring structures, followed by Radiator-Y2 and Radiator-Y3. It was observed that the nanofluids used had a positive effect on the cooling performance compared with pure water, as did the hybrid nanofluid compared when compared with single type nanofluids.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/nano15070489","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070489","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26041140","type":"article-journal","title":"Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost Perception System for Aerial Robots in Confined Spaces.","abstract":"Operating an aerial vehicle in a confined space, such as a vessel ballast tank, is a major challenge in terms of localization, perception, and control due to limited visibility, constrained maneuvering space, and the absence of reliable (if any) GNSS signals. This paper addresses the design considerations for a quadcopter in confined spaces, focusing on a novel perception system using 12 VL53L8CX time-of-flight (ToF) sensors from STMicroelectronics. These sensors are used for enhanced perception and collision avoidance while flying in confined spaces, making them a suitable alternative to bulky LiDAR systems, reducing weight, cost, and required computational power. These sensors are placed strategically around the quadcopter to cover 360&#xb0; radial view within a 4 m range. Experiments are conducted to test the reliability and repeatability of the integrated system, along with its synchronization feature. Furthermore, the applicability is verified by flying in confined and cluttered spaces, both in simulation and the real world. This design and study aims to establish a baseline for lightweight, compact, and safe navigation for small drones in confined and featureless environments.","author":[{"family":"Jc","given":"Andersen"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s26041140","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041140","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.mex.2025.103390","type":"article-journal","title":"A method to map lake ice temperature in urban environments.","abstract":"Lakes supply a wide range of ecosystem services, including recreation activities. They are very important in urban areas, and in the northern latitudes, recreation activities are relevant in winter when the lake is frozen. To ensure the safety of activities, it is important that the temperature of lake ice be monitored. In this work, we developed a methodological framework to assess ice temperature in lakes during the winter using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The steps followed were: 1) UAV mission planning, 2) field data collection, 3) mission reconstruction, 4) data extraction, and 5) statistical and spatial analysis. The method developed in this work can be useful for local authorities to assess and monitor ice lake temperature during the winter and ensure the safety of these areas for recreation. The method can be applied to lakes located in different environments.&#x2022;A new framework was developed to assess and monitor lake temperatures during the winter.&#x2022;High resolution thermal Unmanned Aerial Vehicle was used to assess lake temperature.&#x2022;The method can be helpful for local authorities to ensure urban lakes' safety for winter recreation.","author":[{"family":"Lv","given":"Pinto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103390","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2025.103390","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani15192789","type":"article-journal","title":"Livestock Dung Proxies Provide Insights into Grazing Density Quantification and Distribution.","abstract":"Managed grazing is the most widespread and economically significant form of grassland utilization worldwide. Accurate quantification of the spatiotemporal distribution of grazing intensity (GI) is crucial for promoting sustainable management of livestock-grassland ecosystems. However, a reliable method for dynamically monitoring GI and quantifying key proxies under real-world grazing conditions is still lacking. In this study, we developed a practical approach to estimate GI using sequential unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) monitoring and evaluated its feasibility in a typical household pasture on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Our findings show that: (1) yak dung is clearly identifiable in UAV image, although detection accuracy decreases with increasing flight altitude (from 100% at 2 m to 93.16% at 20 m); (2) yak dung density serves as a feasible proxy for GI, effectively capturing its temporal and spatial variability; (3) yak dung density reflects cumulative GI from May to September, and its representativeness increases with the length of accumulation. The proposed approach is characterized by high frequency, accuracy, and efficiency. It is well-suited for studying animal behavior and evaluating livestock-resource relationships, thereby providing valuable insights for sustainable grassland ecosystem management.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/ani15192789","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192789","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s25206382","type":"article-journal","title":"Research on Optimization of RIS-Assisted Air-Ground Communication System Based on Reinforcement Learning.","abstract":"In urban emergency communication scenarios, building obstructions can reduce the performance of base station (BS) communication networks. To address such issues, this paper proposes an air-ground wireless network enabled by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and assisted by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS). This system enhances the efficacy of UAV-enabled MISO networks. Treating the UAV as an intelligent agent moving in 3D space, sensing changes in the channel environment, and adopting zero-forcing (ZF) precoding to eliminate interference from ground users. Meanwhile, joint design is performed for UAV movement, RIS phase shifts, and power allocation for users. We propose two deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms, which are termed D3QN-WF and DDQN-WF, respectively. Simulation results indicate that D3QN-WF achieves a 15.9% higher sum rate and 50.1% greater throughput than the DDQN-WF baseline, while also demonstrating significantly faster convergence.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s25206382","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s25206382","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26030790","type":"article-journal","title":"YOLO-WL: A Lightweight and Efficient Framework for UAV-Based Wildlife Detection.","abstract":"Accurate wildlife detection in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-captured imagery is crucial for biodiversity conservation, yet it remains challenging due to the visual similarity of species, environmental disturbances, and the small size of target animals. To address these challenges, this paper introduces YOLO-WL, a wildlife detection algorithm specifically designed for UAV-based monitoring. First, a Multi-Scale Dilated Depthwise Separable Convolution (MSDDSC) module, integrated with the C2f-MSDDSC structure, expands the receptive field and enriches semantic representation, enabling reliable discrimination of species with similar appearances. Next, a Multi-Scale Large Kernel Spatial Attention (MLKSA) mechanism adaptively highlights salient animal regions across different spatial scales while suppressing interference from vegetation, terrain, and lighting variations. Finally, a Shallow-Spatial Alignment Path Aggregation Network (SSA-PAN), combined with a Spatial Guidance Fusion (SGF) module, ensures precise alignment and effective fusion of multi-scale shallow features, thereby improving detection accuracy for small and low-resolution targets. Experimental results on the WAID dataset demonstrate that YOLO-WL outperforms existing state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods, achieving 94.2% mAP@0.5 and 58.0% mAP@0.5:0.95. Furthermore, evaluations on the Aerial Sheep and AI-TOD datasets confirm YOLO-WL's robustness and generalization ability across diverse ecological environments. These findings highlight YOLO-WL as an effective tool for enhancing UAV-based wildlife monitoring and supporting ecological conservation practices.","author":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.3390/s26030790","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030790","source":"pubmed"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18483672","type":"article-journal","title":"Adaptive Flight Planning for Neural 3D Reconstruction with Low-Altitude UAVs","abstract":"Contemporary advances in the Neural 3 Dimensional (3D) Reconstruction (N3DR) have enabled new possibilities for detailed scene understanding and immersive environment modeling. However, the quality of reconstruction remains heavily sensitive to viewpoint selection and flight trajectory, particularly in low-altitude Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications, where energy, time, and occlusions pose significant challenges. This article presents an intelligent and adaptive path planning framework that dynamically optimizes UAVs’ viewpoints to maximize neural reconstruction quality while respecting real-world constraints. Unlike static or heuristic approaches, our system integrates online feedback from the reconstruction engine to guide UAVs toward underexplored or uncertain regions in real time. We review key principles of view planning, identify limitations of current strategies, and introduce a modular framework capable of fusing scene priors, uncertainty maps, and flight constraints into trajectory optimization. Finally, we describe an experimental evaluation methodology that leverages a real-world testbed deployment and synthetic benchmarks to validate the effectiveness of dynamic planning on both reconstruction accuracy and operational efficiency. This work aims to bridge aerial robotics, Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled vision systems, and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven planning for robust 3D mapping in complex environments.","author":[{"family":"Bugelnig","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Lemic","given":"Filip"},{"family":"Veres-Vitályos","given":"Álmos"},{"family":"Castillo Gómez-Raya","given":"Genís"},{"family":"Costa-Pérez","given":"Xavier"},{"family":"Rinner","given":"Bernhard"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.5281/zenodo.18483672","URL":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18483672","source":"datacite"}]